https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=SvetlanacncBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-06T02:50:09ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_Bengali_films_of_2000&diff=512406List of Indian Bengali films of 20002026-05-08T11:05:36Z<p>Svetlanacnc: redirect created</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 2000s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1000_Babies&diff=4815951000 Babies2026-05-02T13:42:43Z<p>Svetlanacnc: created basic entry basic info</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = 1000 Babies Malayalam.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| genre = [[Crime fiction|Crime thriller]]<br />
| based_on =<br />
| runtime = 38-55 minutes<br />
| creator =<br />
| director = [[Najeem Koya]]<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
*[[Neena Gupta]]<br />
*[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]<br />
}}<br />
| writer = Najeem Koya <br> Arouz Irfan<br />
| composer = Sankar Sharma<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| location = India<br />
| cinematography = Faiz Siddik<br />
| editor = [[Johnkutty]]<br />
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]<br />
| released = {{Start date|2024|10|18}}<br />
| company = August Cinema<br />
| executive_producer =<br />
| producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
Shaji Nadesan <br> [[Arya (actor)|Arya]]}}<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 7<br />
| list_episodes =<br />
| related =<br />
| image_alt =<br />
| channel =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''1000 Babies''''' is a 2024 [[India]]n [[Malayalam]] [[Crime fiction|crime thriller]] [[miniseries]] directed by [[Najeem Koya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/interview-1000-babies-director-najeem-koya-reveals-what-led-to-casting-neena-gupta-as-lead-over-a-malayalam-actress-1354100 |title=INTERVIEW: 1000 Babies director Najeem Koya reveals what led to casting Neena Gupta as lead over a Malayalam actress|date=18 October 2024 |publisher=Pinkvilla}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/1000-babies-trailer-neena-gupta-adds-an-ominous-touch-to-this-murder-mystery-2612772-2024-10-07 |title=1000 Babies trailer: Neena Gupta adds an ominous touch to this murder mystery |date=7 October 2024 |publisher=India Today |access-date=18 October 2024 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008202529/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/1000-babies-trailer-neena-gupta-adds-an-ominous-touch-to-this-murder-mystery-2612772-2024-10-07 |url-status=live }}</ref> The series is written by Koya and Arouz Irfan, with cinematography by Faiz Siddik. The series was released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 18 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/malayalam/rahman-and-neena-guptas-1000-babies-starts-streaming/articleshow/114327632.cms |title=Rahman and Neena Gupta's '1000 Babies' starts streaming |work=The Times Of India |date=18 October 2024 |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot synopsis==<br />
Sarah Ouseph is suffering from hallucinations probably related to her earlier career as an [[obstetric]] head [[nurse]]. She's living with her son, Bibin Ouseph, in [[Mundakayam|Mundakkayam]] after retirement. Sarah is very controlling and Bibin is apparently okay with that. He works as a lab technician nearby and caters to all the needs of Sarah.<br />
<br />
On a fateful day, Sarah reveals disturbing secrets related to her past to Bibin, and struggling to deal with how Sarah changed his destiny, Bibin attacks her and flees with Sarah's diaries. Sarah is admitted to a hospital and requests the doctor to arrange a meeting with a local CI and a legal advisor. She hands over 2 letters to them, one for the police and one for the magistrate. Soon after, Sarah dies while the police decide not to pursue the crimes done by Sarah as there is no way to deal with the social situation if her secrets are out in public.<br />
<br />
However, the truth overwhelms Bibin and he chooses to go and learn more about his biological parents. As soon as he learns the one who was swapped with him is treating his parents poorly, he decides to make her go away and deviously concocts a plan that leads to her death.<br />
<br />
Possessing information of the babies his foster mother swapped, he goes through one by one with the help of like-minded people who share his ideology, with the intention of eliminating individuals from the face of the Earth, especially those who did not live up to the opportunities they were given. However, he also starts sending a series of cryptic letters to a friend, which catches the attention of the Kerala police, and they are on his trail, led by Inspector Aji Kurien.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Neena Gupta]] as Sarah Ouseph (voice dubbed by Jayalakshmi)<br />
** Radha Gomati as Young Sarah Ouseph (voice dubbed by Jayalakshmi)<br />
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as [[Inspector|CI]] Aji Kurian<br />
* [[Sanju Sivram]] as Bibin Ouseph/Naisam Ali/Harshan<br />
* [[Joy Mathew]] as [[Magistrate]] Samuel K. Sam<br />
* [[Adil Ibrahim]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Anzari<br />
* [[Ashwin Kkumar|Ashwin K Kumar]] as Sanjeev "SK" Krishna<br />
* [[Dain Davis]] as Suneer<br />
* Shaju Sreedhar as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Vinod Pankajakshan<br />
* Viviya Santh as Merlin<br />
* [[Irshad Ali (actor)|Irshad Ali]] as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Pinto Varghese<br />
*Sathi Premji as Mrs Kurian<br />
* [[Manesh Kumar]] as Devan Kupleri<br />
* [[Srikant Murali]] as Hareendran Kupleri<br />
* Radhika Radhakrishnan as Ancy Sanjeev<br />
* James Eliya as [[Advocate]] Rajan Varkey<br />
* Dileep Menon as [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner]]/[[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Anil Das [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<br />
* Sreekanth Balachandran as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]]/[[Inspector|CI]] Nawaz Hussain<br />
* Sirajudheen Nazar as Bibin<br />
* Shalu Rahim as Khalil Gibran<br />
* [[V. K. Prakash]] as Mohan Swaminathan<br />
* Uma K.P. as Rekha Mohan<br />
* Dhanesh Anand as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Vivek Maniyan<br />
* Sivakumar as Bhasi<br />
* Nazlin Saleem as Renuka Mohan<br />
* Adhil Bruno as Izahak Ahammed<br />
* Shanid Rahman as Naveen Pavithran<br />
* Chaithra Praveen as Amrutha Ayyappan<br />
* Vyshakh as Forensic Expert<br />
* Thomas G. Kannampuzha as Dr Sunil<br />
* Vijayakumar Prabhakaran as Sabjaan<br />
* Favour Francis as Murali<br />
* Kannan Nair as Sachi<br />
* Deepa Rani as Thanvi<br />
* Thonakkal Jayachandran as Layikka<br />
* Vineeth as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Imam Mubarak<br />
* Renu Vineeth as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Nithya Muthayya [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<br />
* Subin as Kalesh<br />
* Akshay Akku as Unni<br />
* Claire C John as Darshana<br />
* Sajitha Sreejith as Rani<br />
* Pugalenthi as Parabrahmam<br />
* Sony as Joshy Thankathanam<br />
* Yahiya Khader as Williams<br />
* Pranayamoorthy as Bibin's Bangalore House Owner<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Episodes==<br />
{{Episode table |background=9C2A5D |season= |title= |airdate= |total_width=75 |episodes=<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 1<br />
|Title = Prequel<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/1000-babies-web-series-128099 | title=1000 Babies Web Series (2024) &#124; Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at Disney+ Hotstar }}</ref><br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|18|df=yes}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --><br />
|LineColor = FF8C00<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 2<br />
|Title = Sequel<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|18|df=yes}} <br />
|ShortSummary = <!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --><br />
|LineColor = FF8C00<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 3<br />
|Title = Legacy<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|18|df=yes}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --><br />
|LineColor = FF8C00<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 4<br />
|Title = First half<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|18|df=yes}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --><br />
|LineColor = FF8C00<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 5<br />
|Title = Interval<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|18|df=yes}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --><br />
|LineColor = FF8C00<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 6<br />
|Title = Second half<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|18|df=yes}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --><br />
|LineColor = FF8C00<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 7<br />
|Title = Anti-climax<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|18|df=yes}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <!-- Episode summaries must be expressed in your own words. Do NOT submit content you find from another web site as it is plagiarism and likely a copyright violation, which Wikipedia cannot accept and will be removed or reverted. Superficially modifying copyrighted content or closely paraphrasing it, even if the source is cited, still constitutes a copyright violation. Summaries should be about 100 to 200 words in length, per WP:TVPLOT, and those substantially less than 100 words are most likely to be scrutinized for possible copyright violation. --><br />
|LineColor = FF8C00<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The series began production in May 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/May/16/neena-gupta-and-rahman-to-star-in-disney-hotstar-series-1000-babies-43500.html|title=Neena Gupta and Rahman to star in Disney+ Hotstar series 1000+ Babies|work=Cinema Express |date=16 May 2023 |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Earlier it was titled as "1000+ Babies".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/interview-1000-babies-director-najeem-koya-reveals-what-led-to-casting-neena-gupta-as-lead-over-a-malayalam-actress-1354100|title=INTERVIEW: 1000 Babies director Najeem Koya reveals what led to casting Neena Gupta as lead over a Malayalam actress|work=Pinkvilla|date=18 October 2024|access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref> It marked the return of [[Neena Gupta]] to Malayalam project after 32 years.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/1000-babies-neena-gupta-to-make-her-malayalam-comeback-with-rahmans-series/article68561759.ece |title='1000 Babies': Neena Gupta to make her Malayalam comeback with Rahman's series |date=24 August 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 October 2024 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008164222/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/1000-babies-neena-gupta-to-make-her-malayalam-comeback-with-rahmans-series/article68561759.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
The teaser of the series was released on 23 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/1000-babies-teaser-neena-gupta-cuts-an-ominous-figure-alongside-a-towering-rahman-in-this-eerie-thriller-9529706/|title=1000 Babies teaser: Neena Gupta cuts an ominous figure alongside a towering Rahman in this eerie thriller|work=The Indian Express |date=23 August 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref> The trailer was released on 9 October 2024 which announced the release date as 18 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/malayalam/neena-gupta-and-rahmans-1000-babies-to-stream-on-october-18-watch-the-suspense-filled-trailer/articleshow/114072080.cms|title=Neena Gupta and Rahman's '1000 Babies' to stream on October 18; Watch the suspense-filled trailer|work=The Times Of India |date=9 October 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref> The series was released on 18 October 2024 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/10/18/ott-releases-october-week-movies-web-series-netflix-amazon-prime.html|title=From '1000 Babies' to 'Level Cross': New OTT releases this week|work=Onmanorama |date=18 October 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
The series received positive response from critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/malayalam/1000-babies-setting-a-new-benchmark-in-malayalam-heres-what-makes-the-web-series-a-perfect-binge-watch/articleshow/114353495.cms|title=1000 Babies: Setting a new benchmark in Malayalam; here's what makes the web series a perfect binge-watch|work=The Times Of India |date=18 October 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Gayathri Krishna of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' rated the series 3.5 out of 5 stars and called it "A well-crafted crime thriller that keeps viewers glued to their seats, thanks to the performances".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/1000-babies-review-rahman-neena-gupta-sanju-sivram-disney-plus-hotstar/d995491db2428|title=1000 Babies Review: A well-crafted crime thriller that keeps viewers glued to their seats, thanks to the performances|access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Christy Rosy Sibi of [[The Week (Indian magazine)|''The Week'']] rated the film 3/5 and termed it "a twisted psychological series driven by plot convenience".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2024/10/19/1000-babies-review-a-twisted-psychological-series-driven-by-plot-convenience.html|title='1000 Babies' review: A twisted psychological series driven by plot convenience|work=The Week|date=19 October 2024 |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]<br />
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language web series]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udayam_Shanmugam&diff=542331Udayam Shanmugam2026-04-29T19:59:24Z<p>Svetlanacnc: Added a page</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=September 2025}}<br />
'''Udayam Shanmugham''' was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Aranthangi Assembly constituency|Aranthangi constituency]] in the [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006 elections]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-05-17 |title=Former MLA brandishes sickle during an event near Avudaiyarkoil; video goes viral |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/former-mla-brandishes-sickle-during-an-event-near-avudaiyarkoil-video-goes-viral/article69587423.ece |access-date=2025-09-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was a candidate of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Election Commission of India |page=6 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatisticalReport-TN06.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2006 |accessdate=2017-05-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatisticalReport-TN06.pdf |archivedate=7 October 2010 }}</ref> In 2025 a video of him brandishing a weapon at a worker during a foundation laying ceremony went viral.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shanmugam, Udayam}}<br />
[[Category:Indian politicians]]<br />
<br />
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}<br />
{{DMK-politician-stub}}</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viju_Abraham&diff=544500Viju Abraham2026-04-24T21:05:44Z<p>Svetlanacnc: Added a stub!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1972)}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Viju Abraham<br />
| honorific_prefix = '''Justice'''<br />
| image = Justice Viju Abraham.jpg<br />
| caption =<br />
| office = [[Kerala High Court|Judge of the Kerala High Court]]<br />
| term_start = 13 August 2021<br />
| term_end = <br />
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br />
| nominator = [[Sharad Arvind Bobde]]<br />
| predecessor = <br />
| office2 = <br />
| term_start2 = <br />
| term_end2 = <br />
| office3 = <br />
| term_start3 = <br />
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| office4 = <br />
| term_start4 = <br />
| term_end4 = <br />
| office5 = <br />
| term_start5 = <br />
| term_end5 = <br />
| office6 = <br />
| term_start6 = <br />
| term_end6 = <br />
| office7 = <br />
| term_start7 = <br />
| term_end7 = <br />
| office8 = <br />
| term_start8 = <br />
| term_end8 = <br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|9|11|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| father = <br />
| mother = <br />
| spouse = Suni Thomas<br />
| children = <br />
| website = {{URL|https://hckerala.gov.in/judges.php|High Court of Kerala}}<br />
| signature = <br />
}}<br />
'''Viju Abraham''' is an Indian judge serving on the [[Kerala High Court]].<ref name="HC">{{cite web|url=https://hckerala.gov.in/judges.php|title=Official|via=Official website High Court of Kerala|date=|access-date=4 Sep 2022}}</ref><ref name="PIB">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1744805|title=Appointment Notification|via=PRESS COMMUNIQUE, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India|work=pib.gov.in|date=11 Aug 2021|access-date=4 Sep 2022}}</ref><ref name="TOI1">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-high-court-gets-two-new-judges/articleshow/85242163.cms|title=Kerala high court gets two new judges|via=Times of India News|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=11 Aug 2021|access-date=4 Sep 2022}}</ref><ref name="SCC1">{{cite web|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2019/05/07/sc-collegium-recommends-advocate-viju-abraham-to-be-appointed-as-a-judge-of-kerala-hc/|title=SC Collegium recommends Advocate Viju Abraham to be appointed as a Judge of Kerala HC|via=SCC Online News|work=scconline.com|date=7 May 2019|access-date=4 Sep 2022}}</ref><ref name="MAT1">{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/sc-collegium-reiterates-recommendation-to-elevate-3-including-viju-abraham-as-judges-in-kerala-hc-1.5491395|title=SC collegium reiterates recommendation to elevate 3 including Viju Abraham as judges in Kerala HC|via=Mathrubhumi Online News|work=mathrubhumi.com|date=5 Mar 2021|access-date=4 Sep 2022}}</ref> The court of Justice Abraham was among the three ''paperless courts'' that started functioning from 1 August 2022 in Kerala High Court.<ref name="LESS">{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/three-paperless-courts-in-kerala-high-court-from-aug-1-lawyers-say-will-wait-and-watch-1.7744701|title=Three paperless courts in Kerala High Court from Aug 1; lawyers say will wait and watch|via=Mathrubhumi News|work=mathrubhumi.com|date=31 Jul 2022|access-date=11 Oct 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education and career==<br />
Abraham graduated in Law from [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]] and started to practice as a lawyer in 1996. He served as Government Pleader from 2004 to 2007 and as Senior Government Pleader from 2011 to 2016 in [[Kerala High Court]]. He was appointed as an additional judge of Kerala High Court on 11.08.2021 and assumed office on 13 August 2021.<ref name="HC"/><br />
<br />
==Notable rulings==<br />
In August 2022, bench of Justice Abraham issued strict direction to the Kerala Police and Kerala Motor Vehicle Department to conduct routine checking in public road transport services while considering an application for bail of a driver of a public transport who was booked under [[Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985]] and expressed its concern about the danger to the life of the general public.<ref name="NR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/aug/28/conduct-routine-checks-on-buses-kerala-hc-tells-police-mvd-2492164.html|title=Conduct routine checks on buses, Kerala HC tells police, MVD|via=New Indian Express News|work=newindianexpress.com|date=28 Aug 2022|access-date=4 Sep 2022}}</ref><ref name="NR2">{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/ramp-up-measures-to-curb-drug-use-among-drivers-kerala-hc-1.7825535|title=Drug use among drivers a threat for people relying on public transport: Kerala HC|via=Mathrubhumi News|work=mathrubhumi.com|date=28 Aug 2022|access-date=4 Sep 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in High Court of Kerala]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]<br />
[[Category:1972 births]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giddalur_Assembly_constituency&diff=500496Giddalur Assembly constituency2026-04-23T17:56:53Z<p>Svetlanacnc: Created New Info W/ Refs - done</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Giddalur<br />
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (112-Giddalur highlighted).png <br />
| map_caption = Location of Giddalur Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh<br />
| mla = [[Muthumula Ashok Reddy]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]<br />
| established = 1955<br />
| constituency_no = 112<br />
| electors = 232,920 <br />
| reservation = None<br />
| type = SLA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Giddalur Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Markapuram district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency]].<br />
<br />
[[Muthumula Ashok Reddy]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 2024, there are a total of 232,920 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|6}} The constituency was established in 1955, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1955)''.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
It was part of the [[Kurnool district]] until 1969, being merged into [[Prakasam district]] in 1970. Before 2008, it was under Nandyal parliament segment, and after the delimitation it was moved to Ongole MP segment.<br />
<br />
== Mandals ==<br />
{{srn}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"<br />
!Mandal<br />
|-<br />
| Bestavaripeta<br />
|-<br />
| Racherla<br />
|-<br />
| Giddalur<br />
|-<br />
| Komarolu<br />
|-<br />
| Cumbum<br />
|-<br />
| Ardhaveedu<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan="2" | Political party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]<br />
| [[Pidatala Ranga Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
| Edula Balarami Reddy<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Pidatala Ranga Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br />
| Mudiam Peera Reddy<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
| [[Pidatala Ranga Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
| Yalluri Venkata Reddy<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br />
| Pidathala Ramabhupala Reddy<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br />
| Pidathala Vijay Kumar Reddy<br />
|-<br />
| 2001*<br />
| [[Pidathala Sai Kalpana]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
| [[Pagadala Ramaiah]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br />
| [[Anna Rambabu]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
| [[Muthumula Ashok Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br />
| [[Anna Rambabu]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| [[Muthumula Ashok Reddy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki>By-election<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Giddalur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Muthumula Ashok Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 98,463<br />
|percentage = 47.60<br />
|change =+21.04 <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Kunduru Nagarjuna Reddy]]|votes=97,490|percentage=47.13|change=-20.77}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pagadala Pedda Rangaswamy|votes=2,879|percentage=1.39|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=[[Malyadri Reddy Balasani ]]|votes=178|percentage=0.09|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=2,251|percentage=1.09|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=973|percentage=0.47|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,06,869|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|loser = YSR Congress Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2019===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Giddalur<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Anna Rambabu]]<br />
|votes = 1,33,130<br />
|percentage = 67.90%<br />
|change = <br />
}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Muthumula Ashok Reddy]]|votes=52,076|percentage=26.56%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=81,035|percentage=41.34%|change=34.26%}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,96,036|percentage=84.16%|change=75%}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = YSR Congress Party<br />
|loser = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2014===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Giddalur<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Muthumula Ashok Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 94,413<br />
|percentage = 55.33<br />
|change = <br />
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Anna Rambabu]]<br />
|votes = 81,520<br />
|percentage = 44.77<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 12,893<br />
|percentage = 7.08<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 182,105<br />
|percentage = 82.41<br />
|change = +8.04<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = YSR Congress Party<br />
|loser = Praja Rajyam Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2009===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh state assembly elections]]: Giddalur<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Praja Rajyam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Anna Rambabu]]<br />
|votes = 55,573<br />
|percentage = 37.54<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Bhiraboina Chandrasekhar]]<br />
|votes = 48,027<br />
|percentage = 32.44<br />
|change = -25.65<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Chegireddy Linga Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 34,097<br />
|percentage = 23.03<br />
|change = -12.87<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 7,546<br />
|percentage = 5.10<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 148,030<br />
|percentage = 74.37<br />
|change = +2.77<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Praja Rajyam Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2004===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Giddalur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Pagadala Ramaiah]]<br />
|votes = 50,987<br />
|percentage = 58.09<br />
|change = +14.38<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Pidathala Sai Kalpana]]<br />
|votes = 31,505<br />
|percentage = 35.90<br />
|change = -12.88<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 19,482<br />
|percentage = 22.19<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 87.767<br />
|percentage = 71.60<br />
|change = +8.66<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1999=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Giddalu}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pidathala Vijay Kumar Reddy]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=38,136|percentage=48.78% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pagadala Ramaiah]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=34,954 |percentage=44.71% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,182 |percentage=4.07% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,598|percentage=64.88% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,224|change = }} <br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1994=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Giddalur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pidathala Ramabhupala Reddy]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=29,496 |percentage=40.83% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mudiam Peera Reddy]] |party= Independent politician |votes=20,035|percentage=27.73% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,461 |percentage=13.10% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,819 |percentage=71.10% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,820 |change = }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress|swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1989=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Giddalur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Yalluri Venkata Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=45,694 |percentage=58.26% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pidathala Vijay Kumar Reddy]] |party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=31,774 |percentage=40.51% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,920 |percentage=17.75% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,884|percentage=64.16% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,057|change = }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress|loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1985===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Giddalur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pidathala Ranga Reddy]] |party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=40,577 |percentage=59.86% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mudiam Peera Reddy]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=24,315|percentage=35.87% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,262 |percentage=23.99% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,878 |percentage=66.54% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,520 |change = }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Independent politician |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1983===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Giddalur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mudiam Peera Reddy]]|party= Independent (politician) |votes=32,853 |percentage=52.23% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pidatala Ranga Reddy]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=30,049|percentage=47.77% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,804 |percentage=4.46% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,012 |percentage=65.90% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,128 |change = }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Independent (politician)|loser= Janata Party |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1978===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Giddalur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pidatala Ranga Reddy]]|party= Janata Party |votes=30,705 |percentage=49.44% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mudiam Peera Reddy]] |party= Indian National Congress (I) |votes=20,533 |percentage=33.06% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,172 |percentage=16.38% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,017 |percentage=71.14% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,389 |change = }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Janata Party ||loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1972=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Giddalur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pidatala Ranga Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=43,706 |percentage=83.48% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jadi Narayana]] |party= Swatantra Party |votes=6,168 |percentage=11.78% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,538 |percentage=71.69% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,230 |percentage=69.14% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,984 |change = }} <br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1967===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Giddalur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pidatala Ranga Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=29,970 |percentage=60.98% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A.R.Swami]] |party= Independent politician |votes=13,832 |percentage=28.15% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,138 |percentage=32.84% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,957 |percentage=71.26% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,510 |change = }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= Independent politician |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1962===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Giddalur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Edula Balarami Reddy]]|party= Independent politician |votes=25,630 |percentage=51.71% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pidathala Ranga Reddy]] |party= Indian National Congress |votes=23,934 |percentage=48.29% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,696 |percentage=3.42% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,536 |percentage=70.67% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,921 |change = }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Independent politician ||loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1955=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Giddalur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pidathala Ranga Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=21,469|percentage=62.12% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thupakula Basavayya ]] |party= Communist Party of India |votes=13,092 |percentage=37.88% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,377 |percentage=24.24% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,561 |percentage=66.15% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,245 |change = }} <br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{Cite web | title= AP Past Election Statistics |url=https://eci.gov.in/past-elections-statistics/| access-date=17 Jan 2020 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
{{coord|15.38|78.92|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Markapuram district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anuparna_Roy&diff=487019Anuparna Roy2026-04-23T16:47:41Z<p>Svetlanacnc: created first data w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Anuparna Roy<br />
| image = Anuparna Roy at 82nd Venice International Film Festival-3.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Roy in 2025<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|5|9}}<br />
| birth_place = Narayanpur, [[Purulia]], [[West Bengal]], India<br />
| nationality = <br />
| alma_mater = [[Burdwan University]]<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter}}<br />
| years_active = <br />
| awards = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Anuparna Roy''' (born 9 May 1994)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.songsofforgottentrees.com/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=SOFT |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian film director and screenwriter. She won the Best Director Award in the [[Orizzonti]] (Horizons) section at the [[82nd Venice International Film Festival]] in 2025 for her debut feature film ''[[Songs of Forgotten Trees]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06 |title=Biennale Cinema 2025 {{!}} Official awards of the 82nd Venice International Film Festival |url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/news/official-awards-82nd-venice-international-film-festival |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=La Biennale di Venezia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Venice Film Festival {{!}} India's Anuparna Roy Wins Best Director Award For 'Songs of Forgotten Trees' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/venice-film-festival-indias-anuparna-roy-wins-best-director-award-for-songs-of-forgotten-trees |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-07 |title=Anuparna Roy becomes first Indian to win Best Director award in Orizzonti section at Venice Film Festival |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anuparna-roy-becomes-first-indian-to-win-best-director-award-at-venice-film-festival-10234832/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-08 |title=Anuparna Roy's Venice Win: Priyanka Chopra applauds 'Songs of Forgotten Trees' director for historic win |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anuparna-roys-venice-win-priyanka-chopra-applauds-songs-of-forgotten-trees-director-for-historic-win/articleshow/123755754.cms |access-date=2025-09-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Anuparna Roy was raised in Narayanpur, a village in the [[Purulia district]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Inamdar | first=Nikhil | title='Can't make sugar-coated cinema': Anuparna Roy scripted history at Venice | website=BBC Home | date=2025-09-20 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce86148vn1xo | access-date=2025-09-24}}</ref> Her father's name is Brahmananda Roy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-09 |title=Purulia to Venice: Anuparna's story from overcoming parents' objection to winning coveted film award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/purulia-to-venice-anuparnas-story-from-overcoming-parents-objection-to-winning-coveted-film-award-10238236/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Her name was given by noted filmmaker Ritwik Ghatak. She passed from Ranipur Colliery High School and Napara High School.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Anirban Sinha |date=2025-09-08 |title=Purulia girl Anuparna Roy bags Best Director in Venice, parents thrilled with win |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/anuparna-roy-bags-best-director-in-venice-film-festival-parents-thrilled-2784005-2025-09-08 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> She earned an undergraduate degree in English literature from [[Kulti College]] under [[University of Burdwan|Burdwan University]] and later pursued studies in mass communications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Anuparna Roy? First Indian to win Best Director prize at Venice Film Festival |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/hollywood/who-is-anuparna-roy-first-indian-to-win-best-director-prize-at-venice-film-festival-1757214399656 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref> Before beginning her film career, she worked in a call centre in [[Delhi]] and as an IT sales executive in [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who is Anuparna Roy? Indian filmmaker scripts history at Venice Film Festival, wins Best Director Award |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-who-is-anuparna-roy-indian-director-makes-history-at-venice-film-festival-wins-best-director-award-3969703/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2025-09-02 |title=In film 'Songs of Forgotten Trees', the sisterhood between two women who share a flat |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1085831/in-film-songs-of-forgotten-trees-the-sisterhood-between-two-women-who-share-a-flat |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, she made her debut in the film industry as an assistant director in ''Run to the River''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-07 |title=Anuparna Roy: পুরুলিয়ার মেয়ে ভেনিসে! শ্রেষ্ঠ পরিচালকের সম্মান পেয়ে ভারতকে গর্বিত করলেন অনুপর্ণা রয় |trans-title=Purulia's girl in Venice! Anuparna Roy makes India proud by winning the Best Director award |publisher=India Hood News |url=https://indiahood.in/news/entrertainment/purulias-anuparna-roy-gets-best-film-director-award-in-venice-film-festival-swm-07-09/306241/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
* [[Songs of Forgotten Trees|''Songs of Forgotten Trees'' (2025)]] — Director, Screenwriter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-07 |title=Exclusive{{!}} Anuparna Roy talks about creating history at Venice Film Festival: There's a lot of responsibility after this |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/exclusive-anuparna-roy-talks-about-creating-history-at-venice-film-festival-theres-a-lot-of-responsibility-after-this-101757235288640.html |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
* 2025 — Best Director, Orizzonti section, [[Venice Film Festival|Venice International Film Festival]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shafer |first=Jessica Kiang,Ellise |date=2025-09-06 |title=Venice Film Festival Winners: Jim Jarmusch's 'Father Mother Sister Brother' Takes Golden Lion, Benny Safdie Gets Best Director for 'Smashing Machine' |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/festivals/venice-film-festival-awards-winners-list-golden-lion-1236507924/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{imdb name|nm15848155}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Anuparna}}<br />
[[Category:Indian film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:People from Purulia district]]<br />
[[Category:1994 births]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thalapathi&diff=540214Thalapathi2026-04-23T05:41:21Z<p>Svetlanacnc: Added a info!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1991 film by Mani Ratnam}}<br />
{{Redirect|Thalapathy|the Indian actor referred to by the same name|Vijay (actor)}}<br />
{{redirect|Dalapathi|the Kannada film|Dalapathi (2018 film)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Thalapathi poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Mani Ratnam]]<br />
| writer = Mani Ratnam<br />
| producer = [[G. Venkateswaran]]<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rajinikanth]]|[[Mammootty]]|[[Aravind Swami]]}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Santosh Sivan]]<br />
| editing = {{Plainlist |<br />
* Gautham Raju<br />
* [[Suresh Urs]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
| studio = [[GV Films]]<br />
| distributor = GV Films<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 1991 |title=தளபதி |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |pages=12 |language=ta}}</ref><!-- https://x.com/BVenkat86965312/status/1771793847665725925/photo/1 --><br />
| released = {{film date|1991|11|5|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 167 minutes{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=291}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = {{INR}}3 crore<ref name="budget" /><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Thalapathi''''' ({{translation|Commander}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Gangster film|gangster]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]]{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=104}} written and directed by [[Mani Ratnam]], and produced by [[G. Venkateswaran]]. The film stars [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Mammootty]] with [[Arvind Swamy]] in his feature-film debut, [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Srividya]], [[Bhanupriya]], [[Shobana]] and [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] in supporting roles. It is about a courageous slum dweller who befriends a powerful gangster and the attempts of a [[District magistrate|district collector]] to thwart them.<br />
<br />
The plot of ''Thalapathi'' is based on the friendship between [[Karna]] and [[Duryodhana]], characters from the [[Indian epic poetry|Hindu epic]], ''[[Mahabharata]]''. [[Ilaiyaraaja]], in his last collaboration with Mani Ratnam, composed the film's score and soundtrack, and the lyrics were written by poet [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]. The cinematography was handled by [[Santosh Sivan]] and the editor was [[Suresh Urs]]. Most of the filming took place in [[Karnataka]] state. With a budget of {{INR|3&nbsp;crore}}, at the time of its release, ''Thalapathi'' was the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive]] [[Cinema of South India|South Indian film]].<br />
<br />
''Thalapathi'' was released on 5 November 1991, [[Diwali]] day; it became a critical and commercial success, and won many awards including two [[Filmfare Awards South]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Director&nbsp;– Tamil|Best Director&nbsp;– Tamil]] (Ratnam) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director&nbsp;– Tamil|Best Music Director&nbsp;– Tamil]] (Ilaiyaraaja), and two [[Cinema Express Awards]]: [[Cinema Express Award for Best Actor&nbsp;– Tamil|Best Actor&nbsp;– Tamil]] (Rajinikanth) and Best Character Actress (Srividya). It was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Annavru]]'' (2003).<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
A fourteen-year-old Kalyani gives birth to a boy alone and, fearing societal backlash and incapacity, abandons him inside a moving [[Goods wagon|goods train]]. A slum dweller finds the baby, takes him home, names him Surya and raises him. Surya grows up to be intolerant of injustice, especially to the poor, and wonders why his biological mother abandoned him. The only item from his mother is the yellow shawl in which she had wrapped him. Devaraj, a powerful gangster, who is kind but feared by most, fights injustice with violence. Surya attacks and kills Ramana, an auxiliary of Devaraj. Surya is arrested for murder and faces police torture, but Devaraj bails him out after perceiving Ramana's felony and realises Surya's cause was genuine. Surya and Devaraj, who share the same ideology to fight injustice, come to understand each other. Devaraj declares Surya as his ''Thalapathi'' (commander) and best friend.<br />
<br />
Arjun, a young [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer who is posted as the city's new [[District magistrate|district collector]], wants to lawfully end violence. He is the second son of Kalyani, who is now a social worker. After abandoning Surya, her firstborn, she married Krishnamoorthy. Kalyani never told Arjun of the ordeal she faced as a teenager but is constantly grieved by thoughts of her long-lost firstborn. Meanwhile, Surya is courted by a [[Brahmin]] girl Subbulaxmi, who is smitten with his transparent nature. Surya's appraisal to Devaraj leads local people in the locality to respect them both. They continue objecting to societal incongruities. While Devaraj leads Surya to help curb unlawful discrepancies, Subbulaxmi despises Surya's use of violence and tries to persuade him against it. Devaraj tries to form a relationship between Subbulaxmi and Surya but Subbulaxmi's orthodox father objects and arranges her marriage to Arjun.<br />
<br />
In his fight against organised crime, Arjun unsuccessfully targets Devaraj and Surya. Meanwhile, Padma, Ramana's widow, makes Surya feel guilty for killing Ramana. Understanding Padma's pain, Devaraj shelters her and her child. However, Padma confesses she is constantly troubled by the dishonourable men surrounding her. Devaraj, considering Padma and her daughter's safety and Surya's future, asks them to marry each other. Guilt-ridden, Surya marries Padma and eventually wins her child's affection. Later, at a medical camp, Kalyani meets Padma and her daughter, along with the shawl in which she wrapped Surya. After asking about the day he was found, Kalyani and Krishnamoorthy discover Surya is Kalyani's long-lost son during a suspect identification. Krishnamoorthy secretly meets Surya and reveals the truth of his origin to him. Surya asks Krishnamoorthy to promise not to let his mother know of Surya's identity because it would hurt her to know her son has grown to be a vigilante.<br />
<br />
Kalyani eventually finds Surya and meets him. Surya vows not to harm Arjun for her sake. The long-standing feud between Devaraj and his main rival Kalivardhan makes Surya tell Devaraj, who learns of his meeting with his stepfather and mother and the truth about his family. Devaraj is pleased to know that, despite Arjun being Surya's half-brother, Surya still sides with him, thus valuing their friendship over family. Because of this, Devaraj decides to surrender. Devaraj and Surya meet Arjun, who now knows Surya is his own half-brother. Suddenly, Kalivardhan's henchmen open fire; Surya is injured, and Devaraj is killed. Enraged, Surya storms into Kalivardhan's house, murders Kalivardhan and all of his henchmen, and surrenders to the police, but is exonerated due to lack of evidence. Arjun is later transferred to another state and leaves with Subbulaxmi, while Kalyani stays with Surya.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Surya{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=136}}<br />
* [[Mammootty]] as Devaraj{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=291}}<br />
* [[Arvind Swamy]] as Arjun Krishnamoorthy{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=136}}<br />
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Krishnamoorthy{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=291}}<br />
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Kalivarathan{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=291}}<br />
* [[Srividya]] as Kalyani{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=291}}<br />
* [[Bhanupriya]] as Padma{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=136}}<br />
* [[Shobana]] as Subbulakshmi{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=136}}<br />
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Selvi{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=291}}<br />
* [[Nagesh]] as Panthulu{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=291}}<br />
* [[Charuhasan]] as Srinivasan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=23 August 2012 |title=Candour, Charuhasan style |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/candour-charuhasan-style/article3811342.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226010948/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/candour-charuhasan-style/article3811342.ece |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=5 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] as Sundaram<ref name="Birthday Special" /><br />
* [[Charle]] as Mani<br />
* [[Nirmalamma]] as Pattamma<br />
* [[Sonu Walia]] (special appearance in the song "[[Rakkamma Kaiya Thattu]]"){{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=140}}<br />
* [[P. L. Narayana]] as Sethuraman<br />
* [[Pradeep Shakthi]] as Selva<br />
* [[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Manoharan{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=291}}<br />
* [[Thalapathy Dinesh|Dinesh]] as Ramana<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2018 |title="எம்.ஜி.ஆர் கொடுத்த வாழ்க்கை, ரஜினியின் சிபாரிசு, அஜித்தின் டெடிகேஷன்..!"&nbsp;– 'தளபதி' தினேஷ் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/117016-fighter-thalapathi-dinesh-says-about-movie-journey |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208200417/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/117016-fighter-thalapathi-dinesh-says-about-movie-journey |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=26 August 2020 |website=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
* [[Tarun (Telugu actor)|Tarun]] as a petty thief (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite web |author=அப்ரின் |date=8 January 2024 |title=Actor Tarun: 10 வயதில் தேசிய விருது.. காணாமல் போன “புன்னகை தேசம்” தருண்.. இப்போ என்ன செய்கிறார் தெரியுமா? |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/telugu-actor-tarun-kumar-celebrate-his-43rd-birthday-cinema-celebirites-shares-wishes-160384 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703032840/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/telugu-actor-tarun-kumar-celebrate-his-43rd-birthday-cinema-celebirites-shares-wishes-160384 |archive-date=3 July 2025 |access-date=2 July 2025 |work=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
[[Rajinikanth]] was a friend of [[Mani Ratnam]]'s brother [[G. Venkateswaran]] of [[GV Films]], and they were talking about making a film together. Ratnam had met Rajinikanth twice because he had expressed interest in working with Ratnam, who had nothing for him then.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |pp=106–107}} Ratnam needed a film with scope for Rajinikanth's stardom but would remain Ratnam's film. Ratnam wanted something Rajinikanth could not refuse and that Ratnam really wanted to do. Soon the concept of the story of [[Karna]] from the Indian epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'', which became the basis for ''Thalapathi'' and was a contemporary version of the ''Mahabharata'' from Karna's perspective, came up.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |pp=106–107}} Ratnam wanted to present a realistic Rajinikanth, which he saw in ''[[Mullum Malarum]]'' (1978) without his style elements and larger-than-life image.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=108}}{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=139}} ''Thalapathi'' was cinematographer [[Santosh Sivan]]'s first film in Tamil,<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 January 2019 |title=Thalapathy was Santosh Sivan's first Tamil film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/thalapathy-was-santosh-sivans-first-tamil-film/articleshow/68752869.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830084550/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/thalapathy-was-santosh-sivans-first-tamil-film/articleshow/68752869.cms |archive-date=30 August 2021 |access-date=23 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and his first project with Ratnam. He was chosen after the director was impressed with his work in the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Raakhi Ki Saugandh|Raakh]]'' (1989).{{Sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=113}} The film was edited by [[Suresh Urs]], and art-directed by [[Thota Tharani]].{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=291}} ''Thalapathi'' remains the only collaboration between Ratnam and Rajinikanth.{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=135}}<br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
Rajinikanth played Surya, who is a representation of Karna.<ref name="budget" /> Rajinikanth insisted Karna's friend [[Duryodhana]], who is important to the story, was correctly cast; [[Mammootty]] was eventually cast as Devaraj, the equivalent of Duryodhana.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=107}} He was then filming for [[Joshiy]]'s ''[[Kuttettan]]'' (1990) and initially declined the role after listening to Ratnam's narration of the story, but after advice from Joshiy, accepted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2021 |title=When Mammootty said 'yes' to Mani Ratnam's Thalapathi on Joshiy's advice |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/09/06/mammootty-mani-ratnam-thalapathi-with-joshiy-advice.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907062754/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/09/06/mammootty-mani-ratnam-thalapathi-with-joshiy-advice.html |archive-date=7 September 2021 |access-date=5 November 2021 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref> For the role of Surya's brother Arjun, Ratnam wanted someone with a sophisticated look and fluency in English.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=114}} Mammootty suggested [[Jayaram]] to Ratnam for the role, but Jayaram declined due to scheduling conflicts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2016 |title=When Jayram Rejected Mani Ratnam's Thalapathi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/When-Jayram-Rejected-Mani-Ratnams-Thalapathi/articleshow/51794255.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415095752/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/When-Jayram-Rejected-Mani-Ratnams-Thalapathi/articleshow/51794255.cms |archive-date=15 April 2016 |access-date=15 April 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Ratnam saw [[Arvind Swamy]] in a television commercial and approached him to play Arjun; after a few screen tests, Arvind&nbsp;– who was only credited with his first name&nbsp;– was cast in his feature-film debut.{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=137}} Mammootty was paid {{INRConvert|10|l|lk=|year=1991}}{{efn|name = exchange1991}} and [[Amrish Puri]], who portrayed the antagonist Kalivardhan, and shaved his head for the role, received {{INRConvert|5|l|lk=|year=1991}}{{efn|name = exchange1991}} for only five days of filming.<ref name="budget" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2017 |title=How many of these films of Bollywood's favourite villain, Amrish Puri, have you seen yet? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2017/jun/22/how-many-of-these-films-of-bollywoods-favourite-villain-amrish-puri-have-you-seen-yet-100520.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902110439/https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2017/jun/22/how-many-of-these-films-of-bollywoods-favourite-villain-amrish-puri-have-you-seen-yet-100520--1.html |archive-date=2 September 2021 |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Despite being almost three years younger than Rajinikanth, [[Srividya]] was cast as Surya's mother Kalyani.{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=136}}{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=4}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=24 July 2020 |title='கேள்வியின் நாயகி... ஆச்சரிய நாயகி' ஸ்ரீவித்யா |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/566229-sri-vidhya-birthday.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001231048/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/566229-sri-vidhya-birthday.html |archive-date=1 October 2020 |access-date=8 November 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] was the original choice for the role that [[Bhanupriya]] eventually played.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajasekar |first=Nagalekshmi |date=9 November 2025 |title=தளபதி நான் நடிக்க வேண்டிய படம், இனி ரஜினி படத்தில் நடிக்க மாட்டேன்: கண்ணழகி நடிகை ஓபன் டாக்! |trans-title=I was supposed to act in ''Thalapathi'', hereafter I won't act in any Rajini film: Beautiful eyed actress' open talk |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/the-famous-actress-who-said-she-will-no-longer-will-act-with-rajini-10641292 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251111230853/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/the-famous-actress-who-said-she-will-no-longer-will-act-with-rajini-10641292 |archive-date=11 November 2025 |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=ta}}</ref> When Bhanupriya was cast as the widow of a man killed by Surya, whom she later marries, Ratnam told her there would be no songs for her because Surya "was the cause of her husband's death. So it can't be the start of a new romantic track".{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=114}} Ratnam said the casting of Bhanupriya showed "there was some weight to the character, and you don't have to invest in terms of songs and things like that. Her very presence makes the character strong".{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=116}} [[Shobana]] was cast as Subbulaxmi, her second film role opposite Rajinikanth after ''[[Siva (1989 Tamil film)|Siva]]'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2020 |title=Did You Know, Rajinikanth hesitated to hold Shobana's feet in THIS super hit film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-rajinikanth-hesitated-to-hold-shobanas-feet-in-this-super-hit-film/articleshow/77389740.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103212537/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-rajinikanth-hesitated-to-hold-shobanas-feet-in-this-super-hit-film/articleshow/77389740.cms |archive-date=3 January 2021 |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Manoj K. Jayan]] was cast as Manoharan&nbsp;– his first role in Tamil cinema&nbsp;– after Ratnam was impressed with his performance in the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Perumthachan (film)|Perumthachan]]'' (1990).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=13 November 2003 |title=From across the border |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/11-manojkjayan.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031126194317/http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/11-manojkjayan.asp |archive-date=26 November 2003 |access-date=17 July 2015 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
[[File:Rayagopura, Melukote.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Rayagopura, [[Melukote|Melkote]] seen in the song "[[Rakkamma Kaiya Thattu|Rakkamma]]"]]<br />
<br />
Principal photography began before the role of Arjun had been cast.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=114}} Ratnam said he chose to film in [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], because it had everything the script required, including a waterfront and a river.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=106}} According to Sivan, Ratnam chose Mysore because "there'd be less people" having extreme adulation for Rajinikanth.{{Sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=138}} The slum scenes were filmed in [[Madras]] on a set that was erected by Thota Tharani.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=106}}<br />
<br />
The first scene to be filmed was Subbulaxmi teaching a group of students by a river. Because the rising sun was important to the scene, it was filmed earlier than 5:45&nbsp;am. By the time Rajinikanth came to film his part in the scene, the sun had already risen. To avoid continuity errors, he filmed after 4:30&nbsp;am the next day.{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |pp=137–138}} When filming against the "early morning or the late evening sun" was not possible, the crew used tungsten lights and mirrors to create the intended effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=4 April 2018 |title=Santosh Sivan on his lengthy collaboration with Mani Ratnam: 'Every film is different' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/873987/santosh-sivan-on-his-lengthy-collaboration-with-mani-ratnam-every-film-is-different |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716153602/https://scroll.in/reel/873987/santosh-sivan-on-his-lengthy-collaboration-with-mani-ratnam-every-film-is-different |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ratnam chose to film the prologue in which Kalyani gives birth to Surya in black and white because according to him, "Black and white gives the sense of this being a prologue without us having to define it as a prologue".{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=104}} He delayed filming the scene in which Surya meets his biological mother for the first time by a day at the request of Rajinikanth, who needed more time to prepare.{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |pp=139–140}}<br />
<br />
The songs "[[Rakkamma Kaiya Thattu]]" and "Sundari Kannal" were filmed at Rayagopura, [[Melukote]] and [[Chennakeshava Temple, Somanathapura]]&nbsp;– both in Karnataka&nbsp;– respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aishwarya |first=S. |date=3 July 2010 |title=Indian locations provide stunning backdrops for film shoots |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/indian-locations-provide-stunning-backdrops-for-film-shoots/article497083.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418041817/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/indian-locations-provide-stunning-backdrops-for-film-shoots/article497083.ece |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=17 July 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=169}} "Rakkamma Kaiya Thattu" was filmed over several nights, and choreographed by [[Prabhu Deva]] and his father [[Mugur Sundar]].{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=140}} Rajinikanth wore [[Samurai]] apparel for "Sundari Kannal"; according to ''[[The Hindu]]''{{'s}} S. Shiva Kumar, this was the closest Ratnam came to doing something like his idol [[Akira Kurosawa]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Shiva |date=5 October 2018 |title=Mani is the matter: on Chekka Chivantha Vaanam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mani-is-the-matter-on-chekka-chivantha-vaanam/article25130855.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114172941/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mani-is-the-matter-on-chekka-chivantha-vaanam/article25130855.ece |archive-date=14 November 2021 |access-date=20 October 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> With a budget of {{INRConvert|30|m|year=1991}},{{efn|The 1991 exchange rate was 17.90 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) to one US dollar ($).<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2013 |title=Rupee's journey since Independence: Down by 65 times against dollar |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-24/news/41444029_1_indian-rupee-american-currency-continued-dollar-demand |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827124307/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-24/news/41444029_1_indian-rupee-american-currency-continued-dollar-demand |archive-date=27 August 2013 |access-date=25 September 2020 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref>|name = exchange1991}} ''Thalapathi'' was the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive]] [[Cinema of South India|South Indian film]] at the time.<ref name="budget" /><br />
<br />
== Themes ==<br />
''Thalapathi'' is a contemporary adaptation of the ''Mahabharata'' but because the film's focus is Surya, it dispenses with the epic's ensemble nature.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=104}} The character Subbulaxmi is based on [[Draupadi]], Arjun on [[Arjuna]] and Kalyani on [[Kunti]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parande |first=Shweta |date=18 June 2010 |title='Raavan', 'Raajneeti': Epic inspirations in Indian cinema |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/raavan-raajneeti-epic-inspirations-in-indian-cinema-770331-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310040759/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/raavan-raajneeti-epic-inspirations-in-indian-cinema-770331-2.html |archive-date=10 March 2020 |access-date=10 March 2020 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was not originally publicised as an adaptation of the ''Mahabharata''; Ratnam said this was because the "parallels are hidden sufficiently inside the story to make it work. That is the way I wanted it&nbsp;– at a layer below and not crying out loud".{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=110}} Venkateswaran said the film "questions people's normally held ideas of friendship".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zubin |first=Kharleez |date=19 November 1991 |title=G.V. has the right mix for art and profit |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zmJPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6639%2C1584460 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117133019/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zmJPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6639%2C1584460 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2020 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=28 |language=en |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> According to ''[[New Straits Times]]'', the film does not extol crime or violence; rather it narrates the story of a tragic character who rises from slums to gain untold riches and unbridled power.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2000 |title=Crime cuts through race |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SVNIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6871%2C783742 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430120014/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SVNIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6871%2C783742 |archive-date=30 April 2024 |access-date=2 September 2021 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=12 |language=en |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ratnam refused to name Surya's father, saying the film "consciously avoids the who and the how of the underage girl's first love" because Surya is the focus of the story.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=105}} The name Surya was chosen to emphasise the character's connection to the sun, similar to the way Karna is the son of the sun god [[Surya]] in the ''Mahabharata''.{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=136}} Ratnam never considered killing Surya, unlike the ''Mahabharata'' in which Karna dies, because he felt the character had suffered enough, and "his death would look too doomed, too tragic".{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=109}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Main|Thalapathi (soundtrack)}}<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalapathi Tamil Audio Cassettes By Ilaiyaraaja |url=https://banumass.com/shop/thalapathi-tamil-audio-cassettes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124064549/https://banumass.com/shop/thalapathi-tamil-audio-cassettes/ |archive-date=24 January 2022 |access-date=24 January 2022 |website=Banumass}}</ref>{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=140}} ''Thalapathi'' marked the final collaboration among Ilaiyaraaja and Ratnam, as the latter had associated with [[A. R. Rahman]] for his later projects, beginning with ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' (1992).{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=140}} The original Tamil version of the soundtrack album includes seven songs with lyrics that were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalapathi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/thalapathi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1163509742 |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2020 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The six songs of the [[Hindi]]-dubbed version ''Dalapathi'' were written by P. K. Mishra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindi Film Songs&nbsp;– Dalpati (1991) |url=http://myswar.com/album/dalpati-1991 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226151937/http://myswar.in/album/dalpati-1991 |archive-date=26 February 2018 |access-date=17 July 2015 |website=MySwar}}</ref> [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]] wrote the lyrics for the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-dubbed version.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1991 |title=Dalapathi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/dalapathi-original-motion/928767196 |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2020 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> [[Lahari Music]] released the [[Kannada]]-dubbed version of the film's soundtrack which was titled ''Nanna Dalapathi'', and [[V. Nagendra Prasad]] penned its lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nanna Dalapathi |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6kKTuZj5gEcxAcLzncBYYz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201551/https://open.spotify.com/album/6kKTuZj5gEcxAcLzncBYYz |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=18 June 2021 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Marketing ==<br />
In a first-of-its-kind marketing strategy in India, GV Films launched "a whole range of consumer products" based on the lead character of ''Thalapathi''. As part of the marketing strategy, all products would be "of the highest quality" and sport the film's name.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 1991 |title=Unique Marketing Opportunity |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910607&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=7 August 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=2 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
''Thalapathi'' was released on 5 November 1991<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 November 1991 |title=Thalapathi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19911105&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=28 October 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=11 |language=en |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> during the [[Diwali]] festival. The film was a major critical and commercial success.{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=141}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnakumar |first=R |date=4 November 2021 |title=Friend, Son, Man, Messiah |url=https://thefederal.com/entertainment/friend-son-man-messiah/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104065122/https://thefederal.com/entertainment/friend-son-man-messiah/ |archive-date=4 November 2021 |access-date=5 November 2021 |website=[[The Federal]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Reception ===<br />
On 8 November 1991, ''[[The Hindu]]'' said; "Moving his pieces with the acumen of an international grandmaster, the director sets a hot pace".<ref name="Birthday Special" /> The same day, N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said; "One reason why ''Thalapathi'', despite its visual grandeur is not as riveting as it should have been is that it does not have a strong antagonist".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=8 November 1991 |title=Thalapathi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19911108&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=25 July 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 1 December 1991, the review board of ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' praised Ilaiyaraaja's music, called the film a mountain of a [[Masala film|masala]] entertainer, and said Rajinikanth had several scenes in which he could emote and that he looks a caged lion left in the open.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vikatan Review Board |date=1 December 1991 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம் : தளபதி |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/37056--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124062715/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/37056--2 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |access-date=9 March 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> The magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote a review of the film as a discussion panel alongside directors [[S. P. Muthuraman]] and [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] reviewing the film. In that review, the film's cast performances, cinematography and music were praised but the violence was criticised.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=24 November 1991 |title=தளபதி |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1991-11-24/kalki1991-11-24.pdf |access-date=1 September 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=49–52 |language=Tamil |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Accolades ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Event<br />
!Award<br />
!Recipient<br />
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[39th Filmfare Awards South]]<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director&nbsp;– Tamil|Best Director&nbsp;– Tamil]]<br />
|[[Mani Ratnam]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=39th Annual Filmfare Awards Nite |url=https://archive.org/details/39thAnnualFilmfareTamilBestDirectorFilmMusic |access-date=25 February 2018 |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director&nbsp;– Tamil|Best Music Director&nbsp;– Tamil]]<br />
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[12th Cinema Express Awards]]<br />
|[[Cinema Express Award for Best Actor&nbsp;– Tamil|Best Actor&nbsp;– Tamil]]<br />
|[[Rajinikanth]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 1992 |title='Chinnathambhi' bags Cinema Express award |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VZBlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1432,722114&dq=cinema+express&hl=en |access-date=5 September 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |language=en |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Best Character Actress<br />
|[[Srividya]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |Film Fans Association Awards<br />
|Best Character Actress<br />
|Srividya<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 1992 |title=Kamal adjudged best actor for role in ''Guna'' |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920622&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=12 September 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |language=en |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Best Photographer<br />
|[[Santosh Sivan]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
[[C. S. Amudhan]] said ''Thalapathi'' was "really ahead of its time" and called it "intellectual entertaining cinema". [[Karthik Subbaraj]] said he watched the film during his childhood. Subbaraj's 2014 film ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' includes several references to ''Thalapathi''. Rajinikanth's daughter, director [[Soundarya Rajinikanth|Soundarya]], said; "I remember ''Thalapathy'' most vividly as that was the first time I went for a first-day-first-show ever".<ref name="Blasts from the past" /> Mammootty's performance in the scene in which Devaraj tells Arjun "mudiyathu" ({{Translation|not possible}}) after being asked to surrender everything inspired director [[Mahi V Raghav]] to cast him in ''[[Yatra (2019 film)|Yatra]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Neelima |date=7 February 2019 |title=Mammootty's pan-Indian appeal proves he's a bonafide star regardless of how Yatra performs |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mammoottys-pan-indian-appeal-proves-hes-a-bonafide-star-regardless-of-how-yatra-performs-6042191.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802082928/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mammoottys-pan-indian-appeal-proves-hes-a-bonafide-star-regardless-of-how-yatra-performs-6042191.html |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' (2010) parodied ''Thalapathi'' by featuring scenes with characters who are dimly lit and speak one-word dialogues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Nandini |date=8 March 2013 |title=Everything You Know about Tamil Films Is Probably Wrong |url=https://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/everything-you-know-about-tamil-films-is-probably-wrong/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105143116/https://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/everything-you-know-about-tamil-films-is-probably-wrong |archive-date=5 January 2026 |access-date=10 March 2020 |website=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]], who directed ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]'' (2013), cites ''Thalapathi'' as the main inspiration that led him to consider a career in cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=15 March 2014 |title=Atlee displays his chops |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/atlee-displays-his-chops/article5788431.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119025905/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/atlee-displays-his-chops/article5788431.ece |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=17 July 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Soundarya has stated Rajinikanth's hairstyle in her directorial venture ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]'' (2014) was inspired by his appearance in ''Thalapathi''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2012 |title=Mani Ratnam inspired to make Kochadaiyaan! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Mani-Ratnam-inspired-to-make-Kochadaiyaan/articleshow/12532786.cms?referral=PM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805180207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Mani-Ratnam-inspired-to-make-Kochadaiyaan/articleshow/12532786.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=17 July 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] compared ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]'' (2013) to ''Thalapathi'', both of which feature a character "who yearns for a lost mother and who is coerced into a life of crime".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=3 February 2013 |title="Kadal"... Coast analysis |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2013/02/03/kadal-coast-analysis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117095304/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2013/02/03/kadal-coast-analysis/ |archive-date=17 January 2017 |access-date=17 January 2017 |website=Baradwaj Rangan |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Remakes ==<br />
''Thalapathi'' was remade in Kannada as ''[[Annavru]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 2013 |title=Tamil film Raam to be remade in Kannada |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Tamil-film-Raam-to-be-remade-in-Kannada/articleshow/19213972.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908093130/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Tamil-film-Raam-to-be-remade-in-Kannada/articleshow/19213972.cms |archive-date=8 September 2016 |access-date=8 September 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In November 2011, producer [[Bharat Shah]] acquired the Hindi remake rights,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thakkar |first=Mehul S |date=21 November 2011 |title=Thalapathi goes to Bollywood |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Thalapathi-goes-to-Bollywood/articleshow/10827073.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415100318/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Thalapathi-goes-to-Bollywood/articleshow/10827073.cms |archive-date=15 April 2016 |access-date=15 April 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> despite having a Hindi dubbed version for this film released in 1993.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramesh |first=K.V |date=14 August 2017 |title=Maniratnam's Roja: Bridging the North-South divide |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bridging-the-north-south-divide/article19492689.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217054956/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bridging-the-north-south-divide/article19492689.ece |archive-date=17 December 2021 |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Re-release ==<br />
The film was remastered and re-released on 12 December 2024, coinciding with Rajinikanth's 74th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=12 December 2024 |title=33 years later, the emotional impact of Mani Ratnam's 'Thalapathi' remains intact |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2024/12/12/33-years-later-the-emotional-impact-of-mani-ratnams-thalapathi-remains-intact.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213074223/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2024/12/12/33-years-later-the-emotional-impact-of-mani-ratnams-thalapathi-remains-intact.html |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2024 |title=Rajinikanth 74th birthday: All about Thalapathi re-release in theatres |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/ajinikanth-74th-birthday-all-about-thalapathi-re-release-in-theatres-19522623.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213074559/https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/ajinikanth-74th-birthday-all-about-thalapathi-re-release-in-theatres-19522623.htm |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[CNBC TV18]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references><br />
<ref name="budget">{{Cite news |last1=Shetty |first1=Kavitha |last2=Kumar |first2=Kalyan |last3=Viswanathan |first3=Anand |date=15 November 1991 |title=Mani Rantam's multicrore film promises electrifying experience with southern superstar cast |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19911115-mani-rantams-multicrore-film-promises-electrifying-experience-with-southern-superstar-cast-815094-1991-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628010308/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mani-rantams-multicrore-film-promises-electrifying-experience-with-southern-superstar-cast/1/319072.html |archive-date=28 June 2016 |access-date=15 October 2013 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Blasts from the past">{{Cite news |last1=Kamath |first1=Sudhish |last2=Manigandan |first2=K. R. |date=12 November 2012 |title=Blasts from the past |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blasts-from-the-past/article4090657.ece |url-status=live |access-date=7 August 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Birthday Special">{{Cite book |title=Rajinikanth 12.12.12: A Birthday Special |publisher=[[The Hindu|Kasturi & Sons Ltd]] |year=2012 |editor-last=Ramachandran |editor-first=Naman |editor-link=Naman Ramachandran |pages=73}}</ref><br />
</references><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
{{Refbegin}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |title=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |title-link=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-670-08520-0 |location=India}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
<br />
{{Mani Ratnam}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1990s buddy drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1990s gangster films]]<br />
[[Category:1990s pregnancy films]]<br />
[[Category:1990s vigilante films]]<br />
[[Category:1991 crime drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1991 films]]<br />
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1991 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about arranged marriage]]<br />
[[Category:Films about brothers]]<br />
[[Category:Films about law enforcement in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about mother–son relationships]]<br />
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about outlaws]]<br />
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Mani Ratnam]]<br />
[[Category:Films produced by G. Venkateswaran]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in slums]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Kollam]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]<br />
[[Category:Indian buddy drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language crime drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Teenage pregnancy in film]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Na_people&diff=519619Na people2026-04-17T22:03:11Z<p>Svetlanacnc: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Tribal group in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Nah people|<br />
| image = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| total = 1,500<br />
| total_ref = <br />
| total_year = 2000 census<br />
| popplace = {{flag|India}} ([[Arunachal Pradesh]])<br />
| languages = [[Na_dialect]]<br />
| religions = [[Donyi-Polo|Donyi-Polo (sun and moon)]], [[Gelug]], [[Christianity]]<br />
| related = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Nah people''' are a small Sub-tribe of the [[Tagin]] residing in the Taksing area of [[Nacho circle]] under the [[Upper Subansiri District]],[[Arunachal Pradesh]]. <br />
They speak the [[Na_dialect]], a member of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan language]] family, in which the population's literacy rate is 30%. The Na language is Classified under the [[Tagin language]]. They also use Hindi or English.<ref>{{cite web|website=Ethnologue|title=Na |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/nbt|access-date=3 February 2014}}</ref><br />
As of 2000, the tribal population stood at 1,500.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
The ''Nah'' were believed to have migrated South from the north in Tibet following racial persecution from the Tibetans, but later engaged in trade with the [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] after the [[Nishi people|Nishi]] served as a mediator between the two groups until recent times. However, relations with their neighbors were often unstable; for instance, the shift of preference of their northern Tibetan trading partners in a 1906 incident resulted in a massacre which claimed many lives from their tribal group.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cult of Pure Crystal Mountain: Popular Pilgrimage and Visionary Landscape in Southeast Tibet|url=https://archive.org/details/cultpurecrystalm00hube|url-access=limited|author=Toni Huber|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1999|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cultpurecrystalm00hube/page/n171 166]–8|isbn=0-19-512007-8}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Nah are adherents of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] but are also influenced by pre-Buddhist Shaman practices. Both Buddhist Lamas and traditional Shamans, known as Nyibu in the native tongue, are employed for religious occasions.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh: Identity, Culture, and Languages|author=Dalvindar Singh Grewal|publisher=South Asia Publications|year=1997|isbn=81-7433-019-4|page=197}}</ref><br />
<br />
Like most tribes living in higher elevations, they build permanent houses made of stone and cultivate the usable land. One can see villages with terraced fields growing maize, millet, barley, etc. They breed domestic animals including [[yaks]] and sheep, and their clothes are made of spun wool.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tribes of India: Ongoing Challenges|author=Rann Singh Mann|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year=1996|isbn=81-7533-007-4|page=401}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Origin==<br />
<br />
The Nah are more closely related to the Tagin both ethnically and linguistically than to Tibetans, but they claim to be a separate group, like the [[Mara people|Mara]] who live in [[Limeking]]. However, both tribes acknowledge that they share a common ancestry with the Tagin.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tribes of India: Ongoing Challenges|author=Rann Singh Mann|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year=1996|pages=395–402|isbn=81-7533-007-4}}</ref><br />
<br />
In all official censuses, the [[Naga people|Naga]] are classified together with the [[Tagin people|Tagin]], who are ethnically related to them.<br />
<br />
==Distributions==<br />
They are found mainly in the [[Upper Subansiri district|Upper Subansiri]] district in villages within Taksing circle: Gumsing, Taying, Esnaya, Lingbing, Tongba, Yeja, Reding, Redi, Dadu villages.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nbt Ethnologue profile of Nga]<br />
<br />
{{Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh}}<br />
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nga People}}<br />
[[Category:Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Buddhist communities of India]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulivendula_revenue_division&diff=527143Pulivendula revenue division2026-04-16T10:55:17Z<p>Svetlanacnc: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{infobox settlement<br />
| name = Pulivendula revenue division<br />
| settlement_type =[[revenue division]] in [[Kadapa district|YSR district]]<br />
| image_map = New Kadapa District Revenue Divisions.png<br />
| map_caption = Pulivendula revenue division in YSR district<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = Headquarters<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pulivendula]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Pulivendula revenue division''' (or Pulivendula division) is an [[administrative division]] in the [[Kadapa district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Revenue Division |url=https://kadapa.ap.gov.in/revenue-division/ |website=District YSR, Kadapa |access-date=2023-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127042314/https://kadapa.ap.gov.in/revenue-division/ |archive-date=2023-01-27 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is one of the [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|5 revenue divisions]] in the district and consists of seven [[mandals]] under its administration. [[Pulivendula]] is the administrative headquarters of the division.<br />
<br />
== Administration ==<br />
The eight mandals in this division are:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Mandals<br />
| [[Chakarayapet|Chakrayapet]], [[Pulivendula]], [[Lingala, Kadapa district|Lingala]], [[Simhadripuram]], [[Thondur]], [[Vempalle|Vempalli]], [[Veerapunayunipalle]], [[Vemula]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== History==<br />
Pulivendula revenue division was created in June 2022. Seven mandals from Jammalamadugu and Kadapa divisions were reorganized into the newly created division.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dara |first1=Gopi |title=Vijayawada: Chief minister YS Jagan Mohan Reddy's Pulivendula is now a revenue division |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/jagans-pulivendula-is-now-a-revenue-division/articleshow/92559476.cms |website=[[Times of India]] |access-date=2023-10-11 |date=2022-06-30 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Revenue divisions in Kadapa district]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISRO_spin-off_technologies&diff=503585ISRO spin-off technologies2026-04-15T17:15:41Z<p>Svetlanacnc: started new article - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Overview of the spinoff technologies by Indian Space Research Organisation}}<br />
'''ISRO spin-off technologies''' are commercial products and services which have been developed with the help of [[ISRO]], through research and development, licensing of ISRO patents, use of ISRO facilities, technical assistance from ISRO personnel, or data from ISRO research. So far 300 technologies have been transferred to Indian industries and licensee industries to manufacture and market the products.<ref>{{cite web |title=Technologies Transferred |website=ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/isro-technology-transfer/technologies-transferred |accessdate=19 September 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403120956/https://www.isro.gov.in/isro-technology-transfer/technologies-transferred |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[NewSpace India Limited]] was set up to market spin-off technologies and products and services both in India and abroad.<ref>{{cite news |title=ISRO forms new commercial arm to exploit technology, launch satellites |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/isro-forms-new-psu-to-commercially-exploit-technology-launch-satellites/article28195144.ece |accessdate=19 September 2019 |agency=BusinessLine}}</ref> [[Antrix Corporation]] was also established in September 1992 to commercialize space products.<br />
<br />
== Products ==<br />
Below are spinoff products developed by ISRO.<ref>{{cite web |title=Space Spin Offs From ISRO |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/isro-technology-transfer/space-spin-offs-isro |website=ISRO |accessdate=19 September 2019 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203903/https://www.isro.gov.in/isro-technology-transfer/space-spin-offs-isro |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech39E.pdf|title=Spin-off benefits of the Indian Space Programme|last=Sreerekha|first=U|date=20 June 2019|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920224822/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech39E.pdf|archive-date=20 September 2019|access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Adhesives===<br />
ISRO has developed various structural and non-structural adhesives. silicon based, polyurethane elastomers and acrylic based adhesives are Non-structural. Epoxy resins, phenol based and rubber based adhesives using [[chloroprene]] and [[neoprene]] are Structural. These adhesives can be used in automobile and other engineering industries. <br />
<br />
===Thermal barrier===<br />
Unnamed [[thermal barrier]] used in [[cryogenic fuel]] tanks made up of hydrophobic [[Aerogel|silica aerogel]] has low thermal conductivity, density, and high [[specific surface area]]. It can be used as thermal insulator to manufacture winter clothes and boots of soldiers stationed in extremely cold regions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Exotic heat-resistant gel: a spinoff from ISRO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/exotic-heatresistant-gel-a-spinoff-from-isro/article8570002.ece |accessdate=19 September 2019 |agency=The hindu}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Left ventricular assist device===<br />
Using lightweight rocket material, ISRO has developed a low-cost heart pump that assists the human heart, notably in cases of left ventricle failure. The device is composed of a special bio-compatible titanium alloy and can pump 3-5 litres of blood every minute. It has been experimented on animals, and it was found to be successful.<ref>{{cite news |title=ISRO's rocket technology to power human hearts |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/isros-rocket-technology-to-power-human-hearts/242214/ |accessdate=19 September 2019 |agency=Financial Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
* Distress Alert Transmitter (DAT)<br />
*[[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System|NavIC]] messaging receiver<br />
*MSS type-C reporting terminal for automated train tracking<br />
*TRISP power module<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC/index.php/trisp|title=Trisp|website=www.vssc.gov.in|access-date=2019-09-20|archive-date=2019-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920230634/https://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC/index.php/trisp|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
*Endoscopic Catheter Mounted Impedance Probe to Assess Mucosal Health.<br />
*Capacitive Sensor to detect malignancy in Leukocytes<br />
*ISRO smart limb: low-cost [[Prosthesis|bionic limb]] for amputees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2022 |title=ISRO develops microprocessor-controlled smart limbs |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/23-sep-2022/isro-develops-microprocessor-controlled-smart-limbs |access-date=23 September 2022 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923151449/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/23-sep-2022/isro-develops-microprocessor-controlled-smart-limbs |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* Artificial Polyurethane Foot<br />
* Fire Extinguishing Powders<br />
* PARAS-3D (Parallel Aerodynamic Simulator) Software<br />
* Search and Rescue Beacon<br />
* IGiS: Indigenous Geographic and Image Processing Software package <br />
* [[Automatic weather station|Automatic Weather Station]]<br />
* Silica Cloth (ISROSIL)<br />
*CASPOL: Fire retardant coating<br />
* DTH Based Disaster Warning system (DWS)<br />
* Sliprings<br />
* Agrophotometer<br />
* Pedclean<br />
* Pressure Transducers<br />
* Ultrasonic Liquid Level Sensor<br />
* Fibre Optic Liquid Level Sensor<br />
* Dual Polarization LIDAR- DPL<br />
* Lower Atmospheric Wind Profiler-LAWP<br />
* Precision Tapping Attachment<br />
* Photosynthesis Irradiance incubation (PI) Box<br />
* Ground Penetration Radars<br />
* Digital Holographic Testing Machine<br />
* Artificial Denture Material-ACRAMID<br />
* Doppler Weather Radar (DWR)<br />
* Phantom Connectivity<br />
* QPad Mobile GIS-GPS Software<br />
* Vibration Management Solution<br />
* Elastomagnetic Abrasive Spheres for Fine Finishing<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[NASA spin-off technologies]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<References/><br />
<br />
[[Category:ISRO]]<br />
[[Category:Corporate spin-offs]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thakurganj_Assembly_constituency&diff=540194Thakurganj Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:36:22Z<p>Svetlanacnc: Added new post!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
|name = Thakurganj <br />
|type= SLA<br />
| map_image = 53-Thakurganj constituency.svg<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
|mla = [[Gopal Kumar Agarwal]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
|preceded_by = <br />
|region = <br />
|state = [[Bihar]]<br />
|district = [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]]<br />
|division = [[Purnia division|Purnia]]<br />
|loksabha_cons = [[Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kishanganj]]<br />
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|53]]<br />
|established = 1951<br />
| electors = 301,120<br />
|reservation = None<br />
|abolished = <!-- year abolished --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Thakurganj Assembly constituency''' is an [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|assembly]] constituency in [[Kishanganj district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No 53 Thakurganj Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Thakurganj]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; Chhaital,Singhimari, Lohagarha, Satkauwa, Dighalbank, Dhantola, Karuamani, Mangra, Jagir Padampur, Tarabari Padampur, Ikra, Dahibhat, Atgachhia and Tulshia [[gram panchayat]]s of Dighalbank CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Thakururganj Assembly constituency is part of No 10 [[Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=commission/><br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
Following is the list of Members of Legislative Assembly from Thakurganj Assembly constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/1.pdf|title=1st bihar vidhan sabha members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/2.pdf|title=2nd bihar vidhan sabha members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/3.pdf|title=3rd bihar vidhan sabha members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/4.pdf|title=4th bihar vidhan sabha members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/5.pdf|title=5th bihar vidhan sabha members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/6.pdf|title=6th bihar vidhan sabha members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/7.pdf|title=7th bihar vidhan sabha members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/8.pdf|title=8th bihar vidhan sabha members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/9.pdf|title=9th bihar vidhan sabha members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/10.pdf|title=10th bihar vidhan sabha members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/11.pdf|title=11th bihar vidhan sabha members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/12.pdf|title=12th bihar vidhan sabha members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/13.pdf|title=13th bihar vidhan sabha members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/14.pdf|title=14th bihar vidhan sabha members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/15.pdf|title=15th bihar vidhan sabha members}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/53.pdf|title=mla profile cn 53}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Thakurganj Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/thakurganj.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br />
|Anant Kant Basu<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Mohammad Hussain Azad|Mohammed Hussain Azad]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|Mohamad Sulemam<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Mohammed Hussain Azad<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|Mohamad Sulemam<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|Sikander Singh<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohammad Jawed]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br />
|[[Gopal Kumar Agarwal]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Naushad Alam]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br />
|[[Saud Alam]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
|[[Gopal Kumar Agarwal]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2025 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thakurganj]]<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Thakurganj">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Thakurganj |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0453.htm |access-date=31 December 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231084615/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0453.htm |archive-date=31 December 2025}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|candidate = [[Gopal Kumar Agarwal]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:85243}}<br />
|percentage = 34.71<br />
|change = {{increase}}23.25<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen<br />
|candidate = Ghulam Hasnain<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:76421}}<br />
|percentage = 31.12<br />
|change = {{increase}}21.3<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Saud Alam]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:60036}}<br />
|percentage = 24.45<br />
|change = {{decrease}}17.03<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jan Suraaj Party<br />
|candidate = Mohammad Ekramul Haque<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:6806}}<br />
|percentage = 2.77<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Basudev Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3814}}<br />
|percentage = 1.55<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Sujeet Kumar Purvey<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2544}}<br />
|percentage = 1.04<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Mohammad Muktar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2246}}<br />
|percentage = 0.91<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3609}}<br />
|percentage = 1.47<br />
|change = {{decrease}}0.07<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:8822}}<br />
|percentage = 3.59<br />
|change = {{decrease}}8.81<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:245567}}<br />
|percentage = 81.55<br />
|change = {{increase}}15.41<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2020 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: [[Thakurganj]]<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Saud Alam]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:79909}}<br />
|percentage = 41.48<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Gopal Kumar Agarwal<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:56022}}<br />
|percentage = 29.08<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|candidate = [[Naushad Alam]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:22082}}<br />
|percentage = 11.46<br />
|change = -29.77<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen<br />
|candidate = Mahbub Alam<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:18925}}<br />
|percentage = 9.82<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Shakir Alam<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2701}}<br />
|percentage = 1.4<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Lok Janshakti Party<br />
|candidate = Md. Kalimuddin<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2490}}<br />
|percentage = 1.29<br />
|change = -35.45<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)<br />
|candidate = Devbret Kumar Ganesh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2479}}<br />
|percentage = 1.29<br />
|change = +0.42<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Secular Majlis Party<br />
|candidate = Shahanavaj<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1919}}<br />
|percentage = 1.0<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2976}}<br />
|percentage = 1.54<br />
|change = -0.71<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:23887}}<br />
|percentage = 12.4<br />
|change = +7.91<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:192628}}<br />
|percentage = 66.14<br />
|change = -3.86<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|loser = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2015 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Thakurganj<ref name="Thakurganj Constituency Election Results 2015 -2025">{{cite news |title=Thakurganj Constituency Election Results 2015 -2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/thakurganj |access-date=31 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231084704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/thakurganj |archive-date=31 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|candidate = Naushad Alam (Tatpauwa)<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:74239}}<br />
|percentage = 41.23<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Lok Janshakti Party<br />
|candidate = Gopal Kumar Agrawal<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:66152}}<br />
|percentage = 36.74<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Samajwadi Party<br />
|candidate = Faiyaz Alam<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:12136}}<br />
|percentage = 6.74<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha<br />
|candidate = Ahmad Hussain<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:11176}}<br />
|percentage = 6.21<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Chitranjan Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3693}}<br />
|percentage = 2.05<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Mustak Alam<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3137}}<br />
|percentage = 1.74<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4058}}<br />
|percentage = 2.25<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:8087}}<br />
|percentage = 4.49<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:180049}}<br />
|percentage = 70.0<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}<br />
{{Purnia Division topics}}<br />
{{coord|26|24|42|N|88|06|13|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Kishanganj district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solapur_City_South_Assembly_constituency&diff=536520Solapur City South Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:35:37Z<p>Svetlanacnc: Added a location!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}} <br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency <br />
| name = Solapur City South <br />
| type= SLA <br />
| state = Maharashtra <br />
| established = 1951<br />
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> <br />
| electors = 189,224 <br />
| mla = Adam Narsayya Narayan <br />
| party = {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} <br />
| constituency_no = <br />
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br />
| district = <br />
| loksabha_cons = <br />
| reservation = <br />
}} <br />
<b>Solapur City South Assembly constituency </b>was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. <br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Sane Govind Dattatraya || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Dhavale Rajaram Sawalaram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Rajaram Savalaram Dhavale<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || V. R. Patil || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Thokal Nirmala Shankar Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Rone Bhimrao Laxmanrao || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Kamale Dinanath Shireppa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Yalgulwar Prakash Balkrishna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Yalgurwar Prakash Balkrishna<br />
|-<br />
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Adam Narsayya Narayan || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Birajdar Patil Shivsharan Hanmantappa || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Adam Narsayya Narayan || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City South }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Adam Narsayya Narayan |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 32,552 |percentage = 30.63% |change = {{increase}}6.40 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivsharan Hanmantappa Birajdar-patil |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 27,361 |percentage = 25.74% |change = {{decrease}}3.30 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dilip Bramhadeo Mane |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,790 |percentage = 23.33% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammad Salim A. Karim Kalyani |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,077 |percentage = 11.36% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Razaque Nabilal Shaikh |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,427 |percentage = 2.28% |change = {{increase}}1.88 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh Hazi Shahanaj Mahibub Sabe |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,870 |percentage = 1.76% |change = {{decrease}}19.72 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yadgir Syeed Ahmed Bujurajeruksab |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,774 |percentage = 1.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Heman Jagannath Chitappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,460 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,191 |percentage = 4.88% |change = {{increase}}0.06 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 106,320 |percentage = 56.19% |change = {{decrease}}3.74 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,277}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 189,224 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.32 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}1.59 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City South <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Birajdar Patil Shivsharan Hanmantappa |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 28,350 |percentage = 29.04% |change = {{increase}}5.25 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adam Narsayya Narayan |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 23,647 |percentage = 24.23% |change = {{decrease}}1.80 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yalgulwar Prakash Balkrishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,981 |percentage = 23.54% |change = {{increase}}9.38 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalyani M. Salim A. Karim |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 20,962 |percentage = 21.48% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sangepang Babu Rangappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 946 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,703 |percentage = 4.82% |change = {{increase}}2.58 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 101,877 |percentage = 59.93% |change = {{decrease}}11.71 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 97,611}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,989 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.52 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing = {{increase}}3.01 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City South <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Adam Narsayya Narayan |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 29,589 |percentage = 26.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Birajdar Patil Shivsharan Hanmantappa |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 27,038 |percentage = 23.79% |change = {{decrease}}10.35 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yalgurwar Prakash Balkrishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,093 |percentage = 14.16% |change = {{decrease}}21.18 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Surwase Dattatraya Sakharam |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,138 |percentage = 9.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kazi Saheblal Papamiya |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,060 |percentage = 9.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tamshetty Suresh Sadashiv |party = Janata Dal |votes = 4,573 |percentage = 4.02% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mulik Ashok Keshavrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,834 |percentage = 1.61% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandele Hamirsingh Channusingh |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,631 |percentage = 1.43% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,551 |percentage = 2.24% |change = {{increase}}1.03 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 115,412 |percentage = 71.64% |change = {{increase}}11.25 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 113,675}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,099 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.31 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.31 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City South <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Yalgurwar Prakash Balkrishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,975 |percentage = 35.34% |change = {{decrease}}10.58 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Birajdar Patil Shivsharan Hanmantappa |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 30,884 |percentage = 34.14% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khairdi A. Gafur Ismailsab |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,591 |percentage = 27.18% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yevalekar Solomon Shamrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 552 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,091 |percentage = 1.21% |change = {{decrease}}8.15 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,510 |percentage = 60.39% |change = {{decrease}}1.64 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 90,473}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,534 |ref = |change = {{increase}}29.47 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.58 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City South <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Yalgulwar Prakash Balkrishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,959 |percentage = 45.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh Mohammed Yunnns Jainoddin |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 26,240 |percentage = 36.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adam Narsayya Narayan |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 6,249 |percentage = 8.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vidap Shrihari Ramayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,174 |percentage = 7.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Kumar Bhivaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 621 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,719 |percentage = 9.36% |change = {{decrease}}7.09 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,598 |percentage = 62.03% |change = {{increase}}0.09 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,769}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,042 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.44 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}0.27 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City South <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kamale Dinanath Shireppa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,635 |percentage = 46.19% |change = {{increase}}11.98 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh Mohammed Yunnns Jainoddin |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 18,437 |percentage = 29.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Valsangkar Padmakar Govind |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,447 |percentage = 13.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rone Bhimrao Laxman |party = Janata Party |votes = 5,788 |percentage = 9.34% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramchandra Dattatraya Paradkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 548 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,198 |percentage = 16.45% |change = {{increase}}15.89 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,800 |percentage = 61.94% |change = {{decrease}}6.16 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,999}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,391 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.12 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}11.42 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City South <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rone Bhimrao Laxmanrao |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,085 |percentage = 34.77% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kuchan Rajaram Sidramappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 21,731 |percentage = 34.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganacharya Rambhau Venkatesh |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 6,641 |percentage = 10.45% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thokal Nirma Atai Shankarrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,191 |percentage = 9.75% |change = {{decrease}}47.19 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khatib Sayyadali Yasufalli |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,193 |percentage = 8.18% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Shivaji Ram |party = Independent politician |votes = 917 |percentage = 1.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Vishnupant Ramrao |party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha |votes = 387 |percentage = 0.61% |change = {{decrease}}18.65 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 354 |percentage = 0.56% |change = {{decrease}}36.54 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,464 |percentage = 68.10% |change = {{increase}}1.24 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,520}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,655 |ref = |change = {{increase}}33.05 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}22.17 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City South <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Thokal Nirmala Shankar Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,529 |percentage = 56.94% |change = {{increase}}21.43 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rone Bhimrao Laxmanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,245 |percentage = 19.84% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Vishnupant Ramrao |party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha |votes = 8,973 |percentage = 19.26% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Sarawade |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,222 |percentage = 2.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajisab Bableshwar |party = Independent politician |votes = 347 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,284 |percentage = 37.10% |change = {{increase}}35.29 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,565 |percentage = 66.86% |change = {{increase}}1.60 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,590}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,141 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.91 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}19.63 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City South <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = V. R. Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,105 |percentage = 37.31% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. S. Nanshetti |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,373 |percentage = 35.51% |change = {{increase}}3.46 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. B. Shaikh |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 6,643 |percentage = 16.41% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. R. Beriya |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,422 |percentage = 5.98% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. G. Ughade |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,612 |percentage = 3.98% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Chalwadi |party = Independent politician |votes = 326 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 732 |percentage = 1.81% |change = {{decrease}}3.30 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,022 |percentage = 65.26% |change = {{increase}}1.84 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,481}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,924 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}5.76 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.26 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City South <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rajaram Savalaram Dhavale |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,904 |percentage = 32.05% |change = {{decrease}}22.34 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rone Bhimrao Laxmanrao |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 10,847 |percentage = 26.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ahmad Haji Hannusher Hundekari |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,487 |percentage = 18.59% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramchandra Sakharam Ranshringare |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 5,870 |percentage = 14.58% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Murlidhar Dattatraya Mane |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,196 |percentage = 5.45% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivappa Nagappa Umrage |party = Independent politician |votes = 718 |percentage = 1.78% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,057 |percentage = 5.11% |change = {{decrease}}3.67 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,368 |percentage = 63.42% |change = {{decrease}}1.07 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,265}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,955 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.43 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}22.34 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1957 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City South <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dhavale Rajaram Sawalaram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,042 |percentage = 54.39% |change = {{increase}}18.42 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sane Govindrao Dattatray |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 16,806 |percentage = 45.61% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,236 |percentage = 8.78% |change = {{increase}}5.74 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,848 |percentage = 64.49% |change = {{increase}}23.00 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,848}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,138 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.16 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}15.38 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City South <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sane Govind Dattatraya |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 8,396 |percentage = 39.01% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandale Channusing Kalyansingh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,741 |percentage = 35.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mulay Bhalchandra Waman |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,311 |percentage = 15.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivsharan Udhav Dhondo |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 2,075 |percentage = 9.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 655 |percentage = 3.04% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 21,523 |percentage = 41.49% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 21,523}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,870 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References== <br />
{{reflist}} <br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}} <br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]<br />
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khem_Kaur_Dhillon&diff=509706Khem Kaur Dhillon2026-04-13T15:41:31Z<p>Svetlanacnc: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Sikh prince}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Khem Kaur Dhillon<br />
| title = [[Maharani]] of [[Sikh Empire]]<br />
| image = <br />
| birth_date = 1805<br />
| birth_place = [[Gujranwala]], [[Sikh Empire]]<br />
| death_date = 1881<ref>{{Cite book |last=Griffin |first=Lepel Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNEwAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA392&dq=khem+kaur+kharak+singh&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5z_v0uqCRAxWeJEQIHRA2KewQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=khem%20kaur%20kharak%20singh&f=false |title=The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab |date=1890 |publisher=Civil and Military Gazette Press |language=en}}</ref><br />
| death_place = [[Amritsar]], [[British India]]<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Kharak Singh]]|1815|1840|end=died}}<br />
| issue = <br />
| house = [[Sukerchakia]] (by marriage)<br />
| father = Jodh Singh Dhillon Kalalwala<br />
| mother = <br />
}}<br />
'''Khem Kaur Dhillon''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਖੇਮ ਕੌਰ ਢਿੱਲੋਂ) was a Sikh queen and the second wife of [[Kharak Singh|Maharaja Kharak Singh]], the second Maharaja of the [[Sikh Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Atwal|first=Priya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPcTEAAAQBAJ&q=royals+and+rebels+wives|title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire|date=2021-01-15|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-756694-7|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
She was the daughter of Jodh Singh and granddaughter of Sahib Singh Dhillon. In July 1815 she was married to [[Kharak Singh]], the oldest son of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], the founder of the [[Sikh Empire]] and his [[queen consort]], [[Datar Kaur|Maharani Datar Kaur]].<ref>Umdat Ul Tawarikh</ref><br />
<br />
Also with her brother, Gurdit Singh and Chanda Singh she aided the [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Khalsa Army]] in the [[Second Anglo-Sikh war]] on 1848.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahluwalia|first=M. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DduAAAAMAAJ&q=khem+kaur|title=Land Marks in Sikh History: A Fully Researched and Documented History, 1699-1947|date=1996|publisher=Ashoka International Publishers|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Due to her role in the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1849, her Jagirs (land) were considerably reduced; as the British deemed her anti-British.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Atwal|first=Priya|date=2020-11-01|title=Royals and Rebels|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197548318.001.0001|doi=10.1093/oso/9780197548318.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-754831-8|url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20171218030926/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/khemkaurdhillon.html "Bibi Khem Kaur Dhillon", URL accessed 11/16/06]<br />
<br />
{{Sikh Empire}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhillon, Khem Kaur}}<br />
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]<br />
[[Category:Indian princesses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women in war]]<br />
[[Category:People of the Second Anglo-Sikh War]]<br />
[[Category:Women in 19th-century warfare]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian women]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:People from the Sikh Empire]]<br />
[[Category:1805 births]]<br />
[[Category:1881 deaths]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haji_Nurul_Islam&diff=481301Haji Nurul Islam2026-04-07T14:10:37Z<p>Svetlanacnc: slightly rework details and updated info based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1963–2024)}}<br />
{{other people|Nurul Islam}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Haji Nurul Islam<br />
| image_size =<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1963|11|11|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = Bahera, [[Duttapukur]], [[North 24 Parganas]], [[West Bengal]], India<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|09|25|1963|11|11|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-25|title=Haji Nurul Islam Passes away|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/basirhat-mp-haji-nurul-islam-passed-away-dgtld/cid/1548310|access-date=2024-09-25|work=Anandabazar Patrika|issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
| death_place = Bahera, [[Duttapukur]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| constituency = [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]<br />
| salary1 = <br />
| term_start = 16 June 2024<br />
| predecessor = [[Nusrat Jahan Ruhi]]<br />
| majority = <br />
| majority1 = <br />
| term_end = 25 September 2024<br />
| constituency1 = [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]<br />
| term_start1 = 25 May 2009<br />
| term_end1 = 24 May 2014<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Ajay Chakraborty]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Idris Ali (politician)|Idris Ali]]<br />
| office2 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start2 = 25 May 2016<br />
| term_end2 = 16 June 2024<br />
| constituency2 = [[Haroa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Haroa]]<br />
| predecessor2 = Julfiquer Ali Molla<br />
| successor2 = [[Sheikh Rabiul Islam]]<br />
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (until 1998)<br />
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]<br />(1998–2024)<br />
| spouse = Rasida Begum<ref>{{cite web|title= Spouse information from netapedia.in|url= http://www.netapedia.in/neta.php?str=1421}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
| college = <br />
| children = 4 (including [[Sheikh Rabiul Islam]])<br />
| alma_mater = Matric (ALIM – Khorki Sr. Madrasa)<br />
| faculty = <br />
| occupation = Politician <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Haji Sk. Nurul Islam''' ([[Bengali Language|Bengali]]: হাজী সেখ নুরুল ইসলাম; 11 November 1963 – 25 September 2024) was an Indian politician and an [[Member of Parliament|MLA]] from [[Trinamool Congress]] in [[West Bengal]]. He was a small-time zari businessman and resident of Chhoto Jagulia village in Barasat.<ref name="mitra">{{Cite web |url=http://lokahitam.com/getarticlefromdb.php?Article_Id=4348 |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413140807/http://lokahitam.com/getarticlefromdb.php?Article_Id=4348 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="m440">{{cite web | title=TMC Basirhat MP Sk Nurul Islam dies at 61 | website=The Times of India | date=25 September 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tmc-basirhat-mp-sk-nurul-islam-dies-at-61/articleshow/113665623.cms | access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
Islam was born in Bahera, [[West Bengal]], India. He joined the Trinamool Congress in January 1998 and served as a member of Bahera Gram Panchayat Samiti since 2003 to 2008. Nurul Islam was elected as the MLA from [[Haroa Assembly constituency|Haroa Assembly Constituency]] in 2016 and also became the M.P of [[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency]] first time in [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-25 |title=Trinamool MP, who defeated BJP's Rekha Patra in Bengal's Basirhat, dies at 60|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/trinamool-congress-basirhat-mp-haji-nurul-islam-dies-battling-liver-cancer-2606248-2024-09-25 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He died on 25 September 2024, at the age of 60.<ref>{{cite news |title=Haji Sk. Nurul Islam, TMC MP from Basirhat, passes away |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/haji-sk-nurul-islam-tmc-mp-from-basirhat-passes-away/articleshow/113662545.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 September 2024 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=25 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2024-09-25 |title=Basirhat Trinamool Congress MP Haji Sheikh Nurul Islam passes away at 60|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/tmcs-basirhat-mp-nurul-islam-passes-away-after-battle-with-cancer/article68681286.ece |access-date=2024-09-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Deganga riot==<br />
Islam was accused of being involved in the [[2010 Deganga riots]].<ref name="riots">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/282399/Anatomy-of-a-riot-foretold.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020185849/http://www.dailypioneer.com/282399/Anatomy-of-a-riot-foretold.html|archive-date=20 October 2010|title=Anatomy of a riot foretold|last=Mitra|first=Chandan|website=The Pioneer}}</ref> The BJP demanded the arrest of Haji Nurul Islam for instigating the mob into a communal frenzy. An [[First information report|FIR]] had been filed against him.<ref name=toi20100911>{{cite news |title=BJP demands TMC MP's arrest for fomenting communal violence |date=11 September 2010 |agency=TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-11/india/28213366_1_bjp-demands-muslim-votes-communal-politics |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103094834/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-11/india/28213366_1_bjp-demands-muslim-votes-communal-politics |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2012-03-20}}</ref><ref name="pioneer3">{{cite news |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/282380/BJP-demands-arrest-of-Haji-Nurul.html |title=BJP demands arrest of Haji Nurul |publisher=The Pioneer |date=10 September 2010 |accessdate=2010-09-11 |location=New Delhi| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100913214649/http://www.dailypioneer.com/282380/BJP-demands-arrest-of-Haji-Nurul.html| archivedate= 13 September 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-par|in-lwr}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Ajay Chakraborty]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for <br />[[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]]|years=2009 – 2014}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Idris Ali (politician)|Idris Ali]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Nusrat Jahan]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for <br />[[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]]|years=2024 – 2024}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=Vacant}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Islam, Haji Nurul}}<br />
[[Category:1963 births]]<br />
[[Category:2024 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]<br />
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]<br />
[[Category:People from Basirhat subdivision]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from North 24 Parganas district]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamboh_Nawabs_of_Meerut&diff=507975Kamboh Nawabs of Meerut2026-03-27T17:12:22Z<p>Svetlanacnc: started a stub - done</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Meerut-based Punjabi Muslim family}}<br />
'''Kamboh Nawabs of Meerut''' were an influential family based in [[Meerut Division|Meerut]] during the [[Mughal period|Mughal]] and [[British Raj|British colonial]] period.<br />
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==History==<br />
[[File:Abu's Tomb, Merat.jpeg|thumb|right|Tomb of [[Nawab Khair Andesh Khan|Abu Muhammed Khan Kamboh]], the Nawab of Meerut and a minister at the court of [[Aurangzeb]], constructed in 1688.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ameer |first=Sabine |last2=Umair |first2=Shah |last3=Ahmad |first3=Ameer |date=27 August 2023 |title=Fading Legacy of Abu ka Maqbara: A Space of Resistance During the 1857 Uprising |url=https://www.thequint.com/opinion/fading-legacy-of-abu-ka-maqbara-a-space-of-resistance-during-the-1857-uprising |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref> Painting by [[Thomas Colman Dibdin|T. C. Dibdin]], {{circa|1850}}.]]<br />
The [[Kamboh]] Nawabs of Meerut trace their ancestry from [[Shahbaz Khan Kamboh]] ({{circa|1529}}–1599), a prominent [[Punjabi Muslim]] noble in the court of [[Akbar]], through Nawab Mohabbat Khan Kamboh who is credited with the construction of [[Mohabbat Khan Mosque]] in [[Peshawar]].<ref>Qaisar, Ahsan Jan (1969), "Shahbaz Khan Kambu". ''Medieval India: A Miscellany'', Vol. I. Aligarh Muslim University, pp. 48–49 {{OCLC|656134323}}</ref>{{sfnp|Ahmed|Goswami|2022}} His son Nawab [[Nawab Khair Andesh Khan|Muhammed Khan]], the progenitor of the family, arrived to the region as ''[[Faujdar]]'' of [[Etawah]] in the 17th century. He flourished during the eras of [[Aurangzeb]] and [[Bahadur Shah I]], and fortified Meerut in {{circa|1696}}. After his death in 1710, he was succeeded by Muhammed Fazel Khan and grandson Muhammed Masih Khan.{{sfnp|Ahmed|Goswami|2022}}<br />
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The family had been firmly established in the cities of [[Marehra]], [[Amroha]], [[Bareilly]] and Meerut in [[western UP]] by the 18th century, and was disassociated with their kins in Punjab.{{sfnp|Lelyveld|1975}} It remained prominent after the decline of Mughal power well into the British colonial period, with the politics of Meerut being dominated by the Kamboh Nawabs until 1947.<ref>{{Cite book<br />
| title=Leadership and local politics : a study of Meerut District in Uttar Pradesh, 1923–1973<br />
| last=Jha |first= Shree Nagesh<br />
| year=1979<br />
| publisher=Popular Prakashan<br />
| language=English<br />
| url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn1338028<br />
| access-date=<br />
| via= |pages=41–43<br />
|OCLC=1404080683<br />
}}</ref> Several of its members played an active role in the [[Aligarh Movement|Aligarh]] and [[Pakistan Movement]]s, including [[Muhammad Yamin Khan]], Nawab [[Viqar-ul-Mulk]] and his nephew, [[Ziauddin Ahmad]].{{sfnp|Lelyveld|1975}}{{sfnp|Chatterjee|2021}} After the [[partition of British India]], most of the family migrated to [[Pakistan]].<br />
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==References==<br />
{{ref-list}}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
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==Sources==<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Lelyveld |first=David |date=1975 |title=Three Aligarh Students: Aftab Ahmad Khan, Ziauddin Ahmad and Muhammad Ali |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/311961 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=227–240 |issn=0026-749X}}<br />
* {{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Nandini |date=2021 |title=Opening up family collections: Discovery of three 18th-century legal documents from the Nawab family of Kamboh, near Meerut, north India |url=https://lawforms.hypotheses.org/821 |access-date= |website=Lawforms |language=en-US |doi=10.58079/qqw5}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Dr Mukhtar |last2=Goswami |first2=Heena |date=2022 |title=Nawab Khair Andesh Khan: A polymath of Mughal period |url=https://www.historyjournal.net/archives/2022.v4.i1.B.161 |journal=International Journal of History |language=en |publisher=University of Delhi |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=100–106 |issn=2706-9117}}<br />
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[[Category:Indian families]]<br />
[[Category:Muslim families]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yama&diff=474654Yama2026-03-27T14:45:43Z<p>Svetlanacnc: improve structure for consistency and fixed typos</p>
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<div>{{short description|Hindu god of death}}<br />
{{Other uses|Yama (disambiguation)}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox deity<br />
| type = Hindu<br />
| image = Yama on buffalo.jpg<br />
| name = Yama<br />
| affiliation = [[Lokapala]], [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]], [[Gana]]<br />
| god_of = God of Death and Justice<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJlaAAAAcAAJ&q=yama+god+of+justice&pg=RA2-PA228|title=Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures. Ed. by Edward Balfour|date=1873|publisher=[Dr.:] Scottish and Adelphi Press|language=en}}</ref><br />
| abode = [[Naraka (Hinduism)|Naraka (Yamaloka)]]<br />
| planet = [[Pluto]]<ref name="nineplan">{{cite web<br />
| title = Planetary Linguistics<br />
| url = http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/days.html<br />
| access-date = June 12, 2007<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071217070734/http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/days.html<br />
| archive-date = December 17, 2007<br />
| url-status=dead<br />
}}</ref><br />
| mantra = *Oṁ sūryaputrāya vidmahe<br>Mahākālāya dhīmahi<br>Tanno yama pracodayāt<br />
*Om Vaivasvadaya Vidmahe<br>Dandahastaya Dhimahi<br>Tanno Yama Prachodayat<br />
| weapon = [[sword|Daṇḍa]], [[Noose]] and [[Gada (mace)|Mace]]<br />
| mount = [[Water buffalo|Buffalo]]<br />
| other_names = Dharmarāja, Yamarāja, Yammui<br />
| father = [[Surya]]<br />
| mother = [[Sanjna]]<br />
| siblings = [[Yamuna]], [[Ashvins]], [[Shraddhadeva Manu]], [[Revanta]], [[Shani]] and [[Tapati]]<br />
| consort = Dhumorna<ref>Puranic Encyclopedia by Vettam Mani</ref>{{efn|Other names of Yama's consort include Urmila and Shyamala.<ref name=Debroy>{{Cite book|last=Debroy|first=Bibek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oQlAQAAIAAJ&q=yama+Urmila|title=The History of Puranas|date=2005|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8090-062-4|language=en}}</ref> Yama is also sometimes depicted with three consorts Hema-mala, Sushila and Vijaya.<ref name=Danielou>{{Cite book|last=Daniélou|first=Alain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HMXN9h6WX0C&q=Yama|title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series|year =1991|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-0-89281-354-4|language=en}}</ref><br />
When identified with [[#Identification with Dharmadeva|Dharmadeva]], he is married to 10 or 13 daughters of [[Daksha]].}}<br />
| children = Sunita (daughter);<br>[[Yudhishthira]] (son){{efn|When identified with [[#Identification with Dharmadeva|Dharmadeva]]<ref name = "Mani" />}}<br />
| script_name = Devanagari<br />
| script = यम<br />
| caption = A 19th-century painting of Yama on his mount<br />
| Manipuri_equivalent = [[Thongalel]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx4OAAAAYAAJ&q=yama+thongaren|title = Glimpses of Manipuri Language, Literature, and Culture|year = 1970}}</ref><br />
| Norse_equivalent = [[Ymir]]{{Sfn|Lincoln|1975|p=129}}{{sfn|Anthony|2007|pp=134–135}}{{Sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|pp=129–130}}<br />
| Roman_equivalent = [[Remus]],{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|pp=129–130}} [[Dis Pater]], [[Pluto (mythology)|Pluto]]{{Sfn|Lincoln|1991|p=33}}<br />
| greek_equivalent = [[Hades]]<br />
| equivalent1 = [[Osiris]], [[Sokar]]<br />
| equivalent1_type = Egyptian<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Yama''' ({{langx|sa|यम|lit=twin}}), also known as '''Kāla''' and '''Dharmarāja''', is the Hindu god of death and justice, responsible for the dispensation of [[ṛta|law]] and punishment of sinners in his abode, [[Naraka (Hinduism)|Naraka]].<ref name=AncientYama>{{cite web |last1=Cartwright |first1=Mark |title=Yama |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Yama/ |website=[[World History Encyclopedia]] |date=13 July 2015 |access-date=9 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Shrinivasa M.|date=Jan 10, 2020|title=A temple for Yamaraj in Mahoba district {{!}} Mysuru News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/a-temple-for-yamaraj-in-mandya-district/articleshow/73181559.cms|access-date=2020-12-13|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He is often identified with [[#Identification with Dharmadeva|Dharmadeva]], the personification of ''[[Dharma]]'', though the two deities have different origins and myths.<ref name = "Dalal" >{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&q=Yama+Dharma|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|isbn=9780143415176|last1=Dalal|first1=Roshen|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India }}</ref><br />
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In [[Vedic]] tradition, Yama was considered the first mortal who died and espied the way to the celestial abodes;<ref>{{cite web |title=Yama And Markandeya – Chapter – 1 "Introduction" – Wattpad |url=https://www.wattpad.com/339449859-yama-and-markandeya-chapter-1-introduction |website=www.wattpad.com |access-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> as a result, he became the ruler of the departed.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC&pg=PA172|title=Vedic Mythology|author=Arthur Anthony Macdonell|year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=172|isbn=978-8120811133}}</ref> His role, characteristics, and abode have been expounded in texts such as the ''[[Upanishads]]'', the ''[[Ramayana]]'', the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', and the ''[[Puranas]]''.<br />
<br />
Yama is described as the twin of the goddess [[Yami]], and the son of the god [[Surya]] (sun) (in earlier traditions [[Vivasvat]]) and [[Sanjna]]. He judges the souls of the dead and, depending on their deeds, assigns them to the realm of the [[Pitris]] (forefathers), [[Naraka]] (hell), or to be reborn on the earth. <br />
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Yama is one of the [[Lokapala]]s (guardians of the realms), appointed as the protector of the south direction. He is often depicted as a dark-complexioned man riding a buffalo and carrying a noose or mace to capture souls.<ref name="VM">{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/369/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature |date=1975 |publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0 |page=367}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Yama was [[Yama in world religions|subsequently adopted]] by [[Buddhist mythology|Buddhist]], [[Chinese mythology|Chinese]], [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan]], [[Korean mythology|Korean]], and [[Japanese mythology]] as the king of hell. In modern culture, Yama has been depicted in various safety campaigns in India.<br />
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==Etymology and epithets==<br />
The word "''Yama''" means 'twin' (Yama has a twin sister, [[Yami]]), and later came to mean 'binder' (derived from "''yam''"); the word also means 'moral rule or duty' (i.e. [[dharma]]), 'self-control', 'forbearance', and 'cessation'.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Danielou|first=Alain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIXtDwAAQBAJ&q=yama+god+of+justice+dharma&pg=PA132|title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism|date=2017-01-01|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-3638-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?tran_input=yama&direct=se&script=hk&link=yes&mode=3|title=Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit|website=spokensanskrit.org|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
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Yama is also known by many other names, including ''Kala'' ('time'), ''Pashi'' (one who carries a noose') and ''Dharmaraja'' ('lord of [[Dharma]]').<ref name = "Dalal" /><br />
===Identification with Dharmadeva===<br />
Yama and Dharmadeva, the god personifying the concept of [[Dharma]], are generally considered to be one and the same person.<ref name="Mani">{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/224/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature |date=1975 |publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0}}</ref><ref name = "Dalal" /> Author [[Vettam Mani]] speculates a reason for this identification: {{quote|"[[Vyasa]] has used as synonyms for Dharmadeva in the Mahabharata the words Dharmaraja, Vṛsa and Yama. Now among the synonyms for the two there are two words in common- Dharmaraja and Yama. This has led to this misunderstanding. Because Kala weighs the evil and good in man he got the name Dharmaraja. Dharmadeva got that name because he is the incarnation of Dharma. The real name of Kāla is Yama. Dharmadeva got the name Yama because he possesses 'Yama' (control of the self for moral conduct)."|[[Vettam Mani]]}}<br />
<br />
Mani believes that Yama and Dharmadeva are two different deities, citing that the Puranic scriptures depict at least two different legends about the deities — <br />
* Yama is the judge of the dead, while Dharmadeva is one of the ''[[Prajapatis]]'' (agents of creation).<ref name = "Mani /><br />
* Yama is the son of sun god [[Surya]] and his wife [[Sanjna]], while Dharmadeva is born from the chest of the god [[Brahma]].<ref name = "Mani" /><br />
* Yama is married to Dhumorna.<ref name = "VM" /> On the other hand, Dharmadeva is married to ten or thirteen [[Daksha#Daughters|daughters]] of [[Daksha]].<ref name = "Mani" /><br />
* Yama has a daughter Sunita.<ref name = "VM /> Dharmadeva fathered many sons from his wives. He also fathered [[Yudhishthira]], the eldest of the [[Pandavas]].<ref name = "Mani" /><br />
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==Iconography==<br />
{{Multiple images<br />
| image1 = Yama with danda.jpg<br />
| caption1 = The deity Yama with fangs and holding a daṇḍa (a rod). He stands on a lotus covered dais, behind which lies a buffalo, his vahana (conveyance).<br />
| image2 = Yama-01.JPG<br />
| caption2 = Yama depicted in youthful form}}<br />
In [[Hinduism]],<ref name="Shulman pp.36-39, 41">Shulman pp.36–39, 41 {{full citation needed|date=June 2021}}</ref> Yama is the lokapala ("Guardian of the realms") of the south and the son of [[Surya]].<ref name=YamaGod>{{cite web |title=Yama – the god of death |date=13 December 2017 |website=HinduScriptures.com |quote=Vedic lifestyle, Scriptures, Vedas, Upanishads, Itihaas, Smrutis, Sanskrit |url=https://www.hinduscriptures.com/gods/devta/yama-god-death/1364/ |access-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> Three hymns (10, 14, and 35) in the 10th book of the [[Rig Veda]] are addressed to him.<ref>{{cite book |title=Rig Veda |chapter=Book&nbsp;10 Hymn&nbsp;14 – Yama |via=Sacred-Texts.com |chapter-url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rigveda/rv10014.htm |access-date=8 July 2017}}</ref> In Puranas, Yama is described as having four arms, protruding fangs, and complexion of storm clouds, with a wrathful expression; surrounded by a garland of flames; dressed in red, yellow, or blue garments; holding a noose and a mace or sword; and riding a water-buffalo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Warrier |first=Shrikala |year=2014 |title=Kamandalu: The seven sacred rivers of Hinduism |publisher=Mayur University |place=London, UK |edition=First |isbn=978-0953567973 |page=291}}</ref> He holds a noose ([[Pasha (Hinduism)|pāśa]]) of [[rope]] in one hand, with which he seizes the lives of people who are about to die. He is also depicted holding a danda (which is a Sanskrit word for "staff").<ref>{{cite web |title=How much do you know about Yamaraj – the Hindu God of Death? |website=speakingtree.in |url=https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/yamaraj-the-hindu-god-of-death |access-date=2018-01-07}}</ref> Yama is the son of Surya and [[Saranyu]]. He is the twin brother of [[Yami]],<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Yama: The god of death in Hinduism |date=15 March 2015 |magazine=Sanskriti Magazine – Hinduism and Indian Culture |url=https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/indian-religions/hinduism/yama-the-god-of-death-in-hinduism/ |access-date=9 January 2021 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111222204/https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/indian-religions/hinduism/yama-the-god-of-death-in-hinduism/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> brother of [[Shraddhadeva Manu]] and the step brother of [[Shani]] and his son was Katila.<ref>{{cite book |title=Effectuation of Shani Adoration |page=10 |publisher=Saturn Publications Pvt. |isbn=9788190632713 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RnzLgxvmOFkC&q=shani+karma&pg=PA9 |via=Google Books}}{{full citation needed|date=June 2021}}</ref> There are several temples across India dedicated to Yama.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Great Temples of India, Ceylon, and Burma |publisher=Asian Educ. Service |page=19}}{{full citation needed|date=June 2021}}</ref> As per ''[[Vishnudharmottara Purana|Vishnu Dharmottara]]'', Yama is said to be represented on a buffalo, with garments like of heated gold, and all kinds of ornaments. He has four arms with the complexion of rain clouds. Dhumorna, his wife, is represented sitting on the left haunch of Yama and she has the colour of a dark blue lotus.<ref>{{cite book |title=''[no title cited; ¿''Vishnu Dharmottara''?]'' |year=1928 |publisher=Calcutta University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/vishnudharmottar031493mbp |via=Archive.org}}{{full citation needed|date=June 2021}}</ref><br />
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== Literature ==<br />
===Vedas===<br />
[[File:Dharma-raja, a form of Yama, presides over a "hell" of punishments for the wicked; bazaar art, c.1960'.jpg|left|thumb|Dharma-raja, a form of Yama, presides over a "hell" of punishments for the wicked; bazaar art, {{Circa|1960}}.]]<br />
In the [[Rigveda]], Yama is the son of a solar deity [[Vivasvat]] and [[Saranyu|Saraṇyū]] and has a twin sister named Yamī.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Macdonell|first=Arthur Anthony|title=Vedic Mythology|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1897|pages=171–173}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Rao|1914|loc=vol. 2, p. 525}}</ref> He is cognate to the [[Avesta]]n Yima, son of Vīvanhvant. The majority of Yama's appearances are in the first and tenth book. Yama is closely associated with [[Agni]] in the Rigveda. Agni is both Yama's friend and priest, and Yama is stated to have found the hiding Agni. In the Rigveda, Yama is the king of the dead, and one of the two kings that humans see when they reach heaven (the other being [[Varuna]]). Yama is stated to be a gatherer of the people, who gave dead people a place to rest. Out of the three Rigvedic heavens, the third and highest belong to Yama (the lower two belong to [[Savitr]]). Here is where the gods resides, and Yama is surrounded by music. In the ritual sacrifice, Yama is offered [[Soma (drink)|soma]] and [[ghee]], and is invoked to sit at the sacrifice, lead the sacrificers to the abode of the gods, and provide long life.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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In the dialogue hymn between Yama and Yamī (RV 10.10), as the first two humans, Yamī tries to convince her twin brother Yama to have sex with her. Yamī makes a variety of arguments, including continuing the mortal line, that [[Tvastar|Tvashtar]] created them as a couple in the womb, and that [[Dyaus]]h and [[Prithvi]] are famous for their incest. Yama argues that their ancestors, "the Gandharva in the waters and the watery maiden", as a reason not to commit incest, that [[Mitra (Hindu god)|Mitra]]-[[Varuna]] are strict in their ordinances, and that they have spies everywhere. By the end of the hymn, Yamī becomes frustrated but Yama remains firm in his stance. However, by RV 10.13.4, Yama is stated to have chosen to leave offspring, but Yamī is not mentioned.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jamison|first1=Stephanie|title=The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India|last2=Brereton|first2=Joel|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780199370184|pages=1381–1383, 1389–1390}}</ref><br />
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Vedic literature states that Yama is the first mortal, and that he chose to die, and then proceeded to create a path to the "other world", where deceased ancestral fathers reside. Due to being the first man to die, he is considered the chief of the dead, lord of settlers, and a father. Throughout the course of Vedic literature, Yama becomes more and more associated with the negative aspects of death and eventually becomes the god of death. He also becomes associated with Antaka (the Ender), Mṛtyu (Death), Nirṛti (Decease), and Sleep.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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Yama has two four-eyed, broad nosed, brindled, reddish-brown dogs, [[Sharvara and Shyama]], who are the sons of [[Sarama|Saramā]].<ref name=":0" />{{Sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|p=1392}} However, in the Atharvaveda, one of dogs is brindled and the other is dark. The dogs are meant to track down those who are about to die, and guard the path to Yama's realm. Scholars who adhere to [[Theodor Aufrecht|Theodor Aufrecht's]] interpretation of RV 7.55 state that the dogs were also meant to keep wicked men out of heaven.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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The [[Yajurveda#Shukla Yajurveda|Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā]] (the White Yajurveda) states Yama and his twin sister Yamī both reside in the highest heaven.<ref name=":0" /> The Atharvaveda states Yama is unsurpassable and is greater than Vivasvat.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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The Taittirīya Aranyaka and the [[Āpastamba|Āpastamba Śrauta]] state that Yama has golden-eyed and iron-hoofed horses.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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[[File:Bhuvanesvar002.jpg|thumb|Yama depicted on Hindu temple]]<br />
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==== Upanishads ====<br />
In the [[Katha Upanishad]], Yama is portrayed as a teacher to the [[Brahmin]] boy [[Nachiketa]].<ref name=YamaGod /> Having granted three boons to Nachiketa, their conversation evolves to a discussion of the nature of being, knowledge, the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (i.e. the soul, self) and [[moksha]] (liberation).<ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pp. 269–273</ref> From the translation by Brahmrishi Vishvatma Bawra:<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vuloQgAACAAJ&q=Brahmrishi+Vishvatma+Bawra+katha|title=The Eternal Soul: Commentary on the Katha Upanishad|last1=Bawra|first1=Brahmrishi Vishvatma|last2=Milcetich|first2=William F.|date=2009|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=978-1448607174|language=en}}</ref><br />
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{{Blockquote|Yama says: I know the knowledge that leads to heaven. I will explain it to you so that you will understand it. O Nachiketas, remember this knowledge is the way to the endless world; the support of all worlds; and abides in subtle form within the intellects of the wise.|source=Chapter 1, Section 1, Verse 14}}<br />
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=== Mahabharata ===<br />
[[File:Savitri, Satyavan & Yama by M. V. Dhurandhar 1924.jpg|left|thumb|A depiction of Yama and Savitri from the Vana Parva|alt=]]<br />
In the epic [[Mahabharata]], Dharmadeva (who is identified with Yama) is the father of [[Yudhishthira]], the oldest brother of the five [[Pandavas]].<ref name= Mani /> Yama most notably appears in person in the ''Yaksha Prashna'' and the ''Vana Parva,'' and is mentioned in the ''Bhagavad Gita''.<ref name=YamaGod /><br />
<br />
==== Yaksha Prashna ====<br />
In the [[Yaksha Prashna]], Dharmadeva (Yama) appears as a [[yaksha]] (nature spirit) in the form of a crane to question Yudhishthira and test his righteousness. Impressed by Yudhishthira's strict adherence to [[dharma]] and his answers to the riddles posed, Yama reveals himself as his father, blesses him, and brings his younger Pandava brothers back to life.<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|The Yaksha [Yama] asked, "What enemy is invincible? What constitutes an incurable disease? What sort of man is noble and what sort is ignoble"? And Yudhishthira responded, "Anger is the invincible enemy. Covetousness constitutes a disease that is incurable. He is noble who desires the well-being of all creatures, and he is ignoble who is without mercy".}}<br />
<br />
==== Vana Parva ====<br />
In the [[Vana Parva]], when Yudhishthira asks the sage [[Markandeya]] whether there has ever been a woman whose devotion matched [[Draupadi|Draupadi's]], the sage replied by relating the story of [[Savitri and Satyavan]].<ref name=YamaGod /> After Savitri's husband Satyavan died, Yama arrived to carry away his soul.<ref name=YamaGod /> However, Yama was so impressed with Savitri's purity and dedication to dharma and to her husband, he was convinced to instead bring Satyavan back to life.<ref name=YamaGod /><br />
<br />
;Tirtha-Yatra Parva<br />
In the Tirtha-yatra Parva (Book 3, Varna Parva, CXLII), Lomasa tells Yudhishthira "in days of yore, there was (once) a terrible time in the [[Satya Yuga]] when the eternal and primeval Deity [<nowiki/>[[Krishna]]] assumed the duties of Yama. And, O thou that never fallest off, when the God of gods began to perform the functions of Yama, there died not a creature while the births were as usual."<br />
<br />
This led to an increase in the population and the Earth sinking down "for a hundred yojanas. And suffering pain in all her limbs." The earth sought the protection of [[Narayana]], who incarnated as a boar ([[Varaha]]) and lifted her back up.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/TheMahabharataMNDutt|title=Mahabharata|last=M.N.Dutt|pages=[https://archive.org/details/TheMahabharataMNDutt/page/n209 206]–208}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Udyoga Parva ====<br />
In the [[Udyoga Parva]], it is stated that the wife of Yama is called Urmila or Dhumorna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05117.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 5: Udyoga Parva: Bhagwat Yana Parva: Section CXVII|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Bhagavad Gita ====<br />
In the [[Bhagavad Gita]], part of the Mahabharata, Krishna states:<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSA3hsIq5dsC&q=bhagavad+gita+as+it+is|title=Bhagavad-gita As It Is|last=Prabhupada|first=His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami|date=1993|publisher=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust|isbn=978-9171495341|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|Of the celestial Naga snakes I am Ananta; of the aquatic deities I am Varuna. Of departed ancestors I am [[Aryaman|Aryamā]] and among the dispensers of law I am Yama, lord of death.|source=Chapter 10, Verse 29}}<br />
<br />
=== Puranas ===<br />
Yama and his abode are frequently mentioned in the [[Puranas]]. Some Puranas like Agni Purana and Linga Purana mention him as son of [[Ratri|Rajni]] and Surya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=J. L. Shastri |first=Editor |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460751 |title=The Linga-Purana, Part 1 |date=1951 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=259}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=J. L. Shastri |first=G. P. Bhatt |url=http://archive.org/details/AgniPuranaUnabridgedEnglishMotilal |title=Agni Purana Unabridged English Motilal |date=1998-01-01 |pages=735}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Bhagavata Purana / Srimad Bhagavatam ====<br />
===== Third and Fourth Canto =====<br />
In the third and fourth cantos of the [[Bhagavata Purana|Srimad Bhagavatam]], Yama was incarnated as a [[shudra]] called [[Vidura]] due to being cursed by a sage for being too harsh in his punishments. From the [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] / [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] (BBT) translation:<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYVOCgAAQBAJ&q=srimad+bhagavatam|title=Srimad-Bhagavatam, Third Canto: The Status Quo|last=Prabhupada|first=His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami|date=1972|publisher=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust|isbn=978-9171496362|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|As long as Vidura played the part of a śūdra, being cursed by Maṇḍūka Muni [also known as [[Mandavya|Māṇḍavya]] Muni], Aryamā officiated at the post of Yamarāja to punish those who committed sinful acts.|source=Canto 1, Chapter 13, Verse 15}}<br />
<br />
Vidura, a devotee of [[Krishna]], is the main protagonist in the third canto. In this [[canto]], after being thrown out of his home by King [[Dhritarashtra]] (his older half-brother) for admonishing the [[Kaurava|Kauravas']] ignoble behaviour towards the [[Pandava]]s, Vidura went on a [[pilgrimage]] where he met other devotees of Krishna such as [[Uddhava]] and the sage [[Maitreya (Mahābhārata)|Maitreya]], the latter of whom revealed Vidura's true origin to him:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|I know that you are now Vidura due to the cursing of Māṇḍavya [[Muni (Saint)|Muni]] and that formerly you were King Yamarāja, the great controller of living entities after their death. You were begotten by the son of [[Satyavati|Satyavatī]], [[Vyasa|Vyāsadeva]], in the kept wife of his brother.|source=Canto 3, Chapter 5, Verse 20}}<br />
<br />
Krishna also states Yama punishes sinners, as relayed to Vidura (again, an incarnation of Yama) by Maitreya during their conversation about the origin and creation of the [[Hindu cosmology|multiverse]]:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|The [[Brahmin|brahmanas]], the cows and the defenceless creatures are My [Krishna's] own body. Those whose faculty of judgement has been impaired by their own sin look upon those as distinct from Me. They are just like furious serpents, and they are angrily torn apart by the bills of the vulturelike messengers of Yamaraja, the superintendent of sinful persons.|source=Canto 3, Chapter 16, Verse 10}}<br />
<br />
A detailed account of the punishment of a sinner upon their death is also provided, beginning with their seizure and journey to Yamaloka ([[Hell|i.e. Hell]]):<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|As a criminal is arrested for punishment by the constables of the state, a personal engaged in criminal sense gratification is similarly arrested by the Yamadutas, who bind him by the neck with a strong rope and cover his subtle body so that he may undergo severe punishment. While carried by the constables of Yamaraja, he is overwhelmed and trembles in their hands. While passing on the road [to Yamaloka] he is bitten by dogs, and he can remember the sinful activities of his life. He is thus terribly distressed.|source=Canto 3, Chapter 30, Verses 20–21}}<br />
<br />
===== Sixth Canto =====<br />
In the sixth canto, Yama (not as [[Vidura]] nor with [[Aryaman|Aryama]] in the post; see third and fourth canto) instructs his messengers, the ''Yamadutas'', when questioned about who has supreme authority in the universe since there are so many gods and demigods:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Yamarāja said: My dear servants, you have accepted me as the Supreme, but factually I am not. Above me, and above all the other demigods, including Indra and Candra, is the one supreme master and controller. The partial manifestations of His personality are Brahmā, Viṣṇu and Śiva, who are in charge of the creation, maintenance and annihilation of this universe. He is like the two threads that form the length and breadth of a woven cloth. The entire world is controlled by Him just as a bull is controlled by a rope in its nose.|source=Canto 6, Chapter 3, Verse 12<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/6/3/12/|title=ŚB 6.3.12|website=vedabase.io|language=en|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
===== Tenth Canto =====<br />
In the tenth canto, [[Krishna]] and [[Balarama]] travel to Yama's abode to bring back the dead son of their Guru, [[Sandipani|Sandipani Muni]]:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|<poem>Lord Janārdana took the conchshell that had grown around the demon’s body and went back to the chariot. Then He proceeded to Saṁyamanī, the beloved capital of Yamarāja, the lord of death. Upon arriving there with Lord Balarāma, He loudly blew His conchshell, and Yamarāja, who keeps the conditioned souls in check, came as soon as he heard the resounding vibration. Yamarāja elaborately worshiped the two Lords with great devotion, and then he addressed Lord Kṛṣṇa, who lives in everyone’s heart: "O Supreme Lord Viṣṇu, what shall I do for You and Lord Balarāma, who are playing the part of ordinary humans?"<br />
<br />
The Supreme Personality of Godhead said: Suffering the bondage of his past activity, My spiritual master’s son was brought here to you. O great King, obey My command and bring this boy to Me without delay.<br />
<br />
Yamarāja said, "So be it," and brought forth the guru’s son. Then those two most exalted Yadus presented the boy to Their spiritual master and said to him, "Please select another boon."</poem>|source=Canto 10, Chapter 45, Verses 42–46<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/10/45/|title=Chapter Forty-five |website=vedabase.io|language=en|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==== Brahma Purana ====<br />
[[File:Guardians_of_the_eight_directions_04.JPG|thumb|Yama depicted as regent of the South]]<br />
In the [[Brahma Purana]], Yama is the lord of [[justice]] and is associated with [[Dharma]]. Mentions include:<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/brahma_purana_english_full|title=Brahma Purana – Parts I–IV|last=Motilal Banarsidass|date=1955}}</ref><br />
* '''Chapter 2.29–30:''' Yama has a daughter called Sunita and a grandson called Vena, who turned his back on dharma<br />
* '''Chapter 20:''' The various hells of Yama are described along with their concomitant sins<br />
* '''Chapter 30.64–68:''' Yama chastises his mother for cursing him (to his father)<br />
* '''Chapter 35.11:''' Yama is destroyed by Shiva after coming to claim the soul of [[Markandeya]] (and at the behest of the Gods is revived afterwards)<br />
* '''Chapter 48.4:''' Krishna describes himself as [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Indra]], and Yama ("I am Yama who restrains the universe.")<br />
* '''Chapter 105:''' Descriptions of the "terrible servants of Yama" are given<br />
* '''Chapter 126.42.50:''' Descriptions of the agony of death for sinners including being caught by Yama with His noose, and the tortures suffered in His abode<br />
* '''Chapter 24 (book 4):''' Yama is killed in battle by [[Kartikeya|Karttikeya]]; on [[Shiva|Shiva's]] orders, Yama is revived by Nandi.<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Riding on his terrible buffalo, the god of Death Yama hastened to that place. He was holding his sceptre (rod of chastisement). His physical body was yellow in colour. In prowess he was comparable to none. He was unparalleled in brilliance, strength and power of demanding obedience. His limbs were well developed and he wore garlands.|source=Brahma Purana, Chapter 30.9–12<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/brahma_purana_english_full|title=Brahma Purana – Parts I – IV|last=Motilal Banarsidass|date=1955-01-01|pages=[https://archive.org/details/brahma_purana_english_full/page/n201 190]}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==== Garuda Purana ====<br />
In the [[Garuda Purana]], Yama and his realm where sinners are punished are detailed extensively, including in the twelfth chapter called '''The Realm of Yama''<nowiki/>'. In this text, the name of Yama's wife is Syamala.<br />
<br />
==== Matsya Purana ====<br />
In the [[Matsya Purana]], In addition to his battles against the [[asura]]s, Yama is mentioned extensively:<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45856|title=The Matsya Puranam|last=Basu|first=B. D.|date=1916}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45858|title=The Matsya Puranam Pt. 2|last=Hindu Puran|date=1917}}</ref><br />
* '''Chapter XI:''' Yama as boy is cursed<br />
* '''Chapter XLIX:''' Yama fights [[Janamejaya]] in Hell and after being captured, gives him knowledge of emancipation<br />
* '''Chapter XCIII:''' Yama is declared to be of [[Saturn]]<br />
* '''Chapter CII:''' Synonyms of Yama are given ([[Dharma]]raja, Mrityo, Antaka, Vaivaswata, [[Kaal|Kala]], Sarvabhutaksaya, Audumbara, Dadhna, Nila, Paramesthi, Vrikodara, Chitra, and [[Chitragupta]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45856|title=The Matsya Puranam|last=Basu|first=B. D.|date=1916|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45856/page/n299 281]}}</ref><br />
* '''Chapter CCXLVIII:''' Yama – like others – is controlled by [[Vishnu]]<br />
* '''Chapter CCLIII:''' Yama is 13th of the 32 Devas<br />
<br />
==== Vishnu Purana ====<br />
In the [[Vishnu Purana]], Yama is the son of sun-god [[Surya]] (named [[Vivasvan]] in the Vedas, also means 'sun') and Sandhya (named [[Saranya]] in the Vedas, is another name), the daughter of [[Vishvakarma]] (named [[Tvastar]] in the Vedas) emerged from the navel of [[Vishvakarman]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Vishnu Purana |last=Wilson |first=Horace Hayman |date=1864 |publisher=Trübner |language=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fbs9AAAAcAAJ&q=vishnu+purana}}</ref> During a conversation with his servant, Yama states that he is subordinate to Vishnu.{{efn|Yama told his servant, “Do not touch those who are devoted to Vishnu. I am the lord of all the others except these. I am not really independent, I work under the supervision of Vishnu. He is also capable of punishing me. Even the gods worship the lotus-like feet of Vishnu. Stay away from the devotees of Vishnu.”<ref>{{cite book |title=The Vishnu Purana |date=25 May 2013 |edition=abridged |language=en |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-vishnu-purana/d/doc57604.html |via=wisdomlib.org}}</ref>}} While establishing the relationship between Vishnu and Lakshmi, the Chapter&nbsp;8 of Book&nbsp;1 describes Dhumorna as Yama's consort.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Vishnu Purana |chapter=Book&nbsp;I: Chapter&nbsp;VIII |chapter-url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp042.htm |via=sacred-texts.com |access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Marriage and children===<br />
Varying information about Yama's consorts and children are found in Hindu texts. The ''[[Mahābhārata]]'', the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' and the ''[[Vishnudharmottara]]'' describe Dhumorna (also known as Urmila) as his consort.<ref name=Mahabharata>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OrpZAAAAMAAJ&q=yama+Urmila&pg=PA343|title=The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated Into English Prose: Drona parva (2nd ed. 1892)|date=1886|publisher=Bhārata Press|language=en}}</ref><ref name=Visible>{{Cite book|last=Baaren|first=Theodorus Petrus van|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocu4AAAAIAAJ&q=yama+dhumorna|title=Visible Religion: Annual for Religious Iconography|date=1982|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004067790|language=en}}</ref> In the ''Garuda Purana'', Syamala is the name of Yama's wife. According to some other texts, Yama has three consorts—Hema-mala, Sushila and Vijaya.<ref name=Danielou />{{refn|type=note|A myth about Yama's marriage to Vijaya or Shyamala is found in the ''Bhavishya Purana'' where she is the daughter of a Brahmina lady named Urmila.<ref name=Debroy />}} When identified with Dharmadeva, he also married 10 or 13 daughters of the god [[Daksha]].<ref>Mani, Vettam (1975). Purāṇic encyclopaedia with special reference to the Epic and Purāṇic Literature.</ref><br />
<br />
According to the ''Brahma Purana'', the name of Yama's eldest daughter is Sunita, who is the mother of the king Vena. Sobhavati, the wife of [[Chitragupta]], is sometimes mentioned to be Yama's daughter. In the Mahabharata, [[Yudhishthira]], the eldest Pandava, was blessed by Dharma to his mother [[Kunti]].<ref name=YamaGod /><br />
<br />
== Worship ==<br />
[[Yama Dharmaraja Temple]] is a Hindu temple located at Thiruchitrambalam in the [[Thanjavur]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The temple is dedicated to Yama.<br />
<br />
== In other religions ==<br />
[[File:Yamantaka, Fear-Striking Vajra, Lord of Death on a water buffalo, Vajrayana Buddhism.jpg|thumb|Yama is revered in Tibet as the Lord of Death and as a guardian of spiritual practice.]]<br />
{{Main|Yama in world religions|Yama (Buddhism)}}<br />
Mentioned in the [[Pāli Canon]] of [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhism]], Yama subsequently entered [[Buddhist mythology]] in [[East Asian Buddhism|East Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Buddhism in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]] as a [[Dharmapala]]. He is also recognized in [[Sikhism]].<br />
<br />
== In popular culture ==<br />
In addition to his depiction in movie and television adaptations of scriptures such as in the television series, Yama has also been depicted in road safety campaigns in India, particularly to warn against the dangers of riding motorcycles without helmets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/bengaluru-traffic-police-deploys-yamaraja-on-streets-to-warn-people-against-violations-spread-road-safety-awareness-4715071.html|title=Bengaluru Traffic Police deploys 'Yamaraja' on streets to warn people about violations, spread road safety awareness|website=Firstpost|date=11 July 2018|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref><br />
Dharma Raja has been depicted as a character in "The Star-Touched Queen" and "A Crown of Wishes" by Roshani Chokshi.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Erlik|Erlik Khan]]<br />
* [[Jamshid]]<br />
* [[Kalantaka]]<br />
* [[Kṣitigarbha]]<br />
* [[Naraka]]<br />
* [[Vaitarna River (mythological)|Vaitarna River]]<br />
* [[Yama (Buddhism)]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
{{reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Anthony|first=David W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FDqf415wqgC|title=The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World|date=2007|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400831104|language=en|author-link=David W. Anthony}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
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| via = Archive.org<br />
}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
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* {{cite book<br />
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| publisher = Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam<br />
}}<br />
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*{{Cite book|last=Lincoln|first=Bruce|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JY77EuSuLk8C|title=Death, War, and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology & Practice|date=1991|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-48199-9|language=en}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
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* {{cite book<br />
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| publisher = The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust<br />
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| last = Prabhupada |first = A.C. Bhaktivedanta, His Divine Grace, Swami<br />
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| publisher = The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust<br />
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| via = Google Books<br />
}}<br />
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| last1 = Wood | first1 = Ernest <br />
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}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Meid, W. 1992. ''Die Germanische Religion im Zeugnis der Sprache''. In Beck et al., ''Germanische Religionsgeschichte – Quellen und Quellenprobleme'', pp.&nbsp;486–507. New York, de Gruyter.<br />
<br />
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* [http://www.veda.harekrsna.cz/encyclopedia/dying.htm Dying, Yamaraja and Yamadutas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051026045710/http://veda.harekrsna.cz/encyclopedia/dying.htm |date=2005-10-26 }}<br />
* [http://www.chennaionline.com/festivalsnreligion/religion/religion33.asp Yama's subordinance to Vishnu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514020114/http://www.chennaionline.com/festivalsnreligion/religion/religion33.asp |date=2006-05-14 }}<br />
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{{Death in Hinduism}}<br />
{{HinduMythology}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
[[Category:Yama]]<br />
[[Category:Lokapala]]<br />
[[Category:Death gods]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu gods]]<br />
[[Category:Justice gods]]<br />
[[Category:Death and Hinduism]]<br />
[[Category:Divine twins]]<br />
[[Category:Children of Surya]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gopal_Khanna&diff=461873Gopal Khanna2026-03-26T09:55:08Z<p>Svetlanacnc: updated page</p>
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<div>{{Promotional|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Gopal Khanna<br />
| image = Gopal-khanna.png<br />
| imagesize = 250px<br />
| alt = Gopal Khanna<br />
| caption = Gopal Khanna<br />
| order = <br />
| office = 5th Director of The [[Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]]<br />
| president = [[Donald Trump]]<br />
| term_start = May 9, 2017<br />
| term_end = January 11, 2021<br />
| predecessor = Dr. Andrew Bindman<br />
| successor = Dr. Robert Otto Valdez<br />
| office1 = 1st Chief Information Officer for the State of Minnesota<br />
| term_start1 = 15 August 2005<br />
| term_end1 = 15 December 2010<br />
| president1 = <br />
| governor1 = Tim Pawlenty<br />
| succeeding1 = <!--For President-elect or equivalent--><br />
| predecessor1 = <br />
| successor1 = Carolyn Parnell<br />
| order2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--><br />
| office2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--><br />
| term_start2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--><br />
| term_end2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--><br />
| office3 = CFO and CIO for the [[United States Peace Corps]]<br />
| term_start3 = June 28, 2002<br />
| term_end3 = May 8, 2005<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| birthname = Gopal Khanna<br />
| birth_place = Bikaner, India<br />
| nationality = American<br />
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]<br />
| residence = [[Edina, Minnesota]]<br />
| spouse = Anjali Khanna<br />
| children = Rohini Khanna<br/>Rohun Khanna<br />
| alma_mater = [[St. Francis' College]], [[Lucknow]], India (HS) <br/>[[Christ Church College, Kanpur|Christ Church College]], [[Kanpur]], India (BA)<br />
[[University of Maine]], USA (MBA)<br />
| occupation = <br />
| profession = <br />
| cabinet = <br />
| committees = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gopal Khanna''' was the 5th director of the [[Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] from May 9, 2017, to January 11, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ahrq.gov/cpi/centers/od/khanna-bio.html|title=Gopal Khanna {{!}} Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality|website=www.ahrq.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-01-16}}</ref> Previously, he was appointed as [[Minnesota]]'s first [[Chief information officer|Chief Information Officer]] (CIO) by Governor [[Tim Pawlenty]] on August 15, 2005, and reappointed on January 2, 2007. Before his departure, Khanna served as the Lead Co-chair of the 19 members Minnesota Commission on Service Innovation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lcc.leg.mn/inactive/csi/CSI%20Report%2012-3-10.pdf|title=The Commission on Service Innovation: Strategic Plan & Report to the Legislature|date=September 15, 2010}}</ref> Khanna served as a member of the Health Information Technology Policy & Standards Committees' Enrollment Workgroup, chaired by [[Barack Obama|President Obama]]'s Chief Technology Officer at The [[White House]], which was tasked to develop a set of standards to facilitate enrollment in federal and state health and human services programs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Enrollment Workgroup|url=http://healthit.hhs.gov/portal/server.pt?open=512&mode=2&objID=2004&PageID=18539 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110091316/http://healthit.hhs.gov/portal/server.pt?open=512&mode=2&objID=2004&PageID=18539 |archive-date=January 10, 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Before assuming his position in the Governor's Cabinet, Khanna served in the administration of President [[George W. Bush]] from June 2002 to August 2005, where he held several senior policy positions including [[Chief information officer|CIO]] and [[Chief financial officer|CFO]] of the [[Peace Corps]]<ref name="PeaceCorps">{{cite news|title=Khanna {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source title|Appon|ited}} CIO of the Peace Corps |url=http://www.aiausa.org/press/20020629.html |date=June 29, 2002 |access-date=2011-03-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719063946/http://www.aiausa.org/press/20020629.html |archive-date=July 19, 2011 }}</ref> and CFO of the EOP/Office of Administration.<ref name="CFO">{{cite news|title=Indian-American appointed CFO of White House |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-05-06/us/27834388_1_indian-american-gopal-khanna-christ-college|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405211737/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-05-06/us/27834388_1_indian-american-gopal-khanna-christ-college|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 5, 2012|date=May 6, 2005|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2011-03-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Industry Leadership==<br />
As the President of the National Association of State CIOs (NASCIO), Khanna was an advocate for enhanced cyber security,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nascio.org/advocacy/cybersecurity/KhannaOpenLetterMedia2009.pdf |title=Khanna's open letter to media on Cyber Security |date=September 16, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726102145/http://www.nascio.org/advocacy/cybersecurity/KhannaOpenLetterMedia2009.pdf |archive-date=July 26, 2011 }}</ref> and green IT initiatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nascio.org/committees/green/ciosSpeakOut.cfm?vid=khanna|title=Greening as Part of Overall IT Strategy|access-date=2011-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726102155/http://www.nascio.org/committees/green/ciosSpeakOut.cfm?vid=khanna|archive-date=2011-07-26|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Minnesota State CIO==<br />
Governor [[Tim Pawlenty]] appointed Gopal Khana as the first Chief Information Officer for the State of Minnesota in August 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/sep/02aziz.htm|title=Gopal Khanna appointed Minnesota CIO}}</ref> In this role, Khanna developed technology to streamline government and enhance collaboration with businesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/bright_side_of_government/archive/2010/09/27/in-historic-first-state-of-minnesota-moves-to-microsoft-cloud.aspx |title=In historic first, State of Minnesota moves to Microsoft Cloud |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930204029/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/bright_side_of_government/archive/2010/09/27/in-historic-first-state-of-minnesota-moves-to-microsoft-cloud.aspx |archive-date=2010-09-30 }}</ref><br />
The move to an outsourced solution shortly before leaving office was questioned by [[InformationWeek|Informationweek]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2010/10/state_cios_head.html|title=State CIOs Head for the Exits|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> Shortly after his appointment, Khanna was interviewed by ''Twin Cities Business Magazine'' and cited many problems he believed were faced by Minnesota's IT [[infrastructure]], including "an aging state government workforce and younger tech-savvy who want faster services." To combat these problems, Khanna instituted the following:<br />
<br />
* The Minnesota Information and Telecommunications Technology Systems and Services Master Plan in 2007 which acted as a comprehensive plan for all of Minnesota's information resources; the three pillars of which were consolidating and improving systems, improving efficiency and functionality of common activities, and increasing the security underlying the state's electronic capabilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mn.gov/oet/images/State_IT_Master_Plan_2007.pdf |title=State of Minnesota Information and Telecommunications Technology Systems and Services Master Plan 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719030702/http://mn.gov/oet/images/State_IT_Master_Plan_2007.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref><br />
* The IT Funding Strategies for 21st Century report (2008) which sought "''to inform policy makers of the need to create IT funding strategies that are needed urgently to facilitate and manage''" Minnesota's information priorities. It also advocated for "''flexible and creative approaches to funding business and technological change''" in order to "''supplement traditional funding methods''".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.mn.us/mn/externalDocs/OET/IT_funding_Strategies_for_the_21st_Century_building_a_comprehensiv_022908080406_IT%20Funding%20Strategies%201-31-08.pdf |title=IT Funding Strategies for the 21st Century: Building a comprehensive array of investment tools |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719055919/http://www.state.mn.us/mn/externalDocs/OET/IT_funding_Strategies_for_the_21st_Century_building_a_comprehensiv_022908080406_IT%20Funding%20Strategies%201-31-08.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref><br />
* The Enterprise Security Strategic Plan (2009) outlined methods to control and protect Minnesota's information assets, and a five-year vision with 19 strategic objectives that were grouped into three categories: Improved situational awareness; proactive risk management; and robust crisis and security incident management.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mn.gov/oet/images/Enterprise_Security_Strategic_Plan.pdf|title=Enterprise Security Strategic Plan – 2009}}</ref><br />
* The Minnesota iGov report (2009) updated implementation and best practices outlined to meet the goals outlined in the Master Plan while taking into account the state's fiscal challenges. It had 3 main tenets: citizens have expectations of data and services that are secure, accessible in real time, and locally available; information is one of the state's most important assets; the act of consolidating IT systems is an opportunity to improve fundamental business operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mn.gov/oet/images/Minnesota_iGov_Report.pdf |title=Minnesota iGov: A report by the State CIO Gopal Khanna |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719030750/http://mn.gov/oet/images/Minnesota_iGov_Report.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref><br />
* In September 2010, in an effort to deliver technology services as efficiently and cost-effectively as possible, the State of Minnesota's Office of Enterprise Technology signed a groundbreaking enterprise-wide cloud-computing service agreement with Microsoft - being one of the first states to do so.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/bright_side_of_government/archive/2010/09/27/in-historic-first-state-of-minnesota-moves-to-microsoft-cloud.aspx#fbid=J8Z2rXq-d7G |title=In Historic First, State of Minnesota Moves to Microsoft Cloud |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930204029/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/bright_side_of_government/archive/2010/09/27/in-historic-first-state-of-minnesota-moves-to-microsoft-cloud.aspx |archive-date=2010-09-30 }}</ref><br />
* Collaboration initiatives, like those outlined in StateTech Magazine in their Dec 09/Jan 10 issue, worked to "''conquer storage woes with storage area networks rollouts, state of the art emergency operations centers, and arraignments conducted via video conferencing''" and partner with neighbor states to reduce costs while tackling tough hurdles.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.statetechmag.com/issues/december-2009-january-2010/banding-together.html|title=Banding Together: Government IT leaders bust through jurisdictional boundaries to share services and drive cost efficiencies}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Department of Revenue did not renew its contract for services from the Office of Enterprise Technology. Quality issues were acknowledged during a State House Legislative hearing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/comm/minutes1.asp?comm=87018&id=108|title=State of Minnesota Government House Finance Committee Meeting|date=February 2, 2011}}</ref> <br />
In September 2008 Khanna was elected by other state CIOs to be the President of the National Association of State CIOs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nascio.org/newsroom/pressRelease.cfm?id=12 |title=Khanna Elected NASCIO President, Association Officers Also Named |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726102122/http://www.nascio.org/newsroom/pressRelease.cfm?id=12 |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtech.com/education/NASCIO-Elects-Minnesota-CIO-Gopal-Khanna.html|title=NASCIO Elects Minnesota CIO Gopal Khanna as New President|date=December 28, 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
==U.S. Peace Corps==<br />
Khanna served as Senior Foreign Service (SFS) level policy advisor to the Director of the Peace Corps on agency planning, congressional appropriations, budget strategizing, and directed all information technology. As CIO, provided leadership and oversight for the agency's worldwide IT operations and modernization of systems in support of agency's mission. As CFO, led the implementation of a new, integrated, highly complex financial management system, with ORACLE at the backend, for the agency's domestic offices and overseas operations in 72 countries, thereby providing a scalable platform to support the organization's growth in the 21st century and fulfilling congressionally mandated financial reporting requirements, including submission to the United States Congress on November 15, 2004, the first set of audited financial statements in agency's 43-year history. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20100527135143/http://multimedia.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/pdf/policies/annrept2004.pdf] The Peace Corps Performance and Accountability Report)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-05-27|title=Way back|url=http://multimedia.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/pdf/policies/annrept2004.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527135143/http://multimedia.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/pdf/policies/annrept2004.pdf|archive-date=2010-05-27}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Private Sector Career==<br />
===International Technology Consultants, Inc.===<br />
From 1996 to 2002, Khanna was president and CEO of International Technology Consultants, Inc., a Minneapolis-based IT and Management Consulting firm providing services to Fortune 1000 companies.<br />
<br />
===American Hardware Insurance Group===<br />
From 1990 to 1996, he was with the American Hardware Insurance Group, a [[Minneapolis]]-based property and casualty insurance group, where he held several positions including vice president of operations, vice president of systems, and vice president of information technology and administration.<br />
<br />
===National Council on Compensation Insurance===<br />
From 1981 to 1990, he was with the National Council on Compensation Insurance in [[Boca Raton]], [[Florida]], where he held several positions including director of operations and director of strategic planning. Prior to that, Khanna lived in [[New York City]] where he held positions in [[marketing]], [[sales management]], [[merchandising]], and corporate training and development with the MONY Financial Services Group.<ref name="How I Got Here: Gopal Khanna">{{cite web|url=https://www.itworld.com/career/71873/gopal-khanna-cio-state-minnesota?source=itw_rss|title=How I Got Here: Gopal Khanna|date=July 20, 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Civic and community engagement==<br />
Khanna served former Minnesota Governor [[Arne Carlson]] from 1993 to 1994 as his appointee to the [http://www.maefboard.com/ Minnesota Academic Excellence Foundation].<br />
<br />
In 2007, Khanna travelled with Governor [[Tim Pawlenty]] as a member of a Minnesota Trade Delegation to [[India]] and visited sites in [[Delhi]], [[Bangalore]], and [[Mumbai]] opening trade opportunities between Minnesota and India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2007/10/24/indianotes3/|title=Pawlenty impresses Indian business leaders|date=24 October 2007 }}</ref><ref name="How I Got Here: Gopal Khanna" /><br />
<br />
==Early years and Education==<br />
A citizen of the [[United States|United States of America]], Gopal Khanna was born and raised in India. He hails from a family whose patriarch Rai Saheb Ganesh Prashad settled in [[Kanpur, India]] after his retirement from service in the [[Indian Railways]] during the [[British Raj]]. Gopal Khanna received his early education in a boarding school at [[St. Francis' College]] in [[Lucknow]], India. Khanna was a member of school [[cricket]], [[field hockey]], [[Association football|soccer]], and debating teams. Gopal Khanna earned his [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree with concentration in [[Economics]], [[Mathematics]], and [[Political science|Political Science]] from [[Christ Church College, Kanpur|Christ Church College]], [[Kanpur]], India. He then pursued his higher education at the Graduate School of Business at the [[University of Maine]] where he earned his [[MBA]].<ref name="How I Got Here: Gopal Khanna"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanna, Gopal}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]<br />
[[Category:American politicians of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Chief information officers]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Asian conservatism in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganga_Canal_(Rajasthan)&diff=471333Ganga Canal (Rajasthan)2026-03-25T19:24:33Z<p>Svetlanacnc: fixed issues</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Irrigation system of canals}}<br />
{{distinguish|Ganges Canal}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Canal<br />
| name = Gang Canal (Bikaner canal)<br />
| image = Gang Canal Rajasthan Sivender.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Gang canal in northern-western area of district near Ganganagar<br />
| former_names =<br />
| modern_name =<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 7<br />
| original_owner = [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]], [[Bikaner State]], [[Bahawalpur State]]<br />
| engineer = <br />
| other_engineer =<br />
| date_act =<br />
| date_began = 5 December 1925<br />
| date_use = 26 October 1927<br />
| date_completed = <br />
| date_extended =<br />
| date_closed =<br />
| date_restored =<br />
| len =<br />
| len_in =<br />
| original_boat_length =<br />
| original_boat_length_in =<br />
| len_note =<br />
| beam =<br />
| beam_in =<br />
| original_beam =<br />
| original_beam_in =<br />
| beam_note =<br />
| start_point = {{coord|30.9896|74.5538}}<br />
| original_start =<br />
| start_note =<br />
| end_point = {{coord|29.4939|73.6423}}<br />
| original_end =<br />
| end_note =<br />
| branch =<br />
| branch_of =<br />
| connects_to =<br />
| locks = <br />
| original_num_locks =<br />
| lock_note = <br />
| elev =<br />
| elev_note =<br />
| status = <br />
| navigation_authority =<br />
| module = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Ganga Canal''' (also called '''Gang Canal''') of [[Rajasthan]]<ref name="Hillel2016">{{citation| first=Daniel | last = Hillel |title=Advances in Irrigation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQXgBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|year=2016|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4832-1527-3|page=132}}</ref> is an irrigation system of canals in the present district of [[Sri Ganganagar]] fed from the [[Sutlej River]] from [[Ferozepur Headworks]] 10&nbsp;km northwest of [[Firozpur]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, close to the [[India–Pakistan border]], and passes through the [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]], [[Fazilka]] and [[Muktsar district]]s of Punjab before entering Rajasthan in [[Ganganagar district]] and ends in [[Hanumangarh district]]. It was constructed in the early twentieth century by [[Ganga Singh]], the king of erstwhile [[Bikaner state|Bikaner princely state]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
In the [[Indian famine of 1899–1900]], the Bikaner princely state was one of the most affected area. In 1903, the [[East India Company]], with the aim of eliminating the problem of famine caused by [[water scarcity]], obtained the services of A.W.E. Standley, Chief Engineer of Punjab, to conduct the feasibility study on [[interbasin transfer]] of water from Satluj river to the northwestern area (present day Sri Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts) of the Bikaner princely state. Subsequently, Mr. R. G. Kennedy, then Chief Engineer of Punjab, prepared the technical plan for the construction, however the project was delayed due to the objection raised by the erstwhile Muslim [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|State of Bahawalpur]]. Consequently, with intervention of then [[viceroy of India]], [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], in 1906, a tripartite conference was held and an agreement was signed on 4 September 1920 to resolve the issue. The foundation stone of the Canal Head Works at Ferozepur was laid on 5 December 1925 and the work completed in 1927 by constructing 89 miles of lined canal. The opening ceremony was performed on 26 October 1927 by [[Lord Irwin]], the then viceroy of India.{{citation needed|date=February 2026}} The cost of whole project was Rupees 310.97 Lakhs up to 1943. Another 60 Lakhs were spent on development of Gang Colony and [[Bikaner Junction railway station|railways]].{{sfn|Sehgal|1972|p=129}}<br />
<br />
During the [[Partition of India]], Sir [[Cyril Radcliffe]], the chairman of the [[Radcliffe Line#Events leading up to the Radcliffe Boundary Commissions|Punjab Boundary Commission]], initially considered awarding the [[Ferozpur District|Ferozpur and Zira tehsils]] of the Ferozpur District to Pakistan. This would have put the headwaters of the Ganga Canal in the territory of Pakistan. Bikaner's prime minister [[K. M. Panikkar]] warned the Viceroy [[Lord Mountbatten]] that the Bikaner state would have no choice but to [[Princely states of Pakistan|accede]] the Bikaner princely state to Pakistan in the event of the headwaters going to Pakistan. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] also wrote to the Viceroy stating that it would be "most dangerous" for the Ferozpur district to go to Pakistan for "strategic and irrigation reasons". Subsequently, Radcliffe removed the salient and awarded the entire Ferozpur district to India.{{sfn|Wolpert|2009|pp=167–168}}<br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
<br />
The canal irrigates 303,000 hectares of land, roughly equivalent to that of the [[Upper Bari Doab Canal]] in Punjab in India.<ref name="Hillel2016"/> After construction of the canal, many people from south Punjab migrated to this area in Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts, the state administration facilitated several facilities for them. With availability of water from canal, Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts transformed into rich land and became the granary of Rajasthan.{{sfn|Sehgal|1972|p=44}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[List of canals in India]]<br />
** Rajasthan<br />
*** [[Narmada Canal]], in Rajasthan and Gujarat<br />
*** [[Ramjal Setu link project]] (ERCP), in Chambal river basin in eastern Rajasthan<br />
*** [[Indira Gandhi Canal]] (Rajasthan Canal) in Indus river basin in western Rajasthan<br />
** [[Indus Water Treaty]] (IWT), impacts water supply in Rajasthan<br />
* [[List of rivers in India]]<br />
** [[List of rivers of Rajasthan]]<br />
** [[Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir|Rivers and dams of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
** [[Rigvedic rivers]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]]<br />
** [[Irrigation in India]]<br />
** [[Indian rivers interlinking project|river interlinking project]]<br />
** [[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]<br />
** [[List of megaprojects in India]]<br />
* [[Radcliffe Line]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* {{cite book |last=Sehgal |first=K.K. | title=Rajasthan &#91;district Gazetteers&#93;.: Ganganagar | publisher=Printed at Government Central Press | series=Gazetteer of India | year=1972 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.146811 |via=archive.org}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |title=Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuoMsBWCTBUC |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |page=167 |isbn=9780195393941 }}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/17900490 Ganga Canal marked on OpenStreetMap]<br />
<br />
{{Hydrography of Rajasthan}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|30.9896|N|74.5538|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sri Ganganagar district]]<br />
[[Category:Canals in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Irrigation canals]]<br />
[[Category:Canals opened in 1927]]<br />
[[Category:Canals in Punjab, India]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vivek_Ramaswamy&diff=445473Vivek Ramaswamy2026-03-17T14:34:25Z<p>Svetlanacnc: page updated</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|American entrepreneur and politician (born 1985)}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=September 2023}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}<!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Bharatpedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.--><br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| image = Vivek Ramaswamy December 2025.jpg<br />
| caption = Ramaswamy at [[AmericaFest]] 2025<br />
| birth_name = Vivek Ganapathy Ramaswamy<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|8|9}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Cincinnati]], Ohio, US<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]<br />
| spouse = {{Marriage|Apoorva Tewari|2015}}<br />
| children = 3<br />
| education = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[Yale University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])<br />
| website = {{url|vivekforohio.com|Campaign website}}<br />
| signature = VivekR-Signature-01.svg<br />
| signature_alt = Signature of Vivek Ramaswamy<br />
| module = {{Listen |pos=center |embed=yes |filename=Vivek Ramaswamy expressing his political views on American demographics.ogg |title=Ramaswamy's voice |type=speech |description=Ramaswamy on [[U.S. demographics]] and his presidential candidacy<br>Recorded April 27, 2023}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Vivek Ganapathy Ramaswamy''' (born August 9, 1985) is an American entrepreneur and politician.<!-- SEE TALK PAGE before altering first sentence --> He founded [[Roivant Sciences]], a [[Biotechnology|biotechnological]] pharmaceutical company in 2014 and was its [[chief executive officer]] until 2021. Ramaswamy entered national politics as the youngest presidential candidate in the [[2024 Republican Party presidential primaries|2024 Republican primaries]]. He withdrew his bid and endorsed Donald Trump for the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 presidential election]]. In 2025, he launched his campaign for the [[2026 Ohio gubernatorial election]] and received endorsements from both President Trump and the [[Ohio Republican Party]].<br />
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Ramaswamy was born in [[Cincinnati]], Ohio, to [[Indian Americans|Indian immigrant]] parents. He graduated from [[Harvard University]] with a bachelor's degree in biology in 2007. He earned a [[Juris Doctor]] from [[Yale University]] in 2013. Ramaswamy became an investment partner at a hedge fund, before founding Roivant Sciences in 2014. He also co-founded an investment firm, Strive Asset Management, in 2022.<br />
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Ramaswamy largely remained apolitical until 2020, when he supported [[Donald Trump]] for the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]]. In 2021, Ramaswamy wrote his first book, [[Vivek Ramaswamy#Published works|''Woke Inc'']], and appeared on cable networks arguing against[[Left-wing politics| left-wing]] "[[woke]]" policies. He also became an active donor to the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. Ramaswamy briefly considered running in the [[2022 United States Senate election in Ohio|2022 U.S. Senate election in Ohio]]. <br />
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Ramaswamy describes himself as a [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] and an [[American nationalism|American nationalist]]. He has criticized [[environmental, social, and corporate governance]] (ESG) and [[affirmative action]]; however, Roivant Social Ventures, one of his companies, was working in support of DEI and ESG. He has promoted numerous [[conspiracy theories]] and [[misinformation|false statements]].<br />
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In March 2026, ''[[Forbes]]'' estimated Ramaswamy's net worth to be $2.4 billion; his wealth comes from biotech and financial businesses.<br />
<br />
==Early life ==<br />
Vivek Ganapathy Ramaswamy was born on August 9, 1985, in Cincinnati, Ohio, to [[Hindus|Hindu]] parents from India.<ref name="Kolhatkar">{{Cite magazine |last=Kolhatkar |first=Sheelah |date=December 12, 2022 |title=The C.E.O. of Anti-Woke, Inc. |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/12/19/vivek-ramaswamy-the-ceo-of-anti-woke-inc |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X |access-date=June 22, 2023 |archive-date=October 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004112346/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/12/19/vivek-ramaswamy-the-ceo-of-anti-woke-inc |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mufson" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Strimpel |first=Zoe |date=July 10, 2022 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy: 'Woke capitalism is a cultural cancer' |language=en-GB |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/07/10/vivek-ramaswamy-woke-capitalism-cultural-cancer/ |access-date=August 18, 2023 |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=August 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818164951/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/07/10/vivek-ramaswamy-woke-capitalism-cultural-cancer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His father, Vadakanchery Ganapathy Ramaswamy, a graduate of the [[National Institute of Technology Calicut]], worked as an engineer for [[General Electric]], while his mother, Geetha Ramaswamy, a graduate of the [[Mysore Medical College & Research Institute]], worked as a [[geriatric psychiatrist]] for Merck and Schering-Plough.<ref name="Kolhatkar" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Phandis |first=Shilpa |date=August 11, 2017 |title=Indian-origin biotech entrepreneur Vivek Ramaswarmy raises $1.1 billion |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indian-origin-biotech-entrepreneur-vivek-ramaswamy-raises-1-1-billion/articleshow/60015177.cms |url-status=live |access-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107103130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indian-origin-biotech-entrepreneur-vivek-ramaswamy-raises-1-1-billion/articleshow/60015177.cms |archive-date=January 7, 2022}}</ref> His parents belong to the [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Brahmin]] [[Kerala Iyer|Iyer]] <ref>{{Cite news |last=Pahwa |first=Nitish |date=May 15, 2023 |title=The Presidential Hopeful Running as a Younger, More "Anti-Woke" Trump |language=en-US |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2023/05/vivek-ramaswamy-assessment.html |access-date=August 18, 2023 |issn=1091-2339 |archive-date=August 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818094936/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2023/05/vivek-ramaswamy-assessment.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Thomas F. |date=August 14, 2023 |title=Here's what's fueling the Ramaswamy boomlet |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/heres-whats-fueling-the-ramaswamy-boomlet/ |website=Courthouse News |access-date=August 18, 2023 |archive-date=August 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818164952/https://www.courthousenews.com/heres-whats-fueling-the-ramaswamy-boomlet/ |url-status=live }}</ref> community of [[Palakkad district]] in Kerala,<ref name="Satish">{{Cite web |last=Satish |first=A |date=February 24, 2023 |title=Palakkad roots that helped shape a US presidential hopeful|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/feb/24/palakkad-roots-that-helped-shape-a-us-prez-hopeful-2550327.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302001352/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/feb/24/palakkad-roots-that-helped-shape-a-us-prez-hopeful-2550327.html |archive-date=March 2, 2023 |access-date=March 2, 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|last1=Holzman|first1=Jael|last2=Freedman |first2=Andrew |date=February 3, 2023 |title=The right's anti-ESG crusader |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/02/03/right-anti-esg-crusader |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324130601/https://www.axios.com/2023/02/03/right-anti-esg-crusader |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |access-date=February 10, 2023 |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]}}</ref> where the family had an ancestral [[Agraharam]] home.<ref name=Satish/><ref name="TOI">{{Cite web |last=Prabhakaran |first=Govinda |date=February 23, 2023 |title=As a Yale student, Vivek Ramaswamy was intrigued by a Palakkad court in Kerala|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/as-a-yale-student-vivek-ramaswamy-was-intrigued-by-a-palakkad-court-in-kerala/articleshow/98168148.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704164737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/as-a-yale-student-vivek-ramaswamy-was-intrigued-by-a-palakkad-court-in-kerala/articleshow/98168148.cms |archive-date=July 4, 2023 |access-date=July 4, 2023 |newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Thomas F. |date=August 14, 2023 |title=Here's what's fueling the Ramaswamy boomlet |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/heres-whats-fueling-the-ramaswamy-boomlet/ |website=Courthouse News |access-date=August 18, 2023 |archive-date=August 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818164952/https://www.courthousenews.com/heres-whats-fueling-the-ramaswamy-boomlet/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Ramaswamy was raised in Ohio.<ref name="CincinnatiBC">{{Cite news |last=Wetterich |first=Chris |date=January 26, 2021 |title=A Look At the Race for Portman's Senate Seat |work=[[Cincinnati Business Courier]]|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2021/01/26/a-look-at-the-race-for-portmans-senate-seat-and-a.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=October 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129043856/https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2021/01/26/a-look-at-the-race-for-portmans-senate-seat-and-a.html |archive-date=November 29, 2022}}</ref> Growing up, Ramaswamy often attended the local [[Hindu temple]] in [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]] with his family.<ref name="nyt070923">{{Cite news |last=Graham |first=Ruth |date=July 9, 2023 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy Leans Into His Hindu Faith to Court Christian Voters |work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/09/us/vivek-ramaswamy-hindu-republican-christianj.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713041631/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/09/us/vivek-ramaswamy-hindu-republican-christianj.html |archive-date=July 13, 2023 |quote="a practicing Hindu. Mr. Ramaswamy said his faith taught him that Jesus was a son of God. Mr. Ramaswamy's emphasis on his belief in one God has a long history for Hindus in the United States"}}</ref> His [[Christian right|conservative Christian]] piano teacher, who gave him private lessons from elementary through high school, also influenced his social views.<ref name="Kolhatkar" /> He spent many summer vacations traveling to India with his parents.<ref name =TOI/> In high school, Ramaswamy was a nationally ranked tennis player.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/12/19/vivek-ramaswamy-the-ceo-of-anti-woke-inc|title=Vivek Ramaswamy, the C.E.O. of Anti-Woke, Inc.|date=December 12, 2022|website=www.newyorker.com|access-date=August 29, 2023|archive-date=October 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004112346/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/12/19/vivek-ramaswamy-the-ceo-of-anti-woke-inc|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Education ===<br />
Ramaswamy attended public schools through eighth grade.<ref name="Kolhatkar" /><ref name="FREOPP">{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=FREOPP Leadership: Vivek Ramaswamy |url=https://freopp.org/freopp-leadership-vivek-ramaswamy-65179211d2cb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118140519/https://freopp.org/freopp-leadership-vivek-ramaswamy-65179211d2cb |archive-date=November 18, 2021 |access-date=July 18, 2023 |website=FREOPP |quote=" attended underfunded public schools through 8th grade"}}</ref> He then attended Cincinnati's [[St. Xavier High School (Cincinnati)|St. Xavier High School]], a [[Catholic school]] affiliated with the [[Jesuit order]],<ref name="Kolhatkar" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 22, 2023 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy, 'Woke, Inc.' author, St. Xavier grad, enters Republican presidential race |work=[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/politics/2023/02/22/vivek-ramaswamy-woke-inc-author-enters-white-house-race/69930766007/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323060710/https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/politics/2023/02/22/vivek-ramaswamy-woke-inc-author-enters-white-house-race/69930766007/ |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |quote=Ramaswamy is a native of Butler County and a graduate of St. Xavier High School in Finneytown.}}</ref> graduating as [[valedictorian]] in 2003.<ref name="Kolhatkar"/><ref name="St. X E-News 2015-07">{{Cite mailing list |url=http://www.stxavier.org/cf_enotify/view.cfm?n=1971 |title=July 2015 |date=July 25, 2015 |access-date=July 26, 2015 |mailing-list=St. Xavier High School E-news |last=Schulte |first=Becky |publisher=[[St. Xavier High School]] |archive-date=July 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726094209/http://www.stxavier.org/cf_enotify/view.cfm?n=1971 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Ramaswamy received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree (''[[summa cum laude]]'') with a major in biology from [[Harvard University]] in 2007.<ref name="pdsoros20230222">{{Cite web |title=Vivek Ramaswamy |year=2011|url=https://www.pdsoros.org/meet-the-fellows/vivek-ramaswamy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222033835/https://www.pdsoros.org/meet-the-fellows/vivek-ramaswamy |archive-date=February 22, 2023 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |publisher=[[The Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans]]}}</ref> He was a member of [[Phi Beta Kappa]]. At Harvard, he gained a reputation as a brash and confident [[libertarianism in the United States|libertarian]].<ref name="Weisman">{{Cite news |last=Weisman |first=Jonathan |date=May 5, 2023 |title=The Smooth-Talking Republican Who Would Rule by Fiat |language=en |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/05/us/politics/vivek-ramaswamy.html|access-date=August 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627173713/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/05/us/politics/vivek-ramaswamy.html |archive-date=June 27, 2023}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Harvard Political Union]],<ref name="Wood">{{Cite news |last=Wood |first=Alexandra C. |date=December 13, 2006 |title=Vivek G. Ramaswamy |work=[[The Harvard Crimson]] |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/12/13/vivek-g-ramaswamy-if-you-think/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627173725/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/12/13/vivek-g-ramaswamy-if-you-think/ |archive-date=June 27, 2023}}</ref> becoming its president.<ref name="Kolhatkar" /> He told ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'' that he considered himself a contrarian who loved to debate.<ref name=Wood/> While in college, he performed [[Eminem]] covers and libertarian-themed rap music under the stage name and [[alter ego]] "Da Vek",<ref name="Kolhatkar" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Isenstadt |first=Alex |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Will the real Ramaswamy please stand up, please stand up |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/07/26/vivek-ramaswamy-eminem-rap-00108137 |website=[[Politico]] |access-date=July 28, 2023 |archive-date=July 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728192923/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/07/26/vivek-ramaswamy-eminem-rap-00108137 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sykes |first=Stefan |date=August 29, 2023 |title=Eminem tells GOP presidential hopeful Vivek Ramaswamy to stop rapping his music |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/08/29/eminem-demands-vivek-ramaswamy-stop-rapping-lose-yourself.html |website=CNBC |access-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830031318/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/08/29/eminem-demands-vivek-ramaswamy-stop-rapping-lose-yourself.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and was an intern for [[Amaranth Advisors]], a [[hedge fund]], and investment bank [[Goldman Sachs]].<ref name="Kolhatkar" /> He wrote his senior thesis on the ethical questions raised by creating human-animal [[Chimera (genetics)|chimera]]s, earning him a [[Bowdoin Prize]].<ref name=pdsoros20230222/><br />
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In 2011, Ramaswamy was awarded a postgraduate fellowship to attend law school by the [[Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans]].<ref name="pdsoros20230222"/> Ramaswamy later said that by the time he attended Yale Law School, he was already wealthy from his activities in the finance, pharmaceutical, and biotech industries; he said in 2023 that he had a net worth of around $15&nbsp;million before graduating from law school.<ref name=Weisman/> At Yale Law School, he befriended fellow Ohio native and future [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]] of the United States [[JD Vance]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=August 25, 2023 |title='He's an insider': Ramaswamy's deep ties to rightwing kingpins revealed |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/aug/25/vivek-ramaswamy-rightwing-elite-close-ties-leonard-leo-peter-thiel |access-date=August 25, 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=August 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825153626/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/aug/25/vivek-ramaswamy-rightwing-elite-close-ties-leonard-leo-peter-thiel |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=pdsoros20230222/> He received a [[Juris Doctor]] degree from [[Yale University]] in 2013. In a 2023 interview, Ramaswamy said that he was a member of the campus [[Jewish]] intellectual discussion society [[Shabtai (society)|Shabtai]] while a law student.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Martin|first=Bradley|date=July 31, 2023|title=Ramaswamy: 'I want to go even further than Trump on the Abraham Accords'|agency=[[Jewish News Syndicate]]|url=https://www.jns.org/us-news/vivek-ramaswamy/23/7/31/306696/|access-date=August 11, 2023|archive-date=August 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811180954/https://www.jns.org/us-news/vivek-ramaswamy/23/7/31/306696/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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==Business career==<br />
===Early career===<br />
In 2007, Ramaswamy and [[Travis May]] co-founded Campus Venture Network, which published a private [[Social networking service|social networking]] website for university students who aspired to launch a business.<ref name="bbj20080320">{{Cite news|last=Lynch|first=Brendan |date=March 20, 2008 |title=Harvard Student Alum Launch Social Biz Site |work=[[Boston Business Journal]] |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/mass-high-tech/2008/03/harvard-student-alum-launch-social-biz-site.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712175926/https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/mass-high-tech/2008/03/harvard-student-alum-launch-social-biz-site.html |archive-date=July 12, 2022}}</ref><!-- source verified, by N2e on 20 May 2023 --> The company was sold to the nonprofit [[Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation]] in 2009.<ref name="Ugolik2">{{Cite web |last=Ugolik |first=Kaitlin |date=September 8, 2015 |title=Axovant's Vivek Ramaswamy Aims to Reinvent Dementia Treatment |url=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/2bsuuj0ovingrd7s4m9z4/portfolio/axovants-vivek-ramaswamy-aims-to-reinvent-dementia-treatment |access-date=August 7, 2023 |website=Institutional Investor |language=en |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810224827/https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/2bsuuj0ovingrd7s4m9z4/portfolio/axovants-vivek-ramaswamy-aims-to-reinvent-dementia-treatment |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Ramaswamy worked at the [[hedge fund]] QVT Financial from 2007 to 2014.<ref name="Kolhatkar" /><ref name="forbes20150611">{{Cite web |last=Vardi |first=Nathan |date=June 11, 2015 |title=The 29 Year Old Behind The Giant Biotech IPO That Rose By 90% Speaks |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanvardi/2015/06/11/the-29-year-old-behind-the-giant-biotech-ipo-that-rose-by-75-speaks/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203053121/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanvardi/2015/06/11/the-29-year-old-behind-the-giant-biotech-ipo-that-rose-by-75-speaks/ |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref name="forbes20150927">{{Cite news |last=Vardi |first=Nathan |date=September 27, 2015 |title=The 30-Year-Old CEO Conjuring Drug Companies From Thin Air |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanvardi/2015/09/09/the-30-year-old-ceo-conjuring-drug-companies-from-thin-air/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307171220/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanvardi/2015/09/09/the-30-year-old-ceo-conjuring-drug-companies-from-thin-air/ |archive-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref><ref name="HowFortuneMade">{{Cite news |last1=Weisman |first1=Jonathan |last2=Robbins |first2=Rebecca |last3=Farrell |first3=Maureen |date=June 27, 2023 |title=How Vivek Ramaswamy Made the Fortune Fueling His Presidential Run |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/27/us/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-wealth.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629143517/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/27/us/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-wealth.html |archive-date=June 29, 2023}}</ref> He was a partner and co-managed the firm's biotech portfolio.<ref name=forbes20150611/><ref name=forbes20150927/><ref name="Ugolik2"/> QVT's biotech investments under Ramaswamy included stakes in Palatin Technologies,<ref name="Ugolik2"/> Concert Pharmaceuticals,<ref name="Ugolik2"/> [[Pharmasset]],<ref name="Waddick">{{Cite web |last=Waddick |first=Karissa |date=February 27, 2023 |title=Who is Vivek Ramaswamy – the biotech entrepreneur turned presidential candidate? |url=https://www.pharmavoice.com/news/vivek-ramaswamy-2024-president-anti-woke-biotech-roivant/643559/ |access-date=August 8, 2023 |website=PharmaVoice |language=en-US |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230521/https://www.pharmavoice.com/news/vivek-ramaswamy-2024-president-anti-woke-biotech-roivant/643559/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krauskopf |first=Lewis |date=November 21, 2011 |title=Gilead bets $11 billion on hepatitis in Pharmasset deal |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gilead-pharmasset-idUSTRE7AK0XU20111121 |access-date=August 8, 2023 |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230650/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gilead-pharmasset-idUSTRE7AK0XU20111121 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Martin Shkreli]]'s [[Retrophin]].<ref name="LippmanMay2023">{{Cite web|last=Lippman|first=Daniel|date=May 23, 2023|title=How Vivek Ramaswamy helped make Martin Shkreli the 'pharma bro'|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/05/23/vivek-ramaswamy-martin-shkreli-pharma-00098338|website=[[Politico]]|access-date=August 23, 2023|archive-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728191719/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/05/23/vivek-ramaswamy-martin-shkreli-pharma-00098338|url-status=live}}</ref> In a 2023 speech and in his book ''Woke Inc.'', Ramaswamy called Shkreli, whose company had greatly increased the cost of a life-saving drug, both "brilliant" and a [[pathological liar]]. He criticized the [[U.S. Department of Justice]] for prosecuting Shkreli, calling his fraud a [[victimless crime]].<ref name=LippmanMay2023/><br />
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===Roivant Sciences and subsidiaries===<br />
[[File:Vivek Ramaswamy at The Future of Biomedical Research in Europe Basel Conference 2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ramaswamy in 2017]]<br />
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In 2014, Ramaswamy founded the biotechnology firm [[Roivant Sciences]]; the "Roi" in the company's name refers to [[return on investment]].<ref name=HowFortuneMade/> The company was incorporated in [[Bermuda]], a [[tax haven]], and received almost $100&nbsp;million in start-up capital from QVT and other investors,<ref name=HowFortuneMade/> including [[RA Capital Management]], [[Visium Asset Management]], and the hedge fund managers [[D. E. Shaw & Co.]] and Falcon Edge Capital.<ref name="Ugolik2"/> Roivant's strategy was to purchase patents from larger pharmaceutical companies for drugs that had not yet been successfully [[drug development|developed]], and then bring them to the market.<ref name=HowFortuneMade/> The company created numerous [[subsidiaries]],<ref name="Waddick" /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rudegeair |first1=Peter |last2=Au-Yeung |first2=Angel |date=May 27, 2023 |title=The Anti-Woke Presidential Candidate Who Wants to Crush ESG and Gut the Fed |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-anti-woke-presidential-candidate-who-wants-to-crush-esg-and-gut-the-fed-a486fdc |access-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811192241/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-anti-woke-presidential-candidate-who-wants-to-crush-esg-and-gut-the-fed-a486fdc |url-status=live }}</ref> including Dermavant (focused on dermatology), Urovant (focused on urological disease), and China-based Sinovant and Cytovant, both focused on the Asian market.<ref name=Waddick/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Al Idrus |first=Amirah |date=July 17, 2018 |title=Here comes another 'vant' – this one focused on China |url=https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/here-comes-another-vant-one-s-focused-china |website=Fierce Biotech |access-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811192241/https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/here-comes-another-vant-one-s-focused-china |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In 2015, Ramaswamy raised $360&nbsp;million for the Roivant subsidiary [[Axovant Sciences]] in an attempt to market [[intepirdine]] as a drug for [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref name=forbes20150927/><ref name=forbes20150928/> In December 2014,<ref name="LaMotta">{{Cite web |last=LaMotta |first=Lisa |date=February 13, 2018 |title=Ramaswamy has no regrets about Axovant |url=https://www.biopharmadive.com/news/ramaswamy-has-no-regrets-about-axovant/517020/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629150115/https://www.biopharmadive.com/news/ramaswamy-has-no-regrets-about-axovant/517020/ |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |website=BioPharmaDive}}</ref> Axovant purchased the patent for intepirdine from [[GlaxoSmithKline]] (where the drug had failed four previous [[clinical trial]]s) for $5&nbsp;million, a small sum in the industry.<ref name=HowFortuneMade/> Ramaswamy appeared on the cover of ''[[Forbes]]'' in 2015, and said his company would "be the highest return on investment endeavor ever taken up in the pharmaceutical industry."<ref name=HowFortuneMade/><ref name="forbes20150928">{{Cite magazine |last1=Herper |first1=Matthew |last2=Vardi |first2=Nathan |date=September 28, 2015 |title=Boy in the Bubble |url=https://www.forbes.com/video/4478510416001/inside-the-issue-september-28-2015/?sh=30decbf47491 |magazine=[[Forbes]] |access-date=February 26, 2023 |archive-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227023420/https://www.forbes.com/video/4478510416001/inside-the-issue-september-28-2015/?sh=30decbf47491 |url-status=live }}</ref> Before new clinical trials began, he engineered Axovant's [[initial public offering]] (IPO);<ref name=HowFortuneMade/> it became a "[[Wall Street]] darling" and raised $315&nbsp;million.<ref name=LaMotta/> The company's market value initially soared to almost $3&nbsp;billion, although at the time it only had eight employees, including Ramaswamy's brother and mother.<ref name=HowFortuneMade/> Ramaswamy took a massive payout after selling a portion of his shares in Roivant to [[Viking Global Investors]].<ref name=HowFortuneMade/> He claimed more than $37&nbsp;million in [[capital gains]] in 2015.<ref name=HowFortuneMade/> Ramaswamy said his company would be the "[[Berkshire Hathaway]] of drug development"<ref name="Kolhatkar" /> and touted the drug as a "tremendous" opportunity that "could help millions" of patients, prompting some criticism that he was overpromising.<ref name=HowFortuneMade/><br />
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In September 2017, the company announced that intepirdine had failed in its large clinical trial.<ref name=HowFortuneMade/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Garde |first=Damian |date=September 26, 2017 |title=Another Alzheimer's failure: Axovant's drug flops in late-stage trial |url=https://www.statnews.com/2017/09/26/axovant-intepirdine-trial/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629151637/https://www.statnews.com/2017/09/26/axovant-intepirdine-trial/ |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |website=Stat News}}</ref> The company's value plunged; it lost 75% in one day and continued to decline afterward.<ref name=HowFortuneMade/> Shareholders who lost money included various [[institutional investors]], such as the [[pension fund]] of the [[California State Teachers' Retirement System]].<ref name=HowFortuneMade/> Ramaswamy was insulated from much of Axovant's losses because he held his stake through Roivant.<ref name=HowFortuneMade/><ref name=LaMotta/> The company abandoned intepirdine. In 2018, Ramaswamy said he had no regrets about how the company handled the drug.<ref name=LaMotta/> In subsequent years, he said he regretted the outcome but was annoyed by criticism of the company.<ref name=HowFortuneMade/> Axovant thereafter attempted to reinvent itself as a [[gene therapy]] company,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Herper |first=Matthew |date=July 9, 2018 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy's Enzyvant Asks FDA To Approve Treatment For Dying Babies |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2018/07/09/vivek-ramaswamys-enzyvant-asks-fda-to-approve-treatment-for-dying-babies/?sh=5d2422fe1007 |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223025634/https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2018/07/09/vivek-ramaswamys-enzyvant-asks-fda-to-approve-treatment-for-dying-babies/?sh=5d2422fe1007 |archive-date=February 23, 2023}}</ref> and dissolved in 2023.<ref name=HowFortuneMade/><br />
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In 2017, Roivant partnered with [[CPE (investment firm)|CITIC Private Equity]] of the Chinese [[State-owned enterprise|state-owned]] [[CITIC Group]] to form Sinovant.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Aronoff |first1=Kate|date=February 22, 2023 |title=GOP Presidential Candidate Vivek Ramaswamy, Who Used to Do Business With China, Wants to Ban Business With China |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/170733/vivek-ramaswamy-business-china-roivant |url-status=live |magazine=[[The New Republic]]|issn=0028-6583 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926061433/https://newrepublic.com/article/170733/vivek-ramaswamy-business-china-roivant |archive-date=September 26, 2023 |access-date=September 27, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Keown |first=Alex |date=July 17, 2018 |title=Roivant Launches New China-Based Startup Sinovant Sciences |url=https://www.biospace.com/article/roivant-launches-new-china-based-startup-sinovant-sciences/ |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926135417/https://www.biospace.com/article/roivant-launches-new-china-based-startup-sinovant-sciences/ |archive-date=September 26, 2023 |access-date=September 27, 2023|website=BioSpace |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=John |date=July 17, 2018 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy strikes again, this time launching a Beijing-based biotech player with a pipeline |url=https://endpts.com/vivek-ramaswamy-strikes-again-this-time-launching-a-beijing-based-biotech-player-with-a-pipeline/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926175426/https://endpts.com/vivek-ramaswamy-strikes-again-this-time-launching-a-beijing-based-biotech-player-with-a-pipeline/ |archive-date=September 26, 2023 |access-date=September 27, 2023 |website=Endpoints News |language=en}}</ref> In 2017, Ramaswamy struck a deal with [[Masayoshi Son]] in which [[SoftBank]] invested $1.1&nbsp;billion in Roivant.<ref name=HowFortuneMade/> In 2019, Roivant sold its stake in five subsidiaries (or "vants"), including Enzyvant, to [[Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma]];<ref name=HowFortuneMade/><ref name="AlIdrus">{{Cite web |last=Al Idrus|first=Amirah|date=January 25, 2021 |title=After selling off a clutch of Vants, Roivant CEO Ramaswamy moves upstairs to executive chair |url=https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/after-selling-off-most-vants-roivant-ceo-ramaswamy-moves-upstairs-to-executive-chair |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629151506/https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/after-selling-off-most-vants-roivant-ceo-ramaswamy-moves-upstairs-to-executive-chair |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |website=Fierce Biotech}}</ref> Ramaswamy made $175&nbsp;million in capital gains from the sale.<ref name=HowFortuneMade/> The deal also gave Sumitomo Dainippon a 10% stake in Roivant.<ref name=AlIdrus/><ref name="reuters" /><br />
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While campaigning for the presidency, Ramaswamy called himself a "scientist" and said, "I developed a number of medicines."<ref name=HowFortuneMade/><br />
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In January 2021, Ramaswamy stepped down as CEO of Roivant Sciences and assumed the role of [[executive chairman]].<ref name=AlIdrus/><ref name="reuters">{{Cite news |date=January 25, 2021 |title=Roivant Sciences founder to step down as CEO |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-roivant-ceo-idUSKBN29U1QY |url-status=live |access-date=July 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203053127/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-roivant-ceo-idUSKBN29U1QY |archive-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> In 2021, after he resigned as CEO, Roivant was listed on the [[Nasdaq]] via a [[reverse merger]] with Montes Archimedes Acquisition Corp, a [[special purpose acquisition vehicle]].<ref name="Hyatt">{{Cite news |last=Hyatt |first=John |date=April 26, 2023 |title=How Rich Is Vivek Ramaswamy, The Longshot GOP Presidential Candidate Who Helped Take Down Don Lemon? |work=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnhyatt/2023/04/26/how-rich-is-vivek-ramaswamy-the-longshot-gop-presidential-candidate-who-helped-take-down-don-lemon/ |url-status=live |access-date=July 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710015722/https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnhyatt/2023/04/26/how-rich-is-vivek-ramaswamy-the-longshot-gop-presidential-candidate-who-helped-take-down-don-lemon/ |archive-date=July 10, 2023}}</ref> In February 2023, Ramaswamy stepped down as chair of Roivant to focus on his presidential campaign.<ref name=HowFortuneMade/><ref name="Primack">{{Cite web |last=Primack |first=Dan |date=June 16, 2023 |title="Anti-woke" Vivek Ramaswamy's former company has DEI initiatives|url=https://www.axios.com/2023/06/16/vivek-ramaswamy-dei-esg-company |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627231544/https://www.axios.com/2023/06/16/vivek-ramaswamy-dei-esg-company |archive-date=June 27, 2023|website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]}}</ref><br />
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Ramaswamy remains the sixth-largest shareholder of Roivant,<ref name=HowFortuneMade/> retaining a 7.17% stake.<ref name="Mufson">{{Cite news |last=Mufson |first=Steven |date=April 3, 2023 |title=He wrote the book on crushing 'wokeism.' Now he's running for president. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/04/03/vivek-ramaswamy-2024-presidential-gop/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528151303/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/04/03/vivek-ramaswamy-2024-presidential-gop/ |archive-date=May 28, 2023}}</ref> During Ramaswamy's time running Roivant the company had never been profitable.<ref name=Hyatt/><br />
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===Roivant Social Ventures===<br />
In 2020, when Ramaswamy was CEO of Roivant Sciences, the company established a nonprofit social-impact arm, Roivant Social Ventures (RSV), with his support.<ref name=Primack/> An earlier iteration of RSV, the Roivant Foundation, was created in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Weingartner |first1=Tana |last2=Merritt |first2=Jennifer |date=November 26, 2018 |title=Children's Hospital Joins Forces With Swiss Company To Combat Sickle Cell Disease |work=WVXU |url=https://www.wvxu.org/health/2018-11-26/childrens-hospital-joins-forces-with-swiss-company-to-combat-sickle-cell-disease |access-date=August 26, 2023 |archive-date=August 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826154214/https://www.wvxu.org/health/2018-11-26/childrens-hospital-joins-forces-with-swiss-company-to-combat-sickle-cell-disease |url-status=live }}</ref> Although Ramaswamy's presidential campaign centers on opposing corporate [[diversity, equity, and inclusion]] (DEI) and [[environmental, social, and corporate governance]] (ESG) initiatives,<ref name="hilljan21">{{Cite web |last=Gans |first=Jared |date=February 21, 2023 |title=Conservative entrepreneur Vivek Ramaswamy announces GOP presidential bid |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3868741-conservative-entrepreneur-vivek-ramaswamy-announces-gop-presidential-bid/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224060919/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3868741-conservative-entrepreneur-vivek-ramaswamy-announces-gop-presidential-bid/ |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=February 24, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref> RSV worked in support of pro-DEI and ESG initiatives, including promoting [[health equity]] and diversity within the biopharma and biotech industries.<ref name=Primack/> While campaigning, Ramaswamy has downplayed his role in creating and overseeing RSV.<ref name=Primack/><br />
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===Strive Asset Management===<br />
[[File:Vivek Ramaswamy (52588305419).jpg|thumb|Ramaswamy speaking in 2022]]<br />
In early 2022, together with his high school friend [[Anson Frericks]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/21/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-profile/index.html|title=Vivek Ramaswamy made a splash on last month's debate stage. But does he have staying power?|first=Arit|last=John|date=September 21, 2023|website=CNN|access-date=September 26, 2023|archive-date=September 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926204122/https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/21/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-profile/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ramaswamy co-founded Strive Asset Management, a [[Columbus, Ohio]]-based asset management firm.<ref name="InvestmentNewsMay2023">{{Cite news |last=Benjamin |first=Jeff |date=May 4, 2023 |title=Strive Asset Management fills leadership vacuum created by CEO's run for president |work=Investment News |url=https://www.investmentnews.com/strive-asset-management-fills-leadership-vacuum-created-by-ceos-run-for-president-237188 |access-date=July 29, 2023 |archive-date=July 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729162233/https://www.investmentnews.com/strive-asset-management-fills-leadership-vacuum-created-by-ceos-run-for-president-237188 |url-status=live }}</ref> The firm raised about $20&nbsp;million from outside investors,<ref name=Hyatt/> including [[Peter Thiel]], [[JD Vance]], and [[Bill Ackman]].<ref name="Kolhatkar" /><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=O'Donnell |first=Kathie |date=May 12, 2022 |title=Manager backed by Thiel, Ackman to launch ETFs emphasizing excellence over politics |url=https://www.pionline.com/exchange-traded-funds/manager-backed-thiel-ackman-launch-etfs-emphasizing-excellence-over-politics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223012458/https://www.pionline.com/exchange-traded-funds/manager-backed-thiel-ackman-launch-etfs-emphasizing-excellence-over-politics |archive-date=February 23, 2023 |access-date=July 25, 2022 |website=Pensions & Investments}}</ref><ref name=PiperMay2023/><br />
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Strive has branded itself as "[[anti-woke]]" and its funds as "anti-ESG"; Ramaswamy has claimed that the largest asset managers, such as [[BlackRock]], [[State Street Corporation|State Street]], and [[The Vanguard Group|Vanguard]], mix business with ESG politics to the detriment of their funds' investors.<ref name="Kolhatkar" /><ref name="WolmanFeb2023">{{Cite news |last=Wolman |first=Jordan |date=February 1, 2023 |title=The asset manager fighting ESG orthodoxy|language=en |work=[[Politico]] |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/the-long-game/2023/02/01/the-asset-manager-fighting-esg-orthodoxy-00080591 |url-status=live |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322215517/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/the-long-game/2023/02/01/the-asset-manager-fighting-esg-orthodoxy-00080591 |archive-date=March 22, 2023}}</ref><ref name="SlowingDeposits">{{Cite news|last=Ross Kerber |date=June 9, 2023 |title='Anti-ESG' funds face slowing deposits, Morningstar says |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/anti-esg-funds-face-slowing-deposits-morningstar-says-2023-06-08/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629141637/https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/anti-esg-funds-face-slowing-deposits-morningstar-says-2023-06-08/ |archive-date=June 29, 2023}}</ref><br />
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Pension fund managers take account of ESG in the assessment of long-term risk, including [[climate risk]]s, when making portfolio decisions.<ref name="Kolhatkar" /><ref name="Silla">{{Cite web|last1=Brush|first1=Silla|last2=Kishan|first2=Saijel |date=September 1, 2022 |title=The Anti-ESG Crusader Who Wants to Pick a Fight With BlackRock |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-01/woke-inc-author-s-firm-targets-blackrock-esg-investing |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724162855/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-01/woke-inc-author-s-firm-targets-blackrock-esg-investing|archive-date=July 24, 2023 |access-date=February 10, 2023 |website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> Ramaswamy has crusaded against ESG<ref name="auto1" /><ref name=Silla/> and emphasizes the doctrine of [[shareholder primacy]], famously articulated by [[Milton Friedman]].<ref name="Kolhatkar" /> In his book ''Woke, Inc.: Inside Corporate America's Social Justice Scam'' and elsewhere, he has depicted private corporations' socially conscious investing as simultaneously ineffective and the greatest threat to American society.<ref name="Kolhatkar" /> He published a second book, ''Nation of Victims: Identity Politics, the Death of Merit, and the Path Back to Excellence'', in September 2022, a few months before announcing his presidential candidacy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Grand Old Party of Crybabies |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/09/12/republicans-victimhood-mythology-elections-00055908|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719011106/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/09/12/republicans-victimhood-mythology-elections-00055908 |archive-date=July 19, 2023}} (excerpt from ''Nation of Victims'' by Ramaswamy, republished in ''Politico Magazine'').</ref><br />
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Strive's flagship fund, the [[exchange-traded fund]] DRLL, launched in 2022 as an "anti-woke" energy sector index fund.<ref name="FT20230224">{{Cite news |last1=Masters |first1=Brooke |last2=Temple-West |first2=Patrick |date=February 24, 2023 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy's fund manager Strive sticks to its 'anti-woke' mission |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c7ccc5ea-3e8f-49a1-b250-31365f4f33e0 |access-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513201517/https://www.ft.com/content/c7ccc5ea-3e8f-49a1-b250-31365f4f33e0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Strive20220810">{{Cite press release |title=Strive Launches U.S. Energy Index Fund (DRLL) to Deliver a New Shareholder Mandate to U.S. Energy Companies |date=August 10, 2022 |publisher=Strive Asset Management |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220810005508/en/Strive-Launches-U.S.-Energy-Index-Fund-DRLL-to-Deliver-a-New-Shareholder-Mandate-to-U.S.-Energy-Companies |access-date=August 30, 2023 |via=[[Business Wire]] |archive-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830021439/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220810005508/en/Strive-Launches-U.S.-Energy-Index-Fund-DRLL-to-Deliver-a-New-Shareholder-Mandate-to-U.S.-Energy-Companies |url-status=live }}</ref> Ramaswamy said that Strive would push energy companies to drill for more oil, [[Fracking|frack]] for more natural gas, and "do whatever allows them to be most successful over the long run without regard to political, social, cultural or environmental agendas."<ref name="CNBC20230512">{{Cite news |last=Schwartz |first=Brian |date=May 12, 2023 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy's firm courts GOP officials as he pushes businesses to stay out of politics |work=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/12/vivek-ramaswamy-anti-woke-firm-courts-gop-leaders.html |access-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-date=July 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728210356/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/12/vivek-ramaswamy-anti-woke-firm-courts-gop-leaders.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In October 2022, Ramaswamy held closed-door meetings with South Carolina lawmakers in a session arranged by [[Treasurer of South Carolina|state treasurer]] [[Curtis Loftis]]; during the meetings, Ramaswamy pitched Strive to manage South Carolina pension funds.<ref name="Fieseler">{{Cite web |last=Fieseler |first=Clare |date=June 29, 2023 |title=Behind closed doors in SC, Ramaswamy pushed private services during 'anti-woke' crusade |url=https://www.postandcourier.com/news/behind-closed-doors-in-sc-ramaswamy-pushed-private-services-during-anti-woke-crusade/article_b1355eac-ea98-11ed-8b91-6f17723ae01b.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704045454/https://www.postandcourier.com/news/behind-closed-doors-in-sc-ramaswamy-pushed-private-services-during-anti-woke-crusade/article_b1355eac-ea98-11ed-8b91-6f17723ae01b.html |archive-date=July 4, 2023 |access-date=July 4, 2023 |website=[[The Post and Courier]]}}</ref> In June 2023, after ''[[The Post and Courier]]'' reported on the meetings, the sessions were criticized as a form of unregistered lobbying; Ramaswamy's campaign manager denied any impropriety.<ref name=Fieseler/><br />
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Ramaswamy was Strive's executive chairman<ref name="Kolhatkar" /><ref name="auto" /><ref name="PiperMay2023">{{Cite news |last=Piper |first=Jessica |date=May 14, 2023 |title=How Vivek Ramaswamy made a fortune before pivoting to politics|work=Politico |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/05/14/how-vivek-ramaswamy-made-money-00096046 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629152403/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/05/14/how-vivek-ramaswamy-made-money-00096046 |archive-date=June 29, 2023}}</ref> before resigning in February 2023 to focus on his presidential campaign.<ref name=InvestmentNewsMay2023/><ref name="InvestmentNewsFeb2023">{{Cite news|last=Benjamin|first=Jeff|date=February 22, 2023|title=Strive Asset Management chairman Vivek Ramaswamy resigns to run for president|work=Investment News|url=https://www.investmentnews.com/strive-asset-management-chairman-vivek-ramaswamy-resigns-to-run-for-president-234280|access-date=July 29, 2023|archive-date=July 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729162235/https://www.investmentnews.com/strive-asset-management-chairman-vivek-ramaswamy-resigns-to-run-for-president-234280|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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===Other ventures===<br />
In 2020, Ramaswamy co-founded Chapter Medicare, a [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] navigation platform.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Chapter Announces $17 Million Series A Round, led by Narya Capital and Peter Thiel with participation from existing investors |date=September 21, 2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/press-releases/2021-09-21/chapter-announces-17-million-series-a-round-led-by-narya-capital-and-peter-thiel-with-participation-from-existing-investors |access-date=August 17, 2022 |newspaper=Bloomberg |via=[[Business Wire]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230720010253/https://www.bloomberg.com/press-releases/2021-09-21/chapter-announces-17-million-series-a-round-led-by-narya-capital-and-peter-thiel-with-participation-from-existing-investors|archive-date=July 20, 2023}}</ref> He participated in the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Ohio|Ohio COVID-19]] Response Team.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Novak |first1=Matt |title=Bharatpedia Editor Says They Were Paid To Change Vivek Ramaswamy’s Page |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mattnovak/2023/05/03/Bharatpedia-editor-says-they-were-paid-to-change-vivek-ramaswamys-page/ |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was chairman of OnCore Biopharma, a position he maintained at [[Tekmira Pharmaceuticals]] when the two companies merged in March 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 11, 2015 |title=Canada's Tekmira to buy US-based OnCore Biopharma, focus on HBV treatment |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/oncore-ma-tekmira/canadas-tekmira-to-buy-us-based-oncore-biopharma-focus-on-hbv-treatment-idUSL3N0UR1EZ20150112 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629201224/https://www.reuters.com/article/oncore-ma-tekmira/canadas-tekmira-to-buy-us-based-oncore-biopharma-focus-on-hbv-treatment-idUSL3N0UR1EZ20150112 |archive-date=June 29, 2023}}</ref> He also was chair of the board of [[Arbutus Biopharma]], a Canadian firm.<ref name="Ugolik2"/> <br />
<br />
In May 2024, Ramaswamy acquired a 7.7% stake in [[BuzzFeed]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chapman |first=Michelle |date=May 22, 2024 |title=Former Republican presidential candidate Vivek Ramaswamy takes a 7.7% stake in BuzzFeed |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/05/22/vivek-ramaswamy-buzzfeed/61bf0e44-1838-11ef-97db-d9db0c732407_story.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> later increased to 8.4%, making him the second-largest [[Class A share|Class A]] shareholder in the company.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shapero|first=Julia|title=Ramaswamy calls for changes to BuzzFeed after acquiring activist stake|url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/4689985-ramaswamy-calls-for-changes-to-buzzfeed-after-acquiring-activist-stake/mlite/|work=The Hill|date=28 May 2024}}</ref> Soon after the acquisition, he sent a letter to the company's board of directors, in which he suggested they hire conservative [[pundits]] such as [[Candace Owens]], [[Tucker Carlson]], and [[Bill Maher]], as well as three "high-profile directors, with strong track business records in new media" whom he knew.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flynn |first=Kerry |date=May 28, 2024 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy calls for job cuts at BuzzFeed |url=https://www.axios.com/pro/media-deals/2024/05/28/vivek-ramaswamy-buzzfeed-plan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528153608/https://www.axios.com/pro/media-deals/2024/05/28/vivek-ramaswamy-buzzfeed-plan |archive-date=May 28, 2024 |access-date=June 3, 2024 |website=Axios}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
=== Early political involvement ===<br />
Ramaswamy said that he voted for [[Michael Badnarik]], the [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] presidential nominee in [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]], but did not vote in the presidential elections in [[2008 United States presidential election|2008]], [[2012 United States presidential election|2012]], or [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]].<ref name="WSJScrunity">{{Cite news |last=McCormick |first=John |date=August 7, 2023 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy's Rise in 2024 Field Brings Scrutiny Beyond Anti-Woke Record |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/vivek-ramaswamys-rise-in-2024-field-brings-scrutiny-beyond-anti-woke-record-88a5b635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811184514/https://www.wsj.com/articles/vivek-ramaswamys-rise-in-2024-field-brings-scrutiny-beyond-anti-woke-record-88a5b635 |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |access-date=August 11, 2023 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> He described himself as apolitical during this period.<ref name="Popielarz">{{Cite web |last=Popielarz |first=Taylor |date=April 12, 2023 |title=Why Ohio entrepreneur Vivek Ramaswamy is running for president |url=https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/columbus/politics/2023/04/12/ohio-vivek-ramaswamy-president |website=Spectrum News 1 |access-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811184518/https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/columbus/politics/2023/04/12/ohio-vivek-ramaswamy-president |url-status=live }}</ref> He supported [[Donald Trump]] in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 election]].<ref name=WSJScrunity/><ref name=Popielarz/> In November 2021, Ramaswamy registered to vote in [[Franklin County, Ohio]], as "[[unaffiliated voter|unaffiliated]]", but described himself as a Republican.<ref name=WSJScrunity/><br />
<br />
Ramaswamy has made political contributions to both Democrats and Republicans. In 2016, he donated $2,700 to the campaign of [[Dena Grayson]], a Florida Democrat running for Congress.<ref name=WSJScrunity/> From 2020 to 2023, he donated $30,000 to the [[Ohio Republican Party]].<ref name=Waddick/> Ramaswamy considered running in the [[2022 United States Senate election in Ohio|2022 U.S. Senate election in Ohio]].<ref name="polfeb13">{{Cite web |last=Lippman |first=Daniel |date=February 13, 2023 |title=The 'CEO of Anti-Woke Inc.' Has His Eye on the Presidency |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/02/13/anti-woke-ramaswamy-2024-election-00082414 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322214103/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/02/13/anti-woke-ramaswamy-2024-election-00082414 |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=[[Politico]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== 2024 presidential campaign ===<br />
{{Main|Vivek Ramaswamy 2024 presidential campaign}}<br />
[[File:Vivek Ramaswamy with supporters (53459278583).jpg|thumb|Ramaswamy speaks with supporters at a town hall in [[Des Moines, Iowa]].]]<br />
On February 21, 2023, Ramaswamy declared his candidacy for the [[2024 Republican Party presidential primaries|Republican nomination for president of the United States in 2024]] on ''[[Tucker Carlson Tonight]]''.<ref name="nytfeb2023">{{Cite news |last=Astor |first=Maggie |date=February 22, 2023 |title=A Wealthy 'Anti-Woke' Activist Joins the 2024 Presidential Field |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/21/us/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-presidential-candidate-2024.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322102134/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/21/us/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-presidential-candidate-2024.html |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> He publicly released 20 years of his individual [[Tax return (United States)|income tax returns]] and called upon his rivals in the primary to do the same.<ref name=HowFortuneMade/><ref name=PiperMay2023/> His fortune had made up the vast majority of his campaign's fundraising.<ref name=Hyatt/> From February to July 2023, Ramaswamy loaned his campaign more than $15&nbsp;million; his campaign ended the second quarter of 2023 with about $9&nbsp;million in cash on hand.<ref name="Shapero">{{Cite news |last=Shapero |first=Julia |date=July 15, 2023 |title=Ramaswamy's second quarter haul includes $5 million in self-donated funds |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4099716-ramaswamys-second-quarter-haul-includes-5-million-in-self-donated-funds/ |access-date=August 5, 2023 |archive-date=August 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805174233/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4099716-ramaswamys-second-quarter-haul-includes-5-million-in-self-donated-funds/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His fundraising lagged far behind Donald Trump's and [[Ron DeSantis]]'s, but exceeded most of the other Republican primary candidates'.<ref name=Shapero/><br />
<br />
During his campaign for the Republican presidential nomination, Ramaswamy sought to appeal to [[evangelicalism in the United States|evangelical]] [[Christian right]] and [[Christian nationalist]] voters, an important part of the Republican [[Base voter|base]], some of whom are reluctant or unwilling to support a non-Christian presidential candidate such as Ramaswamy, who is [[Hindu]].<ref name=nyt070923/> In campaign stops and interviews, Ramaswamy had criticized [[secularism]],<ref name="nyt070923" /> saying that the U.S. was founded on [[Christian values]]<ref name="nyt070923" /> or [[Judeo-Christian values]];<ref name="Dickinson">{{Cite magazine |last=Dickinson |first=Tim |date=July 28, 2023 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy Is On the Rise. So Are Christian Nationalist Attacks on His Religion |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/vivek-ramaswamy-religion-under-attack-christian-nationalists-1234796575/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=July 31, 2023 |archive-date=July 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731190337/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/vivek-ramaswamy-religion-under-attack-christian-nationalists-1234796575/ |url-status=live }}</ref> that he shares those values;<ref name="nyt070923" /><ref name="Dickinson" /> and that he [[God in Hinduism#Monotheism|believes in one God]].<ref name=nyt070923/> While campaigning, Ramaswamy called himself an "unapologetic American nationalist";<ref name="Booker">{{Cite web |last=Booker |first=Brakkton |date=June 6, 2023 |title=Ramaswamy Flaunts 'tongue in Cheek' Non-White Nationalism|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/06/06/vivek-ramaswamy-gop-nationalist-00100395 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721135627/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/06/06/vivek-ramaswamy-gop-nationalist-00100395|archive-date=July 21, 2023 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> he often attacked DeSantis but avoided directly criticizing Trump.<ref name=Booker/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Allison |first=Natalie |date=June 6, 2023|title=Ramaswamy: 'I don't have a particular personal beef with DeSantis at all' |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/06/05/ramaswamy-desantis-interview-buttigieg-2024-00100275 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629072452/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/06/05/ramaswamy-desantis-interview-buttigieg-2024-00100275 |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref><br />
[[File:Trump UFC 2024.jpg|thumb|Ramaswamy at a UFC fight in November 2024, with President-elect Donald Trump and [[Elon Musk]]]]<br />
In May 2023, Ramaswamy's campaign admitted that he had [[Conflict-of-interest editing on Bharatpedia|paid an editor]] to alter his [[Bharatpedia]] biography before announcing his candidacy, but denied that the payment for edits was politically motivated.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newsweek.com/vivek-ramaswamy-pay-flattering-Bharatpedia-gop-debate-viral-1822174|title=Did Vivek Ramaswamy pay for a "flattering" Bharatpedia? What we know |first=Tom |last=Norton |date=August 24, 2023 |website=Newsweek}}</ref><ref name="Huffpo-May 4, 2023">{{Cite news |last=Moye |first=David |date=May 4, 2023 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy Campaign Insists Bharatpedia Revisions Weren't A 'Scrub' |work=[[HuffPost]] |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/vivek-ramaswamy-Bharatpedia-revisions-comment_n_6453cc52e4b00eb7e63a0057|url-status=live |access-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509123838/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/vivek-ramaswamy-Bharatpedia-revisions-comment_n_6453cc52e4b00eb7e63a0057 |archive-date=May 9, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Bernstein 22 Aug">{{cite news |last1=Bernstein |first1=Brittany |title=Ramaswamy Paid Bharatpedia Editor to Delete Reference to Harvard Vaccine Scientist 'Mentor' Days before Announcing Campaign |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/news/ramaswamy-paid-Bharatpedia-editor-to-delete-reference-to-harvard-vaccine-scientist-mentor-days-before-announcing-campaign/ |work=National Review |date=August 22, 2023 |access-date=September 24, 2023 |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920222956/https://www.nationalreview.com/news/ramaswamy-paid-Bharatpedia-editor-to-delete-reference-to-harvard-vaccine-scientist-mentor-days-before-announcing-campaign/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Thakker 1 Nov">{{cite magazine |last1=Thakker |first1=Prem |last2=Otten |first2=Tori |title=Vivek Ramaswamy Paid Bharatpedia Editors to Erase His Soros Fellowship and Covid Work |url=https://newrepublic.com/post/172402/vivek-ramaswamy-paid-someone-scrub-Bharatpedia-page |magazine=The New Republic |date=November 1, 2022 |access-date=September 24, 2023 |archive-date=September 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926230421/https://newrepublic.com/post/172402/vivek-ramaswamy-paid-someone-scrub-Bharatpedia-page |url-status=live }}</ref> The edits to the Bharatpedia biography removed references to Ramaswamy's postgraduate fellowship from the [[Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowship for New Americans]], as well as his involvement with the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Ohio|Ohio COVID-19]] Response Team.<ref name="Huffpo-May 4, 2023" /><ref name="Bernstein 22 Aug" /> [[Paul Soros|Paul]] and [[Daisy Soros]] are the elder brother and sister-in-law, respectively, of businessman and social activist [[George Soros]], who has been the subject of numerous [[George Soros conspiracy theories|conspiracy theories]] among American conservatives and rightists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moye |first=David |date=May 3, 2023 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy Paid To Get Soros Connection Erased From Bharatpedia Page |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/vivek-ramaswamy-Bharatpedia-editor_n_6452957de4b029f56a146123|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524084342/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/vivek-ramaswamy-Bharatpedia-editor_n_6452957de4b029f56a146123 |archive-date=May 24, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2023 |website=HuffPost}}</ref><ref name="Bernstein 22 Aug" /> Ramaswamy's campaign denied attempting to "scrub" his Bharatpedia page and argued the edits were revisions of "factual distortions".<ref name="Huffpo-May 4, 2023" /><ref name="Bernstein 22 Aug" /><br />
<br />
In January, after finishing fourth in the [[2024 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses|Iowa caucuses]], Ramaswamy ended his campaign and endorsed Trump.<ref name="Pellish Collins 2024 p552">{{cite web | last1=Pellish | first1=Aaron | last2=Collins | first2=Kaitlan | title=Vivek Ramaswamy ends presidential campaign | website=CNN | date=2024-01-16 | url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/15/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-ends-presidential-campaign?cid=ios_app | access-date=2024-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Weisman |first=Jonathan |date=January 15, 2024 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy, Wealthy Political Novice Who Aligned With Trump, Quits Campaign |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/15/us/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-drops-out.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116042653/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/15/us/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-drops-out.html |archive-date=January 16, 2024 |access-date=January 15, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> For the remainder of the 2024 U.S. presidential election, Ramaswamy served the Trump campaign as a political surrogate,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goddard |first=Taegan |authorlink=Political Wire |title=Surrogate |website=Taegan's Political Dictionary |date=September 7, 2024 |url=https://politicaldictionary.com/words/surrogate/ |access-date=2024-09-20}}</ref> representing the Trump campaign and attending campaign events in place of the candidate.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Inskeep |first=Steve |date=August 13, 2024 |title=Ex-GOP presidential candidate Vivek Ramaswamy calls for a reset of the Trump campaign |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/08/13/nx-s1-5072633/ex-gop-presidential-candidate-vivek-ramaswamy-calls-for-a-reset-of-the-trump-campaign |access-date=2024-09-20 |work=NPR News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Godfrey |first=Elaine |date=September 20, 2024 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy Has a Solution for Springfield |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2024/09/ramaswamy-springfield-ohio-immigrants/679973/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |magazine=The Atlantic}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Department of Government Efficiency ===<br />
A week after the 2024 election, President-elect [[Donald Trump]] announced that Ramaswamy and businessman [[Elon Musk]] had been tasked to lead the newly proposed [[Department of Government Efficiency]] (DOGE).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-13 |title=Trump says Elon Musk will lead Department of Government Efficiency with Vivek Ramaswamy |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/trump-says-elon-musk-will-lead-department-government-efficiency-vivek-rcna179899 |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> However, Ramaswamy never worked with the DOGE team during the Trump administration, as on Inauguration Day, he dropped out of DOGE to focus on a potential [[2026 Ohio gubernatorial election|2026 Ohio gubernatorial campaign]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-20 |title=Ramaswamy won't serve on Trump's government efficiency commission as he mulls run for Ohio governor |url=https://apnews.com/article/vivek-ramaswamy-doge-ohio-governor-musk-trump-328400a5cc47adde8dd97eb628d18164 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> The departure was reportedly due to friction between Ramaswamy and other DOGE leadership and staff, as well as Ramaswamy stating American work culture "venerated mediocrity over excellence".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-21 |title=Ramaswamy forced out of DOGE by Musk after calling US workers 'mediocre,' report says |url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/world/americas/us-politics/ramaswamy-trump-musk-department-of-government-efficiency-b2683213.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-20 |title='Everyone wants him out': How Musk helped boot Ramaswamy from DOGE |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/01/20/doge-musk-helped-eject-ramaswamy-00199487 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jacobs |first1=Jennifer |last2=Jiang |first2=Weijia |last3=Gómez |first3=Fin |date=2025-01-19 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy expected to depart DOGE - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/vivek-ramaswamy-expected-to-depart-doge/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
===2026 Ohio gubernatorial election===<br />
On February 15, 2025, Ramaswamy filed to enter the [[2026 Ohio gubernatorial election]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/5147700-ramaswamy-files-campaign-paperwork-for-anticipated-ohio-governor-bid/ |title=Ramaswamy files campaign paperwork for anticipated Ohio governor bid |date=February 15, 2024 |last=Zehra |first=Ailia |work=[[The Hill (magazine)|The Hill]] |access-date=February 15, 2025}}</ref> He officially announced his run on February 24.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2025 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy Declares Candidacy for Ohio Governor|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/news/vivek-ramaswamy-declares-candidacy-for-ohio-governor/ |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[National Review]] |language=en}}</ref> On the same day, when Ramaswamy launched his campaign for Ohio governorship, he got the crucial endorsement from President Donald Trump, who posted “Vivek is also a very good person, who truly loves our Country, He will be a GREAT Governor of Ohio, will never let you down, and has my COMPLETE AND TOTAL ENDORSEMENT!”<ref name="AP20250228">{{Cite news |last=Smyth |first=Julie Carr |date=February 28, 2025 |title=Trump's early backing of Ramaswamy for Ohio governor seen by some as meant to avoid a nasty primary|url=https://apnews.com/article/election-2026-ohio-governor-ramaswamy-trump-endorsement-a650e8cb0a82917f0a364f5be0b6b70f |access-date=February 28, 2025 |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to political analysts, President Trump's early backing of Ramaswamy's candidature for Ohio governor is expected to immensely help his campaign and likely aimed to avoid a rough primary in Ohio.<ref name="AP20250228"/> Ramaswamy also got support from President Trump's senior adviser Elon Musk, who posted on social platform X “Good luck, you have my full endorsement,” quoting Ramaswamy’s video announcing his run for Ohio governorship.<ref name = "Trump-Musk-Ram">{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2025 |title=Trump, Musk endorse Ramaswamy in Ohio governor's race|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2025/02/28/election-2026-ohio-governor-ramaswamy-trump-endorsement/a516b6ea-f5d4-11ef-acb5-08900d482a27_story.html |access-date=February 28, 2025 |website=The Hill |language=en| quote=" President Trump and his senior adviser Elon Musk have thrown their support behind former Republican presidential candidate Vivek Ramaswamy’s gubernatorial bid in Ohio."}}</ref> On May 9, 2025, Ramaswamy received the official endorsement of the [[Ohio Republican Party]]'s State Central Committee, marking the earliest the state Republican Party has ever endorsed a non-incumbent gubernatorial candidate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Skolnick |first1=David |title=Ohio GOP backs Ramaswamy for governor year before primary |url=https://www.vindy.com/news/local-news/2025/05/ohio-gop-backs-ramaswamy-for-governor-year-before-primary/ |website=[[The Vindicator (Ohio newspaper)|The Vindicator]] |date=May 10, 2025 |access-date=May 15, 2025}}</ref><ref name="AP-5-2025">{{Cite news |last=Smyth |first=Julie |date=May 10, 2025 |title=Trump-backed Vivek Ramaswamy wins Ohio Republican Party’s endorsement in 2026 governor’s race |url=https://apnews.com/article/election-2026-ohio-governor-vivek-ramaswamy-98be2b8f1a94e99f14b370e145e2939c |access-date=July 17, 2025 |work=Associated Press}}</ref><br />
<br />
On January 6, 2026, Ramaswamy announced that he had selected Ohio State Senate President [[Rob McColley]] as his running mate for lieutenant governor.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gomez |first1=Henry J. |title=Vivek Ramaswamy taps Ohio state Senate president as his running mate in campaign for governor |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2026-election/vivek-ramaswamy-taps-ohio-state-senate-president-running-mate-campaign-rcna252681 |website=[[NBC News]] |date=January 6, 2026 |access-date=January 6, 2026}}</ref> On January 7, [[Governor of Ohio|Ohio Governor]] [[Mike DeWine]] endorsed Ramaswamy's candidacy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Balmert |first1=Jessie |title=Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine endorses Vivek Ramaswamy as successor |url=https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/politics/2026/01/07/gov-mike-dewine-endorses-vivek-ramaswamy-for-governor/87395826007/ |website=[[The Columbus Dispatch]] |date=January 7, 2026 |access-date=January 7, 2026}}</ref><br />
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Later that month, Ramaswamy’s campaign ended its contract with a private security firm after a bodyguard assigned to his family was arrested on federal drug trafficking charges; it was later disclosed that several guards provided by the firm were not properly licensed to work as armed security in Ohio.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pelzer |first1=Jeremy |title=Bodyguards for GOP gubernatorial candidate Vivek Ramaswamy didn’t have required Ohio licenses |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2026/01/bodyguards-for-gop-gubernatorial-candidate-vivek-ramaswamy-didnt-have-required-ohio-licenses.html |website=[[The Plain Dealer]] |date=January 16, 2026 |access-date=January 17, 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political positions ==<br />
{{Main|Vivek Ramaswamy 2024 presidential campaign#Political positions}}<br />
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[[File:Vivek Ramaswamy (53066698352).jpg|thumb|Ramaswamy in West Palm Beach, Florida]]<br />
{{American nationalism|politicians}}<br />
Ramaswamy has often described himself as an American nationalist.<ref name="cincinnati22">{{cite news |author=Sewell, Dan |date=January 17, 2023 |title=Dan Sewell: Anti-woke crusader mulls political future |url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/opinion/columnists/2023/01/18/anti-woke-crusader-vivek-ramaswamy-mulls-political-future/69814260007/ |work=Cincinnati Enquirer}}</ref><ref name="axiosfeb222">{{Cite web |last=Kraushaar |first=Josh |date=February 22, 2023 |title='Woke, Inc.' author Vivek Ramaswamy enters 2024 presidential election |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/02/22/vivek-ramaswamy-2024-presidential-election |access-date=February 24, 2023 |website=Axios |language=en}}</ref><ref name="POL-23">{{cite news |last=Booker |first=Brakkton |date=June 6, 2023 |title=Ramaswamy flaunts 'tongue in cheek' non-white nationalism |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/06/06/vivek-ramaswamy-gop-nationalist-00100395 |work=[[Politico]]}}</ref> He has described the United States as being in the middle of a national identity crisis, precipitated by what he calls "new secular religions like COVID-ism, climate-ism, and [[gender ideology]]".<ref name="APEntersRace">{{Cite news |date=February 21, 2023 |title='Woke, Inc.' author Vivek Ramaswamy enters White House race |url=https://apnews.com/article/religion-and-politics-united-states-government-2022-midterm-elections-ohio-e1c1cbe47763bd979b6b47557aee043d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713125113/https://apnews.com/article/religion-and-politics-united-states-government-2022-midterm-elections-ohio-e1c1cbe47763bd979b6b47557aee043d |archive-date=July 13, 2023 |access-date=July 13, 2023 |work=[[AP News]] |quote=Ramaswamy, 37, formally launched his longshot bid by decrying what he called a "national identity crisis" that he claims is driven by a left-wing ideology that has replaced "faith, patriotism and hard work" with "new secular religions like COVID-ism, climate-ism and gender ideology."}}</ref> Although they were running against each other for the 2024 Republican nomination, Ramaswamy vocally supported Trump.<ref name="Montague">{{Cite news |last=Montague |first=Zach |date=June 13, 2023 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy Wants Other 2024 Candidates to Promise Trump a Pardon |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/13/us/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-trump-pardon.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613161956/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/13/us/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-trump-pardon.html |archive-date=June 13, 2023}}</ref> After [[Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (government documents case)|Trump was indicted on federal criminal charges]] in 2023, Ramaswamy immediately rallied behind him.<ref name="Lahut">{{Cite web |last=Lahut |first=Jake |date=May 28, 2023 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy Is the Spoiler Candidate Trump Loves |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/vivek-ramaswamy-is-the-spoiler-candidate-trump-loves |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528041424/https://www.thedailybeast.com/vivek-ramaswamy-is-the-spoiler-candidate-trump-loves |archive-date=May 28, 2023 |website=[[The Daily Beast]] |language=en-US}}</ref> He promised to pardon Trump if elected president.<ref name=Montague/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Piper |first=Jessica |date=June 8, 2023 |title=Trump's 2024 GOP opponents rush to his defense, post indictment |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/06/08/vivek-ramaswamy-promises-pardon-trump-indictment-00101173 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629135041/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/06/08/vivek-ramaswamy-promises-pardon-trump-indictment-00101173 |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> He also promised to pardon [[Julian Assange]], [[Ross Ulbricht]], and [[Edward Snowden]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2023 |title=Ramaswamy, at Libertarian 'PorcFest,' Pledges To Pardon Imprisoned Founder of Dark Web's Silk Road Marketplace |url=https://www.nysun.com/article/ramaswamy-at-libertarian-porcfest-pledges-to-pardon-imprisoned-founder-of-dark-webs-silk-road-marketplace |access-date=August 24, 2023 |website=The New York Sun |language=en |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824190121/https://www.nysun.com/article/ramaswamy-at-libertarian-porcfest-pledges-to-pardon-imprisoned-founder-of-dark-webs-silk-road-marketplace |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Ian |date=June 27, 2023 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy: I Would Pardon or Commute Sentences For Assange, Snowden, Silk Road's Ross Ulbricht |url=https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2023/06/27/vivek_ramaswamy_i_would_pardon_or_commute_sentences_for_assange_snowden_silk_roads_ross_ulbricht.html |website=[[RealClearPolitics]] |access-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-date=June 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630145715/https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2023/06/27/vivek_ramaswamy_i_would_pardon_or_commute_sentences_for_assange_snowden_silk_roads_ross_ulbricht.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mueller |first=Julia |date=June 26, 2023 |title=Ramaswamy says he would free Snowden, Assange |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/4068138-ramaswamy-says-he-would-free-snowden-assange/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629141116/https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/4068138-ramaswamy-says-he-would-free-snowden-assange/ |archive-date=June 29, 2023}}</ref> He suggested that he considered [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]] as a possible running mate.<ref name=Weisman/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sexton |first=Adam |date=May 12, 2023 |title=Republican Vivek Ramaswamy floats Democrat Robert F. Kennedy Jr. as possible running mate |url=https://www.wmur.com/article/vivek-ramaswamy-rfk-jr-potential-running-mate/43878815 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630053251/https://www.wmur.com/article/vivek-ramaswamy-rfk-jr-potential-running-mate/43878815 |archive-date=June 30, 2023 |publisher=WMUR}}</ref><br />
=== Anti-woke ===<br />
In 2023, ''[[The New York Times]]'' described Ramaswamy as an [[anti-woke]] candidate.<ref name="nytfeb2023"/> Ramaswamy's August 2021 book, the [[New York Times bestseller list|''New York Times'' bestseller]], [[Vivek Ramaswamy#Published works|''Woke Inc'']] described his view of the so-called "modern woke-[[industrial complex]]".<ref name="BInsider13">{{cite news |date=April 26, 2023 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy, a biotech millionaire running against Trump |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/vivek-ramaswamy-antiwoke-entrepreneur-challenging-trump-for-president-gop-2023-2 |work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> Ramaswamy gained recognition in right-wing circles by opposing corporate E.S.G. programs that advance political, social and environmental causes in businesses.<ref name="nytfeb2023"/> In his presidential campaign, he asserted that "faith, patriotism and hard work" are being replaced by "new secular religions like Covidism, climatism and gender ideology."<ref name="nytfeb2023"/><br />
<br />
=== Critical race theory ===<br />
He argued that [[critical race theory]] indoctrinates public school children.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Creitz |first=Charles |date=July 13, 2021 |title=Ramaswamy: 'Secular religion' of critical race theory now taught in schools violates Civil Rights Act of 64|url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/ramaswamy-secular-religion-of-critical-race-theory-now-taught-in-schools-violates-civil-rights-act-of-64 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323171248/https://www.foxnews.com/media/ramaswamy-secular-religion-of-critical-race-theory-now-taught-in-schools-violates-civil-rights-act-of-64 |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |access-date=July 16, 2021 |website=[[Fox News]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ramaswamy has opposed [[Affirmative action in the United States|affirmative action]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Curt |date=February 10, 2023 |title=Curt Smith: Vivek Ramaswamy is a rising conservative star |url=https://www.ibj.com/articles/curt-smith-vivek-ramaswamy-is-a-rising-conservative-star |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227103636/https://www.ibj.com/articles/curt-smith-vivek-ramaswamy-is-a-rising-conservative-star |archive-date=February 27, 2023 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |website=[[Indianapolis Business Journal]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="WSJ-VR-23">{{Cite web |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vivek |date=August 5, 2020 |title=Antitrust Can't Bust a Monopoly of Ideas |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/antitrust-cant-bust-a-monopoly-of-ideas-11596643591 |access-date=February 17, 2025 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="NRVictim2">{{Cite news |date=March 6, 2023 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy vs. Identity Politics |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2023/03/06/vivek-ramaswamy-vs-identity-politics/ |work=National Review |quote=Nation of Victims: Identity Politics, the Death of Merit, and the Path Back to Excellence}}</ref> and vowed to rescind [[Executive Order 11246]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Richard |first=Lawrence |date=February 22, 2023 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy says he'll repeal affirmative action 'without apology' on day 1 if elected president |work=[[Fox News]] |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-repeal-affirmative-action-without-apology-day-1-elected-president |url-status=live |access-date=July 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710013421/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-repeal-affirmative-action-without-apology-day-1-elected-president |archive-date=July 10, 2023}}</ref> He argued that American-style [[capitalism]] provides an antidote to India's [[caste system]].<ref name="Kolhatkar" /> <br />
=== Abortion ===<br />
Ramaswamy has generally [[Anti-abortion movement|opposed abortion]] and called for abortion to be left to states while being against a national ban.<ref name="2024 NYT">{{Cite news |last=Astor |first=Maggie |date=July 5, 2023 |title=Where the 2024 Presidential Contenders Stand on Abortion |work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/presidential-candidates-2024-abortion.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710013421/https://www.nytimes.com/article/presidential-candidates-2024-abortion.html |archive-date=July 10, 2023| quote="He opposes a national ban.. abortion should be left to states while nonetheless calling it murder"}}</ref> He has often equated abortion to murder.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Akin |first1=Katie |last2=Bacharier |first2=Galen |date=April 23, 2023 |title=Republican presidential candidates diverge on abortion, rally religious support in Iowa |work=[[Des Moines Register]] |url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/elections/presidential/caucus/2023/04/23/gop-candidates-split-on-abortion-rally-religious-support-in-iowa/70130582007/ |access-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724162854/https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/elections/presidential/caucus/2023/04/23/gop-candidates-split-on-abortion-rally-religious-support-in-iowa/70130582007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the past, he has supported state-level [[six-week abortion ban]]s, with exceptions for [[Pregnancy from rape|rape]], [[incest]], and danger to the woman's life.<ref name="2024 NYT" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Itkowitz |first=Colby |date=May 19, 2023 |title=Where 2024 presidential candidates stand on abortion bans |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/05/19/abortion-2024-presidential-candidates/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519184839/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/05/19/abortion-2024-presidential-candidates/ |archive-date=May 19, 2023 |access-date=June 29, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><br />
=== LGBTQ and gender ideology ===<br />
Ramaswamy called the [[LGBT movements|LGBTQ movement]] a "cult".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hains |first=Tim |date=May 2, 2023 |title=Ramaswamy: LGBTQIA+ Movement Has Become A Cult, "A New Culture Of Oppression" |url=https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2023/05/02/ramaswamy_lgbtqia_movement_has_become_a_cult.html |access-date=August 26, 2023 |website=Real Clear Politics |archive-date=August 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825054320/https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2023/05/02/ramaswamy_lgbtqia_movement_has_become_a_cult.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He said through a spokesman that he believes [[same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]] is "[[Obergefell v. Hodges|settled precedent]]"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Isaac Arnsdorf, Josh Dawsey & Hannah Knowles |date=June 30, 2023 |title=Republican opposition to LGBTQ rights erupts in backlash to Pride Month |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/06/30/republicans-pride-month-lgbtq/ |access-date=August 28, 2023 |archive-date=July 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728173937/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/06/30/republicans-pride-month-lgbtq/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but supported broad restrictions on the [[Transgender rights in the United States|rights of transgender Americans]], and used [[anti-trans rhetoric]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 21, 2024 |title=Where the Republican Candidates Stand on Transgender Rights |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/21/us/politics/republican-candidates-2024-transgender-rights.html |access-date=August 26, 2023 |website=The New York Times |archive-date=August 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825180333/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/21/us/politics/republican-candidates-2024-transgender-rights.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
=== Executive power ===<br />
Ramaswamy pledged, if elected, to rule by executive fiat<ref name=Weisman/> to a degree unprecedented among modern U.S. presidents.<ref name="McCammond">{{Cite web |last=McCammond |first=Alexi |title=The next Trump: younger and to the right |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/05/12/vivek-ramaswamy-trump-gop-2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627173715/https://www.axios.com/2023/05/12/vivek-ramaswamy-trump-gop-2024 |archive-date=June 27, 2023|website=May 12, 2023|date=May 12, 2023 }}</ref> He pledged to fire 75% of federal employees;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burnett |first=Sara |date=August 12, 2023 |title=How Vivek Ramaswamy is pushing — delicately — to win over Trump supporters |url=https://apnews.com/article/vivek-trump-republican-primary-president-ramaswamy-768b865d113f603a721cb0f7d1e8053a |access-date=August 26, 2023 |website=AP News |archive-date=August 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826002335/https://apnews.com/article/vivek-trump-republican-primary-president-ramaswamy-768b865d113f603a721cb0f7d1e8053a |url-status=live }}</ref> dismantle [[United States federal civil service|civil service protections]], making federal employment [[at-will]];<ref name="Shoop">{{Cite web |last=Shoop |first=Tom |date=June 27, 2023 |title=Meet the long-shot presidential candidate who wants term limits for federal employees|url=https://www.govexec.com/workforce/2023/06/meet-long-shot-presidential-candidate-who-wants-term-limits-federal-employees/387960/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627173714/https://www.govexec.com/workforce/2023/06/meet-long-shot-presidential-candidate-who-wants-term-limits-federal-employees/387960/ |archive-date=June 27, 2023 |website=Government Executive}}</ref> and abolish at least five federal agencies,<ref name=Konig>Joseph Konig, [https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2023/09/13/ramaswamy-wants-to-eliminate-fbi--atf-and-department-of-education--reduce-federal-workforce-by-75- Ramaswamy lays out plan to reduce federal workforce by 75%, gut FBI, ATF, Education Department] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002165212/https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2023/09/13/ramaswamy-wants-to-eliminate-fbi--atf-and-department-of-education--reduce-federal-workforce-by-75- |date=October 2, 2023 }}, NY1 (September 14, 2023).</ref> including the [[United States Department of Education|Education Department]], [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]], [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]], [[Internal Revenue Service|IRS]], [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]], and [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]]'s [[Food and Nutrition Service]].<ref name=Konig/><ref name="BigPromises">{{Cite news |last=Weisman |first=Jonathan |date=May 5, 2023 |title=Big Promises From Vivek Ramaswamy |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/05/us/politics/ramaswamy-speeches.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605213435/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/05/us/politics/ramaswamy-speeches.html |archive-date=June 5, 2023}}</ref> He called the [[Food and Drug Administration]] "corrupt" and vowed to "expose and ultimately gut" the FDA.<ref>Adam Feuerstein & Matthew Herper, [https://www.statnews.com/2023/07/31/vivek-ramaswamy-wants-to-gut-the-fda-his-claims-dont-hold-up-to-scrutiny/ Vivek Ramaswamy wants to 'gut' the FDA. His claims don't hold up to scrutiny] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824205249/https://www.statnews.com/2023/07/31/vivek-ramaswamy-wants-to-gut-the-fda-his-claims-dont-hold-up-to-scrutiny/ |date=August 24, 2023 }}, ''Stat News'' (July 31, 2023).</ref> He asserted that the president has the unilateral power to abolish agencies by [[executive order]],<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Khalid |first1=Asma |last2=Davis |first2=Susan |date=May 19, 2023 |title=Our Interview With GOP Presidential Hopeful Vivek Ramaswamy |url=https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1177085392 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627173714/https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1177085392 |archive-date=June 27, 2023 |website=[[NPR]]}}</ref> although executive agencies and departments are created by statute, and under the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]], Congress has the [[power of the purse]].<ref name=Weisman/> He called for an eight-year term for all government employees and pledged to revoke [[Executive Order 10988]], an order issued by President [[John F. Kennedy]] that gives federal employees the right to [[collectively bargain]].<ref name=Shoop/> He proposed to repeal [[Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974|the federal law that requires presidents to spend all the money Congress appropriates]].<ref name=Weisman/><br />
=== Voting rights ===<br />
Ramaswamy favored raising the standard [[voting age]] from 18 to 25, which would require [[List of proposed amendments to the Constitution of the United States|repealing]] the [[Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution|26th Amendment to the Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=McCormick |first=John |date=August 7, 2023 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy's Rise in 2024 Field Brings Scrutiny Beyond Anti-Woke Record |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/vivek-ramaswamys-rise-in-2024-field-brings-scrutiny-beyond-anti-woke-record-88a5b635 |quote=Ramaswamy, who has proposed increasing the standard voting age to 25... |access-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811184514/https://www.wsj.com/articles/vivek-ramaswamys-rise-in-2024-field-brings-scrutiny-beyond-anti-woke-record-88a5b635 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Allison">{{Cite web |last=Allison |first=Natalie |date=May 10, 2023 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy wants to raise the voting age. Even his staff doesn't like the idea. |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/05/10/ramaswamy-raise-voting-age-00096266|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512234825/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/05/10/ramaswamy-raise-voting-age-00096266 |archive-date=May 12, 2023 |access-date=May 12, 2023 |website=[[Politico]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Keene |first=Houston |date=May 10, 2023 |title=GOP presidential candidate Vivek Ramaswamy to announce constitutional amendment to raise voting age to 25 |work=[[Fox News]]|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/gop-presidential-candidate-vivek-ramaswamy-to-announce-constitutional-amendment-to-raise-voting-age-to-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510235355/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/gop-presidential-candidate-vivek-ramaswamy-to-announce-constitutional-amendment-to-raise-voting-age-to-25 |archive-date=May 10, 2023}}</ref> This proposal would have [[Disenfranchisement|disenfranchised]] a portion of the U.S. electorate; nearly 9% of voters in the 2020 general election were under 25.<ref name=McCammond/> Ramaswamy, who is a citizen because of [[Birthright citizenship in the United States|birthright citizenship]], has repeatedly called for an end to birthright citizenship.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cann |first=Christopher |date=June 28, 2025 |title=From Bruce Lee to Marco Rubio: A list of celebrity birthright citizens |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2025/06/28/birthright-citizenship-supreme-court-celebrities/84387876007/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine |last=Thakker |first=Prem |date=November 1, 2022 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy Calls to Take Away Young People's Right to Vote |magazine=The New Republic |url=https://newrepublic.com/post/174172/vivek-ramaswamy-every-american-must-take-citizenship-test |access-date=September 3, 2023 |issn=0028-6583 |archive-date=September 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903173726/https://newrepublic.com/post/174172/vivek-ramaswamy-every-american-must-take-citizenship-test |url-status=live }}</ref> He said he would have allowed citizens between 18 and 24 to vote only if they are enlisted in the military, work as first responders, or pass the [[American Civics Test|civics test required for naturalization]].<ref name="Allison" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kinnard |first=Meg |date=May 11, 2023 |title=Ramaswamy proposes raising voting age to 25, unless people serve in military or pass a test |url=https://apnews.com/article/vivek-ramaswamy-voting-age-2024-president-ea1429836e8f809fbf301b7b027f4ab9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627173713/https://apnews.com/article/vivek-ramaswamy-voting-age-2024-president-ea1429836e8f809fbf301b7b027f4ab9 |archive-date=June 27, 2023 |website=[[Associated Press News]]}}</ref> He also supported making [[Election Day (United States)|Election Day]] a [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]], while eliminating [[Juneteenth]] (which he called "useless" and "redundant") as a federal holiday.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gans |first=Jared |date=August 7, 2023 |title=Ramaswamy calls Juneteenth a 'useless' holiday] |work=The Hill |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4141374-ramaswamy-calls-juneteenth-a-useless-holiday/ |access-date=August 27, 2023 |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824132425/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4141374-ramaswamy-calls-juneteenth-a-useless-holiday/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Border control ===<br />
Ramaswamy pledged to "use our military to annihilate the [[Mexican drug cartels]]".<ref name=BigPromises/> He favored [[Cannabis in the United States|federal legalization of marijuana]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gillespie|first=Brandon|date=August 14, 2023 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy breaks with GOP on decriminalization of hard drugs: 'I'm in that direction' |work=[[Fox News]] |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/vivek-ramaswamys-gop-decriminalization-hard-drugs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814215924/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/vivek-ramaswamys-gop-decriminalization-hard-drugs |archive-date=August 14, 2023}}</ref> <br />
=== Taxes ===<br />
He took no public position on the [[Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018|2017 Trump tax cuts]].<ref name="Beckwith">{{Cite web |last=Beckwith |first=Ryan Teague |date=August 2, 2023 |title=Where the Republican Presidential Candidates Stand on Five Key Economic Issues |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-08-02/where-trump-2024-gop-candidates-stand-on-5-key-economic-issues |website=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=August 2, 2023 |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802095040/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-08-02/where-trump-2024-gop-candidates-stand-on-5-key-economic-issues |url-status=live }}</ref> In a [[thought experiment]] he expressed support for an [[inheritance tax]],<ref name=WSJScrunity/> and called for ending the [[Federal Reserve]]'s dual mandate,<ref name=Beckwith/> but during his presidential campaign he expressed opposition to an inheritance tax.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramaswamy: A Dynamic Debate Performance Paired With An Incoherent Economic Agenda |url=https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxvox/ramaswamy-dynamic-debate-performance-incoherent-economic-agenda |website=Tax Policy Center |access-date=20 January 2024 |language=en |date=1 September 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Work visas===<br />
Ramaswamy has supported the reforming of the [[H-1B visa]], a work visa program for non-US citizens, noting problems with the current lottery-based system and suggesting it should instead be based on merit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/09/16/ramaswamy-h1b-visa-gop-visa-00116383|title=Ramaswamy wants to end the H-1B visa program he used 29 times|first=Myah|last=Ward|date=September 16, 2023|website=[[POLITICO]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newsweek.com/vivek-ramaswamy-h1b-visa-fallout-breaks-social-media-silence-2016523 |access-date=2025-03-07 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy breaks social media silence after H-1B visa fallout|first=Ewan |last=Palmer |date=January 17, 2025 |work=Newsweek}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first1=Aimee |last1=Picchi |first2=Lucia |last2=Suarez Sang |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/musk-vivek-ramaswamy-h1b-visa-maga-immigration-what-to-know/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |title=Musk and Ramaswamy are sparking a debate over the H-1B visa. Here's what to know about the visa |date=December 30, 2024 |work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Foreign affairs===<br />
[[File:Vivek Ramaswamy, Prime Minister Narendra Modi, 2025.jpg|thumb|Ramaswamy with [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]], February 2025]]<br />
Ramaswamy said he would not have used U.S. military force against [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Samuels |first=Ben |title=Vivek Ramaswamy, in Favor of Ending Israel Aid, Opposes U.S. Military Force Against Iran |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2023-08-31/ty-article/.premium/vivek-ramaswamy-in-favor-of-ending-israel-aid-opposes-u-s-military-force-against-iran/0000018a-4cb6-d775-a79a-5db7ae130000 |access-date=2025-03-07 |url-access=registration |work=Haaretz |date=August 31, 2023}}</ref> In November 2023, he condemned [[2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh|Azerbaijan's military operation]] against the Armenian population of [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] and said that the U.S. should block all its military aid to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Blocking military aid to Azerbaijan is the right step, US Presidential Candidate Vivek Ramaswamy says |url=https://en.armradio.am/2023/11/17/blocking-military-aid-to-azerbaijan-is-the-right-step-us-presidential-candidate-vivek-ramaswamy-says/ |access-date= |work=Public Radio of Armenia |date=17 November 2023 |archive-date=December 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210204251/https://en.armradio.am/2023/11/17/blocking-military-aid-to-azerbaijan-is-the-right-step-us-presidential-candidate-vivek-ramaswamy-says/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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==== Russia-Ukraine ====<br />
Ramaswamy said he favored "some major concessions to Russia, including freezing those current lines of control in a [[Korean Armistice Agreement|Korean-war style armistice agreement]]" to end the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vivek Ramaswamy: Eight things Republican presidential candidate believes |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-66603166 |work=BBC News |date=28 September 2023 |access-date=December 10, 2023 |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920022722/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-66603166 |url-status=live }}</ref> <br />
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He favored ending [[List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War|U.S. military aid to Ukraine]], [[Ukraine–NATO relations|excluding Ukraine from NATO]], and allowing [[Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine|Russia to remain in occupied regions of Ukraine]] in exchange for an agreement that Russia end its alliance with China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meyer |first=Ken |date=June 4, 2023 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy Proposes 'Major Concessions to Russia' in Contentious Interview With ABC's Martha Raddatz |url=https://www.mediaite.com/tv/vivek-ramaswamy-proposes-major-concessions-to-russia-in-contentious-interview-with-abcs-martha-raddatz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604184315/https://www.mediaite.com/tv/vivek-ramaswamy-proposes-major-concessions-to-russia-in-contentious-interview-with-abcs-martha-raddatz/ |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |access-date=June 4, 2023 |website=[[Mediaite]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ShaperoNATO">{{Cite web |last=Shapero |first=Julia |date=July 8, 2023 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy hits Graham on his push for NATO to admit Ukraine |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4087195-vivek-ramaswamy-hits-graham-on-his-push-for-nato-to-admit-ukraine/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713053510/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4087195-vivek-ramaswamy-hits-graham-on-his-push-for-nato-to-admit-ukraine/ |archive-date=July 13, 2023 |access-date=July 13, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref> <br />
==== China-Taiwan====<br />
He expressed support for [[Taiwanese independence]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cranston |first=Matthew |date=July 23, 2023 |title=Australia should step up Taiwan defence, says US presidential hopeful |work=[[Financial Review]] |url=https://www.afr.com/world/north-america/australia-should-step-up-taiwan-defence-says-us-presidential-hopeful-20230723-p5dqhz |access-date=August 15, 2023 |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812201043/https://www.afr.com/world/north-america/australia-should-step-up-taiwan-defence-says-us-presidential-hopeful-20230723-p5dqhz |url-status=live }}</ref> and floated the idea of "putting a gun in every Taiwanese household" to deter an invasion by [[China]], but said the U.S. should not militarily defend Taiwan from Chinese attack after the U.S. has achieved "semiconductor independence", which he pledged to achieve by 2028.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wulfsohn|first=Joseph A. |date=August 14, 2023 |title=Ramaswamy vows to defend Taiwan from China until US has 'semiconductor independence' in 2028 |work=[[Fox News]] |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-vows-defend-taiwan-china-us-semiconductor-independence |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815004016/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-vows-defend-taiwan-china-us-semiconductor-independence |archive-date=August 15, 2023}}</ref><ref name="NYT20230821">{{Cite news |last=Weisman |first=Jonathan |date=August 21, 2023 |title=Ramaswamy's Foreign Policy Approach Offers Rivals a Line of Attack |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/21/us/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-foreign-policy.html |access-date=August 24, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824074848/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/21/us/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-foreign-policy.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
==== Israel-Palestine ====<br />
Ramaswamy is [[pro-Israel]] and calls Israel "a Divine nation, charged with a Divine purpose".<ref>{{cite news |title=Would love if Israel puts heads of top Hamas leaders on stakes: Vivek Ramaswamy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/vivek-ramaswamy-republican-candidate-hamas-leader-heads-israel-gaza-border-2455361-2023-10-29 |work=India Today |date=29 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Ramaswamy has said Israel should feel free to oppose the [[two-state solution]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Biden pushes Mideast leaders to consider two state solution after Israel-Hamas war ends |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/biden-pushes-mideast-leaders-to-consider-two-state-solution-after-israel-hamas-war-ends |work=PBS News |date=29 October 2023 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Trump's cabinet is a recipe for all-out Middle East war |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/gaza-trump-new-cabinet-recipe-all-out-middle-east-war |work=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref><br />
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After [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel|Hamas's October 7, 2023, attack on Israel]], Ramaswamy said that in his view, "Israel should be able to make the decisions of how it defends itself" while suggesting that the U.S. should provide a "diplomatic [[Iron Dome]]" for Israel. <ref>{{cite news|date=October 24, 2023|title=Ramaswamy's pitch on Israel: "No money," but a "diplomatic Iron Dome"|work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]|url=https://www.axios.com/2023/10/24/vivek-ramaswamy-israel-aid-hamas|accessdate=December 8, 2023|author1=Erin Doherty|author2=Sophia Cai|archive-date=December 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202073428/https://www.axios.com/2023/10/24/vivek-ramaswamy-israel-aid-hamas|url-status=live}}</ref> Regarding the U.S. aid to Israel, he said that it should be contingent upon Israel's plans for defeating Hamas and its actions in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]].<ref>{{cite news|date=October 28, 2023|title=Ramaswamy calls claims that he's anti-Israel 'dead wrong'|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4281260-ramaswamy-calls-claims-that-hes-anti-israel-dead-wrong/|accessdate=December 8, 2023|author=Tara Suter|archive-date=December 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202073423/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4281260-ramaswamy-calls-claims-that-hes-anti-israel-dead-wrong/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Climate and energy ===<br />
Although he said he is not a [[climate denier]],<ref name="Mufson" /> Ramaswamy said in a Republican primary debate that "the climate change agenda is a hoax"<ref name=":0">Kelly Garrity, [https://www.politico.com/news/2023/08/23/candidates-clash-over-climate-change-00112637 Vivek Ramaswamy calls climate change a 'hoax' during debate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824131859/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/08/23/candidates-clash-over-climate-change-00112637 |date=August 24, 2023 }}, ''Politico'' (August 23, 2023).</ref><ref name="ChaosClimate" /> and asserted, falsely, that "more people are dying from climate policies than actual climate change."<ref>{{cite web|author=Linda Qiu|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/26/us/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-2024-campaign-fact-check.html|title=Fact-Checking Vivek Ramaswamy on the Campaign Trail|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 26, 2023|access-date=August 26, 2023|archive-date=August 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826152654/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/26/us/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-2024-campaign-fact-check.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FactCheckAugDebate">{{cite web|url=https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2023/republican-debate-fox-news-fact-check/|title=What Republican candidates got right, wrong in first debate on Fox News|work=Politifact|date=August 24, 2023|access-date=August 24, 2023|archive-date=August 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824173613/https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2023/republican-debate-fox-news-fact-check/|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
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At other times, he said that he accepted that [[Attribution of recent climate change|burning fossil fuels causes climate change]],<ref name=Weisman/> but called global climate change "not entirely bad";<ref name=Mufson/> said that "people should be proud to live a [[Carbon emissions|high-carbon]] lifestyle";<ref name=Mufson/> and said that the U.S. should "drill, [[Fracking|frack]], [[Coal-fired power station|burn coal]]".<ref name=Weisman/> <br />
<br />
He criticized what he calls the "climate cult" and said that as president, he would "abandon the anticarbon framework as it exists" and halt "any mandate to [[Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere|measure carbon dioxide]]".<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jakkar Aimery|author2=Craig Mauger|url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/michigan/2023/05/07/vivek-ramaswamy-republican-presidential-candidate-speech-appeal-trump-voters-climate-cult/70193050007/|title=Dismantle the 'climate cult': GOP presidential hopeful makes appeal to Trump voters|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627173714/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/michigan/2023/05/07/vivek-ramaswamy-republican-presidential-candidate-speech-appeal-trump-voters-climate-cult/70193050007/ |archivedate=June 27, 2023|work=The Detroit News|date=May 7, 2023}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In 2022, he urged [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] to increase oil production<ref name="Ramkumar">{{cite web|author=Amrith Ramkumar|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/anti-esg-activist-investor-urges-chevron-to-increase-oil-production-11662494769|title=Anti-ESG Activist Investor Urges Chevron to Increase Oil Production|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713130654/https://www.wsj.com/articles/anti-esg-activist-investor-urges-chevron-to-increase-oil-production-11662494769 |archivedate=July 13, 2023|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=September 6, 2022}}</ref> and criticized its support for a [[carbon tax]].<ref name=Mufson/> Ramaswamy's company holds a 0.02% stake in Chevron.<ref name=Ramkumar/> <br />
<br />
Ramaswamy opposed [[Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles|subsidies for electric vehicles]].<ref name=Beckwith/> In his arguments, Ramaswamy used incorrect statistical claims about the history of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. His critics said that when he cited the upsides of climate change and fossil fuels, such as reduced cold-related deaths, cheap energy, and faster plant growth, he ignored larger downsides, such as increases in other weather-related disasters, deaths, and plant damage, and ignored that there are now less-polluting sources of cheap energy.<ref name="factcheck.org" >{{cite web |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2023/09/scicheck-ramaswamys-climate-change-spin/ |title=Ramaswamy's Climate Change Spin |author=Jessica McDonald |date=September 15, 2023 |work=Factcheck.org |accessdate=December 8, 2023 |archive-date=November 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127194802/https://www.factcheck.org/2023/09/scicheck-ramaswamys-climate-change-spin/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
===Promotion of conspiracy theories===<br />
In Republican primary debates and campaign appearances, Ramaswamy often repeated and promoted an [[Conspiracy theories in United States politics|array of right-wing conspiracy theories]]<ref name=RattlesOff>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/06/us/politics/vivek-trump-conspiracy-theories.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=December 6, 2023|title=Defending Trump, Ramaswamy Rattles Off Right-Wing Conspiracy Theories|author=Nick Corasaniti|access-date=December 7, 2023|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207162209/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/06/us/politics/vivek-trump-conspiracy-theories.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ChaosClimate">{{Cite news |last=Vigdor |first=Neil |date=August 24, 2023 |title=Chaos Erupts When Republican Candidates Are Asked if They Believe in Climate Change |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/23/us/republican-debate-climate-change.html |access-date=August 24, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=Vivek Ramaswamy, the millionaire entrepreneur whose campaign has dabbled in conspiracy theories |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824162426/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/23/us/republican-debate-climate-change.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and falsehoods.<ref name=DispenseFacts>{{Cite news|author1=Neil Vigdor|author2=Jonathan Weisman|author3=Maggie Haberman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/30/us/politics/ramaswamy-2024-lies.html|newspaper=New York Times|title=Emulating Trump, Ramaswamy Shows a Penchant for Dispensing With the Facts|date=August 30, 2023|access-date=December 7, 2023|archive-date=November 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126171253/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/30/us/politics/ramaswamy-2024-lies.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the days after the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 6, 2021, attack on the Capitol]], he condemned the attack, but argued that social media bans on Trump violate the [[First Amendment]].<ref name=CincinnatiBC/><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ramaswamy |first1=Vivek |last2=Rubenfeld |first2=Jed |date=January 11, 2021 |title=Save the Constitution From Big Tech |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/save-the-constitution-from-big-tech-11610387105 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111175140/https://www.wsj.com/articles/save-the-constitution-from-big-tech-11610387105 |archive-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> Later, while running for president, Ramaswamy repeatedly claimed that the January 6 attack "was an inside job", a claim supported by no evidence and refuted by numerous investigations.<ref name=RattlesOff/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/13/us/vivek-ramaswamy-conspiracy-theories.htm|title=Ramaswamy Pushes Fringe Idea About Jan. 6 at Town Hall in Iowa|newspaper=New York Times|date=December 13, 2023|author=Anjali Huynh}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Invoking [[September 11 conspiracy theories]], he asked whether "federal agents were on the planes" that hit the [[Twin Towers (New York City)|Twin Towers]] during the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref>{{cite web|author=John Hendrickson|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2023/08/vivek-ramaswamy-audio-recording/675076/|title=Audio: Vivek Ramaswamy Says He Wants 'the Truth About 9/11|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=August 22, 2023|access-date=August 24, 2023|archive-date=August 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824173509/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2023/08/vivek-ramaswamy-audio-recording/675076/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Pengelly">{{Cite web |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=August 21, 2023 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy condemned for 9/11 and Jan 6 conspiracy theory remarks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/aug/21/vivek-ramaswamy-conspiracy-theories-9-11-jan-6-republican-presidential-candidate |access-date=August 27, 2023 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=August 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826085357/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/aug/21/vivek-ramaswamy-conspiracy-theories-9-11-jan-6-republican-presidential-candidate |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dorn|first=Sara|title=Recording Debunks Vivek Ramaswamy's Denial Of 9/11 Comments Questioning Whether 'Federal Agents Were On The Planes'|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2023/08/22/recording-debunks-vivek-ramaswamys-denial-of-911-comments-questioning-whether-federal-agents-were-on-the-planes/|access-date=August 29, 2023|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=August 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825185020/https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2023/08/22/recording-debunks-vivek-ramaswamys-denial-of-911-comments-questioning-whether-federal-agents-were-on-the-planes/|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
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He has asserted that "big tech" played a role in stealing the 2020 election, referring the Hunter Biden laptop story being suppressed by the mainstream media and social networks, while also claiming that the "[[Great Replacement conspiracy theory in the United States|Great Replacement]]" conspiracy theory was "the Democratic Party's platform" to benefit from demographic shifts.<ref name=RattlesOff/><ref name=CincinnatiBC/><br />
<br />
When asked about some of his past remarks, Ramaswamy frequently denied making the comments or claimed to have been misquoted, even when those denials were belied by recordings, transcripts, or extracts from his writing.<ref name=DispenseFacts/><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
[[File:Apoorva & Vivek Ramaswamy (53459459444).jpg|thumb|Apoorva and Vivek Ramaswamy in January 2024, campaigning in [[Des Moines, Iowa]]]]<br />
Ramaswamy's wife, Apoorva Tewari Ramaswamy, is a [[laryngologist]] and surgeon; they met at [[Yale Medical School|Yale]], when he was studying law and she was studying medicine.<ref name="Kolhatkar" /><ref name=Huynh>{{Cite news|author=Anjali Huynh|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/23/us/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-wife-apoorva.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=November 23, 2023|title=Beside Ramaswamy, a Doctor Who Listens More and Debates Less|access-date=December 7, 2023|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207181101/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/23/us/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-wife-apoorva.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They married in 2015 and have two sons and a daughter.<ref name="Kolhatkar" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keel |first1=Fletcher |title=Ohio gubernatorial candidate, Cincinnati native Ramaswamy announces birth of third child |url=https://www.wlwt.com/article/ohio-vivek-ramaswamy-announces-birth-daughter/70255990 |website=[[WLWT]] |date=February 5, 2026 |access-date=February 5, 2026}}</ref> Ramaswamy has a younger brother, Shankar,<ref name="Kolhatkar"/> who worked for him at Axovant and later co-founded Kriya Therapeutics, a biopharmaceutical company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2021 |title=Banking on shared experiences — and now a big investor — with brother Vivek, Shankar Ramaswamy stacks up a $100M mega-round |url=https://endpts.com/banking-on-shared-experiences-and-now-a-big-investor-with-brother-vivek-shankar-ramaswamy-stacks-up-a-100m-mega-round/ |website=Endpoints News |author=John Carroll |access-date=August 29, 2023 |archive-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830140741/https://endpts.com/banking-on-shared-experiences-and-now-a-big-investor-with-brother-vivek-shankar-ramaswamy-stacks-up-a-100m-mega-round/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Ramaswamy is a [[God in Hinduism#Monotheism|monotheistic Hindu]].<ref name=nyt070923/> According to relatives, he is fluent in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name=timesnow23>{{cite web|author=Radhika Ramaswamy|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/watch-we-were-surprised-vivek-ramaswamys-parents-ecstatic-as-the-indian-origin-readies-to-race-for-white-house-article-98203114|title=WATCH: 'We were surprised': Vivek Ramaswamy's parents ecstatic as the Indian-origin readies to race for White House|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704164737/https://www.timesnownews.com/world/watch-we-were-surprised-vivek-ramaswamys-parents-ecstatic-as-the-indian-origin-readies-to-race-for-white-house-article-98203114|archivedate=July 4, 2023|work=[[Times Now]]|date=February 24, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Frequent2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/vivek-who-enters-us-president-fray-used-to-frequent-kerala-1194094.html|title=Vivek, who enters US President fray, used to frequent Kerala|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704164738/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/vivek-who-enters-us-president-fray-used-to-frequent-kerala-1194094.html |archivedate=July 4, 2023|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=February 23, 2023}}</ref> and understands (but does not speak) [[Malayalam]].<ref name=Frequent2023/> He is a [[vegetarianism|vegetarian]] and wrote in 2020, "I believe it is wrong to kill sentient animals for culinary pleasure."<ref name=Weisman/><ref name=WSJScrunity/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vivek |date=February 13, 2020 |title=Opinion: The 'Stakeholders' vs. the People |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-stakeholders-vs-the-people-11581552372 |access-date=August 29, 2023 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=August 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817215209/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-stakeholders-vs-the-people-11581552372 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to his parents, he has tried to develop a good understanding of both [[Eastern culture|Eastern]] and [[Western culture]].<ref name=timesnow23/><ref name=WSJScrunity/><br />
<br />
In 2023, Ramaswamy's campaign mentioned his net worth to be around $1&nbsp;billion.<ref name="Gabriel">{{Cite web |last=Gabriel |first=Trip |date=July 7, 2023 |title=Ramaswamy Investments Seem at Odds With His Position on 'Woke' Culture|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/07/us/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-wealth-plane.html |access-date=August 26, 2023 |website=The New York Times |archive-date=July 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710211714/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/07/us/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-wealth-plane.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Hyatt/> In March 2026, ''[[Forbes]]'' estimated Ramaswamy's net worth to be $2.4 billion; his wealth comes from biotech and financial businesses.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Hyatt |first=John |title=How Vivek Ramaswamy Got Richer While Pumping Millions Into Failed Presidential Campaign |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnhyatt/2024/01/17/how-vivek-ramaswamy-got-richer-while-pumping-millions-into-failed-presidential-campaign/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |date=January 17, 2024 |magazine=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name="forbes08212023">{{Cite news |last=Toppan |first=Jamel |date=August 21, 2023 |title=How Vivek Ramaswamy Became A Billionaire |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnhyatt/2023/08/21/how-vivek-ramaswamy-became-a-billionaire/?sh=6f5f9d834fdf/ |access-date=August 21, 2023 |archive-date=August 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821233714/https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnhyatt/2023/08/21/how-vivek-ramaswamy-became-a-billionaire/?sh=6f5f9d834fdf/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Vivek Ramaswamy |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/vivek-ramaswamy/ |access-date=2026-03-01 |date=March 1, 2026 |magazine=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
During his early venture capitalist career, he lived in [[Manhattan]].<ref name="ForbesProfile">{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2016 |title=Profile - Vivek Ramaswamy |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/vivek-ramaswamy/?sh=6bf7071f54cd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224042437/https://www.forbes.com/profile/vivek-ramaswamy/?sh=6bf7071f54cd |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2023 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> As of 2021, he owned a house in [[Butler County, Ohio]],<ref name=CincinnatiBC/> but in 2023, the only real estate he reported owning was a house in [[Columbus, Ohio]], in [[Franklin County, Ohio|Franklin County]].<ref name=Gabriel/> A 2023 ''[[Politico]]'' profile of Ramaswamy mentions him living in a $2&nbsp;million estate in the Columbus suburb of [[Upper Arlington, Ohio|Upper Arlington]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wren, Adam |date=August 23, 2023 |title=The Astonishing, Unexpected and Completely Modern Rise of Vivek Ramaswamy |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/08/23/vivek-ramaswamy-republican-candidate-profile-00112348 |access-date=August 26, 2023 |website=[[Politico]] |archive-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830135430/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/08/23/vivek-ramaswamy-republican-candidate-profile-00112348 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Published works ==<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Woke, Inc.: Inside Corporate America's Social Justice Scam |date=2021 |publisher=[[Hachette Book Group#Hachette Nashville|Center Street]] |isbn=978-1546090786 |publication-place=New York |oclc=1237631944}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Nation of Victims: Identity Politics, the Death of Merit, and the Path Back to Excellence |date=2022 |publisher=[[Hachette Book Group#Hachette Nashville|Center Street]] |isbn=978-1546002963 |publication-place=New York |oclc=1546002960}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Capitalist Punishment: How Wall Street Is Using Your Money to Create a Country You Didn't Vote For |date=2023 |publisher=[[HarperCollins|Broadside Books]] |isbn=978-0063337756 |publication-place=New York|oclc=1362864450}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Truths: The Future of America First |date=2024 |publisher=[[Threshold Editions]] |isbn=978-1668078433 |publication-place=New York |oclc=1453853062}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{wikiquote}}<br />
{{Commons category|Vivek Ramaswamy}}<br />
* [https://www.vivek2024.com 2024 presidential campaign website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521172626/https://www.vivek2024.com/ |date=May 21, 2024 }}<br />
* {{C-SPAN|131547}}<br />
{{CongLinks|fec=P40011082}}<br />
* [https://www.politifact.com/personalities/vivek-ramaswamy/ Vivek Ramaswamy] on [[Politifact]]<br />
<br />
{{2024 United States presidential election}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramaswamy, Vivek}}<br />
[[Category:1985 births]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American businesspeople]]<br />
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[[Category:American company founders]]<br />
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[[Category:American Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:American male writers of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:American nationalists]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-transgender activists]]<br />
[[Category:Asian conservatism in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Cincinnati]]<br />
[[Category:Candidates in the 2024 United States presidential election]]<br />
[[Category:Candidates in the 2026 United States elections]]<br />
[[Category:Chief executives in the pharmaceutical industry]]<br />
[[Category:Conflict-of-interest editing on Bharatpedia]]<br />
[[Category:COVID-19 conspiracy theorists]]<br />
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[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:New York (state) Republicans]]<br />
[[Category:Ohio Republicans]]<br />
[[Category:Paul & Daisy Soros Fellows]]<br />
[[Category:People from Upper Arlington, Ohio]]<br />
[[Category:St. Xavier High School (Ohio) alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Trumpism]]<br />
[[Category:Yale Law School alumni]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaamchor&diff=446232Kaamchor2026-03-03T23:52:58Z<p>Svetlanacnc: cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
|name = Kaamchor<br />
|image = Kaamchor.jpg<br />
|caption =<br />
|director = [[K. Vishwanath]]<br />
|screenplay = K. Viswanath<br />
|story = K. Viswanath<br />
|producer = [[Rakesh Roshan]]<br />
|writer = [[Jainendra Jain (screenwriter)|Jainendra Jain]]<br />
|starring = [[Rakesh Roshan]]<br>[[Jaya Prada]]<br>[[Suresh Oberoi]]<br>[[Shriram Lagoo]]<br />
|music = [[Rajesh Roshan]]<br />
|distributor = Film Kraft<br />
|released = {{Film date|1982|12|24|df=y}}<br />
|runtime =<br />
|country = India<br />
|language = Hindi<br />
}}<br />
'''''Kaamchor''''' ({{translation}}: Idler) is a 1982 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by [[K. Viswanath]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.4to40.com/poems-for-kids/poems-in-hindi/mal-de-gulal-mohe-ayi-holi-ayi-re-indeevar/|title=मल दे गुलाल मोहे आई होली आई रे: इन्दीवर|date=7 March 2023}}</ref> Produced by [[Rakesh Roshan]], the film is a Hindi remake of Viswanath's [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Subhodayam]]'' (1980).<ref name="auto2">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/43302582/Social_Concerns_and_Human_Relationships_The_Cinema_of_K_Viswanath|title=Social Concerns and Human Relationships: The Cinema of K. Viswanath|first=Nishi|last=Pulugurtha|date=1 January 2017|journal=Cafe Dissensus|via=www.academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/k-viswanath-who-passed-away-on-the-43rd-anniversary-of-his-iconic-film-sankarabharanam-broke-star-stereotypes-in-his-films/article66466706.ece|title=In K Viswanath’s films, the stars became actors|first=S. B. Vijaya|last=Mary|date=3 February 2023|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The film stars Rakesh Roshan, [[Jaya Prada]], [[Tanuja]], Sujit Kumar, [[Suresh Oberoi]], [[Shreeram Lagoo]] and [[Bhagwan Dada]]. The film's music is by the producer and lead actor's brother - [[Rajesh Roshan]]. The film became a superhit, along with the songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/20slide4.htm|title=The best of Rakesh Roshan|website=[[Rediff.com]]|date=20 June 2006|accessdate=13 July 2021}}</ref> Rakesh Roshan's nephew in the film is played by a young [[Sonu Nigam]], who later became a playback singer.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sen|first=Mriganka|title=Happy Birthday Sonu Nigam: 8 films you didn't know he acted in|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/happy-birthday-sonu-nigam-films-bollywood-child-artist-285490-2015-07-30|accessdate=13 July 2021|date=30 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-filmmaker-with-the-midas-touch-remembering-the-legendary-k-viswanath/articleshow/97605425.cms?from=mdr|title=The filmmaker with the midas touch: Remembering the legendary K Viswanath|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/subhodayam|title=Subhodayam|via=www.rottentomatoes.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Premise ==<br />
Suraj has been an aimless and lazy slacker all his adult life, who has no goals for his future. He lives in [[Delhi]] with his brother, sister-in-law, and nephew. On one occasion, he gate-crashes one of his brother's supervisor's friend's wedding ceremony and finds out that the groom is to live with his in-laws. To Suraj's delight, he finds out that the bride has an unmarried sister. So he pursues her to marry him.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Rakesh Roshan]] as Suraj<br />
*[[Jaya Prada]] as Geeta Sanghvi<br />
*[[Suresh Oberoi]] as Suresh<br />
*[[Neeta Mehta]] as Roopa Sanghvi<br />
*[[Sujit Kumar]] as Sohan<br />
*[[Tanuja]] as Radha<br />
*[[Shriram Lagoo]] as Rai Bahadur Chunilal Sanghvi<br />
*[[Pinchoo Kapoor]]<br />
*[[Asrani]]<br />
*[[Bhagwan Dada]]<br />
*[[Sonu Nigam]] (credited as Master Sonu)<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
[[Rajesh Roshan]] composed the music for this film. Song lyrics were penned by [[Indeevar]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
!S.No.!!Song!!Singer(s)<br />
|-<br />
|1||"Tujh Sang Prit Lagaai Sajanaa"||[[Kishore Kumar]] & [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
|-<br />
|2||"Tum Mere Swami Main Tumhari Daasi"||Kishore Kumar & Lata Mangeshkar<br />
|-<br />
|3||"Mal De Gulaal Mohe Aai Holi Aai Re"||Kishore Kumar & Lata Mangeshkar<br />
|-<br />
|4||"Jogi O Jogi Bhag Mein Mere Likha Hai"||Kishore Kumar<br />
|-<br />
|5||"Tum Se Badhkar Duniya Mein" (solo)||[[C. H. Atma|Chandru Atma]]<br />
|-<br />
|6||"Tum se Badhkar Duniya mein" (duet)||Kishore Kumar & [[Alka Yagnik]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|0248125}}<br />
{{Rakesh Roshan|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1982 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1982 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. Viswanath]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Roshan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films with live action and animation]]<br />
[[Category:1982 romantic drama films]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electoral_history_of_the_Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)&diff=463559Electoral history of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)2026-03-01T15:01:02Z<p>Svetlanacnc: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Short description|CPM's electrol history}}<br />
<br />
The '''Communist Party of India (Marxist)''' (abbr. '''CPI(M)''') is a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[List of political parties in India|political party]] in [[India]]. It has participated in elections since its [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|formation in 1964]].<br />
<br />
==Lok Sabha==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
! style="background:#FAA0A0" | Year<br />
! style="background:#FAA0A0" | Legislature<br />
! style="background:#FAA0A0" | Party Secretary<br />
! style="background:#FAA0A0" | Total constituencies<br />
! style="background:#FAA0A0" | Seats won / contested<br />
! style="background:#FAA0A0" | Change in seats<br />
! style="background:#FAA0A0" | Total votes<br />
! style="background:#FAA0A0" | {{abbr|Per.|Percent}} of votes<br />
! style="background:#FAA0A0" | Change in vote %<br />
! style="background:#FAA0A0" | Party Rank<br />
! style="background:#FAA0A0" | Outcome<br />
! style="background:#FAA0A0" | {{ref.}}<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br />
|[[4th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]] <br />
|520<br />
|{{Composition bar|19|59|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|''New''<br />
|6,246,522<br />
|4.28 %<br />
|''New''<br />
|6th<br />
|{{No2|Opposition}}<br />
|<ref name="ECI1967" group="e">{{cite report |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha |volume=1 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |work=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=1968 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226101610/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2013 |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=78 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br />
|[[5th Lok Sabha]]<br />
|518<br />
|{{Composition bar|25|85|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 6<br />
|7,510,089<br />
|5.12 %<br />
|{{increase}} 0.84%<br />
|{{increase}} 2nd<br />
|{{No|Main Opposition}}<br />
|<ref name="ECI1971" group="e">{{cite report |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha |volume=1 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |work=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=1968 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021044322/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=79 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br />
|[[6th Lok Sabha]]<br />
|542<br />
|{{Composition bar|22|53|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 3<br />
|8,113,659<br />
|4.29 %<br />
|{{decrease}} 0.83%<br />
|{{decrease}} 3rd<br />
|{{No2|Opposition}}<br />
|<ref name="ECI1977" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1977 Vol. 1 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=89}}</ref><br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br />
|[[7th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| rowspan="4" | [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] <br />
|529(542*)<br />
|{{Composition bar|37|64|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 15<br />
|12,352,331<br />
|6.24 %<br />
|{{increase}} 1.95%<br />
|{{steady}} 3rd<br />
|{{No2|Opposition}}<br />
|<ref name="ECI1980" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1980 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=86}}</ref><br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br />
|[[8th Lok Sabha]]<br />
|541<br />
|{{Composition bar|22|64|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 15<br />
|14,272,526<br />
|5.72 %<br />
|{{decrease}} 0.52%<br />
|{{steady}} 3rd<br />
|{{No2|Opposition}}<br />
|<ref name="ECI1984" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1984 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=81}}</ref><ref name="ECI1985" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1985/Vol_I_LS_85.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1985 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=15}}</ref><br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br />
|[[9th Lok Sabha]]<br />
|529<br />
|{{Composition bar|33|64|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 11<br />
|19,691,309<br />
|6.55 %<br />
|{{increase}} 0.83<br />
|{{decrease}} 4th<br />
|{{Yes2|Outside Support}}<br />
|<ref name="ECI1989" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1989 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=88}}</ref><br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br />
|[[10th Lok Sabha]]<br />
|534<br />
|{{Composition bar|35|63|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 2<br />
|17,074,699<br />
|6.14 %<br />
|{{decrease}} 0.41%<br />
|{{steady}} 4th<br />
|{{No2|Opposition}}<br />
|<ref name="ECI1991" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1991 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=58}}</ref><ref name="ECI1992" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1992/GE_VOL_I_92.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1992 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=13}}</ref><br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
|[[11th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| rowspan="4" | [[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]] <br />
|543<br />
|{{Composition bar|32|75|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 3<br />
|20,496,810<br />
|6.12 %<br />
|{{decrease}} 0.02%<br />
|{{steady}} 4th<br />
|{{Yes2|Outside Support}}<br />
|<ref name="ECI1996" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report: 1996 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=93}}</ref><br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
|[[12th Lok Sabha]]<br />
|543<br />
|{{Composition bar|32|71|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{steady}} <br />
|18,991,867<br />
|5.16 %<br />
|{{decrease}} 0.96%<br />
|{{increase}} 3rd<br />
|{{No2|Opposition}}<br />
|<ref name="ECI1998" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report: 1998 Vol. 1 |work=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=92 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref><br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
|[[13th Lok Sabha]]<br />
|543<br />
|{{Composition bar|33|72|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 1<br />
|19,695,767<br />
|5.40 %<br />
|{{increase}} 0.24%<br />
|{{steady}} 3rd<br />
|{{No2|Opposition}}<br />
|<ref name="ECI1999" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report : 1999 Vol. 1 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=92 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref><br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
|[[14th Lok Sabha]]<br />
|543<br />
|{{Composition bar|43|69|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 10<br />
|22,070,614<br />
|5.66 %<br />
|{{increase}} 0.26%<br />
|{{steady}} 3rd<br />
|{{Yes2|Outside Support}}<br />
|<ref name="ECI2004" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title=LS Statistical Report: 2004 Vol. 1 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=101}}</ref><br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
|[[15th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Prakash Karat]]<br />
|543<br />
|{{Composition bar|16|82|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 27<br />
|22,219,111<br />
|5.33 %<br />
|{{decrease}} 0.33%<br />
|{{decrease}} 8th<br />
|{{No2|Opposition}}<br />
|<ref name="ECI2009" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/12_PerformanceOfNationalParties.pdf |title=LS 2009: Performance of National Parties |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014}}</ref><br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
|[[16th Lok Sabha]]<br />
|543<br />
|{{Composition bar|9|93|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 7<br />
|17,986,773<br />
|3.24 %<br />
|{{decrease}} 2.09%<br />
|{{decrease}} 9th<br />
|{{No2|Opposition}}<br />
|<ref name="ECI2014" group="e">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/4%20-%20List%20of%20Successful%20Candidates.pdf |title=LS 2014: List of successful candidates |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 October 2014 |page=93}}</ref><br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|[[17th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Sitaram Yechury]]<br />
|543<br />
|{{Composition bar|3|69|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 6<br />
|10,744,908<br />
|1.75 %<br />
|{{decrease}} 1.49%<br />
|{{decrease}} 16th<br />
|{{No2|Opposition}}<br />
|<ref name="ECI2019" group="e">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10987-4-list-of-successful-candidate |title=LS 2019: List of successful candidates |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=11 October 2019 |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref><br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
|[[18th Lok Sabha]]<br />
|543<br />
|{{Composition bar|4|52|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 1<br />
|11,342,553<br />
|1.76%<br />
|{{increase}} 0.01%<br />
|{{increase}} 14th<br />
|{{No2|Opposition}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/index.htm|title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024|access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
{{Vertical bar chart|1967|19|1971|25|1977|22|1980|37|1984|22|1989|33|1991|35|1996|32|1998|32|1999|33|2004|43|2009|16|2014|9|2019|3|2024|4|color=red|full_name=All time-CPI(M) Lok Sabha seat count|type=demographic|note=}}<br />
<br />
== State Legislative Assemblies ==<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Election Year<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Overall votes<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | % of overall votes<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Total seats<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | seats won/<br />seats contensted<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in seats<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | +/- in vote share<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" | Sitting side<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=8|[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /><br />
|5,30,349<br />
|2.69%<br />
|294<br />
|{{Composition bar|11|11|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 6<br />
|{{increase}} 0.20<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /><br />
|7,07,686<br />
|2.96%<br />
|294<br />
|{{Composition bar|6|15|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 5<br />
|{{increase}} 0.15<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br /><br />
|9,23,204<br />
|2.96%<br />
|294<br />
|{{Composition bar|15|16|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 9<br />
|{{increase}} 0.50<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br /><br />
|5,67,761<br />
|1.70%<br />
|294<br />
|{{Composition bar|2|48|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 14<br />
|{{decrease}} 1.26<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /><br />
|6,56,721<br />
|1.84%<br />
|294<br />
|{{Composition bar|9|14|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 7<br />
|{{increase}} 0.14<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /><br />
|6,03,407<br />
|1.43%<br />
|294<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|18|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 8<br />
|{{decrease}} 0.49<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /><br />
|4,07,376<br />
|0.84%<br />
|175<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|68|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{decrease}}0.59<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /><br />
|1,01,071<br />
|0.32%<br />
|175<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|7|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}}1<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
|43,012<br />
|0.13%<br />
|175<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|8|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|—<br />
|{{Decrease}}0.19%<br />
|—<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=8|[[Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /><br />
|93,506<br />
|0.55%<br />
|126<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|19|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /><br />
|160,758<br />
|0.84%<br />
|126<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 1<br />
|{{increase}} 0.29<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=8|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br /><br />
|232,149<br />
|0.61%<br />
|243<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|43|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 0.21<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br /><br />
|274,155<br />
|0.65%<br />
|243<br />
|{{Composition bar|2|4|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 2<br />
|{{increase}}0.04%<br />
|{{No2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br /><br />
|302,974<br />
|0.61%<br />
|243<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|243|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}}1<br />
|{{decrease}} 0.04<br />
|{{No2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=8|[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /><br />
|10,647<br />
|0.03%<br />
|182<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|9|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 0.01%<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" |[[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
|34,373<br />
|0.25%<br />
|90<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|1|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|—<br />
|{{Increase}}0.18%<br />
|—<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=8|[[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br /><br />
|55,558<br />
|1.5%<br />
|68<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|14|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 1<br />
|{{decrease}} 0.1%<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /><br />
|27,812<br />
|0.66%<br />
|68<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|11|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 1<br />
|{{decrease}} 0.81%<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" |[[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
|24,017<br />
|0.5%<br />
|87<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|3|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|—<br />
|{{Decrease}}0.3%<br />
!{{No2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
|33,634<br />
|0.6%<br />
|90<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|1|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
| -<br />
|{{increase}}0.1%<br />
!{{Yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=8|[[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]]<br /><br />
|1,257,869<br />
|19.87%<br />
|140<br />
|{{Composition bar|40|73|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
| New<br />
| New<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /><br />
|1,476,456<br />
|23.51%<br />
|140<br />
|{{Composition bar|52|59|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 12<br />
|{{increase}} 3.64<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]<br /><br />
|1,794,213<br />
|23.83%<br />
|140<br />
|{{Composition bar|29|73|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 23<br />
|{{increase}} 0.32<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /><br />
|1,946,051<br />
|22.18%<br />
|140<br />
|{{Composition bar|17|68|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 12<br />
|{{decrease}} 1.65<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /><br />
|1,846,312<br />
|19.35%<br />
|140<br />
|{{Composition bar|35|50|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 18<br />
|{{decrease}} 2.83<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br /><br />
|1,798,198<br />
|18.80%<br />
|140<br />
|{{Composition bar|26|51|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 9<br />
|{{decrease}} 0.55<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br /><br />
|2,912,999<br />
|22.86%<br />
|140<br />
|{{Composition bar|38|70|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 12<br />
|{{increase}} 4.06<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /><br />
|3,082,354<br />
|21.74%<br />
|140<br />
|{{Composition bar|28|64|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 10<br />
|{{decrease}} 2.12<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /><br />
|3,078,723<br />
|21.59%<br />
|140<br />
|{{Composition bar|40|62|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 12<br />
|{{increase}} 0.15<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /><br />
|3,752,976<br />
|23.85%<br />
|140<br />
|{{Composition bar|24|74|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 16<br />
|{{increase}} 2.26<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /><br />
|4,732,381<br />
|30.45%<br />
|140<br />
|{{Composition bar|61|84|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 37<br />
|{{increase}} 6.60<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /><br />
|4,921,354<br />
|28.18%<br />
|140<br />
|{{Composition bar|45|84|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 16<br />
|{{decrease}} 2.27<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /><br />
|5,365,472<br />
|26.7%<br />
|140<br />
|{{Composition bar|59|84|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 14<br />
|{{decrease}} 1.48<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /><br />
|5,288,502<br />
|25.38%<br />
|140<br />
|{{Composition bar|62|77|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 4<br />
|{{decrease}} 1.14%<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=8|[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /><br />
|270,052<br />
|0.60%<br />
|288<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|20|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}}2<br />
|{{decrease}} 0.02%<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /><br />
|207,933<br />
|0.39%<br />
|288<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|20|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{steady}} <br />
|{{decrease}} 0.21%<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /><br />
|204,933<br />
|0.37%<br />
|288<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|8|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{steady}} <br />
|{{decrease}} 0.02%<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /><br />
|222,277 <br />
|0.36%<br />
|288<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|3|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{steady}} <br />
|{{decrease}} 0.01%<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=8|[[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /><br />
|80,274<br />
|0.40%<br />
|147<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|8|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{steady}} <br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /><br />
|70,119<br />
|0.32%<br />
|147<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|8|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{steady}} <br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
|93,295<br />
|0.37%<br />
|147<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|7|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|—<br />
|{{Increase}}0.07%<br />
|—<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=8|[[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /><br />
|9,503<br />
|0.06%<br />
|117<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|14|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=8|[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br /><br />
|629,002<br />
|0.9%<br />
|200<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|38|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 3 <br />
|{{decrease}} 0.7<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br /><br />
|434,210<br />
|1.2%<br />
|200<br />
|{{Composition bar|2|28|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 2 <br />
|{{increase}} 0.33<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /><br />
|382,387<br />
|0.96%<br />
|200<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|17|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 2 <br />
|{{decrease}} 0.24<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=8|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /><br />
|8,72,674<br />
|2.70%<br />
|234<br />
|{{Composition bar|9|13|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 10 <br />
|{{increase}} 0.33<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /><br />
|8,88,364<br />
|2.40%<br />
|234<br />
|{{Composition bar|10|12|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 1<br />
|{{decrease}} 0.3<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /><br />
|3,07,303<br />
|0.72%<br />
|234<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|25|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 10 <br />
|{{decrease}} 1.58<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /><br />
|3,90,819<br />
|0.85%<br />
|234<br />
|{{Composition bar|2|6|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 2 <br />
|{{increase}} 0.13<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=8|[[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br /><br />
|91,099<br />
|0.40%<br />
|119<br />
|{{Composition bar|2|28|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 1 <br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /><br />
|52,364<br />
|0.22%<br />
|119<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|19|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 2 <br />
|{{decrease}} 0.18%<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=8|[[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]]<br /><br />
|5,20,697<br />
|45.82%<br />
|60<br />
|{{Composition bar|26|55|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 11 <br />
|{{increase}} 0.10<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br /><br />
|5,99,943<br />
|44.78%<br />
|60<br />
|{{Composition bar|44|51|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 18 <br />
|{{decrease}} 0.40<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br /><br />
|6,21,804<br />
|45.49%<br />
|60<br />
|{{Composition bar|38|55|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 6 <br />
|{{increase}} 0.80<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br /><br />
|7,11,119<br />
|46.82%<br />
|60<br />
|{{Composition bar|38|55|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{steady}} <br />
|{{increase}} 1.30<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br /><br />
|9,03,009<br />
|48.01%<br />
|60<br />
|{{Composition bar|46|56|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 8<br />
|{{increase}} 1.10<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br /><br />
|10,59,327<br />
|48.11%<br />
|60<br />
|{{Composition bar|49|57|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 3<br />
|{{increase}} 0.01<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br /><br />
|9,93,605<br />
|42.22%<br />
|60<br />
|{{Composition bar|16|57|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 33 <br />
|{{decrease}} 5.51<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /><br />
|6,22,829<br />
|24.62%<br />
|60<br />
|{{Composition bar|11|43|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 5 <br />
|{{decrease}} 17.6 <br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=8|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /><br />
|5617<br />
|0.01%<br />
|403<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|1|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 0.03 <br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=8|[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /><br />
|5,080,828<br />
|35.46%<br />
|294<br />
|{{Composition bar|178|224|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 164<br />
|{{increase}} 8.01<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br /><br />
|8,655,371<br />
|38.49%<br />
|294<br />
|{{Composition bar|174|209|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 4<br />
|{{increase}} 3.03<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br /><br />
|10,285,723<br />
|39.12%<br />
|294<br />
|{{Composition bar|187|212|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 13<br />
|{{increase}} 0.89<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /><br />
|11,418,822<br />
|36.87%<br />
|294<br />
|{{Composition bar|182|204|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 2<br />
|{{decrease}} 2.43<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /><br />
|13,670,198<br />
|37.16%<br />
|294<br />
|{{Composition bar|153|213|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 32<br />
|{{increase}} 1.05<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /><br />
|13,402,603<br />
|36.59%<br />
|294<br />
|{{Composition bar|143|211|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 14<br />
|{{decrease}} 1.33<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /><br />
|14,652,200<br />
|37.13%<br />
|294<br />
|{{Composition bar|176|212|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 33<br />
|{{increase}} 0.54<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /><br />
|14,330,061<br />
|30.08%<br />
|294<br />
|{{Composition bar|40|213|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 136<br />
|{{decrease}} 7.05 <br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /><br />
|10,802,058<br />
|19.75%<br />
|294<br />
|{{Composition bar|26|148|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 14<br />
|{{decrease}} 10.35 <br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /><br />
|2,837,276<br />
|4.73%<br />
|294<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|136|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 26<br />
|{{decrease}} 15.02 <br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Electoral history of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
* [[Electoral history of the Communist Party of India]]<br />
* [[Electoral history of the Indian National Congress]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|group=e}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}{{Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
[[Category:Election results by party in India|Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lei_Langba_(Khamba_Thoibi)&diff=512070Lei Langba (Khamba Thoibi)2026-02-26T22:03:05Z<p>Svetlanacnc: pg</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Illustration of Khamba-Thoibi Jagoi (ancient Meitei classical dance of Khuman Royal Scion Khamba & Moirang Princess Thoibi) - Cultural heritage of ancient Keke Moilang (Kege Moirang) Kingdom of early Kangleipak civilization.jpg|thumb|[[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dancing, with devotion to God [[Thangjing]]]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Thangching Temple (or Thangjing Temple), flanked with holy & sacred flags, where Khuman Khamba & Moirang Thoibi danced, in Ancient Moirang kingdom in Ancient Kangleipak civilization (early Manipur).jpg|thumb|[[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dancing, with devotion to God [[Thangjing]]]]<br />
<br />
'''Lei Langba''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯩ ꯂꯥꯡꯕ}}) is an event from the [[Khamba Thoibi]] classical epic in [[Moirang Kangleirol]] genre of [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei folklore|folklore]]. It takes place in the [[ancient Moirang]] kingdom and occurs before the Lamjel event. The event centers on flower gathering (Lei Hekpa), rivalry between [[Khuman Khamba]] and [[Angom Nongban Kongyamba]], garment borrowing (Phee Waiba), main flower collection (Lei Langba), patterns of flowers (Leiron), flower distribution (Lei Yenba), [[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dancing, with devotion to God [[Thangjing]].<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Khamba Thoibi Ahanba Saruk|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467162|date=1963-02-25|first=Kabrambam|last=Gouramani|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|location=India|language=mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal; North Eastern States Libraries}}</ref><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Khamba Thoibi|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.464230|first=Loitongbam Kalachand|last=Singh|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1963|location=India|language=hi, mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal}}</ref><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Khuman Khamba|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466825|last=Pramodini|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1992|location=India|language=mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal; North Eastern States Libraries}}</ref><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Moirang Shaion|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465120|first=Sarangthem|last=Bormani|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=2003|location=India|language=mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal; North Eastern States Libraries}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Appointment of Khamba ==<br />
<br />
King Chingkhu Telheiba of the [[Moirang kingdom]] appointed [[Khuman Khamba]] as Khuntak Leiroi Hanjaba ([[Floriculture]] Minister of Khunthak subdivision). His duty was to gather flowers from the hills for religious and royal purposes.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
Princess [[Thoibi]] prepared food for Khamba and packed it in a bundle of leaves. She tied it carefully with silks of seven kinds.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
== Journey to the flower hills ==<br />
<br />
On the next day, Khamba and Angom Nongban Kongyamba went together to gather flowers. Kongyamba falsely claimed that the flower-growing area belonged to his father and threatened Khamba with the king's punishment if he encroached. Khamba, unaware of the deception, asked where he should gather flowers. Kongyamba pointed him toward the southern hills.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
Khamba went there but found no flowers. He prayed to God [[Thangjing]] for help. God Thangjing took pity on him and sent a whirlwind carrying the fragrance of flowers. Khamba followed it and found a tree full of flowers. He gathered them and threw them to the ground. By divine grace, none of the petals were damaged. Khamba thanked God Thangjing for the blessing.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
== Conflict between Khamba and Kongyamba ==<br />
<br />
While returning, Khamba sang songs in praise of Princess Thoibi. Kongyamba heard the singing and became angry. He demanded that Khamba carry his flowers as well, but Khamba refused. A fight broke out between them, but it ended due to hunger.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
The aroma of Khamba's food was very strong and pleasant. Kongyamba noticed this, but before he could eat his own food, crows descended and consumed it. This made him very angry. After returning home, he vented his anger on his wife.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
== Plot against Khamba ==<br />
<br />
Kongyamba sent his men to investigate Khamba's food. They questioned the Ningon Lakpa (women affairs minister) at the palace about any feast happened on the previous day, but no feast had been held. Kongyamba then began planning further harm against Khamba.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
He gathered people in front of Khamba's house and falsely announced that everyone must wear luxurious clothes and gold and silver ornaments for a festival of the gods, claiming it was the king's order. The people believed him. When Khamnu questioned him, Kongyamba scolded her harshly. She wept in shame, and Khamba felt sorrow because they did not own such fine clothes.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
== Help from Minister Thonglen ==<br />
<br />
That night, Khamba and Khamnu dreamed of their parents, who told them that their clothes of honor were kept in Minister Thonglen's house. They went there immediately, even at night. Security guards caught them, thinking they were thieves, and brought them before Minister Thonglen in the morning.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
Thonglen recognized them as the children of his late friend [[Puremba]]. He gave them the clothes, taught them dance, sent servants to help them, and built them a new house.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
Princess Thoibi and her maid Senu later came to visit Khamba but failed to recognize his new house because it was so well built. Thoibi was shocked to see Khamba and Khamnu dressed in rich clothes and briefly feared Khamba had married another woman. She later learned the truth.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
== Flower offering ceremony ==<br />
<br />
During the ceremony, [[Angom Nongban Kongyamba]] first offered flowers to the king, then to the queen, and then to the high officers of the kingdom. When it was Khamba's turn, he feared breaking ceremonial rules and sought guidance from the priestess. He first offered the flowers to God [[Thangjing]], then to the king, the queen, and the high officers.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
Everyone admired Khamba's flowers, and he received rare gifts. The gifts given to Khamba were far more valuable than those given to Kongyamba.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
== Dance before God Thangjing ==<br />
<br />
During the dance ceremony, Kongyamba and his women danced first. Later, Khamba and Princess Thoibi danced together before the shrine of God Thangjing. Their performance delighted the audience, who shouted with joy.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
At the end of the ceremony, Khamba and Thoibi knelt together before God Thangjing.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Lai Haraoba]]<br />
* [[Traditional Meitei religion]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]<br />
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]<br />
[[Category:Keke Moirang]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chengara&diff=473664Chengara2026-02-25T02:05:12Z<p>Svetlanacnc: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=May 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Chengara<br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = Chengara Junction.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = A view of Chengara Junction<br />
| nickname = <br />
| pushpin_map = <br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|9|15|10|N|76|50|52|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| leader_title = Panchayat Member<br />
| leader_name = Joyce Abraham<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 =<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 689664<br />
| area_code = 0468<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| registration_plate = KL-83<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]] <br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = Konni, Pathanamthitta<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = 99%<br />
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank4_info_sec1 = Pathanamthitta<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chengara''' is a small village located in the [[Pathanamthitta district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is known for its natural environment, hills, and climate. Chengara is surrounded on three sides by [[Harrisons Malayalam|Harrisons Malayalam Ltd]], a [[Natural rubber|rubber]] plantation company.<br />
<br />
Chengara is located approximately {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}} from the district headquarters, {{convert|110|km|abbr=on}} from [[Kochi]], and just over {{convert|100|km|abbr=on}} from [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the state capital. The nearest towns to Chengara are [[Konni, Kerala|Konni]] and [[Pathanamthitta]], both about {{convert|6|and|10|km|abbr=on}} away. [[Government Medical College, Konni]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cm-to-lay-foundation-stone-for-medical-college-in-konni/article4264994.ece | title=CM to lay foundation stone for Medical College in Konni | date=2 January 2013 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=6 June 2018 }}</ref> is {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} from the village.<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
The village experiences a [[tropical climate]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindat.org |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-11452642.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref> with three distinct seasons: a humid [[summer]], a [[monsoon]], and a moderate [[winter]]. April is typically the warmest month, around 35&nbsp;°C during the day. Heavy thunderstorms often occur in May, during which humidity remains high. The monsoon season lasts from June to August, with the heaviest rainfall in June and July. June is generally the wettest month of the year, which often exceeding 600&nbsp;mm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=www.teamchengara.net |url=https://teamchengara.weebly.com/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=www.teamchengara.net}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
Chengara has a population of just over 1,500. The [[Literacy|literacy rate]] of the village is 99%.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2025}}<br />
<!--Names of schools need to be written in full--><br />
The Government Co-operative Society Lower Primary (G.C.S.L.P.) school is the only school in Chengara. The school, owned by the Chengara Service Co-operative Society Ltd., covers standards I-V. The nearest higher secondary school is St. George Vocational Higher Secondary School in [[Attachakkal]]. Students from Chengara also attend schools in nearby towns such as [[Pathanamthitta]] and [[Kozhencherry]]. For technical courses, students attend institutes around Pathanamthitta.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2025}}<br />
The economy of Chengara is primarily based on [[agriculture]]. Rubber plantations are a major source of income for the local population. Chengara is a significant [[Natural rubber|rubber]]-producing area in Kerala, benefiting from its hilly terrain, high humidity, and rainfall. Other major crops cultivated include [[cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[coconut]], [[tapioca]], and [[black pepper|pepper]]. A large number of villagers are [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|non-residents]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
<br />
== Politics ==<br />
The major political parties in Chengara are the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI[M]). [[K. U. Jenish Kumar|K.U. Jenish Kumar]] (CPI[M]) was the Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the {{abbr|M.L.A.|member of the legislative assembly}} of [[Konni, Kerala|Konni]], which includes Chengara, as of 2019. [[Anto Antony]] is the Member of Parliament (MP) for the [[Pathanamthitta]] constituency, which includes the Chengara area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chengara, Konni Panchayat, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala, India |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/chengara/id/2377 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref> Chengara belongs to the Konni ''[[gram panchayat]]'' (village council). The current ''panchayat'' member for Chengara is N. N. Rajappan of INC.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} [[Chengara Surendran]], MP ([[Communist Party of India]]), is also a native of Chengara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=3849&lastls=14|title=Members : Lok Sabha}}</ref> Chengara Surendran (born 31 January 1968) was a member of the [[14th Lok Sabha]] of India, representing the [[Adoor]] constituency of Kerala. He is a member of the Communist Party of India (CPI).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=3849&lastls=14|title=Members : Lok Sabha}}</ref><br />
<br />
Traditionally, Chengara has been an INC stronghold.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Kerala Congress also has a presence in the village. Abraham Vazhayil (District Secretary, Kerala Congress (M); Chairman, UDF Konni Constituency) is another native of Chengara. Despite a long political tradition, there has been no significant conflict among the different political parties in the village.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
=== Religion ===<br />
[[File:Bethel Marthoma Church, Chengara1.jpg|thumb|[[Bethel Marthoma Church]], Chengara]]The people of Chengara follow various religions, with [[Christianity]] and [[Hinduism]] being the most prominent. Churches in the village include [[Bethel Marthoma Church, Chengara|Bethel Marthoma Church]], St. George Orthodox Church Chengara (also known as Chengara Pally, established in 1979),<ref>{{cite web|title=Chengara Pally|url=http://chengarapally.com/}}</ref> St. Patrick's Malankara Catholic Church, Bethel Brethren Assembly, and Pentecost Church (IPC). The Hindu temple in the village is Chengara [[Parvati|Shiva Parvati]] Temple.<br />
<br />
Bethel Marthoma Church organizes an annual Chengara Convention in January. Bethel Marthoma Church, Chengara, belongs to the Ranni-Nilackal Diocese of the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church]].<br />
<br />
'''St. George Orthodox Church, Chengara'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chengara Pally {{!}} St George Orthodox church chengara {{!}} Chengara church, Pathanamthitta.|url=http://chengarapally.com/|access-date=2020-06-12|website=chengarapally.com}}</ref> ('''Chengara''' '''Pally'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chengara Pally {{!}} St George Orthodox church chengara {{!}} Chengara church, Pathanamthitta.|url=http://chengarapally.com/|access-date=2020-06-12|website=chengarapally.com}}</ref> '''or ചെങ്ങറ പള്ളി''') is an ancient church in Chengara, also known as Chengara Pally. It serves as the headquarters of the Thumpamon Diocese of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]].<br />
<br />
=== Feast of St. George===<br />
The Feast of St. George, the patron saint of St. George Orthodox Church, is celebrated annually from May 1 to 5.<br />
<br />
== Sports ==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2025}}<br />
[[Cricket]] is the most popular sport in the village. An annual cricket tournament is held during the midsummer vacation. Other popular sports include [[association football|football]], [[volleyball]], and [[badminton]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}<br />
<br />
== Notable locations ==<br />
Orakuzhi is a small [[waterfall]] located near the Kizhakkupuram border of the village.<br />
<br />
Meemooti Thodu is another waterfall in Chengara, considered dangerous due to its high drop over rock. The possibility of damming the stream was explored but deemed unfeasible.<br />
<br />
Harrison's Malayalam Rubber Plantation covers a significant area in Chengara, stretching over {{convert|3000|acre}}. It is crisscrossed with unpaved service roads suitable for bullocks or trucks.<br />
<br />
Chemmani Rubber Plantation covers {{convert|300|acre}} in Chengara.<br />
<br />
== Infrastructure ==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2025}}<br />
<br />
=== Communication ===<br />
Several mobile service providers operate in the village, including [[BSNL]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Vodafone Idea]], and [[Jio]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} The village has a cable network providing [[Malayalam]] channels and major channels in other languages.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
<br />
=== Transportation ===<br />
Both [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) and private buses connect Chengara with nearby towns.<br />
<br />
The Attachakkal–Malayalapuzha road and Attachakkal–Kumplampoika road pass through Chengara. This route offers the easiest access from [[Konni, Kerala|Konni]] to places such as [[Vadasserikara]] and [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]]. It can also be used as a [[Sabarimala]] route.<br />
<br />
Chengara Junction is situated on the Attachakkal–Chengara–Kumplampoika road, which connects the villages of Attachakkal, Chengara, Puthukulam, and Kumplampoika. The road originates at Attachakal junction and ends at Kumplampoika, covering a total distance of {{convert|13.4|km|abbr=on}}.<br />
<br />
The nearest [[Train station|railway station]]s are [[Chengannur]], {{convert|34|km|abbr=on}} away, and [[Thiruvalla]], which is around {{convert|41|km|abbr=on}} away. The nearest airport is [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]], about {{convert|100|km|abbr=on}} from Chengara. The [[Cochin International Airport]] is around {{convert|124|km|abbr=on}} from Chengara.<br />
<br />
=== Institutions ===<br />
Various institutions located in Chengara include:<br />
*Chengara Service Co-operative Society<br />
*Chengara Pravasi Association<br />
*Chengara Post Office<br />
*Olive Mart supermarket<br />
*Ration shop Chengara<br />
<br />
== Tribal agitations ==<br />
{{Main|Chengara struggle|l1=Chengara Struggle}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Chengara samaram.jpg|thumb|Tribal on strike]]<br />
<br />
The village is frequently mentioned in the media due to a land struggle, popularly known as "Chengara Samaram," which took place on a rubber plantation, {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} outside the village. Led by Laha Gopalan, the Sadu Jana Vimochana Samara Vedi (SJVSV) agitation began on August 4, 2007, when hundreds of Vedi workers encroached upon the Kumbazha Estate of Harrison Malayalam Limited. They demanded {{convert|5|acre}} of land for farming and {{currency|50,000|INR|linked=yes}} towards initial farming expenses for each landless family among them. They pitched tents on the occupied land and began tapping the rubber trees for their livelihood. Gopalan claimed that {{convert|200|ha|abbr=on|order=flip}} of land at Chengara were under SJVSV occupation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/27/stories/2011052759391100.htm |title=The Hindu : Kerala News : Chengara agitators to meet Chandy in bid to end struggle |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601022259/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/27/stories/2011052759391100.htm |archive-date=1 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the agitation, notable figures including Medha Patkar, Arundhati Roy, Govindacharya, and V.M. Sudheeran visited and expressed solidarity with the local families. However, the struggle reportedly created a negative image of Chengara. The previous Left Democratic Front (LDF) government identified {{convert|831.03|acre}} of land in 10 districts for distribution among the 1,495 eligible landless people as part of the "Chengara Package." Of the 1,495 identified families, 38 belonged to the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] category and 1,227 to the Scheduled Castes. However, many people declined the allotted land, finding it unsuitable for habitation and farming. Vedi leader Laha Gopalan maintained that there was no question of vacating the land until all landless families at Chengara were allotted land suitable for farming and habitation. Some families have constructed permanent dwellings and started cultivation on the encroached land. The Vedi has also established a library and school on the occupied land.<br />
<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2012-08-05|title=Chengara agitation historic: Metropolitan|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/chengara-agitation-historic-metropolitan/article3730292.ece|access-date=2021-02-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>{{update inline|date=June 2020}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]<br />
*[[Bethel Marthoma Church]]<br />
*[[Pathanamthitta]]<br />
*[[Konni, India|Konni, Kerala]]<br />
*[[Kumbazha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* http://teamchengara.weebly.com/<br />
* http://chengarapally.com/<br />
<br />
{{Commons category|Chengara}}<br />
{{Pathanamthitta district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Pathanamthitta district]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandrapur_Super_Thermal_Power_Station&diff=472697Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station2026-02-20T22:08:33Z<p>Svetlanacnc: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Thermal power station in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox power station<br />
| image = Current functioning units of CSTPS.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Current functioning units of CSTPS<br />
| name = Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station<br />
| country = India<br />
| location = [[Chandrapur]], [[Maharashtra]] (state)<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|20.004968|N|79.291334|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br />
| status = O<br />
| operator = [[Maharashtra State Power Generation Company Limited]]<br />
| th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]<br />
| th_fuel_tertiary = <br />
| ps_units_operational = 7<br />
| ps_electrical_capacity = 3340 MW<br />
| commissioned = 8 October 1983<br />
| website = <br />
| extra = Source: {{url|http://mahagenco.in/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station''' (often abbreviated as '''CSTPS''') is a [[thermal power plant]] located in [[Chandrapur district]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of [[Maharashtra State Power Generation Company Limited|MAHAGENCO]]. The coal for the power plant is sourced from Durgapur and Padmapur Collieries of [[Western Coalfields Limited]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chanda.nic.in/htmldocs/ctps.html|title=Chandrapur Thermal Power Station, A Giant In Power Generation|access-date=20 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525231932/http://chanda.nic.in/htmldocs/ctps.html|archive-date=25 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The plant was officially inaugurated by the Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] on 8 October 1984.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IleHyBDWbzEC&q=Chandrapur+Super+Thermal+Power+Station&pg=PA671|title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories|year=2006|isbn=9788178353722|access-date=20 April 2015|last1=Bhatt|first1=S. C.}}</ref><br />
<br />
With the total capacity of 3340&nbsp;MW,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mahagenco.in/index.php/generation|title=INSTALLED CAPACITY OF MAHAGENCO|publisher=MAHAGENCO|access-date=20 Sep 2015}}</ref> the plant is the largest power plant in the Maharashtra. It accounts for more than 25% of [[Maharashtra]]'s total needs.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} The plant gets water supply from [[Erai Dam]] when in normal conditions. In the summer of 2010 due to less water in Erai, the plant also got water supply from [[Chargaon Dam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-maharashtra-s-largest-thermal-power-plant-to-close-all-units-by-may-15-1368282|title=Maharashtra's largest thermal power plant to close all units by May 15|work=dna|access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Capacity ==<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
! Stage !! Unit number !! Installed capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of commissioning<br />
|-<br />
| 1st || 1 || 210 || 1983 August<br />
|-<br />
| 1st || 2 || 210 || 1984 July<br />
|-<br />
| 1st || 3 || 210 || 1985 May<br />
|-<br />
| 1st || 4 || 210 || 1986 March<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd || 5 || 500 || 1991 March<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd || 6 || 500 || 1992 March<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd || 7 || 500 || 1997 October<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd || 8 || 500 || 2015 May <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/bhel-commissions-500-mw-power-unit-in-maharashtra_1587599.html|title = BHEL commissions 500 MW power unit in Maharashtra|date = 30 April 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 3rd || 9 || 500 || 2016 March<br />
|-<br />
|'''Total'''|| '''9''' || '''3340'''||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery mode=packed><br />
File:Extra 2 units of CSTPS.jpg|New 2 units of CSTPS<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|India|Energy}}<br />
* [[Make in Maharashtra]]<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{Power Plants of Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Chandrapur district]]<br />
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1983]]<br />
[[Category:1983 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-powerstation-stub}}</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namita_Thapar&diff=520202Namita Thapar2026-02-08T18:01:12Z<p>Svetlanacnc: stub!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur (born 1977)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = <!-- defaults to article title when left blank --><br />
| image = <br />
| image_upright = <br />
| landscape = <br />
| caption = Thapar in 2019<br />
| birth_name = Namita Mehta<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|03|21|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = [[Fuqua School of Business]], [[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce]]<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Businessperson]]|[[Entrepreneur]]|angel investor}}<br />
| years_active = 1996–present<br />
| organization = [[Emcure Pharmaceuticals]]<br />
| television = ''[[Shark Tank India]]'' (2021–present)<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Vikas Thapar|2003}}<br />
| mother = Bhavana Mehta<br />
| father = Satish Mehta<br />
| relatives = {{ubl<br />
| Samit Mehta (brother)}}<br />
| awards = <br />
| children = Vir Thapar, Jai Thapar<br />
| signature = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Namita Thapar''' (née Mehta; born 21 March 1977) is an Indian entrepreneur, business executive, and angel investor.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/when-shark-tank-indias-namita-thapar-addressed-being-called-a-nepo-kid-and-papa-ki-pari-says-one-needs-to-have-entrepreneurial-mindset-exclusive/articleshow/108494689.cms|title=When Shark Tank India's Namita Thapar addressed being called a 'nepo-kid' and 'papa ki pari'; says 'one needs to have entrepreneurial mindset' - Exclusive|newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 March 2024 }}</ref> She is the [[Executive director]] of [[Emcure Pharmaceuticals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/specials/most-powerful-women-in-business/story/namita-thapar-growth-champion-315153-2021-12-10|title=Namita Thapar: Growth Champion|date=10 December 2021 }}</ref> She has also been a prominent investor in ''[[Shark Tank India]]'' investing in over 100 companies. She is also the founder of Thapar Entrepreneur Academy.<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Namita is the daughter of businessman Satish Ramanlal Mehta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/namita-thapar-shuts-down-troll-who-asked-if-daddys-money-hadnt-been-there-12452151.html|title=Namita Thapar shuts down troll who asked: 'if daddy's money hadn't been there…'|date=13 March 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shark-tank-india-judge-namita-thapar-lives-life-queen-size-with-hubby-vikas-thapar-and-kids-heres-all-about-her-early-days-education-and-net-worth/photostory/90286704.cms?picid=90286850|title=Queen size|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> She completed her MBA from [[Duke University]]'s [[Fuqua School of Business]] in 2001 and is a Chartered Accountant from ICAI.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fuqua.duke.edu/student-network/alumni-ambassadors/namita-thapar#:~:text=She%20is%20passionate%20about%20youth,a%20Chartered%20Accountant%20from%20ICAI.|title=namita thapar Profile}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
After completing her MBA, she ventured to the US, to take the role of Business Finance head at Guidant Corporation. Later, she relocated to India, where she took the role of CFO at [[Emcure Pharmaceuticals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/meet-namita-thapar-the-businesswoman-with-a-rs-600-crore-net-worth-rs-50-crore-mansion-and-a-taste-for-luxury/3394772/|title=Meet Namita Thapar: The businesswoman with a Rs 600 crore net worth, Rs 50 crore mansion, and a taste for luxury|date=15 February 2024 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Television==<br />
Thapar has been an [[angel investor]] "Shark" on the [[Sony Entertainment Television]]'s reality program ''[[Shark Tank India]]'' in [[Shark Tank India (season 1)|seasons 1]], [[Shark Tank India (season 2)|2]], [[Shark Tank India (season 3)|3]], [[Shark Tank India season 4|4]] and [[Shark Tank India season 5|5]]<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
She is married to Vikas Thapar, and they have two sons, Jai and Vir.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shark-tank-india-judge-namita-thapar-lives-life-queen-size-with-hubby-vikas-thapar-and-kids-heres-all-about-her-early-days-education-and-net-worth/photostory/90286704.cms|title=Shark Tank India judge Namita Thapar lives life queen size with hubby Vikas Thapar and kids; here's all about her early days, education and net worth|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=May 2023 |title=Namita Thapar, husband Vikas invite Shark Tank India sports pitchers to their home for dinner; former shares their success story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/namita-thapar-husband-vikas-invite-shark-tank-india-sports-pitchers-to-their-home-for-dinner-former-shares-their-success-story/articleshow/99901459.cms |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* In 2018, she won Economic Times ‘40 under Forty’ Award.<ref name="m371">{{cite web | last=Alves | first=Glynda | title=ET 40 Under Forty: When corporate big bosses looked sharper than their suits | website=The Economic Times | date=2018-09-03 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/et-40-under-forty-when-corporate-big-bosses-looked-sharper-than-their-suits/articleshow/65651665.cms?from=mdr | access-date=2025-11-11}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|13230974}}<br />
<br />
{{Shark Tank India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thapar, Namita}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]<br />
[[Category:1977 births]]<br />
[[Category:Shark Tank India]]<br />
[[Category:Fuqua School of Business alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian accountants]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women accountants]]<br />
[[Category:Indian businesswomen]]<br />
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dogra_Regiment&diff=473779Dogra Regiment2026-02-06T06:50:53Z<p>Svetlanacnc: added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Infantry regiment of the Indian Army}}<br />
{{cleanup|reason=Unencyclopedic writing|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox military unit<br />
| unit_name = Dogra Regiment<br />
| image = Dogra Regiment.svg<br />
| image_size = 280px<br />
| caption = Regimental Insignia of the Dogra Regiment<br />
| dates = 1877–present<br />
| country = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]<br />
| allegiance = <br />
| branch = [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]<br />
| type = [[Line Infantry]]<!-- Insignia --><br />
| identification_symbol = [[Tiger]] revered as the mount of the Goddess [[Durga]], who is a widely worshipped deity in the Dogra Hills<br />
| identification_symbol_label = Regimental Insignia<br />
| identification_symbol_2 = <br />
| garrison = [[Ayodhya Cantonment|Ayodhya]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| garrison_label = Regimental Centre<!-- Culture and history --><br />
| nickname = Gentlemen Warriors<br />
| patron = <br />
| motto = ''Kartavyam Anvatma'' (Duty Before Death)<br />
| colors = ''Jwala Mata Ki Jai'' (Victory to Mother [[Jwala Ji|Jwala]])<br />
| colors_label = War Cry<br />
| march = <br />
| mascot = Tiger<br />
| battles = <br>[[1st Anglo-Afghan War]]<br>[[2nd Anglo-Afghan War]]<br>[[World War I]]<br>[[World War II]]<br>[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]]<br>[[Sino-Indian War]]<br>[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<br>[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]<br>[[Kargil War]]<br />
| anniversaries = <br />
| decorations = 2 [[Victoria Cross]]<br> 44 [[Military Cross]]<br> 1 [[Ashoka Chakra]]<br> 13 [[Maha Vir Chakra]]s<br> 9 [[Kirti Chakra]]s<br> 16 [[Yudh Seva Medal]]<br> 46 [[Vir Chakra]]s and 1 Bar <br> 1 [[Padma Bhushan]] <br> 2 [[Padma Shri]] <br> 21 [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]<br> 24 [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br> 38 [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] and 3 bar <br> 58 [[Shaurya Chakra]]s<br> 337 [[Sena Medal]]s and 15 bar <br> 31 [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br> 89 Mention-in-Despatches and<br> 313 Chief of Army Staff Commendation Cards<br />
<!-- Commanders -->| current_commander = Lt General VM Bhuvana Krishnan<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-gen-ranbir-singh-avenges-death-of-soldiers-from-his-dogra-regiment/articleshow/54616578.cms|title=Lt Gen Ranbir Singh avenges death of soldiers from his Dogra regiment|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=2018-07-14|access-date=2021-05-30|last1=Pubby|first1=Manu}}</ref><br />
| current_commander_label = <br />
| ceremonial_chief = <br />
| ceremonial_chief_label = <br />
| colonel_of_the_regiment = <br />
| colonel_of_the_regiment_label = <br />
| notable_commanders = General [[Nirmal Chander Vij]] PVSM, UYSM, AVSM<br> General [[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]] [[Padma Bhushan]], PVSM<br>Lt Gen VK Jetley PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, VSM<br>Lt Gen PN Hoon PVSM, AVSM, YSM<br>Brigadier [[Mohammad Usman]] MVC<br>Lt Gen Ranbir Singh, PVSM, AVSM & Bar, YSM, SM, ADC<br />
| battle_honours = Jhangar, Rajauri, Uri, [[Battle of Asal Uttar|Asal Uttar]], Haji Pir, Raja Picquet, OP Hill, Siramani, Suadih, Dera Baba Nanak and Chandgram<br />
'''Theatre Honours'''<br><br />
[[Indo-Pakistan War of 1947|Jammu and Kashmir 1948]], [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1965|Punjab 1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971|Punjab 1971]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Dogra Regiment''' is an [[infantry regiment]] of the [[Indian Army]]. The regiment traces its roots directly from the [[17th Dogra Regiment]] of the [[British Indian Army]]. When transferred to the Indian Army like its sister regiments, the numeral prefix was removed. Dogra Regiment Units Maximum filled with Rajputs And Sikh. Units of the Dogra Regiment have fought in all conflicts that independent India has been engaged in, making it one of the most prestigious and most decorated regiments of the Indian Army.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Sepoy, 37th Dogras Art.IWMART2348.jpg|thumb|300x300px|A sepoy of the 37th Dogras.]]<br />
The [[Dogras]], the inhabitants of 'Duggar' or Dogra land hail from the Indian states of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and the hilly regions of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. The Dogra Regiment traces its lineage to 1858, when the Agra Levy was raised by the [[British East India Company]] as part of the [[Bengal Army]]. The Dogras were added into the Bengal Army on the recommendation of Sir [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Fredrick Roberts]], the then commander-in-chief of India, who decided to add a Dogra regiment because he was impressed by the loyalty and soldierly qualities of Dogra troops.The Agra Levy was later renamed the [[38th Dogras]]. In 1887 the 37th (Dogra) Bengal Infantry was raised and later renamed the [[37th (Prince of Wales's Own) Dogras]]. In 1900 the 41st (Dogra) Bengal Infantry was raised and also later renamed the [[41st Dogras]]. In 1922 the Indian government reformed the army, moving from single battalion regiments to multi-battalion regiments.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sumner|first=Ian|title=The Indian Army 1914–1947|year=2001|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-84176-196-6}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2021}} The 37th, 38th and 41st Dogras were all amalgamated into the [[17th Dogra Regiment]]. It dropped '17th' from its title in 1945 and was allocated to [[India]] upon its [[Indian independence movement|independence]] in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |last=editor |first=D. D. E. |date=2019-01-24 |title=The Dogra Regiment of Indian Army |url=https://defencedirecteducation.com/2019/01/24/dogra-regiment-indian-army/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=DDE |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
The 38th Dogras served in the [[siege of Malakand]] in 1897 and during the [[First World War]], served in [[Colony of Aden|Aden]], [[Suez]] and [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem|Palestine]] during the [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|battle of Megiddo]]. The 37th Dogras took part in the [[Chitral Expedition]] in 1895 and during the First World War, fought in the [[Second Battle of Kut]] and the [[Fall of Baghdad (1917)|capture of Baghdad]] as part of the [[14th Indian Division]].<ref>British Official History of the Great War, Mesopotamia Campaign Vol. 4</ref> The 41st Dogras served in China from 1904 to 1908 as part of an international force, and then served on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] and the [[Mesopotamia Campaign]] during World War I.<br />
<br />
In 1949, [[Karan Singh]], son of Maharaja [[Hari Singh]], the last maharaja of the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], was appointed Regent by his father. He wrote the Dogra Regiment's regimental song, '[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7WmYJ__1auE Dikhi Lai Dogra Desh]'.<br />
<br />
Perhaps the best compliment given to the Dogras has come from Field Marshal Sir [[William Slim]] who wrote to them thus:<br />
{{Blockquote<br />
|The Dogra proved themselves yet again a hardened and courageous fighter. Like his predecessors, he has been proud of his military heritage and has shown himself well versed in the art of war. Nor did he fail to live up to his age old reputation of combining courage with modesty and good manners as a gentleman should. I know from personal experience that in an army with many fine battalions, the Dogras have not merely upheld their brilliant reputation, but have added lustre to the pages of history of both their own regiment and of the Indian Army.<br />
|author=Field Marshal [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim]]}}<br />
<br />
===Formation===<br />
The regiment was formed in 1922 through the amalgamation of three separate regiments of Dogras into the 17th Dogra Regiment.<ref>[[C.T. Atkinson]], ''A history of the 1st (P.W.O.) Battalion: the Dogra Regiment 1887-1947, 37th Dogras, 1887-1923, 1st (P.W.O.) Bn., 17th Dogra Rgt., 1922-1945'' (Southampton : printed for the subscribers by the Camelot Press, 1950).</ref> They were:<br />
*1st Battalion – formerly the [[37th (Prince of Wales's Own) Dogras]] <br />
*2nd Battalion – formerly the [[38th Dogras]]<br />
*3rd Battalion – formerly the 1st Battalion, [[41st Dogras]]<br />
*10th (Training) Battalion – formerly the 2nd Battalion, 41st Dogras<br />
<br />
The regiment has produced one [[Chief of Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]], Gen. [[Nirmal Chander Vij]]. Vij also served as the 10th Colonel-in-Chief of the Dogra Regiment and the Dogra Scouts.<br />
[[File:Highlanders and Dogras in a trench with dugouts Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-294).jpg|thumb|300x300px|Dogras (along with [[Scottish regiment|Highlanders]]) in a trench with dugouts; Fauquissart, France.]]<br />
<br />
===Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–48===<br />
{{main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948}}<br />
Pakistani raiders had besieged and reduced [[Skardu]] in early 1948.<ref name="Offl_Hist_1947">{{cite book |title=History of Operations In Jammu and Kashmir 1947–1948 |last1=Prasad|first1=S.N.|last2=Dharm Pal |year=1987 |publisher=History Department, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. (printed at Thomson Press (India) Limited) |location=New Delhi |pages=418 }}.</ref>{{Rp|300–305}} It was vital that [[Leh]], the next likely target, be relieved before it was attacked by the raiders. Major [[Thakur Prithi Chand]], along with a band of 40 volunteers from the 2nd battalion, Dogra Regiment, began a hazardous mid-winter ascent of the [[Zojila]] pass on 16 February 1948, with rifles and ammunition for the garrison. They reached Leh on 8 March, where an ad hoc force for defence was organised, followed soon by a [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]] detachment bringing additional weapons.<ref name="Slender">{{cite book |title=Slender Was the Thread: Kashmir Confrontation 1947–48 |last=Sen |first=Maj Gen L. P. |year=1969 |publisher=Orient Longman |location=New Delhi |isbn=0-86131-692-4 |pages=308 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYHXmx4cOUsC |access-date=4 August 2010}}</ref>{{rp|195–199}}<br />
<br />
===Sino-Indian War===<br />
{{main|Sino-Indian War}}<br />
<br />
A company from the 4th battalion fought in the battle of [[Walong]] in November 1962 and suffered significant casualties against a vastly numerically superior Chinese force.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/history/1962war/263-walong.html|title=Battle of Walong, 18 Oct - 16 Nov 1962 - Bharat Rakshak - Indian Army & Land Forces}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Indo-Pakistani War of 1965===<br />
{{main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1965}}<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2025}}<br />
On September 2, 1965, the 3rd battalion, commanded by Lt. Col. R.B. Nair, was given the task to capture Point 7702 in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The brigade then planned two battalion attacks with the 2nd battalion, [[Sikh Regiment]] on the left to clear the Raja picket and the 3rd battalion, Dogra Regiment on the right to capture point 7702. The battalion left late in the evening on September 5, and successfully sneaked past Raja picket. The two leading companies were to assault from the left flank and cross the start line at 04:00 on September 6 under the able leadership of Maj. Greesh Chandra Verma and Capt. Gurdev Singh Bawa. B and C companies stormed point 7702 at 05:00 on September 6. After a fierce hand-to-hand and bunker-to-bunker fight, the enemy was uprooted from the strongly built defences and the post was captured by 05:45.<br />
<br />
Maj. G.C. Verma was wounded in the head and refused to be evacuated. He died on seeing the success signal being fired from his pistol by Sub. Rattan Singh. Capt. G.S. Bawa, the other assaulting company commander was also wounded fatally while silencing an enemy MMG. The battalion lost two officers, one JCO and 14 ORs while 3 officers, 2 JCOs and 60 ORs were wounded in the battle. 39 men of enemy were killed and 5 were taken as POWs.<br />
<br />
In recognition of this valour the battalion was awarded the battle honour Chand Tekri and theatre honour of Jammu and Kashmir 1965.<br />
<br />
2nd battalion, Dogra Regiment led the famed OP Hill attack on November 2, 1965, to capture a strategic location in Mendhar area of Jammu and Kashmir. This is regarded as one of the bloodiest battles fought by the Indian Army. Maj GS Pall led the Delta company up the steep and open hill towards Kala Pathar, a frontal attack under heavy machine gun and mortar fire, with the hillside strewn with landmines, followed by Charlie and Alpha companies. Meanwhile 7th Battalion of Sikh Regiment and 5th Battalion of Sikh Li Regiment troops flanked the enemy. Dogras suffered heavy casualties throughout the night but refused to withdraw, eventually meeting up with the Sikh and Sikh Li troops for the capture. Many awards were earned posthumously, including officers, JCOs and Jawans. 2nd Dogras earned a Battle Honour for this famed battle. An impressive memorial stands at the site today commemorating the battle and the bravery of 2nd Dogras.<br />
<br />
===Indo-Pakistani War of 1971===<br />
{{main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}<br />
<br />
On the eastern front, the 9th battalion was responsible for the fall of Suadih, a small village in [[East Pakistan]] that was a strong bastion of the Pakistan Army's most fortified position in the country. This led to the ultimate liberation of East Pakistan and a victory for the Indian Army. For this task, 9 Dogra was awarded the battle honour of Suadih.<br />
<br />
The 5th battalion was posted in [[Battle of Asal Uttar|Asal Uttar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], where it was assigned to accord depth to the defences of [[Khem Karan]].<br />
<br />
===Kargil War===<br />
{{main|Kargil War}}<br />
<br />
The 5th battalion fought in the Kargil War to capture [[Tiger Hill, Kargil|Tiger Hill]].<br />
<br />
===UN Peacekeeping===<br />
The Dogra Regiment has not only contributed to the [[United Nations]] Peacekeeping Forces in the [[Gaza Strip]], [[Korea]], and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]], but has also contributed in providing various military observers in various peace keeping operation around the globe. The 1st, 3rd and 9th battalions have participated in UN peacekeeping missions.<br />
[[File:Dogra Regiment UN.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Dogra Regiment troops, along with a Sikh non-Dogra Regiment soldier, on UN duty.]]<br />
<br />
==Recruitment==<br />
Dogra regiment has a fixed class composition: 50 percent from [[Himachal Pradesh]], 25 percent from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and a balance from [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]], [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district|SBS Nagar]], [[Pathankot district|Pathankot]], [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]], and [[Rupnagar district|Rupnagar]] districts of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. Enlisting in army is seen as honourable pursuit for Dogras; soldiering has not only become a substantial part of the economic structure of the Dogra hills, but created social and cultural traditions built on the people's association with the army.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/dogra-regiment-a-fact-file-on-indian-armys-gentleman-warrior-who-hail-from-foothills-of-shivaliks-1320287|title=Dogra Regiment: A Fact-File On Indian Army's 'Gentleman Warriors' Who Hail From Shivaliks Foothills|date=2020-08-24|access-date=2021-05-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Regimental Centre== <br />
Initially, the Dogra battalions were raised in various different places by the British Indian Army, with each having their own depot. After the first World War, a common depot was formed, which was later termed the Training Battalion (later the 10th Battalion). In 1943, the Training Battalion ceased to exist and was renamed ''The Dogra Regimental Centre''. After independence, the regimental centre was established in [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] in 1952. It was moved to [[Faizabad Cantonment]], Uttar Pradesh, in June 1976, where it is currently located.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.philamart.com/Listing/Details/3080307/The-Dogra-Regimental-CentreIndian-Army-Postal-Cover-APO|title=The Dogra Regimental Centre Indian Army Postal Cover|date=2017-03-22|access-date=2021-05-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Units ==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2025}}[[File:The Dogra Regiment Marching Contingent passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 69th Republic Day Parade 2018, in New Delhi on January 26, 2018.jpg|thumb|300x300px|The Dogra Regiment Marching Contingent passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 69th Republic Day Parade 2018, in New Delhi.]]<br />
*2nd Battalion – The Great Second<br />
*3rd Battalion – Mighty Third <br />
*4th Battalion – Char Satara<br />
*5th Battalion – Five The Formidable <br />
*6th Battalion – Soaring Six<br />
*7th Battalion – Unbeaten Seven<br />
*8th Battalion – Elite Eight<br />
*9th Battalion – Suadih Paltan <br />
*10th Battalion – Shaktishali Dus<br />
*11th Battalion – Elite Eleven<br />
*12th Battalion – Towering Twelfth <br />
*13th Battalion – Siramani<br />
*14th Battalion – Fabulous Fourteen<br />
*15th Battalion – Fighting Fifteenth <br />
*16th Battalion – Sovereign Sixteen<br />
*17th Battalion – Smashing Seventeen <br />
*18th Battalion – Ashok Chakra Paltan <br />
*19th Battalion – Dynamic Nineteen (Dogra battalion raised with a mixed class composition on 11 February 1985)<br />
*20th Battalion - Leaping Tigers <br />
*21st Battalion - Roaring Twenty-one <br />
* Dogra Scouts – Tangrors (the mountain warriors)<br />
<br />
'''[[Rashtriya Rifles]] (RR)'''<br />
*11 [[Rashtriya Rifles]] <br />
*20 Rashtriya Rifles <br />
*40 Rashtriya Rifles <br />
*62 Rashtriya Rifles<br />
<br />
'''[[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]] (TA)'''<br />
<br />
The regiment also has 4 [[Territorial Army (India)|Territorial Army]] battalions.<br />
*112th Infantry Battalion (Territorial Army) (based at Jalandhar, Punjab)<br />
*153rd Infantry Battalion (Territorial Army) (based at Meerut, Uttar Pradesh)<br />
*159th Infantry Battalion (Territorial Army) (Home & Hearth) (based at Thalela, Jammu and Kashmir)<br />
*133rd Infantry Battalion (Territorial Army) (Ecological) (based at Shimla, Himachal Pradesh)<br />
<br />
Other facts:<br />
*1st Battalion was transformed in 1981 into the 7th Battalion, [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]]<br />
*The battalions have participated in various UN missions; the 3rd battalion have served in Korea, the 1st battalion has served in Congo, the 9th battalion has served in Gaza and the 5th battalion has served in Sierra Leone. The 3rd battalion was the first-ever battalion of the Indian Army to go on a UN mission.<br />
*The 4th battalion has the additional honour of being the first battalion of the Indian Army to be deployed on the [[Siachen Glacier]].<br />
<br />
==Affiliations==<br />
In the year 1990 affiliations of [[List of active Indian Navy ships|Indian Navy ships]] were being done with the Indian Army Regiments, [[INS Ranvijay]] was affiliated with the Dogra Regiment in 1997. Apart from this, the Dogra's are also affiliated with the Regiment of Artillery (14 Medium Regiment and [[15 Medium Regiment (India)|15 Medium Regiment]]). Even the Dogra's are also affiliated with the Armoured Corps ([[71st Armoured Regiment (India)|71st Armoured Regiment]]).<br />
<br />
==Battle honours==<br />
Two battalions of the 17th Dogra Regiment (the 2nd and 3rd), also fought in the [[Malayan Campaign]]. After the [[Fall of Singapore]], a large number of the captured troops later went on to join the [[Indian National Army]].<ref>{{cite book |surname1=Fay |given1=Peter W. |year=1993 |title=The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942–1945 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=0-472-08342-2 |page=137}}</ref><br />
[[File:King's Colour, 2nd Battalion, 17th Dogra Regiment 1926-1947.jpg|thumb|300x300px|King's Colour 2/17th Dogra Regiment, 1926–1947]]<br />
<br />
===Pre-independence===<br />
Combined battle honours of 37th (Prince of Wales's Own) Dogras, 38th Dogras, 41st Dogras:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/infantry-regiments-the-cutting-edge-of-soldiering/3/|title=Infantry Regiments: The cutting edge of Soldiering|date=2018-01-24|access-date=2021-05-30}}</ref><br />
;World War I<br />
*[[Battle of La Bassée|La Bassée]] 1914<br />
*[[Festubert]] 1914–1915<br />
*[[Givenchy]] 1914<br />
*[[Neuve Chapelle]]<br />
*[[Aubers]]<br />
*France and Flanders 1914–15<br />
*[[Egypt]] 1915<br />
*[[Tel Megiddo|Megiddo]]<br />
*[[Nablus]]<br />
*[[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] 1918<br />
*Tigris 1916<br />
*[[Siege of Kut|Kut al-Amara]] 1917<br />
*Wadi<br />
*El Hanna <br />
*Baghdad<br />
*Mesopotamia 1915–18<br />
*Aden<br />
*Megiddo – 1918 <br />
*[[Nablus]] – 1918<br />
*[[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] – 1918<br />
*[[North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)|North-West Frontier]] 1915–1917<br />
*Afghanistan 1919<br />
<br />
;World War II<br />
*[[Battle of Kota Bharu|Kota Bharu]]<br />
*[[Malayan Campaign|Malaya 1941–42]]<br />
*Singapore 1941–42 <br />
*Donbaik<br />
*Wrencat<br />
*Nunshigum<br />
*Magwe<br />
*Kennedy Peak<br />
*[[Burma Campaign|Burma 1942–45]]<br />
<br />
===Post-independence===<br />
*Jhangar 1947<br />
*Barwali 1947<br />
*Rajauri 1947<br />
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Jammu and Kashmir]] 1947–48<br />
*[[Hajipir]]<br />
*Raja Picquet-Chand Tekri<br />
*OP Hill (NL 1053)<br />
*Tiger Hill-1999 <br />
* Uri <br />
* Poonch <br />
*[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] 1965<br />
*Asal Uttar<br />
*Dograi<br />
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Punjab]] 1965<br />
*Suadhi<br />
*Siramani<br />
*Chauddagram<br />
*[[East Pakistan]] 1971<br />
*Ferozpur <br />
*Dera Baba Nanak<br />
<br />
==Colonels of the Dogra Regiment==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2025}}[[File:General Nirmal Chander Vij.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gen. N.C. Vij, the 20th Chief of Army Staff and the first Dogra Regiment officer to hold the title.]]<br />
* [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] Kalwant Singh <br />
* Lieutenant General M.S. Pathania PVSM <br />
* [[Major General (India)|Major General]] M.G. Hazari PVSM, AVSM <br />
* Major General Mohan Lal PVSM <br />
* Lieutenant General P.N. Hoon PVSM, AVSM, SM<br />
* Lieutenant General V.K. Jetley PVSM, VSM <br />
* Lieutenant General V.K. Sood PVSM, AVSM, PhD <br />
* Lieutenant General Sher Amir Singh PVSM, AVSM <br />
* Lieutenant General H.S. Bedi PVSM, VSM<br />
* Lieutenant General Surjit Singh PVSM, AVSM, VSM <br />
* [[General (India)|General]] [[Nirmal Chander Vij|N.C. Vij]] PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, ADC <br />
* Lieutenant General S.S. Sanga PVSM, AVSM, VSM, SM<br />
* Lieutenant General J.K. Mohanty PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, VSM, SM, ADC <br />
* Lieutenant General Jasbir Singh Dhaliwal PVSM, AVSM, VSM <br />
* Lieutenant General A.K. Singh PVSM, AVSM, VSM, SM<br />
* Lieutenant General G.S. Dhillon PVSM, VSM, YSM, SM<br />
* Brig Jagmohan Varma, SM, VSM<br />
* Lieutenant General [[Ranbir Singh (general)|Ranbir Singh]] AVSM**, YSM, SM, ADC<br />
* Lieutenant General [[Jai Singh Nain]] AVSM, SM, ADC<br />
*Lt General VM Bhuvana Krishnan AVSM, YSM<br />
<br />
==Gallantry Awards==<br />
[[File:Shri Vijay Kumar receiving 2006 Arjuna Award for Shooting.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Vijay Kumar receiving the 2006 Arjuna Award for shooting]]<br />
Before Indian independence, the Dogras had to their credit two [[Victoria Cross]]es and 44 [[Military Cross]]es besides 312 other awards including 2 unit Citations. Some awardees include :<br />
* Brigadier [[John Alexander Sinton]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]] – 37th Dogras<br />
* Lance Naik [[Lala (VC)|Lala]] VC – 41st Dogras<br />
* Major R.C. Dunlop [[Military Cross|MC]]<br />
* Major R.C. Christie MC<br />
* Subedar Narsinghu MC <br />
* Lance Naik Janak Singh MC <br />
* Colonel [[Thakur Prithi Chand]] MVC <br />
* Lieutenant Colonel [[Kushal Chand]] MVC <br />
* Brigadier [[Narinder Singh Sandhu]] MVC<br />
* Brigadier [[Mohammad Usman]] MVC<br />
* Capt Devinder Singh Ahlawat MVC<br />
* Sub. Major and Hony. Capt. [[Bhim Chand (soldier)|Bhim Chand]], VrC & bar <br />
* Major Sandeep Shankla [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|AC]]<br />
* [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] K.J. Singh [[Shaurya Chakra|SC]]**, [[Sena Medal|SM]]<br />
* Major Sunil Shetty Sena Medal (SM)<br />
* Honorary Captain [[Vijay Kumar (sport shooter)|Vijay Kumar Sharma]] Padma Shri, AVSM, SM<br />
* Colonel Anil Kumar [[Kirti Chakra|KC]]<br />
* Sub. Major and Hony. Capt. [[Chhering Norbu Bodh]], SC<br />
<br />
The following battalions of the regiment have also been awarded the Chief of Army Staff's Unit Citation:<br />
*2nd Battalion <br />
*5th Battalion (2 unit citations) <br />
*7th Battalion<br />
*8th Battalion (2 unit citations)<br />
*10th Battalion<br />
*14th Battalion<br />
*19th Battalion<br />
*21st Battalion <br />
*11 Rashtriya Rifles <br />
*40 Rashtriya Rifles<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* [[List of regiments of the Indian Army]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/rgt-dogra.htm History of the Dogra Regiment]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100125081729/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/109-Dogras.html The Dogra Regiment – Bharat Rakshak]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060912183419/http://regiments.org/regiments/southasia/inf/1922-17.htm Commonwealth Regiments Site]<br />
<br />
{{Indian Army Infantry Regiments}}<br />
{{Indian National Army}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Infantry regiments of the Indian Army from 1947|D]]<br />
[[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1947]]<br />
[[Category:Dogra]]<br />
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=UGC%E2%80%93NET&diff=542233UGC–NET2026-01-30T04:06:37Z<p>Svetlanacnc: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|National examination in India}}<br />
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox examination<br />
| name = University Grants Commission–National Eligibility Test <br />
| image_name = <br />
| image_alt =<br />
| caption =<br />
| acronym = UGC–NET<br />
| type = [[Computer based test]] (CBT)<br />
| test_admin = [[National Testing Agency]]<br />
| skills_tested = <br />
| prerequisite = Master's degree or equivalent<br />
| year_started = 1989–90<ref>[https://www.ugc.ac.in/net/aboutnet.aspx About the NET]</ref><br />
| year_terminated = <br />
| duration = 3 hours (180 minutes)<br />
| score_range = 0–100 (Paper I)<br> 0–200 (Paper II)<br />
| score_validity = Three years (JRF)<br> Lifetime (assistant professor)<br>One year (PhD admission)<br />
| offered = Twice annually(Usually in the months of December and June).<br />
| attempt_restriction = No restriction<br />
| regions = India<br />
| language = Mainly English and [[Hindi]]<br />
| test_takers = {{Decrease}} 5,44,485 (Dec 2021, June 2022 merged cycles) <br />
| fee = <br />
| website = {{URL|ugcnet.nta.nic.in}}<br />
}}<br />
The '''University Grants Commission–National Eligibility Test''' ('''UGC–NET''') is a [[standardised test]] in India conducted by the [[National Testing Agency]] (NTA) on behalf of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]. It is designed to determine the eligibility of candidates for: awarding of the [[Junior Research Fellowship]] (JRF), appointment as [[assistant professor]], and admission to [[PhD]] in Indian universities and colleges. The exam can be taken in any one of the 85 subjects.<ref>{{cite news|title=UGC NET December 2023 Live: UGC NET Admit card soon, exam city slips out at ugcnet.nta.ac.in|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/competitive-exams/ugc-net-december-2023-live-updates-admit-card-exam-city-slip-on-ugcnet-nta-nic-in-direct-link-101701316529617.html|access-date=20 January 2024|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=30 November 2023}}</ref> The UGC–NET [[National Eligibility Test]] is in the list of the top 10 toughest exams in India.<ref>{{cite news|author=TOI-Online|title=Which exam should you appear for? UGC NET, CSIR NET or both|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/which-exam-should-you-appear-for-ugc-net-csir-net-or-both/articleshow/71108036.cms|access-date=24 November 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 September 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
Until July 2018, the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) conducted the exam, which was taken over by the NTA since December 2018. Currently, the exam is being conducted twice a year in the months of June and December in CBT-mode.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Union Cabinet Approves Setting Up of National Testing Agency |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/nta-union-cabinet-approves-setting-up-of-national-testing-agency-1774058 |publisher=NDTV News Channel India}}</ref> From December 2018 onward, NTA started releasing the UGC-NET e-certificate and JRF award letter online on its official website for the qualified candidates.<br />
<br />
== Qualifying criteria ==<br />
A student has to obtain the minimum qualifying marks in UGC–NET, with aggregate 55% and 50% in their postgraduate's or master's degree, for General and Others respectively. The paper is divided into two papers: Paper 1 and Paper 2. Paper 1 is a general exam containing 50 questions of two marks each, for a total of 100 marks. Paper 2 is a subject-specific exam containing 100 questions of two marks each, for a total of 200 marks. The candidates have to score a total of (both in papers 1 and 2) 150 questions in three hours. There is no separate cutoff for any of the papers and, the cutoff is decided on the aggregate marks. Amongst those candidates who have obtained minimum qualifying marks, a merit list is prepared subject-wise and category-wise using the aggregate marks of two papers secured by such candidates.<ref>[https://testbook.com/ugc-net UGC NET Notification June 2025 has been released]</ref><br />
<br />
== SET/SLETs ==<br />
A state-level equivalent exam of NET exam is conducted by the Indian states/UTs in their jurisdiction called State Eligibility Test/State Level Eligibility Test, determining eligibility for lectureship/assistant professorship at universities and colleges in that particular state/UT only.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}<br />
<br />
== UGC NET Mandatory for PhD admission ==<br />
<br />
The new guidelines of UGC, suggested the use of UGC NET scores for PhD admissions. For this purpose; a new qualification category "PhD only" was added from UGC NET June 2024 onwards. Some have welcomed this change.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yadav |first=Amit |date=27 April 2024 |title=Unnecessary Unease with the Latest UGC Guidelines |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/letters/unnecessary-unease-latest-ugc-guidelines.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=59 |issue=17}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
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* [[Public service commissions in India|List of Public service commissions in India]]<br />
* [[List of public sector undertakings in India|List of Public Sector Undertakings in India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Official website}}<br />
<br />
{{Standardized tests in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Standardised tests in India]]<br />
[[Category:1989 establishments in India]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musheer_Khan&diff=519247Musheer Khan2026-01-25T21:11:20Z<p>Svetlanacnc: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 2005)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox cricketer<br />
| name = Musheer Khan<br />
| image = <br />
| fullname = Musheer Naushad Khan<br />
| country = India<br />
| birth_date = {{Date of birth and age|2005|02|27|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br />
| batting = Right-handed<br />
| bowling = [[Left-arm orthodox spin]]<br />
| role = [[All-rounder]]<br />
| family = [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]] (brother)<br>[[Naushad Ahmed Khan|Naushad Khan]] (Father)<br />
<br />
| club1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]<br />
| year1 = 2022/23–present<br />
| club2 = [[Punjab Kings]]<br />
| year2 = 2025–present<br />
| columns = 3<br />
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]<br />
| matches1 = 15<br />
| runs1 = 1,055<br />
| bat avg1 = 47.95<br />
| 100s/50s1 = 4/3<br />
| top score1 = 203[[not out|*]]<br />
| deliveries1 = 1,079<br />
| wickets1 = 21<br />
| bowl avg1 = 26.57<br />
| fivefor1 = 1<br />
| tenfor1 = 0<br />
| best bowling1 = 5/79<br />
| catches/stumpings1 = 7/–<br />
<br />
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]<br />
| matches2 = 8<br />
| runs2 = 245<br />
| bat avg2 = 40.83<br />
| 100s/50s2 = 0/3<br />
| top score2 = 73<br />
| deliveries2 = 361<br />
| wickets2 = 10<br />
| bowl avg2 = 32.70<br />
| fivefor2 = 0<br />
| tenfor2 = 0<br />
| best bowling2 = 3/37<br />
| catches/stumpings2 = 3/–<br />
<br />
| column3 = [[Twenty20|T20]]<br />
| matches3 = 1<br />
| runs3 = 0<br />
| bat avg3 = 0.00<br />
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0<br />
| top score3 = 0<br />
| deliveries3 = 12<br />
| wickets3 = 1<br />
| bowl avg3 = 27.00<br />
| fivefor3 = 0<br />
| tenfor3 = 0<br />
| best bowling3 = 1/27<br />
| catches/stumpings3 = 0/–<br />
| date = 25 January<br />
| year = 2026 <br />
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1316430.html ESPNcricinfo<br />
| medaltemplates = <!--MENTION HOST NATIONS FOR TEAM SPORTS--><br />
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}<br />
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Under-19 Cricket World Cup|ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup]]}}<br />
{{Medal|RU|[[2024 Under-19 Cricket World Cup|2024 South Africa]]|}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Musheer Naushad Khan''' (born 27 February 2005) is an Indian [[cricketer]] who plays for [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]. He made his [[first-class cricket]] debut on 27 December 2022 for Mumbai in the [[2022–23 Ranji Trophy]].<ref name="FC">{{Cite web|title=Ranji Trophy third round: A sweet first for Saurashtra, Pandey special 200, Parag Shaw|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333238.html|accessdate=31 December 2023|website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Musheer Khan Breaks Sachin Tendulkar's 29-year-old Record With Sparkling Century in Ranji Trophy Final - News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/musheer-khan-breaks-sachin-tendulkars-29-year-old-record-with-sparkling-century-in-ranji-trophy-final-8812414.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> As a right-handed batsman [[all-rounder]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=हिंदी |first=क्विंट |date=2023-12-19 |title=Musheer Khan IPL Auction 2024 Live Updates: मुशीर खान आईपीएल 2024 में अनकैप्ड, जानें नीलामी में क्या हुआ? |url=https://hindi.thequint.com/ipl-t20/musheer-khan-profile-ipl-auction-2024-cricket-career-news-in-hindi |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=TheQuint |language=hi}}</ref> Khan represented the [[2024 Under-19 Cricket World Cup]] as a member of the [[Indian U-19 cricket team]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Musheer Khan Reacts After Brother Sarfaraz Khan's Memorable Test Debut For India, Instagram Post Goes Viral |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/sarfaraz-khans-brother-musheer-khan-reacts-after-his-memorable-test-debut-for-india-instagram-post-goes-viral-article-107736243 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Devaji |first=Amarnath |date=2024-02-05 |title='Won't be satisfied until we win World Cup' – Musheer Khan puts title glory over personal achievements |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/u19cricketworldcup/news/won-t-be-satisfied-until-we-win-world-cup-musheer-khan-puts-title-glory-over-personal-achievements |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सरफराज ने वीडियो कॉल पर छोटे भाई मुशीर खान से की बात, आप भी हो जाएंगे इमोशनल, बीसीसीआई ने शेयर किया वीडियो |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/cricket/story-sarfaraz-khan-video-call-with-his-brother-musheer-khan-goes-viral-bcci-share-video-9329467.html |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Sarfaraz Khan-Musheer Khan: सही खेल रहा था ना... पिता-पत्नी मैदान पर, फिर सरफराज ने वीडियो कॉल पर किससे पूछी ये बात, VIDEO |url=https://www.aajtak.in/sports/cricket/story/sarfaraz-khan-receives-video-call-from-cricketer-brother-musheer-khan-after-test-debut-62-runs-india-vs-england-rajkot-tspo-1880735-2024-02-16 |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-07 |title=Emotional father gets ready to watch youngest son Musheer Khan make his debut in U-19 Asia Cup; eldest son Sarfaraz in South Africa with India A |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/emotional-father-gets-ready-to-watch-youngest-son-musheer-khan-make-his-debut-in-u-19-asia-cup-eldest-son-sarfaraz-in-south-africa-with-india-a-9058727/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2023, he was selected for the [[2024 Under-19 Cricket World Cup#Squads|2024 ICC U-19 Cricket World Cup squad]] for the Indian U-19 youth team.<ref name="India">{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/uday-saharan-to-lead-india-at-2024-under-19-world-cup-1412554.html|title=Uday Saharan will lead India in the 2024 U-19 World Cup|website=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=12 December 2023}}</ref> Indian team finished runner's up in the [[2024 Under-19 Cricket World Cup|tournament]] in which Khan scored two centuries. In March 2024, Musheer broke [[Sachin Tendulkar]]'s record to become the youngest Mumbai batter to score a hundred in the [[Ranji Trophy]] [[2023–24 Ranji Trophy#Final|final]].<ref name="SportsTiger">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportstiger.com/live-cricket-score/31016/10220/mum-vs-vid-test-final-ranji-trophy-2024| title= Musheer Khan breaks Sachin Tendulkar's record| website=SportsTiger|access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2024, he debut in [[Duleep Trophy]] for [[2024–25 Duleep Trophy|India B against India A]] at [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Mangalam Chinnaswamy]] in [[Bengaluru]]. In his debut match Musheer Khan hits his third First-Class century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportstiger.com/news/watch-musheer-khan-scores-century-on-duleep-trophy-debut-brother-sarfaraz-applauds-from-stands|title= Musheer Khan hits his third First-Class century|website=SportsTiger|access-date=2024-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fantasykhiladi.com/news/musheer-khan-181-duleep-trophy-debut-2024/|title= Musheer Khan gets out on 181 on his Duleep Trophy debut; missed a well-deserved 200 |website=FantasKhiladi |access-date=2024-09-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Musheer was born in 2005 at Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh. and he was brought up in the suburbs of [[Mumbai]]. His family hails from [[Azamgarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He spent most of his childhood in [[Azad Maidan]] with Naushad Khan, his father and coach.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Musheer Khan is the rising star of the Indian cricket as he plays in World Cup |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/sports-news/musheer-khan-is-the-rising-star-of-the-indian-cricket-as-he-plays-in-world-cup-27068.html |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=awazthevoice.in |language=en}}</ref> Musheer is the younger brother of the fellow [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] batsman [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]] who is 8 years older than Musheer.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links==<br />
* {{cricinfo|id=1316430}}<br />
<br />
{{Punjab Kings squad}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Musheer}}<br />
[[Category:2005 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br />
[[Category:Mumbai cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Punjab Kings cricketers]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nilkanth_Singh_Munda&diff=447225Nilkanth Singh Munda2026-01-22T04:17:40Z<p>Svetlanacnc: minor changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian politician<br />
| office = Minister of Rural Development & Panchayat Raj<br/>[[Government of Jharkhand]]<br />
| term_start = 28 December 2014<br />
| term_end = 29 December 2019<br />
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Jharkhand|Chief Minister]]<br />
| 1namedata = [[Raghubar Das]]<br />
| successor = [[Alamgir Alam]]<br />
| office4 = Member of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start4 = 2000<br />
| term_end4 = 2024<br />
| predecessor4 = [[Sushila Kerketta]]<br />
| successor4 = [[Ram Surya Munda]]<br />
| constituency4 = [[Khunti Assembly constituency|Khunti]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nilkanth Singh Munda''' (born 1968) is an Indian political leader and a 5th term [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Khunti district|Khunti]] constituency. He was a Minister of Parliamentary Affairs and Rural Development in the Government of [[Jharkhand]]. He is one of the chief [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leaders in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/state-bjp-unit-aims-65-plus-seats-in-assembly-polls.html|title=State BJP unit aims 65 plus seats in Assembly polls|first=The|last=Pioneer|website=The Pioneer|accessdate=26 June 2019|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626140111/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/state-bjp-unit-aims-65-plus-seats-in-assembly-polls.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life==<br />
He has five siblings. He is married to Sarita Devi and has two daughters and a son.<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
He was born in the village of Mahil which is in the district of [[Khunti district|Khunti]] on 5 January 1968 to T. Muchirai Munda and Radhika Munda. His father was also a political leader. He passed his matriculation exam in 1984. He completed his graduation in B.A. from Magadha University in 1988.<br />
<br />
== Political Journey ==<br />
Munda fought 2000 legislative election from [[Khunti district|Khunti]] on [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]’s ticket and became an MLA. He also won the [[Vidhan Sabha]] Elections in 2005, 2009, and 2014. He was given the charge of the Land Revenue by the previous Jharkhand Government and was working as the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs and Rural Development.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Munda, Neelkanth Singh}}<br />
[[Category:1968 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2014–2019]]<br />
[[Category:Magadh University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2005–2009]]<br />
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2009–2014]]<br />
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Jharkhand-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pratapgarh,_Rajasthan&diff=478005Pratapgarh, Rajasthan2026-01-21T09:20:39Z<p>Svetlanacnc: put up initial pg w/ infobox</p>
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<div>{{About|the municipality in Rajasthan, India|its namesake district|Pratapgarh district (Rajasthan)|other places of the same name|Pratapgarh (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Pratapgarh<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| image_skyline = {{multiple image<br />
| border = infobox<br />
| total_width = 240<br />
| image_style = <br />
| perrow = 1/1<br />
| image1 = Deepeshwar Temple.png<br />
| image2 = College in Pratapgarh.png}}<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|24.03|N|74.78|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Municipality]]<br />
| governing_body = Pratapgarh Nagar Parishad<ref>{{cite web |title= Pratapgarh Municipal Council |url= https://lsg.rajasthan.gov.in/ulbpratapgarh/ |date= 24 June 2024 |access-date= 24 June 2024 |archive-date= 24 June 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240624060936/https://lsg.rajasthan.gov.in/ulbpratapgarh/ |url-status= live }}</ref><br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 491<br />
| population_total = 42079<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/><br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 312605<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 01478<br />
| registration_plate = RJ-35<br />
| website = {{URL|pratapgarh.rajasthan.gov.in|Pratapgarh}}<br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]<br />
| footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
'''Pratapgarh''', is a town in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It is the district headquarters of [[Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh district]] of [[Rajasthan]]. Famous for its [[Thewa]] art, the city is surrounded by tribal villages. It is also famous for its edible ''jiralun'' and ''[[Asafoetida|hing]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pratapgarh - Tourist Places |url=https://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/content/rajasthan-tourism/en/tourist-destinations/Pratapgarh.html |quote=The city is famous for its Thewa art, glass-inlay handmade unique Jewelry, Jeeravan & Hing (Asafoetida).}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{main article|Pratapgarh State}}<br />
[[Maharana Kumbha]] ruled Chittorgarh in the 14th century. Due to a dispute with his younger brother Kshemkarn he expelled him from his territory. Kshemkarn's family was a refugee for some time and lived in the [[Aravalli Range|Aravali]] near the south of Rajasthan. In 1514, his son Rajkumar Surajmal became the ruler of Devgarh, and this Raj later came to be known as Pratapgarh Raj. As the environment of Devgarh was not found to be suitable for the royal family, one of the descendants of Raja Surajmal, Rajkumar Pratapsingh built a new town near Devgarh in 1698 and named it Pratapgarh.<ref>[http://116.50.64.10/pjym/AP_history.htm http://116.50.64.10/pjym/AP_history.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120710085713/http://116.50.64.10/pjym/AP_history.htm |date=10 July 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Pratapgarh District is a district in [[Rajasthan]] state. it came into existence on 26 January 2008, as the 33rd district of Rajasthan. Pratapgarh is located at 24.03° N 74.78° E. It has an average elevation of 491 metres (1610&nbsp;feet). It is said to be the second highest place in Rajasthan after Mount Abu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pratapgarh's official website|url=http://pratapgarh.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/pratapgarh/en/gis.html|access-date=1 August 2017|archive-date=1 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801170640/http://pratapgarh.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/pratapgarh/en/gis.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Topography===<br />
The inner part of the city has many narrow streets and some of them are so narrow that it is hard for two bikes to cross each other. In the last decade, the outer part of the city has developed rapidly. The topography of the area is undulating because of the confluence of three different geological formations; Malwa Plateau, Vindhyachal Hills and the Aravali range.<br />
<br />
Nearby cities include [[Chhoti Sadri]] 47&nbsp;km, [[Mandsaur]] 32&nbsp;km and [[Arnod]] 17&nbsp;km.<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
As of [[2011 Indian Census]], Pratapgarh had a total population of 42,079, of which 21,499 were males and 20,580 were females. Population in the age group of 0 to 6 years was 5,154. The total number of literates in Pratapgarh was 31,687, which constituted 75.3% of the population with male literacy of 80.5% and female literacy of 69.9%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Pratapgarh was 85.8%, of which male literacy rate was 92.2% and female literacy rate was 79.2%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 5,344 and 3,459 respectively. Pratapgarh had 8749 households as of 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Pratapgarh |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=123824 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Villages==<br />
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a location to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <br />
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---><br />
*[[Kariyawad]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
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<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Cities in Malwa]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_leaders_of_the_opposition_in_the_Puducherry_Legislative_Assembly&diff=513058List of leaders of the opposition in the Puducherry Legislative Assembly2026-01-13T00:40:21Z<p>Svetlanacnc: new!</p>
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<div>{{short description|Leader of Opposition in Union territory of PY}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
The '''leader of the opposition in the Puducherry Legislative Assembly''' is the politician who leads the official opposition in the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] in India. The current leader of the opposition is [[R. Siva]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/08/four-time-mla-r-siva-appointed-leader-of-dmk-legislature-party-in-puducherry-2300076.html|title = Four-time MLA R Siva appointed leader of DMK legislature party in Puducherry|access-date=10 August 2022|date=8 May 2021|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Puducherry Representative Assembly (1955-1963)==<br />
The tenure of different leaders of opposition of [[Puducherry Representative Assembly]] is given below<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |No.<br />
! rowspan="2" |Portrait<br />
! rowspan="2" | Name <br />
<small>{{nowrap|(Birth–Death)}}</small><br />
! rowspan="2" |Elected constituency<br />
! colspan="3" |Term of office<ref name="term">The ordinal number of the term being served by the person specified in the row in the corresponding period</ref><br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Assembly]]<br />{{small|([[Elections in Puducherry|Election]])}}<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Political party{{efn|name=party|This column only names the Leader of opposition's party. The opposition he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.}}<br />
|-<br />
! Assumed office<br />
! Left office<br />
! Time in office<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan = "2" |1<br />
| rowspan = "2" |[[File:Subbiah.jpg|100px]]<br />
| rowspan = "2" |'''[[V. Subbiah|V. Kailassa Soubaya]]'''<br /><small>(1911–1993)</small><br />
| rowspan = "2" | Murungapakkam-Nainar Mandapam<br />
| 17 August 1955<br />
| 24 October 1958<br />
| {{ayd|1955|08|17|1958|10|24}}<br />
| [[1st Pondicherry Representative Assembly|1st]]<br />{{small|([[1955 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election|1955 election]])}}<br />
| rowspan = "2" | People's Front<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Popular Front}};" |<br />
|-<br />
| September 1959<br />
| 30 June 1963<br />
| {{ayd|1959|09|01|1963|06|30}}<br />
| [[2nd Pondicherry Representative Assembly|2nd]]<br />{{small|([[1959 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election|1959 election]])}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Puducherry Legislative Assembly (since 1963)==<br />
The tenure of different leaders of opposition of [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] is given below<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/pondicherry.HTML|title = Union Territory of Pondicherry|website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in|access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref><br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! rowspan="2" |No.<br />
! rowspan="2" |Portrait<br />
! rowspan="2" | Name <br />
<small>{{nowrap|(Birth–Death)}}</small><br />
! rowspan="2" |Elected constituency<br />
! colspan="3" |Term of office<ref name="term">The ordinal number of the term being served by the person specified in the row in the corresponding period</ref><br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Assembly]]<br />{{small|([[Elections in Puducherry|Election]])}}<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Political party{{efn|name=party|This column only names the Leader of opposition's party. The opposition he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.}}<br />
|-<br />
! Assumed office<br />
! Left office<br />
! Time in office<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2| 1<br />
|rowspan=2| [[File:Subbiah.jpg|100px]]<br />
|rowspan=2| '''[[V. Subbiah|V. Kailassa Soubaya]]'''<br /><small>(1911–1993)</small><br />
| Murungapakkam<br />
| 1 July 1963<br />
| 24 August 1964<br />
| {{ayd|1963|07|01|1964|08|24}}<br />
| [[1st Puducherry Assembly|1st]]<br />{{small|([[1959 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election|1959 election]])}}<br />
| rowspan = "2" | People's Front<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Popular Front}};" |<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mudaliarpet Assembly constituency|Mudaliarpet]]<br />
| 29 August 1964<br />
| 17 September 1968<br />
| {{ayd|1964|08|29|1968|09|17}}<br />
| [[2nd Puducherry Assembly|2nd]]<br />{{small|([[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1964 election]])}}<br />
|-<br />
! 2<br />
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
| '''[[P. Shanmugam (Pondicherry politician)|P. Shanmugam]]'''<br /><small>(1927–2013)</small><br />
| N.A.<br />
| 17 March 1969<br />
| 2 January 1974<br />
| {{ayd|1969|03|17|1974|01|02}}<br />
| 3rd<br />{{small|(1968 election)}}<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |<br />
|-<br />
! 3<br />
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
| Dana Kantharaj <br />
| [[Raj Bhavan Assembly constituency|Raj Bhavan]]<br />
| 6 March 1974<br />
| 27 March 1974<br />
| {{ayd|1974|03|06|1974|03|27}}<br />
| 4th<br />{{small|(1974 election)}}<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |<br />
|-<br />
! 4<br />
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
| P. Ansari Doraisamy<br /><small>(c.1917–N.A.)</small> <br />
| Cassicade<br />
| 2 July 1977<br />
| 11 November 1978<br />
| {{ayd|1977|07|02|1978|11|11}}<br />
| 5th<br />{{small|(1977 election)}}<br />
| [[Janata Party]]<br />
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}};" |<br />
|-<br />
! 5<br />
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
| P. Uthiravelu <br />
| [[Bahour Assembly constituency|Bahour]]<br />
| 16 January 1980<br />
| 23 November 1983<br />
| {{ayd|1980|01|16|1983|11|23}}<br />
| 6th<br />{{small|(1980 election)}}<br />
| [[Indian National Congress (Indira)|Congress (Indira)]]<br />
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}};" |<br />
|-<br />
! 6<br />
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
| '''P. K. Loganathan'''<br /><small>(1938–2013)</small><br />
| [[Oupalam Assembly constituency|Oupalam]]<br />
| 16 March 1985<br />
| 4 March 1990<br />
| {{ayd|1985|03|16|1990|03|04}}<br />
| 7th<br />{{small|([[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1985 election]])}}<br />
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |<br />
|-<br />
! 7<br />
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
| [[M.O.H. Farook ]]<br />
| [[Lawspet Assembly constituency|Lawspet]]<br />
| 5 March 1990<br />
| 3 March 1991<br />
| {{ayd|1990|03|05|1991|03|03}}<br />
| 8th<br />{{small|(1990 election)}}<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |<br />
|-<br />
! 8<br />
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
| '''V. M. C. V. Ganapathy'''<br /><small>(1960–)</small> <br />
| [[Neravy T R Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy T. R. Pattinam]]<br />
| 4 July 1991<br />
| 13 May 1996<br />
| {{ayd|1991|07|04|1996|05|13}}<br />
| 9th<br />{{small|([[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1991 election]])}}<br />
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |<br />
|-<br />
! 9<br />
| [[File:Vaithilingam.jpg|100px]]<br />
| [[V. Vaithilingam]]<br />
| [[Nettapakkam Assembly constituency|Nettapakkam]]<br />
| 14 May 1996<br />
| 21 March 2000<br />
| {{ayd|1996|05|14|2000|03|21}}<br />
| rowspan = "2" |10th<br />{{small|(1996 election)}}<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2| 10<br />
|rowspan=2| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
|rowspan=2| [[R.V. Janakiraman]]<br />
|rowspan=2| [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]]<br />
| 22 March 2000<br />
| 15 May 2001<br />
| {{ayd|2000|03|22|2001|05|15}}<br />
| rowspan = "3" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| rowspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |<br />
|-<br />
| 16 May 2001<br />
| 11 May 2006<br />
| {{ayd|2001|05|16|2006|05|11}}<br />
| 11th<br />{{small|(2001 election)}}<br />
|-<br />
! 11<br />
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
| [[A. M. H. Nazeem]] <br />
| Karaikal<br />
| 29 May 2006<br />
| May 2011<br />
| {{ayd|2006|05|29|2011|05|01}}<br />
| 12th<br />{{small|(2006 election)}}<br />
|-<br />
! (9)<br />
| [[File:Vaithilingam.jpg|100px]]<br />
| [[V. Vaithilingam]]<br />
| [[Kamaraj Nagar Assembly constituency|Kamaraj Nagar]]<br />
| 17 August 2011<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2011/aug/18/vaithilingam-appointed-provisional-clp-leader-282502.html|title=Vaithilingam appointed provisional CLP leader |date=18 August 2011|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|language=en-IN|access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref><br />
| 2016<br />
| {{ayd|2011|08|17|2016|12|31}}<br />
| 13th<br />{{small|([[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011 election]])}}<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" |<br />
|-<br />
! 12<br />
| [[File:N. Rangaswamy.jpg|100px]]<br />
| [[N. Rangasamy]]<br />
| [[Indira Nagar Assembly constituency|Indira Nagar]]<br />
| 22 August 2016<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/Rangasamy-appointed-Opposition-leader/article14585046.ece|title=Rangasamy appointed Opposition leader |date=23 August 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref><br />
| 22 February 2021<br />
| {{ayd|2016|08|22|2021|02|22}}<br />
| [[14th Puducherry Assembly|14th]]<br />{{small|([[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2016 election]])}}<br />
| [[All India N.R. Congress]]<br />
| style="background:{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}};" |<br />
|-<br />
! 13<br />
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
| [[R. Siva]]<br />
| [[Villianur Assembly constituency|Villianur]]<br />
| 8 May 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Four-time MLA R Siva appointed leader of DMK legislature party in Puducherry|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/08/four-time-mla-r-siva-appointed-leader-of-dmk-legislature-party-in-puducherry-2300076.html |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date= 8 May 2021 |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref><br />
| Till date<br />
| {{ayd|2021|05|08}}<br />
| [[15th Puducherry Assembly|15th]]<br />{{small|([[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021 election]])}}<br />
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};" |<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Government of Puducherry]]<br />
* [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Lieutenant Governors of Puducherry]]<br />
* [[Chief Minister of Puducherry]]<br />
* [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[List of speakers of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament of India]]<br />
* [[List of current Indian opposition leaders]]<br />
* [[Elections in Puducherry]]<br />
== Statistics ==<br />
{{empty section|date=December 2025}}<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br />
{{Current Indian opposition leaders}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lists of leaders of the opposition of Indian states and territories|Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:Puducherry]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishna_Prasad_(actor)&diff=510815Krishna Prasad (actor)2026-01-08T10:13:59Z<p>Svetlanacnc: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br />
{{Other people|Krishna Prasad}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Krishna Prasad<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Krishna Prasad N. P.<ref>{{cite web|title=Board of Members|url=https://lalithkala.com/content/board-members/index.html|website=lalithkala.com|publisher=[[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]]|access-date=25 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925081804/https://lalithkala.com/content/board-members/index.html|archive-date=25 September 2024}}</ref><br />
| birth_date = <!--{{birth date and age|df=y|YYYY|MM|DD}}--><br />
| birth_place = [[Changanassery]], [[Kerala]], India<br />
| alma_mater = [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]]<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|agriculturist}}<br />
| years_active = 1984; 1988–present<br />
| spouse = Reshmi<br />
| children = 2<br />
| website = <br />
| awards = <br />
}}<br />
'''Krishna Prasad N. P.''' is an Indian actor and [[agriculturist]], who appears in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]] and television. He made his acting debut as a teen in 1984 with a [[bit part]] in [[K. G. George]]'s ''[[Panchavadi Palam]]''. His debut credited role came in [[Padmarajan]]'s 1988 drama ''[[Moonnam Pakkam]]''. Since then, he has acted in over 150 films.<br />
<br />
He played a leading role in ''[[Venal Kinavukal]]'' (1991) directed by [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] and written by [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], as well as in the TV serial ''Vritthandham'' on [[Doordarshan]]. Although he has predominantly been cast in supporting roles, Prasad has collaborated with a wide range of filmmakers, including [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]], [[A. K. Lohithadas]], [[Sibi Malayil]], [[Priyadarshan]], [[Anjali Menon]], [[Dr. Biju]], [[Lal Jose]], [[Martin Prakkat]], [[Abrid Shine]], and [[Midhun Manuel Thomas]].<br />
<br />
Prasad ventured into [[paddy cultivation]] in 2007. In 2010, he won Karshakamitra award from the [[Government of Kerala]] for farming. Prasad has served as a member of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC), [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]], and [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Krishna Prasad was born into a traditional agriculturist family and has two siblings. His ancestral home is located at Anchuvilakku, [[Perunna]], [[Changanassery]].<ref name="MM1">{{cite news |author1=Ajith |title=മണ്ണിൽ വിയർത്തു പണിയെടുക്കുന്ന സിനിമാനടൻ! കൃഷ്ണപ്രസാദിന്റെ ലോക്ഡൗൺ ജീവിതം ഇങ്ങനെ.. |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/homestyle/spot-light/2020/05/12/krishnaprasad-actor-farmer-lockdown-home-memories.html |access-date=25 September 2024 |work=[[Manorama Online]]|date=12 May 2020 |language=ml}}</ref> His father, N. P. Unnipilla was a teacher, social worker, and agriculturist. Prasad began acting at the age of eight, when he portrayed a 70-year-old man in the stage drama ''Prism''. He remained actively involved in theatre thereafter, which eventually paved the way for his entry into cinema. He was a two-time recipient of the Best Actor award at the [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]] youth festival,<ref name="MM2">{{cite news |last1=Krishnan |first1=Arunima |title=മനസില്ലാ മനസോടെ കൃഷിയിലേയ്ക്കിറങ്ങി; ഇന്ന് പൊന്ന് വിളയിക്കുന്ന കർഷകൻ: കൃഷ്ണപ്രസാദ് പറയുന്നു|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2020/05/23/chat-with-actor-krishnaprasad-farming-acting.html |access-date=25 September 2024|work=[[Manorama Online]] |date=23 May 2020 |language=ml}}</ref> and is a graduate of Mahatma Gandhi University.<ref>{{cite news|last=Prakash|first=E. T.|title=അഭിനയത്തിലും കൃഷിയിലും നൂറുമേനി|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/gulf/uae/news/acting-farming-1.2345571|access-date=24 June 2020|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425201506/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/gulf/uae/news/acting-farming-1.2345571|archive-date=25 April 2020|language=ml}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Acting career==<br />
Prasad has acted in over 150 films.<ref name="MM1"/> He made his acting debut as a teen in 1984 with [[K. G. George]]'s ''[[Panchavadi Palam]]'', playing a [[bit part]] as a charlatan's disciple. His father also appeared in the film.<ref>{{cite web|title=സിനിമയില് പോയാല് പിഴയ്ക്കില്ല, ഞാന് അമ്മയ്ക്ക് കൊടുത്ത വാക്ക് {{!}} KRISHNAPRASAD {{!}} CANCHANNELMEDIA|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlS5KCoAl3Q|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=Can Channel Media|access-date=28 September 2024|language=ml|date=20 January 2023}}</ref> It was followed by his debut credited role in [[Padmarajan]]'s 1988 drama ''[[Moonnam Pakkam]]''. He worked with Padmarajan again in a prominent role in ''[[Season (film)|Season]]'' (1989). He was then cast in a leading role in [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]-directed drama ''[[Venal Kinavukal]]'' written by [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]. Around the same time, he played the leading role in the television serial ''Vritthandham'' on [[Doordarshan]].<ref name="MM2"/><br />
<br />
In 1997, he acted alongside [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in ''[[Oru Yathramozhi]]''. He has also acted in Malayalam television serials. He won Critics award for his acting in the serial ''Samaksham''. He also acted in serials such as ''Nalukettu'', ''Sthree'', ''Samayam'' among others. He played an antagonistic role in the 2008 drama ''[[Mizhikal Sakshi]]''.<ref name="MM2"/><br />
<br />
Prasad was appointed as a member of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC), [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]], and [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]].<ref name="Mathrubhumi1">{{cite news|last=Prakash|first=E. T.|title=This versatile actor is a State award winning farmer too|url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/agriculture/success-story/krishna-prasad-agriculture-farming-cbfc-kerala-chalachitra-academy-1.2366652|access-date=25 September 2024|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=6 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Farming==<br />
Prasad ventured into [[paddy cultivation]] in 2007.<ref name="Mathrubhumi1"/> He also cultivates [[Cooking banana|plantain]] and [[tapioca]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Krishna Prasad - AMMA |url=https://www.malayalamcinema.com/meet-star/profile/krishnaprasad |website=www.malayalamcinema.com |publisher=[[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists]] |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref> He holds a [[Kisan Credit Card]]. Prasad has also been involved as a social activist in agricultural field, in issues related to Kuttanad Package and paddy field fund. In 2008, he conducted an event called ''Bhakshyasurakshakkayi Karshakakkoottaima'' (farmers community for [[food security]]) for honouring farmers which was attended by thousands of farmers, who were honoured by wearing ''ponnada''. A class seven question paper of SSA involved a question about Krishna Prasad as a farmer.<ref name="MM2"/><br />
<br />
In 2010, he won Karshakamitra award from the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref name="MM1"/> In 2023, Prasad joined fellow farmers in protesting the non-payment for their produce sold to Supplyco, which offered them unsolicited loans in place of cash payments.<ref>{{cite news|author=|title=Actor-farmer Krishna Prasad says Jayasurya spoke on behalf of protesting farmers|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/08/31/actor-farmer-krishna-prasad-jayasurya-protests-government-apathy.html|access-date=25 September 2024|work=[[Onmanorama]]|date=31 August 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Krishna Prasad is married to Reshmi. They have two children—Prarthana Krishna and Prapancha Krishna.<ref name="Mathrubhumi1"/><ref name="MM1"/> He resides in [[Perunna]], [[Changanassery]]. In 2020, he started a [[YouTube]] channel called Karshakasree Krishna Prasad.<ref name="MM2"/><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{{Incomplete list|date=September 2024}}<br />
<br />
===Films===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1984 || ''[[Panchavadi Palam]]'' || Swami's disciple || [[Bit part]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1986 || ''[[Ambadi Thannilorunni]]'' || Deepu's Friend|| <br />
|-<br />
| 1988 || ''[[Moonnam Pakkam]]'' || Sreedharan || Debut credited role<br />
|-<br />
| 1989 || ''[[Season (film)|Season]]'' || Housekeeper ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1991 || ''[[Venal Kinavukal]]'' || Subramanya Iyyer/Subbudu || Leading role<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 1992 || ''[[Kamaladalam]]'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ayalathe Adheham]]'' || Sudheeran/Sudhi ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 1994 || ''[[Pavithram (1994 film)|Pavithram]]'' || Student ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pakshe]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sukrutham]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 1995 || ''[[Kusruthikaatu]]'' || Rajeev ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thacholi Varghese Chekavar]]'' || Prasad ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Arabia'' || Villager ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 1996 || ''[[Swapna Lokathe Balabhaskaran]]'' || Manoj ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kanjirappally Kariachan'' || James ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 1997 || ''[[Oru Yathramozhi]]'' || Unni/Namboothiri Kutti || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Adukkala Rahasyam Angaadi Paattu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Manikyakoodaram'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 1998 || ''[[Meenathil Thalikettu]]'' || Sudhi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kanmadam]]'' || Ravi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nakshatratharattu]]'' || Prakash ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Amma Ammaayiyamma]]'' || Balachandran ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2000 || ''Summer Palace'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2001 || ''[[Nakshathragal Parayathirunnathu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2003 || ''[[Mr. Brahmachari]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Meerayude Dukhavum Muthuvinte Swapnavum]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2004 || ''[[Wanted (2004 film)|Wanted]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vettam]]'' || Hotel manager || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2005 || ''[[Iruvattam Manavaatti]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naran (film)|Naran]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || ''[[Mahasamudram]]'' || Thampi ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 || ''Nanma'' || Ramankutty ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2008 || ''[[Mizhikal Sakshi]]'' || Feroz ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2009 || ''[[Oru Pennum Randaanum]]'' || Pankiyamma's baby's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2010 || ''[[Shikkar]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chaverpada]]'' || Suryanarayanan Potti/Badhusha Khan ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2011 || ''[[The Filmstaar]]'' || Kishore ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2012 || ''[[Orange (2012 film)|Orange]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Parudeesa]]'' || Johny ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=6 | 2013 || ''[[Black Forest (2013 film)|Black Forest]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi]]'' || Showroom Manager ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[God for Sale]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Geethaanjali]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 2014 || ''[[Raktharakshassu 3D]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bangalore Days]]'' || Kuttan's uncle ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Perariyathavar]]'' || Bus conductor ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aamayum Muyalum]]'' || Kaikambakaran ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2015 || ''[[Fireman (film)|Fireman]]'' || [[Fireman]] Prasad ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Monsoon'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Valiya Chirakulla Pakshikal]]'' || Reporter Venukumar ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=6 | 2016 || ''[[Hello Namasthe]]'' || Musthafa ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vettah]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pinneyum]]'' || Photographer ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oppam]]'' || Raghavan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kochavva Paulo Ayyappa Coelho]]'' || Bank manager ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Buddhanum Chaplinum Chirikkunnu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2017 || ''[[Sakhavu (2017 film)|Sakhavu]]'' || Advocate ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[1971: Beyond Borders]]'' || Sahadevan's friend || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2018 || ''[[Oru Kuttanadan Blog]]'' || Mankombu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mandharam]]'' || Rajesh's friend ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Madhuramee Yathra'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2019 || ''[[Irupathiyonnaam Noottaandu]]'' || Mathew Koshy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Oru Nakshathramulla Aakasham'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ittymaani: Made in China]]'' || Doctor ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[Nayattu (2021 film)|Nayattu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea]]'' || Translator ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 2022 || ''[[Meppadiyan]]'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mahaveeryar]]'' || Krishnanunni ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]'' || Narayana Namboothiri ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shefeekkinte Santhosham]]'' || Shamsu || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''[[Maheshum Marutiyum]]'' || Dasappan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[1921: Puzha Muthal Puzha Vare]]'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 2024 || ''[[Abraham Ozler]]'' || MRI technician ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ezhuthola'' || Krishnan Ashaan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bad Boyz (film)|Bad Boyz]]'' || Badusha Khan || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kadha Innuvare]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2025 || ''[[Get-Set Baby]]'' || ||<ref>{{cite news|author=ETimes.in|title=Actor Krishna Prasad roped in for Unni Mukundan's 'Get-Set Baby'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/actor-krishna-prasad-joins-unni-mukundan-in-get-set-baby-comedy-entertainer/articleshow/107622650.cms|access-date=25 September 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 February 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Role<br />
! Network<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
| ''Vritthandham''<br />
| <br />
| [[Doordarshan]]<br />
| Leading role <br />
|-<br />
| 1998<br />
| ''Sthree''<br />
| <br />
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| ''Samayam''<br />
| Pottan Narayanan<br />
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
| ''Samaksham''<br />
|<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2008 – 2010<br />
| ''Shri Mahabhagavatham''<br />
| [[Nakula|Nakulan]]<br />
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2018||[[Makkal (TV series)]]||Gopan||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||<br />
|-<br />
| 2021<br />
| ''Room No. 54''<br />
|<br />
| [[ZEE5]]<br />
| Web series<br />
|-<br />
|2023-2024||[[Balanum Ramayum]]||||Mazhavil Manorama||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards and nominations==<br />
He has won Critics award for his acting in the television serial ''Samaksham''. In 2010, he won Karshakamitra award from the [[Government of Kerala]], recognising his efforts in farming.<ref name="MM1"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{YouTube channel|@karshakasrikrishnaprasad7876}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|nm2459678}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Malayali people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1985_Indian_Federation_Cup_final&diff=4819551985 Indian Federation Cup final2025-12-23T21:05:40Z<p>Svetlanacnc: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox football match<br />
| title = 1985 Indian Federation Cup final<br />
| image =<br />
| caption =<br />
| event = [[Federation Cup (India)|1985 Indian Federation Cup]]<br />
| team1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]<br />
| team1score = 1<br />
| team2 = [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]<br />
| team2score = 0<br />
| details = '''After [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]]'''<br />
| date = 19 May 1985<br />
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium|Sampangi Stadium]]<br />
| city = [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]<br />
| man_of_the_match1a =<br />
| referee =<br />
| attendance =<br />
| weather =<br />
| previous = 1984<br />
| next = 1986<br />
}}<br />
The '''1985 Indian Federation Cup final''' was the 9th final of the [[Federation Cup (India)|Indian Federation Cup]], the top knock-out competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata giants [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]] on 19 May 1985 at the [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium|Sampangi Stadium]] in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]].<br />
<br />
East Bengal won the final 1–0 courtesy of a goal by [[Jamshid Nassiri]] in the extra-time to claim their third Federation Cup title.<ref name=report>{{cite web|first=Novy|last=Kapadia|title=East Bengal's Federation Cup successes|url= https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/east-bengals-federation-cup-successes |work=Sportskeeda |date=7 October 2012 |access-date=8 June 2021 }}</ref><ref name=rsssf>{{cite web|first1=Ian |last1=King |first2=Neil |last2=Morrison |first3=Piet |last3=Veroeveren |first4=Mark |last4=Cruickshank |date=30 May 2013 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india85.html#fedcup |title=Federation Cup 1985 (at Bangalore) |work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |accessdate=13 November 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Route to the final==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="4"| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]<br />
!Round<br />
!colspan="4"| [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]<br />
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"<br />
|Opponent<br />
|colspan="3"|Result<br />
|Group stage<br />
|Opponent<br />
|colspan="3"|Result<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|HAL]]<br />
|colspan="3"|2–0<br />
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Matchday 1<br />
|style="text-align:left"|Sesa Goa<br />
|colspan="3"|3–0<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left"|Central Excise Cochin<br />
|colspan="3"|1–0<br />
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Matchday 2<br />
|style="text-align:left"|Madura Coats<br />
|colspan="3"|3–0<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[JCT F.C.|JCT]]<br />
|colspan="3"|2–0<br />
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Matchday 3<br />
|style="text-align:left"|Integral Coach Factory<br />
|colspan="3"|4–0<br />
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"<br />
|Opponent<br />
|Agg.<br />
|1st leg<br />
|2nd leg<br />
|Knockout Stage<br />
|Opponent<br />
|Agg.<br />
|1st leg<br />
|2nd leg<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align:left"|Punjab SEB<br />
|2–1<br />
|2–0<br />
|0–1<br />
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Semi–Final<br />
|style="text-align:left"|[[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]<br />
|1–1 {{pso|4–3}}<br />
|0–0<br />
|1–1<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Match==<br />
===Summary===<br />
The Federation Cup final began at the [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium|Sampangi Stadium]] in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] on 19 May 1985 in front of a packed crowd as two Kolkata giants [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]] faced each other in the [[Kolkata Derby]]. The match was also a classic rivalry between the two coaches [[P. K. Banerjee]] of East Bengal and [[Amal Dutta]] of Mohun Bagan, two of the most famous coaches from Bengal at the time. East Bengal started as the favorites with a strong defense consisting of Balai Mukherjee, [[Monoranjan Bhattacharya]], [[Tarun Dey]] and [[Aloke Mukherjee]] and a star-studded forward line consisting of [[Krishanu Dey]], [[Biswajit Bhattacharya]], [[Bikash Panji]] and [[Jamshid Nassiri]]. Both teams however canceled each other in the regulation ninety minutes but East Bengal won the match in extra-time after Iranian forward Jamshid Nassiri scored with a 30-yard long-range effort as East Bengal defeated their arch-rival Mohun Bagan 1–0 and lifted their third Federation Cup title.<ref name=report/><ref>{{cite web|author=SS Shreekumar|date=1 September 2015|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2015/sep/01/india-must-focus-on-single-league-says-nassiri-808057.html|title=India Must Focus on Single League, Says Nassiri|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Shahid|last=Judge|date=29 October 2022|url=https://scroll.in/field/1036136/kolkata-derby-when-iran-striker-jamshid-nassiri-a-neutral-was-consumed-by-the-famous-rivalry|title=Kolkata Derby: When Iran striker Jamshid Nassiri, a neutral, was consumed by the famous rivalry|work=Scroll|accessdate=2 November 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Details===<br />
{{footballbox<br />
|date=19 May 1985<br />
|time=14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]<br />
|report=<br />
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]<br />
|score= 1–0<br />
|aet=yes<br />
|goals1= [[Jamshid Nassiri|Nassiri]] {{goal|102}}<br />
|goals2=<br />
|stadium=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium|Sampangi Stadium]], [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]]<br />
|attendance=20,000 (est.)<br />
|referee=}}<br />
<br />
{| width=92%<br />
|-<br />
|{{Football kit<br />
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home<br />
|pattern_la =<br />
|pattern_ra =<br />
|pattern_sh =<br />
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes<br />
|leftarm = FFDF00<br />
|body = FFDF00<br />
|rightarm = FF0000<br />
|shorts = 000000<br />
|socks = FF0000<br />
|title = East Bengal<br />
}}<br />
|{{Football kit<br />
| pattern_la =<br />
| pattern_b =<br />
| pattern_ra =<br />
| pattern_sh =<br />
| pattern_so =<br />
| leftarm = 234f1e<br />
| body = 800000<br />
| rightarm = 234f1e<br />
| shorts = ffffff<br />
| socks = ffffff<br />
| title = Mohun Bagan<br />
}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
|valign="top" width="40%"|<br />
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|colspan="4"|<br />
|-<br />
!width="25"| !!width="25"|<br />
|-<br />
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhaskar Ganguly]]<br />
|-<br />
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Balai Mukherjee ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br />
|-<br />
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Monoranjan Bhattacharya]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tarun Dey]]<br />
|-<br />
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aloke Mukherjee]]<br />
|-<br />
|RM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bikash Panji]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sudip Chatterjee (footballer)|Sudip Chatterjee]] || || {{suboff|71}}<br />
|-<br />
|LM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sunirmal Chakraborty<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Biswajit Bhattacharya]] <br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Debasish Roy || || {{suboff|101}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Jamshid Nassiri]]<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''<br />
|-<br />
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Debasish Mishra || || {{subon|71}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishanu Dey]] || || {{subon|101}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=4|'''Head Coach:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. K. Banerjee]]<br />
|}<br />
|valign="top"|<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center<br />
|colspan="4"|<br />
|-<br />
!width="25"| !!width="25"|<br />
|-<br />
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Jagadish <br />
|-<br />
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Krishnendu Roy<br />
|-<br />
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Satyajit Ghosh<br />
|-<br />
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subrata Bhattacharya]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br />
|-<br />
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Samar Bhattacharya<br />
|-<br />
|RM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abdul Majeed Kakroo]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prasanta Banerjee]]<br />
|-<br />
|LM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Subir Sarkar || {{suboff|61}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Babu Mani<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Krishna Gopal Chowdhury<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Bidesh Bose || {{suboff|97}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''<br />
|-<br />
|LM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mihir Bose (footballer)|Mihir Bose]] || {{subon|81}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Karthik Sett || {{subon|97}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=4|'''Head coach:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Amal Dutta]]<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"<br />
<br />
|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|<br />
'''Match rules'''<br />
* 90 minutes.<br />
* 30 minutes of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] if necessary.<br />
* [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|Penalty shoot-out]] if scores still level.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiacuphist.html India - List of Federation Cup Winners]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Federation Cup (India)}}<br />
{{East Bengal Club}}<br />
{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]<br />
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant matches]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Federation Cup finals]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islam_Khan_V&diff=504790Islam Khan V2025-11-24T15:06:53Z<p>Svetlanacnc: started article - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|18th-century Mughal nobleman}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox noble<br />
|name = Mir Ahmad aka Mian Kheesa<br />
|image = <br />
|caption=<br />
| succession = <br />
|reign = 17–18th century<br />
|predecessor= <br />
|successor = Barkhurdar Khan III<br />
|spouse = Sahib Daulat<br />
|full name = Barkhurdar Khan II<br />
| house = <br />
| dynasty = <br />
|father = Barkhurdar Khan I, Islam Khan IV<br />
|mother = <br />
|birth_date = <br />
|birth_place = [[Ferozepur Jhirka]]<br />
|death_date = 1734<br />
|death_place = [[Shahjahanbad]]<br />
|place of burial =<br />
|}} <br />
'''Islam Khan V''' (died 21 [[Safar]] 1147 AH/1734 AD) was one of the prominent [[Emir|Emirs]] and [[nobleman|noblemen]] during the [[Mughal Empire]]. He was titled "Islam Khan" and "Barkhurdar Khan" by Emperor [[Bahadur Shah I]] and held many important posts during the successive rules of [[Bahadur Shah I]], [[Jahandar Shah]], [[Farrukhsiyar]], [[Rafi ud Darajat]], [[Shah Jahan II]] and [[Muhammad Shah]].<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Barkhurdar Khan II aka Mian Kheesa was the son of Barkhurdar Khan I and great-grandson of [[Islam Khan I]]. Barkhurdar Khan II was [[Mansabdar]] Punj Hazari (5,000) and also entitled "Islam Khan" by [[Shah Alam I]] and had [[Mansabdar|Mansab]] "Darogha Dīwān-e-Khās" (Superintendent of the [[Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort)|Diwan-i-Khas]]) and [[Khalat]]-e Fakhra and [[Khalat]]-e Barani. He was "Mir Atash" (the master gunner) to [[Bahadur Shah I]] before his retirement from court, but was restored to his rank of 5,000 (3,000 horse), and appointed Mir Tuzak Awwal (chief Mir Tuzak / quarter-master general).<br />
<br />
This "Islam Khan" (d. 1144 AH/1731–1732) was one Mir Ahmad, first "Barkhurdar Khan", then "Islam Khan", son of Safi Khan (d. 1105 AH/1693–1694), the second son of Abdus-salam, first "Ikhtisas Khan", then "Islam Khan", Mashhadi, (d. 1057 AH/1647–1648).<ref name="Farrukhsiyar">Later Mughal, Chapter 4: Farrukhsiyar (New officials appointed by Farrukhsiyar), Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1991, page 259</ref><br />
<br />
This Islam Khan played a crucial role in negotiating a settlement during the crises of the ([[Syed Brothers#Clash of the Nobles|clash of the nobles]]) with the [[Sayyid Brothers]].<br />
<br />
==Awards and honours==<br />
*[[Shah Alam I]] alias [[Bahadur Shah I]] in his first Juloos (royal procession / parade) in the early days of [[Rabi' al-thani]] awarded the title [[Islam Khan (title)|Islam Khan]], [[Mansabdar|Mansab]] "Darogha Dīwān-e-Khās" (Superintendent of the [[Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort)|Diwan-i-Khas]]) along with [[Khalat]]-e Fakhra, Naqqara and "Ilm"<ref name="Tazkirat">Tazkirat us-Salatin Chaghta – A Mughal Chronicle of Post Aurangzeb Period (1707–1724) by Muhammad Hadi Kamwar Khan; edited Persian text and with an Introduction by Muzaffar Alam (1980), Centre of Advanced Study Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (U.P.) -202001, India.</ref>{{rp|18}}<br />
*[[Shah Alam I]] in his second Juloos on 9 [[Dhu al-Qi'dah]] appointed him "Darogha Topkhana", a store of [[Armory (military)]]<ref name="Tazkirat"/>{{rp|40}}<br />
*[[Shah Alam I]] in his third Juloos on 15 [[Jumada al-awwal]] awarded him [[Khalat]]-e Barani<ref name="Tazkirat"/>{{rp|60}}<br />
* In the third Juloos of [[Shah Alam I]] on 13 [[Shawwal]], prince awarded him [[Khalat]]<ref name="Tazkirat"/>{{rp|80}}<br />
*Islam Khan was appointed as 'Mir Atash' (the master gunner) to [[Shah Alam I]]<ref name="Tazkirat"/>{{rp|87}}<br />
*[[Shah Alam I]] in his fourth Juloos on 8 [[Jumada al-Thani]] awarded [[Khalat]] in praise of "Mir Atash"<ref name="Tazkirat"/>{{rp|98}}<br />
*'Islam Khan Bahadur Mir Atash' was included in the front-runner battalion in a war during fourth Juloos on 19 [[Shawwal]] of [[Shah Alam I]]<ref name="Tazkirat"/>{{rp|109}}<br />
*[[Shah Alam I]] in his fourth Juloos on 22 [[Shawwal]] awarded [[Khalat]]-e Chaar Parcha<ref name="Tazkirat"/>{{rp|113}}<br />
* [[Shah Alam I]] in his fifth Juloos on 19 [[Rajab]] 1123 AH (1711) appointed Islam Khan as "Mir Tuzak Awwal" (chief Mir Tuzak / quarter-master general) along with [[Khalat]]-e Fakhra<ref name="Tazkirat"/>{{rp|129}}<br />
*[[Shah Alam I]] in his fifth Juloos 1711 awarded Islam Khan Mir Atash with [[Mansabdar]] Punj Hazari (5,000) and 2000 + 500 [[Sawar]]<ref name="Tazkirat"/>{{rp|131}}<br />
*On Friday 15 [[Dhu al-Hijjah]], in the second Juloos of Emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]], "Islam Khan" and his close relative [[Khan Zaman Khan Ali Asghar]] attended the Friday prayer along with Emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]]<ref name="Tazkirat"/>{{rp|171}}<br />
*On 20 [[Muharram]] in the second Juloos of [[Muhammad Shah]], he got the opportunity to meet and discuss the king at Masjid Moth<ref name="Tazkirat"/>{{rp|326}}<br />
*Islam Khan V (Barkhurdar Khan II) along with his close relative [[Khan Zaman Khan Ali Asghar]] were invited to attend the marriage ceremony of the prince of [[Shah Alam I]]<ref name="Tazkirat"/>{{rp|92}}<br />
*In some last dates of [[Muharram]] in the 6 Juloos, he was appointed as "Bakshigiri Tan" (Salary officer) in place of Aitamuddaula. He was also awarded with [[Khalat]]-e Khas and one ornate "Qabza-i dhup" ([[Canopy (building)|canopy]]).<ref name="Tazkirat"/>{{rp|175}} However, on 12th Shaban 1125 AH, 2 September 1713, Ghazi-uddin Khan (Ahmad Beg) obtained charge of the retinue (jalau), vice Islam Khan, who had held it in addition to his principal office of Mir Tuzak.<ref name="Farrukhsiyar"/><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
[[Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman]] in his book ''Hayat Karam Husain'' quoted his date of death as 21 [[Safar]] 1147 AH/1734 with reference to Tarikh-i Mohammadi<ref>{{cite book | author=Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman | author-link=Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman | year = 2008 | title = Hayat Karam Husain | chapter = Chapter: Qazi Rafi Mohammad | edition = 2nd | pages = 25–29| publisher=[[Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences]] | location = Aligarh/India | isbn = 978-81-906070-5-6}}</ref> while other authors mentioned his death date as 1144 AH/1731–32.<ref name="Farrukhsiyar"/><br />
<br />
==Family history==<br />
The family of Barkhurdar Khan belonged to [[Salim Chishti]]. [[Islam Khan I]] was his forefather. This family maintained the tradition of receiving the title "Islam Khan" from the [[Mughal emperors]].<br />
<br />
One of the daughters of [[Qazi Syed Rafi Mohammad]] was married to [[Qazi Ghulam Mustafa]], and another daughter Sahib Daulat was married to Barkhurdar Khan II. Because of these relationships, Islam Khan V was close to [[Khan Zaman Khan Ali Asghar]]. Both achieved important posts in the court of Mughal kings.<br />
<br />
==Marriage and children==<br />
Barkhurdar II married Sahib Daulat, the daughter of [[Qazi Syed Rafi Mohammad]] and had two sons – elder son Ghulam Baqi aka Maddan was also entitled 'Barkhurdar Khan' (Barkhurdar III), while his younger son Ghulam Mohammad aka Saddan was killed ([[martyred]]) during the fight between the English forces and [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] in 1765. Ghulam Baqi was married to his cousin (daughter of Mah Bibi bint [[Qazi Syed Rafi Mohammad]] and Noorul Haq ibn Mian Abdur Rahman of [[Tijara]])<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Ferozepur Jhirka]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Islam Khan V}}<br />
[[Category:18th-century Indian Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Hanafis]]<br />
[[Category:People from Ferozepur Jhirka]]<br />
[[Category:Emirs]]<br />
[[Category:Nobility from the Mughal Empire]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century births]]<br />
[[Category:1734 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhadra_(Krishna%27s_wife)&diff=490614Bhadra (Krishna's wife)2025-11-02T19:03:30Z<p>Svetlanacnc: created new pg w/ sources</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Eighth queen consort of Hindu god Krishna}}<br />
{{Infobox deity<br />
| type = Hindu<br />
| image = Mysore painting.jpg<br />
| caption = Bhadra and the other Ashtabharya of Krishna, Mysore painting.<br />
| spouse = [[Krishna]]<br />
| abode = [[Dvaraka]]<br />
| texts = [[Bhagavata Purana]], [[Mahabharata]]<br />
| parents = Dhrishtaketu (Father)<br />
Shrutakirti (Mother)<br />
| dynasty = [[Yadu|Yaduvamsha]] (by marriage)<br />
| member_of = [[Ashtabharya]]<br />
| children = Sangramajit, Brihatsena, Shura, Praharana, Arijit, Jaya, Subhadra, Vama, Ayur, and Satyaka (sons)<br />
| affiliation = [[Devi]], [[Ashtabharya]], [[Lakshmi]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
<br />
'''Bhadra''' ({{Langx|sa|भद्र|lit=fortunate|translit=Bhadra}})<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2009-04-11 |title=Bhadra, Bhadrā, Bhādra: 51 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/bhadra |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> is one of the ''[[Ashtabharya]]'',<ref>{{cite book | last = Mani | first = Vettam | title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature | url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year = 1975 <!-- | location = Delhi --> | isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0 | author-link = Vettam Mani|page = [https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/62 62]}}</ref> the eight principal queen-consorts of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Krishna]], according to the scripture ''[[Bhagavata Purana]].'' The ''Bhagavata Purana'' regards her as being the eighth wife of Krishna; sometimes she is described as the seventh wife. The ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' and the ''[[Harivamsa]]'' do not name Bhadra at all in the list of the Ashtabharya, but refer to her as 'the daughter of Dhrishtaketu' or 'the princess of Kekeya'.<ref name="Wilson1870">{{cite book|author=Horace Hayman Wilson|title=The Vishńu Puráńa: a system of Hindu mythology and tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RO8oAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=20 February 2013|year=1870|publisher=Trübner|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RO8oAAAAYAAJ/page/n85 82]–3}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legend==<br />
The ''Bhagavata Purana'' gives her the epithet Kaikeyi, the princess of the [[Kaikeya]] kingdom. She was the daughter of King Dhrishtaketu and his wife Shrutakirti, the sister of [[Kunti]] and the sister (or cousin) of [[Vasudeva]] (Krishna's father) and thus Krishna's cousin. Bhadra's five brothers headed by the eldest prince Santardana married Bhadra to Krishna.<ref name="chap10">{{cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/10/58/56/en|title=Bhagavata Purana 10.58.56|author=Prabhupada|author-link=Prabhupada|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017204511/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/58/56/en|archivedate=17 October 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/9/24/38/en|title=Bhagavata Purana 9.24.38|author=Prabhupada|author-link=Prabhupada|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918205825/http://vedabase.net/sb/9/24/38/en|archivedate=18 September 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In another text, she is described to have chosen Krishna as her husband in a ''[[Swayamvara|Svayamvara]]'' ceremony, in which a bride chooses a groom from assembled suitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/45238|title=The Ashta-Bharyas|last=Aparna Chatterjee|date=December 10, 2007|work=[[American Chronicle]]|accessdate=21 April 2010|archive-date=6 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206024252/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/45238|url-status=dead}}</ref> Krishna and his queens once visited [[Hastinapur|Hastinapura]] to meets Kunti, her sons the [[Pandavas]] and Pandavas's common wife [[Draupadi]]. As directed by Kunti, Draupadi worships and honours Bhadra and other queens with gifts. Bhadra also narrates to Draupadi how she married Krishna.<ref name="Dikshitar1995">{{cite book|author=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar|title=The Purana Index|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7bFwZhfSOsC&pg=PA534|accessdate=21 February 2013|year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1273-4|pages=534}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/10/71/41-42/en |title=Bhagavata Purana 10.71.41-42 |author=Prabhupada |author-link=Prabhupada |publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911081829/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/71/41-42/en |archivedate=2006-09-11 }}</ref><br />
<br />
According to the ''Bhagavata Purana'', Bhadra had ten sons, namely Sangramajit, Brihatsena, Shura, Praharana, Arijit, Jaya, Subhadra, Vama, Ayur, and Satyaka.<ref name=Genealogy>{{Cite web|url=http://krsnabook.com/ch61.html|title=The Genealogical Table of the Family of Krishna|accessdate=5 February 2013|publisher= Krsnabook.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/10/61/17/en|title=Bhagavata Purana 10.61.17|author=Prabhupada|author-link=Prabhupada|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021034037/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/61/17/en|archivedate=21 October 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The ''[[Mausala Parva]]'' of the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' which describes the death of Krishna and end of his race and the ''Bhagavata Purana'' records the wailing of Bhadra and other seven chief queens and her subsequent leap in Krishna's funeral pyre immolating themselves (see ''[[Sati (practice)|sati]]''). While ''Bhagavata Purana'' says all queens committed [[Sati (practice)|sati]], the ''Mahabharata'' mentions only four, including Bhadra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m16/m16007.htm|title=Mahabharata|accessdate=18 March 2013|publisher=Sacred-texts.com|author=Kisari Mohan Ganguli|author-link=Kisari Mohan Ganguli}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/11/31/20/en|title=Bhagavata Purana 11.31.20|author=Prabhupada|author-link=Prabhupada|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613194505/http://vedabase.net/sb/11/31/20/en|archivedate=13 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
A book titled ''Bhadra Kalyanam'' (meaning: a marriage of Bhadra) was written in [[Telugu language]] by Dr.K.V.KrishnaKumari. She dedicated this book to [[Satya Sai Baba]] on his 80th birthday. In this book, she describes Bhadra as [[Mahalakshmi]] (wife of Vishnu) and her marriage with Krishna, as his seventh wife, as "the confluence of beauty, devotion and love”.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/BhadraKalyanamByDr.K.V.KrishnaKumari-ReadingByProf.V.Viswanadham_651|title= Bhadra Kalyanam by Dr. K. V. Krishna Kumari| accessdate=9 February 2013|publisher=Archive. org}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Consorts of Krishna]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udaipur_Tales_International_Storytelling_Festival&diff=542291Udaipur Tales International Storytelling Festival2025-10-14T10:36:10Z<p>Svetlanacnc: Added new stub</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Art Festival in India}}{{Infobox festival<br />
| name = Udaipur Tales International Storytelling Festival<br />
| nickname = Udaipur Tales<br />
| genre = [[Storytelling]]<br />
| location = [[Udaipur, Rajasthan]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| years_active = 2017-till date<br />
| last = 10–12 January 2025<br />
| URL = {{URL|www.udaipurtales.com/}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Udaipur Tales International Storytelling Festival''' also known as '''Udaipur Tales''' is an India-based international [[storytelling festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Piali |date=2023-01-17 |title=The 2023 Bucket List 5 Storytelling Festivals Across India To Attend |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/explore/culture/5-storytelling-festivals-in-india-for-a-dose-of-culture |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=KHOKHAR |first=REEM |date=2018-11-14 |title=Udaipur Tales: international storytelling festival |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/udaipur-tales-the-international-storytelling-festival-brings-together-storytellers-and-performers-from-all-over-the-world/article25492711.ece |access-date=2024-12-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was first held in February 2017<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-21 |title=Now, a storytelling festival in Udaipur |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/now-a-storytelling-festival-in-udaipur-111646900341747.html |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref> and is conducting its 6th edition in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-06 |title=How to tell a great story? Udaipur Tales toys with the idea |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/how-to-tell-a-great-story-udaipur-tales-toys-with-the-idea/articleshow/109873244.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-12-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Storytelling festival 'Udaipur Tales' set to make grand return on January 12 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/storytelling-festival-udaipur-tales-set-to-make-grand-return-on-january-12-101702803602595.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-06-15 |title=Fifth edition of Naturally Chennai to be held on June 19 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/fifth-edition-of-naturally-chennai-to-be-held-on-june-19/article68294157.ece |access-date=2024-12-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was founded by the duo of Sushmita Singha and Salil Bhandari in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Habib |first=Waquar |date=2024-02-22 |title=Sushmita Singha Of Udaipur Tales On Storytelling, Museums And More |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/women-in-travel/sushmita-singh-on-storytelling-udaipur-tales-museums-and-more |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-09 |title=This duo is bringing back the magic of immersive oral storytelling in today's digital world |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/how-i-made-it/story/this-duo-is-bringing-back-the-magic-of-immersive-oral-storytelling-in-todays-digital-world-2295385-2022-11-09 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khokhar |first=Reem |date=2024-04-08 |title=How storytelling festivals are bringing back an ancient Indian tradition |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/how-storytelling-festivals-are-bringing-back-an-ancient-indian-tradition |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
=== ''Jumlebaazi'' ===<br />
Syed Sahil Agha, a regular participant of the Festival had introduced and renewed a 13-century art of wit and wordplay known as ''Jumlebaazi,'' an Urdu-language art form known to be started by [[Amir Khusrau]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jaipur |first=Rajesh Asnani |date=2025-01-13 |title=Udaipur storytelling festival: A celebration of oral tradition |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jan/13/udaipur-storytelling-festival-a-celebration-of-oral-tradition-2 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It was re-introduced in 2020 at the Udaipur Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=Storytelling Festival at Darpan Sabhaghar from Jan. 10 |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/events/storytelling-festival-at-darpan-sabhaghar/cid16013651.htm |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=udaipurtimes.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The 6th edition of the festival was held from 10 to 12 January 2025, continuing its tradition of promoting oral storytelling. The event featured a revived 13th-century art form, “Jumlebaazi,” introduced by participant Syed Sahil Agha, alongside notable storytellers such as Devdutt Pattanaik and Mita Vashisht.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-13 |title='Udaipur Tales' inspires creativity by promoting oral traditions in digital age |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajasthan/udaipur-tales-inspires-creativity-by-promoting-oral-traditions-in-digital-age/article69096458.ece |access-date=2025-08-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notable participants ==<br />
<br />
* [[Devdutt Pattanaik]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udaipur Tales 2025: Sushmita Singha, Co-Founder, Shares Insights Into The Sixth Edition Of The International Storytelling Festival |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/udaipur-tales-2025-sushmita-singha-co-founder-shares-insights-into-the-sixth-edition-of-the-international-storytelling-festival |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Syed Sahil Agha]]<br />
* [[Piyush Mishra]]<br />
* [[Roohani Sisters]]<br />
* [[Mita Vashisht]]<br />
* [[Ahmad Faraz]]<br />
* [[Qutbi Brothers]]<br />
* [[Makarand Deshpande]]<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2017 establishments in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Storytelling festivals]]<br />
[[Category:Literary festivals in India]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paroksha&diff=524543Paroksha2025-08-09T09:09:15Z<p>Svetlanacnc: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Hinduism}}<br />
In [[Indian philosophy]], '''Paroksha''' refers to mediate knowledge or indirect cognition, mediated by sensory-intellectual apparatus, in which thought systems psychological insights that have evolved in the context of two levels of realities, empirical and transcendental, are gained through both direct cognition and indirect cognition of things that exist in the universe.<ref>{{cite book|title=Psychology in India Vol. IV|author=Girishwar Misra|publisher=Pearson Education India|page=107|isbn=9788131718179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fXQzo7LGfuIC&q=paroksha&pg=PA107}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
This [[Sanskrit]] expression made up of two words – ''Para'' (beyond) and ''Aksha'' (eye), literally means beyond the eye i.e. beyond the range of sight. Therefore, it also means invisible, remote, hidden or mysterious. <br />
The [[Aitareya Brahmana]] VII.30 gives its meaning as "mysterious" and "mystery" – "''tan nayogrohan santan nyogrodhan ity achakshate parokshena, paroksha-priya iva hi deva''" (The nyogodha is called nyogrodha after the mysterious (etymology) for the gods like mystery.) <ref>{{cite book|title=On the History and Literature of the Veda: Book review|volume=16|publisher=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal|page=846|date= July–December 1847|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkYAAAAYAAJ&q=paroksha&pg=PA846}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Understanding some schools==<br />
<br />
===Caravakas===<br />
The [[Caravaka]] school of thought which does not believe in causation and its universality, advocating naïve realism and empiricism rejects [[inference]] as a means of valid knowledge because it depends upon ''[[vyapti]]'' i.e. the universal concomitance between the middle term and the major term, and because one ''vyapti'' is based on another ''vyapti'' thus involving an infinite argument. According to this school ''vyapti'' can only be known through perception of perceptible things alone and therefore, perception is the only means of valid knowledge. This school does not consider imperceptible things to exist.<br />
<br />
===Buddhism===<br />
[[Gautama Buddha]] is believed to have directed all monks and scholars to thoroughly analyze his words and not adopt them for the sake of respect.<ref>{{cite book|title=Debate in Tibetan Buddhism|author=Dan Perdue|date=January 1992|publisher=Snow Lion Publications|page=179|isbn=9781559397575|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MPSL-Ac-RrEC&q=paroksha&pg=PA179}}</ref> He taught rationalism and trust in one's own reasoning and belief, and spoke about the distinction between the mere reception of truth and the knowledge of truth which involves rational conviction.<ref>Amguttaranikaya, Kalamasutta</ref> The later Buddhist thinkers such as the [[Sautrantika]]s, opposed to the [[Yogacara]]s who deny the reality of external objects reducing them to cognitions, advocating indirect realism recognized the reality of external objects which produced their own cognitions and imprinted their forms on them as being basically perceptible; they developed the doctrine of impermanence into the ontological doctrine of momentariness<ref>Saddarsanasamgraha ii.45-47</ref> [[Dharmakirti]] considered the so-called external objects as mere sensations, that all object-cognitions are due to the revival of the sub-conscious impressions deposited in the mind which are not excited by external objects. The [[Madhyamaka]]s regard external objects and subjective cognitions to be equally essenceless with [[Sunya]] as their eternal basis and reject the plurality of external objects and internal cognitions because of their relativity. Buddha’s teachings lend support to the three valid cognizers which are the three consciousnesses that comprehend the manifest (visible phenomena), the slightly hidden phenomena or ''kimchid-paroksha'' (which can be inferred) and the very hidden phenomena or ''atyartha-paroksha'' (which is known through the power of belief).<br />
<br />
===Jainism===<br />
The followers of the [[Jain]] School of Thought consider knowledge as emanating from the soul to be ''[[Pratyaksha]]'' (direct cognition) and the knowledge which is inherited from the senses, ''Paroksha'' (indirect cognition); paroksha-knowledge is gained with the help of the mind and senses (''Mati'') or through what is heard or learnt (''[[Shruti]]'').<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Indology|author=V.B.Srivastava|year=2009|page=111|publisher=Pustak Mahal |isbn=9788122310849|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eaCbv1NcbHwC&q=paroksha&pg=PT111}}</ref> According to this school Mediate knowledge (Paroksha), which is Valid knowledge ([[Pramana]]), though indistinct and devoid of perceptual vividness, is of five kinds – Recollection that determines the real nature of an object perceived in the past, Recognition that knows a present perceived object as known in the past, Induction which is knowledge of the past invariable ''vyapti'' arising from the observation of their co-presence and co-absence, Deduction or Inference ([[anumana]]) which is based on ''vyapti'' derived induction and Testimony is the knowledge of objects derived from words of reliable persons,<ref>{{cite book|title=Outlines of Indian Philosophy|author=Jadunath Sinha|publisher=Pilgrim Books (P) Ltd.|pages=124–5|url=http://www.pilgrimsbookhouse.com/xauthordetailsnew.php?mauthor=Jadunath%20Sinha|archive-date=2016-03-04|access-date=2013-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041946/http://www.pilgrimsbookhouse.com/xauthordetailsnew.php?mauthor=Jadunath%20Sinha|url-status=dead}}</ref> which are all secondary sources that involve conceptualization of the object of knowledge by means of rational or analytical thought processes. Thus, Paroksha is second-hand knowledge.<br />
<br />
===Hinduism===<br />
<br />
====Advaita====<br />
According to the [[Advaita]] school ''Paroksha'' consists in the intellectual assent to a stated proposition and ''[[Aparoksha]]'' consists in the actual realization of that proposition.<ref>{{cite book|title=Five years of Theosophy|author=G.R.S.Mead|date=February 2007|publisher=Echo Library|page=119|isbn=9781406815283|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lQ4OyHZvU_sC&q=paroksha&pg=PA119}}</ref> In ''Paroksha'' there is the distinction between the subjective concept and the objective reality which that concept represents in consciousness but which distinction is irrelevant in the case of ''[[Aparoksha]]'' knowledge.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Mystical Philosophy of the Upanishads|author=Sris Chandra Sen|year=2008|publisher=Genesis Publishing (P) Ltd.|page=197|isbn=9788130706603|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnhNZQJ07DYC&q=paroksha&pg=PA197}}</ref> A man is said to attain ''paroksha'' (indirect) wisdom when he knows (theoretically) that [[Brahman]] exists; but he is said to attain ''sakshatkara'' (direct cognition) when he knows (or realises) that he is himself Brahman. Then, he becomes [[Jivanmukta]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Upanishads|author=Swami Parmeshwaranand|year=2000|page=896|publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=9788176251488|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zQytiw_cg8C&q=paroksha&pg=PA896}}</ref> [[Vedanta]] conveys the ''aparoksha'' Absolute in a ''paroksha'' way which is a valid way because while referring to certain facts about Brahman ''paroksha'' does not refer to unrealities. In [[Srimad-Bhagavatam]] (XI.xxi.35) it refers to the indirect (''proksha'') statements of the [[rishi]]s. The [[rishi]]s of the [[Vedas]] are found to speak variously about Brahman in an indirect manner (''proksha-vada'') e.g. "''The eye, O Emperor, is the Supreme Brahman''" or "''This being who is in the right eye is named Indha. Though he is Indha , he is indirectly called Indra, for the gods have a fondness, as it were, for indirect names, and hate to be called indirectly''".<ref>[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] IV.i.4 & IV.ii.3</ref> Thus, ''paroksha'' is "This", and ''aparoksha'' is "That" of the [[Upanishads]]. ''Paroksha wisdom'' or mediate knowledge, which is right perception, does not liberate a person from [[Saṃsāra]] but it is confirmed by ''Aparoksha wisdom''. The ''paroksha-vada'' (indirect injunctions) of the Vedic rishis indirectly leads one to the path of liberation Srimad-Bhagavatam (XI.iii.44).<ref>{{cite web|title=Libration from the Illusory Energy|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/11/3/44/en1|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430125255/http://vedabase.net/sb/11/3/44/en1|archivedate=2015-04-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[Bhagavad Gita]] XIII.12-13, [[Krishna]] tells [[Arjuna]] about that which is to be known, and also about that by realizing which one attains immortality. This is ''paroksha wisdom'' by which the attention of the listener is aroused and the fruit of such knowledge is indicated viz - the knowledge of the knowable beginningless attributeless Brahman gaining which one gains the ''aparoksha wisdom'', the knowledge of the Knower of the field, Brahman who exists but transcends all verbal expressions, who cannot be expressed in terms like existence and non-existence.<br />
<br />
[[Adi Shankara|Shankara]] explains that Krishna objectifies the acosmic through the process of superimposition and sublation by designating Brahman as the field-knower by employing the adjunct, field, variously pluralised due to hands, feet, etc.<ref>{{cite book|title=Srimad Bhagavad Gita Shankara-Bhasya|pages=539–546|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/17299929/Srimad-Bhagavad-Gita-Shankara-Bhashya-English#page=503|access-date=2017-09-10|archive-date=2021-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230073238/https://www.scribd.com/doc/17299929/Srimad-Bhagavad-Gita-Shankara-Bhashya-English#page=503|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Brahman]] is to be realised as existing.<ref>[[Katha Upanishad]] VI.13</ref> And, [[Badarayana]] ([[Brahma Sutras]] III.ii.15) states that like light, the non-dual formless Brahman in connection with [[Upadhi]]s (limiting adjuncts) appears to have a form.<ref>{{cite book|title=Brahma-Sutras (with translation and commentary)|author=Badarayana|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|pages=295–6|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/59726719/BRAHMA-SUTRAS-According-to-Sri-Sankara-translated-by-Swami-Vireswarananda}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]<br />
[[Category:Jain philosophical concepts]]<br />
[[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vellore_block&diff=471886Vellore block2025-07-29T07:26:57Z<p>Svetlanacnc: small changes</p>
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<div>{{onesource|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br />
The '''Vellore block''' is a [[revenue block]] in the [[Vellore district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It has a total of 22 [[Gram panchayat|panchayat villages]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
* {{cite web|title=Map of revenue blocks of Vellore district|url=http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/default.htm?blocks.php%3Fdcode=04|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=30 August 2011|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025402/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/default.htm?blocks.php%3Fdcode=04|url-status=dead}}<br />
<br />
{{Vellore district}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Revenue blocks of Vellore district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Vellore-geo-stub}}</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Hour_(TV_series)&diff=540577The Last Hour (TV series)2025-06-15T01:52:01Z<p>Svetlanacnc: Added stub!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian television series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = The Last Hour.jpg<br />
| image_alt =<br />
| caption = Promotional Poster<br />
| creator = Amit Kumar and Anupama Minz<br />
| based_on = <br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sanjay Kapoor]]|[[Shahana Goswami]]|<br />
Karma Takapa|[[Raima Sen]]|Shaylee Krishen|[[Robin Tamang]]| Mandakini Goswami<br />
}}<br />
| composer = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = {{ubl|Hindi|English}}<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 8<br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| executive_producer = Asif Kapadia<br />
| camera = <br />
| runtime = 30-40 minutes approx<br />
| company = <br />
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]<br />
| released = <br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|5|14}}<br />
| last_aired = present<br />
| writer = Anupama Minz and Amit Kumar <br />
}}<br />
'''''The Last Hour''''' is an Indian [[supernatural fiction|supernatural]] [[crime thriller]] series on [[Amazon Prime Video]]. Starring [[Sanjay Kapoor]], Karma Takapa, [[Shahana Goswami]], [[Raima Sen]], Shaylee Krishen and Mandakini Goswami. The series is created, directed and produced by Amit Kumar and Anupama Minz.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Viegas|first=Diana|date=2021-05-14|title=Here's All You Need To Know About Amazon Prime Video's Latest Drop 'The Last Hour'|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/here-s-all-you-need-to-know-about-amazon-prime-video-s-latest-drop-the-last-hour/|access-date=2021-06-16|website=www.scoopwhoop.com|language=English}}</ref> The story revolves around the life of a mysterious shaman who can talk to spirits of dead people, and the drama that unfolds around it. The series premiered on the [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] platform [[Amazon Prime Video]] on May 14, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jain|first=Arushi|date=2021-05-08|title=The Last Hour trailer: Amazon Prime Video series is all about murder, mystery, spirits and love|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-last-hour-trailer-of-murder-mystery-spirits-and-love-amazon-prime-7305645/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Arup is a Mumbai-based Police officer who is assigned a case after his transfer to the northeast. An actress from Bengal is brutally raped and murdered. In between the investigation, we see many locals on the run for saving their lives. Dev, is an archer who is seen shooting arrows in the wilderness.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Last Hour Review: When North Eastern Mysticism Meets The Matinee Thriller|url=https://www.spotboye.com/just-binge/binge-reviews/the-last-hour-review-when-north-eastern-mysticism-meets-the-matinee-thriller/609f811425cb7a2565f9d349|access-date=2021-06-17|website=www.spotboye.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dev is a Shaman who can communicate with the soul of the dead body and relive their last hour. Arup takes help from Dev for solving murders in the vicinity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=NEON|first=Quint|date=2021-05-07|title=Here's Why 'The Last Hour' Looks Like The Perfect Binge Fix!|url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/social-buzz/super-excited-about-the-last-hour-supernatural-crime-thriller-amazon-prime|access-date=2021-06-16|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> However, Dev always finds a way to find something more than he is required by using his Shaman power. He also manages to check-on Pari, Arup's daughter, while he falls in love.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Sentinel Digital|date=2021-05-28|title=Lanuakum Ao from Nagaland features in 'The Last Hour' on Amazon Prime - Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/lanuakum-ao-from-nagaland-features-in-the-last-hour-on-amazon-prime-540321|access-date=2021-06-16|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
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Yama Nadu is following Dev to kill him because Dev injured his eye that can envision a person's death. He is assisted by his right-hand, Thapa.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Sanjay Kapoor]] as DCP Arup Singh<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=ABP News|date=2021-05-17|title=The Last Hour Review: Sanjay Kapoor-Shahana Goswami's Supernatural Series Gets A Thumbs Up From Netizens|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/the-last-hour-review-sanjay-kapoor-shahana-goswami-s-supernatural-series-gets-a-thumbs-up-from-netizens-1458743|access-date=2021-06-16|website=news.abplive.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
* Karma Takapa as Dev<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-25|title=Karma Takapa on The Last Hour's cliff-hanger: 'Such an ending gives you a possibility to explore more'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/karma-takapa-the-last-hour-acting-debut-filmmaker-director-movies-representation-of-north-east-7325839/|access-date=2021-06-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Shahana Goswami]] as SI Lipika Bora<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Shweta Keshri |date=May 10, 2021 |title=Shahana Goswami is thrilled to play a cop in The Last Hour|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/shahana-goswami-is-thrilled-to-play-a-cop-in-the-last-hour-1800749-2021-05-10|access-date=2021-06-16|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Raima Sen]] as Nyima<br />
* Clifford Liu as Commissioner Bhutia<br />
* [[Robin Tamang]] as Yama Nadu<br />
* Tenzein Choden as Doma<br />
* Shaylee Krishen as Pari Singh<br />
* Mandakini Goswami as Amoo<br />
*Dewashish lama as Pinto<br />
* Vivek Pradhan as Young Dev<br />
* Jatin Payeng as Boatman<br />
* Bisharanjan Sapam as Jo<br />
* Chien Ho Liao as Inspector Jaideep Rana<br />
* Lapchen Lepcha as Constable Raj<br />
* Shivangi Kumar as Arzoo Mukherjee<br />
* Edwin Rai as SI Tamang<br />
* Kiki Lhamu Bhutia as Eila<br />
* Biru Tamang as Sonam<br />
* D.K Lepcha as Sonam's Mother<br />
* Lanuakum Ao as Thapa<br />
* Prashant Sharma as Male Reporter<br />
* Younita Pandey as Tattoo artist<br />
<br />
==Episodes==<br />
===Season 1===<br />
{{Episode table|total_width= |overall=5 |title=22 |director=15 |writer=21 |airdate=15 |background=ADD8E6|episodes=<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 1<br />
|Title = A Meeting Of Two Worlds<br />
|RTitle = <br />
|DirectedBy = Amit Kumar<br />
|Story & Characters = <br />
|WrittenBy = Anupama Minz and Amit Kumar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 251e35<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 2<br />
|Title = I Spy With My Little Eye <br />
|RTitle = <br />
|DirectedBy = Amit Kumar<br />
|Story & Characters = based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network"<br />
|WrittenBy = Anupama Minz and Amit Kumar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 251e35<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 3<br />
|Title = Dark Night<br />
|RTitle = <br />
|DirectedBy = Amit Kumar<br />
|Story & Characters = based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network"<br />
|WrittenBy = Anupama Minz and Amit Kumar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 251e35<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 4<br />
|Title = A Question Of Time <br />
|RTitle = <br />
|DirectedBy = Amit Kumar<br />
|Story & Characters = based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network"<br />
|WrittenBy = Anupama Minz and Amit Kumar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 251e35<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 5<br />
|Title = First Steps Are Always Small<br />
|RTitle = <br />
|DirectedBy = Amit Kumar<br />
|Story & Characters = based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network"<br />
|WrittenBy = Anupama Minz and Amit Kumar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 251e35<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 6<br />
|Title = And Then There Was Another<br />
|RTitle = <br />
|DirectedBy = Amit Kumar<br />
|Story & Characters = based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network"<br />
|WrittenBy = Anupama Minz and Amit Kumar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 251e35<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 7<br />
|Title = The Boy Who Cried Wolf<br />
|RTitle = <br />
|DirectedBy = Amit Kumar<br />
|Story & Characters = based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network"<br />
|WrittenBy = Anupama Minz and Amit Kumar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 251e35<br />
}}<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 8<br />
|Title = The Circle Of Life<br />
|RTitle = <br />
|DirectedBy = Amit Kumar<br />
|Story & Characters = based on Piyush Jha's book "Anti- Social Network"<br />
|WrittenBy = Anupama Minz and Amit Kumar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|05|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 251e35<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
As per Prateek Sur from ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'', the producers and directors made a good decision of casting local actors over the big shots. The beauty of the Northeast is very well portrayed. Beautiful locations from the northeast are hardly utilized in Indian cinema and web series scene, but The Last Hour did a good job on that. He also says that the series seems too long for the premise and could be an easy 2.5–3 hours movie to start with.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Last Hour review: Beautiful cinematography, exotic locales, and a tale too long|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/the-last-hour-review-beautiful-cinematography-exotic-locales-and-a-tale-too-long|access-date=2021-06-17|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Raja Sen from ''[[Live Mint]]'' Lifestyle is very much impressed by [[Jayesh Nair]]'s cinematography. He says that it is exquisite. Raja says that Takapa is a magnetic performer and matches the narrative naturally.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-18|title='The Last Hour' review: Of mysteries and mountains|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//how-to-lounge/movies-tv/the-last-hour-review-of-mysteries-and-mountains-111621329589717.html|access-date=2021-06-17|website=Mintlounge|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Scroll.in]]'' sums up its review in a single line that says the web series could deliver a lot more based on its unusual theme, but it somehow falls short to make justice with the unique storyline.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title='The Last Hour' review: Murder and mumbo-jumbo in supernatural crime thriller|url=https://scroll.in/reel/994872/the-last-hour-review-murder-and-mumbo-jumbo-in-supernatural-crime-thriller|access-date=2021-06-17|website=Scroll.in|date=14 May 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tatsam Mukherjee from ''First Post'' wrote "Despite exoticising the North-East, Sanjay Kapoor's series tries to be authentic and manages to make some bold choices."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Last Hour review: Sanjay Kapoor, Shahana Goswami's show takes impressive chances in a genre piece |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-last-hour-review-sanjay-kapoor-shahana-goswamis-show-takes-impressive-chances-in-a-genre-piece-9620891.html |website=Firstpost |date=2021-05-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=tt9805612}}<br />
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/The-Last-Hour/0IZSL3JPB4PLDJJZO7X8CHFDA5 The Last Hour] at [[Amazon Prime Video]]<br />
<br />
{{Amazon Video original series}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Last Hour}}<br />
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]<br />
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manu_Baligar&diff=516337Manu Baligar2025-06-06T21:10:01Z<p>Svetlanacnc: new!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian writer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Nadoja Dr. Manu Baligar<br />
| image = Manu Baligar.png<br />
| birth_place = Shigli, Gadag, Karnataka, India.<br />
| education = B.A., LL.B., M.A., Honorary Doctorate(s).<br />
| alma_mater = Karnataka University Dharwad.<br />
| occupation = Poet, Writer, Intellectual, Speaker.<br />
| organization = Kannada Sahitya Parishat.<br />
Department of Kannada and Culture, Government of Karnataka.<br />
| notable_works = Belaka Bedagu, Mylaara Mahadeva (2007), Appa (2002), Ati Virala Raajakarani S.R. Kanthi (2001).<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dr. Manu Baligar''' ([[Kannada language|Kannada]]: '''Manu Baḷigār''') is an Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]] writer, author, playwright, former civil servant and the current president of [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]]. He hails from [[Shigli]] in [[Gadag district]], and is the elder brother of V. P. Baligar, a retired [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer and former chairman of [[Housing and Urban Development Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|date=19 April 2009|title=Public office private life|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Public-office-private-life/articleshow/4421818.cms|accessdate=24 March 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref> He was a civil servant in the [[Karnataka Administrative Service]], and retired as the commissioner of Department of Kannada and Culture, [[Government of Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/manu-baligar-set-to-head-parishat/article8294267.ece | title=Manu Baligar set to head parishat | work=The Hindu | date=29 February 2016 | accessdate=24 March 2016}}</ref> He was elected the president of the [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manu Baligar all set to take over as Kannada Sahitya Parishat chief|url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/manu-baligar-all-set-take-over-kannada-sahitya-parishat-chief|access-date=2021-01-31|website=coastaldigest.com - The Trusted News Portal of India|language=en}}</ref> an apex body for the promotion of Kannada language, on 3 March 2016 for a term of three years which was later legally extended to five years.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.kannadaprabha.com/karnataka/manu-baligar-assumes-charge-as-kannada-sahitya-parishat-president/270952.html | title=Manu Baligar assumes charge as Kannada Sahitya Parishat | publisher=Kannada Prabha | date=3 March 2016 | accessdate=24 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-15|title=KSP by-law amendments approved: Baligar|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/664848/ksp-law-amendments-approved-baligar.html|access-date=2021-01-31|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> He has been conferred with many coveted honors including the highly prestigious [[Nadoja Award]] by the Hampi University in 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|title=ಹಂಪಿ ವಿವಿಯಿಂದ ಬಳಿಗಾರ್ಗೆ ನಾಡೋಜ ಪ್ರದಾನ|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/state/hampi-university-to-felicitate-manu-baligar-with-nadoja-award-pm6iyt|access-date=2021-01-31|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=kn}}</ref> and also an honorary doctorate for literature from Karnataka University Dharwad. Also, he has been conferred with two gold medals for his exemplary work on [https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/m/09mmfs&hl=en-US&q=IRDP&kgs=b0ccafad753f55ef&shndl=0&source=sh/x/kp&entrypoint=sh/x/kp IRDP] during his career as a civil servant.<br />
<br />
== Works ==<br />
Manu Baligar has been known for his rich contributions to both literature and bureaucracy simultaneously. He has authored over 30 books including five story compilations, six anthologies and four biographies. He also happens to be the only bureaucrat to receive an honorary doctorate from [[Karnataka University]] for contributing to Kannada literature.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ka22.in/news/manu-baligar-promises-to-promote-kannada/ | title=Manu Baligar Promises to Promote Kannada | publisher=Ka22.in | date=30 December 2015 | accessdate=26 March 2016}}</ref> Some of his famous works include ''Belaka Bedagu'' - compilation of his columns in [[Prajavani]] daily, ''Mylara Mahadeva'' - a play on the life of a legendary martyr, and a biography of former chief minister of Karnataka, [[S. R. Kanthi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/28725/3-books-baligar-released.html | title=3 books by Baligar released | publisher=Deccan Herald | date=4 October 2009 | accessdate=26 March 2016}}</ref> He has successfully organized and convened numerous international and national conferences on Kannada Literature including the world renowned Vishwa Kannada Sammelana held at Belagavi in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2019-11-13|title=85th Kannada Sahitya Sammelanin Kalaburagi from February 5|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/85th-kannada-sahitya-sammelanin-kalaburagi-from-february-5/article29956953.ece|access-date=2021-01-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2020-02-05|title=Kannada Sahitya Sammelana begins with colourful procession|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kannada-sahitya-sammelana-begins-with-colourful-procession/article30741337.ece|access-date=2021-01-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-24|title=Grand procession marks start of Kannada Sammelana|url=https://starofmysore.com/grand-procession-marks-start-kannada-sammelana/|access-date=2021-01-31|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-01-02|title=It will be a sahitya sammelan of records and firsts: Manu Baligar|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/it-will-be-a-sahitya-sammelan-of-records-and-firsts-manu-baligar/article25884570.ece|access-date=2021-01-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He has delivered innumerable keynote lectures on Kannada literature in international literary conferences held at countries like UK, America, Australia, Nepal and Singapore. The progress and achievements of the [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]] under his able leadership and presidency has been recorded and presented in the form of books [http://kannadasahithyaparishattu.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Kayaka-Patha.pdf Kaayaka Patha] (ಕಾಯಕಪಥ) (progress during the period 03/03/2016 to 31/10/2017) and [http://kannadasahithyaparishattu.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Kayaka-nirata.pdf Kaayaka Nirata] (ಕಾಯಕನಿರತ) (progress during the period 01/11/2017 to 05/10/2019) at the Parishat website.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ಯೋಜನೆಗಳು – ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಪರಿಷತ್ತು|url=https://kannadasahithyaparishattu.in/?page_id=265|access-date=2021-01-31|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
[[File:Kalashree Award Ceremony 2019 a.jpg|center|thumb|407x407px|Nadoja Dr. Manu Baligar and other awardees in a group photograph with the Hon'ble Vice President of Nepal, Mr. Nanda Kishor Pun after Kalashree Award ceremony at the office of the Vice President of Nepal in Kathmandu on 11 April 2019.]]<br />
<br />
== Awards and honours ==<br />
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=July 2021}}<br />
* [[Nadoja Award]] (2019)<br />
* Lingaraja Desai Award<br />
* Ranna Sahitya Award<br />
* Goruru Sahitya Award<br />
* Vishwamanava Award (2008)<br />
* Kempegowda Sahitya Award<br />
<br />
== List of works ==<br />
His works have been translated to English and many other Indian languages like Oriya, Telugu and Hindi. Many of his works have been used as textbooks in schools and universities. Some of his works are listed below.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಪರಿಷತ್ತು|url=https://kannadasahithyaparishattu.in/|access-date=2021-01-31|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Story compilations ===<br />
<br />
* Avyaktha (1983)<br />
* Runa (1998)<br />
* Baduku Mayeya Maata (2002)<br />
* The Debt and other Stories (2004)<br />
* Kelavu Kathegalu (2005)<br />
<br />
=== Poetry ===<br />
<br />
* Nanna Ninnaolage (1983)<br />
* Yeddavaru Biddavaru (1994)<br />
* Saakshara Geethegalu (1994) <br />
* Niagara Mattu Jalapathagalu (1998)<br />
* Kavi Raveendrara Minchina Hanigalu (2004)<br />
* Aayda Kavanagalu (2011)<br />
<br />
=== Essays and short stories ===<br />
<br />
* Yekantha Mattu Yekagrathe (2004)<br />
* Belaka Bedagu (2009)<br />
* Samskruthi Vihaara (2012)<br />
<br />
=== Plays ===<br />
<br />
* Mylaara Mahadeva (2007)<br />
<br />
=== Biographies ===<br />
<br />
* Appa (2002)<br />
* Ati Virala Raajakarani S.R. Kanthi (2001)<br />
* Abdul Nazeer Saab (2005)<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160406064750/http://myinforms.com/en/a/26331660-want-to-put-kannada-literature-on-the-global-map-baligar/ Want to put Kannada literature on the global map: Baligar]}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baligar, Manu}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Gadag district]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male writers]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anwar_Ali_Cheema&diff=450056Anwar Ali Cheema2025-06-02T07:19:10Z<p>Svetlanacnc: Updated article with clearer structure</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Member of National Assembly of Pakistan}}<br />
{{Use Pakistani English|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Chaudhry Anwar Ali Cheema<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| smallimage = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1935|01|1|df=y}}<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|07|31|1935|01|1|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Sargodha]], Pakistan<br />
| office = [[Ministry of Production]], [[Pakistan]]<br />
| term_start = May 2011<br />
| term_end = May 2013<br />
| president = [[Asif Ali Zardari]]<br />
| party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]]<br />
| death_place = [[Lahore]], Pakistan<br />
| children = [[Chaudhry Aamir Sultan Cheema]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Chaudhry Anwar Ali Cheema''' (1 January 1935 &nbsp;– 31 July 2016) was a Pakistani politician.<br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
He was born on 1 January 1935, in [[Sargodha]], [[Punjab, British India]] and did his graduation from Government College, Lahore, now called [[Government College University, Lahore]].<ref name=PakistanElections/> He was recruited as naib tehsildar in 1961 but he quit in 1974 and subsequently started his political career by contesting elections of the District Council member where he remained vice chairman and chairman till 1987. Anwar Ali Cheema held the office of District Council Chairman for [[Sargodha]]. He defeated Nawabzada Saeed Qureshi, who had been district chairman numerous times since partition. He won election to the Pakistan National Assembly on seven consecutive occasions between 1985 and 2013 which is a unique honor. He represented the [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]] party.<ref name=PakistanElections>{{cite web|url=http://elections.com.pk/candidatedetails.php?id%3D492 |title=Profile of Anwar Ali Cheema |access-date=19 July 2021|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122190454/http://elections.com.pk/candidatedetails.php?id=492 |archivedate=22 November 2010|website=Pakistan Elections 2007 - 2008 website}}</ref><br />
<br />
Cheema held the office of Federal minister of health for few days and was then made Federal Minister of Production. He was given the title of Shenshah-e-Tameerat (King of Development) for his works in his constituency and Sargodha city.<ref name=TheNation/><ref name=Dawn/><br />
<br />
Cheema had been an MNA from NA-67 (Now NA-91) for seven consecutive terms from 1985 to 2013.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=PT/><ref name=TheNation/> He was known to be a companion of Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] but parted ways and joined the PML-Q when [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]] and [[Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi]] formed the party with the blessings of former president retired [[General Pervez Musharraf]]. His son's father-in-law is Chaudhry Tajammal Abbas, a first cousin of [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]], due to which he shifted loyalties from PML-N.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1274584|title=Seven-time MNA Anwar Cheema passes away|date=1 August 2016|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
Cheema has a son and a daughter. His son, [[Chaudhry Aamir Sultan Cheema]],<ref name=TheNation/> is a former provincial minister of irrigation and livestock. He has been elected member of provincial assembly six times. Cheema's daughter in law, Tanzeela Aamir Cheema has been elected MNA twice and also held the office of chairman district council Sargodha. She belongs to the Chaudhry family of Gujrat. [[Sardar Arif Nakai]], Ex- Chief Minister Of Punjab, who was Anwar Ali Cheema's brother in law.<br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Anwar Ali Cheema died on 31 July 2016, in [[Lahore]], Pakistan after a protracted illness.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=PT>{{cite news|url=https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/07/31/former-federal-minister-anwar-ali-cheema-passes-away/ |agency=Associated Press of Pakistan|title=Former Federal Minister Anwar Ali Cheema passes away|date=31 July 2016|newspaper=Pakistan Today (newspaper)|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref><ref name=TheNation>[https://nation.com.pk/01-Aug-2016/anwar-cheema-dies Anwar Cheema dies] The Nation (newspaper), Published 1 August 2016, Retrieved 19 July 2021</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* http://www.na.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=114<br />
* http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/9/125<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheema, Chaudhry Anwar Ali}}<br />
[[Category:1935 births]]<br />
[[Category:2016 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Sargodha District]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (Q) MNAs]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1985–1988]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1988–1990]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1990–1993]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1993–1996]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1997–1999]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2002–2007]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2008–2013]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) MNAs]]<br />
[[Category:Government ministers of Pakistan]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_ministers_of_home_affairs_of_Mizoram&diff=513090List of ministers of home affairs of Mizoram2025-06-02T03:33:38Z<p>Svetlanacnc: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Government Ministry of Mizoram}}<br />
{{Infobox political post<br />
| post = Minister <br />
| body = Home Affairs <br />
| insignia = Seal of Mizoram.svg<br />
| insigniasize = 200px<br />
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Mizoram]]<br />
| flag = Flag of India.svg<br />
| flagsize =<br />
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]<br />
| image =<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| incumbent = [[K. Sapdanga]]<br />
| incumbentsince = 8 December 2023<br />
| department = '''Home Department'''<br />
| style = [[The Honourable]]<br />
| abbreviation = HM<br />
| member_of = [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| reports_to = [[Governor of Mizoram]]<br/>[[Chief Minister of Mizoram]]<br />
| seat = <br />
| appointer = [[List of governors of Mizoram|Governor]] on the advice of the [[Chief Minister of Mizoram|Chief Minister]]<br />
| first = [[C. Chhunga]]<br />
| formation = {{Start date and age|1972|05|03|df=y|p=y|br=y}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Minister of Home Affairs''' (or simply, the '''Home Minister''', short-form '''HM''') is the head of [[Home Department]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Home Department |url=https://home.mizoram.gov.in/category/notifications |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=home.mizoram.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> of the [[Government of Mizoram]]. One of the senior-most officers in the [[Union Cabinet|Cabinet of Mizoram]], the chief responsibility of the home minister is the maintenance of internal security and domestic policy. Occasionally, they are assisted by the '''Minister of State of Home Affairs'''.<br />
<br />
The current minister is [[K. Sapdanga]] of the [[Zoram People's Movement]] who has been in office since 8 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of Minister - Mizoram |url=https://mizoram.nic.in/gov/minister.htm |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=mizoram.nic.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== List of home affairs ==<br />
Legend: for each row, the color is that of the political party.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan="2" |No.<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Minister<br />
! colspan="3" |Term of office<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Chief Minister<br />
|-<br />
! style="width:8em"| From<br />
! style="width:8em"| To<br />
! style="width:6em"| Period<br />
|-<br />
! 1<br />
| style="background-color: green" |<br />
|[[C. Chhunga]]<br />
| 3 May 1972<ref>{{Cite web |title=CH. Chhunga |url=https://mizoramassembly.in/storage/Assembly/Gazette/EO/GZEO1ISS_015.pdf |archive-date= |access-date=2024-06-17}}</ref><br />
| 10 May 1977<br />
| {{age in years and days|1972|5|3|1977|5|10}}<br />
| [[Mizo Union]]<br />
| Chhunga<br />
| style="background-color: green" |<br />
|'''Self'''<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |2<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Mizoram People's Conference}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[T. Sailo]]<br />
| 2 June 1978<br />
| 10 November 1978<br />
| {{age in years and days|1978|6|2|1978|11|10}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Mizoram People's Conference]]<br />
| Sailo I<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Mizoram People's Conference}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''Self'''<br />
|-<br />
| 8 May 1979<br />
| 4 May 1984<br />
| {{age in years and days|1979|5|8|1984|5|4}}<br />
| Sailo II<br />
|- <br />
! 3<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| [[Lal Thanhawla]]<br />
| 5 May 1984<br />
| 20 August 1986<br />
| {{age in years and days|1984|5|5|1986|8|20}}<br />
| [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| Thanhawla I<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
|'''Self''' <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | 4<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Mizo National Front}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Laldenga]]<br />
| 21 August 1986<br />
| 19 February 1987<br />
| rowspan=2| {{age in years and days|1986|8|21|1988|9|7}}<br />
| rowspan=2| [[Mizo National Front]]<br />
| Laldenga I<br />
|rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Mizo National Front}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |'''Self''' <br />
|-<br />
| 20 February 1987<br />
| 7 September 1988<br />
| Laldenga II<br />
|-<br />
!5<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| [[C. L. Ruala]]<br />
| 24 January 1989<br />
| 7 December 1993<br />
|<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| Thanhawla II<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Lal Thanhawla]]<br />
|-<br />
! 6<br />
| J. Lalsangzuala<br />
| 8 December 1993<br />
| 3 December 1998<br />
|<br />
| Thanhawla III<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |7<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Mizo National Front}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Tawnluia]]<br />
| 3 December 1998<br />
| 4 December 2003<br />
| rowspan=2| {{age in years and days|1998|12|3|2008|12|11}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Mizo National Front]]<br />
| Zoramthanga I<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Mizo National Front}}" | <br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Zoramthanga]]<br />
|-<br />
| 4 December 2003<br />
| 11 December 2008<br />
| Zoramthanga II<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |8<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[R. Lalzirliana]]<br />
| 11 December 2008<br />
| 11 December 2013<br />
| rowspan="2" | {{age in years and days|2008|12|11|2018|12|14}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| Thanhawla IV<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Lal Thanhawla]]<br />
|-<br />
| 12 December 2013<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-18 |title=Mizoram ministers get portfolios |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/mizoram-ministers-get-portfolios/articleshow/27590173.cms |access-date=2024-06-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
| 14 December 2018<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2018-09-14 |title=Mizoram Home Minister Lalzirliana resigns |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mizoram-home-minister-lalzirliana-resigns/article24947283.ece |access-date=2024-06-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-14 |title=Mizoram Congress in disarray as Home Minister R Lalzirliana resigns |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/mizoram/mizoram-home-minister-r-lazirliana-resign-5356882/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-14 |title=Mizoram home minister R Lalzirliana resigns after Congress issues show cause notice over reports of him joining MNF |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/mizoram-home-minister-r-lalzirliana-resigns-after-congress-issues-show-cause-notice-over-reports-of-him-joining-mnf-5187281.html |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
| Thanhawla V<br />
|-<br />
! 9<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Mizo National Front}}" |<br />
| [[Lalchamliana]]<br />
| 15 December 2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Minister Lalchamliana launches Integrated Road Accident Database (iRAD) Project {{!}} NIC Mizoram State Centre {{!}} India |url=https://mizo.nic.in/news/home-minister-lalchamliana-launches-integrated-road-accident-databaseirad-project-in-mizoram/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=mizoram home minister lalchamliana |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/mizoram-home-minister-lalchamliana |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
| 7 December 2023<br />
| {{age in years and days|2018|12|15|2023|12|7}}<br />
| [[Mizo National Front]]<br />
| [[Third Zoramthanga ministry|Zoramthanga III]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Mizo National Front}}" |<br />
| [[Zoramthanga]]<br />
|-<br />
! 10<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}" |<br />
| [[K. Sapdanga]]<br />
| 8 December 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-08 |title=Mizoram cabinet list 2023: Full list of ministers and their portfolios |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/mizoram/story/mizoram-cabinet-list-2023-full-list-of-ministers-and-their-portfolios-723168-2023-12-08 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-22 |title=Mizoram ministers list 2023: Full list of ministers and their portfolios in Lalduhoma cabinet |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/mizoram-ministers-list-2023-full-list-of-ministers-and-their-portfolios-in-lalduhoma-cabinet/3333266/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><br />
| ''Incumbent''<br />
| {{age in years and days|2023|12|08}}<br />
| [[Zoram People's Movement]]<br />
| [[Lalduhoma ministry|Lalduhoma]]<br />
| style="background-color: {{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}" |<br />
| [[Lalduhoma]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Government of Mizoram]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ngopa&diff=467095Ngopa2025-05-19T19:19:36Z<p>Svetlanacnc: adjust lead based on references and improved wording as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{about|the Indian village|the Thai play|Ngo Pa}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=November 2011}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Ngopa<br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| pushpin_map = India Mizoram#India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|23|53|10|N|93|12|43|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| image_skyline = Ngopa.jpg<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mizoram]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Saitual district|Saitual]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| elevation_m = 1127<br />
| population_total = 4155<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Mizo language|Mizo]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 796290<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 03831<br />
| registration_plate = MZ-04<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ngopa''' is a town in the [[Saitual District]] of [[Mizoram]], [[India]]. It is located in the Ngopa [[Block (district subdivision)|R.D. Block]], and it serves as headquarters for that block.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Mizoram.pdf |title=Mizoram villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806123151/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Mizoram.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==People==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
According to the 2011 census, 945 families resided in Ngopa. The population was 4,155, of which 2,168 were males, and 1,987 were females. There were 607 children under the age of six, which makes up 14.61% of the total population of the village. The average Gender Ratio of Ngopa is 917, which is lower than the Mizoram state average of 976. The Child Gender Ratio for Ngopa was 927, lower than the Mizoram average of 970.<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1504_PART_B_DCHB_CHAMPHAI.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Champhai |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Mizoram |accessdate=2015-08-22 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Government Offices==<br />
There are many government offices in Ngopa, including the Sub Divisional Office (Civil) and Block Development Office. Hrianghmun, Teikhang, Kawlbem, Lamzawl, Vaikhawtlang, Selam, Pawlrang, Changzawl, Hliappui, and Saichal are the villages within Ngopa Block.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Map of Ngopa Rd block | url=http://mizorural.nic.in/file/BADP/Map%20of%20Mizoram%20Border%20Blocks/Ngopa.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115132159/http://mizorural.nic.in/file/BADP/Map%20of%20Mizoram%20Border%20Blocks/Ngopa.pdf | archive-date=2016-11-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Champhai district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Ngopa block]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Makhdumpur,_Bihar&diff=515268Makhdumpur, Bihar2025-04-27T01:40:14Z<p>Svetlanacnc: put up!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Town in Bihar, India}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Makhdumpur<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Bihar<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.072|N|84.973|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jehanabad district|Jehanabad]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Nagar Panchayat]]<br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 20<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 77<br />
<br />
| population_total = 31,994<br />
[https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801414-makhdumpur-bihar.html]<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 =<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = [http://www.citypincode.in/BIHAR/JEHANABAD/Makhdumpur_PINCODE 804422]<br />
| registration_plate = BR 25<br />
| website = <br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Makhdumpur''' is a town in the [[Bihar]] state of [[India]]. It is a major town of [[Jehanabad district]] and ''Patna-Gaya Corridor''. The Barabar Hills/Barabar Caves tourist region is 10 KM South-East of Makhdumpur proper city.<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
According to the 2011 Census of india<br />
Makhdumpur Urban Area has population of 31,994 in which 16,718 are males and 15,276 are females. Makhdumpur town is among the fastest growing populated town of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadh]] region and South central [[Bihar]].<br />
<br />
Makhdumpur is the 3rd biggest city of Patna-Gaya Road/Rail Corridor after Jehanbad& Masaurhi as a part of Single City.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Population''' '''Cast wise'''<br />
* OBC& General- 77.7%<br />
* SC- 22.1%<br />
* ST- 0.2%<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Population''' '''Religion wise'''<br />
<br />
* Hindu- 88.96%<br />
* Muslim- 10.81%<br />
* Christian- 0.08%<br />
* Sikhs- 0.02%<br />
* Other- 0%<br />
* No specified Religion- 0.13%<br />
<br />
<br />
* Literacy rate of Makhdumpur is about '''70%''' or 69.08% (higher than state average 61.80%) in which male literacy rate is 77.97% and of Female is 59.31%.<br />
* Male-Female Sex birth ratio is 914 against State average of 918.<br />
<br />
<br />
Makhdumpur Block is divided into 1 town and 117 notified villages makes its biggest Block/Tahsil of [[Jehanbad]] District.<br />
Makhdumpur Block has a total population of 260,154 (in which 228,160 are rural) constituted of 134,863 males and 125,291 females.<br />
<br />
'''Population Caste wise'''<br />
<br />
* OBC& General- 77%<br />
* SC- 22.9%<br />
* ST- 0.1%<br />
<br />
'''Population Religion wise'''<br />
<br />
* Hindu- 93.18%<br />
* Muslim- 6.57%<br />
* Buddhist- 0.07%<br />
* Christian- 0.06%<br />
* Sikh- 0.01%<br />
* Jain- 0.01%<br />
* Other- 0%<br />
* No specified Religion- 0.11%<br />
<br />
<br />
* Literacy rate of block is 64.26% in which male literacy rate is 75.69% and of female is 51.97%.<br />
<br />
<br />
* Sex Ratio of Makhdumpur block is 929, means if 1000 child take birth here then 929 child are girls.<br />
<br />
== Transport ==<br />
The NH-83(now NH-22) Patna-Gaya-Dobhi Highway passes through Makhdumpur. Makhdumpur is also directly connected by roads with some major town/city of nearby districts like [[Rajgir]], [[Tekari]], [[Hulasgang]], Shakurabad, Kurtha, Paibigha and many more. There is 1 railway Station [[Makhdumpur Gaya railway station]] and 1 Halt Wanabar Koteshwarnath Dham is situated in the Makhdumpur Urban Area.<br />
''Patna-Gaya-Dobhi'' bypass which passes through west of the city, but it is not opened yet for Public by NHAI Authority for transportation.<br />
<br />
== Infrastructure ==<br />
Makhdumpur Market is the most educated and influential village and supports a railway station, bus stand, police station and referral hospital in close proximity. Makhdumpur, Kayamaganj, Paleya is nearby market for daily use.<br />
<br />
Sukhdev Prasad Referral Hospital is a government hospital with 24/7 support near block.<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Makhdumpur is situated between [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] and [[Jehanabad]] in the Jehanabad district. It is about 60&nbsp;km towards south from [[Patna]] and 30&nbsp;km towards north from Gaya.<br />
<br />
Makhdumpur is situated on the bank of Jamuna. Jamuna river is the backbone for agriculture in this region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|publisher=Census Commission of India|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|accessdate=2008-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypincode.in/BIHAR/JEHANABAD/Makhdumpur_PINCODE|title=Makhdumpur Pincode|date=|publisher=citypincode.in|accessdate=2014-05-19}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dardha river also flows through this area about 4&nbsp;km west from the main town.<br />
<br />
Barabar Caves/Barabar Hills is the most visited places of Makhdumpur region or Jehanabad District. Barabar Caves is one of the major tourist attraction of Bihar. It is 11&nbsp;km towards south-East from the main town.<br />
There are many man-made caves in this hilly region which built by the kings of Maurya empire.[[Lomas Rishi Cave]]/Satgharva Cave is the most famous cave of the [[Barabar Caves]].The Barabar Hill Caves are the oldest surviving rock-cut caves in India, dating from the Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE).<br />
<br />
Here is a list of some villages near Makhdumpur:<br />
≈≈Villages≈≈<br />
*Samochak<br />
*Khalkochak<br />
*Paapu<br />
*Paleya<br />
*Ladaua<br />
*Bhaane Bigha<br />
*Solhanda<br />
*Chamandi<br />
*Chandai<br />
*Kansaara<br />
*Aankopur<br />
*Dharnai<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
<br />
* High School Makhdumpur, an BSEB affiliated boys school up to class 10th<br />
* Project Kanya High School Makhdumpur, an BSEB affiliated girls school up to class 10th<br />
* KLS Adarsh High School an BSEB affiliated co-ed school up to class 10th<br />
* KLS Public School (CBSE affiliated school)<br />
* Middle School Makhdumpur, BSEB up to Class 8<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
* http://censusindia.gov.in/<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010094823/http://jehanabad.bih.nic.in/impplaces.html Official Website of Jehanabad District]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Jehanabad district]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Awana_(clan)&diff=488484Awana (clan)2025-04-25T07:13:04Z<p>Svetlanacnc: new redirect</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Gurjar]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suresh_Kumar_Baitha&diff=538578Suresh Kumar Baitha2025-01-09T16:35:01Z<p>Svetlanacnc: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office = Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Kanke Assembly constituency|Kanke]]<br />
| term_start = 23 November 2024<br />
| term_end = <br />
| profession = Politician<br />
| predecessor = [[Sammari Lal]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Suresh Kumar Baitha''' is an Indian politician from Jharkhand. He is a [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|member of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Kanke Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanke Election Result 2024 LIVE: Suresh Kumar Baitha of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kanke-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130303.html |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2024 |title=Kanke, Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Suresh Kumar Baitha wins Kanke with 133499 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/kanke-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-jaelb-2638483-2024-11-23 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of chief ministers of Jharkhand]]<br />
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baitha, Suresh Kumar}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Jharkhand-INC-politician-stub}}</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yesha_Rughani&diff=546226Yesha Rughani2025-01-04T19:39:32Z<p>Svetlanacnc: Added data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian television actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Yesha Rughani<br />
| image = Yesha Rughani 2K19.jpg<br />
| caption = Yesha in 2019<br />
| birth_date = <!-- [[WP:BLP]] policy forbids including this without a strong [[WP:RS]] cite --><br />
| birth_place = <br />
| education = <br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| known for = {{ubl|''[[Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey (TV series)|Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey]]''|''[[Muskaan (TV series)|Muskaan]]''|''[[Hero – Gayab Mode On]]''}}<br />
| website = <br />
| years_active = 2017–present<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Yesha Rughani''' is an Indian actress.<ref name='Yesha'>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/acting-by-chance-for-newcomer-yesha-rughani/articleshow/60955920.cms |title=Acting by chance for newcomer Yesha Rughani |first1=Neha |last1=Maheshwri |date=6 October 2017 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She rose to fame starring as the titular character in [[Star Bharat]]'s [[Muskaan (TV series)|''Muskaan'']].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Musakaan actress Yesha Rughani designs the wedding costume for her on screen wedding – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/musakaan-actress-yesha-rughani-designs-the-wedding-costume-for-her-on-screen-wedding/articleshow/67096316.cms |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=14 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Rughani is known for portraying Devi/Devika in ''[[Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey (TV series)|Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey]]'' and Zara in ''[[Hero – Gayab Mode On]]''. Recently, she was seen as the female lead in ''[[Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey]]'' as Riddhima "Gungun" Bhatnagar.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Before pursuing her career in acting, Rughani worked as a stylist for [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Esha Gupta]], [[Malaika Arora]] among others.<ref name="Rughani">{{cite web |last1=Agarwal |first1=Yashi |date=8 October 2019 |title=My life changed in 4 days:Yesha Rughani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/my-life-changed-in-four-days-yesha-rughani/articleshow/71480503.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Hero - Gayab Mode On actress Yesha Rughani reveals secret to her chic fashion statements: I have a soft corner for vintage style - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hero-gayab-mode-on-actress-yesha-rughani-reveals-secret-to-her-chic-fashion-statements-i-have-a-soft-corner-for-vintage-style/articleshow/83003394.cms |access-date=2 June 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=27 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
In 2017, Rughani made her television debut with [[Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey (TV Series)|''Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey'']] opposite [[Krip Suri]].<ref name='Yesha'/> She got praise for her dual roles as mother and daughter, and was extremely well received.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}<br />
<br />
After that from May 2018, she played the titular character of a young woman who was ostracized by society due to her mother's profession in ''[[Muskaan (TV series)|Muskaan]]'' opposite [[Sharad Malhotra]], a role for which she earned critical acclaim.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} <br />
<br />
In 2020, she started starring as Zara in [[Sony SAB]]'s fantasy series ''[[Hero – Gayab Mode On]]'' opposite Abhishek Nigam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hero Gayab Mode On |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/hero-gayab-mode-on-1700000278 |access-date= |website=[[Sony Liv]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Yesha will be playing the role of an aspiring actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yesha-rughani-plays-aspiring-actor-in-her-next-tv-show/articleshow/79443666.cms |access-date= |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 November 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2022, Rughani played Gungun in [[StarPlus]]'s ''[[Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey]]'' opposite Manan Joshi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yesha Rughani and Manan Joshi to play the lead couple in Kabhie Kabhie Ittefaque Se – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yesha-rughani-and-manan-joshi-to-play-the-lead-couple-in-kabhie-kabhie-ittefaque-se/articleshow/87131416.cms |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=19 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
From February 2024 to December 2024, she was playing the lead role of Ibaadat Akhtar Siddiqui opposite [[Dheeraj Dhoopar]] in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Rabb Se Hai Dua]]'' post generation leap.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Actress Yesha Rughani Visits Siddhivinayak Temple To Seek Blessings For Her New Show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/actress-yesha-rughani-seeks-blessings-at-siddhivinayak-temple-for-new-show/articleshow/107686204.cms|access-date=2024-05-30|website=The Times of India|date=14 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Seerat Kapoor And Yesha Rughani To Play Leads Opposite Dheeraj Dhoopar In Rabb Se Hai Dua|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/seerat-kapoor-and-yesha-rughani-in-rabb-se-hai-dua-lead-roles-opposite-dheeraj-dhoopar/articleshow/107584439.cms|access-date=2024-05-30|website=The Times of India|date=10 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!class="unsortable"|Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2017–2018<br />
| rowspan="2"|''[[Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey]]'' <br />
| Devi Chauhan Rajawat<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=The leads' of Jeet Gayi... Shoaib Ibrahim and Yesha Rughani get nostalgic and share some of their finest and most cherished moments from the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jeet-gayi-toh-piya-morre-to-come-to-an-end/articleshow/65124344.cms |access-date=3 January 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=24 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
| Devika Rajawat Babbar <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
| 2018–2020<br />
| ''[[Musakaan (2018 TV series)|Musakaan]]''<br />
| Muskaan Bose Singh<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=मलाइका अरोड़ा और प्रियंका चोपड़ा की स्टाइलिस्ट थीं येशा रूघानी, ऐसे बनीं ऐक्ट्रेस |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-masala/muskaan-fame-yesha-rughani-was-priyanka-chopra-and-malaika-arora-stylist-before-she-became-actress/articleshow/84172189.cms |access-date=3 January 2022 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2020–2021<br />
| ''[[Hero – Gayab Mode On]]''<br />
| Zara<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=My exit from Hero: Gayab Mode On was abrupt but mutual, says Yesha Rughani - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/my-exit-from-hero-gayab-mode-on-was-abrupt-but-mutual-says-yesha-rughani/articleshow/85367983.cms |access-date=3 January 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=16 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2022<br />
| ''[[Kabhi Kabhie Ittefaq Sey]]''<br />
| Riddhima "Gungun" Bhatnagar Kulshreshth <br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='Kabhie Kabhie Ittefaque Se' will feature actors Yesha Rughani and Manan Joshi as the lead jodi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/kabhie-kabhie-ittefaque-se-trina-saha-koushik-roy-starrer-khorkuto-to-be-remade-in-hindi/articleshow/87504500.cms |access-date=3 January 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=3 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
| ''[[Rabb Se Hai Dua]]''<br />
| Ibaadat "Ibbu" Akhtar Siddiqui <br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/actress-yesha-rughani-shares-glimpses-of-her-birthday-celebrations-see-adorable-pics/articleshow/108827911.cms|title=Actress Yesha Rughani Shares Glimpses Of Her Birthday Celebrations; See Adorable Pics|work=Times of India|date=March 27, 2024|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Music videos ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Singer <br />
!class="unsortable"|Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
| ''Meri Aashiqui''<br />
| Saaj Bhatt<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhishek Nigam and Yesha Rughani SPILL the beans on their new song 'Meri Aashiqui' |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/videos/tv-news/abhishek-nigam-and-yesha-rughani-spill-the-beans-on-their-new-song-meri-aashiqui-video-96884654 |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=Zoom TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Abhishek Nigam: Yesha and I had a pact while Hero Gayab Mode On; this song is for Veer-Zara fans |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/abhishek-nigam-yesha-and-i-had-a-pact-while-hero-gayab-mode-on-this-song-is-for-veer-zara-fans/videoshow/96938254.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Award <br />
!Category <br />
!Work <br />
!Result <br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
| [[Gold Awards]]<br />
| [[Gold Award for Debut in a Lead Role (Female)|Debut in a Lead Role - Female]]<br />
| ''[[Musakaan (2018 TV series)|Musakaan]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fazeen |first1=Sana |title=Zee Gold Awards 2018: Jennifer Winget, Mouni Roy, Hina Khan, Sriti Jha, Nakuul Mehta win big honours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/zee-gold-awards-2018-jennifer-winget-mouni-roy-hina-5225490/ |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kulamara&diff=510999Kulamara2024-09-03T09:50:18Z<p>Svetlanacnc: started a post</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Village in Simdega, India}}<br />
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'''Kulamara''' is a revenue village located in [[Simdega]] district of the [[Indian state]] of [[Jharkhand]]. The village is located in Targa Panchayat. Kulamara is situated in [[Bansjore block]]. It is one of 19 villages in Bansjore Block.<br />
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==Geography==<br />
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Kulamara is located on the southern part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]], which forms the eastern edge of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan plateau]] system. The Lurgangi river and the Dev river flow near Kulamara.<br />
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==Climate==<br />
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Kulamara has a sub-tropical climate with temperature ranges from 20&nbsp;°C to 40&nbsp;°C during summer, and 3&nbsp;°C to 21&nbsp;°C during winter. The annual rainfall is about {{convert|145|cm}}. From June to September, the rainfall level is about 115&nbsp;cm.<br />
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==Demographics==<br />
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{{As of|2011}} census of India,<ref>{{cite book|title=Census of India 2011: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|publisher=Census Commission of India}}</ref> Kulamara had a population of 1210. The major languages spoken in this region are [[Sadri language|Nagpuri (or Sadri)]], [[Hindi]], [[Mundari language|Mundari]] and [[Khariya]].<br />
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Kulamra is home to people of many [[caste]]s such as Binjhiya, Bhogta, Gond, Khariya, Kurmi, Das, Lohra, and Munda.<br />
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==Education==<br />
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Kulamara hosts UPG GOVT MS Kulamara, which was established in 1960. It is a P. with U. Primary school. It educates some 81 boys and girls and is staffed by 3 teachers. It is primarily a Hindi medium school. The DISE code of the school is 20210900301.<br />
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==Festivals and dances==<br />
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The region celebrates several major festivals and dances.<br />
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===Karma===<br />
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Karma is a festival of brothers and sisters. It rotates from one village to another. It's divided into three categories:<br />
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*Raj karma is celebrated by the entire community in the region.<br />
*Budhi karma is observed only by old women in the month of June. This celebration is to call the god of rain.<br />
*Padda karma is celebrated by the whole village. Sisters traditionally fast for a full day for their brothers.<br />
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===Sarhul Dance===<br />
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[[Gumla#Sarhul Dance|Sarhul]] is a prominent festival of [[Kurukh people|Oraon]] and is celebrated with dancing. People hold hands to form a circle. Musicians use traditional [[Indian musical instruments|Indian instruments]], sitting inside the circle. Men traditionally wear a white [[dhoti]] with a red border, while women wear a white [[sari]] with a red border.<br />
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===Bheja Dance===<br />
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In the [[Gumla#Bheja dance|Bheja dance]], dozens of young boys and girls gather at a particular place, form a chain by holding hands in alternate succession then dance.<br />
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==References==<br />
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[[Category:Villages in Simdega district]]</div>Svetlanacnchttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaoon_Ki_Gori_(1945_film)&diff=499907Gaoon Ki Gori (1945 film)2024-02-21T20:24:12Z<p>Svetlanacnc: created redirect page</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Gaon Ki Gori]]</div>Svetlanacnc