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Pratap Singh of Satara

2026-05-08T09:22:07Z

Svetlanabpd: new first bio basic info - done

{{Short description|Chhatrapati of the Marathas (r. 1808–1818) and Raja of Satara (r. 1818–1839)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Other people|Pratap Singh|Pratap Singh (disambiguation){{!}}Pratap Singh}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Pratap Singh
| title =
| succession = 8th [[Chhatrapati|Chhatrapati of the Marathas]]
| succession1 = 1st [[Raja]] of [[Satara State]]
| image = Chhatrapati Pratapsingh.jpg
| caption =
| reign = 3 May 1808 – 3 June 1818
| reign1 = 3 June 1818 – 5 September 1839
| coronation =
| full_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1793|1|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ajinkyatara|Ajinkyatara Fort]], [[Satara district|Satara]], [[Maratha Empire]] (present-day [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1847|10|14|1793|1|18|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Varanasi]], [[Benares State|Varanasi State]], [[Company rule in India|Company Raj]] (present-day [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| predecessor = [[Shahu II of Satara|Shahu II]]
| regent = [[Baji Rao II]]
| reg-type = Peshwa
| successor = ''Position abolished''
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = [[Raja Shahaji of Satara|Shahaji]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house = [[House of Bhonsle|Bhonsle]]
| dynasty =
| father = [[Shahu II of Satara|Shahu II]]
| mother = Girjabai Raje Bhosle
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| signature =
}}

'''Pratap Singh Bhonsale''' (18 January 1793 – 14 October 1847) was the eighth and last [[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]] from 1808 to 1818, when Maratha forces under [[Peshwa]] Bajirao II lost to the British during the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]. He was later the [[Raja]] of [[Satara State]] until 1839, when he was replaced with Shahaji of Satara by the British.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kulkarni|first=Sumitra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SYOSHaZnBy8C&pg=PA23|title=The Satara Raj, 1818-1848: A Study in History, Administration, and Culture|date=1995|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-581-4|pages=29|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TSR">{{cite book |title=The Satara Raj, 1818-1848: A Study in History, Administration, and Culture |first=Sumitra |last=Kulkarni |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1995 |isbn=978-8-17099-581-4 |pages=21–24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SYOSHaZnBy8C&pg=PA21}}</ref>

==Descent==
He was born in the [[House of Bhonsle (Royal House)|Bhonsle]] clan of [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] caste.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYFrgILWbIgC&q=Jadunath%20sarkar%20shivaji%20coronation&pg=PA158|title=Shivaji and His Times|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|date=1992|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=9788125013471|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Pratap Singh was the eldest son of [[Shahu II of Satara]], whom he succeeded, and a descendant of [[ Chatrapati Shivaji]], the founder of the Maratha Empire.<ref name="TSR" />

== Raja ==
Pratap Singh was dethroned and stripped of his powers and personal possessions by the British in 1839. He was exiled to [[Benares]] and granted an allowance for his maintenance. Rango Bapuji Gupte, a loyal Sardar to him, long fought unsuccessful legal battles in London on his behalf.

He was succeeded by his brother, Appa Saheb, under the title Shreemant Maharaj Shaji Raja Chhatrapati of Satara. Appa Saheb then became known as [[Raja Shahaji of Satara|Raja Shahaji]].<ref name="TSR" />

== Reign ==
{{unsourced section|date=July 2020}}

During his reign, Pratap Singh undertook significant administrative, infrastructural, and educational reforms that contributed to the development of modern [[Satara (city)|Satara]].

One of his major contributions was the construction of the Pune–Satara Road, improving connectivity between Satara and [[Pune]]. He also built the Satara–Medha–Mahabaleshwar Road, facilitating access to Mahabaleshwar, which later became a prominent hill station during British rule. At Mahabaleshwar, he established Malcolm Peth (now part of Mahabaleshwar), named in honour of the contemporary Governor of Bombay.

In Satara, Pratap Singh constructed the ‘Rajwada’ palace, which functioned as the royal court for approximately 150 years. The palace is presently in the possession of his descendants. He also developed the Rajpath, a two-way road connecting the Rajwada to Powai Naka, contributing to the planned urban layout of the city.

Following the destruction of the Rang Mahal of [[Shahu I]] in a fire, Pratap Singh built the Jal Mandir Palace as a new royal residence for himself and his family. Much of modern Satara’s foundational urban structure is attributed to his initiatives.

In the field of education, he established two schools in Satara offering instruction in English, Persian, Marathi, and Sanskrit. Around 1851, Pratap Singh High School was founded; notably, [[B. R. Ambedkar]] studied there until the fourth standard.

In the same year, his wife founded a private library in Satara that was open to the public. This institution later became known as the Nagar Vachanalaya and was formerly called Chhatrapati Pratap Singh Maharaj (Thorle) Nagar Vachanalaya, Satara.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category|Chhatrapati Pratapsingh}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |chapter=The Mutiny in Western India: The 'Marginal' as Regional Dynamic |first=Veena |last=Naregal |pages=169–188 |title=Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857 |volume=1 |editor-first=Crispin |editor-last=Bates |publisher=SAGE Publications India |year=2013 |isbn=978-8-13211-336-2}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Shahu II of Satara]] |
title=
[[Chhatrapati]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]| years=1808–1818 |
after= Lapsed
}}
{{s-end}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=New creation |
title=
[[Raja]] of [[Satara State|Satara]]| years=1818–1839 |
after=[[Raja Shahaji of Satara|Shahaji]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pratap Singh Of Satara}}
[[Category:1793 births]]
[[Category:1847 deaths]]
[[Category:Maratha kings]]
[[Category:Rajas of Satara]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Bama Vijayam (1967 film)

2026-05-03T11:28:40Z

Svetlanabpd:

{{short description|1967 Indian film by K. Balachander}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bama Vijayam 1967 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| writer = K. Balachander
| producer = M. S. Kasi
| starring = [[Sowcar Janaki]] [[Rajasree]] [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] [[Sachu]] [[R. Muthuraman]] [[Nagesh]] [[Major Sundarrajan]] [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] [[T. S. Balaiah]]
| cinematography = [[P. N. Sundaram]]
| editing = N. R. Kittu
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Manohar Pictures
| distributor = [[Gemini Studios]]
| released = {{film date|1967|2|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 179 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=391}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Bama Vijayam''''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɑː|m|ɑː|_|v|i|dʒ|ə|j|ə|m}} {{translation|Bama's visit}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[K. Balachander]]. The film features an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Rajasree]], [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]], [[Sachu]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Nagesh]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] and [[T. S. Balaiah]]. It revolves around a man's three daughters-in-law who go to absurd lengths to impress an actress who becomes their neighbour.

''Bama Vijayam'' was simultaneously filmed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Bhale Kodallu]]'' with a slightly different cast. It was released on 24 February 1967, and won the Chennai Film Fans' Association Award for Best Film. The film was later remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Teen Bahuraniyan]]'' (1968), with Janaki, Kanchana and Jayanthi reprising their roles. In 1998, it was remade into [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Sreekrishnapurathe Nakshathrathilakkam]]''. It was also remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Swalpa Adjust Madkolli]]'' (2000).

== Plot ==
* A middle-class joint family is living happily run by the responsible father Ethiraj, a retired headmaster. He has three sons – Maheshwaran, Raman, and Krishnan. Maheswaran is a [[Hindi]] professor; he and his wife Parvathi have five children. Raman, a high court clerk has two children with wife Sita. Krishnan, a medical representative is married to Rukmini. Sumathi, the younger sister of Sita also stays in the same house, as she is pursuing higher studies in the same city. Though it is a joint family, the father has set up his three sons in three different portions in the same house, and takes turns to eat in each of his son's house, to avoid any possibility of problems between them. The sons give their salaries to their father, and all the financial matters are dealt by him efficiently. He is respected and feared by everyone in the family. Wrong-doers in the household are made to stand on a bench by him as punishment.
* Meanwhile, a popular actress Bama moves into the [[bungalow]] next to their house. The three daughters-in-law and the sons meet her while they are all in the terrace, and try to make friends with her. Bama is very polite, and accepts their invitation to come to their house on 16th of that month. Now, the three ladies in the house start making fuss about the condition of their house, saying that they do not have enough facilities in their house to show to Bama that there are well-off. The husbands try to convince them but they force their husbands to agree to whatever they ask. Eventually the men give in and start buying things for their own houses. They paint the house, get stuff like radio, fan, sofa, for their own portions.
* In order to spy on actress Bama, Parvathy, Seetha and Rukmani send Seetha's younger sister Sumathi to actress Bama's house as a maid.
* After that, when actress Bama told her that Sumathi, who was going to work for her, had no work at the moment, Bama's assistant manager Suresh was immediately captivated by Sumathi's beauty and told actress Bama that, if she was looking for someone as body-pain-reliever body-massager after the shooting, now she has found someone. When asked how that was, Sumathi said that she was har own masseuse and Bama agreed to work as a body-massager for her. Moreover, instead of spying on Sumathi, Bama fell in love with manager Suresh Sumathi on the pretext of working Massager her
* The father tries in vain to make everyone understand that they should live for themselves within their means. They get all the things for the house – a few for rent, a few for instalment, and also borrow money with a high interest rate. They even go to the extent of hiring a male servant to stay in the house. The ladies start arguing whose portion should Bama visit first when she comes to their house. Finally, Parvathi makes the other two ladies agree by showing a diamond necklace that she borrowed from her friend. They decide to pass the necklace through the windows so that Bama would think that everyone has diamond necklaces.
* On the day of Bama's visit, Parvathi decides to lock three of her five children inside a room, so that Bama would not know that she is old enough to have 5 kids. Sita sees this, and she decides to hide her spectacles, so that Bama would not guess her age too. When Bama arrives, she goes to Sita's portion first. Sita has to go and get the diamond necklace from Parvathi. Meanwhile, Raman tells Bama about his and his brothers' jobs. When Sita comes, she lies to Bama that Raman is an advocate in high court, to which both Bama and Raman look surprised. Bama asks Sita what the time is, but Sita cannot see the time in her wrist watch without the spectacles. Parvathi sees this and laughs.
* Later when Bama goes to Parvathi's portion, Parvathi lies that her husband is college principal. When she tells that she has only two children, Sita lets the other three kids out of the locked room. Bama thinks that the kids are orphans, and Parvathi, who does not know English, agrees that the kids are orphans. Sita makes fun of this. Finally, when Bama arrives at Krishnan's part of the house, she gets a spectacular welcome with red carpet, flowers and her favourite drinks. They even take a few snaps with her.
* The ladies are amazed by Bama's simplicity like glass bangles, her politeness. Even then they do not take a cue, and try to show off too much in front of her. Soon, they get close to Bama and keep meeting her for picnics in her shooting spots, etc., neglecting their family. Krishnan gets an instalment car for the ladies to roam, Raman gets telephone connection through' his office citing his father's "illness", which the ladies use to talk to Bama every day.
* After a few months of this, and financial problems, a bombshell appears in the form of an anonymous letter stating that one of the three husbands is having an affair with Bama, and this upsets their wives. Each hopes and wishes that her husband is not the culprit, but to each the evidence seems to point to him only.
* After a series of humorous incidents, the false news of Maheshwaran having illegal contact with Bama is published in a newspaper, thus leading to more trouble. However, after some time, the publisher apologises for it and decides to publish a retraction, and it all ends well for everyone.
* One day, Bama suffered from severe hip pain after being attacked by actor Shankar during a shoot. To relieve her hip pain, she asked her bodyguard Sumathi to give her some oil. Sumathi reluctantly agreed and applied the oil on Bama's hips. While Suresh and Sumathi were exchanging their love language through gestures, Sumathi, driven by love and a little anger, suddenly gave Bama a quick punch on the hip.
* Seeing this, the actress Bama realized that she loved Suresh in Sumathi's heart and came forward to marry her legally.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Parvathi<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Rajasree]] as Bama<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] as Seetha<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Rukmani<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Sachu]] as Sumathi "Massager Sumathi" <ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Alamel
* [[S. N. Parvathy]] as Parvathi's mother
* [[R. Muthuraman]] as Raman<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Nagesh]] as Krishna<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Maheswaran<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Suresh<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[T. S. Balaiah]] as Ethiraj<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Samikannu]] as Seetha and Sumathi's father
* [[P. D. Sambandam]] as Radha's father
}}

== Production ==
In 1965, when [[K. Balachander]] was a rookie in the film industry, his household was excited because [[Sowcar Janaki]], an established actress, was due to visit their house. This incident laid the foundation for ''Bama Vijayam'',<ref name="PrasannaBalachander" /> which was written and directed by Balachander, and produced by M. S. Kasi under Manohar Pictures.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> It was simultaneously filmed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Bhale Kodallu]]'', with a slightly different cast.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=391}}

== Themes ==
''Bama Vijayam'', a satire,{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=391}} focuses on how "false prestige, pretence and living beyond one's means" can destroy a household.<ref name="PrasannaBalachander" /> Historian [[Randor Guy]] and ''[[News18]]'' noted the film's similarities to ''[[A Letter to Three Wives]]'' (1949).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=September 2007 |title=From Silents to Sivaji! A look into the past – Part II |magazine=Galatta Cinema |page=64}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2023 |title=56 வருடங்களுக்கு முன்பே கதை திருட்டு சர்ச்சையில் சிக்கிய இயக்குநர் பாலசந்தர்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-director-k-balachander-was-involved-in-a-story-controversy-56-years-ago-for-bama-vijayam-movie-898226.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225051912/https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-director-k-balachander-was-involved-in-a-story-controversy-56-years-ago-for-bama-vijayam-movie-898226.html |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=8 March 2023 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref> According to Aranthai Manian, the film has similarities with the stage play ''Star Night'' by K. K. Raman.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manian |first=Aranthai |title=திரைப்படங்களான இலக்கியங்களும் நாடகங்களும் |year=2020 |publisher=Pustaka Digital Media |pages=1977 |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bama Vijayam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bama-vijayam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/989119662 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115184753/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/bama-vijayam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/989119662 |archive-date=15 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=[[iTunes]]}}</ref> The song "Varavu Ettanna Selavu Pathanna" ({{Translation|Income is eight [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]] and expense is ten annas}}) attained popularity.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=391}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkataramanan |first=Geetha |date=16 July 2015 |title=Which came first: lyric or music? |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/tribute-to-msv/article7429656.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224180721/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/tribute-to-msv/article7429656.ece |archive-date=24 February 2018}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' said it "makes you laugh just as much as it makes you think!"<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 April 2010 |title=ROFL |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2010/04/10&ID=Ar03900 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317040529/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrint_PASTISSUES2&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH%2F2010%2F04%2F10&ID=Ar03900 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |access-date=17 March 2018 |work=[[Chennai Times]] |pages=39}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer !! Duration
|-
| "Ninaithaal Sirippuvarum" || [[P. Susheela]], [[L. R. Eswari]]|| 4:45
|-
| "Aani Muthu" ||P. Susheela, [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]], L. R. Eswari|| 3:03
|-
| "Kuru Kuru Nagaienna" ||[[T. M. Soundararajan]], L. R. Eswari|| 3:01
|-
| "Varavu Ettanna Selavu Pathanna" ||T. M. Soundararajan, L. R. Eswari|| 5:35
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Bama Vijayam'' was released on 24 February 1967,<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> and distributed by [[Gemini Studios]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=19 February 1967 |title=பாமா விஜயம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/feb/19-02-1967/p55.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=55 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220726035619/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/feb/19-02-1967/p55.jpg |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' lauded the film for the cast performances and Balachander's direction.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=12 March 1967 |title=பாமா விஜயம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/mar/12-03-1967/p13.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=13 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220726035844/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/mar/12-03-1967/p13.jpg |archive-date=26 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref> The film won the Chennai Film Fans' Association Award for Best Film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 October 1999 |title=அன்றிலிருந்து இன்றுவரை சினிமா |language=ta |trans-title=Cinema from then until today |pages=7 |work=Vlambaram |url=http://www.vlambaram.com/archives/October%2015,%2099.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317222227/http://vlambaram.com/archives/October%2015,%2099.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2016}}</ref>

== Other versions ==
''Bama Vijayam'' was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Teen Bahuraniyan]]'' in 1968, with Sowcar Janaki, Kanchana and Jayanthi reprising their roles.{{sfn|Ashokamitran|2016|p=162}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sing |first=Bobby |date=11 April 2021 |title=CinemaScope: When Shashikala played a Hindi film actress as Sheela Devi |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/cinemascope-when-shashikala-played-a-hindi-film-actress-as-sheela-devi |url-status=live |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411071221/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/cinemascope-when-shashikala-played-a-hindi-film-actress-as-sheela-devi#bypass-sw |archive-date=11 April 2021}}</ref> The film was remade into [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Sreekrishnapurathe Nakshathrathilakkam]]'' (1998) with a slightly different storyline.<ref name="kamadenu" /> The film was unofficially remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Swalpa Adjust Madkolli]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2000 |title=Swalpa Adjust Madkolli Movie Review |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2028-swalpa-adjust-madkolli-movie-review.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114184550/http://www.chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/2028-swalpa-adjust-madkolli-movie-review.html |archive-date=14 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=[[Chitraloka.com]]}}</ref> A theatrical adaptation of ''Bama Vijayam'', titled ''Mastani O Mastani'', was staged by Rajan Radhakrishnan in November 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malhotra |first=Jawahar |date=10 November 2017 |title=A Parody of a Party for Priyanka Brings Funds for the Less Fortunate |work=Indo American News |url=http://www.indoamerican-news.com/a-parody-of-a-party-for-priyanka-brings-funds-for-the-less-fortunate/ |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219063248/http://www.indoamerican-news.com/a-parody-of-a-party-for-priyanka-brings-funds-for-the-less-fortunate/ |archive-date=19 February 2018}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
In an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'', [[Crazy Mohan]] said that "no attempt at comedy could ever match ''Bama Vijayam''".<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2011 |title=Balachander's convincing portrayal of characters hailed |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/balachanders-convincing-portrayal-of-characters-hailed/article2129768.ece |url-status=live |access-date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224180721/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/balachanders-convincing-portrayal-of-characters-hailed/article2129768.ece |archive-date=24 February 2018}}</ref> Film historian [[Mohan Raman]] wrote that Balaiah "[excelled] as the concerned head of the family".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=23 August 2014 |title=100 years of laughter |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/100th-birthday-of-one-of-actor-t-s-balaiah/article6345220.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011075512/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/100th-birthday-of-one-of-actor-t-s-balaiah/article6345220.ece |archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="kamadenu">{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=22 February 2023 |title=இந்தக் காலத்துக்கும் ஏற்ற 'வரவு எட்டணா செலவு பத்தணா' பாட்டு! |url=https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/bama-vijayam-in-the-56th-year-the-all-time-best-song-varavau-ettana-selavvu-pattana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230311052335/https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/bama-vijayam-in-the-56th-year-the-all-time-best-song-varavau-ettana-selavvu-pattana |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="PrasannaBalachander">{{Cite news |last=Balachander |first=Prasanna |date=21 December 2017 |title=K Balachander: the man, the movies |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/k-balachander-the-man-his-movies/article22126893.ece |url-status=live |access-date=18 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218122500/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/k-balachander-the-man-his-movies/article22126893.ece |archive-date=18 February 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1967 – பாமா விஜயம்- மணோகர் பிக் |trans-title=1967 – Bama Vijayam- Manohar Pic |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1967-cinedetails31.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180115064645/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1967-cinedetails31.asp |archive-date=15 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ashokamitran |title=Fourteen Years with Boss |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-14-342329-4 |author-link=Ashokamitran}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{K. Balachander}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}

[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960s satirical films]]
[[Category:1967 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1967 comedy films]]
[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election

2026-05-02T18:12:10Z

Svetlanabpd: started basic details v1

{{Short description|Indian union territory election}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1985
| election_date = 27 February 1990
| next_election = 1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1991
| seats_for_election = 30 seats in the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 16
| registered = {{formatnum:585194}}
| turnout = 72.38%
| image_size = 100px

| party1 = Indian National Congress
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=M. O. H. Farook.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=17|oTop=03}}
| leader1 = [[M. O. H. Farook]]
| leaders_seat1 =
| leader_since1 =
| seats1 = 11
| seats_before1 = 15
| popular_vote1 = 25.04%
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}}4

| party2 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[M. D. R. Ramachandran]]
| leaders_seat2 =
| leader_since2 =
| seats2 = 9
| seats_before2 = 5
| popular_vote2 = 24.07%
| seat_change2 = {{increase}}4


| title = [[Chief Minister of Puducherry|CM]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| before_election = [[M. O. H. Farook]]
| after_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| after_election = [[M. D. R. Ramachandran]]
}}
Elections to the '''[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]''' were held in February 1990, to elect members of the 30 constituencies in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (then known as Pondicherry), in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/03/26/explained-puducherry-the-territory-of-coalitions-and-presidents-rule.html |title=Explained: Puducherry, the territory of coalitions and President's Rule |magazine=[[The Week (Indian magazine)]] |date=26 March 2021 |quote=7th election: 1990 - The Puducherry election of 1990 was among the most fractious in terms of numbers. The Congress, which had a tie-up with the AIADMK, was the single-largest party, winning 11 seats, with a vote share of 25 per cent. The DMK secured nine seats and had a vote share of 24 per cent. The AIADMK secured three seats. |access-date= 4 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/PDF/Se1990.PDF |title=Union Territory of Pondicherry Assembly - General Elections - 1990 |access-date= 4 September 2022}}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]] won the popular vote, and the most seats, but [[M. D. R. Ramachandran]] of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], was appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Puducherry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/pondicherry.HTML |title=Pondicherry Legislative Assembly |access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> His party had an alliance with the [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], and the [[Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19900331-dmk-stuns-congress-aiadmk-in-pondicherry-813798-1990-03-31 |title=DMK stuns Congress-AIADMK in Pondicherry |magazine=[[India Today]] |date=31 March 1990 |author=Kavitha Shetty |access-date=9 September 2022}}</ref>

==Seat allotments==
===[[Indian National Congress|Congress Alliance]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;" colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || style="text-align:center;"|
[[File:Hand INC.svg|50x50px]]
|| [[V. Vaithilingam]] || style="text-align:center;"|17
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|2. || {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|50x50px]] || [[J. Jayalalithaa]] || style="text-align:center;"|13
|}

===[[DMK-led Alliance]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;" colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|50x50px]] || [[M. Karunanidhi]] || style="text-align:center;"|18
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|2. || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Janata Dal symbol.svg|50px]] || [[Sivaji Ganesan]] || style="text-align:center;"|7+1{{efn|Friendly Contest on [[Nettapakkam Assembly constituency|Nettapakkam]] between [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] and [[Janata Dal|JD]].}}
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|3. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}|| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50x50px]] || [[Indrajit Gupta]] || style="text-align:center;"|3
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|4. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50x50px]] || [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]|| style="text-align:center;"|2
|}

==Results==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Pondicherry Legislative Assembly 1990.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=105207|seats1=11|sc1={{decrease}}4
|party2=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes2=101127|seats2=9|sc2={{increase}}4
|party3=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes3=76337|seats3=3|sc3={{decrease}}3
|party4=[[Janata Dal]]|votes4=38145|seats4=4|sc4=New
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes5=21323|seats5=2|sc5={{increase}}2
|party20=Others|votes20=44475|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=33557|seats21=1|sc21={{decrease}}1
|total_sc=0
|invalid=3416
|electorate=585194
|source=ECI<ref name=election1990>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Pondicherry |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Elected members==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-

| 1 || [[Muthialpet Assembly constituency|Muthialpet]] || 67.23 || G. Palani Raja || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 10,571 || 55.74 || R. Kalipaerumal Alias Perumal || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 8,394 || 44.26 || 2,177
|-
| 2 || [[Cassicade Assembly constituency|Cassicade]] || 66.29 || P. Kannan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,040 || 52.52 || S. Anandavelu || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,095 || 44.30 || 945
|-
| 3 || [[Raj Bhavan Assembly constituency|Raj Bhavan]] || 62.08 || S. P. Sivakumar || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,528 || 47.58 || L. Joseph Mariadoss || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,377 || 44.74 || 151
|-
| 4 || [[Bussy Assembly constituency|Bussy]] || 58.96 || C. M. Achraff || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,692 || 48.30 || S. Babu Ansardeen || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,463 || 44.20 || 229
|-
| 5 || [[Oupalam Assembly constituency|Oupalam]] || 69.17 || N. Naghamuthu || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 7,378 || 53.96 || P. K. Loganathan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,956 || 43.56 || 1,422
|-
| 6 || [[Orleampeth Assembly constituency|Orleampeth]] || 63.14 || N. Manimaran || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 8,076 || 50.47 || M. Pandurangan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 7,569 || 47.30 || 507
|-
| 7 || [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]] || 64.95 || [[R. V. Janakiraman]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,601 || 41.58 || B. Manimaran || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,071 || 38.24 || 530
|-
| 8 || [[Mudaliarpet Assembly constituency|Mudaliarpet]] || 71.69 || M. Manjini || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 8,905 || 45.39 || V. Sababady Kothandraman || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 8,049 || 41.02 || 856
|-
| 9 || [[Ariankuppam Assembly constituency|Ariankuppam]] || 72.85 || A. Bakthkavachalam || {{party name with color|Janata Dal}} || 5,950 || 33.88 || Gopalusamy Alias G. D. Chandran || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,265 || 29.98 || 685
|-
| 10 || [[Embalam Assembly constituency|Embalam]] || 78.97 || K. Deivanayagam || {{party name with color|Janata Dal}} || 4,669 || 36.96 || K. Sivaloganathan || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 3,563 || 28.20 || 1,106
|-
| 11 || [[Nettapakkam Assembly constituency|Nettapakkam]] || 77.31 || [[V. Vaithilingam]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 7,332 || 55.34 || N. Devadass || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,193 || 24.10 || 4,139
|-
| 12 || [[Kuruvinatham Assembly constituency|Kuruvinatham]] || 84.54 || R. Ramanathan || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,072 || 43.99 || P. Purushothaman || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,307 || 31.21 || 1,765
|-
| 13 || [[Bahour Assembly constituency|Bahour]] || 78.72 || P. Rajavelu || {{party name with color|Janata Dal}} || 8,223 || 57.79 || M. Rajagopalan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,179 || 36.40 || 3,044
|-
| 14 || [[Thirubuvanai Assembly constituency|Thirubuvanai]] || 74.01 || D. Viswanathan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,743 || 46.43 || N. Veerappan || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,219 || 35.94 || 1,524
|-
| 15 || [[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Mannadipet]] || 79.70 || D. Ramachandran || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 7,802 || 51.00 || R. Somasundaram || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,210 || 40.59 || 1,592
|-
| 16 || [[Ossudu Assembly constituency|Ossudu]] || 78.93 || N. Marimuthu || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,242 || 40.77 || P. Sundararasu || {{party name with color|Janata Dal}} || 3,514 || 27.33 || 1,728
|-
| 17 || [[Villianur Assembly constituency|Villianur]] || 76.74 || P. Anandabaskaran || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 8,442 || 54.30 || M. Venugopal || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,706 || 30.27 || 3,736
|-
| 18 || [[Ozhukarai Assembly constituency|Ozhukarai]] || 76.53 || M. Rasan Alias Vazhumuni || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 8,749 || 54.08 || M. Padmanabhan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,956 || 43.00 || 1,793
|-
| 19 || [[Thattanchavady Assembly constituency|Thattanchavady]] || 66.83 || V. Pethaperumal || {{party name with color|Janata Dal}} || 9,503 || 51.31 || [[N. Rangaswamy]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 8,521 || 46.00 || 982
|-
| 20 || [[Reddiarpalayam Assembly constituency|Reddiarpalayam]] || 63.09 || R. Viswanathan || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 11,153 || 50.82 || V. Balaji || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 8,482 || 38.65 || 2,671
|-
| 21 || [[Lawspet Assembly constituency|Lawspet]] || 72.02 || [[M. O. H. Farook]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 12,637 || 53.00 || P. Sankaran || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} || 9,738 || 40.84 || 2,899
|-
| 22 || [[Cotchery Assembly constituency|Cotchery]] || 79.85 || M. Vaithilingam || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,189 || 35.99 || G. Panjavarnam || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 5,049 || 35.02 || 140
|-
| 23 || [[Karaikal North Assembly constituency|Karaikal North]] || 64.00 || S. M. Thavasu || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,394 || 41.51 || G. Rangayen || {{party name with color|Janata Dal}} || 3,783 || 29.11 || 1,611
|-
| 24 || [[Karaikal South Assembly constituency|Karaikal South]] || 68.72 || [[S. Ramassamy]] || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,012 || 56.32 || S. Savarirajan || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,228 || 39.61 || 1,784
|-
| 25 || [[Neravy T R Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy T R Pattinam]] || 80.93 || V. Ganapathy || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 7,102 || 51.72 || [[V. M. C. Sivakumar]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,258 || 45.57 || 844
|-
| 26 || [[Thirunallar Assembly constituency|Thirunallar]] || 76.92 || R. Kamalakkannan || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 4,124 || 35.70 || A. Soundararengan || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 3,698 || 32.01 || 426
|-
| 27 || [[Nedungadu Assembly constituency|Nedungadu]] || 77.12 || M. Chandirakasu || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,174 || 55.68 || R. Kuppusamy || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,591 || 23.37 || 3,583
|-
| 28 || [[Mahe Assembly constituency|Mahe]] || 78.91 || E. Valsaraj || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,142 || 56.05 || Mukkath Jayan || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} || 3,304 || 36.01 || 1,838
|-
| 29 || [[Palloor Assembly constituency|Palloor]] || 76.72 || A. V. Sreedharan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,288 || 58.44 || K. Gangadharan || {{party name with color|Independent politician}} || 2,576 || 28.47 || 2,712
|-
| 30 || [[Yanam Assembly constituency|Yanam]] || 85.72 || Raksha Harikrishna || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,632 || 42.99 || Velaga Rajeshwara Rao || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,027 || 28.09 || 1,605
|}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
*[[1990 elections in India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Puducherry Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/87-puducherry/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=19 May 2022}}

{{Puducherry elections}}

[[Category:1990 State Assembly elections in India|p]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Puducherry]]
[[Category:1990s in Pondicherry]]

Khushbu Sundar filmography

2026-04-28T23:06:27Z

Svetlanabpd:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
[[Khushbu Sundar]], an Indian actress, has predominantly worked in [[Tamil language]] films, alongside [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Hindi]] and [[Malayalam]] language films. She has appeared in more than 200 films, with over 100 directly credited to [[Tamil cinema]] alone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.600024.com/actress/kushboo-movies-list |title=Kushboo Filmography |work=Chiranjeeviblog |access-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305082952/http://en.600024.com/actress/kushboo-movies-list/ |archive-date=5 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Films==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Tamil films ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" id="filmography"
|-
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Role(s)
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
|1988
|''[[Dharmathin Thalaivan]]''
|Devi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="zmkf">{{cite web |title=Dharmathin Thalaivan to Pandithurai: 5 times Prabhu and Khushbu teamed up for super hit Tamil films |publisher=Zoom TV |date=2 June 2021 |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/dharmathin-thalaivan-to-pandithurai-5-times-prabhu-and-khushbu-teamed-up-for-super-hit-tamil-films/765267 |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108053925/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/dharmathin-thalaivan-to-pandithurai-5-times-prabhu-and-khushbu-teamed-up-for-super-hit-tamil-films/765267 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1989
|''[[Varusham 16]]''
|Radhika
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=17 March 1989 |title=Varusham 16 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19890317&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=10 May 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vetri Vizha]]''
|Jaya
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="zmkf" />
|-
| rowspan="9" |1990
|''[[Paattukku Naan Adimai]]''
|Julie
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manickavel |first=Kuzhali |date=25 November 2020 |title=Revisiting Ramarajan's 1990 film Paattukku Naan Adimai: Of village heroes and small-town favourites |url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/revisiting-ramarajans-1990-film-paattukku-naan-adimai-of-village-heroes-and-small-town-favourites-9043971.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214225955/https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/revisiting-ramarajans-1990-film-paattukku-naan-adimai-of-village-heroes-and-small-town-favourites-9043971.html |archive-date=14 December 2020 |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kizhakku Vasal]]''
|Selvi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=20 July 1990 |title=Kizhakku Vaasal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19900720&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=27 February 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Naanum Indha Ooruthan]]''
|Sevvanthi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BriSrFUWiA |title=Naanum Indha Ooruthan Movie - Murali, Kushboo |date=21 August 2022 |publisher=PS NAM TAMIL MOVIES |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=1 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401175427/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BriSrFUWiA |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aarathi Edungadi]]''
|Meera
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 August 1990 |title=Aarathi Edungadi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19900810&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=14 July 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|''[[My Dear Marthandan]]''
|Rani
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="zmkf" />
|-
|''[[Thalattu Padava]]''
|Narmadha
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Thalattu Padava Full Cast & Crew |website=TV Guide |date=13 July 2022 |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/thalattu-padava/cast/2030144021/ |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428044859/https://www.tvguide.com/movies/thalattu-padava/cast/2030144021/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Engitta Mothathay]]''
|Saroja
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Enkitta Mothathe (1990) |website=Letterboxd |date=14 September 1990 |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/enkitta-mothathe/ |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428044920/https://letterboxd.com/film/enkitta-mothathe/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]''
|Shalini Shivaraman
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜூலி |date=4 November 1990 |title=மைக்கேல், மதன, காம, ராஜன் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1990/nov/04-11-1990/p64.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=64 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220731070544/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1990/nov/04-11-1990/p64.jpg |archive-date=31 July 2022 |access-date=24 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nadigan]]''
|Geetha
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=30 November 1990 |title=Nadigan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19901130&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=27 February 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |1991
|''[[Chinna Thambi]]''
|Nandhini
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="zmkf" />
|-
|''[[Vigneshwar]]''
|Ramya Rajendran
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=21 June 1991 |title=Vigneshwar |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910621&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=8 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|''Iravu Sooriyan''
|Khushbu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/iravu-sooriyan |title=Iravu Sooriyan (1991) |website=screen4screen.com |access-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228071252/https://screen4screen.com/movies/iravu-sooriyan |archive-date=28 February 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kizhakku Karai]]''
|Mahalakshmi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=27 September 1991 |title=Kizhakku Karai |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910927&printsec=frontpage |access-date=17 November 2013 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nattukku Oru Nallavan]]''
|Rekha
|Multilingual
|<ref name="bhkf">{{cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=3 March 2016 |title=Khushboo Upcoming Movies |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/khushboo/filmography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426080905/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/khushboo/filmography/ |archive-date=26 April 2024 |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref name="nme1">{{cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A |title=Khushbu in talks for Ravichandran's upcoming legal thriller |website=The New Indian Express |date=12 April 2023 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/Apr/12/khushbu-in-talks-for-ravichandrans-upcominglegal-thriller-2565133.html |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508121527/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/apr/12/khushbu-in-talks-for-ravichandrans-upcominglegal-thriller-2565133.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bramma]]''
|Jennifer
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 1991 |title=Brahma |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19911101&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=7 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="10" |1992
|''[[Mannan (film)|Mannan]]''
|Meena
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bhkf" />
|-
|''[[Rickshaw Mama]]''
|Gauri
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி.ஆர்.கே. |date=2 February 1992 |title=ரிக்ஷா மாமா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-02-02/page/n42/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230126160857/https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-02-02/page/n42/mode/2up |archive-date=26 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=41 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pandithurai]]''
|Muthulakshmi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="zmkf" />
|-
|''[[Singaravelan]]''
|Sumathi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bhkf" />
|-
|''[[Sevagan]]''
|Anjali
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=RSP |date=12 June 1992 |title=Protector's pursuit |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rmJlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=H5QNAAAAIBAJ&pg=342%2C1267659 |access-date=8 October 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Idhu Namma Bhoomi]]''
|Nandhini
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 1992 |title=All for a reunion |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rmJlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=H5QNAAAAIBAJ&pg=342%2C1267659 |access-date=8 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Annaamalai]]''
|Subu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bhkf" />
|-
|''[[Amma Vanthachu]]''
|Nandini
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 June 1992 |title=Amma Vandhachu |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920626&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=31 January 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Naalaya Seidhi]]''
|Anu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=14 August 1992 |title=News on his soul |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920814&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=8 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pandiyan (film)|Pandiyan]]''
|Rekha
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 1992 |title=Pandian |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921025&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="11" |1993
|''[[Maravan]]''
|Thangathai
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=20 August 1993 |title=Cop who acts |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_IFlAAAAIBAJ&pg=906%2C171261 |access-date=9 October 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Purusha Lakshanam]]''
|Abhirami (Ammu)
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=3 December 1993 |title=Lots of fun |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19931203&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=21 August 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Uthama Raasa]]''
|Meenakshi / Meena
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=30 April 1993 |title=Engrossing |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930430&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dharma Seelan]]''
|Durga
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=23 July 1993 |title=Refreshing |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930723&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=9 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kathirukka Neramillai]]''
|Bhavani
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 November 1993 |title=Another 'double' not a bore |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19931112&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=9 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pratap (1993 film)|Pratap]]''
|Anjali
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 1993 |title=Pratap |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930416&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=27 December 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rojavai Killathe]]''
|Anu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=3 December 1993 |title=Flashy, just that |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19931203&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=7 September 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vedan]]''
|Usha
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 1993 |title=Vedan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930506&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=11 March 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Captain Magal]]''
|Kavitha
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=31 January 1993 |title=கேப்டன் மகள் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-01-31/page/n33/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230227041740/https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-01-31/page/n33/mode/2up |archive-date=27 February 2023 |access-date=23 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=32 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jathi Malli]]''
|Sriranjini
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite magazine |last=சி.ஆர்.கே. |date=7 February 1993 |title=ஜாதி மல்லி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-02-07/page/n7/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230125171412/https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-02-07/page/n7/mode/2up |archive-date=25 January 2023 |access-date=23 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=7 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
|-
|''Nam Nattu Rajakkal''
|Priya
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Nam Nattu Rajakkal (1993) Tamil Movie |website=JioCinema |date=26 May 2019 |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/nam-nattu-rajakkal/3480660/watch |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427162202/https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/nam-nattu-rajakkal/3480660/watch |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |1994
|''[[Indhu]]''
|Herself
|Special appearance in song "Metro Channel"
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KohdKiGXvZM |title=மெட்ரோ சேனல் HD Video Song |date=8 March 2022 |publisher=Pyramid - Audio |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830074528/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KohdKiGXvZM |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vaa Magale Vaa]]''
|Uma
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=vaa magale vaa ( 1994 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/films/cast/newfilmdb/vaa%20magale%20vaa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217162548/http://www.cinesouth.com/films/cast/newfilmdb/vaa%20magale%20vaa.html |archive-date=17 December 2004 |access-date=2 October 2016 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Manasu Rendum Pudhusu]]''
|Lakshmi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பி. எஸ். எஸ். |date=31 July 1994 |title=மனசு ரெண்டும் புதுசு |url=https://ibb.co/tCJmVDw |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504131451/https://ibb.co/tCJmVDw |archive-date=4 May 2023 |access-date=4 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=13 |language=Ta}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nattamai]]''
|Lakshmi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="n18k">{{cite web |last=Bureau |first=Entertainment |date=16 February 2024 |title=Kushboo Sundar Returns To Hindi Cinema After 35 Years With This Nana Patekar Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kushboo-sundar-returns-to-hindi-cinema-after-35-years-with-this-nana-patekar-film-8781312.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217041755/https://www.news18.com/movies/kushboo-sundar-returns-to-hindi-cinema-after-35-years-with-this-nana-patekar-film-8781312.html |archive-date=17 February 2024 |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=News18}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vanaja Girija]]''
|Vanaja
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanaja girija ( 1994 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=vanaja%20girija |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119101124/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=vanaja%20girija |archive-date=19 January 2011 |access-date=2 June 2012 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" |1995
|''[[Chinna Vathiyar]]''
|Janaki
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kosalairaman |first=Muthu Vinayagam |date=11 May 2023 |title=28 Years of Chinna Vathiyar: கூடுவிட்டு கூடு பாயும் அற்புத கலையை கலக்கல் காமெடியாக சொன்ன சின்ன வாத்தியார் |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actor-prabhu-starrer-famous-for-goundamani-crazy-mohan-combo-comedy-chinna-vathiyar-completes-28-years-of-its-release-131683729462404.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511013323/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actor-prabhu-starrer-famous-for-goundamani-crazy-mohan-combo-comedy-chinna-vathiyar-completes-28-years-of-its-release-131683729462404.html |archive-date=11 May 2023 |access-date=28 February 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Karuppu Nila]]''
|Nandhini
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=5 February 1995 |title=கருப்பு நிலா |url=https://ibb.co/zQTPhrb |url-status=usurped |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111054136/https://ibb.co/zQTPhrb |archive-date=11 November 2022 |access-date=11 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Murai Maman]]''
|Indhu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murai maman ( 1995 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=murai%20maman |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731050144/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=murai%20maman |archive-date=31 July 2012 |access-date=26 March 2012 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>
|-
|''[[En Pondatti Nallava]]''
|Radhika
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=துளசி |date=23 April 1995 |title=என் பொண்டாட்டி நல்லவ |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-04-23/page/n15/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230510042253/https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-04-23/page/n15/mode/2up |archive-date=10 May 2023 |access-date=10 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=14 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kolangal (1995 film)|Kolangal]]''
|Ganga
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=29 September 1995 |title=Cinema: Kolangal |pages=27 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/950930/03/2927a.html |url-status=dead |access-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961222064237/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/950930/03/2927a.html |archive-date=22 December 1996}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Muthu Kulikka Vaarieyala]]''
|Sivagami
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Muthu Kulikka Vaarieyala (1995) |website=Letterboxd |date=10 March 1995 |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/muthu-kulikka-vaarieyala/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427130718/https://letterboxd.com/film/muthu-kulikka-vaarieyala/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thedi Vandha Raasa]]''
|Devi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YuL0fjOzQCc |title=Thedi Vandha Raasa Tamil Full Movie Ramarajan Kushboo Goundamani Ilaiyaraaja |date=10 February 2021 |publisher=Thenappan P - Shree Raajalakshmi Films |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417033726/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YuL0fjOzQCc |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Paattu Padava]]''
|Herself
|[[Cameo appearance|Cameo]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Paattu Padava Full Cast & Crew |website=TV Guide |date=13 July 2022 |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/paattu-padava/cast/2030315683/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427130853/https://www.tvguide.com/movies/paattu-padava/cast/2030315683/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Varraar Sandiyar]]''
|Meena
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=22 December 1995 |title=Cinema: Thotta Sinungi/Murai Maapillai/Varaar Chandiar |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951223/03/2227a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961221181904/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951223/03/2227a.html |archive-date=21 December 1996 |access-date=9 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |1996
|''[[Nattupura Pattu]]''
|Parijatham
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 1996 |title=Cinema: Musthafa/Naattupura Paattu/Poovae Unakkaga |pages=26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960224/03/2326a.html |url-status=dead |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961221095624/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960224/03/2326a.html |archive-date=21 December 1996}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Irattai Roja]]''
|Priya
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Cinema: Devaragam/Rettai Roja |access-date=12 July 2023 |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960413/03/1226a.html |date=12 April 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961221032414/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960413/03/1226a.html |archive-date=21 December 1996}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Enakkoru Magan Pirappan]]''
|Swathi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=23 August 1996 |title=Enokkoru Magan Pirappan/Priyam/Delhi Diary/Viswanath/Khamoshi |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960824/03/2326a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010424045903/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960824/03/2326a.html |archive-date=24 April 2001 |access-date=6 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=26}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gopala Gopala (1996 film)|Gopala Gopala]]''
|Usha
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர். பி. ஆர். |date=5 January 1997 |title=கோபாலா கோபாலா |url=https://ibb.co/FYvPpSF |url-status=usurped |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=80 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026064608/https://ibb.co/FYvPpSF |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |1997
|''[[Ettupatti Rasa]]''
|Pandiyamma
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Bureau |first=Entertainment |title=Napoleon And Kushboo Take Fans On A Nostalgic Trip, Groove To Their 1997 Song |website=News18 |date=16 December 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/napoleon-and-kushboo-take-fans-on-a-nostalgic-trip-groove-to-their-1997-song-8706157.html |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115042245/https://www.news18.com/movies/napoleon-and-kushboo-take-fans-on-a-nostalgic-trip-groove-to-their-1997-song-8706157.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thaali Pudhusu]]''
|Seetha
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Thali pudhusu ( 1997 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=thali%20pudhusu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924140633/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=thali%20pudhusu |archive-date=24 September 2012 |access-date=27 March 2012 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kalyana Vaibhogam]]''
|Ramya
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜி. |date=28 September 1997 |title=கல்யாண வைபோகம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1997-09-28/page/n1/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230523163550/https://archive.org/details/kalki1997-09-28/page/n1/mode/2up |archive-date=23 May 2023 |access-date=23 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=1 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Paththini (1997 film)|Paththini]]''
|style="text-align:center;" | —
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 1999 |title=Pathini |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/0A189F1D971D3950652569400062A3E1?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609161603/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/0A189F1D971D3950652569400062A3E1?OpenDocument |archive-date=9 June 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vasuke]]''
|Fake bride
|Cameo
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Vasugi ( 1997 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=vasugi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230035630/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=vasugi |archive-date=30 December 2010 |access-date=14 January 2024 |work=Cinesouth}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="11" |1998
|''[[Color Kanavugal]]''
|Pooja
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=20 March 1998 |title=Film Reviews: turblence/Rainmaker/Deadly Sins/Barasaat Ki Raat/Kangalin Vaarthaigal/Kalar Kanavugal |pages=26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/980320/09/09200223.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991116185721/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/980320/09/09200223.htm |archive-date=16 November 1999}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thulli Thirintha Kaalam]]''
|Kausalya
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=13 March 1998 |title=Film Reviews: Thulli Thirintha Kaalam \ Bhagawatsingh |pages=26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/980313/09/09130222.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000524184336/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/980313/09/09130222.htm |archive-date=24 May 2000}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ponnu Velayira Bhoomi]]''
|Pushpa
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ponnu velayira bhoomi ( 1998 ) |url=http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=ponnu%20velayira%20bhoomi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029132008/http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=ponnu%20velayira%20bhoomi |archive-date=29 October 2006 |access-date=27 February 2015 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Veera Thalattu]]''
|Village Girl
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜி. |date=17 May 1998 |title=வீரத் தாலாட்டு |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1998-05-17/page/n33/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230530115718/https://archive.org/details/kalki1998-05-17/page/n33/mode/2up |archive-date=30 May 2023 |access-date=30 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=33 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jolly (film)|Jolly]]''
| Nandhini
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=22 May 1998 |title=Film Reviews: Iniyavalae / Harichandra / Jolly |url=http://webpage.com/hindu/daily/980522/09/09220224.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991023045741/http://webpage.com/hindu/daily/980522/09/09220224.htm |archive-date=23 October 1999 |access-date=6 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=27 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kalyana Galatta]]''
|Jennifer
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=14 August 1998 |title=Film Reviews: Nilaave Vaa / Kalyana Kalatta |pages=27 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/980814/09/09140224.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000606235739/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/980814/09/09140224.htm |archive-date=6 June 2000 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen]]''
|Herself
|Special appearance in song "Vaanambadiyen"
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLJhZ2cf8MU |title=Tamil Movie Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen Vaanambadiyen Video Song |date=27 March 2021 |publisher=LMM MUSIC |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422233046/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLJhZ2cf8MU |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Simmarasi]]''
|Sivagami
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=6 November 1998 |title=Film Reviews: Simmaraasi \ Kuch Kuch Hota Hai \ Prem Aggan |pages=26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981106/09/09060223.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010407075249/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981106/09/09060223.htm |archive-date=7 April 2001}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Veeram Vilanja Mannu]]''
|Seven Amma
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=30 October 1998 |title=Film Reviews: Veeram Velanja Mannu/Puthumaippithan/Desiya Geetham |pages=27 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981030/09/09300225.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010407074633/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981030/09/09300225.htm |archive-date=7 April 2001}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Guru Paarvai]]''
|Shanthi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=20 November 1998 |title=Film Review: Guru Paarvai |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981120/09/09200224.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010407080018/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981120/09/09200224.htm |archive-date=7 April 2001 |access-date=5 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=27}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kannathal]]''
|Villu Paatukari
|Guest appearance
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |1999
|''[[Ponnu Veetukkaran]]''
|Mrs. Jeeva
|Cameo
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=29 January 1999 |title=Film Reviews: PoonuVeettukaran/Urban Legend/Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain/Aa Ab Laut Chalen |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990129/09/09290225.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010407074747/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990129/09/09290225.htm |archive-date=7 April 2001 |access-date=13 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=27}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Unnai Thedi]]''
|Herself
|Special appearance in song "Katraga Waruwaya"
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEKTr7vB7OI |title=Katraga Waruwaya Video Song Unnai Thedi |date=4 December 2017 |publisher=Pyramid Music |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101030205/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEKTr7vB7OI&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ullathai Killathe]]''
|Athmani
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Khusbhoos's second coming? |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/topnews/khusbhoo.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000818181719/http://www.tamilstar.com/topnews/khusbhoo.shtml |archive-date=18 August 2000 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=Tamil Star}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Suyamvaram]]''
|Mrs. Arunachalam
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=9 July 1999 |title=Film Reviews: Hote Hote Pyar Ho Gaya/Swayamvaram |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/07/09/stories/09090225.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010604211226/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/07/09/stories/09090225.htm |archive-date=4 June 2001}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Viralukketha Veekkam]]''
|Suguna
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=23 July 1999 |title=Film Reviews: Anthapuram / Viralukkaetha Veekkam / Sangamam |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/07/23/stories/09230224.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010604213121/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/07/23/stories/09230224.htm |archive-date=4 June 2001}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Malabar Police]]''
| Ammukutty
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=D.S. |date=20 August 1999 |title=Malabar Police |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/D585681E7E02040365256940004D0E19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405015425/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/D585681E7E02040365256940004D0E19 |archive-date=5 April 2012 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Minsara Kanna]]''
|Indira Devi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=17 September 1999 |title=Film Reviews: Minsara Kanna \ Pooparikka Varukirom \ Jodi |url=http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/09/17/stories/09170223.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010413133154/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/09/17/stories/09170223.htm |archive-date=13 April 2001 |access-date=15 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Manaivikku Mariyadhai]]''
|Priya
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kummar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=5 June 1998 |title=Funny situations galore |url=http://webpage.com/hindu/daily/980605/09/09050226.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991013182017/http://webpage.com/hindu/daily/980605/09/09050226.htm |archive-date=13 October 1999 |access-date=4 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=28}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kudumba Sangili]]''
|Rasathi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Cinema: 1999 Year Highlights |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/1999/1999hili.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103024843/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/1999/1999hili.htm |archive-date=3 November 2006 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="10" |2000
|''[[Alai Payuthey]]''
|Meena
|Cameo
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bhkf" />
|-
|''[[Koodi Vazhnthal Kodi Nanmai (2000 film)|Koodi Vazhnthal Kodi Nanmai]]''
|Meenakshi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=21 July 2000 |title=Film Review: Koodi Vazhndhal Kodi Nanmai |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/07/21/stories/09210222.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=27 February 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150227211551/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/07/21/stories/09210222.htm |archive-date=27 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Magalirkkaga]]''
|Bhavani
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=9 June 2000 |title=Film Review: ''Magalirkkaga'' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/06/09/stories/09090222.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224182540/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/06/09/stories/09090222.htm |archive-date=24 December 2016 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Puratchikkaaran]]''
|Kalyani
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2000-12-17/page/n97/mode/2up |date=17 December 2000 |access-date=16 July 2023 |first=விஷுவல் |last=தாசன் |title=புரட்சிக்காரன் |page=96}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Unnai Kann Theduthey]]''
|Charulatha
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/reviews/unaikan/ |title=Tamil Star - Movie Review Unnai Kann Theduthey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826130310/http://www.tamilstar.com/reviews/unaikan/ |archive-date=26 August 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chinna Chinna Kannile]]''
|Rathi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 September 2000 |title=Film Review: Chinna Chinna Kannilae |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/09/08/stories/09080223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313004309/http://www.hindu.com/2000/09/08/stories/09080223.htm |archive-date=13 March 2014 |access-date=26 April 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Krodham 2]]''
|Latha
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 September 2000 |title=Film Review: Krodham-2 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-krodham-2/article28042329.ece |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408032431/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-krodham-2/article28042329.ece |archive-date=8 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Karisakattu Poove]]''
|Aandal
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karisalkattu Poov: Loser wreaks havoc |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/karisa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010629191808/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/karisa.html |archive-date=29 June 2001 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Indiainfo}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Simmasanam]]''
|Mrs. Sakthivel
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/08/11/stories/09110223.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810232353/http://www.hindu.com/2000/08/11/stories/09110223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 August 2009 |title=Film Review: ''Simmasanam'' |author=S. R. Ashok Kumar |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 August 2000 |access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Veeranadai]]''
|Mallika
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=28 April 2000 |title=Film Review: ''Veera Nadai'' |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/04/28/stories/09280223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114165521/http://hindu.com/2000/04/28/stories/09280223.htm |archive-date=14 November 2011 |access-date=7 March 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
|''[[Kaatrukkenna Veli]]''
|Lakshmi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=23 November 2001 |title=Kaatrukkenna Vaeli |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2001/11/23/stories/2001112300970203.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112192833/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2001/11/23/stories/2001112300970203.htm |archive-date=12 November 2007}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vinnukkum Mannukkum]]''
|Lakshmi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hindu.com/2001/04/13/stories/09130222.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927070118/http://hindu.com/2001/04/13/stories/09130222.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Film review: ''Vinnukkum Mannukkum'' |date=13 April 2001 |access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2002
|''[[Sri Bannari Amman]]''
|Dancer
|Special appearance in song "Kutram Enna"
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/26/stories/2002042600910201.htm |title=The Hindu : Sri Bannari Amman |website=The Hindu |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030627101605/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/26/stories/2002042600910201.htm |archive-date=27 June 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005
|''[[June R]]''
|Amudha
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=17 February 2006 |title=Going overboard with sentiment |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2006/02/17/stories/2006021700270200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726153317/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2006/02/17/stories/2006021700270200.htm |archive-date=26 July 2013 |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vetrivel Sakthivel]]''
|Kamatchi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vetrivel Sakthivel |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vetrivel-sakthivel-review-tamil-14051235.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214112745/http://www.sify.com/movies/vetrivel-sakthivel-review-tamil-14051235.html |archive-date=14 December 2014 |access-date=7 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Power of Women (film)|Power of Women]]''
|Jyothi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=19 August 2001 |title=ஜூனியர் பெரியார்! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2001-08-19/kalki2001-08-19.pdf |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |pages=2–3 |access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006
| ''[[Thalai Nagaram]]'' || {{N/a}} || As costume designer
|-
| ''[[Thalaimagan]]''
| Dancer || Special appearance in the song "Nooru Nooru"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|''[[Vegam (2007 film)|Vegam]]''
|Selvi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Vegam review. Vegam Tamil movie review, story, rating |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=28 September 2007 |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vegam-tamil-movie-review-9174.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325035422/https://www.indiaglitz.com/vegam-tamil-movie-review-9174.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Periyar (2007 film)|Periyar]]''
|Maniammai
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Periyar is path-breaking |work=Rediff.com |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/02periyar.htm |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120045621/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/02periyar.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title=Vegam review. Vegam Tamil movie review, story, rating |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=28 September 2007 |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vegam-tamil-movie-review-9174.html |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325035422/https://www.indiaglitz.com/vegam-tamil-movie-review-9174.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|''[[Pazhani (2008 film)|Pazhani]]''
|Karpagambal
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil movie review Pazhani Bharath Kajal Agarwal Sakthi Chidambaram Perarasu Kushboo Vyabari |website=Kollywood |date=5 December 2007 |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-1/pazhani-review.html |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406043108/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-1/pazhani-review.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kuselan]]''
|Herself
|Special appearance in song "Cinema Cinema"
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajini's dashing look in 'Kuselan' |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=20 June 2008 |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/rajinis-dashing-look-in-kuselan-telugu-news-39474 |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426211003/https://www.indiaglitz.com/rajinis-dashing-look-in-kuselan-telugu-news-39474 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2009
|''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]''
|Herself
|Special appearance in song "Rama Rama"
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_sDt3g8kAVQ |title=Hey Rama Rama Video Song Villu |date=2 February 2018 |publisher=Ayngaran |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331101715/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_sDt3g8kAVQ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Satrumun Kidaitha Thagaval]]''
|Dr Radha
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/steer-clear-of-this-satru-mun-kidaitha-thagaval/article3021107.ece |title=Steer clear of this -- Satru Mun Kidaitha Thagaval - CHEN - The Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 February 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231126125635/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/steer-clear-of-this-satru-mun-kidaitha-thagaval/article3021107.ece |archive-date=26 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''[[Vaadaa]]''
|Herself
|Special appearance
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Endhiran Boss Engira Baskaran Vaada |website=Behindwoods.com |date=22 October 2010 |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/top-ten-movies-oct-25/tamil-cinema-topten-movie-vaada.html |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=10 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210080234/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/top-ten-movies-oct-25/tamil-cinema-topten-movie-vaada.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|''[[Ponnar Shankar (film)|Ponnar Shankar]]''
|Thamarai Nachiyar
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Ponnar Shankar |website=The New Indian Express |date=11 April 2011 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/Apr/11/ponnar-shankar-243703.html |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820000843/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/apr/11/ponnar-shankar-243703.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ilaignan]]''
|Valiyammayi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Ilaignan |website=The New Indian Express |date=22 January 2011 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/Jan/22/ilaignan-221046.html |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519040732/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/jan/22/ilaignan-221046.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]''
|Herself
|Special appearance in song "Thiruttu Pasanga"
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0RUfNRUUaI |title=Thiruttu Pasanga Song Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru |date=28 June 2013 |publisher=UTV Motion Pictures |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815113106/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0RUfNRUUaI |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Aambala]]''
|Herself
|Special appearance in song "Aye Aye Aye"
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WxtCoyRsN4k |title=Aye Aye Aye - Official Video Song |date=31 January 2015 |publisher=Vishal Film Factory |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=27 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827011155/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WxtCoyRsN4k |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Aranmanai 2]]''
|Herself
|Special appearance in song "Amman"
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Purkayastha |first=Debasree |title=Aranmanai-2 : More navel than novel |website=The Hindu |date=30 January 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Aranmanai-2-More-navel-than-novel/article14028623.ece |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012023835/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Aranmanai-2-More-navel-than-novel/article14028623.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Traffic Ramasamy (film)|Traffic Ramasamy]]''
|Herself
|Special appearance
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Khushbu Sundar and Seeman land a role in Traffic Ramaswamy biopic |website=The Times of India |date=28 February 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/khushbu-sundar-and-seeman-land-a-role-in-traffic-ramaswamy-biopic/articleshow/63110972.cms |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=11 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011064357/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/khushbu-sundar-and-seeman-land-a-role-in-traffic-ramaswamy-biopic/articleshow/63110972.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Annaatthe]]''
|Angaiyaarkanni
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sen |first1=Srijita |last2=Bureau |first2=Entertainment |title=Annaatthe: Rajinikanth Starrer Mass Entertainer Ft. Meena, Khushbu, Nayanthara and Keerthy Suresh |website=News18 |date=4 November 2021 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/annaatthe-rajinikanth-starrer-mass-entertainer-ft-meena-khushbu-nayanthara-and-keerthy-suresh-4399478.html |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323190117/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/annaatthe-rajinikanth-starrer-mass-entertainer-ft-meena-khushbu-nayanthara-and-keerthy-suresh-4399478.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Mudhal Nee Mudivum Nee]]''
| rowspan="3" |Herself
|Special appearance
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |title=BR Review: Darbuka Siva's 'Mudhal Nee Mudivum Nee', On ZEE5, Is A Pleasant But Predictable School-time Drama |website=Film Companion |date=24 January 2022 |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/mudhal-nee-mudivum-nee-movie-review-br-review-is-pleasant-but-predictable |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128111036/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/mudhal-nee-mudivum-nee-movie-review-br-review-is-pleasant-but-predictable |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Varisu]]
|Special appearance (Portions Deleted)
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|2024
|''[[Aranmanai 4]]''
|Special appearance in the song "Amman"; also co-producer
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIMf6hlmURU |title=ARANMANAI 4 Trailer Breakdown |language=ta |publisher=Delite Cinemas |access-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402080836/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIMf6hlmURU |archive-date=2 April 2024 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Nesippaya]]''
| Vasundhra Adhinarayanan
|
|
|}

=== Other language films ===

{|class="wikitable sortable" id="filmography"
|-
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Role(s)
!scope="col" |Language
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|1980
|''[[The Burning Train]]''
|School student
|[[Hindi]]
|Child artist
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2021 |title=The Burning Train (1980) Hindi Movie Review, Budget and Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodproduct.com/bollywood-movie/the-burning-train-1980 |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=Bollywood Product |language=en-US |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215233920/https://www.bollywoodproduct.com/bollywood-movie/the-burning-train-1980 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thodisi Bewafaii]]''
|Nandu
|Hindi
|Child artist
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bhkf"/>
|-
|''[[Pyaara Dushman]]''
|style="text-align:center;" | —
|Hindi
|Child artist
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PJh1a7-4NY |title=Pyaara Dushman (1980) - Rakesh Roshan, Vinod Mehra, Vidya Sinha - Part 1 |date=13 December 2022 |publisher=Goldmines Bollywood |access-date=9 May 2024 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509125143/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PJh1a7-4NY |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5"|1981
|''[[Naseeb (1981 film)|Naseeb]]''
|Young Julie
|Hindi
|Child artist
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web | last=S. | first=Ramanathan | title=Andheri to Akbar Road via Madras: The many turns of Khushbu's personal life and politics | website=The News Minute | date=1 March 2016 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/andheri-akbar-road-madras-many-turns-khushbu%E2%80%99s-personal-life-and-politics-39635 | access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Laawaris (1981 film)|Laawaris]]''
|Young Mohini
|Hindi
|Child artist
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bhkf" />
|-
|''[[Aapas Ki Baat]]''
|Roshni
|Hindi
|Child artist
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKtplqJRKEI |title=Aapas Ki Baat - Poonam Dhillon, Raj Babbar, Shakti Kapoor |date=14 May 2023 |publisher=NH Studioz |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428064954/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKtplqJRKEI |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kaalia]]''
|Rina
|Hindi
|Child artist
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bhkf" />
|-
|''Poonam''
|Young Poonam
|Hindi
|Child artist
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhsOhuS0ZqU |title=Poonam - Raj Babbar, Poonam Dhillon, Shakti Kapoor, Madan Puri |date=18 March 2023 |publisher=Filmy Deewane |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428064615/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhsOhuS0ZqU |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |1982
|''[[Dard Ka Rishta]]''
|Khushbu
|Hindi
|Child artist
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bhkf" />
|-
|''[[Bemisal]]''
|Meena
|Hindi
|Child artist
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=no1--zU3NyI |title=Bemisal - Amitabh Bachchan, Raakhee, Vinod Mehra |date=29 November 2017 |publisher=Shemaroo Movies |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428064621/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=no1--zU3NyI |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Raaste Pyar Ke]]''
|Anu
|Hindi
|Child artist
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Raaste Pyar Ke (1982) |website=The A.V. Club |date=1 January 1970 |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/raaste-pyar-ke-1982 |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428064616/https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/raaste-pyar-ke-1982 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |1985
|''[[Jaanoo]]''
|Bittu
|Hindi
|Debut as heroine
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="n18k" />
|-
|''[[Meri Jung]]''
|Komal Varma
|Hindi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="n18k" />
|-
|''[[Ghar Mein Ram Gali Mein Shyam]]''
|Munni
|Hindi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bhkf" />
|-
|rowspan="4" |1986
|''[[Patton Ki Bazi]]''
|Preet Oberoi
|Hindi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bhkf" />
|-
|''[[Tan-Badan]]''
|Gauri
|Hindi
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bhkf" />
|-
|''[[Kaliyuga Pandavulu]]''
|Bharathi
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Bureau |first=Entertainment |title=From Tabu to Divya Bharti, Actress Who Made Their Debut Opposite Venkatesh Daggubati |website=News18 |date=15 September 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/from-tabu-to-divya-bharti-actress-who-made-their-debut-opposite-venkatesh-daggubati-5966137.html |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929195008/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/from-tabu-to-divya-bharti-actress-who-made-their-debut-opposite-venkatesh-daggubati-5966137.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Captain Nagarjun]]''
|Radha
|Telugu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Captain Nagarjun |website=ETVWin |url=https://www.etvwin.com/telugu-movies/captain-nagarjun |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428133854/https://www.etvwin.com/telugu-movies/captain-nagarjun |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |1987
|''[[Trimurtulu]]''
|Julie
|Telugu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Trimurtulu (1987) Telugu Movie |website=JioCinema |date=28 June 2019 |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/trimurtulu/3498862 |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428070119/https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/trimurtulu/3498862 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bharatamlo Arjunudu]]''
|Sensational Subhadra
|Telugu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharatamlo Arjunudu |publisher=Apple TV |date=1 January 1987 |url=https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/bharatamlo-arjunudu/umc.cmc.9vwbapow33q31t25rd95caqq |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428064616/https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/bharatamlo-arjunudu/umc.cmc.9vwbapow33q31t25rd95caqq |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kirai Dada]]''
|Rekha
|Telugu
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Kirai Dada |website=Digit |date=19 July 2021 |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/kirayi-dada-739130.html |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025115747/https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/kirayi-dada-739130.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Marana Homam''
|Kamala
|Telugu
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Marana Homam Full Cast & Crew |website=TV Guide |date=13 July 2022 |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/marana-homam/cast/2030107927/ |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428133940/https://www.tvguide.com/movies/marana-homam/cast/2030107927/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" |1988
|''Chinnodu Peddodu''
|Kavitha
|Telugu
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Chinnodu Peddodu |publisher=Apple TV |date=1 January 1988 |url=https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/chinnodu-peddodu/umc.cmc.481utu0ro12fzb0quvtz8ov3p |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428064615/https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/chinnodu-peddodu/umc.cmc.481utu0ro12fzb0quvtz8ov3p |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Ugranethrudu''
|Mandakini
|Telugu
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugranethrudu 1988 Telugu Movie Cast Crew, Actors, Director, Ugranethrudu Producer, Banner, Music Director, Singers & Lyricists |url=https://moviegq.com/movie/ugranethrudu-9066/cast-crew |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=MovieGQ |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410203118/https://moviegq.com/movie/ugranethrudu-9066/cast-crew |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Aatma Katha''
|style="text-align:center;" | —
|Telugu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Aatma Katha (1988) |website=Letterboxd |date=22 June 1988 |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/aatma-katha/ |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428064614/https://letterboxd.com/film/aatma-katha/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Prema Kireetam''
|Swathi
|Telugu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itJUBxRtF8c |title=Prema Kireetam Telugu Movie - Kalyan Chakravarthy, Kushboo |date=24 July 2018 |publisher=South Cinema Hall |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428064618/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itJUBxRtF8c |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jeevana Jyothi (1988 film)|Jeevana Jyothi]]''
|Noorjahan
|Telugu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utJeOAZtz0I |title=Jeevana jyothi Telugu Video Song - Rajendraprasad, Kushboo |date=16 June 2015 |publisher=Rose Telugu Movies |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428064618/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utJeOAZtz0I |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Veguchukka Pagatichukka''
|Kaani
|Telugu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Veguchukka Pagatichukka (1988) |website=Letterboxd |date=17 June 1988 |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/veguchukka-pagatichukka/ |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428064615/https://letterboxd.com/film/veguchukka-pagatichukka/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Chinni Krishnudu''
|style="text-align:center;" | —
|Telugu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vU71W6kuT5c |title=Chinni Krishnudu - Ramesh Babu, Khusbhu, Sarath Babu |date=14 November 2017 |publisher=v9 Videos |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428064620/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vU71W6kuT5c&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ranadheera]]''
|Radha
|[[Kannada]]
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="n18k"/>
|-
|''[[Anjada Gandu]]''
|Asha
|Kannada
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="nme1" />
|-
| rowspan="8" |1989
|''[[Yuga Purusha]]''
|Chithra
|Kannada
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="nme1" />
|-
|''[[Premagni]]''
|style="text-align:center;" |
|Kannada
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Premagni (1989) Kannada Movie |website=JioCinema |date=19 June 2019 |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/premagni/3491414/watch |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428050424/https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/premagni/3491414/watch |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Hrudaya Geethe]]''
|Asha
|Kannada
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Hrudaya Geethe (1989) Kannada Movie |website=JioCinema |date=22 December 2017 |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/hrudaya-geethe/3491151 |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428044859/https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/hrudaya-geethe/3491151 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rudra (film)|Rudra]]''
|Asha
|Kannada
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Thaligagi on Moviebuff.com |website=Moviebuff.com |date=1 January 1989 |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/thaligagi |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428044859/https://www.moviebuff.com/thaligagi |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Thaligagi''
|
|Kannada
|
|
|-
|''[[Gagana (film)|Gagana]]''
|Asha
|Kannada
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Gagana (1989) Kannada Movie |website=JioCinema |date=7 July 2019 |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/gagana/3486877 |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428051924/https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/gagana/3486877 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kaliyuga Bheema]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Kannada
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaliyuga Bheema Full Cast & Crew |website=TV Guide |date=13 July 2022 |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/kaliyuga-bheema/cast/2030224981/ |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428044858/https://www.tvguide.com/movies/kaliyuga-bheema/cast/2030224981/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Onti Salaga]]''
|Leela
|Kannada
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Onti Salaga |url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Onti-Salaga-1982/9219802102 |website=nthwall.com |access-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223045211/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Onti-Salaga-1982/9219802102 |archive-date=23 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |1990
|''[[Deewana Mujh Sa Nahin]]''
|Sonu
|Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bhkf" />
|-
|''[[Guru Sishyulu (1990 film)|Guru Sishyulu]]''
|Chithra
|Telugu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Guru Sishyulu Full Cast & Crew |website=TV Guide |date=13 July 2022 |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/guru-sishyulu/cast/2030036774/ |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428044902/https://www.tvguide.com/movies/guru-sishyulu/cast/2030036774/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Alajadi''
|Priya
|Telugu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2ToyUnQZY0 |title=Alajadi - Bhanuchander, Naresh, Kushboo |date=18 July 2020 |publisher=Telugu Cinema Club |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428044859/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2ToyUnQZY0&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Jayasimha''
|Seetha
|Telugu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayasimha |website=Moviebuff.com |date=1 January 1990 |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/jayasimha-1990-telugu |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428044859/https://www.moviebuff.com/jayasimha-1990-telugu |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Pundara Ganda''
|style="text-align:center;" | —
|Kannada
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uCAXm00Ej4s |title=Henna Nodi Kanna Nodi - Pundara Ganda - Prabhakar, Kushbu Kannada Movie Song |date=5 July 2022 |publisher=MRT Music |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428044920/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uCAXm00Ej4s |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |1991
| rowspan="3" |''[[Shanti Kranti]]''
| rowspan="3" |Rekha
|Kannada
| rowspan="3" |Multi lingual
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bhkf" /><ref name="nme1"/>
|-
|Telugu
|-
|Hindi
|-
|''[[Uncle Bun]]''
|Geetha Krishnan
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Uncle Bun (1991) |website=Letterboxd |date=15 August 1991 |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/uncle-bun/ |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428044920/https://letterboxd.com/film/uncle-bun/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1992
|''Prem Daan''
|Seema
|Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Prem Daan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Ravindra Jain on Apple Music |website=Apple Music - Web Player |date=2 January 1991 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/prem-daan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1544068986 |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427162101/https://music.apple.com/in/album/prem-daan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1544068986 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |1993
|''Abhijith''
| style="text-align:center;" | —
|Kannada
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Abhijith (1993) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |website=Chiloka |date=22 April 1993 |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/abhijith-1993 |language=la |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730055245/https://chiloka.com/movie/abhijith-1993 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pekata Papa Rao]]''
|Uma
|Telugu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Pekata Papa Rao Movie (1993) |website=Digit |date=17 September 2021 |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/pekata-papa-rao-776534.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026083728/https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/pekata-papa-rao-776534.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Prema Samaram''
|style="text-align:center;" | —
|Telugu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLKNlatjqMs |title=Prema Samaram telugu full movie Vinod Kumar Kushboo Sasi Kumar |date=23 April 2022 |publisher=v9 Videos |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427162305/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLKNlatjqMs |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Yaadavam]]''
|Anjana
|Malayalam
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch Yaadhavam (Malayalam) Full Movie Online |website=Sun NXT |date=3 January 2017 |url=https://www.sunnxt.com/malayalam-movie-yaadhavam-1993/detail/14003 |language=la |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211024942/https://www.sunnxt.com/malayalam-movie-yaadhavam-1993/detail/14003 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1994
|''[[Manathe Kottaram]]''
|Herself
|Malayalam
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Manathe Kottaram |publisher=Apple TV |date=1 January 1994 |url=https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/manathe-kottaram/umc.cmc.6hjv8hc1w9n04mknut6nn9h3m |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929014123/https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/manathe-kottaram/umc.cmc.6hjv8hc1w9n04mknut6nn9h3m |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1995
|''[[Vrudhanmare Sookshikkuka]]''
|Hema
|Malayalam
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Vrudhanmare Sookshikkuka (1995) Malayalam Movie |website=JioCinema |date=20 June 2019 |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/vrudhanmare-sookshikkuka/3494368 |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427130857/https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/vrudhanmare-sookshikkuka/3494368 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1996
|''[[Palegara]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | —
|Kannada
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Palegara-1982/9219802116 |title=Palegara |access-date=22 December 2014 |publisher=nthwall.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223045617/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Palegara-1982/9219802116 |archive-date=23 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jeevanadhi]]''
|Kaveri
|Kannada
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-d1pv5akdg |title=Jeevanadi Kannada Movie Dr.Vishnuvardhan Ananthnag Kushbu Urvashi Family Movie |date=21 March 2021 |publisher=SGV Digital - Kannada Full Movies |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-jidate=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427130939/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-d1pv5akdg |archive-date=27 April 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1997
|''[[Anubhoothi]]''
|Uthara
|Malayalam
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Anubhoothi (1997) |website=Letterboxd |date=22 June 1997 |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/anubhoothi/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427102823/https://letterboxd.com/film/anubhoothi/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1998
|''[[Elavamkodu Desam]]''
|Ammalu, Unikkoman's wife
|Malayalam
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Elavamkodu Desam (1998) |website=Letterboxd |date=22 June 1998 |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/elavamkodu-desam/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427102914/https://letterboxd.com/film/elavamkodu-desam/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |1999
|''[[Prem Poojari]]''
|Herself
|Malayalam
|Special appearance in song "Kaathil Velli Chittu"
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7L7Iue9S7vs |title=Kaathil Velli Chittu Video Song Prem Poojari |date=22 December 2022 |publisher=Matinee Now |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422142247/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7L7Iue9S7vs |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Stalin Sivadas]]''
|Dr Manjula
|Malayalam
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Stalin Sivadas on Sun NXT, Youtube |website=Binged |date=26 September 2023 |url=https://www.binged.com/streaming-premiere-dates/stalin-sivadas-malayalam-movie-streaming-online-watch/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427072928/https://www.binged.com/streaming-premiere-dates/stalin-sivadas-malayalam-movie-streaming-online-watch/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Independence (1999 film)|Independence]]''
|Sridevi IPS
|Malayalam
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Independence (1999) |website=Letterboxd. |date=22 June 1999 |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/independence/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427072826/https://letterboxd.com/film/independence/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Maha Edabidangi''
|style="text-align:center;" | —
|Kannada
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Maha Edabidangi (1998) Kannada Movie |website=JioCinema |date=21 June 2019 |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/maha-edabidangi/3491652 |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427072826/https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/maha-edabidangi/3491652 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2000
|''Chamundi''
|Tejaswini
|Kannada
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="sk">{{cite web |title=Kushboo |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/interview.php?id=6006647&cid=2404 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605051525/http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/interview.php?id=6006647&cid=2404 |archive-date=5 June 2014 |access-date=2 June 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
|2001
|''[[Aunty Preethse]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | —
|Kannada
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="sk"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
|''[[Magic Ajji]]''
|Queen Rajeshwari Devi, Ajji
|Kannada
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Magic Ajji holds promise |work=Rediff.com |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/27magic.htm |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701061216/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/27magic.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chandrolsavam]]''
|Dr Durga
|Malayalam
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Malayalam masala |website=The Hindu |date=2 September 2005 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/malayalam-masala/article28181521.ece |access-date=27 April 2024 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929142444/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/malayalam-masala/article28181521.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2006
|''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]''
|Jhansi
|Telugu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Stalin review. Stalin Telugu movie review, story, rating |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=20 September 2006 |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/stalin-telugu-movie-review-8093 |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=16 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916225240/http://www.indiaglitz.com/stalin-telugu-movie-review-8093 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kaiyoppu]]''
|Padma
|Malayalam
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Palicha |first=Paresh C |title=Mammootty's Kayyoppu is worth watching |website=Rediff |date=22 January 2007 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/sskay/20070122.htm |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325174731/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/sskay/20070122.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|''[[Yamadonga]]''
|Yama's Wife
|Telugu
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=SS Rajamouli and Jr NTR's Yamadonga to be released in Tamil |website=The Times of India |date=26 November 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ss-rajamouli-and-jr-ntrs-yamadonga-to-be-released-in-tamil/articleshow/72235832.cms |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427013249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ss-rajamouli-and-jr-ntrs-yamadonga-to-be-released-in-tamil/articleshow/72235832.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2008
|''[[Magic Lamp (film)|Magic Lamp]]''
| Muslim Man's wife
|Malayalam
|Cameo
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=T |first=Thomas |title=Magic lamp Malayalam Movie |website=NOWRUNNING |date=7 December 2007 |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/4683/malayalam/magic-lamp/index.htm |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=24 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224145535/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/4683/malayalam/magic-lamp/index.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''[[Janani (2010 film)|Janani]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | —
|Kannada
|Cameo
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/janani-old-mothers-tales/articleshow/21910522.cms |title=Janani: Old mother's tales |date=5 March 2010 |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |access-date=18 July 2023 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718010628/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/janani-old-mothers-tales/articleshow/21910522.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pranchiyettan & the Saint]]''
|Dr Omana
|Malayalam
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |author=Paresh C Palicha |year=2010 |title=Pranchiyettan and the Saint is impressive |publisher=Rediff |access-date=10 September 2010 |url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/sep/10/south-pranchiyettan-and-the-saint-review.htm |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913002510/http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/sep/10/south-pranchiyettan-and-the-saint-review.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|''[[Naanalla]]''
|Subhash Chandra Prasad's wife
|Kannada
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Nanalla Kannada Movie Preview cinema review stills gallery trailer video clips showtimes |website=IndiaGlitz.com |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/nanalla-kannada-movie-preview-13765 |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426210950/https://www.indiaglitz.com/nanalla-kannada-movie-preview-13765 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|''[[Mr. Marumakan]]''
|Raja Mallika
|Malayalam
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="nie">{{cite web |last=S |first=Venkadesan |date=10 July 2012 |title=Khushboo dubs in Malayalam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2012/Jul/10/khushboo-dubs-in-malayalam-385496.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426202455/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2012/Jul/10/khushboo-dubs-in-malayalam-385496.html |archive-date=26 April 2024 |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''[[Cowboy (2013 film)|Cowboy]]''
|Revathy Menon
|Malayalam
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-cowboy-is-boring/20130218.htm |title=Review: Cowboy is boring |first=Paresh C. |last=Palicha |work=Rediff.com |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217082920/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-cowboy-is-boring/20130218.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]''
|Indrani Bhargav
|Telugu
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Keramalu |first=Karthik |title='Agnyaathavaasi' review: It isn't the milestone movie it's supposed to be |website=The News Minute |date=10 January 2018 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/agnyaathavaasi-review-it-isn-t-milestone-movie-it-s-supposed-be-74524 |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426202513/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/agnyaathavaasi-review-it-isn-t-milestone-movie-it-s-supposed-be-74524 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu (2022 film)|Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu]]''
|Vakula
|Telugu
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Radhika Sarathkumar, Khushubu Sundar and Urvashi join the sets of Sharwanand and Rashmika's Aadavallu Meeku Joharlu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/radhika-sarathkumar-khushubu-sundar-and-urvashi-join-the-sets-of-sharwanand-and-rashmikas-aadavallu-meeku-joharlu/articleshow/85007470.cms |access-date=21 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=3 August 2021 |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821183718/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/radhika-sarathkumar-khushubu-sundar-and-urvashi-join-the-sets-of-sharwanand-and-rashmikas-aadavallu-meeku-joharlu/articleshow/85007470.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Ramabanam]]''
|Bhuvaneswari
|Telugu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Cherukuri |first=Abhilasha |title=Khushbu Sundar: Ramabaanam is a message-oriented film |website=Cinema Express |date=19 April 2023 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2023/Apr/19/khushbu-sundar-ramabaanam-is-a-message-oriented-film-42469.html |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426070756/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2023/apr/19/khushbu-sundar-ramabaanam-is-a-message-oriented-film-42469.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Vanvaas]]''
|Vimla Tyagi
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|2026
| ''[[Subedaar (film)|Subedaar]]''
| Sudha Devi
|Hindi
|
|
|}

=== As producer ===

{|class="wikitable sortable" id="filmography"
|-
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Director
!scope="col" |Language
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
|2025
|''[[Gangers (film)|Gangers]]''
|Sundar C.
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|
|-
|}

==Television==
She is known for the TV game show [[Jackpot (game show)|''Jackpot'']] and the serials [[Kalki (TV series)|''Kalki'']], ''Janani'', ''Kungumam'', [[Nandini (TV series)|''Nandini'']] and ''[[Lakshmi Stores]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iyengar |first=Pushpa |date=31 March 2008 |title=Top of the Pops |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzEEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Khushboo%22&pg=PA57 |journal=Outlook |volume=48 |issue=13 |pages=59 |via=Google Books |access-date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122083344/https://books.google.com/books?id=XzEEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Khushboo%22&pg=PA57 |url-status=live}}</ref> Khushbu has also appeared as a judge on the reality shows ''[[Maanada Mayilada]], Azhagiya Thamizh Maghan'' and ''Junior Super Stars.''

===Serials===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Role
!scope="col" |Channel
!scope="col" |Language
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
|1995
|''Chinna Chinna Aasai - Uravu''
|style="text-align:center;" | —
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|Also director
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYOj9iQE6iI |title=Chinna Chinna Aasai - Uravu Pyramid Plus |date=6 July 2022 |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706121842/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYOj9iQE6iI&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live|publisher=Pyramid Plus}}</ref>
|-
|1997
|''Arthamulla Uravugal''
|style="text-align:center;" | —
|[[DD Podhigai]]
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://youtube.com/b503VCiUwJ4?feature=shared |title=Happy Birthday Raghav- Kushboo, Raviragavendar - Direction Lakshmi & Saraswathi -அர்த்தமுள்ள உறவுகள் Episode 1 |date=17 August 2020 |publisher=Kalakendra Humour & Drama |access-date=3 August 2025 |archive-date=3 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803143454/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b503VCiUwJ4 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2001–2002
|''Marumagal''
|style="text-align:center;" | —
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/khushbu-sundar-gets-nostalgic-as-she-shares-the-title-song-of-her-tamil-show-marumagal/articleshow/75702378.cms |title=Khushbu Sundar gets nostalgic as she shares the title song of her Tamil show Marumagal |website=The Times of India |date=12 May 2020 |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612051113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/khushbu-sundar-gets-nostalgic-as-she-shares-the-title-song-of-her-tamil-show-marumagal/articleshow/75702378.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2002–2003
|''Janani''
|Janani
|Sun TV
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jj2_DBM67eY |title=Janani Serial Song (2001-2003) Kushboo, Sujatha Vijayakumar, Venu Aravind |date=10 January 2023 |publisher=NK Entertainment Tamil |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428095503/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jj2_DBM67eY |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2003–2004
|''Kungumam''
|Charu
|Sun TV
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JBObaOzGSYw |title=Kungumam Serial Song, Kushboo |date=20 December 2023 |publisher=NK Entertainment Tamil |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428095502/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JBObaOzGSYw |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2004–2007
|[[Kalki (TV series)|''Kalki'']]
|Kalki
|[[Jaya TV]]
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil Tv Serial Kalki Aired On JAYA TV Channel |website=nettv4u |date=28 April 2024 |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/tamil/tv-serials/kalki |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428095510/https://nettv4u.com/about/tamil/tv-serials/kalki |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2008–2009
|''Namma Kudumbam''
|Radha / Aseema
|[[Kalaignar TV]]
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil Tv Serial Namma Kudumbam Aired On Kalaignar TV Channel |website=nettv4u |date=28 April 2024 |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/tamil/tv-serials/namma-kudumbam |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428095502/https://nettv4u.com/about/tamil/tv-serials/namma-kudumbam |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2009–2010
|''Rudra''
|Rudra
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Lakshmi |first=V |title=Acting with my hubby is boring |website=The Times of India |date=10 October 2008 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/acting-with-my-hubby-is-boring/articleshow/3577146.cms |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428095502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/acting-with-my-hubby-is-boring/articleshow/3577146.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2012–2014
|[[Paartha Gnabagam Illayo (TV series)|''Paartha Gnabagam Illayo'']]
|Oviya
|Kalaignar TV
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="nie" />
|-
|2015
|[[Pasamalar (TV series)|''Pasamalar'']]
|herself
|Sun TV
|Tamil
|Cameo Appearance
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Actress Khushbu Sundar swears by Yoga to stay fit; take a look |website=The Times of India |date=30 July 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-khushbu-sundar-swears-by-yoga-to-stay-fit-take-a-look/articleshow/77268362.cms |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009105838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-khushbu-sundar-swears-by-yoga-to-stay-fit-take-a-look/articleshow/77268362.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2017–2018
|rowspan="2"|[[Nandini (TV series)|''Nandini'']]
|rowspan="2"|Parvathi
|Sun TV
|Tamil
|rowspan=2|Extended Cameo Appearance
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Sebastian |first=Shilpa |title=Star shines on the tube |website=The Hindu |date=31 July 2017 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/star-shines-on-the-tube/article19395585.ece |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524192556/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/star-shines-on-the-tube/article19395585.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2017–2019
|[[Udaya TV]]
|[[Kannada]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kushboo-debuts-on-the-kannada-small-screen/articleshow/59755025.cms |title=Khushbu debuts on the Kannada small screen |website=The Times of India |date=26 July 2017 |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612051114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kushboo-debuts-on-the-kannada-small-screen/articleshow/59755025.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2018–2020
|rowspan="2"|''[[Lakshmi Stores]]''
|rowspan="3"|Mahalakshmi
|Sun TV
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khushbu-sundar-returns-tv-after-5-years-lakshmi-stores-5507332/ |title=Khushbu Sundar returns to television after five years |last=Chakraborthy |first=Antara |date=24 December 2018 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=24 August 2019 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412165752/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khushbu-sundar-returns-tv-after-5-years-lakshmi-stores-5507332/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
|[[Gemini TV]]
|Telugu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/actress-khushbu-sundar-to-make-a-comeback-with-lakshmi-stores/articleshow/67724558.cms|title=Actress Khushbu Sundar to make a comeback with 'Lakshmi Stores'|last=|first=|date=28 January 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Roja (Tamil TV series)|''Roja'']]
|Sun TV
|Tamil
|Mahasangamam with ''Lakshmi Stores''
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hA-VUOXRBs |title=Roja Serial Mahasangamam Promo |date=16 May 2019 |publisher=Saregama TV Shows Tamil |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428133732/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=7hA-VUOXRBs |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2021
|[[Jothi (TV series)|''Jothi'']]
|Sivagami
|Sun TV
|Tamil
|Cameo Appearance
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil Tv Serial Jothi |website=nettv4u |date=28 April 2024 |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/tamil/tv-serials/jothi |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208123405/https://nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-serials/jothi |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gokulathil Seethai (2019 TV series)|''Gokulathil Seethai'']]
|Dr Mangalam
|Zee Tamil
|Tamil
|Cameo Appearance
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/khushboo-sundar-to-play-a-doctor-in-gokulathil-seethai/articleshow/84820563.cms |title=Khushboo Sundar to play a doctor in Gokulathil Seethai |website=The Times of India |date=28 July 2021 |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203135038/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/khushboo-sundar-to-play-a-doctor-in-gokulathil-seethai/articleshow/84820563.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Meera (2022 TV series)|''Meera'']]
|Dr Meera
|[[Colors Tamil]]
|Tamil
|Also writer
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kushboo-sundars-next-project-to-raise-voice-against-domestic-violence/articleshow/89994875.cms |title=Kushboo Sundar's next project to raise voice against domestic violence |website=The Times of India |date=7 March 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315120326/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kushboo-sundars-next-project-to-raise-voice-against-domestic-violence/articleshow/89994875.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-khusbu-sundar-to-make-her-debut-as-a-writer-in-meera/articleshow/89565902.cms |title=Actress Khushbu Sundar to make her debut as a writer in 'Meera' |website=The Times of India |date=14 February 2022 |access-date=27 May 2022 |archive-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527094139/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-khusbu-sundar-to-make-her-debut-as-a-writer-in-meera/articleshow/89565902.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[Sarojini (2025 TV series)|''Sarojini'']]
|Sarojini
|[[DD Tamil]]
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kushboo-sundar-set-to-make-her-tv-comeback-with-sarojini/articleshow/120095701.cms|title=Kushboo Sundar set to make her TV comeback with 'Sarojini'|website=The Times of India |date=8 April 2025 | access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref>
|}

===Shows===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Role
!scope="col" |Channel
!scope="col" |Language
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
|2001–2002
|''Kodeeshwari''
|Host
|[[Jaya TV]]
|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="toik">{{cite web |title=Actress Khushbhu Sundar all set to make her comeback on TV with 'Lakshmi Stores' |website=The Times of India |date=24 December 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-khushbhu-sundar-all-set-to-make-her-comeback-on-tv-with-lakshmi-stores/articleshow/67231803.cms |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428101513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-khushbhu-sundar-all-set-to-make-her-comeback-on-tv-with-lakshmi-stores/articleshow/67231803.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2002–2010
|''Jackpot''
|Host
|Jaya TV
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="toik" />
|-
|2007–2010
|''[[Maanada Mayilada]] season 2-5''
|Judge
|[[Kalaignar TV]]
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="toik" />
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2010
|''Poova Thalaiya''
|Host
|Kalaignar TV
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="toik" />
|-
|''Jodi Number One season 5''
|Judge
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="toik" />
|-
|''Azhagiya Tamil Magan''
|Judge
|Star Vijay
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="toik" />
|-
|''Vaali 1000''
|Guest
|[[Vasanth TV]]
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3GatG1jmkGc |title=Kavignar Vaaliyin Vaali 1000 Chat Show - Actress Kushboo |date=12 December 2018 |publisher=Vasanth TV |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428161238/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3GatG1jmkGc |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2012–2013
|''Maanada Mayilada season 7-8''
|Judge
|[[Kalaignar TV]]
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="toik" />
|-
|rowspan="2" |2013
|''Get Ready''
|Host
||[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcP3VyWOfW0 |title=Get Ready - Kushboo, Sai Kiran, Kalyani, Mallika, Ravi Varma 2nd June 2020 |date=2 June 2020 |publisher=etvteluguindia |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428133946/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcP3VyWOfW0 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Acham Thavir''
|Host
|[[Thanthi TV]]
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2TWe4apeHk |title=Accham Thavir Promo |date=26 June 2013 |publisher=Thanthi TV |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428133837/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2TWe4apeHk |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2014
|''Namma Veetu Mahalakshmi''
|Host
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="toik" />
|-
|''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (talk show)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]''
|Host
|[[Vendhar TV]]
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="toik" />
|-
|2015
|''Uggram Ujjwalam''
|Judge
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/khushboo-sundar-overawed-by-ugram-ujjwalam-grand-finale-performances-announces-winners-632002 |title=Khushboo Sundar Overawed by 'Ugram Ujjwalam' Grand Finale Performances; Announces Winners |website=[[International Business Times]] |date=11 May 2015 |access-date=4 November 2020 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525033737/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/khushboo-sundar-overawed-by-ugram-ujjwalam-grand-finale-performances-announces-winners-632002 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2015–2016
|''[[Simply Kushboo]]''
|Host
|Zee Tamil
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayam Ravi, first on Simply Kushboo |website=The Times of India |date=19 August 2015 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Jayam-Ravi-first-on-Simply-Kushboo/articleshow/48539176.cms |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418084603/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/jayam-ravi-first-on-simply-kushboo/articleshow/48539176.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|[[Junior Super Star]]
|Judge
|Zee Tamil
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAv9QTrSRJk |title=Junior Super Stars - Quick Recap 16,17,18 - Bhagyaraj, Khushbu, Archana Chandhoke |date=1 August 2023 |publisher=Zee Tamil |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428133917/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAv9QTrSRJk |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Nijangal (TV series)|Nijangal]]''
|Host
|Sun TV
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Khushbu to host a new show, Nijangal |website=The Times of India |date=3 October 2016 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Khushbu-to-host-a-new-show-Nijangal/articleshow/54651258.cms |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119053158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Khushbu-to-host-a-new-show-Nijangal/articleshow/54651258.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Sun Naam Oruvar]]''
|Guest
|Sun TV
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EhHByl0S6Zc |title=Sun Naam Oruvar Sun TV - Vishal, Kushbu - Promo |date=27 December 2018 |publisher=Cinema 720 |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=15 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315063521/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EhHByl0S6Zc&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2019
|''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]''
|Guest
|Sun TV
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zMz42565C4 |title=Vanakkam Tamizha with Actress Khushbu Sundar - 13th September 2019 Full Show |date=24 September 2019 |publisher=Sun TV |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428133920/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zMz42565C4 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Alitho Saradaga]]''
|Guest
|ETV
|Telugu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eq9a7gy_OGE |title=Alitho Saradaga 30th December 2019 Khushbu Sundar(Actress) |date=30 December 2019 |publisher=etvteluguindia |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428133935/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eq9a7gy_OGE |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2019–2020
|''Comedy Stars season 2''
|Judge
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Malayalam
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/khushbu-sundar-imitates-actor-rajinikanth-on-comedy-stars/articleshow/71793401.cms#referrer=https://www.google.com |title=Khushbu Sundar imitates actor Rajinikanth on Comedy Stars |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 October 2019 |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123013016/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/khushbu-sundar-imitates-actor-rajinikanth-on-comedy-stars/articleshow/71793401.cms#referrer=https://www.google.com |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2020
|''Vanakkam Tamizha''
|Guest
|Sun TV
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QobI_hZivUI |title=Vanakkam Tamizha with Actress Khushbu Sundar - 9th March 2020 Full Show |date=11 March 2020 |publisher=Sun TV |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411052835/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QobI_hZivUI |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Madras Maamis''
|Guest
|Radaan Mediaworks
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6OMNu3Aqyyg |title=MADRAS மாமிஸ் - சுப்ரீம் ஸ்டாருடன் குஷ்பு கலகலப்பான நேர்காணல் |date=20 November 2020 |publisher=RadaanMedia |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428133937/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=6OMNu3Aqyyg |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2021–2022
|''[[Dance vs Dance season 2]]''
|Judge
|[[Colors Tamil]]
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/dance-vs-dance-season-2-judged-by-khushbu-sundar-and-choreographer-brinda-master-to-premiere-on-october-17/articleshow/86989822.cms |title=Dance Vs Dance Season 2 judged by Khushbu Sundar and choreographer Brinda Master to premiere on October 17 |website=The Times of India |date=15 October 2021 |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111094715/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/dance-vs-dance-season-2-judged-by-khushbu-sundar-and-choreographer-brinda-master-to-premiere-on-october-17/articleshow/86989822.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Pottikku Potti]]''
|Participant
|Colors Tamil
|Tamil
|Team Meera
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yPCuylA-Syk |title=Pottikku Potti - R U Ready??? |date=25 March 2022 |publisher=Colors Tamil |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428133849/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yPCuylA-Syk |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Drama Juniors season 4''
|Guest
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|[[Kannada]]
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbukLMH2Zh4 |title=Drama Juniors S4 ವಿಶೇಷ ಅತಿಥಿಯಾಗಿ ಬಂದ್ರು ನಟಿ ಖುಷ್ಬು |date=26 May 2022 |publisher=Zee Kannada News |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428160920/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbukLMH2Zh4 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022–present
|''[[Extra Jabardasth]]''
|Judge
|ETV
|Telugu
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last=Desk |first=ZH Telugu |title=Kushboo Sundar:జబర్దస్త్ కొత్త జడ్జ్ గా ఎంట్రీ ఇచ్చిన కుష్బూ.. గుడి కట్టలేదా అంటూ ఒక ఆట ఆడేసింది! |website=Zee News Telugu |date=9 July 2022 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/kushboo-sundar-enters-as-news-judge-in-extra-jabardasth-69627 |language=te |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428161849/https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/kushboo-sundar-enters-as-news-judge-in-extra-jabardasth-69627 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022–2023
|''Super Mom season 3''
|Judge
|Zee Tamil
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Super Mom Season 3 to feature Khushboo as judge and mom-daughter duo Archana-Zaara as hosts |website=The Times of India |date=26 August 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/super-mom-season-3-to-feature-khushboo-as-judge-and-mom-daughter-duo-archana-zaara-as-hosts/articleshow/93803954.cms |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114222654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/super-mom-season-3-to-feature-khushboo-as-judge-and-mom-daughter-duo-archana-zaara-as-hosts/articleshow/93803954.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Super Singer 10]]''
|Guest
|Star Vijay
|Tamil
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3Quh021Nvg |title=Anbe Nee Enna Song by #Mano, Special dedication for Kushboo, Super singer 10 |date=9 March 2024 |publisher=Vijay Television |access-date=28 April 2024 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428134403/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=v3Quh021Nvg |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1001243|name=Khushbu Sundar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundar, Khushbu}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Actress filmographies]]

Zepto (company)

2026-04-28T12:42:52Z

Svetlanabpd: Made New Post

{{Short description|Indian quick-commerce company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Distinguish|ZeptoLab}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Zepto
| logo = Zepto Logo.svg
| former_name = KiranaKart
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Quick-commerce]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2021|7|}} in [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| hq_location_city = [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations = 1000+ stores (2026)
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|Aadit Palicha ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])|Nikhil Mittal ([[Chief technology officer|CTO]])}}
| services = [[Online grocer]]
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRconvert|9366|c}}
| revenue_year = 2025
| net_income = {{positive decrease}} {{INRconvert|-3367|c}} (2024)
| num_employees = 16,898
| num_employees_year = March 2026
| website = {{URL|zepto.com}}
}}

'''Zepto''' is an Indian [[quick-commerce]] company headquartered in [[Bengaluru]].<ref name=hq>{{cite news |title=Zepto to move headquarters to Bengaluru by November 2024 — ETRealEstate |url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/commercial/zepto-to-move-headquarters-to-bengaluru-by-november-2024/112333627 |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> It was founded in July 2021 by Aadit Palicha and Kaivalya Vohra.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-31 |title=Many of Zepto's dark stores now profitable; co announces leadership changes |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/many-of-zeptos-dark-stores-now-profitable-co-announces-leadership-changes/articleshow/100654870.cms |access-date=2023-08-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> {{asof|August 2024|post=,}} the company is valued at over $5 billion<ref>{{Cite news |first= |date=2 September 2024 |title=Zepto's valuation rockets to $5 billion as investors double down on India's e-commerce boom |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/zeptos-valuation-rockets-to-5-billion-as-investors-double-down-on-indias-e-commerce-boom-11725243787623.html |access-date= |work=[[Livemint]]}}</ref> and operates over 250 dark-stores across ten metropolitan areas in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-17 |title=Zepto Plans Expansion Into Non-Grocery Delivery, Eyes Bigger Dark Stores |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/zepto-plans-expansion-into-non-grocery-delivery-eyes-bigger-dark-stores-article-111058197 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Aadit Palicha started KiranaKart with Kaivalya Vohra in 2020 when they were 17 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |title=As Indians expect groceries in 10 mins, delivery agents struggle |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/2/23/as-indians-expect-groceries-in-10-mins-delivery-agents-struggle |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Y Combinator-backed Zepto launches 10-minute food delivery service 'Cafe' in Mumbai |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/y-combinator-backed-zepto-launches-10-minute-food-delivery-service-cafe-in-mumbai-8374341.html |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Moneycontrol |date=18 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Palicha and Vohra skipped college to start Zepto, instead raising capital from [[Contrary (venture capital firm)|Contrary]], which offered to invest if they dropped out of [[Stanford University]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hernbroth |first=Megan |title=One Silicon Valley venture firm will invest up to $100,000 in startups founded by college students taking a gap year to become entrepreneurs |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/contrary-capital-giving-students-grants-gap-year-entrepreneur-startup-2020-7 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-11 |title=Stanford dropouts raise $60 million for grocery startup Zepto |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/video/stanford-dropouts-raise-60-million-191345857.html |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US}}</ref>

Palicha and Vohra originally branded the company as KiranaKart and focused on facilitating grocery delivery by partnering with local [[kirana store]]s, but that approach did not gain traction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Steven |title=They Raised $360 Million After Dropping Out Of Stanford And Built Grocery Delivery App Zepto, Now Worth $900 Million |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevenli1/2022/10/10/they-raised-360-million-after-dropping-out-of-stanford-and-built-a-grocery-delivery-app-now-worth-900-million/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> They also participated in [[Y Combinator]]'s accelerator program while building out the first version of the platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2021-10-31 |title=India's Zepto raises $60M for its 10 minute grocery delivery app |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/10/31/indias-zepto-a-10-minute-grocery-delivery-app-founded-by-two-19-year-old-stanford-dropouts-raises-60-million/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2021, the company rebranded to Zepto and verticalized the operation, building a network of [[dark store]]s to fulfill orders. In April 2022, Zepto launched Cafe, a division focused on delivery of coffee and ready-to-eat food.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zepto unveils 10-minute food delivery service 'Cafe' in Mumbai: All you need to know |url=https://zeenews.india.com/companies/zepto-unveils-10-minute-food-delivery-service-cafe-in-mumbai-all-you-need-to-know-2455081.html |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> In February 2023, the company launched Bloom, a platform for farmers to manage food production and distribute goods from villages to cities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-13 |title=Zepto's engagement programme, Zepto Bloom for farmers launched' |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/zeptos-engagement-programme-zepto-bloom-for-farmers-launched/2978501/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

Zepto and other major delivery platforms including [[Zomato]], [[Blinkit]], and [[Swiggy]] employ over 3 million [[Gig worker|gig workers]]. The company began a paid membership program in February 2024,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saha |first=Soumyajit |date=2024-02-29 |title=Zepto launches membership programme for all users |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/zepto-launches-membership-programme-for-all-users/articleshow/108095753.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> which has over 4 million subscribers as of April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=x.com |url=https://x.com/aadit_palicha/status/1779212455878778982?s=12 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref>

In 2024, Zepto moved its headquarters from [[Mumbai]] to [[Bengaluru]].<ref name=hq/>

== Funding ==
In January 2021, KiranaKart (now Zepto) raised $730,000 in a pre-seed round led by Global Founders Capital, Contrary Capital, 2 AM Ventures, and angel investors.<ref name=":2" />

In October 2021, it raised $60 million from Nexus, Y Combinator, Global Founders Capital, as well as angel investors [[Lachy Groom]], Neeraj Arora and Manik Gupta at $225 million valuation.<ref name=":3" />

In December 2021, the company raised $100 million Series C round led by Y Combinator's Continuity Fund at a valuation of $570 million.<ref name=":4" />

In May 2022, Zepto raised $200 million at $900 million valuation as a part of its Series D round which was again led by Y Combinator's Continuity Fund. Investors including Nexus Venture Partners, Glade Brook Capital and Contrary Capital participated in the new round.<ref name=":0" />

In August 2023, Zepto raised $200 million as part of its Series E round at a $1.4 billion valuation, becoming a unicorn.<ref name=":1" /> It raised funds from U.S-based investment firms StepStone Group and Goodwater Capital. Existing backers including Nexus Venture Partners and Glade Brook Capital also participated in the deal.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/quick-commerce-unicorn-zepto-secures-another-31-mn-in-series-e-round/|title=Quick Commerce Unicorn Zepto Secures Another $31 Mn In Series E Round|website=inc42.com|last=Sarkar|first=Gargi|date=8 November 2023|access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>

In June 2024, Zepto raised $665 million funding at $3.6 billion valuation as part of its Series F round<ref name=":6" /> and $340 million funding at a $5 billion valuation two months later, raising over $1 billion in 2024 and more than $1.5 billion since its inception.<ref name=":7" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Round
!Size
!Valuation
!Lead Investor(s)
|-
|Pre-Seed<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-12 |title=How two 19-year-old Stanford dropouts founded Zepto |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/how-two-19-year-old-stanford-dropouts-founded-zepto-312034-2021-11-12 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=x.com |url=https://x.com/aadit_palicha/status/1781698277190058026?s=12 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref>
|$730,000
|$2.5 million
|[[Contrary (venture capital firm)|Contrary]]
|-
|Series A<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2021-10-31 |title=India's Zepto raises $60M for its 10 minute grocery delivery app |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/10/31/indias-zepto-a-10-minute-grocery-delivery-app-founded-by-two-19-year-old-stanford-dropouts-raises-60-million/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>
|$60 million
|$225 million
|Glade Brook Capital
|-
|Series C<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2021-12-20 |title=Zepto, a 10-minute grocery delivery app in India, raises $100 million |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/12/20/zepto-a-10-minute-grocery-delivery-app-in-india-raises-100-million/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>
|$100 million
|$570 million
|[[Y Combinator]]
|-
|Series D<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2022-05-02 |title=Zepto, a 10-minute grocery delivery app, raises $200 million |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/05/02/zepto-a-10-minute-grocery-delivery-app-raises-200-million-at-900-million-valuation/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>
|$200 million
|$900 million
|[[Y Combinator]]
|-
|Series E<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Cornish |first=Chloe |date=2023-08-25 |title=India's first 'unicorn' of 2023 boosts tech sector's hopes of funding revival |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e2920e49-faf6-4bf1-93d3-92e67cd77885 |access-date=2023-08-26}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last1=Sriram |first1=M. |date=2023-08-25 |title=Zepto raises $200 million at $1.4 billion valuation, becomes first Indian unicorn in nearly a year |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/grocery-startup-zepto-becomes-indias-first-unicorn-nearly-year-new-funding-round-2023-08-25/ |access-date=2023-08-26}}</ref>
|$200 million
|$1.4 billion
|[[StepStone Group]]
|-
|Series F<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-22 |title=Zepto raises $665 million funding at $3.6 billion valuation to take on Blinkit, Swiggy Instamart |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/zepto-raises-665-million-at-3-6-billion-valuation-to-charge-up-quick-commerce-battle/articleshow/111156334.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|$665 million
|$3.6 billion
|Glade Brook, Nexus and Stepstone
|-
|Follow up round<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Harsh |date=2024-08-29 |title=Zepto raises $340 Mn at $5 Bn valuation |url=https://entrackr.com/2024/08/zepto-raises-340-mn-at-5-bn-valuation/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Entrackr |language=en-US}}</ref>
|$340 million
|$5 billion
|General Catalyst
|}

== Reception ==
In April 2022, [[Anand Mahindra]] commented that q-commerce delivery is "inhuman" to the delivery workers that Zepto and peers contract to fulfill orders. Aadit Palicha, the co-founder of the company responded that only speeds of less than 15 [[Kilometres per hour|km/h]] are necessary to make deliveries.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anand Mahindra {{!}} Zepto : Anand Mahindra isn't impressed with 10-min delivery, but gives Zepto boss a 'fair' chance to explain his POV |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/anand-mahindra-isnt-impressed-with-10-min-delivery-but-gives-zepto-boss-a-fair-chance-to-explain-his-pov/articleshow/90910420.cms |access-date=2022-12-29 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Schmall |first1=Emily |last2=Singh |first2=Karan Deep |last3=Loke |first3=Atul |date=2023-01-04 |title=Need an Onion? These Indian Apps Will Deliver It in Minutes. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/04/business/india-delivery-apps.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Since 2024, Zepto has faced criticism for employing [[dark patterns]] in its app, including [[differential pricing]] and hidden charges on the final bill.<ref>{{cite news |title='Totally sneaky and untrustworthy': Zepto faces dark pattern allegations amid growing scrutiny on e-commerce ethics |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/zepto-faces-dark-pattern-allegations-amid-growing-scrutiny-on-e-commerce-ethics-456286-2024-12-05 |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=Business Today |date=5 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dark patterns: Fair play or a tool of mass deception? |url=https://themorningcontext.com/internet/dark-patterns-fair-play-or-a-tool-of-mass-deception |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=The Morning Context}}</ref> Zepto has also been criticised for its [[drip pricing]] and [[price gouging]] practices.<ref>{{cite news |title=Is Zepto price gouging? Bengaluru woman highlights shocking disparity between Android and iPhone |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/is-zepto-price-gouging-bengaluru-woman-highlights-shocking-disparity-between-android-and-iphone/articleshow/117209579.cms |access-date=27 April 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=13 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Sanya |title=₹20 on Android, ₹100 on iPhone: Price difference on Zepto leaves users stunned |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/rs-20-on-android-rs-100-on-iphone-price-difference-on-zepto-leaves-users-stunned-101737952276639.html |access-date=27 April 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 January 2025 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Poulomi |last2=Venugopal |first2=Sahana |title=The Dark Side of Quick Commerce: How 10-minute delivery apps are using deceptive design to manipulate shoppers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/the-dark-side-of-quick-commerce-how-10-minute-delivery-apps-are-using-deceptive-design-to-manipulate-shoppers/article69191744.ece |access-date=27 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=7 February 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Online food ordering}}

[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2021]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Online grocers]]
[[Category:Online retailers of India]]

TalentSprint

2026-04-26T17:39:50Z

Svetlanabpd: Made New Pg

{{Short description|Indian educational technology company}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Talentsprint
| image = Talent sprint.jpg
| image_alt =
| logo = TalentSprint logo.png
| caption =
| map =
| abbreviation =
| formation = 2009
| founders = Santanu Paul, Madhumurty Ronanki and J. A. Chowdary
| type =
| status = Operational
| purpose =
| headquarters = [[Gachibowli]], [[Hyderabad]]
| location = National
| region_served = India
| num_members =
| language =
| leader_title = CTO
| leader_name = Jitendra Singh
| main_organ =
| parent_organization =
| affiliations =
| budget =
| website = https://talentsprint.com/
| remarks =
| fgcolor =
| image_border =
| image_size = 220px
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| bgcolor =
| extinction =
| num_staff =
}}
'''TalentSprint''' is a '''National Stock Exchange (NSE)''' Group Company, an '''EdTech Firm''' headquartered in Hyderabad, India.<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/a-talentsprint-to-put-job-seekers-on-track-113032400373_1.html 1</ref> Its coding boot camps, executive programs, and hybrid digital learning platform use '''onsite and online learning''' experiences. TalentSprint partners with academic institutions and corporations to develop and deliver certificate programs in Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning, Blockchain, FinTech, and Emerging Tech.

== History ==
TalentSprint was started by Santanu Paul, Madhumurty Ronanki and J. A. Chowdary in 2009. Initially, TalentSprint focused on coding boot camps for young graduates starting careers in the IT industry. Next, it added online job prep programs for banking career aspirants.

TalentSprint started with an initial capital of Rs.2 crore. In 2011, the EdTech firm partnered with the National Skill Development Corporation or NSDC that picked about four percent stake in TalentSprint and raised a debt of Rs.10 crore. In 2012, it raised Rs. 20 crore in series-A equity funding from Nexus Venture Partners (leading India-US Venture Fund).

In April 2025, [[Accenture]] agreed to acquire TalentSprint.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 April 2025 |title=Accenture Acquires TalentSprint to Expand LearnVantage's Capabilities in Developing Future-Ready Talent for Enterprises and Governments |url=https://newsroom.accenture.com/news/2025/accenture-acquires-talentsprint-to-expand-learnvantage-s-capabilities-in-developing-future-ready-talent-for-enterprises-and-governments |publisher=[[Accenture]] |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

==Partner Institutions ==
TalentSprint partners with academic institutions and companies to design, develop, and deliver deep tech certification programs. As of June 2019, the partners include IIIT Hyderabad, IIT Hyderabad, IIM Calcutta, Pegasystems and Google.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Rica|title=IISc and TalentSprint announce post graduate programme in deep learning|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/iisc-and-talentsprint-announce-post-graduate-programme-in-deep-learning/articleshow/80149616.cms|access-date=2021-03-09}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.talentsprint.com Official website]

[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]

Surkh Kotal

2026-04-20T19:52:39Z

Svetlanabpd: Made Pg

{{Short description|Archaeological site in Afghanistan}}
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'''Surkh Kotal''' ({{langx|fa|چشمه شیر}} '''Chashma-i Shir'''; also called '''Sar-i Chashma''', is an ancient archaeological site located in the southern part of the region of [[Bactria]], about {{convert|18|km}} north of the city of [[Puli Khumri]], the capital of [[Baghlan Province]] of [[Afghanistan]].<ref>http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh05-196.html {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> It is the location of monumental constructions made during the rule of the [[Kushans]]. Huge temples, statues of Kushan rulers and the Surkh Kotal inscription, which revealed part of the chronology of early Kushan emperors (also called Great Gara) were all found there. The [[Rabatak inscription]] which gives remarkable clues on the genealogy of the Kushan dynasty was also found in the [[Robatak, Afghanistan|Robatak]] village just outside the site.

The site of Surkh Kotal, excavated between 1952 and 1966 by Prof. Schlumberger of the ''Délégation Archéologique Française en Afghanistan'', is the main site excavated of the [[Kushan Empire]]. Some of the site's sculptures were transferred to the [[National Museum of Afghanistan]] (also known as the 'Kabul Museum'), the rest of the site was completely looted during the [[War in Afghanistan (1978–present)|Afghan Civil War]]. The most famous artifacts of this site are the Surkh Kotal inscriptions, the statue of King Kanishka and the fire altar. The statue of the king was destroyed during the [[Taliban]] wave of [[iconoclasm]] in February–March 2001, but has been restored by French conservationists. The three artifacts are currently on display in the [[Afghan National Museum]].

==The ancient name of the site==
[[File:Probable statue of Kanishka, Surkh Kotal. Kabul Museum (2nd century CE).jpg|thumb|Probable statue of [[Kanishka]], Surkh Kotal, 2nd century CE. [[Kabul Museum]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rowland |first1=Benjamin |title=The Art of Central Asia (Art of the World) {{!}} Central Asia {{!}} Silk Road |date=1978 |page=80 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/291810602/The-Art-of-Central-Asia-Art-of-the-World |language=en}}</ref>]]
The current, well-established name for the site was given to it by the French team of archaeologists headed by M. Schlumberger that originally surveyed the remains. This is not its ancient name, but is instead the modern name for the hills upon which it sits.

An ancient name for the site has been put forward by W. B. Henning and J. D. M. Derrett based on a word in fragments of text found in situ that reads '''ΒΑΓΟΛΑΓΓΟ''' “bagolaggo", which resembles the current name of a nearby city and region, [[Baghlan]]. Though the script of the text is based on Greek, the language concerned is unknown, so it is unclear whether the word is the name of the site or a word for something else. Henning and Derrett propose that this language is likely to be the local Iranian dialect, and compare the word with the Old Iranian ''baga-danaka'', meaning "temple/sanctuary".<ref>W. B. Henning and J. D. M. Derrett, '''Notes and Communications''', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Vol. 18, No. 2 (1956), pp. 366-371</ref>

Another possibility as to the ancient name of the site is '''Varnu''' - of or related to Varena, the kingdom where the Iranian mythical king [[Fereydun]] from the Pishdadian dynasty, is from. This mythical city has been described as having four corners (just like the rockbed site here) and its presumed location fits with where Surkh Kotal is located, particularly with how it is perched above a plateau. Furthermore, this position/location is also similar to that of the high rock, to which the inhabitants of the city of Bazira (in present day, the nearby [[Barikot]] in Pakistan) fled in the wake of [[Alexander the Great]]'s assault on their city during his crusades in the eastern Iran. Indeed, the ancient Greek historian [[Arrian]] mentions that the citizens of Bazira fled their fortified city and retreated to a highland rock in the region. Alexander besieged the city from the south, so their northwestern retreat into the mountains and the convenient location of '''Varnu''' across the Bactrian plain makes sense. This site can also potentially be linked to the ancient city of [[Aornos]], which is the highland rockbed where Bessus took refuge during his flight from Alexander the Great in the later Sogdian and Bactrain ([[Bactria]] is the area with capital city of [[Balkh]], near which Surkh Kotal is located) and regional rebellions. However, there are several hypotheses as to where exactly in the region this ancient city is actually located. <ref>SHAYEGAN, M. RAHIM. “Nugae Epigraphicae.” Bulletin of the Asia Institute, vol. 19, 2005, pp. 173–174. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24049219

</ref>

==The inscriptions==
Here are translations of the inscriptions from Surkh Kotal by J. Harmatta. They were originally in the [[Bactrian language]] and written in Greek script. For possible interpretations of their meanings, see Harmatta's article.:<ref>"[https://fr.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_II%20silk%20road_languages%20and%20literature%20in%20the%20kushan%20empire_0.pdf Languages and literature of the Kushan Empire]" János Harmatta. (1994). In: ''History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II'', pp. 427-432. UNESCO Publishing. Paris. {{ISBN|92-3-102846-4}}.</ref>

===Inscription SK2===
The "unfinished inscription" (SK2) has been translated as:

:"Era-year 299, on the 9th [day] of [month] Dios, King of Kings Ooëmo Takpiso, the majesty, the Kuṣāṇa, had the canal d[ug here]."

Unfortunately, the fragments of an inscription from the period of Kanishka's reign contain only about one fifth (124 letters altogether) of the original inscription. They have been translated as:

:the lord, K[ing of Kings], the mighty Kaneṣko . . .]

:[in the] first [era ye]ar T [an officer of the king] c[ame] here.

:Then [this stronghold and the sanctuary] were built by him in four years.

:[And] when the st[rongho]ld was com[pleted, then this fa]çade [and] the stairs l[eading th]ere [were built by him. Moreover, the canal was wh]olly bu[tressed with stones so that p[ure water was [provid]ed [by him in the can]al for the ab[ode of the gods. Thus he] to[ook care of the sanctuary].

:[Moreover, this stronghold and the canal were built by So-and-So by the order of the king]. Then So-and-So inscribed this façade and the stairs leading there.

===The "Surkh Kotal inscription" (SK4)===
The text of SK 4 (A, B, M) runs:
[[File:Surkh Kotal inscription, 2nd century CE.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The Surkh Kotal inscription (SK4) is the first known substantial document written in Bactrian, an Iranian language. It uses the [[Greek script]]. Time of [[Huvishka]], 2nd century CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nakamura |first1=Hajime |title=Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes |date=1987 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0272-8 |page=141, note 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC&pg=PA141 |language=en}}</ref>]]'''Translation'''

This stronghold is the 'Kaneṣko' Oanindo sanctuary which the lord king made the namebearer of Kaneṣko.

At that time when the stronghold was first completed, then its inner water to drink was missing, therefore the stronghold was without water. And when the water-flow disappeared from the canal, then the gods wished themselves away from the abode. Then they were led to Lrafo, [namely] to Andēzo. Afterwards the stronghold became abandoned.

Then, when Nokonzoko, the ''karalrango'', the king's favourite who is much devoted towards the king, Son of God, the patron, the benefactor, the merciful as well, who wishes glory, all-winning strength from pure heart, came here to the sanctuary in the 31st Era-year, in the month ''Nīsān'', then he took care of the stronghold. Then he had a well dug, thus he provided water. Thereafter he buttressed [the well] with stones so that the fine, pure water should not be missing for the stronghold. And when for them the water-flow would disappear from the canal, even then the gods, should not wish themselves away from their abode, thus the stronghold should not become abandoned for them.

Moreover, he appointed an inspector over the well, he placed a helper there, so that a separate [inspector] took good care of the well and a separate inspector of the whole stronghold.

Moreover, this well and the façade were made by Xirgomano, the ''karalrango'', by the order of the king. [B: Moreover, this well was made by Borzomioro, son of Kozgaṣko, citizen of Hastilogan, attendant of Nokonziko, the karalrango, by order of the king.]

Moreover, Eiiomano inscribed [this] together with Mihramano, the son of Bozomihro [Device 5] jointly [Device 2]. (A: Device 1 jointly, Device 2, B: Liiago, Device 3, Adego, Device 4).

=== Other inscriptions ===
Apparently the main architect of the Surkh Kotal temple was a Greek named Palamedes. There is a Greek inscription which could be read as: ΔΙΑ ΠΑΛΑΜΕΔΟΥΣ, i.e. ''dia Palamedous'', meaning "through or by Palamedes". This proves that [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] populations still remained in the region up into the Kushan era.<ref>Suchandra Ghosh. (2012). Revisiting Kushana Dynastic Sanctuaries. ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', 72nd Session, Patiala, Delhi. 212-219.</ref>

==Architectural elements==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Buddha Capitol 2.jpg|[[Indo-Corinthian capital]] from Surkh Kotal, with central Buddha figure.
File:Gandhara, merlo, da surkh kotl, II-III sec.JPG|[[Merlon]] in the shape of an arrow
File:Gandhara, frammento di sostegno, da surkh kotl, II-III sec.JPG|[[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]]-inspired Decorated pillar
File:Surkh Kotal inscription in Bactrian, National Museum of Afghanistan.jpg|Surkh Kotal inscription in Bactrian Greek script, [[National Museum of Afghanistan]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Surkh Kotal}}
{{History of Afghanistan}}
*[[Mundigak]] — archaeological site in Kandahar Province
*[[Hadda, Afghanistan|Hadda]] — archaeological site in Nangarhar Province
*[[Mes Aynak]] — archaeological site in Logar Province
*[[Takht-i-Bahi]] — archaeological site in Mardan
*[[Mehrgarh]] — archaeological site in Bolan
*[[Sheri Khan Tarakai]] — archaeological site in Bannu
*[[Rabatak inscription]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*M. Le Berre, and G. Fussman, Surkh Kotal en Bactriane I. Les temples, MDAFA 25, Paris, 1983.
* Henning (1956): “Notes and Communications. ‘Surkh Kotal’." ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', University of London, Vol. 18, No. 2 (1956), pp. 366–367.
* Vogelsang, Willem. 2002. ''The Afghans'', pp. 148–150. Blackwell Publishers. Oxford. {{ISBN|0-631-19841-5}}.

==External links==
* Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1977): ''An Historical Guide to Afghanistan''. 1st Edition: 1970. 2nd Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Afghan Tourist Organization. [http://www.zharov.com/dupree/index.html]
* For recent photographs please see http://www.spach.info/ephotosbaghlan.htm
* [https://ackuimages.photoshelter.com/image/I0000PgoGyMpQ9iQ Surkh Kotal inscription and statue of Kanishka at Kabul Museum]

{{coord|36|02|9.9|N|68|35|20.58|E|display=title|region:AF_type:landmark_source:dewiki}}

{{Central Asian history}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Kushan Empire]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Sites along the Silk Road]]

Dimapur III Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T06:48:56Z

Svetlanabpd: adding post

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Dimapur III Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Dimapur III
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| district = [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaland]]
| established = 1974
| constituency_no = 3
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| mla =[[Hekani Jakhalu Kense]]
|party = {{Party index link|Naga People's Front}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:38045}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Dimapur III''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=NAGALAND LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref> Previously part of [[Dimapur district]], it is now a part of [[Chümoukedima district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It is also part of [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dimapur III assembly Constituency |url=https://www.elections.in/nagaland/assembly-constituencies/dimapur-iii.html |website=election.in |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dimapur constituency |url=https://dimapur.nic.in/constituencies/ |website=Dimapur.nic.in |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
* 1974: [[Debalai Mech]], [[Naga Nationalist Organisation]]
* 1977: Debalal Mech, [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1982: [[Lolit Mech]], [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1987: [[Vehepu Yepthomi]], Independent
* 1989: [[Kihoto Hollohon]], [[Nagaland People's Council]]
* 1993: Kihoto Hollohon, [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1998: [[Atovi Sumi]], [[Indian National Congress]]
* 2003: Kihoto Hollohon, [[Nationalist Democratic Movement]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|rowspan=2|Azheto Zhimomi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2009*
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
|[[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Tokheho]]<ref name=election2013/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| Azheto Zhimomi<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018 |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=December 29, 2020}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
|[[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Hekani Jakhalu Kense]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}} <ref>{{cite news|last=Dhar|first=Aniruddha|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nagaland-scripts-history-in-assembly-poll-elects-2-women-mlas-salhoutuonuo-kruse-hekani-jakhalu-for-first-time-101677742088284.html|title=Nagaland scripts history in assembly election, elects 2 women candidates for first time|date=2 March 2023|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2023|2023]]|{{party color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}|45.16}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2018|2018]]|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}|48.82}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2013|2013]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.22}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2008|2008]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2003|2003]]|{{party color|Nationalist Democratic Movement}}|46.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1998|1998]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|85.30}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1993|1993]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.10}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}|53.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1987|1987]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|48.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1982|1982]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|60.22}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.16}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Nagaland Nationalist Organisation}}|52.29}}
}}
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Dimapur III<ref name="Nagaland election2023">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hekani Jakhalu Kense]] |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=14,395 |percentage=45.16% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Azheto Zhimomi |party=Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) |votes=12,859 |percentage=40.34% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lun Tungnung |party=Independent politician |votes=2,445 |percentage=7.67% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kahuto Chishi Sumi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,671 |percentage=5.24% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vetetso Lasuh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=370 |percentage=1.16% |change=-6.82%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=134 |percentage=0.42% |change=-0.09% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,536 |percentage=4.82% |change=-3.11%}}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,874 |percentage=83.78% |change= 2.64%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,045 |change =14.51%}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -3.66%}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Dimapur III<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Azheto Zhimomi |party=Naga People's Front |votes=13,162 |percentage=48.82% |change=4.04%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tokheho |party=Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party |votes=11,024 |percentage=40.89% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lun Tungnung |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,152 |percentage=7.98% |change=-45.24%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wedie-U Kronu |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=483 |percentage=1.79% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=137 |percentage=0.51% |change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,138 |percentage=7.93% |change=-0.51%}}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,958 |percentage=81.14% |change= -5.61%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,223 |change =19.75%}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -4.40%}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Dimapur III<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tokheho Yepthomi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,809 |percentage=53.22% |change=2.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Azheto Zhimomi |party=Naga People's Front |votes=10,778 |percentage=44.78% |change=26.97% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lachit Khersa |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=328 |percentage=1.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Er. Dr.L.Yezhekhu Sumi |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=152 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,031 |percentage=8.44% |change=-10.78% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,068 |percentage=86.75% |change= 8.34% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,744 |change =39.20% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 2.84% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Dimapur III<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Azheto Zhimomi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,874 |percentage=50.38% |change=43.48% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Inazhe Sema |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=4,871 |percentage=31.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Abu Metha |party=Naga People's Front |votes=2,784 |percentage=17.81% |change=-26.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akhei Achumi |party=Independent politician |votes=170 |percentage=1.09% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,003 |percentage=19.22% |change=17.20% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,628 |percentage=78.77% |change= -5.32% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,931 |change =17.30% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nationalist Democratic Movement |swing= 4.33% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Dimapur III<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kihoto Hollohon]] |party=Nationalist Democratic Movement |votes=6,549 |percentage=46.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Azheto Zhimomi |party=Naga People's Front |votes=6,263 |percentage=44.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atovi Sumi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=982 |percentage=6.91% |change=-78.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anupama Mech |party=Independent politician |votes=427 |percentage=3.00% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=286 |percentage=2.01% |change=-68.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,221 |percentage=83.73% |change= 0.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,992 |change =-0.34% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Democratic Movement |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -12.05% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Dimapur III}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Atovi Sumi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,955 |percentage=85.30% |change=27.19% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. L. Angami |party=Independent politician |votes=337 |percentage=14.70% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,618 |percentage=70.59% |change=27.70% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,292 |percentage=13.68% |change= -69.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,050 |change =25.61% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 27.19% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Dimapur III}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kihoto Hollohon]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,478 |percentage=58.10% |change=11.19% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajiv |party=Independent politician |votes=1,696 |percentage=15.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vihepu Yephthomi |party=Naga People's Front |votes=1,551 |percentage=13.91% |change=-39.17% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chupfuo |party=Independent politician |votes=1,424 |percentage=12.77% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,782 |percentage=42.89% |change=36.72% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,149 |percentage=83.31% |change= 5.95% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,574 |change =22.79% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 5.02% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Dimapur III}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kihoto Hollohon]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=4,413 |percentage=53.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vihepu Yephthomi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,900 |percentage=46.91% |change=29.55% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=513 |percentage=6.17% |change=-9.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,313 |percentage=77.36% |change= -3.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,055 |change =0.67% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Independent politician |swing= 4.73% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Dimapur III}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vihepu Yephthomi |party=Independent politician |votes=4,200 |percentage=48.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prodep Singyong |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=2,825 |percentage=32.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lolit Mech |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,508 |percentage=17.36% |change=-42.85% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lhousao |party=Independent politician |votes=152 |percentage=1.75% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,375 |percentage=15.83% |change=-24.45% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,685 |percentage=80.58% |change= 1.82% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,981 |change =69.98% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -11.86% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Dimapur III}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lolit Mech |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,994 |percentage=60.22% |change=19.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dabalal Mech |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=991 |percentage=19.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joy Prasad |party=Independent politician |votes=987 |percentage=19.85% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,003 |percentage=40.29% |change=30.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,972 |percentage=78.76% |change= -9.10% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,460 |change =26.22% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 19.06% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Dimapur III}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dabalal Mech |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,807 |percentage=41.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish Langtha |party=Independent politician |votes=1,358 |percentage=30.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gobinda Ch. Paira |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=1,225 |percentage=27.90% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=449 |percentage=10.23% |change=-3.87% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,390 |percentage=87.87% |change= 4.24% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,118 |change =20.76% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= -11.13% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Dimapur III}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dabalal Mech |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=1,780 |percentage=52.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sompurno Kachari |party=Independent politician |votes=1,300 |percentage=38.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mukunda Ram Mech |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=324 |percentage=9.52% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=480 |percentage=14.10% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,404 |percentage=83.62% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,238 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Dimapur district]]
* [[Dimapur]]
* [[Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|25.8|93.65|display=title}}

[[Category:Dimapur]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Chümoukedima district]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Nagaland]]

Syana Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:49:32Z

Svetlanabpd: Made A Info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Syana
| constituency_no = 66
| map_image = 66-Syana.svg
| mla = [[Devendra Singh rajput
]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| preceded_by = [[Dilnawaz Khan]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bulandshahar district|Bulandshahar]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 386,914 (2022)
| type = SLA
}}

'''Syana Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Bulandshahar district|Bulandshahar]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1956.<ref name="DPACO (1956)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=30 October 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 66.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 30 October 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=30 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=30 October 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/siana.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=30 October 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Syana Assembly constituency is Syana Tehsil.<ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008"/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=SianaElection and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/siana.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Irtaza Husain
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Mumtaz Mohammad Khan
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Nempal Singh
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |Mumtaz Mohammad Khan
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Arif Mohammad Khan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Chhatrapal Singh Lodha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Imtiaz Mohammad Khan
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |Vasudev Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Rakesh Tyagi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="2" |Sunder Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Kranti Party}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Kranti Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Dilnawaz Khan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Devendra Singh Lodhi]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Syana<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Devendra Singh Lodhi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:149125}}
|percentage = 58.9
|change = +4.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Dilnawaz Khan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:59468}}
|percentage = 23.49
|change = +13.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sunil Bharadwaj
|votes = {{formatnum:36193}}
|percentage = 14.29
|change = -9.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Poonam Pandit
|votes = {{formatnum:2914}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change = -7.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1402}}
|percentage = 0.55
|change = -0.05
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:89657}}
|percentage = 35.41
|change = +4.59
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:253197}}
|percentage = 65.37
|change = +2.84
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Syana<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Devendra Singh Lodhi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:125854}}
|percentage = 54.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Dilnawaz Khan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:54224}}
|percentage = 23.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Thakur Sunil Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:22420}}
|percentage = 9.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mohd. Arif Saeed
|votes = {{formatnum:20611}}
|percentage = 8.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1392}}
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:71630}}
|percentage = 30.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:232430}}
|percentage = 62.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Syana}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dilnawaz Khan]]
|votes = 53,887
|percentage = 25.79
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Devendera Bhardwaj
|votes = 52,223
|percentage = 25
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
| Independent
|candidate = Sunder Singh
|votes = 42,470
|percentage = 20.33
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 12 candidates
|votes = 60,326
|percentage = 28.87
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,664
|percentage = 0.8
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 208,906
|percentage = 60.6
|change = -
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Bulandshahar district]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Bulandshahr district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Vinod Singh (Sultanpur politician)

2026-04-13T22:42:03Z

Svetlanabpd: Made A Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vinod Singh
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Biswan Assembly constituency]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| predecessor1 =
| birth_date = 1958
| birth_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician
| alma_mater = [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University|Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya Awadh University]]
}}
'''Vinod Singh''' (born 1958)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vinod Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SULTANPUR(SULTANPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=3531 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from Sultanpur Assembly constituency in [[Sultanpur district]]. He won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP's Vinod Singh wins Sultanpur with 64386 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/sultanpur-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923217-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh is from [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]], Uttar Pradesh. He is the son of former MP and Congress minister, [[Kedar Nath Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Kedarnath Singh]]. He completed his LLB in 1986 at Kamla Nehru Institute of Physical and Social Sciences, Sultanpur, affiliated with [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University|Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya Awadh University]], [[Faizabad]]. His wife is a teacher.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Singh won from [[Sultanpur Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 92,715 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Anoop Sanda of [[Samajwadi Party]], by a margin of 1,009 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinod Singh in Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/uttar-pradesh/vinod-singh-sultanpur-candidate-s24a188c04/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 Live Updates: Vinod Singh ने Sultanpur विधानसभा सीट पर फिर लहराया परचम |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/sultanpur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-uttar-pradesh-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-winner-loser-news-in-hindi-1425799-2022-03-10 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24188.htm?ac=188 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003003951/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24188.htm?ac=188 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Vinod}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Sultanpur district]]

Tau Devi Lal Athletic Stadium (Panchkula)

2026-04-02T03:13:32Z

Svetlanabpd: Made A Bio

{{Short description|Multi-purpose stadium in Panchkula, Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{For|the stadium in Gurgaon|Tau Devi Lal Stadium}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Tau Devi Lal Athletic Stadium
| image =
| location = Sector 3, [[Panchkula]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|30|41|6|N|76|52|11|E|display=it}}
| broke_ground =
| opened =
| renovated =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Government of Haryana]]
| operator =
| surface = [[Grass]]
| construction_cost =
| architect =
| former_names =
| tenants = [[RoundGlass Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]], [[RoundGlass Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|youth]] [[Haryana Steelers]] [[Minerva Academy FC]] (sometimes)
| capacity = 12,000
| scoreboard = Yes
}}

'''Tau Devi Lal Stadium''' is a [[multi-purpose stadium]] located in Sector 3, [[Panchkula]], a [[satellite town]] in the outskirts of [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/pnchkula-gets-norths-first-multi-purpose-sports-complex/articleshow/63075761.cms|title=Pnchkula gets North’s first multi-purpose sports complex - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-02}}</ref>

It is the home ground of the [[Indian Super League]] side [[RoundGlass Punjab FC]], together with [[Guru Nanak Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/i-league-minerva-punjab-to-play-home-matches-in-panchkula-5027741/lite/ |title=I-League: Minerva Punjab to play home matches in Panchkula |work=indianexpress.com |accessdate=1 December 2018 |date=17 January 2018 |archive-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202024702/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/i-league-minerva-punjab-to-play-home-matches-in-panchkula-5027741/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://minervapunjabfc.com/venue/tau-devi-lal-stadium-panchkula/ |title=Minerva Punjab—venue|work=minervapunjab.com |access-date=1 December 2018}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Champions RoundGlass Punjab end season in style, hit half-century of points |url=https://i-league.org/champions-roundglass-punjab-end-season-in-style-hit-half-century-of-points/ |website=i-league.org |first=AIFF |last=Media Team |location=Panchkula |access-date=12 March 2023 |date=12 March 2023 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312185210/https://i-league.org/champions-roundglass-punjab-end-season-in-style-hit-half-century-of-points/ }}</ref> It was also used as home ground by ''AIFF XI'' in the [[I-League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=AIFF XI open account in I-League|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-08/top-stories/28261194_1_desmond-bulpin-aiff-xi-ongc|date=8 December 2010|location=Gurgaon|agency=PTI|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103080322/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-08/top-stories/28261194_1_desmond-bulpin-aiff-xi-ongc|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 August 2012}}</ref>

The ground is situated next to the [[Tau Devi Lal Cricket Stadium]] and consists of a synthetic [[running track]] and a [[association football|football]] pitch at the center.

==See also==
* [[History_of_Haryana#Sports|Dominence of Haryana in sports]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Football venues in Haryana]]
[[Category:Multi-purpose stadiums in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Haryana]]
[[Category:Sport in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2007]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}

St. Joseph's Convent Higher Secondary School, Sambalpur

2026-03-24T17:15:27Z

Svetlanabpd: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Sambalpur#Education]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Sargun Kaur Luthra

2026-03-20T02:06:30Z

Svetlanabpd: Made Info

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sargun Kaur Luthra
| image =
| caption = Luthra in 2021
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2017–present
| notable_works = ''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''
| spouse =
}}
'''Sargun Kaur Luthra''' is an Indian television and film actress.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ye Hai Chahatein's Sargun Kaur Luthra calls herself an accidental actor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ye-hai-chahateins-sargun-kaur-luthra-calls-herself-an-accidental-actor/articleshow/81481578.cms|website=The Times of India|date=13 March 2021 |access-date=15 March 2021|archive-date=13 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313083229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ye-hai-chahateins-sargun-kaur-luthra-calls-herself-an-accidental-actor/articleshow/81481578.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> She is known for portraying Niyati Khanna in ''[[Tantra (TV series)|Tantra]]'', and the dual portrayal of Dr. Preesha Khurana and Dr. Nayantara Iyer in ''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=People trolled me badly for Divyanka Tripathi initially when Ye Hai Chahatein just began: Sargun Kaur Luthra|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/people-trolled-me-badly-for-divyanka-tripathi-initially-when-ye-hai-chahatein-just-began-sargun-kaur-luthra/articleshow/81352193.cms|website=The Times of India|date=5 March 2021 |access-date=15 March 2021|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306150713/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/people-trolled-me-badly-for-divyanka-tripathi-initially-when-ye-hai-chahatein-just-began-sargun-kaur-luthra/articleshow/81352193.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Luthra was born in New Delhi, India. She did her schooling at Guru Harkrishan Public School, New Delhi. She took up psychology in college but decided to pursue acting instead, choosing to drop out in the first year. She has a twin brother, named Harman Luthra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/a-day-out-with-yeh-hai-chahatein-s-sargun-kaur-luthra-aka-preesha-1638848-2020-01-21|title=A day out with Yeh Hai Chahatein's Sargun Kaur Luthra aka Preesha|last=|first=|date=21 January 2020|website=India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206140105/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/a-day-out-with-yeh-hai-chahatein-s-sargun-kaur-luthra-aka-preesha-1638848-2020-01-21|archive-date=6 February 2020|access-date=|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
After quitting her studies for acting, she made her television debut in 2017 with [[Star Bharat]]'s thriller ''[[Kaal Bhairav Rahasya]]'' as Gauri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/quit-psychology-to-pursue-acting-career-sargun-kaur/articleshow/61366276.cms|title=Quit psychology to pursue acting career: Sargun Kaur|last=|first=|date=31 October 2017|website=The Times Of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722065143/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/quit-psychology-to-pursue-acting-career-sargun-kaur/articleshow/61366276.cms|archive-date=22 July 2021|access-date=|url-status=live}}</ref> Luthra also featured in TV commercials, modeling assignments, photoshoots and advertisements.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

In 2018, she was seen in a cameo in [[Star Bharat]]'s fantasy drama ''[[Mayavi Maling]]''. Later from 2018 to 2019, she played Niyati Khanna in [[Colors TV]]'s horror drama series, ''[[Tantra (TV series)|Tantra]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/photo/juhi-parmar-to-sargun-kaur-meet-the-star-cast-of-supernatural-drama-tantra-1397870-2018-11-28|title=Juhi Parmar, Sargun Kaur Luthra roped in for Swastika Productions next on Colors, titled 'Tantra'|last=|first=|date=28 November 2018|website=India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718142253/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/photo/juhi-parmar-to-sargun-kaur-meet-the-star-cast-of-supernatural-drama-tantra-1397870-2018-11-28|archive-date=18 July 2023|access-date=|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, she got the role of Aayat Ganai in the drama Kasganj and since December 2019, Luthra has been portraying Dr Preesha Srinivasan Khurana in [[Star Plus]]'s ''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]'' opposite [[Abrar Qazi]] She quit the series after a period of 4 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sargun-kaur-takes-inspiration-from-neena-gupta-for-yeh-hai-chahatein/articleshow/72614816.cms|title=Sargun Kaur takes inspiration from Neena Gupta for 'Yeh Hai Chahatein'|last=|first=|date=|website=Times Of India|access-date=}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In 2020, she played Priya, [[Naga Shaurya]]'s character's sister, in ''[[Aswathama (film)|Aswathama]]'', thus making her film debut.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2017–2018
|''[[Kaal Bhairav Rahasya]]''
| Gauri
| Lead Role
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Quit psychology to pursue acting career: Sargun Kaur|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/quit-psychology-to-pursue-acting-career-sargun-kaur/articleshow/61366276.cms|access-date=6 August 2022|work=The Times of India|date=31 October 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806062708/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/quit-psychology-to-pursue-acting-career-sargun-kaur/articleshow/61366276.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
|''[[Mayavi Maling]]''
| Fake Maharani Pranali
| Negative Role
|
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 12)|Bigg Boss 12]]''
| Niyati Khanna
| Guest Appearance
|
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Tantra (TV series)|Tantra]]''
| Niyati Aneja (née Khanna)
| Lead Role
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/sargun-kaur-luthra-bags-a-colors-show/|title=Sargun Kaur Luthra to play lead in Colors next|last=|first=|date=3 June 2019|newspaper=Easterneye|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718142338/https://www.easterneye.biz/sargun-kaur-luthra-bags-a-colors-show/|archive-date=18 July 2023|access-date=|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|Dar Ki Dastak
|Nisha
|Episode 6
|
|-
| 2019–2022
| rowspan = "2" | ''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''
| Dr. Preesha Khurana (née Srinivasan)
| rowspan = "2" | Lead Role
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/not-karan-wahi-but-abrar-qazi-to-play-the-hero-in-yeh-hai-chahatein/articleshow/71692782.cms|title=Abrar Qazi and Sargun Kaur Luthra to play leads in Ekta Kapoor's next on Star Plus|last=|first=|date=21 October 2019|website=The Times Of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023005234/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/not-karan-wahi-but-abrar-qazi-to-play-the-hero-in-yeh-hai-chahatein/articleshow/71692782.cms|archive-date=23 October 2019|access-date=|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2022–2023
| Dr. Nayantara Iyer Khurana
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Ravivaar With Star Parivaar]]''
| Dr. Preesha Khurana
| Episode 1,4,7,16
|
|-
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Ref.
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Aswathama (film)|Aswathama]]''
| Priya
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/aswathama/movie-review/73799429.cms|title=Aswathama Movie Review : An ambitious tale pulled off well for the most part!|last=|first=|date=|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131213059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/aswathama/movie-review/73799429.cms|archive-date=31 January 2020|access-date=|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Singer(s)
|-
|2017
|''Achhi Lagti Ho''
|Vijay Jammers, Addy Nagar
|-
|2018
|''Kalesh''
|[[Mika Singh]], [[Millind Gaba]]
|-
|2024
|Chahun
|Stebin Ben, Neeti Mohan
|-
|2024
|Teri Akhiyaan
|Danny
|-
|2025
|Jeene Do
|Gajendra Verma
|-
|2025
|Ni Billo
|Semwal
|}

===Streaming===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Platform
!Notes
|-
|2019
|''Kasganj''
|Aayat
| ''Zee5''
|Play
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm10433305}}
*{{Instagram|sargun_kaur.luthra}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Luthra, Sargun Kaur}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Female models from Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Indian Imperial Association

2026-03-19T10:14:50Z

Svetlanabpd: cleaned up citations further and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|Organisation for Fijian Indian interests founded in 1911}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
The '''Indian Imperial Association of Fiji''' (I.I.A.) was active in [[Fiji]] during the last years of the indenture system, safeguarding the interests of and assisting in the improvement of the [[Indians in Fiji|Indian]] community.

== Established as British Indian Association of Fiji ==
The original Association was established in 1911, following a severe hurricane that had brought much hardship to the Indians in the Central division, with the name '''British Indian Association of Fiji'''. It was formed by a group that included [[J.P. Maharaj]] (a [[Suva]] Storekeeper), [[Totaram Sanadhya]] (a [[pandit|pundit]] and social worker from [[Rewa Province|Rewa]]), [[Ram Singh (Fiji)|Ram Singh]] (a Suva printer) and [[Ram Rup]]. The meeting was chaired by [[Shriyut Rupram]] and discussed grievances such as the lack of educated leadership amongst the Indians and the dependence on European lawyers. Totaram Sanadhya was responsible for its [[Hindi]] language correspondence.

== Under the Leadership of Manilal Doctor ==
The '''Indian Imperial Association of Fiji''' (I.I.A.) came into existence in Fiji on 2 June 1918 after the arrival of Manilal Doctor, who asked for the original name of the association (British Indian Association of Fiji) to be changed because the name had the word "British" in it and Manilal, being a citizen of [[Baroda]] State, was not a [[British Empire|British]] subject. Manilal became the President of the Indian Imperial Association of Fiji and Ram Singh its Secretary. The association contained mainly educated Fiji Indians. It sent petitions to the Government seeking review of [[marriage law]], an end to the death penalty and representation into the [[Legislative Council of Fiji|Legislative Council]]. The aim of the association was to 'watch the interests of and to assist in the general improvement of the Indian community in Fiji'. As president of the I.I.A., Manilal Doctor wrote to [[Gandhi]], other Indian leaders and the [[British Labour Party]] on the sad plight of Indian indentured labourers in Fiji. C.F. Andrews and W.W. Pearson were dispatched to Fiji to enquire into the complaints. Manilal Doctor made submissions for their report, published on 29 February 1916, which reported on the deplorable living conditions of the indentured labourers and their lack of access to education and medical facilities.

== Accomplishments ==
The case of Viraswamy is an example of the success of I.I.A. Viraswamy was an educated young man, who had been recruited in [[Madras]] on the understanding that he would be working on a post officer in the government office. When he arrived in Fiji in October 1911, he was sent to work with the [[Colonial Sugar Refining Company (Fiji)|Colonial Sugar Refining Company]]. He was initially employed as a telephone operator, but when he complained that he was not being given the promised job, he was sent to work in a cane field. He wrote to the I.I.A. and Manilal Doctor forwarded his case to the [[Anti-Slavery International|Anti-Slavery Society]] of London. The Society approached the Colonial Office and Veeraswamy was able to buy his freedom and get employment outside the indenture system.

After the appointment of [[Badri Maharaj]] as the nominated member representing Indians in the [[Legislative Council of Fiji|Legislative Council (Fiji)]], the I.I.A. took on the role of an opposition party because Badri Maharaj had little support amongst the Fiji Indians. The I.I.A. was allowed to present an address of welcome to [[John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe|Admiral Lord Jellicoe]], on behalf of the Indian community, during his visit to Fiji in 1919.

On 26 December 1919, the Association organised a conference in the Suva Town Hall, which Manilal chaired and which passed a number of resolutions, including a call for independence for India, sympathy for the victims of the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] and other resolutions relating to Fiji Indians. On 29 December 1919 the Association sent a list of request to the government which included the following:
# Immediate cancellation of all remaining indenture agreements
# Repeal of the Masters and servants ordinance
# Improved educational facilities
# Training of Indian medical officers like the [[Fijians]]
# Permission to repatriate gold sovereigns
# Establishment of sugar-cane board
# Abolition of hut tax and hawkers licences
# Agricultural training and financial help for Co-operative credit societies or agricultural banks
# Better pay for skilled Indian workers such as locomotive drivers and those handling dangerous machinery
# Worker's compensation
# Better roads to Indian settlements
# Easier acquisition of land without distinction of race
# Better railway and steamship facilities
# Amendment to municipal ordinances to enable most Indian ratepayers to vote
# Amendment to all Fiji's ordinances to enable Indians to do most of the things permitted to Europeans only.

The Colonial Secretary, ignored the requests.

== The Demise of I.I.A. ==
Following, the strike of 1920, and after the Government decided to deport Manilal, the I.I.A. organised petitions in different languages, asking for him to be allowed to stay in Fiji. After Manilal was deported from Fiji in 1920, the I.I.A. collapsed. In the 1920s attempts were made to revive the I.I.A., having representatives from all sections of the Indian community, with [[Ilahi Ramjan]] as President, Ram Singh as Secretary and [[Shiu Narayan Deoki|Deoki]] and [[Ram Samujh]] as vice-presidents. It made representations to the Secretary of State for the Colonies about residential tax and other issues, but the Government regarded it as representing only the urban educated Indians and refused to recognise it. It thus died a natural death, although attempts were made in later years to establish a similar association.

== See also ==
* [[Manilal Doctor]]

==References==
*{{cite book
| last = Gillion
| first = K. L.
| title = The Fiji Indians: Challenge to European Dominance 1920–1946
| publisher =Australian National University Press, Canberra
| year = 1977
| isbn = 0-7081-1291-9
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Social history of Fiji]]
[[Category:Fiji Indian organisations]]
[[Category:Colony of Fiji]]
[[Category:1911 establishments in Oceania]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1911]]

Nandini Ramani

2026-03-15T02:44:37Z

Svetlanabpd: stub...

{{Short description|Indian Bharatanatyam exponent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nandini Ramani
| birth_name =
| alias =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1950|11|18}}
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| parents = [[V. Raghavan]]
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer
| known for =
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
}}
'''Nandini Ramani''' is a [[Bharatanatyam]] exponent, dance critic, Sanskrit drama actress cum director and academician from Chennai, India. She is the daughter of [[V. Raghavan]], a Sanskrit scholar and musicologist. She received several awards, including the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for overall contribution. She held several positions including the executive board member of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], member of the general council of the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]], and the secretary of the [[Madras Music Academy]].

==Biography==
Ramani was born on 18 November 1950.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Nandini Ramani Inheritor Of A Rare Legacy - Read this story on Magzter.com |url=https://www.magzter.com/stories/6187/254961/5a25584558e51 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=www.magzter.com |language=en}}</ref> Her Father [[V. Raghavan]] was a Sanskrit scholar and musicologist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sampath |first=Janani |date=2015-05-27 |title=For the Love of the Language of Sanskrit |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/May/27/for-the-love-of-the-language-of-sanskrit-766120.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=VELLAT |first=ANURADHA |date=2019-05-16 |title=Balamma never used to compliment: Nandini Ramani |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/balamma-never-used-to-compliment-nandini-ramani/article27147873.ece |access-date=2025-01-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203231627/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/balamma-never-used-to-compliment-nandini-ramani/article27147873.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She started learning [[Bharatanatyam]] at the age of five.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2019-12-22 |title=Reflection of Nandini Ramani: The second edition of Antharangam |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/sunday-hans/reflection-of-nandini-ramani-the-second-edition-of-antharangam-591695 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> She started acting in her father's Sanskrit plays when she was only nine.<ref name=":1"/>

Her guru in language and writing was her father Raghavan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Ramani |first=V. V. |date=2018-02-08 |title=Nandini Ramani as the torchbearer of Bala bani |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/nandini-ramani-as-the-torchbearer-of-bala-bani/article22691910.ece |access-date=2025-01-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2020-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220121320/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/the-hindu-friday-review/article30413290.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Dancer [[Balasaraswati|Thanjavur Balasaraswathi]] and Nattuvanar K. Ganesan were her dance gurus, while B. Krishnamurthy and [[T. Muktha]] were her music gurus.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2019-12-27 |title=Nandini Ramani: Tradition and talent in balance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/the-hindu-friday-review/article30413290.ece |access-date=2025-01-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2020-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220121320/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/the-hindu-friday-review/article30413290.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Ramani is a person who has contributed in various fields, including Bharatanatyam dancer, [[Sanskrit drama]] actress cum director, [[art critic]], writer, publisher, columnist, and TV presenter.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Carrying a legacy |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/carrying-legacy-2077365 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-22 |title=On natural allies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/on-natural-allies/article4834188.ece |access-date=2025-01-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In [[Bharatanatyam]], Nandini is a follower of Bala tradition, known by her guru [[Balasaraswati]].<ref name=":1" /> Her arangetram (first stage performance) was in 1970.<ref name=":2" /> During 1973-78 period, she taught Bharatanatyam at the Bala Saraswati School of Bharatanatyam under [[Madras Music Academy]].<ref name=":2" /> She is also a [[Carnatic music]] singer and is one of the few dancers who can sing while dancing.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Sampath |first=Janani |date=2014-04-03 |title='Art is a Continuous Journey, It Sails With You' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/Apr/03/art-is-a-continuous-journey-it-sails-with-you-593812.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Ramani has performed at many venues in and outside India and has toured the Netherlands regularly.<ref name=":4" /> She has performed at venues such as The Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, and the Music Center, Utrecht.<ref name=":4" />

Ramani, who taught many people through her own dance school established in the 1970s, has students even outside India, especially from the US, Canada, and the Netherlands.<ref name=":4" />

Having learnt [[Sanskrit]] from her father, she produces and directs Sanskrit plays under the banner of 'Sanskrit Ranga' founded by her father.<ref name=":0" /> Nandini scripted and directed an episode of the 13-part series 'Kalathai Ventavar', which was aired on [[Doordarshan]].<ref name=":0" />

Ramani was a member of the Executive Board of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] and is currently a member of the General Council of the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref name=":0" /> She also served as the secretary of the [[Madras Music Academy]].<ref name=":3" />

== Awards and honors==
Nandini has received several awards, including the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for her overall contribution to the performing arts and the 'Natya Padma' award from the Brahma Gana Sabha.<ref name=":0" /> In 2023 July, she received the Kartik Rajagopal Memorial Award.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MyTimes |first=Team |date=2023-07-04 |title=MYLAPORE TIMES - Scholar Nandini Ramani presented Kartik Rajagopal Memorial Award |url=https://www.mylaporetimes.com/2023/07/scholar-nandini-ramani-presented-kartik-rajagopal-memorial-award/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=MYLAPORE TIMES |language=en-US}}</ref>

Nandini has also been honoured by giving titles like ''Natya Kala Sikhamani''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-24 |title=Truly classical |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/truly-classical/article4329014.ece |access-date=2025-01-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrvw8.html Interview with Nandini Ramani]

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nandini, Ramani}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]

Raja Manthiri

2026-03-14T07:37:18Z

Svetlanabpd: new some details w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Usha Krishnan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raja Manthiri
| image = Raja Manthiri.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster
| director = Usha Krishnan
| producer = [[Etcetera Entertainment|V. Mathiyalagan]], [[P. G. Muthiah]]
| writer =
| story =
| starring = [[Kalaiyarasan]] [[Kaali Venkat]] [[Shaalin Zoya]] Vaishali [[Bala Saravanan]]
| music = [[Justin Prabhakaran]]
| cinematography = [[P. G. Muthiah]]
| editing = Selva R. K.
| studio = [[Etcetera Entertainment]] [[P. G. Muthiah|P. G. Muthiah Productions]]
| distributor = Auraa Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|2016|06|24|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
}}

'''''Raja Manthiri''''' ({{translation|King, Minister}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by Usha Krishnan and produced by V.Mathiyalagan and P. G. Muthiah Productions. The film stars [[Kalaiyarasan]], [[Kaali Venkat]], [[Shaalin Zoya]] and Vaishali. Featuring music composed by [[Justin Prabhakaran]], the film was released on 24 June 2016.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Kalaiyarasan]] as Karthik
*[[Kaali Venkat]] as Suriya
*[[Shaalin Zoya]] as Subha
*Vaishali Radhakrishan as Maha
*[[Bala Saravanan]] as Satish
*[[Naadodigal Gopal]] as Sivakumar. Karthik and Suriya's father
*[[Florent Pereira]] as Subha's father
*[[Saravana Sakthi]] as Chithappu
*Meenakshi as Karthi and Surya's mother
*Rajapandi as Muneesh, Subha's brother
*Gajaraj as Maha's father and drunk astrologer
*[[Supergood Subramani]] as the alliance broker
*Rindhu Ravi
*Anandhi
*Gunalan
{{colend}}

==Production==
Usha Krishnan, an assistant of [[Suseenthiran]], worked on the film's script in 2013 and selected [[Kalaiyarasan]] to play a leading role before he had signed on to star in his breakthrough role in ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S. |date=26 March 2016 |title=There's a market for realistic films: Usha Krishnan |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/260316/there-s-a-market-for-realistic-films-usha-krishnan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424034448/http://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/260316/there-s-a-market-for-realistic-films-usha-krishnan.html |archive-date=24 April 2016 |access-date=25 June 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> After being impressed by Usha's commitment as an assistant director, cinematographer Muthiah chose to make ''Raja Manthiri'' as his first production.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the Woman who didn't Allow Fate to Call the Shots |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/mar/30/meet-the-woman-who-didnt-allow-fate-to-call-the-shots-917752.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014151818/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/mar/30/Meet-the-Woman-who-didnt-Allow-Fate-to-Call-the-Shots-917752.html |archive-date=14 October 2020 |access-date=8 October 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film was shot throughout the middle of 2015 and had entered post-production by September 2015. The film's release was put on hold for several months until the team could find an apt release date.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2015 |title=Kalaiyarasan's Raja Manthiri completes its post production work. |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/kalaiyarasans-raja-manthiri-completes-its-post-production-work.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612071947/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/kalaiyarasans-raja-manthiri-completes-its-post-production-work.html |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=25 June 2016 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack of the movie was composed by [[Justin Prabhakaran]].
{{Infobox album
| name = Raja Manthiri
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype =
| artist = [[Justin Prabhakaran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2016
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Tamil]]
| producer = Justin Prabhakaran
| prev_title = [[Oru Naal Koothu]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Ulkuthu]]
| next_year = 2016
}}
*"Kootatha Kootti" — Gnana Anthony Daasan, Reetha Anthony Daasan
*"Leguva" — V. V. Prasanna, [[Sharanya Srinivas]]
*"Snegithiye" — [[Naresh Iyer]]
*"Ethutha Veetu" — ACS Ravichandran
*"Bam Bam" — [[Chinnaponnu]]

==Release==
The film released in June 2016 to mixed reviews from critics. [[Sify]] noted the film "is an average entertainer and people, who watch village comedies, might find this as a decent watch",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Manthiri review:Average |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/raja-manthiri-reviewaverage-review-tamil-qgyodHeaejjbj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627084134/http://www.sify.com/movies/raja-manthiri-reviewaverage-review-tamil-qgyodHeaejjbj.html |archive-date=27 June 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> while Behindwood.com added it "entertains with its comical script and endearing performances by the cast".<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2016 |title=Raja Mandhiri (aka) Raja Manthiri review |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/raja-mandhiri/raja-mandhiri-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709014036/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/raja-mandhiri/raja-mandhiri-review.html |archive-date=9 July 2020 |access-date=8 October 2020 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Baradwaj Rangan of the Hindu wrote "Raja Mandhiri follows the formula where practically nothing happens in the first half, and the big blow-up at interval point is where the story really gets going. But some bits work."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=24 June 2016 |title=Raja Mandhiri review: Sibling revelry |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Raja-Mandhiri-review-Sibling-revelry/article14399243.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207223532/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Raja-Mandhiri-review-Sibling-revelry/article14399243.ece |archive-date=7 December 2021 |access-date=3 August 2019 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5849126}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Justin Prabhakaran]]
[[Category:2016 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Communication

2026-02-13T21:54:27Z

Svetlanabpd: brief cleanup layout and improved wording

{{Short description|Transmission of information}}
{{hatnote group|
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Communicate}}
}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{multiple image
|perrow = 2 / 2 / 2
|total_width = 350
|image1 = Stephen_Avenue_3.jpg
|alt1 = Statue of two businessmen talking
|link1 = Spoken language
|image2 = Sign_language,_2014_(01).jpg
|alt2 = Photo of two women using sign language
|link2 = Sign language
|image3 = Athanasios Rousopoulos to Ioannis Koletis 1845.jpg
|alt3 = Photo of a letter
|link3 = Writing
|image4 = Little_bird_singing.jpg
|alt4 = Photo of a singing bird
|link4 = Animal communication
|image5 = Sharing_Information.jpg
|alt5 = Photo of two bees interacting with each other
|link5 = Bee learning and communication#Dance communication
|image6 = Pioneer_plaque.svg
|alt6 = Illustration of the Pioneer plaque
|link6 = Pioneer plaque
|footer = There are many forms of communication, including [[Human communication|human linguistic communication]] using sounds, sign language, and writing as well as [[Animal communication|animals exchanging information]] and attempts to communicate with [[intelligent extraterrestrial life]].
}}

'''Communication''' is commonly defined as the transmission of [[information]]. Its precise definition is disputed and there are disagreements about whether [[Intention|unintentional]] or failed transmissions are included and whether communication not only transmits [[semantics|meaning]] but also creates it. [[Models of communication]] are simplified overviews of its main components and their interactions. Many models include the idea that a source uses a [[code|coding]] system to express information in the form of a message. The message is sent through a [[Communication channel|channel]] to a receiver who has to decode it to understand it. The main field of inquiry investigating communication is called [[communication studies]].

A common way to classify communication is by whether information is exchanged between humans, members of other species, or non-living entities such as computers. For human communication, a central contrast is between [[Verbal communication|verbal]] and [[non-verbal communication]]. Verbal communication involves the exchange of messages in [[Language|linguistic]] form, including spoken and written messages as well as [[sign language]]. Non-verbal communication happens without the use of a [[linguistic system]], for example, using [[body language]], [[Sense of touch|touch]], and facial expressions. Another distinction is between [[interpersonal communication]], which happens between distinct persons, and [[intrapersonal communication]], which is communication with oneself. [[Communicative competence]] is the ability to communicate well and applies to the skills of formulating messages and understanding them.

Non-human forms of communication include [[Animal communication|animal]] and [[plant communication]]. Researchers in this field often refine their definition of communicative behavior by including the criteria that observable responses are present and that the participants benefit from the exchange. Animal communication is used in areas like [[Courtship display|courtship]] and mating, parent–offspring relations, navigation, and self-defense. Communication through chemicals is particularly important for the relatively immobile plants. For example, [[maple]] trees release so-called [[volatile organic compound]]s into the air to warn other plants of a [[herbivore]] attack. Most communication takes place between members of the same species. The reason is that its purpose is usually some form of cooperation, which is not as common between different species. [[Interspecies communication]] happens mainly in cases of [[Symbiosis|symbiotic]] relationships. For instance, many flowers use symmetrical shapes and distinctive colors to signal to insects where [[nectar]] is located. Humans engage in interspecies communication when interacting with [[pet]]s and [[Working animal|working animals]].

Human communication has a long [[History of communication|history]] and how people exchange information has evolved over time. These changes were usually triggered by the development of new [[communication technology|communication technologies]]. Examples are the invention of [[Writing system|writing systems]], the development of mass printing, the use of radio and television, and the invention of the internet. The technological advances also led to new forms of communication, such as the [[Computer network|exchange of data between computers]].

== Definitions ==
The word ''{{linktext|communication}}'' has its root in the [[Latin]] verb {{lang|La|{{linktext|communicare}}}}, which means {{gloss|to share}} or {{gloss|to make common}}.<ref>{{multiref |1={{harvnb|Rosengren|2000|pp=1–2|loc=1.1 On communication}} |2={{harvnb|Cobley|2008|pp=[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecc071 660–666]}} |3={{harvnb|Meinel|Sack|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5O25BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 89]}} }}</ref> Communication is usually understood as the transmission of information:<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|HarperCollins staff|2022}} | {{harvnb|Merriam-Webster staff|2022}} | {{harvnb|Cambridge Dictionary staff|2022}} }}</ref> a [[message]] is conveyed from a sender to a receiver using some medium, such as sound, written signs, bodily movements, or electricity.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Rosengren|2000|pp=1–2|loc=1.1 On communication}} | {{harvnb|Munodawafa|2008|pp=369–370}} | {{harvnb|Blackburn|1996a|loc=[https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/meaning-and-communication/v-1 Meaning and communication]}} }}</ref> Sender and receiver are often distinct individuals but it is also possible for an individual to communicate with themselves. In some cases, sender and receiver are not individuals but groups like organizations, social classes, or nations.<ref>{{harvnb|Rosengren|2000|pp=1–2|loc=1.1 On communication}}</ref> In a different sense, the term ''communication'' refers to the message that is being communicated or to the [[Communication studies|field of inquiry studying communicational phenomena]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|HarperCollins staff|2022}} | {{harvnb|Cambridge Dictionary staff|2022}} }}</ref>

The precise characterization of communication is disputed. Many scholars have raised doubts that any single definition can capture the term accurately. These difficulties come from the fact that the term is applied to diverse phenomena in different contexts, often with slightly different meanings.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Dance|1970|pp=201–202}} | {{harvnb|Craig|1999|pp=[https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/9/2/119-161/4201776 119, 121–122, 133–134]}} }}</ref> The issue of the right definition affects the research process on many levels. This includes issues like which [[Empirical evidence|empirical phenomena]] are observed, how they are categorized, which [[hypotheses]] and laws are formulated as well as how systematic theories based on these steps are articulated.<ref>{{harvnb|Dance|1970|pp=201–203}}</ref>

Some definitions are broad and encompass unconscious and non-human [[behavior]].<ref>{{harvnb|Dance|1970|pp=207–210}}</ref> Under a broad definition, many animals communicate within their own species and flowers communicate by signaling the location of nectar to bees through their colors and shapes.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Rosengren|2000|pp=1–2|loc=1.1 On communication}} | {{harvnb|Ketcham|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IXznDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 100]}} }}</ref> Other definitions restrict communication to [[conscious]] interactions among human beings.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Dance|1970|pp=207–209}} | {{harvnb|Rosengren|2000|pp=1–2|loc=1.1 On communication}} }}</ref> Some approaches focus on the use of symbols and signs while others stress the role of understanding, interaction, power, or transmission of ideas. Various characterizations see the communicator's [[Intention|intent]] to send a message as a central component. In this view, the transmission of information is not sufficient for communication if it happens unintentionally.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Dance|1970|pp=207–209}} | {{harvnb|Miller|1966|pp=[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1966.tb00020.x 92–93]}} }}</ref> A version of this view is given by philosopher [[Paul Grice]], who identifies communication with [[Action (philosophy)|actions]] that aim to make the recipient aware of the communicator's intention.<ref>{{harvnb|Blackburn|1996|loc=[https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/communication-and-intention/v-1 Intention and communication]}}</ref> One question in this regard is whether only successful transmissions of information should be regarded as communication.<ref>{{harvnb|Dance|1970|pp=208–209}}</ref> For example, distortion may interfere with and change the actual message from what was originally intended.<ref>{{harvnb|Munodawafa|2008|pp=369–370}}</ref> A closely related problem is whether acts of deliberate [[deception]] constitute communication.<ref>{{harvnb|Dance|1970|p=209}}</ref>

According to a broad definition by literary critic [[I. A. Richards]], communication happens when one [[mind]] acts upon its environment to transmit its own [[experience]] to another mind.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Nöth|2013|p=101}} | {{harvnb|Lyon|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fWPiCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 31]}} | {{harvnb|Nöth|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rHA4KQcPeNgC&pg=PA172 172]}} }}</ref> Another interpretation is given by communication theorists [[Claude Shannon]] and [[Warren Weaver]], who characterize communication as a transmission of information brought about by the interaction of several components, such as a source, a message, an encoder, a channel, a decoder, and a receiver.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|US congress, Office of Technology Assessment|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BVVdQdURPXsC&pg=PA31 31]}} | {{harvnb|Skyttner|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7tvICgAAQBAJ&pg=PA207 207]}} }}</ref> The transmission view is rejected by transactional and constitutive views, which hold that communication is not just about the transmission of information but also about the creation of meaning. Transactional and constitutive perspectives hold that communication shapes the participant's experience by conceptualizing the world and making sense of their environment and themselves.<ref>{{multiref |1={{harvnb|Barnlund|2013|p=48}} |2={{harvnb|Nicotera|2009|pp=176, 179}} |3={{harvnb|ISU staff|2016|loc=[http://kell.indstate.edu/public-comm-intro/chapter/3-4-functions-of-verbal-communication/ 3.4: Functions of Verbal Communication]}} |4={{harvnb|Reisinger|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pfQifDukxegC&pg=PA166 166–167]}} |5={{harvnb|National Communication Association|2016}} |6={{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C 438]|loc=transmission models}} }}</ref> Researchers studying animal and plant communication focus less on meaning-making. Instead, they often define communicative behavior as having other features, such as playing a beneficial role in survival and reproduction, or having an observable response.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Schenk|Seabloom|2010|pp=1, 3}} | {{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=7}} | {{harvnb|Karban|2015|p=5}} }}</ref>

==Models of communication==
{{main|Models of communication}}
Models of communication are [[concept]]ual representations of the process of communication.<ref>{{harvnb|Ruben|2001|pp=[https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/models-communication 607–608]|loc=Models Of Communication}}</ref> Their goal is to provide a simplified overview of its main components. This makes it easier for researchers to formulate hypotheses, apply communication-related concepts to real-world cases, and test [[prediction]]s.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|McQuail|2008|pp=[https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995 3143–3149]|loc=Models of communication}} | {{harvnb|Narula|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C 23]|loc=1. Basic Communication Models}} }}</ref> Due to their simplified presentation, they may lack the conceptual complexity needed for a comprehensive understanding of all the essential aspects of communication. They are usually presented visually in the form of [[diagram]]s showing the basic components and their interaction.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|McQuail|2008|pp=[https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995 3143–3149]|loc=Models of communication}} | {{harvnb|UMN staff|2016a|loc=[https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/1-2-the-communication-process/ 1.2 The Communication Process]}} | {{harvnb|Cobley|Schulz|2013|pp=[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110240450/html 7–8]|loc=Introduction}} }}</ref>

Models of communication are often categorized based on their intended applications and how they conceptualize communication. Some models are general in the sense that they are intended for all forms of communication. Specialized models aim to describe specific forms, such as models of [[mass communication]].<ref>{{harvnb|Fiske|2011a|pp=[https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497 24, 30]|loc=2. Other models}}</ref>

One influential way to classify communication is to distinguish between linear transmission, interaction, and transaction models.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|McQuail|2008|pp=[https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995 3143–3149]|loc=Models of communication}} | {{harvnb|Narula|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AuRyXwyAJ78C 15]|loc=1. Basic Communication Models}} | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C 438]|loc=transmission models}} }}</ref> Linear transmission models focus on how a sender transmits [[information]] to a receiver. They are ''linear'' because this flow of information only goes in a single direction.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|UMN staff|2016a|loc=[https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/1-2-the-communication-process/ 1.2 The Communication Process]}} | {{harvnb|Kastberg|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=esLDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 56]}} | {{harvnb|Fielding|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z_vIcp9gaEC&pg=PA24 24]}} }}</ref> This view is rejected by interaction models, which include a [[feedback]] loop. Feedback is needed to describe many forms of communication, such as a conversation, where the listener may respond to a speaker by expressing their opinion or by asking for clarification. Interaction models represent the process as a form of [[two-way communication]] in which the communicators take turns sending and receiving messages.<ref>{{multiref |1={{harvnb|UMN staff|2016a|loc=[https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/1-2-the-communication-process/ 1.2 The Communication Process]}} |2={{harvnb|Kastberg|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=esLDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 56]}} |3={{harvnb|Nicotera|2009|p=176}} |4={{harvnb|Fielding|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z_vIcp9gaEC&pg=PA24 24]}} }}</ref> Transaction models further refine this picture by allowing representations of sending and responding at the same time. This modification is needed to describe how the listener can give feedback in a face-to-face conversation while the other person is talking. Examples are [[Non-verbal communication|non-verbal feedback]] through [[body posture]] and [[facial expression]]. Transaction models also hold that meaning is produced during communication and does not exist independently of it.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|UMN staff|2016a|loc=[https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/1-2-the-communication-process/ 1.2 The Communication Process]}} | {{harvnb|Nicotera|2009|p=176}} | {{harvnb|Barnlund|2013|p=48}} }}</ref>

[[File:Lasswell's model of communication.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=Diagram showing the five components of Lasswell's model: communicator, message, medium, recipient, and effect|Lasswell's model of communication, which is based on five questions corresponding to five basic components]]
All the early models, developed in the middle of the 20th century, are linear transmission models. [[Lasswell's model]], for example, is based on five fundamental questions: "Who?", "Says what?", "In which channel?", "To whom?", and "With what effect?".<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Fiske|2011a|pp=[https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497 30–31]|loc=2. Other models}} | {{harvnb|Watson|Hill|2012|p=154|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC&pg=PA154 Lasswell's model of communication]}} | {{harvnb|Wenxiu|2015|pp=245–249}} }}</ref> The goal of these questions is to identify the basic components involved in the communicative process: the sender, the message, the [[Communication channel|channel]], the [[Receiver (information theory)|receiver]], and the effect.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Steinberg|2007|pp=52–53}} | {{harvnb|Tengan|Aigbavboa|Thwala|2021|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8nQhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT110 110]}} | {{harvnb|Berger|1995|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AfTl2r4K_wUC&pg=PA12 12–13]}} }}</ref> Lasswell's model was initially only conceived as a model of mass communication, but it has been applied to other fields as well. Some communication theorists, like Richard Braddock, have expanded it by including additional questions, like "Under what circumstances?" and "For what purpose?".<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Sapienza|Iyer|Veenstra|2015|loc=§Misconception 1: it's a static model with fixed categories}} | {{harvnb|Feicheng|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=E4pyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 24]}} | {{harvnb|Braddock|1958|pp=88–93}} }}</ref>

[[File:Shannon-Weaver model of communication.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=Diagram of the Shannon–Weaver model showing the different steps of a message on its way to the destination|Shannon–Weaver model of communication, which focuses on how a message is first translated into a [[signal]] and then back into a message]]
The [[Shannon–Weaver model]] is another influential linear transmission model.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|McQuail|2008|pp=[https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995 3143–3149]|loc=Models of communication}} | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C 387]|loc=Shannon and Weaver's model}} | {{harvnb|Li|2007|pp=5439–5442}} }}</ref> It is based on the idea that a source creates a message, which is then translated into a [[signal]] by a transmitter. [[Noise]] may interfere with and distort the signal. Once the signal reaches the receiver, it is translated back into a message and made available to the destination. For a landline telephone call, the person calling is the source and their telephone is the transmitter. The transmitter translates the message into an electrical signal that travels through the wire, which acts as the channel. The person taking the call is the destination and their telephone is the receiver.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C 387]|loc=Shannon and Weaver's model}} | {{harvnb|Fiske|2011|pp=[https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497 6–10]|loc=1. Communication theory}} | {{harvnb|Shannon|1948|pp=380–382}} }}</ref> The Shannon–Weaver model includes an in-depth discussion of how noise can distort the signal and how successful communication can be achieved despite noise. This can happen by making the message partially [[Redundancy (information theory)|redundant]] so that decoding is possible nonetheless.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Fiske|2011|pp=[https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497 10–15]|loc=1. Communication theory}} | {{harvnb|Weaver|1998|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fRrvAAAAMAAJ 4–9, 18–19]|loc=Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication}} | {{harvnb|Januszewski|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mlZsIIoOaSYC&pg=PA29 29]}} }}</ref> Other influential linear transmission models include [[Models of communication#Gerbner|Gerbner's model]] and [[Source-Message-Channel-Receiver model of communication|Berlo's model]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Watson|Hill|2012|pp=112–113|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XKP-63dSKNsC&pg=PA112 Gerbner's model of communication]}} | {{harvnb|Melkote|Steeves|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PKAi6t2e5AEC&pg=PA108 108]}} | {{harvnb|Straubhaar|LaRose|Davenport|2015|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jUR-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT47 18–19]}} }}</ref>

[[File:Schramm's model of communication.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=Diagram of the feedback loop in Schramm's model of communication|Schramm's model of communication, which focuses on the processes of encoding and decoding as well as feedback]]
The earliest interaction model was developed by communication theorist [[Wilbur Schramm]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Nicotera|2009|p=176}} | {{harvnb|Steinberg|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VPs3kidEqXYC&pg=PA18 18]}} | {{harvnb|Bowman|Targowski|1987|pp=25–26}} }}</ref> He states that communication starts when a source has an idea and expresses it in the form of a message. This process is called ''encoding'' and happens using a [[code]], i.e. a [[sign system]] that is able to express the idea, for instance, through [[Visual communication|visual]] or auditory signs.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Nicotera|2009|p=176}} | {{harvnb|Wisely|1994|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=icMsdAGHQpEC&pg=PA90 90–91]}} | {{harvnb|Schramm|1954|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=z2aaAQAACAAJ 3–5]|loc=How communication works}} }}</ref> The message is sent to a destination, who has to decode and interpret it to understand it.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Schramm|1954|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=z2aaAQAACAAJ 3–5]|loc=How communication works}} | {{harvnb|Blythe|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rPgQRbBLdYgC&pg=188 188]}} }}</ref> In response, they formulate their own idea, encode it into a message, and send it back as a form of feedback. Another innovation of [[Schramm's model]] is that previous experience is necessary to be able to encode and decode messages. For communication to be successful, the fields of experience of source and destination have to overlap.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Wisely|1994|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=icMsdAGHQpEC&pg=PA90 90–91]}} | {{harvnb|Meng|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b0HWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 120]}} | {{harvnb|Schramm|1954|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=z2aaAQAACAAJ 5–7]|loc=How communication works}} }}</ref>

The first transactional model was proposed by communication theorist [[Barnlund's model of communication|Dean Barnlund]] in 1970.<ref>{{harvnb|Hamilton|Kroll|Creel|2023|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3L2uEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT46 46]}}</ref> He understands communication as "the production of meaning, rather than the production of messages".<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Nicotera|2009|p=176}} | {{harvnb|Barnlund|2013|p=48}} }}</ref> Its goal is to decrease uncertainty and arrive at a shared [[understanding]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Barnlund|2013|p=47}} | {{harvnb|Watson|Hill|2015|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IdGBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 20–22]}} | {{harvnb|Lawson|Gill|Feekery|Witsel|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fIOWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 76–77]}} }}</ref> This happens in response to external and internal cues. Decoding is the process of ascribing meaning to them and encoding consists in producing new [[Human behavior|behavioral]] cues as a response.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Watson|Hill|2015|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IdGBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 20–22]}} | {{harvnb|Dwyer|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xhHiBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12]}} | {{harvnb|Barnlund|2013|pp=57–60}} }}</ref>

==Human==
There are many forms of [[human communication]]. A central distinction is whether language is used, as in the contrast between verbal and non-verbal communication. A further distinction concerns whether one communicates with others or with oneself, as in the contrast between [[interpersonal communication|interpersonal]] and [[intrapersonal communication]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=58}} | {{harvnb|Burton|Dimbleby|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4XGKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 126]}} | {{harvnb|Sinding|Waldstrom|2014|p=153}} }}</ref> Forms of human communication are also categorized by their channel or the medium used to transmit messages.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C 44]|loc=channels}} | {{harvnb|Fiske|2011|pp=[https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497 17–18]|loc=1. Communication theory}} }}</ref> The field studying human communication is known as anthroposemiotics.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Beynon-Davies|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnaGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 52]}} | {{harvnb|Bussmann|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=O0-9Iw0Qh6EC&pg=PA65 65–66]}} }}</ref>

=== Verbal ===
{{Main|Linguistics}}
Verbal communication is the exchange of messages in [[Linguistics|linguistic]] form, i.e., by means of [[language]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=448}} | {{harvnb|Danesi|2000|pp=58–59}} }}</ref> In colloquial usage, verbal communication is sometimes restricted to [[oral communication]] and may exclude writing and sign language. However, in academic discourse, the term is usually used in a wider sense, encompassing any form of linguistic communication, whether through speech, writing, or gestures.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=448}} | {{harvnb|Kyle|Kyle|Woll|Pullen|1988|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcy4MhmLhdkC&pg=PA59 59]}} | {{harvnb|Butterfield|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VAJVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 2–3]}} }}</ref> Some of the challenges in distinguishing verbal from non-verbal communication come from the difficulties in defining what exactly ''language'' means. Language is usually understood as a conventional system of [[symbol]]s and rules used for communication. Such systems are based on a set of simple units of meaning that can be combined to express more complex ideas. The rules for combining the units into compound expressions are called [[grammar]]. [[Word]]s are combined to form [[Sentence (linguistics)|sentences]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Lyons|1981|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8Wg57a3DdYYC 3, 6]}} | {{harvnb|Harley|2014|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bIsMKQEACAAJ 5–6]}} }}</ref>

One hallmark of human language, in contrast to animal communication, lies in its complexity and expressive power. Human language can be used to refer not just to [[concrete object]]s in the here-and-now but also to spatially and temporally distant objects and to [[Abstract object|abstract ideas]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|pp=11, 13–14}} | {{harvnb|Kiggins|Comins|Gentner|2013}} }}</ref> Humans have a natural tendency to [[Critical period hypothesis|acquire their native language in childhood]]. They are also able to learn other languages later in life as [[second language]]s. However, this process is less intuitive and often does not result in the same level of [[linguistic competence]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Meisel|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3ryG0_W4qxcC 1]}} | {{harvnb|Montrul|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nIRgMn83Rr8C&pg=PA20 20]}} }}</ref> The academic discipline studying language is called ''linguistics''. Its subfields include [[semantics]] (the study of meaning), [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] (the study of word formation), [[syntax]] (the study of sentence structure), [[pragmatics]] (the study of language use), and [[phonetics]] (the study of basic sounds).<ref>{{harvnb|Harley|2014|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bIsMKQEACAAJ 5–6]}}</ref>

A central contrast among languages is between [[Natural language|natural]] and artificial or [[constructed language]]s. Natural languages, like [[English language|English]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and [[Japanese language|Japanese]], developed naturally and for the most part unplanned in the course of history. Artificial languages, like [[Esperanto]], [[Quenya]], [[C++]], and the language of [[first-order logic]], are purposefully designed from the ground up.<ref>{{harvnb|Thomason|2006|pp=[https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/artificial-and-natural-languages 342–345]|loc=Artificial And Natural Languages}}</ref> Most everyday verbal communication happens using natural languages. Central forms of verbal communication are speech and writing together with their counterparts of listening and reading.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Champoux|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5Hq3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA327 327–328]}} | {{harvnb|Berlo|1960|pp=41–42}} }}</ref> Spoken languages use sounds to produce [[sign]]s and transmit meaning while for writing, the signs are physically inscribed on a surface.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Champoux|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5Hq3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA327 327–328]}} | {{harvnb|Danesi|2009|p=306}} | {{harvnb|Kyle|Kyle|Woll|Pullen|1988|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcy4MhmLhdkC&pg=PA59 59]}} }}</ref> [[Sign languages]], like [[American Sign Language]] and [[Nicaraguan Sign Language]], are another form of verbal communication. They rely on visual means, mostly by using gestures with hands and arms, to form sentences and convey meaning.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Champoux|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5Hq3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA327 327–328]}} | {{harvnb|Kyle|Kyle|Woll|Pullen|1988|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcy4MhmLhdkC&pg=PA59 59]}} }}</ref>

Verbal communication serves various functions. One key function is to exchange information, i.e. an attempt by the speaker to make the audience aware of something, usually of an external event. But language can also be used to express the speaker's feelings and attitudes. A closely related role is to establish and maintain social relations with other people. Verbal communication is also utilized to coordinate one's behavior with others and influence them. In some cases, language is not employed for an external purpose but only for [[entertainment]] or personal enjoyment.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Danesi|2000|pp=58–59}} | {{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=6}} | {{harvnb|Berlo|1960|pp=7–8}} }}</ref> Verbal communication further helps individuals [[conceptualize]] the world around them and themselves. This affects how perceptions of external events are interpreted, how things are categorized, and how ideas are organized and related to each other.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|ISU staff|2016|loc=[http://kell.indstate.edu/public-comm-intro/chapter/3-4-functions-of-verbal-communication/ 3.4: Functions of Verbal Communication]}} | {{harvnb|Nuyts|Pederson|1999|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k_ZqqaYrftAC&pg=PA1 1]}} }}</ref>

=== Non-verbal ===
{{Main|Non-verbal communication}}
[[File:Hermandad - friendship.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of a handshake|[[Handshake|Shaking hands]] is one form of non-verbal communication.]]
Non-verbal communication is the exchange of information through non-linguistic modes, like facial expressions, [[gesture]]s, and [[Human position|postures]].<ref>{{harvnb|Danesi|2013a|p=492}}</ref> However, not every form of non-verbal behavior constitutes non-verbal communication. Some theorists, like [[Judee K. Burgoon|Judee Burgoon]], hold that it depends on the existence of a socially shared coding system that is used to interpret the meaning of non-verbal behavior.<ref>{{harvnb|Giri|2009|p=690}}</ref> Non-verbal communication has many functions. It frequently contains information about emotions, attitudes, personality, interpersonal relations, and private thoughts.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=107}} | {{harvnb|Giri|2009|p=690}} | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=297}} }}</ref>

Non-verbal communication often happens unintentionally and unconsciously, like [[sweating]] or [[blushing]], but there are also conscious intentional forms, like shaking hands or [[Thumb signal|raising a thumb]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=297}} | {{harvnb|Giri|2009|p=690}} | {{harvnb|Danesi|2013a|p=493}} }}</ref> It often happens simultaneously with verbal communication and helps optimize the exchange through emphasis and illustration or by adding additional information. Non-verbal cues can clarify the intent behind a verbal message.<ref>{{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=107}}</ref> Using multiple [[Modality (semiotics)|modalities]] of communication in this way usually makes communication more effective if the messages of each modality are consistent.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Giri|2009|p=691}} | {{harvnb|Taylor|1962|pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43093688 8–10]}} }}</ref> However, in some cases different modalities can contain conflicting messages. For example, a person may verbally agree with a statement but press their lips together, thereby indicating disagreement non-verbally.<ref>{{harvnb|Danesi|2013a|p=493}}</ref>

There are many forms of non-verbal communication. They include [[kinesics]], [[proxemics]], [[Haptic communication|haptics]], [[paralanguage]], [[chronemics]], and physical appearance.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Giri|2009|pp=692–694}} | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=297}} }}</ref> Kinesics studies the role of bodily behavior in conveying information. It is commonly referred to as [[body language]], even though it is, strictly speaking, not a language but rather non-verbal communication. It includes many forms, like gestures, postures, walking styles, and dance.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Giri|2009|p=690}} | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=297}} | {{harvnb|Danesi|2013a|pp=493–495}} }}</ref> Facial expressions, like laughing, smiling, and frowning, all belong to kinesics and are expressive and flexible forms of communication.<ref>{{harvnb|Giri|2009|p=693}}</ref> Oculesics is another subcategory of kinesics in regard to the eyes. It covers questions like how eye contact, gaze, blink rate, and pupil dilation form part of communication.<ref>{{harvnb|Giri|2009|p=692}}</ref> Some kinesic patterns are inborn and involuntary, like blinking, while others are learned and voluntary, like giving a [[military salute]].<ref>{{harvnb|Danesi|2013a|p=493}}</ref>

Proxemics studies how personal space is used in communication. The distance between the speakers reflects their degree of familiarity and intimacy with each other as well as their social status.<ref>{{harvnb|Giri|2009|p=692}}</ref> Haptics examines how information is conveyed using touching behavior, like handshakes, holding hands, kissing, or slapping. Meanings linked to haptics include care, concern, anger, and violence. For instance, handshaking is often seen as a symbol of equality and fairness, while refusing to shake hands can indicate aggressiveness. Kissing is another form often used to show affection and erotic closeness.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Giri|2009|p=692}} | {{harvnb|Danesi|2013a|p=494}} }}</ref>

Paralanguage, also known as vocalics, encompasses non-verbal elements in speech that convey information. Paralanguage is often used to express the feelings and emotions that the speaker has but does not explicitly state in the verbal part of the message. It is not concerned with the words used but with how they are expressed. This includes elements like articulation, lip control, rhythm, intensity, pitch, fluency, and loudness.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Giri|2009|p=694}} | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=297}} | {{harvnb|Papa|Daniels|Spiker|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=00m0QPQ07H0C&pg=PA27 27]}} }}</ref> For example, saying something loudly and in a high pitch conveys a different meaning on the non-verbal level than whispering the same words. Paralanguage is mainly concerned with spoken language but also includes aspects of written language, like the use of colors and fonts as well as spatial arrangement in paragraphs and tables.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=310}} | {{harvnb|Papa|Daniels|Spiker|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=00m0QPQ07H0C&pg=PA27 27]}} }}</ref> Non-linguistic sounds may also convey information; [[crying]] indicates that an infant is distressed, and [[babbling]] conveys information about infant health and well-being.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|McCormack|McLeod|Harrison|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pdAoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 60]}} | {{harvnb|Bornstein|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nyZpbi4IiSoC&pg=PA151 151]}} }}</ref>

Chronemics concerns the use of time, such as what messages are sent by being on time versus late for a meeting.<ref>{{harvnb|Giri|2009|pp=692–693}}</ref> The physical appearance of the communicator, such as height, weight, hair, skin color, gender, clothing, tattooing, and piercing, also carries information.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Giri|2009|pp=693–694}} | {{harvnb|Danesi|2013a|p=492}} }}</ref> Appearance is an important factor for first impressions but is more limited as a mode of communication since it is less changeable.<ref>{{harvnb|Giri|2009|pp=693–694}}</ref> Some forms of non-verbal communication happen using such artifacts as drums, smoke, batons, traffic lights, and flags.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Givens|White|2021|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UhgoEAAAQBAJ 28, 55]}} | {{harvnb|Chan|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CmXIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 180]}} }}</ref>

Non-verbal communication can also happen through visual [[Media (communication)|media]] like [[painting]]s and [[drawing]]s. They can express what a person or an object looks like and can also convey other ideas and emotions. In some cases, this type of non-verbal communication is used in combination with verbal communication, for example, when [[diagram]]s or [[map]]s employ labels to include additional linguistic information.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Krémer|Quijano|2017|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6QVDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT121 121–122]}} | {{harvnb|du Plessis|Lowe|Smith|Sykes|2007|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ympNWY4wajAC&pg=PA124 124–216]}} | {{harvnb|Ongaro|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uljwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA216 216]}} | {{harvnb|Jeanrond|1991|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CzWxCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 7–8]}} }}</ref>

Traditionally, most research focused on verbal communication. However, this paradigm began to shift in the 1950s when research interest in non-verbal communication increased and emphasized its influence.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Clough|Duff|2020|p=323}} | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C 244]|loc=Logocentrism}} | {{harvnb|Mills|2015|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ouHnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT132 132–133]}} }}</ref> For example, many judgments about the nature and behavior of other people are based on non-verbal cues.<ref>{{harvnb|Giri|2009|p=690}}</ref> It is further present in almost every communicative act to some extent and certain parts of it are universally understood.<ref>{{harvnb|Burgoon|Manusov|Guerrero|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JqVYCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 3–4]}}</ref> These considerations have prompted some communication theorists, like [[Ray Birdwhistell]], to claim that the majority of ideas and information is conveyed this way.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Danesi|2013a|pp=492–493}} | {{harvnb|Giri|2009|pp=690–961}} }}</ref> It has also been suggested that human communication is at its core non-verbal and that words can only acquire meaning because of non-verbal communication.<ref>{{harvnb|Giri|2009|p=691}}</ref> The earliest forms of human communication, such as crying and babbling, are non-verbal.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|McCormack|McLeod|Harrison|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pdAoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 60]}} | {{harvnb|Bornstein|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nyZpbi4IiSoC&pg=PA151 151]}} }}</ref> Some basic forms of communication happen even before birth between mother and embryo and include information about nutrition and emotions.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Bowman|Arany|Wolfgang|2021|pp=1455–1456}} | {{harvnb|Bornstein|Suwalsky|Breakstone|2012|pp=113–116}} }}</ref> Non-verbal communication is studied in various fields besides communication studies, like linguistics, [[semiotics]], [[anthropology]], and [[social psychology]].<ref>{{harvnb|Giri|2009|p=690}}</ref>

=== Interpersonal ===
{{main|Interpersonal communication}}
[[File:Kathy Matayoshi and Mazie Hirono.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of two women talking|Kathy Matayoshi and [[Mazie Hirono]] conversing in the White House, an example of interpersonal communication]]
Interpersonal communication is communication between distinct people. Its typical form is [[dyadic communication]], i.e. between two people, but it can also refer to [[Group communication|communication within groups]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=221}} | {{harvnb|UMN staff|2016|loc=[https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/1-1-communication-history-and-forms/ 1.1 Communication: History and Forms]}} | {{harvnb|Barnlund|2013|pp=52–53}} }}</ref> It can be planned or unplanned and occurs in many forms, like when greeting someone, during salary negotiations, or when making a phone call.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|UMN staff|2016|loc=[https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/1-1-communication-history-and-forms/ 1.1 Communication: History and Forms]}} | {{harvnb|Ezhilarasu|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kfbsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 178]}} }}</ref> Some communication theorists, like Virginia M. McDermott, understand interpersonal communication as a [[fuzzy concept]] that manifests in degrees.<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=547}}</ref> In this view, an exchange varies in how interpersonal it is based on several factors. It depends on how many people are present, and whether it happens face-to-face rather than through telephone or email. A further factor concerns the relation between the communicators:<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|pp=547–548}}</ref> group communication and mass communication are less typical forms of interpersonal communication and some theorists treat them as distinct types.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|UMN staff|2016|loc=[https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/1-1-communication-history-and-forms/ 1.1 Communication: History and Forms]}} | {{harvnb|Danesi|2013|p=168}} | {{harvnb|McDermott|2009|pp=547–548}} }}</ref>

Interpersonal communication can be synchronous or asynchronous. For asynchronous communication, the parties take turns in sending and receiving messages. This occurs when exchanging letters or emails. For synchronous communication, both parties send messages at the same time.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=221}}</ref> This happens when one person is talking while the other person sends non-verbal messages in response signaling whether they agree with what is being said.<ref>{{harvnb|UMN staff|2016a|loc=[https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/1-2-the-communication-process/ 1.2 The Communication Process]}}</ref> Some communication theorists, like Sarah Trenholm and Arthur Jensen, distinguish between content messages and relational messages. Content messages express the speaker's feelings toward the topic of discussion. Relational messages, on the other hand, demonstrate the speaker's feelings toward their relation with the other participants.<ref>{{harvnb|Trenholm|Jensen|2013|pp=36, 361}}</ref>

Various theories of the function of interpersonal communication have been proposed. Some focus on how it helps people make sense of their world and create society. Others hold that its primary purpose is to understand why other people act the way they do and to adjust one's behavior accordingly.<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|pp=548–549}}</ref> A closely related approach is to focus on information and see interpersonal communication as an attempt to reduce uncertainty about others and external events.<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=549}}</ref> Other explanations understand it in terms of the [[needs]] it satisfies. This includes the needs of belonging somewhere, being included, being liked, maintaining relationships, and influencing the behavior of others.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=549}} | {{harvnb|Gamble|Gamble|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bUdeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 14–16]}} }}</ref> On a practical level, interpersonal communication is used to coordinate one's actions with the actions of others to get things done.<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|p=546}}</ref> Research on interpersonal communication includes topics like how people build, maintain, and dissolve relationships through communication. Other questions are why people choose one message rather than another and what effects these messages have on the communicators and their relation. A further topic is how to predict whether two people would like each other.<ref>{{harvnb|McDermott|2009|pp=546–547}}</ref>

=== Intrapersonal ===
{{main|Intrapersonal communication}}
[[File:Helleu - Daydream.jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of a woman daydreaming|[[Paul César Helleu]]'s 1901 painting, ''Rêverie'' (Daydream) featuring [[Alice Guérin]]. Daydreaming is a form of intrapersonal communication.]]
Intrapersonal communication is communication with oneself.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Ezhilarasu|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kfbsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 178]}} | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=225}} | {{harvnb|Lantolf|2009|p=566}} }}</ref> In some cases this manifests externally, such as when engaged in a [[monologue]], taking notes, highlighting a passage, and writing a diary or a shopping list. But many forms of intrapersonal communication happen internally in the form of an inner exchange with oneself, as when thinking about something or [[daydreaming]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=225}} | {{harvnb|Honeycutt|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9pbnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT317 317]}} }}</ref> Closely related to intrapersonal communication is communication that takes place within an organism below the personal level, such as exchange of information between organs or cells.<ref>{{harvnb|Vocate|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fZOk5Fpuj54C&pg=PA196 196]}}</ref>

Intrapersonal communication can be triggered by internal and external stimuli. It may happen in the form of articulating a phrase before expressing it externally. Other forms are to make plans for the future and to attempt to process emotions to calm oneself down in stressful situations.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|UMN staff|2016|loc=[https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/1-1-communication-history-and-forms/ 1.1 Communication: History and Forms]}} | {{harvnb|Barnlund|2013|pp=47–52}} }}</ref> It can help regulate one's own mental activity and outward behavior as well as internalize cultural norms and ways of thinking.<ref>{{harvnb|Lantolf|2009|pp=567–568}}</ref> External forms of intrapersonal communication can aid one's memory. This happens, for example, when making a shopping list. Another use is to unravel difficult problems, as when solving a complex mathematical equation line by line. New knowledge can also be internalized this way, such as when repeating new vocabulary to oneself. Because of these functions, intrapersonal communication can be understood as "an exceptionally powerful and pervasive tool for thinking."<ref>{{harvnb|Lantolf|2009|pp=568–569}}</ref>

Based on its role in [[Self-control|self-regulation]], some theorists have suggested that intrapersonal communication is more basic than interpersonal communication. Young children sometimes use [[Private speech|egocentric speech]] while playing in an attempt to direct their own behavior. In this view, interpersonal communication only develops later when the child moves from their early egocentric perspective to a more social perspective.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Lantolf|2009|p=567}} | {{harvnb|Kreps|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FrbGuo2mxCMC&pg=PA239 239]}} }}</ref> A different explanation holds that interpersonal communication is more basic since it is first used by parents to regulate what their child does. Once the child has learned this, they can apply the same technique to themselves to get more control over their own behavior.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Lantolf|2009|pp=567–568}} | {{harvnb|Vocate|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fZOk5Fpuj54C&pg=PA14 14]}} }}</ref>

=== Channels ===
For communication to be successful, the message has to travel from the sender to the receiver. The ''channel'' is the way this is accomplished. It is not concerned with the meaning of the message but only with the technical means of how the meaning is conveyed.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C 44]|loc=channels}} | {{harvnb|Fiske|2011|pp=[https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497 17–18]|loc=1. Communication theory}} }}</ref> Channels are often understood in terms of the [[senses]] used to perceive the message, i.e. hearing, seeing, smelling, touching, and tasting.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C 44]|loc=channels}} | {{harvnb|Berlo|1960|pp=63–9}} | {{harvnb|Gill|Adams|1998|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qhXZU39BVJYC&pg=PA35 35–36]}} }}</ref> But in the widest sense, channels encompass any form of transmission, including technological means like books, cables, radio waves, telephones, or television.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C 44]|loc=channels}} | {{harvnb|Danesi|2013|p=168}} }}</ref> Naturally transmitted messages usually fade rapidly whereas some messages using artificial channels have a much longer lifespan, as in the case of books or sculptures.<ref>{{harvnb|Danesi|2013|p=168}}</ref>

The physical characteristics of a channel have an impact on the code and cues that can be used to express information. For example, typical telephone calls are restricted to the use of verbal language and paralanguage but exclude facial expressions. It is often possible to translate messages from one code into another to make them available to a different channel. An example is writing down a spoken message or expressing it using sign language.<ref>{{harvnb|Fiske|2011|p=[https://www.routledge.com/Introduction-to-Communication-Studies/Fiske/p/book/9780415596497 20]}}</ref>

The transmission of information can occur through multiple channels at once. For example, face-to-face communication often combines the auditory channel to convey verbal information with the visual channel to transmit non-verbal information using gestures and facial expressions. Employing multiple channels can enhance the effectiveness of communication by helping the receiver better understand the subject matter.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Taylor|1962|pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43093688 8–10]}} | {{harvnb|Turkington|Harris|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ePOh9jzjZqQC&pg=PA140 140]}} | {{harvnb|von Kriegstein|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pRV1XsOyAc8C&pg=PA683 683]}} }}</ref> The choice of channels often matters since the receiver's ability to understand may vary depending on the chosen channel. For instance, a teacher may decide to present some information orally and other information visually, depending on the content and the student's preferred learning style. This underlines the role of a [[Media adequacy|media-adequate]] approach.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Berlo|1960|p=67}} | {{harvnb|Turkington|Harris|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ePOh9jzjZqQC&pg=PA140 140]}} | {{harvnb|Giessen|2015|pp=43–54}} }}</ref>

=== Communicative competence ===
{{Main|Communicative competence}}
Communicative competence is the ability to communicate effectively or to choose the appropriate communicative behavior in a given situation.<ref>{{harvnb|Backlund|Morreale|2015|pp=20–21}}</ref> It concerns what to say, when to say it, and how to say it.<ref>{{harvnb|McArthur|McArthur|McArthur|2005|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QMsWFsI0YkIC&pg=PT232 232–233]}}</ref> It further includes the ability to receive and understand messages.<ref>{{harvnb|Rickheit|Strohner|Vorwerg|2008|p=25}}</ref> [[Competence (polyseme)|Competence]] is often contrasted with [[Linguistic performance|performance]] since competence can be present even if it is not exercised, while performance consists in the realization of this competence.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Genesee|1984|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=U-05JSBtZF8C&pg=PA139 139]}} | {{harvnb|Peterwagner|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=87BOMKSj1kcC&pg=PA9 9]}} | {{harvnb|McQuail|2008|p=[https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Communication%2C+12+Volume+Set-p-9781405131995 3029]|loc=Models of communication}} }}</ref> However, some theorists reject a stark contrast and hold that performance is the observable part and is used to infer competence in relation to future performances.<ref>{{harvnb|Rickheit|Strohner|Vorwerg|2008|pp=17–18}}</ref>

Two central components of communicative competence are [[effectiveness]] and appropriateness.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Backlund|Morreale|2015|pp=20–21}} | {{harvnb|Spitzberg|2015|p=241}} | {{harvnb|Rickheit|Strohner|Vorwerg|2008|pp=18, 25}} }}</ref> Effectiveness is the degree to which the speaker achieves their desired outcomes or the degree to which preferred alternatives are realized.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Backlund|Morreale|2015|p=23}} | {{harvnb|Spitzberg|2015|p=241}} | {{harvnb|Rickheit|Strohner|Vorwerg|2008|p=25}} }}</ref> This means that whether a communicative behavior is effective does not just depend on the actual outcome but also on the speaker's intention, i.e. whether this outcome was what they intended to achieve. Because of this, some theorists additionally require that the speaker be able to give an explanation of why they engaged in one behavior rather than another.<ref>{{harvnb|Backlund|Morreale|2015|p=23}}</ref> Effectiveness is closely related to [[efficiency]], the difference being that effectiveness is about achieving goals while efficiency is about using few resources (such as time, effort, and money) in the process.<ref>{{harvnb|Spitzberg|2015|p=241}}</ref>

Appropriateness means that the communicative behavior meets social standards and expectations.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Backlund|Morreale|2015|p=23}} | {{harvnb|Rickheit|Strohner|Vorwerg|2008|pp=18, 25}} }}</ref> Communication theorist Brian H. Spitzberg defines it as "the perceived legitimacy or acceptability of behavior or enactments in a given context".<ref>{{harvnb|Spitzberg|2015|p=241}}</ref> This means that the speaker is aware of the social and cultural context in order to adapt and express the message in a way that is considered acceptable in the given situation.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Backlund|Morreale|2015|p=23}} | {{harvnb|Spitzberg|2015|p=238}} | {{harvnb|Rickheit|Strohner|Vorwerg|2008|p=18}} | {{harvnb|Danesi|2009|p=70}} }}</ref> For example, to bid farewell to their teacher, a student may use the expression "Goodbye, sir" but not the expression "I gotta split, man", which they may use when talking to a peer.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Danesi|2000|pp=59–60}} | {{harvnb|McArthur|McArthur|McArthur|2005|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QMsWFsI0YkIC&pg=PT232 232–233]}} }}</ref> To be both effective and appropriate means to achieve one's preferred outcomes in a way that follows social standards and expectations.<ref>{{harvnb|Rickheit|Strohner|Vorwerg|2008|p=26}}</ref> Some definitions of communicative competence put their main emphasis on either effectiveness or appropriateness while others combine both features.<ref>{{harvnb|Backlund|Morreale|2015|pp=20–22}}</ref>

Many additional components of communicative competence have been suggested, such as [[empathy]], control, flexibility, sensitivity, and knowledge.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Backlund|Morreale|2015|p=24}} | {{harvnb|Rickheit|Strohner|Vorwerg|2008|pp=19, 24}} }}</ref> It is often discussed in terms of the individual skills employed in the process, i.e. the specific behavioral components that make up communicative competence.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Rickheit|Strohner|Vorwerg|2008|p=24}} | {{harvnb|Spitzberg|2015|p=242}} }}</ref> Message production skills include reading and writing. They are correlated with the reception skills of listening and reading.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Rickheit|Strohner|Vorwerg|2008|p=25}} | {{harvnb|Berlo|1960|pp=41–42}} }}</ref> There are both verbal and non-verbal communication skills.<ref>{{harvnb|Rickheit|Strohner|Vorwerg|2008|p=25}}</ref> For example, verbal communication skills involve the proper understanding of a language, including its [[phonology]], [[orthography]], syntax, [[lexicon]], and semantics.<ref>{{harvnb|McArthur|McArthur|McArthur|2005|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QMsWFsI0YkIC&pg=PT232 232–233]}}</ref>

Many aspects of human life depend on successful communication, from ensuring basic necessities of survival to building and maintaining relationships.<ref>{{harvnb|Spitzberg|2015|pp=238–239}}</ref> Communicative competence is a key factor regarding whether a person is able to reach their goals in social life, like having a successful career and finding a suitable spouse.<ref>{{harvnb|Rickheit|Strohner|Vorwerg|2008|p=15}}</ref> Because of this, it can have a large impact on the individual's [[well-being]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Spitzberg|2015|pp=238–239}} | {{harvnb|Rickheit|Strohner|Vorwerg|2008|p=24}} }}</ref> The lack of communicative competence can cause problems both on the individual and the societal level, including professional, academic, and health problems.<ref>{{harvnb|Rickheit|Strohner|Vorwerg|2008|p=24}}</ref>

Barriers to effective communication can distort the message. They may result in failed communication and cause undesirable effects. This can happen if the message is poorly expressed because it uses terms with which the receiver is not familiar, or because it is not relevant to the receiver's needs, or because it contains too little or too much information. Distraction, [[selective perception]], and lack of attention to feedback may also be responsible.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Buchanan|Huczynski|2017|pp=218–219}} | {{harvnb|Fielding|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z_vIcp9gaEC&pg=PA20 20–21]}} }}</ref> Noise is another negative factor. It concerns influences that interfere with the message on its way to the receiver and distort it.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|UMN staff|2016a|loc=[https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/1-2-the-communication-process/ 1.2 The Communication Process]}} | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nLuJz-ZB828C 296]|loc=noise}} }}</ref> Crackling sounds during a telephone call are one form of noise. [[Ambiguity|Ambiguous expressions]] can also inhibit effective communication and make it necessary to [[disambiguate]] between possible interpretations to discern the sender's intention.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|van Trijp|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oqhJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA289 289–290]}} | {{harvnb|Winner|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YBw0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29 29]}} }}</ref> These interpretations depend also on the [[Cross-cultural communication|cultural background of the participants]]. Significant cultural differences constitute an additional obstacle and make it more likely that messages are misinterpreted.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Blythe|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rPgQRbBLdYgC&pg=188 188]}} | {{harvnb|Meng|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b0HWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 120]}} | {{harvnb|Rao|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fBHi4hEuDgYC 48]}} }}</ref>

==Other species==
{{See also|Biocommunication (science)|Biosemiotics}}
[[File:Howlsnow.jpg|thumb|upright=1|alt=Photo of a wolf howling|[[Wolf communication|Wolves communicate]] by [[howling]].]]
Besides human communication, there are many other forms of communication found in the animal kingdom and among plants. They are studied in fields like [[Biocommunication (science)|biocommunication]] and [[biosemiotics]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Emmeche|2003|pp=[https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/biosemiotics 63–64]}} | {{harvnb|UMN staff|2016|loc=[https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/1-1-communication-history-and-forms/ 1.1 Communication: History and Forms]}} | {{harvnb|Seckbach|Gordon|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ycOkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 xv–xvi]}} }}</ref> There are additional obstacles in this area for judging whether communication has taken place between two individuals. Acoustic signals are often easy to notice and analyze for scientists, but it is more difficult to judge whether tactile or chemical changes should be understood as communicative signals rather than as other biological processes.<ref>{{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=45}}</ref>

For this reason, researchers often use slightly altered definitions of communication to facilitate their work. A common assumption in this regard comes from [[evolutionary biology]] and holds that communication should somehow benefit the communicators in terms of [[natural selection]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Schenk|Seabloom|2010|pp=1, 3}} | {{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=7}} }}</ref> The biologists Rumsaïs Blatrix and Veronika Mayer define communication as "the exchange of information between individuals, wherein both the signaller and receiver may expect to benefit from the exchange".<ref>{{harvnb|Blatrix|Mayer|2010|p=128}}</ref> According to this view, the sender benefits by influencing the receiver's behavior and the receiver benefits by responding to the signal. These benefits should exist on average but not necessarily in every single case. This way, deceptive signaling can also be understood as a form of communication. One problem with the evolutionary approach is that it is often difficult to assess the impact of such behavior on natural selection.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Blatrix|Mayer|2010|p=128}} | {{harvnb|Schenk|Seabloom|2010|p=3}} }}</ref> Another common pragmatic constraint is to hold that it is necessary to observe a response by the receiver following the signal when judging whether communication has occurred.<ref>{{harvnb|Schenk|Seabloom|2010|p=6}}</ref>

===Animals===
{{main|Animal communication}}
Animal communication is the process of giving and taking information among animals.<ref>{{harvnb|Ruben|2002|pp=25–26}}</ref> The field studying animal communication is called [[zoosemiotics]].<ref>{{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=15}}</ref> There are many parallels to human communication. One is that humans and many animals express sympathy by synchronizing their movements and postures.<ref>{{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=107}}</ref> Nonetheless, there are also significant differences, like the fact that humans also engage in verbal communication, which uses language, while animal communication is restricted to non-verbal (i.e. non-linguistic) communication.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=15}} | {{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=1}} }}</ref> Some theorists have tried to distinguish human from animal communication based on the claim that animal communication lacks a [[Reference|referential function]] and is thus not able to refer to external phenomena. However, various observations seem to contradict this view, such as the warning signals in response to different types of predators used by [[vervet monkeys]], [[Gunnison's prairie dog]]s, and [[red squirrel]]s.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=13}} | {{harvnb|Hebb|Donderi|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-65mAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT269 269]}} }}</ref> A further approach is to draw the distinction based on the complexity of [[human language]], especially its almost limitless ability to combine basic units of meaning into more complex meaning structures. One view states that [[recursion]] sets human language apart from all non-human communicative systems.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=14}} | {{harvnb|Luuk|Luuk|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9S1pDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA206 206]}} }}</ref> Another difference is that human communication is frequently linked to the conscious intention to send information, which is often not discernable for animal communication.<ref>{{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=5}}</ref> Despite these differences, some theorists use the term "[[animal language]]" to refer to certain communicative patterns in animal behavior that have similarities with human language.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Houston|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-hiBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA266 266, 279]}} | {{harvnb|Baker|Hengeveld|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=R8uWDVdRQlYC&pg=PA25 25]}} }}</ref>

[[File:Lampyris noctiluca.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of a glowing firefly|Many species of fireflies, such as the ''[[Lampyris noctiluca]]'', communicate with light to attract mates.]]
Animal communication can take a variety of forms, including visual, auditory, tactile, [[olfactic communication|olfactory]], and gustatory communication. Visual communication happens in the form of movements, gestures, facial expressions, and colors. Examples are movements seen during [[Courtship display|mating rituals]], the colors of birds, and the rhythmic light of [[fireflies]]. Auditory communication takes place through vocalizations by species like birds, [[primates]], and dogs. Auditory signals are frequently used to alert and warn. Lower-order living systems often have simple response patterns to auditory messages, reacting either by approach or avoidance.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Ruben|2002|p=26}} | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=15}} }}</ref> More complex response patterns are observed for higher animals, which may use different signals for different types of predators and responses. For example, some primates use one set of signals for airborne predators and another for land predators.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Danesi|2000|pp=58–59}} | {{harvnb|Hebb|Donderi|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-65mAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT269 269]}} }}</ref> Tactile communication occurs through touch, [[vibrational communication|vibration]], stroking, rubbing, and pressure. It is especially relevant for parent-young relations, courtship, social greetings, and defense. Olfactory and gustatory communication happen chemically through smells and tastes, respectively.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Ruben|2002|p=26}} | {{harvnb|Chandler|Munday|2011|p=15}} }}</ref>

There are large differences between species concerning what functions communication plays, how much it is realized, and the behavior used to communicate.<ref>{{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=2}}</ref> Common functions include the fields of [[courtship]] and mating, parent-offspring relations, social relations, navigation, self-defense, and [[territoriality]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ruben|2002|pp=26–29}}</ref> One part of courtship and mating consists in identifying and attracting potential mates. This can happen through various means. [[Grasshoppers]] and [[crickets]] communicate acoustically by using songs, [[moths]] rely on chemical means by releasing [[pheromones]], and fireflies send visual messages by flashing light.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Ruben|2002|pp=26–27}} | {{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=2}} }}</ref> For some species, the offspring depends on the parent for its survival. One central function of parent-offspring communication is to recognize each other. In some cases, the parents are also able to guide the offspring's behavior.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Ruben|2002|p=27}} | {{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|pp=19–20}} }}</ref>

[[Social animal]]s, like [[chimpanzees]], [[bonobos]], wolves, and dogs, engage in various forms of communication to express their feelings and build relations.<ref>{{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=3}}</ref> Communication can aid navigation by helping animals move through their environment in a purposeful way, e.g. to locate food, avoid enemies, and follow other animals. In [[bats]], this happens through [[Animal echolocation|echolocation]], i.e. by sending auditory signals and processing the information from the echoes. [[Bees]] are another often-discussed case in this respect since they perform a type of [[Waggle dance|dance]] to indicate to other bees where flowers are located.<ref>{{harvnb|Ruben|2002|pp=27–28}}</ref> In regard to self-defense, communication is used to warn others and to assess whether a costly fight can be avoided.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Ruben|2002|p=28}} | {{harvnb|Schenk|Seabloom|2010|p=5}} }}</ref> Another function of communication is to mark and claim territories used for food and mating. For example, some male birds claim a hedge or part of a meadow by using [[Bird song|songs]] to keep other males away and attract females.<ref>{{harvnb|Ruben|2002|pp=28–29}}</ref>

Two competing theories in the study of animal communication are [[Nature versus nurture|nature theory and nurture theory]]. Their conflict concerns to what extent animal communication is programmed into the genes as a form of adaptation rather than learned from previous experience as a form of [[Classical conditioning|conditioning]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Danesi|2000|pp=58–59}} | {{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=7}} }}</ref> To the degree that it is learned, it usually happens through [[Imprinting (psychology)|imprinting]], i.e. as a form of learning that only occurs in a certain phase and is then mostly irreversible.<ref>{{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|pp=14–15}}</ref>

===Plants, fungi, and bacteria===
[[Plant communication]] refers to plant processes involving the sending and receiving of information.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|pp=4–5}}</ref> The field studying plant communication is called [[phytosemiotics]].<ref>{{harvnb|Sebeok|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Moc8XzWbT-QC&pg=PA111 111]}}</ref> This field poses additional difficulties for researchers since plants are different from humans and other animals in that they lack a [[central nervous system]] and have [[Cell wall#Plant cell walls|rigid cell walls]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Karban|2015|pp=1–4}} | {{harvnb|Schenk|Seabloom|2010|pp=2, 7}} | {{harvnb|Blatrix|Mayer|2010|p=128}} }}</ref> These walls restrict movement and usually prevent plants from sending and receiving signals that depend on rapid movement.<ref>{{harvnb|Schenk|Seabloom|2010|p=6}}</ref> However, there are some similarities since plants face many of the same challenges as animals. For example, they need to find resources, avoid predators and [[pathogen]]s, find mates, and ensure that their offspring survive.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|pp=1–2}}</ref> Many of the evolutionary responses to these challenges are analogous to those in animals but are implemented using different means.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|p=2}}</ref> One crucial difference is that [[chemical communication]] is much more prominent in the plant kingdom in contrast to the importance of visual and auditory communication for animals.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Schenk|Seabloom|2010|p=7}} | {{harvnb|Blatrix|Mayer|2010|p=128}} }}</ref>

[[File:Stages of plant communication.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=Diagram of the steps of plant communication: a cue is first emitted and later received, leading to a response|Steps of plant communication]]
In plants, the term ''behavior'' is usually not defined in terms of physical movement, as is the case for animals, but as a biochemical response to a [[Stimulus (physiology)|stimulus]]. This response has to be short relative to the plant's lifespan. Communication is a special form of behavior that involves conveying information from a sender to a receiver. It is distinguished from other types of behavior, like defensive reactions and mere sensing.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|pp=2–4}}</ref> Like in the field of animal communication, plant communication researchers often require as additional criteria that there is some form of response in the receiver and that the communicative behavior is beneficial to sender and receiver.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Karban|2015|p=5}} | {{harvnb|Schenk|Seabloom|2010|p=1}} | {{harvnb|Blatrix|Mayer|2010|p=128}} }}</ref> Biologist Richard Karban distinguishes three steps of plant communication: the emission of a cue by a sender, the perception of the cue by a receiver, and the receiver's response.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|p=7}}</ref> For plant communication, it is not relevant to what extent the emission of a cue is intentional. However, it should be possible for the receiver to ignore the signal. This criterion can be used to distinguish a response to a signal from a defense mechanism against an unwanted change like intense heat.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|p=45}}</ref>

Plant communication happens in various forms. It includes communication within plants, i.e. within [[plant cells]] and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the [[rhizosphere|root zone]].<ref>{{harvnb|Baluska|Volkmann|Hlavacka|Mancuso|2006|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IH9N4SKWTokC&pg=PA19 2. Neurobiological View of Plants and Their Body Plan]}}</ref> A prominent form of communication is airborne and happens through [[volatile organic compound]]s (VOCs). For example, [[maple]] trees release VOCs when they are attacked by a [[herbivore]] to warn neighboring plants, which then react accordingly by adjusting their defenses.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Arimura|Pearse|2017|pp=4–5}} | {{harvnb|Schenk|Seabloom|2010|p=1}} | {{harvnb|Baldwin|Schultz|1983|pp=277–279}} }}</ref> Another form of plant-to-plant communication happens through [[mycorrhizal fungi]]. These fungi form underground networks, colloquially referred to as the [[Wood-Wide Web]], and connect the roots of different plants. The plants use the network to send messages to each other, specifically to warn other plants of a pest attack and to help prepare their defenses.<ref>{{harvnb|Gilbert|Johnson|2017|pp=84, 94}}</ref>

Communication can also be observed for fungi and bacteria. Some fungal species communicate by releasing [[pheromone]]s into the external environment. For instance, they are used to promote sexual interaction in several aquatic fungal species.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|O'Day|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kNB4u65WK6MC 8–9]|loc=1. Modes of cellular communication and sexual interactions in eukaryotic microbes}} | {{harvnb|Davey|1992|pp=951–960}} | {{harvnb|Akada|Minomi|Kai|Yamashita|1989|pp=3491–3498}} }}</ref> One form of communication between bacteria is called [[quorum sensing]]. It happens by releasing [[hormone]]-like molecules, which other bacteria detect and respond to. This process is used to monitor the environment for other bacteria and to coordinate population-wide responses, for example, by sensing the density of bacteria and regulating [[gene expression]] accordingly. Other possible responses include the induction of [[bioluminescence]] and the formation of [[biofilm]]s.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Waters|Bassler|2005|pp=319–320}} | {{harvnb|Demuth|Lamont|2006|p=xiii}} | {{harvnb|Berea|2017|p=59}} }}</ref>

=== Interspecies ===
{{main|Interspecies communication}}
Most communication happens between members within a species as intraspecies communication. This is because the purpose of communication is usually some form of cooperation. Cooperation happens mostly within a species while different species are often in conflict with each other by competing over resources.<ref>{{harvnb|Berea|2017|p=56}}</ref> However, there are also some forms of interspecies communication.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Danesi|2013|pp=167–168}} | {{harvnb|Berea|2017|p=56}} }}</ref> This occurs especially for [[symbiotic]] relations and significantly less for [[parasitic]] or predator-prey relations.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Blatrix|Mayer|2010|p=129}} | {{harvnb|Berea|2017|p=61}} }}</ref>

[[File:A honey bee on the Cosmos bipinnatus flower 2.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of a honey bee on a flower|A honeybee on a ''[[Cosmos bipinnatus]]''. Many flowers use vivid colors to signal to insects that they offer food like nectar.]]
Interspecies communication plays a key role for plants that depend on external agents for reproduction.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|p=109}}</ref> For example, flowers need insects for [[pollination]] and provide resources like [[nectar]] and other rewards in return.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|p=110}}</ref> They use communication to signal their benefits and attract visitors by using distinctive colors and symmetrical shapes to stand out from their surroundings.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Karban|2015|pp=110–112, 128}} | {{harvnb|Ketcham|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IXznDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 100]}} }}</ref> This form of advertisement is necessary since flowers compete with each other for visitors.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|p=111}}</ref> Many fruit-bearing plants rely on plant-to-animal communication to disperse their seeds and move them to a favorable location.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|p=122}}</ref> This happens by providing nutritious fruits to animals. The seeds are eaten together with the fruit and are later excreted at a different location.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|pp=122–124}}</ref> Communication makes animals aware of where the fruits are and whether they are ripe. For many fruits, this happens through their color: they have an inconspicuous green color until they ripen and take on a new color that stands in visual contrast to the environment.<ref>{{harvnb|Karban|2015|pp=125–126, 128}}</ref> Another example of interspecies communication is found in the ant-plant relation.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Blatrix|Mayer|2010|p=129}} | {{harvnb|Berea|2017|p=56}} }}</ref> It concerns, for instance, the selection of seeds by [[ant]]s for their [[ant garden]]s and the pruning of exogenous vegetation as well as plant protection by ants.<ref>{{harvnb|Blatrix|Mayer|2010|p=127}}</ref>

Some animal species also engage in interspecies communication, like apes, whales, dolphins, elephants, and dogs.<ref>{{harvnb|Berea|2017|pp=56–57}}</ref> For example, different species of monkeys use common signals to cooperate when threatened by a common predator.<ref>{{harvnb|Berea|2017|p=61}}</ref> Humans engage in interspecies communication when interacting with [[pet]]s and [[working animals]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=157}} | {{harvnb|Berea|2017|p=59}} | {{harvnb|Novak|Day|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bsBYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 202–203]}} }}</ref> For instance, acoustic signals play a central role in [[dog communication|communication with dogs]]. Dogs can learn to react to various commands, like "sit" and "come". They can even be trained to respond to short syntactic combinations, like "bring X" or "put X in a box". They also react to the pitch and frequency of the human voice to detect emotions, dominance, and uncertainty. Dogs use a range of behavioral patterns to convey their emotions to humans, for example, in regard to aggressiveness, fearfulness, and playfulness.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|pp=157–158}} | {{harvnb|Coren|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Yzb3K3PykREC&pg=PT42 42]}} }}</ref>

== Computer ==
{{main|Computer networks}}
[[File:Example of computer communication.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|alt=Diagram of computer communication from a personal computer to a server using modems and the public telephone network|Example of computer communication: modems act as transmitter and receiver while the public telephone network is used as a transmission system.<ref>{{harvnb|Stallings|2014|p=40}}</ref>]]
Computer communication concerns the exchange of data between computers and similar devices.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Stallings|2014|p=39}} | {{harvnb|Wittmann|Zitterbart|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bRyEfBCxIRsC&pg=PA1 1]}} }}</ref> For this to be possible, the devices have to be connected through a [[transmission system]] that forms a network between them. A [[transmitter]] is needed to send messages and a receiver is needed to receive them. A personal computer may use a [[modem]] as a transmitter to send information to a server through the public telephone network as the transmission system. The server may use a modem as its receiver.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Stallings|2014|pp=39–40}} | {{harvnb|Hura|Singhal|2001|pp=49, 175}} }}</ref> To transmit the data, it has to be converted into an electric signal.<ref>{{harvnb|Stallings|2014|p=44}}</ref> Communication channels used for transmission are either [[Analog signal|analog]] or [[Digital signal|digital]] and are characterized by features like [[Bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth]] and [[Network latency|latency]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Hura|Singhal|2001|pp=49–50}} | {{harvnb|Hura|Singhal|2001|pp=142, 175}} | {{harvnb|McGuire|Jenkins|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=swvSgicJM5IC&pg=PA373 373]}} }}</ref>

There are many forms of [[computer network]]s. The most commonly discussed ones are [[Local area network|LANs]] and [[Wide area network|WANs]]. ''LAN'' stands for ''local area network'', which is a computer network within a limited area, usually with a distance of less than one kilometer.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Hura|Singhal|2001|pp=4–5, 14}} | {{harvnb|Stallings|2014|pp=46–48}} }}</ref> This is the case when connecting two computers within a home or an office building. LANs can be set up using a wired connection, like Ethernet, or a wireless connection, like [[Wi-Fi]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Nawrocki|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vW2PCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA340 340]}} | {{harvnb|Grigorik|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KfW-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 93]}} }}</ref> ''WANs'', on the other hand, are ''wide area networks'' that span large geographical regions, like the [[internet]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Hura|Singhal|2001|pp=4–5, 14}} | {{harvnb|Shinder|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMizSUW7XF4C&pg=PA37 37]}} | {{harvnb|Stallings|2014|pp=46–48}} }}</ref> Their networks are more complex and may use several intermediate connection nodes to transfer information between endpoints.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Stallings|2014|p=295}} | {{harvnb|Hura|Singhal|2001|p=542}} }}</ref> Further types of computer networks include [[Personal area network|PANs]] (personal area networks), [[Campus area network|CANs]] (campus area networks), and [[Metropolitan area network|MANs]] (metropolitan area networks).<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Palmer|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-QELAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 33]}} | {{harvnb|Hura|Singhal|2001|pp=4–5}} }}</ref>

For computer communication to be successful, the involved devices have to follow a common set of conventions governing their exchange. These conventions are known as the [[communication protocol]]. They concern various aspects of the exchange, like the format of messages and how to respond to transmission errors. They also cover how the two systems are synchronized, for example, how the receiver identifies the start and end of a signal.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Stallings|2014|pp=29, 41–42}} | {{harvnb|Meinel|Sack|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5O25BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 129]}} }}</ref> Based on the flow of informations, systems are categorized as [[Simplex communication|simplex]], half-[[Duplex (telecommunications)|duplex]], and full-duplex. For simplex systems, signals flow only in one direction from the sender to the receiver, like in radio, cable television, and screens displaying arrivals and departures at airports.<ref>{{harvnb|Hura|Singhal|2001|p=142}}</ref> Half-duplex systems allow two-way exchanges but signals can only flow in one direction at a time, like [[walkie-talkie]]s and [[police radio]]s. In the case of full-duplex systems, signals can flow in both directions at the same time, like regular telephone and internet.<ref>{{harvnb|Hura|Singhal|2001|p=143}}</ref> In either case, it is often important for successful communication that the connection is [[Cyber security|secure]] to ensure that the transmitted data reaches only the intended destination and is not intercepted by an unauthorized third party.<ref>{{harvnb|Stallings|2014|pp=41–42}}</ref> This can be achieved by using [[cryptography]], which changes the format of the transmitted information to make it unintelligible to potential interceptors.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Saha|Manna|Mandal|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iUI8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231 231]}} | {{harvnb|Bruen|Forcinito|McQuillan|2021|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BPcyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 49]}} }}</ref>

Human-computer communication is a closely related field that concerns topics like how [[Human-computer interaction|humans interact with computers]] and how data in the form of inputs and outputs is exchanged.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Guzman|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ML1OtAEACAAJ 1, 5]}} | {{harvnb|Riekert|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kOU5wrsqvcgC&pg=PA42 42]|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kOU5wrsqvcgC&pg=PA42 What Does Knowledge Look Like?]}} }}</ref> This happens through a [[user interface]], which includes the hardware used to interact with the computer, like a [[Computer mouse|mouse]], a [[Computer keyboard|keyboard]], and a [[Computer monitor|monitor]], as well as the software used in the process.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Twidale|2002|p=414}} | {{harvnb|Riekert|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kOU5wrsqvcgC&pg=PA42 42]|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kOU5wrsqvcgC&pg=PA42 What Does Knowledge Look Like?]}} }}</ref> On the software side, most early user interfaces were [[command-line interface]]s in which the user must type a command to interact with the computer.<ref>{{harvnb|Rao|Wang|Zhou|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ec3sfGyC_q8C&pg=PA57 57]}}</ref> Most modern user interfaces are [[graphical user interfaces]], like [[Microsoft Windows]] and [[macOS]], which are usually much easier to use for non-experts. They involve graphical elements through which the user can interact with the computer, commonly using a design concept known as [[skeumorphism]] to make a new concept feel familiar and speed up understanding by mimicking the real-world equivalent of the interface object. Examples include the typical computer folder icon and recycle bin used for discarding files.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Twidale|2002|p=411}} | {{harvnb|Green|Jiang|Isaacs|2023|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HGjKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16]}}}}</ref> One aim when designing user interfaces is to simplify the interaction with computers. This helps make them more user-friendly and accessible to a wider audience while also increasing productivity.<ref>{{harvnb|Twidale|2002|pp=411–413}}</ref>

==Communication studies==
{{Main|Communication studies}}
Communication studies, also referred to as ''communication science'', is the academic discipline studying communication. It is closely related to semiotics, with one difference being that communication studies focuses more on technical questions of how messages are sent, received, and processed. Semiotics, on the other hand, tackles more abstract questions in relation to [[Meaning (philosophy)|meaning]] and how signs acquire it.<ref>{{harvnb|Danesi|2000|pp=58–59}}</ref> Communication studies covers a wide area overlapping with many other disciplines, such as [[biology]], anthropology, [[psychology]], [[sociology]], [[linguistics]], [[media studies]], and [[journalism]].<ref>{{multiref |1={{harvnb|Danesi|2013|p=181}} |2={{harvnb|Håkansson|Westander|2013|p=6}} |3={{harvnb|Ruben|2002a|p=156}} |4={{harvnb|Gill|Adams|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qhXZU39BVJYC&pg=PR7 vii]}} }}</ref>

Many contributions in the field of communication studies focus on developing [[models of communication|models]] and [[Communication theory|theories of communication]]. Models of communication aim to give a simplified overview of the main components involved in communication. Theories of communication try to provide conceptual frameworks to accurately present communication in all its complexity.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Danesi|2013|p=181}} | {{harvnb|Cobley|Schulz|2013|pp=[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110240450/html 7–10]|loc=Introduction}} | {{harvnb|Berger|Roloff|Ewoldsen|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gH7F_0kTQTEC&pg=PT22 10]}} }}</ref> Some theories focus on communication as a practical art of discourse while others explore the roles of signs, experience, information processing, and the goal of building a social order through coordinated interaction.<ref>{{harvnb|Cobley|Schulz|2013|pp=31, 41–42}}</ref> Communication studies is also interested in the functions and effects of communication. It covers issues like how communication satisfies physiological and psychological needs, helps build relationships, and assists in gathering information about the environment, other individuals, and oneself.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Steinberg|2007|p=18}} | {{harvnb|Gamble|Gamble|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bUdeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 14–16]}} }}</ref> A further topic concerns the question of how communication systems change over time and how these changes correlate with other societal changes.<ref>{{harvnb|Danesi|2013|p=184}}</ref> A related topic focuses on psychological principles underlying those changes and the effects they have on how people exchange ideas.<ref>{{harvnb|Danesi|2013|pp=184–185}}</ref>

Communication was studied as early as [[Ancient Greek|Ancient Greece]]. Early influential theories were created by [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]], who stressed public speaking and the understanding of [[rhetoric]]. According to Aristotle, for example, the goal of communication is to [[Persuasion|persuade]] the audience.<ref>{{harvnb|Ruben|2002a|p=155}}</ref> The field of communication studies only became a separate research discipline in the 20th century, especially starting in the 1940s.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Ruben|2002a|pp=155–156}} | {{harvnb|Berger|Roloff|Ewoldsen|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gH7F_0kTQTEC&pg=PT15 3–4]}} }}</ref> The development of new communication technologies, such as telephone, radio, newspapers, television, and the internet, has had a big impact on communication and communication studies.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Ruben|2002a|pp=155–156}} | {{harvnb|Steinberg|2007|p=3}} | {{harvnb|Bernabo|2017|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4GFCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA201 201–202]|loc=Communication History}} }}</ref>

Today, communication studies is a wide discipline. Some works in it try to provide a general characterization of communication in the widest sense. Others attempt to give a precise analysis of one specific form of communication. Communication studies includes many subfields. Some focus on wide topics like interpersonal communication, intrapersonal communication, verbal communication, and non-verbal communication. Others investigate communication within a specific area.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Ruben|2002a|pp=155–156}} | {{harvnb|Steinberg|2007|p=286}} | {{harvnb|Jenkins|Chen|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQJbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT506 506]}} }}</ref> [[Organizational communication]] concerns communication between members of organizations such as [[corporations]], [[nonprofits]], or small businesses. Central in this regard is the coordination of the behavior of the different members as well as the interaction with customers and the general public.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Putnam|Woo|Banghart|2017}} | {{harvnb|Ren|Zhai|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nC6_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 77]}} }}</ref> Closely related terms are [[business communication]], [[corporate communication]], and [[professional communication]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Hartley|Bruckmann|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=n-OGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1–2]}} | {{harvnb|Mullany|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rC3rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 2]}} | {{harvnb|Dixon|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4XHQDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA204 204]}} }}</ref> The main element of [[marketing communication]] is [[advertising]] but it also encompasses other communication activities aimed at advancing the organization's objective to its audiences, like [[public relations]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Sierra|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0xL_cHiMfLoC&pg=PA392 392]}} | {{harvnb|Brønn|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Zs6UCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT360 360]}} }}</ref> [[Political communication]] covers topics like [[electoral campaigns]] to influence voters and legislative communication, like letters to a [[congress]] or committee documents. Specific emphasis is often given to [[propaganda]] and the role of [[mass media]].<ref>{{harvnb|McClelland|2008|loc=[https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/communication-political Communication, Political]}}</ref>

[[Intercultural communication]] is relevant to both organizational and political communication since they often involve attempts to exchange messages between communicators from different cultural backgrounds.<ref>{{harvnb|Hillstrom, Northern Lights|Magee, ECDI|2006|pp=[https://www.encyclopedia.com/entrepreneurs/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/intercultural-communication 609–610]|loc=Intercultural communication}}</ref> The cultural background affects how messages are formulated and interpreted and can be the cause of misunderstandings.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Blythe|2009|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rPgQRbBLdYgC&pg=177 177–180]}} | {{harvnb|Meng|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b0HWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 120]}} }}</ref> It is also relevant for [[development communication]], which is about the use of communication for assisting in development, like aid given by [[First world|first-world countries]] to [[third-world countries]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Melkote|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SNmJy7iBYOYC&pg=PA129 129]}} | {{harvnb|Steinberg|2007|p=301}} }}</ref> [[Health communication]] concerns communication in the field of [[healthcare]] and health promotion efforts. One of its topics is how healthcare providers, like doctors and nurses, should communicate with their patients.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Steinberg|2007|p=307}} | {{harvnb|Kreps|2002|p=395}} }}</ref>

== History ==
{{main|History of communication}}
Communication history studies how communicative processes evolved and interacted with society, culture, and technology.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Simonson|Peck|Craig|Jackson|2013|p=1}} | {{harvnb|Sonderling|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=54oceJfEV0kC&pg=PA89 89]}} }}</ref> Human communication has a long history and the way people communicate has changed considerably over time. Many of these changes were triggered by the development of new communication technologies and had various effects on how people exchanged ideas.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Peters|2012|pp=[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1461444811429927c 356–359]}} | {{harvnb|Steinberg|1995|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VPs3kidEqXYC&pg=PA2 2–3]}} | {{harvnb|Innis|1950|pp=6–7}} }}</ref> New communication technologies usually require new skills that people need to learn to use them effectively.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Rowitz|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RekQlJPS85EC&pg=PA459 459]}} | {{harvnb|Calabrese|Sparks|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UT_FAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 85]}} | {{harvnb|Tompkins|2023|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FmuyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT141 141]}} }}</ref>

In the academic literature, the history of communication is usually divided into ages based on the dominant form of communication in that age. The number of ages and the precise periodization are disputed. They usually include ages for speaking, writing, and print as well as electronic mass communication and the internet.<ref>{{multiref |1={{harvnb|Steinberg|1995|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VPs3kidEqXYC&pg=PA2 2–5]}} |2={{harvnb|Simonson|Peck|Craig|Jackson|2013|p=1}} |3={{harvnb|Simonson|Peck|Craig|Jackson|2013a|p=14}} |4={{harvnb|Poe|2011|p=V}} |5={{harvnb|Blondheim|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eY_2DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA927 927–928]}} }}</ref> According to communication theorist [[Marshall Poe]], the dominant media for each age can be characterized in relation to several factors. They include the amount of information a medium can store, how long it persists, how much time it takes to transmit it, and how costly it is to use the medium. Poe argues that subsequent ages usually involve some form of improvement of one or more of the factors.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Poe|2011|pp=12–13}} | {{harvnb|Peters|2012|pp=[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1461444811429927c 356–359]}} }}</ref>

According to some scientific estimates, language developed around 40,000 years ago while others consider it to be much older. Before this development, human communication resembled animal communication and happened through a combination of grunts, cries, gestures, and facial expressions. Language helped early humans to organize themselves and plan ahead more efficiently.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Steinberg|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VPs3kidEqXYC&pg=PA3 3]}} | {{harvnb|Capstick|2020|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jW76DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 5–6]}} }}</ref> In early societies, spoken language was the primary form of communication.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Danesi|2013|p=168}} | {{harvnb|Steinberg|1995|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VPs3kidEqXYC&pg=PA2 2–3]}} }}</ref> Most knowledge was passed on through it, often in the form of stories or wise sayings. This form does not produce stable knowledge since it depends on [[Memory#Failures|imperfect human memory]]. Because of this, many details differ from one telling to the next and are presented differently by distinct storytellers.<ref>{{harvnb|Danesi|2013|p=168}}</ref> As people started to settle and form [[Agrarian society|agricultural communities]], societies grew and there was an increased need for stable records of ownership of land and commercial transactions. This triggered the invention of writing, which is able to solve many problems that arose from using exclusively oral communication.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Poe|2011|p=67}} | {{harvnb|Steinberg|1995|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VPs3kidEqXYC&pg=PA2 3–4]}} }}</ref> It is much more efficient at preserving knowledge and passing it on between generations since it does not depend on human memory.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Danesi|2013|pp=168–169}} | {{harvnb|Steinberg|1995|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VPs3kidEqXYC&pg=PA2 3–4]}} }}</ref> Before the invention of writing, certain forms of [[proto-writing]] had already developed. Proto-writing encompasses long-lasting visible marks used to store information, like decorations on pottery items, knots in a cord to track goods, or seals to mark property.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Robinson|2009|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KRsUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 4–5]}} | {{harvnb|Aitchison|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgmmB6vNjYYC&pg=PA33 33]}} }}</ref>

[[File:Sales contract Shuruppak Louvre AO3766.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of a sales contract inscribed on a clay tablet|Sales contract inscribed on a clay tablet using pre-cuneiform script]]
Most early written communication happened through [[pictogram]]s. Pictograms are graphical symbols that convey meaning by visually resembling real-world objects. The use of basic pictographic symbols to represent things like farming produce was common in ancient cultures and began around 9000 BCE. The first complex writing system including pictograms was developed around 3500 BCE by the [[Sumer]]ians and is called [[cuneiform]].<ref>{{multiref |1={{harvnb|Danesi|2013|pp=168–169}} |2={{harvnb|Steinberg|1995|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VPs3kidEqXYC&pg=PA2 3–4]}} |3={{harvnb|Poe|2011|p=68}} |4={{harvnb|Bernabo|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4GFCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA199 199]}} }}</ref> Pictograms are still in use today, like no-smoking signs and the symbols of male and female figures on bathroom doors.<ref>{{harvnb|Danesi|2013|pp=168–169}}</ref> A significant disadvantage of pictographic writing systems is that they need a large amount of symbols to refer to all the objects one wants to talk about. This problem was solved by the development of other writing systems. For example, the symbols of [[alphabetic]] writing systems do not stand for regular objects. Instead, they relate to the sounds used in spoken language.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Danesi|2013|pp=168–169}} | {{harvnb|Poe|2011|pp=69–70}} | {{harvnb|Steinberg|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VPs3kidEqXYC&pg=PA2 4]}} }}</ref> Other types of early writing systems include [[logographic]] and [[ideographic]] writing systems.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Yule|2010|pp=212–214}} | {{harvnb|Haarmann|2020|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FkL_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 157–158]}} }}</ref> A drawback of many early forms of writing, like the clay tablets used for cuneiform, was that they were not very portable. This made it difficult to transport the texts from one location to another to share information. This changed with the invention of [[papyrus]] by the Egyptians around 2500 BCE and was further improved later by the development of [[parchment]] and [[paper]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Steinberg|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VPs3kidEqXYC&pg=PA2 4]}} | {{harvnb|Danesi|2013|p=169}} }}</ref>

Until the 1400s, almost all written communication was hand-written, which limited the spread of written media within society since copying texts by hand was costly. The introduction and popularization of mass printing in the middle of the 15th century by [[Johann Gutenberg]] resulted in rapid changes. Mass printing quickly increased the circulation of written media and also led to the dissemination of new forms of written documents, like newspapers and pamphlets. One side effect was that the augmented availability of written documents significantly improved the general [[literacy]] of the population. This development served as the foundation for revolutions in various fields, including science, politics, and religion.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Danesi|2013|pp=169–170}} | {{harvnb|Steinberg|1995|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VPs3kidEqXYC&pg=PA2 4–5]}} | {{harvnb|Poe|2011|pp=104–105, 112}} }}</ref>

Scientific discoveries in the 19th and 20th centuries caused many further developments in the history of communication. They include the invention of [[Telegraphy|telegraphs]] and telephones, which made it even easier and faster to transmit information from one location to another without the need to transport written documents.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Steinberg|1995|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VPs3kidEqXYC&pg=PA2 5–7]}} | {{harvnb|Danesi|2013|pp=171–172}} }}</ref> These communication forms were initially limited to cable connections, which had to be established first. Later developments found ways of wireless transmission using radio signals. They made it possible to reach wide audiences and radio soon became one of the central forms of mass communication.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Danesi|2013|p=171}} | {{harvnb|Steinberg|1995|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VPs3kidEqXYC&pg=PA2 5–7]}} }}</ref> Various innovations in the field of photography enabled the recording of images on film, which led to the development of cinema and television.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Danesi|2013|pp=172–173}} | {{harvnb|Steinberg|1995|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VPs3kidEqXYC&pg=PA2 5–6]}} }}</ref> The reach of wireless communication was further enhanced with the development of [[Communications satellite|satellites]], which made it possible to broadcast radio and television signals to stations all over the world. This way, information could be shared almost instantly everywhere around the globe.<ref>{{harvnb|Steinberg|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VPs3kidEqXYC&pg=PA2 7]}}</ref> The development of the internet constitutes a further milestone in the history of communication. It made it easier than ever before for people to exchange ideas, collaborate, and access information from anywhere in the world by using a variety of means, such as websites, e-mail, social media, and video conferences.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Danesi|2013|pp=178–181}} | {{harvnb|Poe|2011|pp=223–224}} }}</ref>

==See also==
{{For outline}}
{{Portal|Media|Society|Technology}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* {{anl|Agricultural communication}}
* {{anl|Augmentative and alternative communication}}
* {{anl|Aviation communication}}
* {{anl|Bias-free communication}}
* {{anl|Communication rights}}
* {{anl|Data transmission}}
* {{anl|Defensive communication}}
* {{anl|Environmental communication}}
* {{anl|Information engineering}}
* [[Interdepartmental communication]]
* {{anl|International communication}}
* {{anl|Ishin-denshin|''Ishin-denshin''}}
* {{anl|Linguistic rights}}
* {{anl|Military communication}}
* {{anl|Nonviolent Communication}}
* {{anl|Proactive communications}}
* {{anl|Risk communication}}
* {{anl|Scientific communication}}
* {{anl|Small talk}}
* {{anl|Two Generals' Problem}}
* {{anl|Upward communication}}
}}

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{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{wikiquote-inline}}
* {{commons category-inline|Communication}}
{{Communication studies}}
{{Human intelligence topics}}
{{Nonverbal communication}}
{{Informatics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Communication| ]]
[[Category:Main topic articles]]
[[Category:Society]]
[[Category:Broad-concept articles]]

Soviet Land Nehru Award

2026-02-07T03:08:42Z

Svetlanabpd: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{Short description|Literary award}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2024}}

The '''Soviet Land Nehru award''' was a literary award created to foster better relations between [[India]] and the [[Soviet Union]].

The first recipient of this award was the poet [[Sumitranandan Pant]].

==History==
The '''Soviet Land Nehru Award''' was a [[literary award]] created in 1965 in India.
The award is named after the magazine ''Soviet Land'', which was an Indian magazine published by the Soviet Government-run news agency, [[TASS]], with the intent to promote socialism in India.<ref>{{cite web|author1-link=Tomila Lankina |last1=Lankina |first1=Tomila |last2=Lankin |first2=Vladimir |title=The Russia-India relationship: A shadow of past ties? |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2014/08/18/the-russia-india-relationship-a-shadow-of-past-ties/ |website=blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia |publisher=[[London School of Economics]] |date=18 August 2014}}</ref>

==Prizes==
===Award money===
When the award was first launched, the winners would get a sum of 15,000 Indian Rupees<ref>Sumitranandan Pant : जीवन और साहित्य, द्वितीय खंड, शांति जोशी, राजकमल प्रकाशन, नयी दिल्ली, प्रथम संस्करण-1977, पृष्ठ-612</ref>. However, later on, the award's structure and criteria were changed, with multiple people getting the award every year. The award was split into two categories, named the primary category and the secondary category. The primary award winners would get a sum of 10,000 Rupees while the secondary award winners would get Rupees 5,000.<ref>Vishnu Prabhakar, और पंछी उड़ गया (आत्मकथा-3), राजपाल एण्ड सन्ज़, कश्मीरी गेट, दिल्ली, संस्करण-2015, पृष्ठ-164</ref>
===Soviet tour===
Winners of this could avail the opportunity to go on a fully-funded 2-week long tour of the Soviet Union.

==Discontinuation==
In 1991, the award was abruptly discontinued as a result of the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Dissolution of the Soviet Union]]<ref>https://sikhheritageeducation.com/soviet-land-nehru-award-wound-up-wsn-service/</ref>

== Notable award winners ==
{| class = 'wikitable'
|-
! Year !! Laureate !! Literary Work
|-
| 1965 || [[Sumitranandan Pant]] || Lokayatan
|-
| 1966 (?) || [[Yagyadutt Sharma (novelist)|Yagyadutt Sharma]] || Shilanyas
|-
| 1967 || [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]] || 64 Russian Poems<ref>'' 'दशद्वार' से 'सोपान' तक'', हरिवंशराय बच्चन, राजपाल एंड संज़, दिल्ली, संस्करण-1992, पृष्ठ-213.</ref>
|-
| 1967 || [[Manmatha Ray]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Roy, Manmatha - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Roy,_Manmatha |website=en.banglapedia.org |language=en |access-date=2025-07-17 |archive-date=2021-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715011335/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Roy,_Manmatha |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> || ?
|-
|-
| 1968 || [[Vrindavan Lal Verma]]<ref>''वृन्दावनलाल वर्मा समग्र'', सप्तम खंड, संपादक- डॉ॰ विश्वनाथ प्रसाद, हिन्दी प्रचारक पब्लिकेशंस (प्रा॰) लिमिटेड, वाराणसी, प्रथम संस्करण-2000, पृष्ठ-924.</ref> || ?
|-
| 1968 || [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]] || Gul-e-Nagama
|-
| 1969 || [[Yashpal]]<ref>''Yashpal Rachnavali'', भाग-१४, समन्वय-संपादन- आनन्द, लोकभारती प्रकाशन, इलाहाबाद, प्रथम (पेपरबैक) संस्करण-२००७, पृष्ठ-५०६.</ref> || ?
|-
| 1969 || [[Qurratulain Hyder]] || For various works<ref>''ज्ञानपीठ पुरस्कार'', संपादक- डॉ॰ प्रभाकर श्रोत्रिय, भारतीय ज्ञानपीठ, नयी दिल्ली, संस्करण-2005, पृष्ठ-484, 485 एवं 489.</ref>
|-
| 1970 || [[Amritlal Nagar]] || Amrut aur Vish<ref>[[संवेद (पत्रिका)]], मार्च 2018 (अमृतलाल नागर पर केन्द्रित), अतिथि संपादक- बिपिन तिवारी, पृष्ठ-359.</ref>
|-
| 1971 || [[Amrit Rai]] || Kalam ka Sipahi<ref>हमारे श्रेष्ठ प्रकाशन, हंस प्रकाशन, इलाहाबाद, पृष्ठ-10.</ref>
|-
|1971 || [[ Dr. Ranjeet]] || Progressive Poems of Hindi
|-
| 1972 || [[Upendranath Ashk]] || ?
|-
| ? || [[Devendra Kaushik]] || ?
|-
| ? || [[Prabhakar Machave]] || ?
|-
| 1973 || [[Kedarnath Agarwal]] || Phool nahi rang bolte hai<ref>[[आजकल (पत्रिका)]], मई 2011 (केदारनाथ अग्रवाल पर केन्द्रित), संपादक- सीमा ओझा, प्रकाशन विभाग, नयी दिल्ली, पृष्ठ-27.</ref>
|-
| 1974 || [[Shivmangal Singh Suman]] || Mitti ki barat<ref>''शिवमंगल सिंह 'सुमन' : मनुष्य और स्रष्टा'', [[प्रभाकर श्रोत्रिय]], सामयिक प्रकाशन, नयी दिल्ली, संस्करण-1990, पृष्ठ-165.</ref>
|-
| 1975 || [[Shiv Kumar Mishra|Shiv Kumar Mishra]] || Reflections on Marxist Literature <ref>''मार्क्सवादी साहित्य-चिन्तन : इतिहास तथा सिद्धान्त'', शिवकुमार मिश्र, वाणी प्रकाशन, नयी दिल्ली, संस्करण-2010, अंतिम आवरण फ्लैप पर उल्लिखित।</ref>
|-
| 1976 || [[Vishnu Prabhakar]] || Awara Masiha
|-
| 1979 || [[Mithileshwar]]<ref>मिथिलेश्वर, ''संकलित कहानियाँ'', नेशनल बुक ट्रस्ट इंडिया, नयी दिल्ली, संस्करण-2013, अंतिम आवरण पर लेखक परिचय के अंतर्गत उल्लिखित।</ref> || ?
|-
| ? || [[Darshan Singh]] Can't find any source|| ?
|-
| 1981 || [[Kartar Singh Duggal]]<ref>''नेशनल बुक ट्रस्ट संवाद'', वर्ष-17, अंक-2, फरवरी 2012, पृष्ठ-7.</ref> || ?
|-
| 1981 || [[Ghulam Nabi Aatash]] || Kashmiri translation of [[Alexander Pushkin|Pushkin]]'s poems <ref>https://kashmirlife.net/writing-for-kids-issue-47-vol-10-202364/</ref>
|-
| 1982 || [[Ramvilas Sharma]] || भारत में अंग्रेज़ी राज और मार्क्सवाद<ref>[[आजकल (पत्रिका)]], सितंबर 2012 (रामविलास शर्मा पर केन्द्रित), संपादक- सीमा ओझा, प्रकाशन विभाग, नयी दिल्ली, पृष्ठ-5.</ref>
|-
| 1983 || [[Bheeshma Sahani]] || ?
|-
| 1984 || [[Amarkant]] || ?
|-
| ? || [[Varsha Adalja]] || ?
|-
| 1985 || [[Satyajit Ray]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books/about/Hind%C4%AB_sinem%C4%81_k%C4%81_suh%C4%81n%C4%81_saphara.html?hl=hi&id=yIVGnaM7z38C हिन्दी सिनेमा का सुहाना सफ़र, गंगा प्रसाद शर्मा, डायमंड बुक्स, पृष्ठ-34.]</ref> || ?
|-
| 1986 || [[Shukrdev Prasad|Shukrdev Prasad]] || The Indo-Soviet space friendship<ref>इलाहाबाद साहित्यकार कोश, संपादक-डॉ॰ एस॰ के॰ पाण्डेय डॉ॰ विजयानन्द, हिंदुस्तानी एकेडमी, इलाहाबाद, संस्करण-2009, पृष्ठ-60-61</ref>
|-
| 1986 || [[Gyanranjan]] || The revolutionary magazine "[[Pahal (magazine)|Pahal]]" <ref>[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZMVRamRyzXYC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0&source=bl&ots=S4mGOGMlxv&sig=ACfU3U2oZoySTl19EYuWax_vSXebyVn6cA&hl=hi&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjchZPrmvHwAhWLlEsFHYLCCTgQ6AEwEXoECBUQAg#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%20%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0&f=false कहानी : समकालीन चुनौतियाँ, शंभू गुप्त, वाणी प्रकाशन, संस्करण-2009, पृष्ठ-16.]</ref>
|-
| 1987 || [[Abdul Bismillah]] || Jhini Jhini bhini chadriya<ref>https://sahityavimarsh.com/jhini-jhini-bini-chadariya/</ref><ref>''ज़हरबाद'', अब्दुल बिस्मिल्लाह, राजकमल प्रकाशन, नयी दिल्ली, पहला पेपरबैक संस्करण-1994, पृष्ठ-1.</ref>
|-
| ? || [[Vishwanath Tripathi]] || ?
|-
| 1989 || [[Kavita Balakrishnan]] || Painting
|-
| ? || [[Devika Ramesh]] || ?
|-
| ? || [[Abhimanyu Anant]] || ?
|-
| ? || [[Padma Sachdev]] || ?
|-
| ? || [[Vinda Karandikar]] || ?
|-
| ? || [[ONV Kurup]] || ?
|-
| ? || [[Kaifi Azmi]] || ?
|-
| ? || [[Subhash Mukhopadhyay (poet)|Subhash Mukhopadhyay]] || ?
|-
| ? || [[Ram Mattegunta]] || ?
|-
| ? || [[Balraj Sahni]] || ?
|-
| ? || [[Narayan Surve]] || ?
|-
| 1978 || [[Muzaffar Aazim]] || Kashmiri translation of Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace
|-
| ? || [[Mother Teresa]] || ?
|-

|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Soviet literary awards]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1965]]
[[Category:India–Soviet Union relations]]

{{lit-award-stub}}

Aloysius Prakash Fernandez

2026-02-06T06:49:59Z

Svetlanabpd: rework information for clarity

{{Short description|Indian economist and social worker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Padmashree Mr. Aloysius Prakash Fernandez
| image = Aloysius Prakash Fernandez.jpg
| image_upright = 0.8
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Economist, social worker
| yearsactive =
| known for = Father of SHG Movement
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padmashree]] Caritas India Jubilee Award 2000 Sa-Dhan Lifetime Achievement Award 2025
}}
'''Aloysius Prakash Fernandez''' known as Father of SHG Movement<ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=17 November 2021 |title=Reimagining Citizen Particiaption |url=https://pria.org/knowledge_resource/1637775316_WBR%2013_Participation%2C%20Representation%20%26%20Accountability.pdf |url-status=live |website=Pria}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=16 annual report 2012-13 |url=https://nabfins.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Annual-Report_2012_13.pdf |url-status=live |website=Nabfins}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=SiCAN FinServe |url=https://sican.in/pages/mentors.html |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=sican.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IDR {{!}} The limits of AI in Social Change |url=https://rohininilekaniphilanthropies.org/resources/idr-the-limits-of-ai-in-social-change/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Rohini Nilekani Philanthropies |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=NABARD- 25 Years of SHG Movement |url=https://nabard.org/auth/writereaddata/Flipbook/2017/Publication/Nabard-17-25-Years-Of-SHG-Movement/files/assets/basic-html/page10.html |url-status=live |website=NABARD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thakur |first=Sangeeta |last2=Patel |first2=Bhupendra Singh |date=2014-09-10 |title=Self Help Groups (SHG): A Tool for Empowerment of Women |url=https://ijrrssonline.in/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2014-2-3-4 |journal=International Journal of Reviews and Research in Social Sciences |language=English |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=166–172}}</ref> is an Indian economist, social worker and the First Chairman of the ''NABARD Financial Services Limited'' (NABFINS),<ref name="NABFINS">{{cite web | url=http://nabfins.org/Chairman | title=Nabfins | publisher=Nabfins | date=2014 | accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> a [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]] (NABARD) subsidiary, formed with the participation of several banks in India.<ref name="Nabfins Home">{{cite web | url=http://nabfins.org/ | title=Nabfins Home | publisher=Nabfins | date=2014 | accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref> Considered by many as a pioneer of [[Microfinance]] and [[Self-help group (finance)|Self Help Group]] concept in India,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=MYRADA Rural Management Systems Series Paper- 71 |url=https://myrada.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/RMS-71-The-Self-Help-Groups-and-the-Grameen-Bank.pdf |url-status=live |website=MYRADA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=MYARDA Rural Management System series Paper-73 |url=https://myrada.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/RMS-73_2.pdf |url-status=live |website=MYRADA}}</ref><ref name="Micro Capital">{{cite web | url=http://www.microcapital.org/pioneers-in-microfinance-aloysius-p-fernandez-of-myrada-and-sanghamithra-rural-financial-services/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905193916/http://www.microcapital.org/pioneers-in-microfinance-aloysius-p-fernandez-of-myrada-and-sanghamithra-rural-financial-services/ | url-status=usurped | archive-date=5 September 2009 | title=Micro Capital | publisher=Micro Capital | date=1 April 2008 | accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IDR Interviews {{!}} Aloysius Fernandez |url=https://idronline.org/features/idr-interviews/interview-with-aloysius-fernandez-pioneer-of-self-help-groups-in-india/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=India Development Review |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaid |first=Devanshi |date=2019-05-16 |title=India's most significant innovations have roots in civil society |url=https://idronline.org/indias-most-significant-innovations-have-roots-in-civil-society/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=India Development Review |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The limits of AI in social change |url=https://idronline.org/article/technology/the-limits-of-ai-in-social-change/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=India Development Review |language=en-US}}</ref> he was the executive director and is the member secretary of [https://myrada.org/ MYRADA],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Sanghamithra: A Micro Finance Institution with a difference |date=July 2004 |publisher=National Printing Press |location=Banglore |pages=92–93 |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Purple Shoots">{{cite web | url=http://blog.purpleshoots.org/an-amazing-indian-gentleman-microfinance-and-self-help-groups-in-india/ | title=Purple Shoots | publisher=Purple Shoots | date=16 January 2014 | accessdate=29 December 2014 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20141229172351/http://blog.purpleshoots.org/an-amazing-indian-gentleman-microfinance-and-self-help-groups-in-india/ | archive-date=2014-12-29 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aloysius |first=P. Fernandez |date=July 2007 |title=History and spread of the self-help affinity group movement in India The role played by IFAD |url=https://www.findevgateway.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/mfg-en-paper-history-and-spread-of-the-self-help-affinity-group-movement-in-india-the-role-played-by-ifad-jul-2007.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> a non governmental organization working for the eradication of poverty, gender equality and social development.<ref name="Myrada Goals">{{cite web | url=http://myrada.org/myrada/Millennium%20goals | title=Myrada Goals | publisher=Myrada | date=2014 | accessdate=29 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104134716/http://myrada.org/myrada/Millennium%20goals | archive-date=4 January 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UYrL9x3qaKQ |title=Seeds of Change: How NABARD's SHGs Sparked A Revolution Transforming Rural India Forever |date=2024-10-28 |author=((HISTORY TV18)) |access-date=2025-11-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63kesmZEjEk |title=Padma Shri Aloysius Prakash Fernandez: Pioneer in Development and Social Change |date=2021-01-01 |last=Rajiv Gandhi Foundation |access-date=2025-11-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okaJcuh4Rxk |title=Shri Aloysius P Fernandez |date=2022-11-16 |last=Sa-Dhan Association |access-date=2025-11-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Empowering women through the Self-Help Group Bank Linkage Programme |url=https://academic.oup.com/cdj/article/58/2/283/6374653?login=false |url-status=live |website=Community Development Journal}}</ref>

Fernandez, born in Karnataka,<ref name="Purple Shoots" /> secured a post graduate degree in arts from [[Central University of Karnataka]] and obtained advanced diplomas from the [[University of louvain-la-neuve|University of Louvain]], Belgium on ''Sociology and Research Methodology'' and from [[Oxford University]]<ref name="Purple Shoots" /> on ''Development Studies''.<ref name=":1" /> His early career was with Caritas India and then abroad, with the [[World Bank]] and the [[Canadian International Development Agency]] before his return to Bengaluru in 1982.<ref name="NABFINS" /> Besides holding the chair of NABFINS,<ref name="NABFINS" /> he is the secretary of Myrada,<ref name="Myrada Board">{{cite web | url=http://myrada.org/myrada/our%20board | title=Myrada Board | publisher=Myrada Board | date=2014 | accessdate=29 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104115301/http://myrada.org/myrada/our%20board | archive-date=4 January 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> executive director of The Myrada Davinson Training Centre<ref name="Myrada">{{cite web | url=http://www.myrada.org/rms/rms49.htm | title=Myrada | publisher=Myrada | date=2014 | accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref> and the Chairman of [https://sanghamithra.org/ Sanghamithra Rural Financial Services].<ref name="Micro Capital" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Governance – Sanghamithra |url=https://sanghamithra.org/governance/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is known to be a prolific writer<ref name="OCLC">{{cite web | url=http://classify.oclc.org/classify2/ClassifyDemo?search-author-txt=%22Fernandez%2C+Aloysius+P.%22 | title=OCLC | publisher=OCLC | date=2014 | accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="Worldcat">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n2005207871/ | title=Worldcat | publisher=Worldcat | date=2014 | accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref> and is credited with several publications.<ref name="Agriculture Network">{{cite web | url=http://www.agriculturesnetwork.org/magazines/india/finance-for-farming/marginal-and-small-farmers-require-freedom-and | title=Agriculture Network | publisher=Agriculture Network | date=2014 | accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="Sanghamitra">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9D6sHAAACAAJ | title=Sanghamithra: A Micro Finance Institution with a Difference | publisher=Sanghamithra | author=Aloysius Prakash Fernandez | year=2004 | pages=130}}</ref><ref name="Marginal and small farmers require freedom and options, not financial inclusion">{{cite journal | url=http://www.agriculturesnetwork.org/magazines/india/finance-for-farming/marginal-and-small-farmers-require-freedom-and/at_download/article_pdf | title=Marginal and small farmers require freedom and options, not financial inclusion | author=Aloysius Prakash Fernandez | journal=Leisa India |date=June 2010 }}</ref> Fernandez was honored by the [[Government of India]], in 2000, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Padma Awards |date=2014 |accessdate=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archivedate=15 October 2015 }}</ref> He also received the Caritas India Jubilee 2000 award the same year.<ref name="Myrada recognition">{{cite web | url=http://myrada.org/myrada/Recognition | title=Myrada recognition | publisher=Myrada | date=2014 | accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref> At the 20th [https://www.sa-dhan.net/ Sa-Dhan] National Conference (13–14 November 2025 at New Delhi) on [[Inclusive growth|Inclusive Growth]], he was recognized by the Secretary, Department of Financial Services (DFS), Government of India with the prestigious Lifetime Achievement Award for his outstanding contributions to [[Women's empowerment|Women's Empowerment]] and [[Financial inclusion]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=#sadhanconference #lifetimeaward #financialinclusion #womenempowerment #microfinance {{!}} Sanghamithra Rural Financial Services {{!}} 11 comments |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/sanghamithra-rural-financial-services_sadhanconference-lifetimeaward-financialinclusion-activity-7395324565494726656-3gur |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref>

{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandez, Aloysius Prakash}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Université catholique de Louvain alumni]]
[[Category:Indian microfinance people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Social workers from Karnataka]]

Indirana salelkari

2026-02-02T06:57:39Z

Svetlanabpd: starting pg

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status = VU
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN/>
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| taxon = Indirana salelkari
| authority = Modak, Dahanukar, Gosavi, and Padhye, 2015
| range_map =
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
}}

'''''Indirana salelkari''''', the '''Netravali leaping frog''', is a species of frog in the family [[Ranixalidae]]. It is endemic to [[India]]'s [[Western Ghat]] mountains.<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6
|title=''Indirana salelkari'' Modak, Dahanukar, Gosavi, and Padhye, 2015
|url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Ranixalidae/Indirana/Indirana-salelkari
|access-date=May 25, 2024}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb
|title=''Indirana salelkari'' Modak, Dahanukar, Gosavi, & Padhye, 2015
|author1= Sierra Raby
|editor1= Ann T. Chang
|editor2=
|date=November 3, 2016
|language=
|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/8518
|access-date=May 25, 2024}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN
|title= Netravali Leaping Frog: ''Indirana salelkari''
|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/89183211/166116733
|article-number=e.T89183211A166116733
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T89183211A166116733.en
|id=89183211
|year=2023
|author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
|access-date=May 25, 2024}}</ref>

==Appearance==
The adult male frog measures 24.7–27.7 mm in [[snout-vent length]] and the adult female frog 30.0–30.9 mm. The head is longer than it is wide, which distinguishes this frog from other species in ''Indirana''. The skin of the dorsum is brown or pink in color. There is a dark stripe between the eyes. There is a patch in the shape of the letter W on the anterior head. There are brown stripes on the upper mandible and another brown strip from the nose to the shoulder. There are transverse bars on the front and hind legs and sometimes the toes. The sides of the legs have brown or black spots on them. Female frogs have fewer spots than male frogs. The skin of the bottoms of the feet is dark brown and white in color.<ref name=Amph />

==Habitat==
This frog lives in semi-evergreen [[secondary forest]] within the splash zones of streams. This frog has been observed near spice farms and in the edges of forests, but scientists believe it does require some [[canopy (biology)|canopy cover]]. This frog has been observed between 78 and 600 meters above sea level.<ref name=IUCN />

==Reproduction==
The frog's tadpoles are semi-aquatic.<ref name=IUCN /> A horny beak divides the mouth into two parts.<ref name=Amph />

==Threats==
The IUCN classifies this frog as vulnerable because of its limited range and ongoing habitat loss. People cut down the forests for agriculture and to build towns. Some forms of landslide prevention can harm this frog: concrete can fill in the cracks in the rocks where frogs would lay their eggs. Subsistence logging may also pose some threat, but a minor one. Scientists also think [[climate change]] could hurt this frog by changing the [[monsoon|weather]] it needs to lay eggs.<ref name=IUCN />

The frog's range includes at least one protected park: [[Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name=IUCN />

Scientists have observed the fungus ''[[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]]'' on other frogs that live nearby but further research is required to assess it as a threat. ''Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis'' causes the fungal disease [[chytridiomycosis]].<ref name=IUCN />

==Original description==
*{{cite journal|author1=Modak N|author2= Dahanukar N|author3= Gosavi N|author4= Padhye AD |year=2015 |title=Indirana salelkari, a new species of leaping frog (Anura: Ranixalidae) from Western Ghas of Goa, India. |journal=J Threatened Taxa |volume=7 |issue= 9|pages=7493–7509|doi= 10.11609/JoTT.o4262.7493-509|doi-access=free}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q21011754}}

[[Category:Indirana|salelkari]]
[[Category:Frogs of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2015]]

{{Ranoidea-stub}}

An Enquiry Into the Destruction of the Ancient Alexandrian Library

2026-01-23T19:13:59Z

Svetlanabpd: started a stub and citations

{{Short description|1892 essay by Shibli Nomani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = An Enquiry Into the Destruction of the Ancient Alexandrian Library
| image = Cover of An Enquiry Into the Destruction of the Ancient Alexandrian Library.jpg
| image_size = 280px
| caption = 1893 English cover
| alt = Book cover
| author = [[Shibli Nomani]]
| title_orig = کتب خانہ اسکندریہ
| orig_lang_code = ur
| translator = [[Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman]]
| country = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| language = Urdu
| subject = [[Library of Alexandria]]
| genre = [[History]]
| published = 1892
| media_type = Print
| oclc = 316101303
| dewey = 022.0932
| external_url = https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/mazmoon-kutub-khana-e-iskandariya-ebooks
| english_pub_date = 1893
| isbn = 978-1-01537-639-7
| isbn_note = (Legare Street Press, English, 2021)
}}
'''''An Enquiry Into the Destruction of the Ancient Alexandrian Library''''' is an 1892 [[essay]] written by [[Shibli Nomani]], originally published in Urdu as '''''Kutubkhana-i-Iskandariyya''''' ({{langx|ur|کتب خانہ اسکندریہ}}). It examines the widespread claim that Muslims under Caliph [[Umar]] destroyed the [[Library of Alexandria]] and argues, based on historical evidence, that the library had already been lost centuries earlier. The work critically analyzes European and Christian sources, concluding that the allegation against Muslims was unfounded and historically inaccurate.

== Overview ==
The essay was first published in 1892.<ref name=":Azami">{{Cite book |last=Al-Azami |first=Mohammad Ilyas |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/darul-musannefeen-ki-tarikhi-khidmat-mohammad-ilyas-al-azami-ebooks |title=Darul Musannefeen Ki Tarikhi Khidmat |publisher=Khuda Bakhsh Library |year=2002 |location=Patna |pages=168 |language=ur |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=29 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019095041/https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/darul-musannefeen-ki-tarikhi-khidmat-mohammad-ilyas-al-azami-ebooks |url-status=live }}</ref> Its purpose was to investigate and respond to the widely circulated claim that during the [[Arab conquest of Egypt]], Caliph [[Umar]] destroyed the [[Library of Alexandria]], a repository of centuries of accumulated knowledge established under the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemies]].<ref name=":Azami" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khanum |first=Almas |date=2016 |title=Maulana Shibli Nomani ki Muhqiqana Kawishen |url=https://tahqeeqnama.gcu.edu.pk/website/journal/article/5d9f27733d6e0/page |journal=Tahqeeq Nama |language=ur |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=292}}</ref> This allegation, often used to suggest that Muslims were hostile to knowledge, became widely accepted in Europe.<ref name=":Azami" /> Shibli observed that this narrative had influenced literature, philosophy, and popular expression, permeating cultural and intellectual discourse for centuries.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Nasir |first=Md |title=Allama Shibli Nomani Ki Nasri Khidmat |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/648649 |language=ur |page=147 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923000459/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/648649 |archive-date=23 September 2025 |year=1986 |location=India |hdl=10603/648649 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Shibli's research demonstrated that Muslims were not responsible for the library's destruction. By the time of the Muslim conquest, the library had already ceased to exist: half had been destroyed centuries earlier by [[Julius Caesar]], and the remaining works had been dispersed.{{Sfn|Nasir|1986|p=148}} The claim implicating Muslims appears to have originated with the Christian writer Abu al-Farj (b. 1226) and was subsequently propagated by European [[chronicle]]rs, who attributed the destruction to Muslims without rigorous investigation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhat |first=Samee-Ullah |date=2019 |title=The Importance Of Works Of Muhammad Shibli Nomani |url=https://journal.walisongo.ac.id/index.php/JISH/article/view/2921 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=177 |doi=10.21580/jish.32.2921 |issn=2527-838X |s2cid=198507796 |doi-access=free |archive-date=26 June 2023 |access-date=29 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626151432/https://journal.walisongo.ac.id/index.php/JISH/article/view/2921 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shibli also noted the selective attention of European historians, observing that other major libraries in Iran, Spain, and elsewhere had been destroyed without comparable concern, raising questions about why the Library of Alexandria received such particular focus.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ahmad |first=Md. Faiz |title=Mazameen Shibli ka tanquidi motala |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Delhi University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/371903 |language=ur |page=76 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923120338/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/371903 |archive-date=23 September 2025 |year=2017 |location=India |hdl=10603/371903 |url-status=live |access-date=29 September 2025 }}</ref>

In his investigation, Shibli examined European writings in German, French, and English, systematically evaluating their claims.<ref name=":Siddiqi">{{Cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Zafar Ahmad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/shibli-hindustani-adab-ke-memar-zafar-ahmad-siddiqi-ebooks-1 |title=Shibli: Hindustani Adab Ke Memar |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1988 |location=India |pages=47 |language=ur}}</ref> Although primarily a scholar of Arabic and Persian, he referenced European sources with precision and applied the principles of narrational transmission to verify historical events.<ref name=":Siddiqi" />

== Legacy ==
Through this essay, Shibli is regarded as the first scholar to systematically refute the claim that Muslims were responsible for the destruction of the Library of Alexandria.<ref name=":AJHISR">{{Cite journal |last1=Musharraf |first1=Muhammad Nabeel |last2=Dars |first2=Bashir Ahmed |date=2016 |title=Who Burnt The Grand Library Of Alexandria? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307856004 |journal=Australian Journal of Humanities and Islamic Studies Research (AJHISR) |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=7–20}}</ref> His refutation was later acknowledged by several [[Orientalism|orientalist]] scholars in the 20th century.<ref name=":AJHISR" /> The essay was widely read and translated into multiple languages. An English translation by Muhammad Ghouse Sayeed was published in [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] in 1893, and another translation was later produced by [[Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman]].<ref name=":Azami" /> The work continues to be cited as a definitive study on the subject,<ref name=":Azami" /> and according to Arshad Islam, it compelled many European scholars to reconsider earlier assumptions about the destruction of the library and became a part of broader discussions on the reliability of historical narratives.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Islam |first=Arshad |date=2005 |title='Allāma Shiblī Nu'mānī (1857–1914): A Monumental Islamic Scholar |url=http://nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/Pjhc%2026-1%202005/4-SHIBLI%20NU%92MANI.pdf |journal=Pakistan Journal of History & Culture |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=72 |issn=1012-7682 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=29 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923022016/http://nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/Pjhc%2026-1%202005/4-SHIBLI%20NU%92MANI.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sulaiman Nadvi]] stated that the study was widely accepted among researchers.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Yeaqub |first=Md |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/666571 |title=Writings of Allama Shibli Nomani in Arabic : Edition and annotation |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2019 |location=India |degree=PhD |language=ar |hdl=10603/666571 |page=129}}</ref>

Several scholars have reviewed the work in detail. Md. Nasir of [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]] noted that it reflects Shibli's deep understanding of history, [[Historical method|historiographical methodology]], and Islamic civilization.{{Sfn|Nasir|1986|p=150}} Mohammad Ilyas al-Azami described it as comprehensive, well-reasoned, and scholarly,<ref name=":Azami" /> while Zafar Ahmad Siddiqi emphasized the value of its engaging introduction, systematic arrangement of evidence, and clarity of presentation.{{Sfn|Siddiqi|1988|p=48}} Md. Faiz Ahmad of [[Delhi University]] observed that Shibli's essay challenged European historical narratives by questioning research methods, scrutinizing accounts, and addressing issues of [[bias]], while also combining rigorous research, logical reasoning, and evidence.{{Sfn|Ahmad|2017|p=75}} He further noted that the essay drew the attention of European scholars, influenced subsequent debates, and helped counter widely circulated narratives.{{Sfn|Ahmad|2017|p=77}}

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Deobandi historical works|Deobandi historical works]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:KutbKhana|Urdu version]] at [[Internet Archive]]
* [[iarchive:enquiryintodestr00shib|English version]] at [[Internet Archive]]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Deobandi historical works]]
[[Category:Urdu-language books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Books by Shibli Nomani]]
[[Category:Indian history books]]

1st Horse (Skinner's Horse)

2026-01-16T06:42:07Z

Svetlanabpd: added section per sources and updated info

{{Short description|Indian Army regiment}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 1st Horse (Skinner's Horse)
| image = File:1st Regiment of Skinner's Horse returning from a General Review, 1828.jpg
| caption = 1st Regiment of Skinner's Horse returning from a General Review
| dates = 1803–present
| country = [[India]]
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} (1803-1947) {{flag|Dominion of India}} (1947–1950) {{flag|India}} (1950–present)
| branch = {{army|British India|23px}} (1803–1947) [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]] (1947–present)
| type = [[Cavalry]]
| role =
| size = Regiment
| command_structure =
| equipment = [[T-72]] tanks
| Past Commanders =
| ceremonial_chief =
| colonel_of_the_regiment = Lt Gen Dhiraj Seth<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.w.2025-12-27.268912/|title=Gazette of India, No 52|date=2025-12-27|access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref>
| notable_commanders = [[James Skinner (soldier)|James Skinner]] 
[[Lt Gen Gurbachan Singh (Buch)]] 
[[Lt Gen GS Grewal (Goody)]] 
[[Maj Gen SS Grewall]] 
[[Maj Gen Ajay Sood]] 
[[Lt Gen RK Loomba]] 
[[Praveen Bakshi|Lt Gen Praveen Bakshi]] 
[[Lt Gen PS Mehta]] 
[[Lt Gen RK Jagga]] 
[[Dhiraj Seth|Lt Gen Dhiraj Seth]] 
[[Lt Gen DG Misra]]
| identification_symbol = 1 Horse
| identification_symbol_2 = 
| nickname = Yellow Boys
| patron =
| motto = Himmat e Mardaan Madad e Khuda (The bravery of man is by the help of God)<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/a-home-in-the-hills-for-col-james-skinner/articleshow/49359653.cms|title= A home in the hills for Col James Skinner |website= [[The Times of India]] |date=2015-10-15|access-date=2021-03-10}}</ref><ref name="Jackson">{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Donovan|title= India's Army|date=1940|publisher= Sampson Low, Marston & Co Ltd|pages=26–34}}</ref>
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| battles = '''First Afghan War''' [[Battle of Ghazni]] [[Battle of Jellalabad]] [[Battle of Kabul (1842)|Battle of Kabul]] [[Bhurtpore]] 1842 '''First Sikh War''' [[Battle of Moodkee]] [[Battle of Ferozeshah]] [[Battle of Aliwal]] [[Battle of Sobraon]] '''Second Sikh War''' [[Battle of Ramnagar]] [[Battle of Chillianwala]] [[Battle of Gujrat]] '''Second Afghan War''' [[Kandahar]] 1878–80 [[Afghanistan]]1878 '''Boxer Rebellion''' [[Battle of Peking (1900)|Battle of Peking]] '''World War I''' France and [[Flanders]] [[Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes|Defence of Gumbaz]] '''World War II''' [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]] [[Battle of Keren]] [[Amba Alagi]] [[Western Desert Campaign]] [[Agordat]] [[Ethiopia|Abyssinia]] [[Spring 1945 offensive in Italy|Senio Flood Bank]] [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]]<ref name="Indian Army List">{{cite book| last= |first=|title= The Indian Army List, July – 1940|date=1940|publisher= Defence Department, Government of India|page=643|isbn= }}</ref> '''Post Independence''' [[Annexation of Hyderabad|Operation Polo]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
}}

The '''1st Horse (Skinner's Horse)''' is a regiment of the [[Indian Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]] of the [[Indian Army]]. It traces its origins as a [[cavalry]] [[regiment]] from the times of the [[East India Company]], followed by its service in the [[British Indian Army]] and finally, after independence as the fourth oldest and one of the senior cavalry regiments of the Armoured Corps of the Indian Army.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://stratpost.com/army-chief-visits-skinners-horse/|title= Army chief visits Skinner's Horse|date=2010-10-02|access-date=2021-03-10}}</ref>

==Formation==
After the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War|Anglo-Maratha War of 1803]], [[James Skinner (East India Company officer)|James Skinner]] ("Sikander Sahib") was dismissed from service by [[Daulat Rao Sindhia]] and was recruited by [[Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake|Lord Lake]], who asked him to raise a regiment of 'Irregular Cavalry'. On February 23, 1803, the regiment was raised at [[Hansi]], [[Haryana]] in the service of the East India Company.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/india/land-deals-by-kin-of-james-skinner-founder-of-skinners-horse-regiment-under-ed-scanner-6555086/|title= Land deals by kin of James Skinner, founder of Skinner's Horse regiment, under ED scanner|date=2020-08-14|access-date=2021-03-10}}</ref> The initial contingent consisted of 800 men of Perron's Horse, who were under service of the [[Scindia]],<ref name="IDR">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/yellow-boys-skinners-horse/0/|title= Yellow Boys - Skinner's Horse|date=2020-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.livehistoryindia.com/cover-story/2020/06/25/james-skinner|title= James Skinner: From Half-Born Mercenary to Sikandar Sahib|date=2020-06-25|access-date=2021-03-20}}</ref> all of whom were old Muslims comrades of James Skinner.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eBnHDwAAQBAJ&dq=skinner%27s+horse+hindustani+mahomedan&pg=PA9 |title= A History of the British Cavalry, 1816–1850 |volume=1 1816–1919 |author=The Marquess of Anglesey| date= 1993 |publisher= Pen & Sword Books |isbn= 9781473814981 }}</ref> Skinner was one of a certain group of officers, such as [[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)|Gardner]] and Hearsay, who had become British leaders of irregular cavalry that preserved the traditions of cavalry of the Mughal empire, which had a political purpose because it absorbed pockets of cavalrymen who might otherwise have become disaffected plunderers.<ref>{{ cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8bqEzPPp8xIC&dq=irregular+cavalry+syud&pg=PA159 |title= Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 |author= Christopher Alan Bayly, C. A. Bayly |date= 1996 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 9780521663601 }}</ref> Herber writes: "Altogether the dress, arms and appearance would lead any one versed in Indian history to believe Skinner's Horse to be the descendants of the conquering Moguls of Timour."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czxCAAAAcAAJ&dq=skinner%27s+horse+moguls&pg=PA375 |title=Tours in Upper India and in Parts of the Himalaya Mountains |page=375 |author=Edward C. Archer |date=1833 }}</ref>

A second regiment of Indian Cavalry was raised by Colonel James Skinner in 1814, which became the [[3rd Skinner's Horse]]. On the reduction of the Indian Army in 1922, 1st and 3rd Regiments were amalgamated and became '''Skinner's Horse (1st Duke of York's Own Cavalry)''' and later the '''1st Duke of York's Own Lancers (Skinner's Horse)'''. The regiment took its present designation in 1950.

==Class composition==
===Early 1800s===
During its early years, the 1st regiment of Skinner's Horse recruited men from [[Haryana]] and [[Doaba]] areas. The recruits was mainly composed of [[Ranghar]]s ([[Muslim Rajputs]]),<ref name="J. Royal Roseberry 1987 165">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=swwNAAAAIAAJ&q=ranghars |title= Imperial Rule in Punjab: The Conquest and Administration of Multan, 1818-1881 |author= J. Royal Roseberry |page= 165 |date= 1987 |publisher= Riverdale Company |isbn= 9780913215234 }}</ref> [[Sayyid|Syeds]], [[Mughal people|Moghuls]], and [[Pathans of Uttar Pradesh|localized Pathans]] from [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]] and [[Western Uttar Pradesh|Western U.P]].<ref name="Sumit Walia 2021 125">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fWEeEAAAQBAJ&dq=skinner%27s+horse+muslims+delhi&pg=PA125 |title= Unbattled Fears: Reckoning the National Security |year= 2021 |author= Sumit Walia |page= 125|publisher= Lancer Publishers |isbn= 9788170623311 }}</ref> with a few [[Rajputs]] and [[Brahmin]]s. Thus the regiment was a predominantly Indian Muslim unit.<ref name="Sumit Walia 2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/yellow-boys-skinners-horse/2/ |title= Yellow Boys - Skinner's Horse |author=Sumit Walia |date=2010 }}</ref>

===After the Indian Rebellion of 1857===
In 1864, it had three squadrons (six troops) and the composition was changed, so that there was one troop each of Muslim, [[Dogras|Dogra]]s, [[Sikh]]s, [[Jat]]s, Rajputs and Brahmins. In 1885, a squadron (consisting of 2 troops) of Sikhs were added. In 1887, the regiment had one squadron each of Sikhs, Jats, Ranghars and half a squadron each of Rajputs and Hindustani Muslims. Later the composition was changed to one squadron each of Sikhs, Jats, Rajputs (from Eastern Punjab and Jodhpur) and Muslim Rajputs. By the end of the Great War, the regiment had four squadrons of Hindustani Muslims, one each of Moghuls, [[Ranghar]]s ([[Muslim Rajputs]]), Syeds and [[Pathans of Uttar Pradesh|localized Pathans]] recruited from Delhi, Haryana and [[Western Uttar Pradesh|Western United Provinces]]. The 3rd regiment had a similar composition. In 1927, following the amalgamation of the regiment, the troops were Jats, Rajputs and Ranghars mainly from [[Gurgaon]], [[Rohtak]] and [[Hisar district|Hissar]]. Post partition, Hindustani Muslim and Ranghar squadrons of the Skinner's Horse were given to the [[Pakistan Armoured Corps]] in exchange of a Sikh Squadron from [[19th Lancers|19th King George V's own Lancers]]. The regiment presently recruits Jats, Sikhs and Rajputs.<ref name="J. Royal Roseberry 1987 165"/><ref name="Sumit Walia 2021 125"/><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eBnHDwAAQBAJ&dq=skinner%27s+horse+hindustani+mahomedan&pg=PA9 |title=A History of the British Cavalry, 1816–1850 |volume=1 1816–1919 |author=The Marquess of Anglesey| date= 1993 |publisher= Pen & Sword Books |isbn= 9781473814981 }}</ref><ref name="Sumit Walia 2010"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Gautam|first=PK|title= Indigenous Historical Knowledge: Kautilya and His Vocabulary, Volume III|date=2016|publisher= IDSA/Pentagon Press |isbn= 978-81-8274-909-2|page=153}}</ref>

==Lineage==

=== 1st Lancers ===
Source:<ref name="Indian Army List" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hcvv.home.xs4all.nl/milweb/British-India/Cavalry/cav01.html|title=1st Duke of York's Own Skinner's Horse|date=|access-date=2021-03-10}}</ref>
* 1803 Captain Skinner's Corps of Irregular Horse
* 1823 1st Regiment of Local Horse<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Authority Of The Council |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284980 |title=Indian Army List For April I -1919 |date=1919}}</ref>
* 1840 1st Bengal Irregular Cavalry<ref name=":1" />
* 1861 1st Regiment of Bengal Cavalry
* 1896 1st Regiment of Bengal Lancers
* 1899 1st (The Duke of York's Own) Regiment of Bengal Lancers
* 1901 1st (Duke of York's Own) Bengal Lancers (Skinner's Horse)
* 1903 1st Duke of York's Own Lancers (Skinner's Horse)

=== 3rd Skinner's Horse ===
Source:<ref name="Indian Army List" />
* 1814 Second Corps of Lieutenant-Colonel Skinner's Irregular Horse
* 1821 Baddeley's Frontier Horse
* 1823 4th Regiment of Local Horse
* 1840 4st Bengal Irregular Cavalry
* 1861 3rd Regiment of Bengal Cavalry
* 1901 3rd Bengal Cavalry (Skinner's Horse)
* 1903 3rd Skinner's Horse

=== Post amalgamation ===

* 1921 1st-3rd Cavalry<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Army Department |first=Government of India |url=http://archive.org/details/indian-army-list-1922-april |title=The Indian Army List 1922 April |date=April 1922}}</ref>

==Early history==
[[File:Colonel James Skinner CB, 1st Regiment of Local Horse, 1836.jpg|thumb|right| Colonel James Skinner]]
After its formation in 1803, the regiment was involved in a number of the campaigns on the Indian subcontinent, notably the [[Siege of Bharatpur (1825–1826)|Siege of Bharatpur]], the [[First Afghan War]], the [[Second Afghan War]], the [[First Anglo-Sikh war|First Sikh War]] and the [[Second Sikh War]]. In 1842, a detachment of the regiment lost 108 men out of 180 engaged in a clash at [[Kandahar]]. The 1st Skinner's Horse remained loyal during the [[Indian Mutiny of 1857]], seeing service in the [[Ravi River]] district and distinguishing itself at [[Chichawatni]].<ref name="Jackson"/>

It was the first Indian Army regiment sent overseas during the [[Boxer Rebellion]] and participated in the [[Battle of Peking (1900)|Battle of Peking]]. During this campaign the regiment clashed with [[Tatars|Tartar]] cavalry and served alongside United States units – the first occasion where British Indian and US troops served together.<ref>Christopher Rothero pages 6–7 "Skinner's Horse"{{ISBN|0 85524 310 4}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Regiment formed in line, from the Book of Rules for the Manoeuvres of the Hindustani Musket Cavalry formed by Colonel James Skinner, 1824.jpg|Regiment formed in line, from the Book of Rules for the Manoeuvres of the Hindustani Musket Cavalry formed by Colonel James Skinner
File:Skinner's Horse party, in a folio from 'Reminiscences of Imperial Delhi’, an album by Thomas Metcalfe, 1843.jpg|Skinner's Horse party, in a folio from the [[Delhi Book]], or 'Reminiscences of Imperial Delhi', an album by [[Sir Thomas Metcalfe, 4th Baronet|Sir Thomas Metcalfe]], 1843
File:1st Regiment of Skinner's Horse returning from a General Review, 1828.jpg|1st Regiment of Skinner's Horse returning from a General Review, 1828
File:Positions for the manoeuvre of the regiment from a column to a line, 1824.jpg|Positions for the manoeuvre of the regiment from a column to a line, 1824
File:Colonel James Skinner holding a Regimental Durbar, 1827.jpg|Colonel James Skinner holding a Regimental Durbar, 1827
File:Skinner's Horse at Exercise, 1840 (c).jpg|Skinner's Horse at Exercise, 1840 (c)
File:The 4th Irregular Cavalry.jpg|Skinner's Horse, by Ensign Bethune Donald Grant
File:Officer in the 4th Irregular Cavalry.png|Officer in the 4th Irregular Cavalry

</gallery>

==World War I==
[[File:1st Bengal Lancers, Boxer's Rebellion.jpg|thumb|1st Bengal Lancers, Boxer's Rebellion, 1900]]
The 1st regiment remained at the [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North-West Frontier]] of British India throughout the war. The 3rd regiment had been stationed in [[Meerut]] when the war broke out. The regiment was a part of the [[7th Indian Cavalry Brigade|7th (Meerut) Cavalry Brigade]], [[2nd Indian Cavalry Division]]. The brigade received orders to mobilise on 24 October 1914.<ref name="Jackson"/> It sailed from Bombay and reached Marseilles port in France by 15 December 1914.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://salute.co.in/skinners-horse-in-the-first-world-war-1914-18/|title= Skinner's horse in the first world war 1914-18|date=2014-10-01|access-date=2021-03-20}}</ref>

The regiment was in France till August 1916. It saw extensive action in many parts of France. It was awarded the battle honours France and Flanders for its fine performance. It was sent to Mesopotamia as a part of the 7th Meerut Cavalry Brigade Headquarters. The regiment was then ordered back to India where it concentrated in Rawalpindi in August 1916 for operations in Afghanistan.<ref name="global security">{{cite web|title=global security|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/skinners-horse.htm| access-date= 29 June 2008 }}</ref> A detachment of the regiment was tasked to guard the post at [[Loralai District|Gumboz]] and held against the attack by the [[Marri (tribe)|Marris]] on 17 February 1918.<ref name="Jackson"/>

The regiment won the following gallantry awards –<ref>{{cite book|last=India|first=Adjutant General of |title=List of Honours Awarded to the Indian Army August 1914 to August 1921|date=1930|publisher= Committee Indian War Memorial Delhi}}</ref>
* [[Order of the Indian Empire|Companion of the Indian Empire]] : Risaldar Habibur Rahman Khan (1st regiment).
* [[Military Cross]] : Jemadar Ami Lal (3rd regiment).
* [[Order of British India]] : Risaldar Mardan Khan, Risaldar Nathe Khan, Risaldar Major Muhammad Akham Khan (1st regiment); Risaldar Major Balwant Singh (3rd regiment).
* [[Indian Order of Merit]] : Risaldar Faiz Muhammad Khan, Jemadar Muhammad Umar Faruk Khan (1st regiment); Dafadar Lal Singh, Lance Dafadar Khem Singh, Jemadar Indar Singh, Dafadar Jawahir Singh (3rd regiment).
* [[Indian Distinguished Service Medal]] : Sowar Nishan Ali, Jemadar Raknuddin, Trumpeter Abdul Majid Khan, Sowar Ghulam Muhammad Khan, Lance Dafadar Ali Hussain, Jemadar Muhammad Tagi Khan (1st regiment); Dafadar Gurdiyall Singh, Acting Lance Dafadar Pritam Singh, Sowar Chhaja Singh (3rd regiment).
* [[Indian Meritorious Service Medal (for Indian Army)|Indian Meritorious Service Medal]] : Sowar Sabr Ali Khan, Sowar Abdul Shakoor Khan, Dafadar Hadiyar Khan, Dafadar Ashrafulla Khan (1st regiment); Dafadar Chhaja Singh, Sowar Pakbar Singh, Dafadar Nand Singh, Lance Dafadar Nahar Singh (3rd regiment).
* [[Croix de Guerre]] (French) : Dafadar Zahur Ali (3rd regiment).
* [[Bronze Medal of Military Valor|Bronze Medal of Military Valor (Italian)]] : Dafadar Kutab Khan (3rd regiment).
* [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Romania#Wartime military decorations|Crucea Servicul Credincois (Romanian)]] : Sowar Pretam Singh (3rd regiment).

==Interwar period==
After World War I, the cavalry of the British Indian Army was reduced from thirty-nine regiments to twenty-one. On 18 May 1921, the two regiments of Skinner's Horse were amalgamated at [[Sialkot]] with the new title of the 1st Duke of York's Own Skinner's Horse.<ref name="global security"/> Each of the squadrons was equipped with one [[Hotchkiss gun]] and with .303 [[Lee–Enfield#Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk III|Short Magazine Lee–Enfield]] rifles. The machine gun troops of the Headquarters Squadron were equipped with the .303 [[Vickers machine gun]]. The traditional ''sillidar-system'' of most of the cavalry was abolished shortly after World War I and Indian troopers were now provided with government horses rather than having to provide the animals themselves in return for a higher rate of pay. The Skinner's Horse accordingly acquired the status of a fully ''regular'' regiment of the British Indian Army and received standard government-issue equipment for all purposes.<ref name="global security"/><ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Gaylor|page=11|title=Sons of John Company|year=1992|publisher=Spellmount |isbn=0-946771-98-7}}</ref>

==World War II==
At the beginning of World War II the regiment was still mounted, but was quickly converted to act as a mechanised reconnaissance regiment and was attached to the [[5th Indian Division]] and when the division was sent to the [[Sudan]], formed part of [[Battle of Keren order of battle|Gazelle Force]].<ref>{{cite book| last= |first=|title=The Fighting Fifth – History of the 5th Indian Division|date=|publisher= Director of Public Relations, War Department, Government of India|page=|isbn= }}</ref>

During the rest of the war the regiment was attached variously to the [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th Indian Infantry Division]]; the [[British 10th Armoured Division]], the [[3rd Indian Motor Brigade]] and the [[10th Indian Infantry Division]]. The regiment fought in [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East Africa]], [[North African Campaign|North Africa]] and [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italy]] and was awarded battle honours for Agordat, Keren, Amba-Alagi, Abyssinia, Senio Flood Bank and Italy.<ref name="global security"/> The senior Pakistani politician Sardar [[Shaukat Hayat Khan]] (1915–1998), who served with Skinner's Horse in Sudan/Africa during the Second World War, has written a brief but memorable account of the regiment's service there, in his memoirs, "The Nation that Lost its Soul" ([[Lahore]]: Jang Pubs, 1995).

The regiment won the following gallantry awards –<ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|title=The Tiger Strikes|date=1942|publisher=Director of Public Relations, India Command, Government of India|page=148}}</ref><ref name="The Tiger Kills">{{cite book|last=|first=|title=The Tiger Kills|date=1944|publisher=Director of Public Relations, India Command, Government of India|page=309}}</ref>
* [[Distinguished Service Order|Distinguished Service Order (DSO)]] : Lieutenant Colonel IF Hossack.
* [[Military Cross]] : Captain RP Prentice, Lieutenant RE Coaker.
* [[Indian Order of Merit]] : Risaldar Mohd Yunus Khan.
* [[Indian Distinguished Service Medal]] : Risaldar Amar Singh, Lance Dafadar Dip Chand, Lance Dafadar Mohd Sharif Khan, Lance Dafadar Bhure Khan, Sowar Munshi Singh, Sowar Raj Singh, Sowar Sardar Singh.
* [[Mentioned in dispatches]] : Lieutenant Colonel IF Hossack, Lieutenant Colonel T Scott, Captain HT Addams Williams, Lieutenant RE Coaker, Risaldar Major Bhanu Singh, Risaldar Mohammed Yunus Khan, Lance Dafadar Bhure Khan, Lance Dafadar Abdul Hakim, Lance Dafadar Munshi Khan, Lance Dafadar Feroze Khan, Lance Dafadar Ikram-ud-din, Sowar Raj Singh.

==Post War==
[[File:Stamp of India - 1978 - Colnect 327435 - 175th Anniv Skinner s Horse 1803-1978.jpeg|thumb|right|305x305px|1978 postage stamp on the 175th anniversary]]
The regiment was switched to tanks in 1946, receiving the [[M3 Stuart|Stuart tank]], and a year later [[Churchill tank|Churchills]]. In 1947 with the [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]], the regiment became part of the [[Indian Army Armoured Corps]]. The first Indian commander was Lieutenant Colonel RM Bilimoria, and the regiment was stationed at [[Ahmednagar]].
[[File:Gen. V.K. Singh, PVSM, AVSM, YSM, ADC, COAS being presented a Sword on being appointed Honorary Colonel of the Regiment of the Skinner's Horse, in Meerut on October 01, 2010.jpg|thumb|right|The COAS [[General VK Singh]], being presented a sword on being appointed ''Honorary Colonel of the Regiment'' of the Skinner's Horse, in Meerut on 1 October 2010]]
;[[Indian annexation of Hyderabad|Hyderabad Police Action]]
The regiment took part in the annexation of Hyderabad in 1948, following which it stopped the use of Stuart tanks.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-lt-col-michael-skinner-1094142.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-lt-col-michael-skinner-1094142.html |archive-date=1 May 2022 |url-access=subscription|title= Obituary: Lt-Col Michael Skinner|website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |date=2011-10-23|access-date=2021-03-10}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/archives/MONITOR/ISSUE2-3/lns.html|title= Operation Polo: The Liberation Of Hyderabad at Bharat Rakshak Volume 2-3, November-December 1999|date= |access-date=2021-03-21}}</ref> The Churchill tank remained in use until 1957, after which the regiment was equipped with [[M4 Sherman|Sherman Mk IV's]].
;[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
In 1965, equipped with Sherman tanks, the unit's B Squadron supported [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50th Parachute Brigade]] near Dograi and 2 troops helped [[Jat Regiment|3 Jat]] in the epic [[battle of Dograi]].<ref name="IDR"/> Eight years later, in 1965 the regiment converted to the [[T-54#T-54|T-54]] and then to the [[T-54#T-55|T-55]].
;[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
The regiment with its T-55 tanks was part of the 2 Independent Armoured Brigade under 39 Infantry Division.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gill|first=JH|title=An Atlas Of 1971 India Pakistan War - Creation of Bangladesh|date=2003|publisher=National Defense University, Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies|isbn=|page=86}}</ref> It took part in operations initially in [[Samba, Jammu and Kashmir|Samba]] and then in [[Shakargarh]] sector and was awarded the battle honour ''Harar Kalan''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.philamart.com/Listing/Details/3107406/Skinners-Horse-Anniversary-Horse-Soldier-Cavalry-Flag-Regiment-Turban|title=Skinner's Horse Commemoration Stamp Release|date=1978-11-25|access-date=2021-03-21}}</ref><ref name="IDR"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://salute.co.in/harhar-kalan-the-little-known-story-of-one-battle-honour/|title=Harhar Kalan, The little known story of One Battle Honour|date=2014-07-12|access-date=2021-03-21}}</ref>

The regiment won the following gallantry awards-
* [[Vir Chakra]] : Captain Vikram Deuskar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1972/O-1321-1972-0034-58847.pdf|title=Gazette of India, No 34|date=1972-08-19|access-date=2022-01-19}}</ref>
* [[Sena Medal]] : Dafadar Rup Singh, Lance Dafadar Gurdial Singh,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1974/O-1253-1974-0010-55496.pdf|title=Gazette of India, No 10|date=1974-03-09|access-date=2021-03-19}}</ref> Sowar Nathu Lal
* [[Mentioned in dispatches]] : 2nd Lieutenant Virender Kumar Jetley, 2nd Lieutenant A Khullar, 2nd Lieutenant Bhupinder Singh Mandare, Risaldar Bhan Singh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1974/O-1253-1974-0019-55503.pdf|title=Gazette of India, No 19|date=1974-05-11|access-date=2021-03-19}}</ref>
In 1979, the regiment converted to the [[T-72]] tanks.
In 2003, a special service was held at the [[St. James' Church, Delhi]], which was built by James Skinner, to commemorate the bicentenary of the regiment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/markbowyer/1422633648/|title=Bicentennial plaque at St James' Church}}</ref>

==Uniforms==
The old 1st Lancers wore yellow uniforms (uniquely in the British Empire) and the old 3rd wore dark blue. The "yellow" was actually close to [[Mustard (colour)|mustard]] in shade and led to the regiment being nicknamed "Canaries" or "Yellow Boys" from its formation.<ref>W.Y. Carman, page 176 "Indian Army Uniforms – Cavalry", Morgan Grampian: London 1968</ref> Each regiment had the full-dress (mounted) long '[[Kurta]]' worn with a [[turban]] and [[cummerbund]] for all ranks, also a full-dress (dismounted) or levee, dress for British officers only. These were not in general use after 1914 but could still be worn by officers on special assignments (e.g. as an [[aide-de-camp]]) or while attending court functions. The merged Skinner's Horse was assigned a dark blue full dress with yellow facings in 1922 but by 1931 the historic yellow and black had been restored. The yellow mess jacket and black waistcoat of the old 1st Bengal Lancers was adopted by the 1922 regiment of Skinner's Horse and was the cold weather mess dress until 1939. All six of these various uniforms are in the collection of the [[National Army Museum]].

The cap badge of the regiment prior to independence consisted of a central rose over crossed lances, with a crown between the lance-heads. A scroll below bears the inscription, 'Himmat-I-Mardan Madad-I-Khuda'. The present cap badge replaced the crown by a horse mounted by a cavalryman.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=2013-10-20-2-44|title=National Army Museum Online Collection|date=|access-date=2021-03-10}}</ref>

==Battle and Theatre Honours==

Bhurtpore, Ghuznee 1839, Khelat, Afghanistan 1839, Candhahar 1842, Maharajpore, Moodkee, Ferozeshah, Aliwal, Kandahar 1880, Afghanistan 1879–1880, Punjab Frontier, Pekin 1900, France and Flanders 1914–16, North West Frontier India 1915, Baluchistan 1918, Afghanistan 1919, Agordat, Keren, Amba Alagai, Abyssinia 1940–41, Senio Floodbank, Italy 1943–46, Harar Kalan, Punjab 1971.<ref name="Indian Army List"/><ref name="IDR"/>

The regiment was awarded with the 'Guidon' on 31 March 1971 at [[Babina, Uttar Pradesh|Babina]] by the then President [[V. V. Giri]].

==Notable personnel==
* General Sir [[Crawford Chamberlain|Crawford Trotter Chamberlain]] {{small|GCIE, CSI}}
* General Sir [[William Orfeur Cavenagh]] {{small|KCSI}}
* Lieutenant General GS Grewal {{small|PVSM}} : General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/former-western-command-chief-dies-of-covid-in-delhi-246831|title=Former Western Command chief dies of COVID in Delhi|date=2021-05-21|access-date=2021-06-23}}</ref>
* Lieutenant General Rakesh Kumar Loomba {{small|PVSM, AVSM}} : General Officer-Commanding [[III Corps (India)|III Corps]], Director General of Military Intelligence<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Lt.-Gen.-Loomba-new-Military-Intelligence-chief/article16878218.ece|title= Lt. Gen. Loomba new Military Intelligence chief|website= [[The Hindu]]|date=2009-08-31|access-date=2021-03-21}}</ref>
* Lieutenant General [[Praveen Bakshi]] {{small|PVSM, AVSM, VSM, ADC}} : 25th General Officer-Commanding-in-Chief [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]<ref>{{cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-gen-praveen-bakshi-takes-charge-of-armys-eastern-command/articleshow/48307078.cms|title= Lt Gen Praveen Bakshi takes charge of army's Eastern Command|newspaper= The Economic Times|date=2018-07-11}}</ref>
*Lieutenant General Rajni Kant Jagga {{small|PVSM, AVSM, VSM, ADC}} : General Officer-Commanding [[XII Corps (India)|XII Corps]], Director General of Mechanised Forces<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-desert-corps-of-army-celebrates-raising-day-2588912|title=Desert Corps of Army celebrates Raising Day|date=2018-02-27|access-date=2021-10-03}}</ref>
* Lieutenant General PS Mehta {{small|AVSM, VSM}} : General Officer-Commanding [[XXI Corps (India)|XXI Corps]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/mehta-is-1st-sikh-officer-from-kashmir-to-become-lt-general/story-Skb0LolJy1jkmR6lp5l0uI.html|title=Mehta is 1st Sikh officer from Kashmir to become Lt General|date=2014-10-25|access-date=2021-03-21}}</ref>

== Affiliate regiments ==
* {{GBR}} – [[Light Dragoons]] The affiliation of the regiment with Light Dragoons dates back to 1842, when the two regiments fought in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War|Afghan war]] together.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=His Majesty King Abdullah II Al-Hussein of Jordan visits armoured regiment at Hissar |work=PIB - Press Information Bureau |date=2 December 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishbattles.com/first-afghan-war/battle-of-kabul-1842/|title=Battle of Kabul 1842|date=|access-date=2021-03-10}}</ref>

== Deployments ==

=== 1st Lancers ===

* Peshawar (?? - 9 March 1889)<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Military Department |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278913 |title=The Quarterly Indian Army List For July I 1890}}</ref>
* Sagar (9 March 1889 - 17 December 1894)<ref name=":2" />
* Meerut (17 December 1894 - 5 March 1898)<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Authority Of The Council |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284976 |title=Indian Army List For January I -1895 |date=1895}}</ref>
* Lucknow (5 March 1898 - ??)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Military Department |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278897 |title=The Quarterly Indian Army List For April I 1899}}</ref>
* China (?? - June 1901)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Authority Of The Council |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284979 |title=Indian Army List For January I -1902 No 5 |date=1902}}</ref>
* Lucknow (June 1901 - 19 March 1903)<ref name=":0" />
* Jhansi (19 March 1903 - 11 February 1908)<ref name=":1" />
* Lucknow (11 February 1908 - 4 January 1909)<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Military Department |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278923 |title=The Quarterly Indian Army List For Oct I 1908}}</ref>
* Dera Ismail Khan (4 January 1909 - 28 March 1912)<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Military Department |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278924 |title=The Quarterly Indian Army List For Oct I 1909}}</ref>
* Peshawar (28 March 1912 - ??)<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Authority Of The Council |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284960 |title=Indian Army List For April I -1912 |date=1912}}</ref>
* Delhi (31 October 1919 - 5 February 1920)<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Army Headquarter India |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278912 |title=The Quarterly Indian Army List For January I -1920}}</ref>
* Lucknow (5 February 1920 - ??)<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last=Army Headquarters India |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278899 |title=The Quarterly Indian Army List For April I -1920}}</ref>
* Sialkot<ref>{{Cite book |last=Authority Of The Council |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284991 |title=Indian Army List For July -1921 |date=1921}}</ref>

=== 3rd Skinner's Horse ===

* Loralai (?? - 28 April 1888)<ref name=":2" />
* Kanpur (28 April 1888 - 5 February 1892)<ref name=":2" />
* Faizabad (5 February 1892 - ??)<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Military Department |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278911 |title=The Quarterly Indian Army List For Jan I 1893}}</ref>
* Kohat (?? - 26 February 1899)<ref name=":0" />
* Meerut (26 February 1899 - 26 December 1904)<ref name=":0" />
* Neemuch (25 December 1904 - 23 November 1910)<ref name=":1" />
* Meerut (23 November 1910 - ??)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Authority Of The Council |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284982 |title=Indian Army List For January I -1911 |date=1911}}</ref>
* Quetta<ref name="auto"/>
* Sibi<ref name="auto1"/>
* Sialkot (until amalgamation)<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book |last=Army Department |first=Government of India |url=http://archive.org/details/indian-army-list-1921-apr |title=The Indian Army List 1921 April |date=April 1921}}</ref>

=== Post Amalgamation ===

* Sialkot (amalgamation - ??)<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Authority Of The Council |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284971 |title=Indian Army List For Jan -1922 |date=1922}}</ref>
* Ferozepur<ref name=":8" />

== Commandant ==

=== 1st Lancers ===

* Colonel R. Morris (10 September 1887 - 10 September 1894)<ref name=":2" />
* Major R. F. Gartside-Tipping (10 September 1894 - 10 September 1901)<ref name=":3" />
* Lieutenant-Colonel C. H. Hayes (10 September 1901 - 1 April 1907)<ref name=":0" />
* Lieutenant-Colonel C. Davis (1 April 1907 - 1 April 1912)<ref name=":4" />
* Lieutenant-Colonel C. Bailey (1 April 1912 - 5 December 1914)<ref name=":6" />
* Lieutenant-Colonel P. Holland-Pryor (5 December 1914 - 7 July 1916)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Authority Of The Council |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284964 |title=Indian Army List For April I -1915 |date=1915}}</ref>
* Lieutenant-Colonel F. D. Russell (7 July 1916 - ??)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Authority Of The Council |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284989 |title=Indian Army List For January I -1917 |date=1917}}</ref>
* Lieutenant-Colonel L. E. Dening (1 December 1920 - ??)<ref name="auto2"/>

=== 3rd Skinner's Horse ===

* Colonel G. W. Willock (17 January 1887 - 24 March 1892)<ref name=":2" />
* Colonel E. A. Money (24 March 1892 - 16 August 1895)<ref name=":7" />
* Lieutenant-Colonel G. H. Elliott (16 August 1895 - 30 September 1899)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Military Department |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278921 |title=The Quarterly Indian Army List For Oct I 1895}}</ref>
* Major H. J. J. Middleton (30 September 1899 - 1 May 1905)<ref name=":0" />
* Lieutenant-Colonel A. N. Carr (1 May 1905 - 1 October 1908)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Military Department |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278914 |title=The Quarterly Indian Army List For July I 1905}}</ref>
* Lieutenant-Colonel W. E. A. Blakeney (1 October 1908 - 1 October 1913)<ref name=":5" />
* Lieutenant-Colonel E. W. Wall (1 October 1913 - 1 October 1918)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Authority Of The Council |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285034 |title=Indian Army List For October I -1913 |date=1913}}</ref>
* Lieutenant-Colonel J. R. Gaussen (1 October 1918 - 29 May 1920)<ref name="auto2"/>
* Lieutenant-Colonel E. C. W. Conway-Gordon (29 May 1920 - amalgamation)

=== Post Amalgamation ===

* Lieutenant-Colonel E. C. W. Conway-Gordon (amalgamation - ??)<ref name=":9" />

== Honorary Colonel ==

=== 1st Skinner's Horse ===

* [[George V]] (4 October 1899 - ??)<ref name=":0" />

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Kempton, Chris. ''The Register of Titles of the Units of the HEIC and Indian Armies 1666 to 1947.'' British Empire & Commonwealth Museum. {{ISBN|978-0953017409}}
* Fraser, J. Baillie (editor): ''Military Memoir of Lieut. Col. James Skinner.'' Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-1108046664}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/indiancavalry/skinners.htm |title=''Land Forces of the British Empire: 1st Bengal Lancers (Skinner's Horse)'' |access-date=31 August 2007 |last=Luscombe|first=Stephen |author2=Griffin, Charles |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193450/http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/indiancavalry/skinners.htm| archive-date= 27 September 2007| url-status= live}}

==Further reading==
* Holman, Dennis (1961). ''Sikander Sahib; the life of Colonel James Skinner, 1778–1841.'' Heinemann, London.
* Rothero, Christopher (1979). ''Skinner's Horse''. Almark Publishing Co. Ltd. {{ISBN|978-0855243104}}
* Skinner, Lt-Col M A R (1985). ''Sworn to Die''. Lancer, India {{ISBN|978-1851270651}}
* Roberts, Major H. ''A Short History of the 1st Duke of York's Own Lancers (Skinner's Horse),(1803–1908)''
* Mason, Philip (1980). ''Skinner's Horse''. HarperCollins. {{ISBN|0-06-013036-9}}.
* Skinner, James (2006). ''The Recollections of Skinner Of Skinner's Horse - James Skinner And His 'Yellow Boys' - Irregular Cavalry In The Wars of India between the British, Mahratta, Rajput, Mogul, Sikh & Pindarree Forces''. Leonaur. {{ISBN|978-1846770616}}.
* Daniels, Major A. M. (1925). Skinner's Horse: The History of the 1st Duke of Yorks Own Lancers. N&M Press. {{ISBN|978-1845743154}}.

==External links==
* [http://www.members.tripod.com/~Glosters/IAcavalry1.htm Cavalry Uniforms of the late 19th Century]
{{British Indian Army Cavalry Regiments 1903 - 1946}}
{{Indian Army Armoured Corps |state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1st Duke Of York's Own Skinner's Horse}}
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1803]]
[[Category:Honourable East India Company regiments]]
[[Category:British Indian Army cavalry regiments]]
[[Category:Armoured and cavalry regiments of the Indian Army from 1947]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:1803 establishments in the British Empire]]

The Discovery of India

2026-01-13T11:44:23Z

Svetlanabpd: expanded intro additionally and fixed typos

{{short description|Book by Jawaharlal Nehru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Discovery of India
| image = Jawaharlal Nehru - The Discovery of India.jpg
| caption = First US edition
| author = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| country = India
| language = English, Hindi
| subject = [[Indian history]], [[Indian culture]], [[Politics of India]], [[Religion in India]], [[Indian philosophy]]
| publisher = [[John Day Company|John Day]] (US) Meridian Books (UK)
| release_date = 14 November 1946; 76 years ago (at [[Signet Press]], [[Kolkata]], [[India]])
| media_type = Print ([[Paperback]])
| pages = 595
| isbn = 978-0-19-562359-8
| congress = DS436 .N42 1989
}}

'''''The Discovery of India''''' is a book written by the Indian freedom fighter [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] (later India's first [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]) during his imprisonment from 1942 to 1945 at [[Ahmednagar Fort]] in the present-day state of [[Maharashtra]] by British colonial authorities, prior to India's independence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/nehrus-discovery-of-india-remains-a-bestseller-50-years-after-his-death/articleshow/35791589.cms|title=Nehru's 'Discovery of India' remains a bestseller 50 years after his death | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=30 May 2014}}</ref> The book was first published in India in 1946, and it remains a bestseller to this day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/bharat-mata-ki-jai-how-jawaharlal-nehrus-discovery-of-india-offers-a-peek-into-the-soul-of-india-3079802.html|title=Bharat Mata Ki Jai: How Jawaharlal Nehru's Discovery of India offers a peek into the soul of India|date=29 October 2016|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
''The Discovery of India'' traces the journey of India from ancient history to the final years of the [[British Raj]]. Nehru draws on his knowledge of the [[Upanishads]], [[Vedas]], and textbooks on ancient history to present the development of India, beginning with the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] and continuing through socio-political transformations introduced by successive foreign invaders, culminating in the contemporary period of his time. Imprisoned for his role in the [[Quit India Movement]] alongside other Indian leaders, Nehru used this period to document his reflections and understanding of India's past. The book provides a broad overview of Indian [[History of India|history]], philosophy, and [[Culture of India|culture]] from the perspective of an Indian striving for independence.<ref name="das">{{cite journal|last=Das|first=Taraknath|date=June 1947|title=India--Past, Present and the Future|journal=Political Science Quarterly|volume=62|issue=2|pages=295–304|doi=10.2307/2144210|jstor=2144210}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

==Other contributors==
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru's room at Ahmednagar fort - 20151226 031536.jpg|right|thumb|Jawaharlal Nehru's room at [[Ahmednagar Fort]] during his incarceration]]
Nehru acknowledges that some content was influenced by his fellow prisoners at Ahmednagar Fort. He gives special mention to [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], [[Govind Ballabh Pant]], [[Narendra Deva]], and [[Asaf Ali]]. All eleven of his fellow prisoners were political detainees from across India with deep knowledge of the subjects discussed in the book. They also assisted in proofreading Nehru's work and offered creative suggestions.

==Edition==
The book was first published by [[Signet Press]] in Calcutta (now Kolkata), India, in March 1946. It is currently published by the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund]], with copyright held by his granddaughter-in-law [[Sonia Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/criticism-of-nehru-not-based-on-critical-enquiry-sonia/article5358770.ece|title=Criticism of Nehru not based on critical enquiry: Sonia|first=Gaurav Vivek|last=Bhatnagar|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 November 2013}}</ref>

* ''The Discovery of India'' by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, {{ISBN|0-670-05801-7}}
* ''The Discovery of India'' by Jawaharlal Nehru (paperback, thirteenth edition), {{ISBN|0-19-562359-2}}<ref>The Discovery of India by Jawaharlal Nehru (paperback, thirteenth edition), {{ISBN|0-19-562359-2}}, Preface</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bharat Ki Khoj |first1=NCERT Class 8 |title=NCERT Bharat Ki Khoj |url=https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?hhbk1=0-9 |website=NCERT |access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
The book served as the basis for the 53-episode Indian television series ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'' (1988), directed by [[Shyam Benegal]] and first broadcast on the state-run [[Doordarshan]] channel.<ref>{{cite news |title=What makes Shyam special... |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011700990100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030627193719/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011700990100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 June 2003 |date=17 January 2003 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> A modified version of the book is taught as a Hindi supplementary text in the 8th grade in some Indian schools as part of the CBSE NCERT curriculum.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?hhbk1=0-9 |title=NCERT Bharat Ki Khoj |website=NCERT |access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Letters from a Father to His Daughter]]'' (1929)
* ''[[An Autobiography (Nehru)|An Autobiography]]'' (1936)
* ''[[Glimpses of World History]]'' (1934)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://archive.org/details/TheDiscoveryOfIndia-Eng-JawaharlalNehru/page/n1 ''The Discovery of India'']. First published by The Signet Press (1946).

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Discovery Of India}}
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Historiography of India]]
[[Category:1946 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:History books about India]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Contemporary Indian philosophy]]
[[Category:Oxford University Press books]]
[[Category:Prison writings]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Non-fiction books adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Books by Jawaharlal Nehru]]
[[Category:John Day Company books]]

Vitan Sud Beej

2026-01-11T22:41:04Z

Svetlanabpd: Made A Stub

{{Short description|1989 anthology of poems written by Ramesh Parekh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = ''Vitan Sud Beej''
| image = Vitan Sud Beej Coverpage.jpg
| caption = Cover page
| author = [[Ramesh Parekh]]
| cover_artist = Amit K. Parekh
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| subject =
| genre = [[Ghazal]], [[free verse]], [[Geet (song)|geet]]
| set_in =
| published = 1989
| publisher = [[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]], [[Gandhinagar]]
| publisher2 =
| pub_date =
| media_type = Print (Paperback)
| pages = 192
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1994)
| isbn =
| oclc = 20454651
| dewey = 891.471
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| notes =
}}
'''''Vitan Sud Beej''''' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: વિતાન સુદ બીજ) is an anthology of poems written by [[Ramesh Parekh]] in the [[Gujarati language]]. The book won the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Gujarati|Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |article=Parekh Ramesh Mohanlal |title=Gujarati Sahitya Kosh |trans-title=Encyclopedia of Gujarati Literature |publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] |location=Ahmedabad |last=Vyas |first=Daksha |date=1990 |authorlink=Daksha Vyas |editor-last=Topiwala |editor-first=Chandrakant |editor-link=Chandrakant Topiwala |volume=2 |pages=368 |language=Gujarati}}</ref>

== History ==
The book was published in 1989 by [[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]]. Later, the poems in this book were included in ''Chha Aksharnu Naam'' ("Name of Six Alphabet"), the complete works of [[Ramesh Parekh]], published by Gujarat Sahitya Akademi.<ref name= "rp">{{cite book |last=Brahmbhatt |first=Prasad |date=2015 |title=History of Modern Gujarati Literature (Modern & Post Modern Era) |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Parshva Publication |page=77 |isbn= 978-93-5108-247-7 }}</ref>

== Content ==
The book consists of 59 [[ghazal]]s; 6 {{lang|gu|muktak}}; 24 [[free verse]] and 99 [[Geet (song)|geet]] poems, composed in a colloquial language. It includes the poem "Ek Sanyukta Geet", which was composed in collaboration with [[Anil R. Joshi|Anil Joshi]], the Gujarati author, on 6 October 1985.<ref>{{cite book |last=Parekh |first=Ramesh |date=1989 |title=Vitan Sud Beej |location=Gandhinagar |publisher=Gujarat Sahitya Akademi }}</ref>

== Awards ==
The book was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] of 1994 from the [[Sahitya Akademi]], [[New Delhi]].<ref name= "rp"/> It also received the Rajkumar Bhuvalka Award from Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad, [[Calcutta]].<ref name=AGSI>{{cite book|script-title=gu:અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ |trans-title=History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era |first=Prasad |last=Brahmabhatt |publisher=Parshwa Publication |location=Ahmedabad |year=2010 |pages=77–84 |language=gu |isbn=978-93-5108-247-7}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gujarati-language poetry collections]]
[[Category:1989 poetry books]]
[[Category:Indian poetry collections]]
[[Category:1989 anthologies]]
[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Award–winning works]]

Dreamz Infotainments

2025-12-25T06:40:35Z

Svetlanabpd:

{{short description|Indian quiz society}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=January 2019}}
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=July 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

{{Infobox university
|name = Dreamz Infotainments
|type = [[Education]]
|established = 2000
|city = [[Kozhikode]]
|state = [[Kerala]]
|country = [[India]]
|website = http://www.quizkerala.com/
}}
'''Dreamz Infotainments Quiz Society''' is the first and the only registered quiz society in [[Kerala]].<ref name=mathrubhumi>{{cite news|title=ലോക ക്വിസ് മത്സരം ഇന്ന്|newspaper=Mathrubhumi |date=1 June 2011}}</ref><ref name=dreamz>{{cite web |title=Dreamz Infotainments |url=http://www.quizkerala.com/about-us.html |publisher=Quiz Kerala |accessdate=2 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414050133/http://www.quizkerala.com/about-us.html |archive-date=14 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The society was created to promote quizzing culture in Kerala by organizing contests, creating quiz books and conducting quiz workshops in India. Reverberates, the largest annual quiz contest in Kerala, is hosted by Dreamz Infotainments since 2006.<ref name=hindu1>{{cite news|title=Six days of tough questions and answers |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article958111.ece|accessdate=2 March 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 December 2010}}</ref> Dreamz also hosts the regional round of [[World Quizzing Championship]], conducted by the [[International Quizzing Association]] in Kerala since 2008.<ref name=hindu2>{{cite news|title=Calicut University to host world quiz|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article3467592.ece|accessdate=2 March 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 May 2012}}</ref>

==History==
Dreamz quiz club was started in 2000 by a few youngsters from Kerala. It was registered as a society in 2009. The headquarters of Dreamz is in Singapore, and its registered office operates from Meenchanda, [[Kozhikode]]. The society is headed by quizmaster [[Snehaj Srinivas]].<ref name=hindu3>{{cite news|title=Inter-school quiz held |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/interschool-quiz-held/article908714.ece |accessdate=2 March 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 November 2010}}</ref>

==Events==
Dreamz Infotainments hosts quizzes in Kerala for schools,<ref>{{cite news|title=ക്വിസ് മത്സരം|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/1711609/2012-07-13/kerala|accessdate=2 March 2013|newspaper=Mathrubhumi|date=13 July 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714150337/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/1711609/2012-07-13/kerala|archivedate=14 July 2012}}</ref> colleges and general public. The highest participation in the World Quizzing Championship in 2012 was in the Kozhikode regional event conducted by Dreamz Infotainments.<ref name=toi>{{cite news|last=K.R|first=Rajiv|title=With maximum participation, Kozhikode hits quiz buzzer in style|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-21/kozhikode/34001574_1_quizzers-kozhikode-departments|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411042335/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-21/kozhikode/34001574_1_quizzers-kozhikode-departments|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|accessdate=2 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 September 2012}}</ref><ref name=hindu4>{{cite news|last=Naha|first=Abdul Latheef|title=Quizzers flock to Calicut University |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article3485650.ece|accessdate=2 March 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 June 2012}}</ref> Dreamz has conducted ''Arogyatarakam'',helmed by [[Snehaj Srinivas]], a series of health quizzes, in association with [[National Rural Health Mission|NRHM]] and [[C-DIT]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=സ്കൂൾ കുട്ടികൾക്കായി ആരോഗ്യ ക്വിസ് പരിപാടി|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/news/1926750-local_news-thrissur-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D.html|accessdate=2 March 2013|newspaper=Mathrubhumi|date=12 September 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106114240/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/thrissur/news/1926750-local_news-thrissur-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D.html|archivedate=6 November 2012}}</ref> A women's wing of Dreamz, named ''Qute Quizzica'' was established in 2011.<ref name=mathrubhumi2>{{cite news|title=Ladies' only qute quizzica|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/804748/2011-02-23/kerala|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411082200/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/804748/2011-02-23/kerala|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|accessdate=2 March 2013|newspaper=Mathrubhumi|date=23 February 2011}}</ref>

===Reverberate===
Reverberate is the annual quiz contest hosted by Dreamz Infotainments. It was first conducted in 2006. The first three editions were one-day events. The third and fourth editions were conducted over two days. The fifth edition was the longest; it lasted six days. The sixth edition of Reverberates was conducted along with the World Quizzing Championship's 2012 edition.<ref name=amrita>{{cite news|title=ലോക ക്വിസ് മത്സരം കോഴിക്കോട് നടന്നു|url=http://www.amritatv.com/education/worldquizcompetition.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407165916/http://www.amritatv.com/education/worldquizcompetition.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2013|accessdate=2 March 2013|newspaper=Amrita T.V|date=1 June 2012}}</ref> After that [[University of Calicut]] decided to conduct the quiz series every year as an official event. The 2013 event had a total of 20 quizzes including the All Kerala inter University Quiz.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Student quiz competitions]]
[[Category:Competitions in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2000]]

Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande

2025-12-17T17:31:55Z

Svetlanabpd: page updated

{{distinguish|Ashwini Bhide}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande
| image = Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande Performing at Rajarani Music Festival-2016, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India (09).JPG
| caption = Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande Performing at Rajarani Music Festival-2016, [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
| image_size = 250px
| birth_name = Ashwini Govind Bhide
| Also known as =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|10|7}}
| death_date =
| origin = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| instrument = [[Vocals]]
| genre = [[Khayal]], [[Bhajans]], [[Thumris]]
| occupation = [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical vocalist]]
| years_active = 1980–present
| label =
| website = http://www.ashwinibhide.in
}}
'''Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande''' (born 7 October 1960) is a [[Hindustani classical music]] [[vocalist]] from Mumbai. She belongs to the [[Jaipur-Atrauli gharana]] tradition. She was awarded [[Padma Shri]] in 2025 for her contribution to the arts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Award Winners 2025 Full List: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/padma-awards-2025-arijit-singh-ajith-kumar-shekhar-kapur-and-late-pankaj-udhas-honored-for-excellence |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Full list of Padma Awards 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-padma-awards-2025/article69141094.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=25 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Ashwini Bhide Deshpande Honoured with Padma Shri for Enriching Hindustani Classical Music|url=https://worldrecords.news/2025/07/ashwini-bhide-deshpande-honoured-with-padma-shri-for-enriching-hindustani-classical-music/ |website=World Record News |language=en-IN |date=1 July 2025}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
{{BLP unsourced section|date=February 2022}}
Born in [[Mumbai]] into a family with strong musical tradition, Ashwini started classical training under Narayanrao Datar, the elder brother of violinist [[D. K. Datar]]. She then completed her Sangeet Visharad from the [[Gandharva Mahavidyalaya]]. Since then, she has been learning music in the [[Jaipur-Atrauli gharana|Jaipur-Atrauli style]] from her mother Manik Bhide, a disciple of [[Kishori Amonkar|Gaansaraswati Kishori Amonkar]]. Ashwini also received guidance from Ratnakar Pai until his death in 2009.

Bhide-Deshpande holds a [[Master's degree]] in [[Microbiology]] and earned a [[PhD|doctorate]] in [[Biochemistry]] from [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]], a Sangeet Visharad from the [[Akhil Bharatiya Gandharva Mahavidyalaya Mandal|Akhil Bharatiya Gandharva Mahavidyalaya Mandal, Mumbai.]] She has also been the recipient of an honorary [[D.Lit.]] from [[ITM University (Gwalior)]].

==Performing career==
Bhide-Deshpande has performed at venues including the [[Aga Khan Museum]] in Toronto, Canada in 2019 for the Raag-Mala Music Society of Toronto.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashwini Bhide Deshpande at the Aga Khan Museum (April 27, 2019)|url=http://agakhanmuseum.org/programs/ashwini-bhide-deshpande|access-date=2020-11-03|website=Aga Khan Museum|language=en|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730164630/https://agakhanmuseum.org/programs/ashwini-bhide-deshpande|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bhide-Deshpande has an understanding of [[Bandish]] and [[Musical form|bandish-composition]] and has created many of her own bandishes, which she has published in her book, ''Raag Rachananjali'' (2004). A sequel titled "Ragarachananjali 2", containing 98 more bandishes (compositions) was published in 2010. She is also known for her setting of bhajans, especially those of [[Kabir]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070727/asp/northeast/story_8107005.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120915050831/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070727/asp/northeast/story_8107005.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2012|title=An innovative evening raga|date=27 July 2007|newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref>

{{blockquote|''Ashwini Bhide is not only a music scholar but is also blessed with a beautiful voice. I have personally known Ashwini since her early teens and it makes me so happy to see her blossom into such a wonderful Khayal singer. She has earned the reputation of being one of the top young artists of India... Having learnt many old compositions, she has been able to retain the spirit of the tradition through the dialects she has used as well as pay attention to the subject matter!''|
[[Ravi Shankar]]<ref>{{Citation|last =Bhide-Deshpande |first =Ashwini |title =Raga Rachananjali|isbn =81-7434-296-6 |publisher =Raj Hans Prakashath |pages = Preamble |year =2004}}</ref>}}

==Discography==
* ''Introducing Ashwini Bhide'' ([[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]; 1985) - Raag Yaman, Raag Tilak Kamod, Bhajan
* ''Rhythm House Classics'' (Rhythm House; 1987) - Raag Puriya Dhanashri, Raag Bhoop, Bhajan
* ''Ashwini Bhide Sings'' (His Master's Voice; 1988) - Raag Kedar, Raag Khambavati, Raag Bhoop Nat
* ''Live for Femina'' (Rhythm House; 1989) - Raag Nand, Raag Bageshri
* ''Morning Ragas Vol. 1'' (Rhythm House; 1990) - Raag Lalit, Raag Vibhas
* ''Morning Ragas Vol. 2'' (Rhythm House; 1990) - Raag Todi, Raag Kabir Bhairav, Raag Sukhiya Bilawal
* ''Bhaktimala: Ganesh Vol. 2'' ([[Music Today]]; 1991) - "Jehi Sumirat Siddhi Hoi," "Jai Shri Shankar Sut Ganesh," "Jai Ganesh Gananath," "Ganapat Vighna Harana"
* ''Bhaktimala: Shakti Vol. 2'' (Music Today; 1991) - "Jwalatkoti Balark," "Tero Chakar Kare Pukar," "Jai Jai Jai Giriraj Kishori," "Main Dharu Tiharo Dhyan"
* ''Bhaktimala: Krishna Vol. 1'' (Music Today;1991) - "Madhurashtakam," "Mhari Surta Suhagan," "Kaisi Hori Machaiyi," "Sundar Badan Sukh," "Ka Karoon Na Mane"
* ''Bhaktimala: Namastotram Vol. 1 Ganesh, Rama'' (Music Today;1991) - Bhajans
* ''Young Masters'' (Music Today; 1992) - Raag Bhimpalas, Raag Shuddha Kalyan
* ''Raag Rang Vol. 1'' (Alurkar; 1996) - Raag Bihag, Raag Bhinna Shadaj, Bhajan
* ''Raag Rang Vol. 2'' (Alurkar; 1996) - Raag Madhuwanti, Raag Jhinjhoti, Raag Jog, Raag Nayaki Kanada
* ''Pandharpuricha Nila'' (Sagarika; 1998) - Abhangs
* ''Women Through the Ages'' (Navras Records; 1998) - Raag Ahir Bhairav, Raag Jaunpuri, Bhajan
* ''Krishna'' (Ninaad Music; 1999) - Raag Jaijaiwanti, Raag Vachaspati, Raag Megh Malhar, Jhoola, Bhajan
* ''Anandacha Kand'' (Megh Music; 2000) - Abhangs
* ''Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande Vol. 1'' (Alurkar; 2000) - Raag Bilaskhani Todi, Raag Gujri Todi, Raag Nat Bhairav
* ''Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande Vol. 2'' (Alurkar; 2000) - Raag Rageshri, Raag Durga, Raag Yaman
* ''Golden Raaga Collection'' ([[Times Music]]; 2000) - Raag Multani, Raag Gaud Malhar, Bhajan
* ''Swar Utsav'' (Music Today; 2002) - Raag Jhinjhoti, Raag Nayaki Kanada
* ''Navagraha Puja'' ([[Sony Music]]; 2002) - Bhajans
* ''Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande - Vocal'' (India Archive Music; 2003) - Raag Bageshri, Raag Kedar, Bhajan
* ''Roop Pahata Lochani'' (Self-published; 2004) - Abhangs
* ''Ragarachananjali'' (Rajhansa Prakashan; 2004) - Book and CD of self-composed bandishes
* ''Kari Badariya'' (Self-published; 2005) - Raagas Abhogi and Prateeksha, Jhoola, Dadra
* ''Sandhya'' (Sense World Music; 2006) - Raag Bageshri, Bhajan
* ''Soordas'' (Self-published; 2009) - Bhajans
* ''Unmesh'' (Self-published; 2010) - Raagas Vibhavati, Puriya Dhanashri, Raag Patdeep, Raag Manikauns<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ashwinibhide.in/index_files/published.htm |title=Dr. Ashwini Bhide Deshpande Published Music |access-date=6 February 2011 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120110219/http://ashwinibhide.in/index_files/published.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''Ragarachananjali 2'' (Rajhansa Prakashan; 2010) - Book and CD of self-composed bandishes
* ''Arghyam'' (East Meets West; 2013) - Utsav Janasanmodini, Utsav Bairagi Todi, Utsav Nandadhwani, Utsav Charukauns, Utsav Pancham se Gara

==Publications==
* ''Ragarachananjali'' (Rajhansa Prakashan; 2004) - Book and CD of self composed bandishes
* ''Ragarachananjali 2'' (Rajhansa Prakashan; 2010) - Book and CD of self composed bandishes
* ''Madam Curie - मादाम क्युरी'' (2015) - [[Marathi language|Marathi]] translation of [[Eve Curie|Eve Curie's]] biography of [[Marie Curie]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/book-on-physicist-marie-curie-now-translated-in-marathi/16175193 | title=Book on physicist Marie Curie now translated in Marathi | date=30 April 2015 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.ashwinibhide.in Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande's Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309094501/http://ashwinibhide.in/ |date=9 March 2021 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930231923/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/03/05/stories/2006030500280500.htm Structure and balance]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090409050632/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_story/sra_story_guru/sra_story_guru_links/sra_story_guru_gharana/gharana.asp?gharanaid=4 The Jaipur gharana] (includes sound samples)

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhide-Deshpande, Ashwini}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Women Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Jaipur gharana]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]

Jamtara College

2025-12-10T15:43:13Z

Svetlanabpd: updated references additionally and improved wording

{{short description|Undergraduate college affiliated to Sido Kanhu Murmu University}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Jamtara College
| image = JMT Clg.jpg
| website = {{URL|https://jamtaracollege.ac.in}}
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| established = {{start date and age|1961}}
| type = Undergraduate College
| principal = Koushal Kumar
| city = Jamtara
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Urban
| coordinates = {{coord|23.9577|N|86.8060|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=title,inline}}
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| affiliations = [[Sido Kanhu Murmu University]]<ref>skmu.org.in/http://skmu.ac.in/</ref>
}}

'''Jamtara College''', established in 1961, is a Constituent degree college located in [[Jamtara]], [[Jharkhand]]. It offers [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] courses in arts, commerce and sciences. It is affiliated to [[Sido Kanhu Murmu University]].<ref>http://skmu.ac.in/Affiliated{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} College of Sido Kanhu Murmu University | url=http://skmu.org.in/academic/constituent-colleges|}}</ref> The college is recognized under section 2(f)and 12(B) of [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] Act and is getting financial assistance for developing infrastructure facilities.

Initially, the college was affiliated on 6 January 1967 to [[Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University|Bhagalpur University]] (the present [[Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University]]) of undivided Bihar, and recognised as a constituent unit on 10 December 1980 by the State Government. The Sido Kanhu Murmu University was established on 10 January 1992 by an Act in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. The university was established by amending the Bihar State Universities Act 1976 (Bihar Act 23/1976) on 10 January 1992. The amendment primarily changed the jurisdiction of the Bhagalpur University by bifurcating the six districts of [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Parganas]] which now came under the jurisdiction of the new university; and needless to say, Jamtara College became a constituent unit of this university. After the division of Bihar on 15 November 2000, Jamtara College with its parent University came under administrative jurisdiction of the state of Jharkhand.

The college was established in 1961 having its accommodation in a small room in the then subdivision of Jamtara (now a full-fledged district) with its district headquarter at Dumka. Source has it that the College was also housed later on for years in the JBC+2 School, Jamtara. Ultimately, when the college got its affiliation on 1 June 1967 it was shifted to its own building donated by the legal heirs of Hetampur Estate of Burdwan, West Bengal. The college was also recognized under section 2f and 12B of UGC Act.

With the passage of time, the college added two additional buildings: Science Block Phase-I and Phase-II in order to augment the science faculty and provide better laboratory and lecture theatre. This is expected to be operational very soon. A separate Library Building has been approved by HRDD, Govt. Jharkhand and its construction will be started very soon as the related proceeding for it is in advance stage.

Besides the main campus, the college has additional land mass of 20 acres with ST Welfare Hostel and proposed B.Ed College building at village, Chakri, Jamtara, 2 km from the main college campus. This land was settled in favour of the college in the year by SDO Jamtara.

The proposed Examination Hall with an area of 10,000 sq ft., boys and girls common rooms, computer centre, vehicle and cycle parking shed with financial assistance of RUSA will further enrich existing facility of the college.

==Accreditation==
Jamtara College is under process of accreditation by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.jamtaracollege.com/}}

{{Sido Kanhu Murmu University}}

[[Category:Sido Kanhu Murmu University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jamtara district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1961]]

{{Jharkhand-university-stub}}

Maratha–Portuguese War (1729–1732)

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#REDIRECT [[Luso-Maratha War (1729–1732)]]

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Cultural Zones of India

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{{Short description|Zones defined by the Ministry of Culture of the Government of India}}
The '''Cultural Zones of India''' are seven overlapping zones defined by the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiaculture.nic.in/indiaculture/index.asp|title=Zonal Cultural Centers|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]]|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808091005/http://www.indiaculture.nic.in/indiaculture/index.asp|archivedate=2011-08-08}}</ref> of the [[Government of India]] to promote and preserve the [[cultural heritage]] of various regions of [[India]].<ref name="wzccsite">{{Citation | title=West Zone Culture Center | publisher=West Zone Culture Centre | accessdate=2010-12-15 | url=http://www.wzccindia.com/ | quote=''... West Zone Cultural Centre (WZCC) with its headquarters at Udaipur is one of the seven Zonal Cultural Centres set up during 1986–87, under the direct initiative of the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India ...''}}</ref> Each of these zones has been provided with a zonal centre.<ref name="szccsite">{{Citation | title=South Zone Culture Center: Other Zones | publisher=South Zone Culture Centre | accessdate=2010-12-15 | url=http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/ | quote=''... North East Zone Cultural Centre – Nagaland – Assam, Tripura, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland & Meghalaya ...'' | archive-date=2011-03-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303015522/http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Most zonal centres were announced by the then-[[Prime Minister of India]], [[Rajiv Gandhi]], in 1985 and formally began functioning in the 1986–87 period. Their stated goal is "''to strengthen the ancient roots of Indian culture and evolve and enrich composite national culture''".<ref name="nzccsite">{{Citation | title=North Zone Culture Center | publisher=North Zone Culture Centre | accessdate=2010-12-15 | url=http://www.culturenorthindia.com/ | quote=''... Rajiv Gandhi inaugurated the North Zone Cultural Center on 6th Nov. 1985 the then Prime Minister of India ... one of the seven cultural centers established in the country to strengthen the ancient roots of Indian Culture and evolve and enrich composite National Culture ... Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttrakhand, Rajasthan & Chandigarh (U.T.) ...''}}</ref>

The city of [[Kolkata]], formerly the capital of [[British India]] and [[West Bengal]], is also known as the "Cultural Capital of India."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kolkata.citydetails.in/city-guide-leftmenu-117/359-kolkata-the-cultural-capital-of-india.html |title=Kolkata-the cultural capital of India |accessdate=2015-04-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002244/https://kolkata.citydetails.in/city-guide-leftmenu-117/359-kolkata-the-cultural-capital-of-india.html |archivedate=2013-12-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pielou|first=Adrianne|title=India: Calcutta, the capital of culture|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/travel/1245/india-calcutta-the-capital-of-culture.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116230616/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/travel/1245/india-calcutta-the-capital-of-culture.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 16, 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=March 4, 2011}}</ref>

==The zones==

Each zone has a zonal headquarters where a zonal cultural center has been established.<ref name="szccsite"/> Several [[States of India|states]] have membership in multiple zones, but no state subdivisions are utilized in the zonal divisions. In addition to promoting the culture of the zones they are responsible for, each zonal center also works to cross-promote and create exposure to other cultural zones of India by organizing functions and inviting artistes from other zones.

{{Location map many | India
| label1 = [[Patiala]]
| pos1 = right
| coordinates1 = {{coord|30.33|76.39}}
| label2 = [[Prayagraj]]
| pos2 = right
| coordinates2 = {{coord|25.44|81.83}}
| label3 = [[Kolkata]]
| pos3 = right
| coordinates3 = {{coord|22.58|88.41}}
| label4 = [[Chümoukedima]]
| pos4 = right
| coordinates4 = {{coord|25.90|93.74}}
| label5 = [[Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology|Thanjavur]]
| pos5 = right
| coordinates5 = {{coord|10.78|79.14}}
| label6 = [[Nagpur]]
| pos6 = right
| coordinates6 = {{coord|21.15|79.08}}
| label7 = [[Udaipur]]
| pos7 = right
| coordinates7 = {{coord|24.58|73.71}}
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Zone
! Zonal Centre
! Extent
|-
|North Culture Zone
|[[North Zone Cultural Centre]], [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| [[Chandigarh]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttarakhand]]<ref>{{cite web |title=North Zone Cultural Centre |url=https://www.culturenorthindia.com/ |website=culturenorthindia |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|North Central Culture Zone
|[[North Central Zone Cultural Centre|North-Central Zone Cultural Centre]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Bihar]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]]<ref>{{cite web |title=NCZCC – North Central Zone Cultural Centre, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://nczcc.in/ |website=nczcc |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|East Culture Zone
|[[East Zone Cultural Centre]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Manipur]], [[Odisha]], [[Sikkim]], [[Tripura]], [[West Bengal]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre |url=https://www.ezcc-india.org/# |website=www.ezcc-india.org |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115220456/https://www.ezcc-india.org/ |archive-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|North East Culture Zone
|[[North East Zone Cultural Centre]], [[Chümoukedima]], [[Nagaland]]
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Sikkim]], [[Tripura]]<ref>{{cite web |title=North East Zonal Cultural Centre |url=http://www.nezccindia.org.in/Home/AboutNezcc |website=www.nezccindia.org.in |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Govt notifies jurisdiction for three new districts |url=https://morungexpress.com/govt-notifies-jurisdiction-for-three-new-districts |website=MorungExpress |access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
|South Culture Zone
|[[South Zone Cultural Centre]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Lakshadweep]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Inauguration of SĀDHANĀ |url=https://szccindia.org/ |website=szccindia.org |access-date=22 November 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|-
|South Central Culture Zone
|[[South-Central Zone Cultural Centre]], [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Application for solo exhibition at Raja Ravi Verma Art gallery, Nagpur|url=http://sczcc.gov.in/Documents/Application%20Form%20-%20Art%20gallery%20for%20Exhibition.docx|publisher=South Central Zone Cultural Center|accessdate=25 May 2017|page=4|format=docx}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|West Culture Zone
|[[West Zone Cultural Centre]], [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Zonal Councils of India]], five administrative zones in India
* [[Earthquake zones of India]]
* [[List of special economic zones in India]]
* [[List of ecoregions in India]], 46 ecoregions in India
* [[Administrative divisions of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://talenmark.com/culturalcenter.html Cultural Center in India]
* [http://www.culturenorthindia.com Official Website of North Zone Cultural Centre]
* [http://www.nezccindia.org/ Official Website of North-East Zone Cultural Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404051905/http://www.nezccindia.org/ |date=2019-04-04 }}
* [http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in Official Website of South Zone Cultural Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303015522/http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/ |date=2011-03-03 }}
* [http://www.wzccindia.com Official Website of West Zone Cultural Centre]
* [http://www.udaipurplus.com/wzcc/index.htm Information about West Zone Cultural Centre and Shilpgram.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110053009/http://www.udaipurplus.com/wzcc/index.htm |date=2018-11-10 }}

{{Cultural Zones of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Culture Of India}}
[[Category:Cultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Culture (India)]]

Shaligram Yadav

2025-11-13T10:06:02Z

Svetlanabpd:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1938–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shaligram Yadav
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Harlakhi Assembly constituency|Harlakhi]]
| term_start = 2010
| predecessor = [[Ram Naresh Pandey]]
| term_end = 2015
| successor = [[Basant Kushwaha|Basant Kumar]]
| constituency1 = [[Benipatti Assembly constituency|Benipatti]]
| term_start1 = 2005
| predecessor1 = [[Yogeshwar Jha]]
| term_end1 = 2010
| successor1 = [[Vinod Narayan Jha]]
| constituency2 = [[Benipatti Assembly constituency|Benipatti]]
| term_start2 = 1995
| predecessor2 = [[Yogeshwar Jha]]
| term_end2 = 2000
| successor2 = Ramashish Yadav
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1938|1|2}}
| birth_place = Loma, [[Benipatti, Bihar]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2021|5|4|1938|1|2}}
| death_place = [[Patna, Bihar]]
| alma_mater = [[Bihar University]]
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| image =
| alt = SY
}}

'''Shaligram Yadav''' (2 January 1938 – 4 May 2021)<ref>{{Cite web |title=SHALIGRAM YADAV(Janata Dal (United)(JD(U))):Constituency- Benipatti(Madhubani ) – Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/bih2005/candidate.php?candidate_id=225 |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> was an Indian politician and former member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. He was the representative from the [[Benipatti]] and [[Harlakhi Assembly constituency]] .

== Early life ==
Shaligram Yadav was born in Loma, [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]], on 2 January 1938,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaligram Yadav(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- HARLAKHI(MADHUBANI) – Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=3219 |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> the son of Devnandan Yadav and Ramraji Devi. He did his primary schooling from his hometown and higher study from Bihar University, Muzaffarpur where he received a B.A. and a master's degree in Hindi in 1960.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Shaligram Yadav. |url=https://biharelection2010.wordpress.com/tag/shri-shaligram-yadav/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=Bihar Assembly Elections 2010 |language=en}}</ref>

After finishing his higher education he worked in a textile industry and later joined in politics and also social reforms.

== Political career ==
Shaligram Yadav began his political career from [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] at his late 40s. He was first elected for [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=His Excellency expresses deep condolences on the demise of former MLA Shaligram Yadav. {{!}} Raj Bhavan, Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://governor.bih.nic.in/document/his-excellency-expresses-deep-condolences-on-the-demise-of-former-mla-shaligram-yadav/ |access-date=2022-07-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> in 1995 in independent candidacy from [[Benipatti]], [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]], and won two more times from [[Janata Dal (United)]] party in 2005 and 2010.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Shaligram}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Madhubani, India]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University alumni]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]

Malik

2025-11-12T05:40:40Z

Svetlanabpd: rework content also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Semitic word for 'king'}}
{{other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{SpecialChars|fix=Help:Special characters# Assyrian and Phoenician}}
[[File:'מלך אמון' כת"י לייפציג B.H. 3 עמוד 144א.jpg|thumb|Page from a [[Rosh Hashanah]] prayerbook with Hebrew {{Script/Hebrew|מלך}} (''melekh'') in large red text.]]
'''Malik''' ({{langx|phn|[[wikt:𐤌𐤋𐤊#Phoenician|𐤌𐤋𐤊]]}}; {{langx|he|[[wikt:מלך#Hebrew|מֶלֶךְ]]}}; {{langx|ar|[[wikt:ملك#Arabic|ملك]]}}; variously Romanized ''Mallik'', ''Melik'', ''Malka'', ''Malek'', ''Maleek'', ''Malick'', ''Mallick'', ''Melekh'') is the [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] term translating to "[[king (title)|king]]", recorded in [[East Semitic]] and [[Arabic]], and as '''M-L-K''' in [[Northwest Semitic]] during the [[Late Bronze Age]] (e.g. [[Aramaic]], [[Canaanite language|Canaanite]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]).

Although the early forms of the name were to be found among the pre-Arab and pre-Islamic Semitic speakers of [[the Levant]], [[Canaan]], and [[Mesopotamia]], it has since been adopted in various other, mainly but not exclusively [[Islamization|Islamized]] or [[Arabization|Arabized]] non-Semitic [[Languages of Asia|Asian languages]] for their ruling princes and to render kings elsewhere.
It is also sometimes used in derived meanings.

The female version of Malik is '''Malikah''' ({{Langx|he|[[wikt:מלכה#Hebrew|מַלְכָּה]]}}; {{langx|ar|[[wikt:ملكة#Arabic|ملكة]]}}; or its various spellings such as ''[[wikt:ملکه#Persian|Malekeh]]'' or ''Melike''), meaning "queen".

The name Malik was originally found among various pre-Arab and non-Muslim Semitic speakers such as the indigenous ethnic [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] of [[Iraq]], [[Amorites]], [[Jews]], [[Arameans]], [[Mandeans]], other [[Syriac language|Syriac]] speaking ethnic groups, and pre-Islamic [[Arabs]]. It has since been spread among various predominantly Muslim and non-Semitic peoples in [[Central Asia]], the [[Middle East]], and [[South Asia]].

==Etymology==
{{further|Moloch}}
The earliest form of the name ''Maloka'' was used to denote a prince or chieftain in the [[East Semitic languages|East Semitic]] [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] language of the [[Mesopotamian]] states of [[Akkadian Empire|Akkad]], [[Assyria]], [[Babylonia]] and [[Chaldea]].<ref>F.Leo Oppenheim – Ancient Mesopotamia</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2021}} The Northwest Semitic ''[[:wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/malk-|mlk]]'' was the title of the rulers of the primarily [[Amorite]], [[Suteans|Sutean]], [[Canaan]]ite, [[Phoenicia]]n and [[Arameans|Aramean]] city-states of the [[Levant]] and [[Canaan]] from the [[Late Bronze Age]]. Eventual derivatives include the Aramaic, Neo-Assyrian, Mandaic and Arabic forms: ''Malik'', ''Malek'', ''Mallick'', ''Malkha'', ''Malka'', ''Malkai'' and the [[Hebrew]] form ''Melek''.

''[[Moloch]]'' has traditionally been interpreted as the epithet of a god, known as "the king" like [[Baal]] was an epithet "the master" and [[Adon]] an epithet "the lord", but in the case of Moloch purposely mispronounced as ''Moleḵ'' instead of ''Meleḵ'' using the vowels of Hebrew ''bosheth'' "shame".<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | title = Molech | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopedia | year = 2008 | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053271/Moloch | access-date = 2008-03-22 }}</ref>

==Political==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2013}}
Primarily a ''malik'' is the ruling monarch of a [[Monarchy|kingdom]], called ''mamlaka''; that term is however also used in a broader sense, like realm, for rulers with another, generally lower titles, as in [[Sahib|Sahib al-Mamlaka]]. Malik is also used for tribal leaders, e.g. among the [[Pashtuns]].

Some [[Arab]] kingdoms are currently ruled by a Malik:
*[[Bahrain]], formerly under a ''[[Hakim (title)|hakim]]'', or "ruler", until 16 August 1971, then under an ''[[emir]]'', or "prince", and since 14 February 2002 under a ''malik''.
*[[Jordan]], formerly the [[Emirate]] of [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]];
*[[Morocco]], formerly a [[Sultanate]];
*[[Saudi Arabia]]. On 10 June 1916, the [[Grand Sharif]] of [[Mecca]] assumed the title of King of the [[Hejaz]]; from 29 October 1916 "King of the Arabs and [[Commander of the Faithful]]"; from 6 November 1916 recognized by the allied powers only as King of the [[Hejaz]], [[Commander of the Faithful]], [[Grand Sharif]] and [[emir]] of Mecca; also assumed the title of [[Caliph]] on 11 March 1924; from 3 October 1924: King of the Hejaz and Grand Sharif of Mecca. In 1925 [[Nejd]] conquered Hijaz, so the Sultan of Nejd added the title "King of Hijaz". On 22 September 1932 Nejd and Hejaz were renamed as Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, full style: ''Malik al-Mamlaka al-'Arabiyya as-Sa'udiyya'' ("King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"); from 1986 prefixed to the name: ''[[Khadim al-Haramayn ash-Sharifayn]]'' ("Servant (i.e. [[Protector (title)|Protector]]) of the Two Exalted Holy Places [Mecca and Medina]").

Other historic realms under a Malik include:
*[[Egypt]] – the former [[Khedivate of Egypt|khedivate]] and subsequently [[Sultanate of Egypt|independent sultanate]] was ruled by ''Malik Misr'' ("[[King of Egypt]]") from 1922 to 1951; and ''Malik Misr wa's Sudan'' ("[[King of Egypt and the Sudan]]") from 16 October 1951 until the proclamation of the republic on 18 June 1953
*[[Iraq]] – between 23 August 1921 and 2 May 1958, Iraq was ruled by a Hashemite ''[[List of Kings of Iraq|Malik al-'Iraq]]'' ("King of Iraq"). Among the indigenous [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] and [[Kurdish Jews]], the term has been (and still is) used since pre-Arab and pre-Islamic times for the title of tribal chief, for example [[Malik Khoshaba]] of the Bit-[[Tyareh]] tribe.
*[[Libya]] – [[Idris I of Libya|Idris I]] (1890–1983) (Sayyid Muhammad Idris [[as-Sanusi]], heir of a Muslim sect's dynasty) reigned as ''Malik al-Mamlaka al-Libiyya al-Muttahida'' ("King of the United Libyan Kingdom") from 24 December 1951 through 25 April 1963 and ''Malik al-Mamlaka al-Libiyya'' ("King of the Libyan Kingdom") until 1 September 1969.
*[[Maldives]] – between 1965 and 1968, [[Muhammad Fareed Didi]] ruled the Maldives as ''Jala'ala ul-Malik'' ("King" and the style of "His Majesty"); previous rulers were styled Sultan of Land and Sea and Lord of the twelve-thousand islands, holding both the Arabic title of Sultan and the more ancient [[Dhivehi language|Divehi]] title of Maha Radun or Ras Kilege.
*[[Oman]] – the [[Nabhani dynasty]] ruled Oman between 1154 and 1470; later it was an [[imamate]] / Sultanate.
*[[Tunisia]] was formerly ruled by maliks (1 year).
*[[Yemen]] – between 1918 and 27 September 1962, and in dissidence to March 1970, the imamate of Yemen was ruled by ''[[Imams of Yemen|Imam al-Muslimin, Amir al-Mu'minin, Malik al-Mamlaka al-Mutawakkiliyya al-Yamaniyya]]'' ("Imam of the Muslims, [[Commander of the Faithful]], King of the Mutawakkilite Yemeni Kingdom").
*[[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[India]] – The [[Muslim]] rulers bestowed the title of ''Malik'' on loyal tribal leaders and chieftains in [[South Asia]]. The [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and colonial [[India]], the princely state of [[Zainabad, Vanod]] was ruled by a '''Malek Shri''' ([[Sri|Shri]] is an emphatical [[honorific]]).{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

'''Malik''' has also been used in languages which adopted Arabic [[loanword]]s (mainly, not exclusively, in Muslim cultures), for various [[prince]]ly or lower ranks and functions.
* In [[Armenia]], the title of Melik was bestowed upon princes who ruled various [[Principality|principalities]], often referred to as Melikdoms.
* In [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], among the numerous Grandees, often related to Armenia:
** In the fourth class, (''[[tavadi|Sul-didibuli-tavadi]]'') of the [[Kingdom of Kartli (1484–1762)|Kingdom of Kartli]], commanders of banners (''[[sadrosho]]''), sixth and last in that class, the Malik of [[Somkhiti]] (Somkhiti is the name of Armenia in Georgian).
** In the sixth class, Grandees of the second class (''[[mtavari]]'') of the Kingdom of Kartli, ranking first of the second subclass, Grandees under the Prince of [[Baratashvili|Sabaratiano]]: the [[Loris-Melikov|Malik of Lori]] ([[Lori Province|Lori]] – a region in Armenia), head of the house of [[Melikishvili]].

The word Malik is sometimes used in Arabic to render roughly equivalent titles of foreign rulers, for instance the chronicler [[Baha al-Din Ibn Shaddad]] refers to King [[Richard I of England]] as ''Malik al-Inkitar''.

==Religious==
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2013}}
*The sacrament of [[Holy Leaven]] in the [[Assyrian Church of the East]]<ref>{{Cite book | chapter = Malka or Malca | last = Bowker | first = John | title = The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions | location = Oxford | publisher = Oxford University Press | via = Oxford Reference | date = 2003 | access-date = 30 July 2016 | chapter-url = http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-4537 | isbn = 9780191727221 }}</ref>
*It is also one of the [[Names of God in Islam]], and is then ''al-Malik'' (الملك) or ''The King, Lord of the Worlds'' in the absolute sense (denoted by the definite article), meaning the [[King of Kings in Islam|King of Kings]], above all earthly rulers.
**Hence, Abdelmelik ("servant of [Allah] the King") is an Arabic male name.
*In Biblical Hebrew, [[Moloch]] is either the name of a god or a particular kind of sacrifice associated historically with Phoenician and related cultures in North Africa and the Levant.
*[[Melqart]] ("king of the city") was a Phoenician and Punic god.
*The [[Melkite]]s (from Syriac ''malkāyâ'', ܡܠܟܝܐ, "imperial") are the members of several Christian churches of the Middle East, originally those who sided with the Byzantine emperor.

==Compound and derived titles==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2013}}
*''Malika'' is the female derivation, a term of Arabic origin used in Persia as the title for a [[Queen consort]]. Frequently also used as part of a lady's name, e.g. ''Malika-i-Jahan'' 'Queen of the World'.
*''[[Sahib]] us-Sumuw al-Malik'' (female Sahibat us-Sumuw al-Malik) is an Arabic title for His/Her [[Royal Highness]], notably for Princes in the dynasty of the Malik of Egypt.

The following components are frequently part of titles, notably in Persian (also used elsewhere, e.g. in India's Moghol tradition):
*'''- ul-Mulk''' (or '''ul-Molk'''): – of the kingdom; e.g. Malik Usman Khan, who served the [[Sultan]] of [[Gujarat]] as Governor of [[Lahore]], received the title of ''Zubdat ul-Mulk'' 'best of the kingdom' as a hereditary distinction, which was retained as part of the style of his heirs, the ruling [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]]s (only since 1910 promoted to [[Nawab]]) of [[Palanpur]].
*'''- ul-Mamaluk''' (plural of ''ul-mulk''): – of the kingdoms.

In the great Indian Muslim [[salute state]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], a first rank- vassal of the Mughal [[padshah]] (emperor) imitating his lofty Persian court protocol, the word '''Molk''' became on itself one of the titles used for ennobled Muslim retainers of the ruling [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]]'s court, in fact the third in rank, only below [[Jah]] (the highest) and [[Umara]], but above [[Al-Dawla|Daula]], [[Khan (title)|Jang]], [[Nawab]], [[Khan (title)|Khan Bahadur]] and [[Khan (title)|Khan]]; for the Nizam's Hindu retainers different titles were used, the equivalent of Molk being Vant.

==Usage in South Asia==
=== Pashtun usage ===
{{further|Kakazai}}
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2025}}
The Arabic term came to be adopted as a term for "[[tribal chieftain]]" in the [[tribe|tribal]] areas of northwestern [[Pakistan]]. In tribal Pashtun society in Pakistan, the Maliks serve as ''de facto'' arbiters in local conflicts, interlocutors in state policy-making, tax-collectors, heads of village and town councils and delegates to provincial and national ''jirgas'' and Parliament.
Such as Malik Zain

===Punjabi usage===
{{further|Malik (Punjab)}}
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2025}}
In the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], "Malik", literally meaning "King" or "[[Lord]]", is a title used by some well-reputed Punjabi aristocrat lineages, more formally known as [[Zamindar]]s. It is a prominent title among [[Awan (tribe)|Awans]], who are historically a group of warrior clans who later settled as wealthy landlords. Malik Awans in Punjabi Ethnology are considered to be Honourable Warriors.

The Muslim Malik community is settled all over Pakistan, and the Sikh Malik are settled in India. Due to the prestige of the Malik title, many Punjabi sub-castes have adopted title to gain acceptance in the Punjabi [[biradri]] system.

===Jat usage===
{{further|Malik (Jat)}}
The [[Jats]] of the Gathwala clan use Malik ("Lord") as a title.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEmAAAAAMAAJ&q=Later+on+they+were+called+as+Jakhar+Jats |title=Indian Journal of Physical Anthropology and Human Genetics |date=2005 |publisher=Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society, U.P. |page=110 |language=en |quote=[Jats] are the largest group in northwest India, having various clans and more than 500 gotras. The main gotras are Maliks (Ghatwalla)...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India |first=Eric |last=Stokes |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-52129-770-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9DU5AAAAIAAJ |pages=17, 293 }}</ref> The Gathwalas were organized under an influential Jat [[Khap]], and were prominent [[zamindar]]s during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal era]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India |volume=2 |editor1-first=Tapan |editor1-last=Raychaudhuri |editor2-first=Irfan |editor2-last=Habib |editor3-first=Dharma |editor3-last=Kumar |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-52122-802-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ew8AAAAIAAJ |pages=37, 70}}</ref> The Gathwala Khap continues to exist in [[Western Uttar Pradesh]].

===Bihari usage===
{{further|Malik (Bihar)}}
{{expand section|date=September 2025}}
==General usage==
{{main|Malik (name)}}
Malik or Malek is a common element in first and family names, usually without any aristocratic meaning.

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam}}

* {{annotated link|Maalik}}
*[[Malak (disambiguation)]], a Semitic word meaning "angel"
*[[Maluku islands]], an archipelago in Indonesia whose name is thought to have been derived from the Arab traders' term for the region, Jazirat al-Muluk ('the island of many kings')
*[[Melech (name)]], a given name of Hebrew origin that means 'king'.
*[[Minicoy]], an island in India that was the ancient capital of [[Lakshadweepa]], whose local name (Maliku) is thought to have been derived from the Arab traders' term for it, Jazirat al-Maliku ('the island of the king').<ref>Lutfy, Mohamed Ibrahim. Thaareekhuge therein Lakshadheebu</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|malik}}
*[https://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=malik Malik Family History] at 'ancestry.com'

[[Category:Feudalism]]
[[Category:Heads of state]]
[[Category:Military ranks]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Titles in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Titles in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Names of God in Islam]]
[[Category:Semitic words and phrases]]
[[Category:Moloch]]
[[Category:Melqart]]

Federation of Indian Photography

2025-10-31T11:33:37Z

Svetlanabpd: cleanup intro for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
'''Federation of Indian Photography''' (FIP) is the Indian national body of the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Art Photographique]] (En: The International Federation of Photographic Art). The present liaison officer is Barun Sinha, [[Patna]].<ref>[http://www.fiap.net/pays_desc.php?id=I01&lang=en "Fédération Internationale de l'Art Photographique (FIAP)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719114917/http://www.fiap.net/pays_desc.php?id=I01&lang=en |date=19 July 2011 }} [[Fédération Internationale de l'Art Photographique]]. 5 February 2012.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Federation Of Indian Photography}}
[[Category:Photography organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Professional associations based in India]]

{{Photo-stub}}

Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband

2025-10-06T03:20:46Z

Svetlanabpd: adding a data - done

{{Short description|1970s book by Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband
| image = Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband.jpg
| caption = Urdu cover
| author = [[Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani]]
| title_orig = فتاوی دارالعلوم دیوبند
| orig_lang_code = ur
| country = [[India]]
| language = Urdu
| subject = [[Fiqh]]
| genre = [[Fatwa]]
| publisher = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| published = 1970s
| media_type = Print
| isbn = 9785882248696
| oclc = 31208119
| preceded_by = [[Fatawa-e-Rashidiya]]
| editors = [[Muhammad Shafi]], [[Zafeeruddin Miftahi]]
}}

'''''Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband''''' ({{langx|ur|فتاوی دارالعلوم دیوبند}}) is an 18-volume compilation of Islamic legal opinions, or [[Fatwa|fatwas]], issued by the scholars of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], a prominent Islamic seminary in India. The fatwas cover a wide range of topics, including faith, prayer, fasting, charity, pilgrimage, marriage, divorce, and more. The collection is considered a comprehensive guide to [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]], and has been cited by scholars and academics around the world as a reliable source for religious verdicts on social, economic, political, and moral issues.<ref name=":MKM">{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|last=Masud|first=Muhammad Khalid|authorlink=Muhammad Khalid Masud|article=FETÂVÂ-yı DârÜLULUM-i DİYÛBEND}}</ref> In April 2025, the [[Government of Bangladesh]] announced that they will translate it into a 27-volume edition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 April 2025 |title=Government Announces Bengali Translation of 'Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband' |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/national/news/1017981 |work=[[Jagonews24.com]]}}</ref>

== History ==
The compilation process began in the early 20th century, with the first phase of fatwas being compiled by [[Muhammad Shafi]] in 1938 and published as ''Aziz al-Fatawa''. The second phase of compilation began in the 1970s under the direction of [[Zafeeruddin Miftahi]], who organized the fatwas into 12 volumes according to fiqhi order. The third phase began in 2005 and included six more volumes, with Muhammad Amin Palanpuri adding to the collection.<ref name=":JH">{{Cite thesis |last=Ullah |first=Mohammed |title=The Contribution of Deoband School to Hanafi Fiqh A Study of Its Response to Modern Issues and Challenges |publisher=Centre for Federal Studies, [[Jamia Hamdard]] |year=2018 |page= |location=India |language=en |hdl=10603/326073 |degree=PhD |pages=104}}</ref>

== Background ==
Darul Uloom Deoband has been issuing religious fatwas (legal opinions) to Muslims since its inception. Initially, the responsibility was entrusted to learned teachers such as [[Yaqub Nanautawi]], who were assisted by other teachers and students. However, with the increasing number of queries, a separate department called Darul Ifta was established in 1892, with [[Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani]] as its first Mufti.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=101}} He served for 34 years and wrote an estimated 118,000 fatwas, all of which were copied by scribes into registers and preserved for future reference.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=102}}

The fatwas of Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani were compiled in different phases, with [[Muhammad Shafi]] and [[Zafeeruddin Miftahi]] taking up the task in the first and second phases, respectively. The latter compiled a total of 12 volumes in fiqhi order, which are known as ''Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband''. In the third phase, Muhammad Amin Palanpuri added six more volumes to the collection, making a total of 18. This complete collection includes only selected fatwas issued by Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani and is also known as ''Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband''.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=104}}

== Reception ==
In 1951, [[Maulana Azad|Abul Kalam Azad]], the first Indian [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of Education]], visited the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. During his visit, he was greatly impressed by the vast and valuable collection of fatwas, and he expressed his admiration for it. He even remarked that this collection had the potential to produce another ''Fatwa-e-Tatar Khani''. Azad went on to praise the madrasah's contribution to the advancement of religion, believing that such a collection could facilitate the resolution of numerous problems faced by the people.<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Fatwa|author=AKM Yakub Hossain}}</ref> Judge [[Muhammad Khalid Masud]] of the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] has stated that the ''Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband'' is an essential source for understanding the development of Islamic law in the modern age, as well as for reflecting the social, economic, and political history of South Asian Muslims.<ref name=":MKM" />

== See also ==
* [[Fatawa-e-Rashidiya]]
* [[Al-Muhannad 'ala al-Mufannad]]
* [[Deobandi fiqh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite thesis |last=Tamim |first=Abu |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/161543 |title=Mufti Azeezur Rahman Ki Fiqhee Khidmat |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2011 |location=India |language=ur |degree=PhD |pages=131, 218–226, 227–254|hdl=10603/161543 }}

== External links ==
* [https://besturdubooks.net/fatawa-dar-ul-uloom-deoband/ ''Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband'']
{{Darul Uloom Deoband}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband}}

[[Category:Deobandi fiqh literature]]
[[Category:Publications of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Islamic literature]]
[[Category:Sunni literature]]
[[Category:Urdu-language books]]
[[Category:Books about Islamic jurisprudence]]
[[Category:Sharia]]
[[Category:Legal history of India]]
[[Category:Legal codes]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian religious texts]]
[[Category:Fatwas]]

Indian Memory Project

2025-10-01T22:28:41Z

Svetlanabpd:

{{more footnotes|date=November 2015}}
The '''Indian Memory Project''' is an online archive that aims to trace the history of the [[Indian subcontinent]] using images and narratives offered by families and individuals in several countries. It was founded in February 2010 by Indian photographer [[Anusha Yadav]].<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite web |last1=Alexander |first1=Deepa |title=Indian Memory Project: Time travel through the history of a nation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/indian-memory-project-time-travel-through-the-history-of-a-nation/article32908170.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=21 October 2020}}</ref> The ongoing project attempts to convey in a unified way the history of the subcontinent, its experiences, humanity, choices and its circumstances that have made the region and its people who they are. It is also intended to promote greater tolerance, understanding, and capacity for learning among the citizens of India, its neighbouring countries and the world.

The project employs photographs, contextualised narratives and letters found in personal archives, highlighting themes such as social transformation, new professions, partition, education, war, marriage, religion and culture, and the impact they had on families living during these times. With personal images serving as evidence, each post on the archive reveals information about people, families and ancestors, cultures, lifestyles, traditions, choices, circumstances and thereby consequences. Indian Memory Project has received images from families and people based in Canada, USA, Ireland, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, United Kingdom. Currently the oldest photograph is from 1860.

The project received an honorary mention in the Digital Communities category at the 2013 Prix Ars Electronica, Austria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aec.at/prix/en/gewinner/#digitalcommunities |title=Ars Electronica | Prix Ars Electronica |access-date=2016-08-30 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130701103541/http://www.aec.at/prix/en/gewinner/#digitalcommunities |archive-date=2013-07-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

*''History in the Making. Hindustan Times''. January 2014
*''[http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/photos-lead-grandfather-love-article-1.1553179 NY Daily News],'' December 19, 2013
*''[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-nostalgia-while-possibly-involving-sad-regret-for-the-past-can-still-work-in-therapeutic-way/articleshow/46890928.cms On nostalgia. Economic Times]'' – 2015. By Vikram Doctor
*''[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/de-stress/Click-save-forget/articleshow/51742698.cms Click, Save, Forget]'': Times of India. April 2016
*''Open Magazine''. March 26, 2010 ''[http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/arts/a-family-album-of-india A Family Album of India]''.
*''Mumbai Mirror & Bangalore Mirror''. Ankit Ajmera, January 23, 2011/January 30, 2011 ''A Secret History''
*''Outlook'' India, April 11, 2011 ''[http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/diachronic-lenses/271250 Diachronic Lenses]''
*''Indian Express,'' Sharon Fernandes, April 17, 2011 ''[http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/this-used-to-be-me/776307/0 This used to be me]''
*''Economic Times'', Deepika Sorabjee, May 2, 2012 ''[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/archiving-through-personal-records-with-an-interface-like-facebook-has-made-old-world-come-alive/articleshow/12958542.cms Archiving through personal records with an interface like Facebook has made old worlds come alive]''
*''The Hindu'', Geeta Padmanabhan, July 4, 2012 ''[http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/article3602178.ece Portal to the past]''
*''Times of India,'' Bangalore, Shrabonti Bagchi, August 4, 2012. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140131210349/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2012%2F08%2F05&ViewMode=GIF&PageLabel=6&EntityId=Ar00600&AppName=1 The Record of Small Things]''
*''Verve Magazine'', August 2012 ''[http://www.verveonline.com/111/life/nerve-photography.shtml Memoirs of a Nation]''
*''[http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/the-indian-memory-project/ The History Workshop],'' UK, March 2013
*''{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180408143858/http://guidaindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2739:la-storia-siete-voi&catid=71:cenni-di-storia&Itemid=61 Guide to India]}}'', Italy. June 6, 2013
*''[http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/history-sheeter-/1278039/ Financial Express]''. by Kunal Doley. August 2014
*''[http://homegrown.co.in/indian-memory-project-a-trip-down-collective-memory-lane-with-anusha-yadav/ Homegrown.in']'' February 2015
* Telegraph United Kingdom, 2010{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/photography/7652620/The-Indian-Memory-Project.html|title=The Indian Memory Project|date=29 April 2010|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}
* Gulf News, UAE 2010. http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/a-first-hand-look-at-history-1.653821
* Wall Street Journal 2010.{{cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/04/20/the-indian-memory-project/|title=The Indian Memory Project|author=Margherita Stancati|work=WSJ}}
* The Herald, Pakistan. 2012.http://www.indianmemoryproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/magazinespread_low.pdf
* BBC Radio Hindi 2013.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2013/10/131004_anusha_yadav_nn.shtml|title='ये दुनिया का इतिहास है, मैं तो बस इसे संजो रही हूँ'|work=BBC हिंदी|date=4 October 2013 }}
* Telerama, France 2014.{{cite web|url=http://www.telerama.fr/monde/l-indian-memory-project-la-grande-famille-indienne,107619.php|title=L'Indian Memory Project recompose la grande famille indienne|date=25 January 2014|work=telerama.fr}}
* Open Magazine, India 2010. {{cite web|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/arts/a-family-album-of-india|title=A Family Album of India|work=OPEN Magazine|date=24 March 2010 }}
* Outlook, India 2011. {{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/diachronic-lenses/271250|title=Diachronic Lenses - Arpita Basu - Apr 18,2011|work=outlookindia.com}}
* Indian Express, India 2011. {{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/this-used-to-be-me/776307/0|title=This used to be me|work=indianexpress.com}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.indianmemoryproject.com/}}
*[http://anushayadav.com/ Anusha Yadav]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Archives in India]]
[[Category:Historic preservation in India]]
[[Category:History websites]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2010]]

Vindhyashakti

2025-09-23T04:34:06Z

Svetlanabpd: expanded structure for clarity

{{Short description|Vakataka king from 250 to 275}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = Vakataka king
| reign = {{Circa|250}} – 275
| successor = [[Pravarasena I]]
| issue =
| house = [[Vakataka]]
}}
{{Vakataka Infobox}}
'''Vindhyashakti''' ({{reign|{{circa|250}}|275}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shastri |first1=Ajay Mitra |title=Vakatakas: Sources and History |date=1997 |publisher=Aryan Books International |isbn=9788173051234 |page=168}}</ref>) was the founder of the [[Vakataka]] dynasty. His name might be derived from the goddess [[Vindhyavasini]], or it could be a title or ''biruda'' referring to his patrimony in the Vindhya mountains rather than a personal name.<ref>{{cite book |author1=A.S. Altekar |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R.C. |editor2-last=Altekar |editor2-first=A.S. |title=The Vakataka-Gupta Age |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsi Dass |isbn=9788120800434 |page=89}}</ref>

No inscription or record belonging to the reign of Vindhyashakti has been discovered so far.<ref name = "AIU">{{cite book |author1=D.C. Sircar |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R.C. |title=The Age of Imperial Unity |date=1968 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |pages=217–220 |edition=Fourth}}</ref> In the much later [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] Cave XVI inscription of the time of [[Harishena]], Vindhyashakti is described as the "banner of the Vakataka family" and as a ''[[dvija]]'' or "twice-born". It is stated in this inscription that he added to his power by fighting great battles and that he had a large cavalry. Vindhyashakti's majesty was compared to that of the gods Indra and Vishnu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2016 |publisher=Pearson India Education Services |isbn=9788131716779 |page=482}}</ref> However, no regal title is prefixed to his name in this inscription.

The Puranas make reference to Vindhyashakti and his dynasty, but their historical reliability is questionable. The ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' gives Vindhyashakti a fantastically long reign of 96 years, and the Puranic texts refer to [[Nagas of Vidisha|Naga kings]] ruling between the time of Vindhyashakti and his son Pravira.<ref name = "AIU" /> It appears from the Puranas that Vindhyashakti was a ruler of Vidisha in present-day Madhya Pradesh, but that is not considered to be correct.<ref>Mahajan, V. D. (1960, reprint 2007) ''Ancient India'', New Delhi: [[S. Chand]], {{ISBN|81-219-0887-6}}, pp. 587–88</ref>

Different authors have placed Vindhyashakti's original home in a variety of places including in the southern Deccan, Madhya Pradesh and Malwa. K. P. Jayaswal considers Bagat, a village in the Jhansi district as the home of Vakatakas. V. V. Mirashi points out that the earliest mention of the name Vakataka occurs in an inscription found on a fragment of a pillar at [[Amravati|Amaravati]] which records the gift of a ''Grihapati'' (householder) named Vakataka and his two wives. However, there is no evidence to show that the personal name of this man had anything to do with the dynastic name of the Vakatakas or that his original home was in the Deccan, as he was visiting the Buddhist establishment of Amaravati on pilgrimage.<ref name = "AIU" />

Vindhyashakti seems to have been largely forgotten or ignored after his death, perhaps overshadowed by his more illustrious son and successor, [[Pravarasena I]]. All of the [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plates]] of the Vakataka dynasty begin the family genealogy with Pravarasena I instead of Vindhyashakti.<ref>{{cite book |author1=A.S. Altekar |editor1-last=Yazdani |editor1-first=Ghulam |title=The Early History of the Deccan |date=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=156–158}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Vakataka kings]]
[[Category:3rd-century Indian monarchs]]

Kolhan (village)

2025-09-20T08:07:26Z

Svetlanabpd: starting a place

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kolhan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.8743915|N|72.9327686|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Dahanu]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 44
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 693
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551711
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kolhan''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Dahanu]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |access-date=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Kolhan has 122 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 58.32%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archive-date=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 693 || 340 || 353
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 134 || 65 || 69
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 680 || 333 || 347
|-
| Literates || 326 || 192 || 134
|-
| Workers (all) || 390 || 190 || 200
|-
| Main workers (total) || 322 || 165 || 157
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 185 || 90 || 95
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 16 || 9 || 7
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 120 || 65 || 55
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 68 || 25 || 43
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 8 || 4 || 4
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 12 || 2 || 10
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 4 || 2 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 44 || 17 || 27
|-
| Non-workers || 303 || 150 || 153
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Dahanu taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Dahanu taluka]]

{{Palghar-district-geo-stub}}

New Serchhip

2025-08-10T01:45:24Z

Svetlanabpd: minor improve section for accuracy and corrected details

{{More citations needed|date=April 2013}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}


{{Infobox settlement
| name = New Serchhip
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Skyline New Serchhip.jpg
| image_alt = A skyline of New Serchhip
| image_caption = A skyline of New Serchhip
| pushpin_map = India Mizoram#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mizoram, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.332872|N|92.854572|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Serchhip district|Serchhip]]
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = 1976
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Village Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 944
| population_total = 2500
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Mizo language|Mizo]] 
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = 
| demographics_type2 = Ethnicity
| demographics2_title1 = Ethnic groups
| demographics2_info1 = [[Mizo people|Mizo]] 
| demographics2_title2 = Year of data
| demographics2_info2 = 2011 
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 796181
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 913838
| registration_plate = MZ-06
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Aizawl]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 100%
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Village Councils
| blank1_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|34|°C|°F}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|9|°C|°F}}
| website = {{URL|mizoram.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''New Serchhip''' is the northern extension of [[Serchhip]] Town in [[Mizoram]] State of [[India]]. It was created and inhabited since 1976.<ref>As per the record maintained in the Village Council notebook.</ref>

== History ==
New Serchhip was inhabited since 1974 and had recently celebrated their golden jubilee<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHIEF MINISTER-IN NEW SERCHHIP GOLDEN JUBILEE HMANPUI |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/chief-minister-in-new-serchhip-golden-jubilee-hmanpui |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=dipr.mizoram.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> on 12 December 2024.

== Transport ==

[[Transit bus|Town bus]], [[taxi]] and [[auto-rickshaw]] are the major means of public transport. Daily [[maxicab]] services to [[Aizawl]], [[Lunglei]] and [[Champhai]] are available. There is one [[Helipad]] in New Serchhip which connected [[Aizawl]] by [[Pawan Hans]] Helicopter service.<ref>{{cite web|title=MIZORAMA HELICOPTER SERVICE TUR CHIEF MINISTER IN HAWNG|url=http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/mizorama-helicopter-service-tur-chief-minister-in-hawng|publisher=Mizoram DIPR|accessdate=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212015939/http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/mizorama-helicopter-service-tur-chief-minister-in-hawng|archive-date=12 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mizoram}}

[[Category:Serchhip]]

R. C. S. M Government Medical College and C. P. R. Hospital

2025-08-09T11:21:12Z

Svetlanabpd: new a stub nd citations - done

{{Short description|Medical college and affiliate hospital in Kolhapur, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Rajarshee Chattrapati Shahu Maharaj Government Medical College and Chhatrapati Pramilatai Raje Hospital
| native_name =
| image_name = R.C.S.M. Govt Medical College and CPR Hospital, Kolhapur logo.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| motto = Let all be healthy
| established = {{start date and age|2000}}
| type = Education and research institution, Government Funded
| president =
| dean = Dr. Satyawan More
| director =
| students =
| undergrad = 150 per year
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = [[Kolhapur]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| campus =
| free_label =
| free =
| colours =
| nickname =
| website = {{URL|rcsmgmc.ac.in}}
| logo =
| staff =
| faculty = 378
| profess =
| affiliations = [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
}}

'''Rajarshee Chattrapati Shahu Maharaj Government Medical College and Chhatrapati Pramilatai Raje Hospital''' is a medical college and affiliate hospital located in [[Kolhapur]], [[India]]. It was founded in the year 2000 and is affiliated to the [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]] (MUHS), [[Nashik]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040215005946/http://www.muhsnashik.com/college1.asp M.U.H.S. College Information]</ref> The college is recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]] (NMC), New Delhi for medical education in India.<ref>[http://www.mciindia.org/InformationDesk/MedicalCollegeHospitals/ListofCollegesTeachingMBBS.aspx MCI List of Colleges Teaching MBBS in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505154317/http://www.mciindia.org/InformationDesk/MedicalCollegeHospitals/ListofCollegesTeachingMBBS.aspx |date=2011-05-05 }}</ref>

==History==
The hospital was originally built in commemoration of the visit of the [[Edward VII|Prince of Wales]] in 1875 and was named King Albert Edward Hospital. Foundation stone was laid by Sir [[Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet|James Fergusson]], then the governor of Bombay on 9 March 1881. This was possible with the blessings of the regional ruler [[Chhatrapati Shahu]]. This project was completed in 1881. The hospital underwent many changes after Shahu returned from England and offered free treatment to everyone. In 1946 the hospital was renamed to Chhatrapati Pramilatai Raje Hospital in the honour of Chhatrapati Pramilatai Raje, the daughter in law of the royal family of Kolhapur. In the year 2000, the hospital was officially affiliated to the newly established Rajarshee Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Government Medical College.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Campus==
The medical college and hospital are located in Kolhapur city, [[Karvir (town)|Karvir]], of Maharashtra. The college is located in the busy city center and caters to the district of [[Kolhapur]] and also to the neighboring districts of [[Ratnagiri]], [[Sindhudurg]], [[Satara district|Satara]] and [[Sangli]].{{cn|date=August 2025}}

The first MBBS college building is situated in the outskirts of Kolhapur city, in Shenda Park. The campus is relatively large at 40 acres, also has a small lake, named Shenda Lake.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

==Academics==
The [[medical school]] provides training to about 600 students in undergraduate and postgraduate medical courses. A nursing school is also maintained by the institution. The hospital has 18 wards with a total of 665 beds and operates with the help of 378 staff and honorary physicians, 6050 nursing staff members and 1566 paramedics.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

Funded mainly by the [[Government of Maharashtra]], these institutions renders services virtually free of cost, mostly to the underprivileged sections of the society.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Admissions==
===Undergraduate courses===
All admissions to the MBBS graduate course is through the [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test]] (NEET) exam. 15% of total seats are reserved for All-India quota.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

===Postgraduate courses===
The college currently offers Postgraduate training in medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, otorhinolaryngology, orthopaedics, anaesthesia and pediatrics under the [[Diplomate of National Board]] (DNB) programme conducted by the [[National Board of Examinations]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seat Matrix Diploma |url=http://natboard.edu.in/Seat_Matrix_Diploma_Jan-12_(As_on_06_03_2012).pdf |website=natboard.edu.in}}</ref> DNB courses are replaced by MD/MS from the academic year 2021-22. Currently MCI recognised MD/MS courses started under MUHS, Nashik.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official|rcsmgmc.ac.in}}

{{Colleges affiliated to Maharashtra University of Health Sciences}}
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Kolhapur district topics}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Education in Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Affiliates of Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]

Shankar Nagar Square metro station

2025-07-22T06:21:07Z

Svetlanabpd:

{{short description|Nagpur Metro's Aqua Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Shankar Nagar Square
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Nagpur Metro Infobox station line|line=Aqua}}
| style = Nagpur Metro
| image = Shankar Nagar Square metro station.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = Shankar Nagar, East Shankar Nagar, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440010
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.13618|79.06159|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Nagpur Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Nagpur Metro|Aqua|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Prajapati Nagar metro station|Prajapati Nagar]] Platform-2 → [[Lokmanya Nagar metro station|Lokmanya Nagar]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code =
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2020|12|09}}
| closed = 
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Nagpur Metro|line=Aqua|left=Institution of Engineers|right=LAD Square}}
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| route_map = {{Nagpur Metro East-West Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Aqua}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Shankar Nagar Square''' is an elevated metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Aqua Line (Nagpur Metro)|Aqua Line]] of [[Nagpur Metro]] in [[Nagpur]], India. It was opened on 9 December 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shankar Nagar & Rachana Ring Road Junction Stations open for Public at Nagpur |url=https://www.punemetrorail.org/download/Newsletter/MahaMetroConnect_January2021.pdf |website=Pune Metro |publisher=Mahametro |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shankar Nagar, Rachna Ring Road Junction Metro station to be functional from tomorrow|url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2020/12/08/shankar-nagar-rachna-ring-road-junction-metro-station-to-be-functional-from-tomorrow/|access-date=2021-11-26|website=The Live Nagpur|date=8 December 2020}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Shankar Nagar Square track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Aqua}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[LAD Square metro station|LAD Square]]
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Institution of Engineers metro station|Institution of Engineers]]
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Prajapati Nagar metro station|Prajapati Nagar]] '''Next Station:''' [[Institution of Engineers metro station|Institution of Engineers]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[Lokmanya Nagar metro station|Lokmanya Nagar]] '''Next Station:''' [[LAD Square metro station|LAD Square]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Nagpur]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nagpur Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Nagpur Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2020]]

National Recruitment Agency

2025-06-25T06:56:52Z

Svetlanabpd: update formatting after review

{{short description|Central Recruitment Agency in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = National Recruitment Agency
| bgcolor = 
| fgcolor = 
| image = Emblem of India.svg
| image_border =
| size = 130px
| alt = 
| caption =
| map = 
| msize = 
| malt = 
| mcaption = 
| map2 =
| abbreviation = NRA
| motto =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| formation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|2020|08|19}}
| type = Central Recruitment Agency
| status = 
| purpose = 
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], India
| location =
| coords = 
| region_served = [[India]]
| membership =
| language = 
| general = 
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
|key_people =
| main_organ = 
| parent_organization = 
| affiliations = 
| budget =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website =
}}

'''National Recruitment Agency'''<ref>{{cite news |url =https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1647000|title =Union Cabinet approves setting up of National Recruitment Agency|publisher =[[Press Information Bureau]]|location =[[Mumbai]]|date =August 19, 2020|website =pib.gov.in|accessdate =August 19, 2020}}</ref> is a Central Recruitment Agency established by the [[Government of India]], that will conduct a ''[[Common Eligibility Test]] (CET)''<ref>{{cite news |url =https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1647000 |title =Common Eligibility Test | publisher =PIB Mumbai | date =August 19, 2020|website =pib.gov.in |accessdate =25 September 2023}}</ref> for selection to all of the Group C and Group D employee posts in all central government establishments which includes all of the [[Public sector undertakings in India|central public sector undertakings]] and all of the [[Government of India|central autonomous bodies]].<ref>{{cite news |url =https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cabinet-approves-national-recruitment-agency-key-points-11597831561356.html|title =National Recruitment Agency gets Cabinet's nod. Common Eligibility Test for govt jobs, PSBs|publisher =Livemint|date =19 August 2020|website =livemint.com|author =Anulekha Ray|accessdate =19 August 2020}}</ref> NRA has representatives of [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Staff Selection Commission|SSC]], [[Railway Recruitment Board|RRB]] and [[Institute of Banking Personnel Selection|IBPS]].

==Background==
Before the establishment of the National Recruitment Agency, the recruitment exams to all of the '''Group 'C'''' and '''Group 'D'''' post under the [[Government of India]] (including [[Indian Railways]], ministries and all [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|central public sector units]]), were done separately and most of these posts required similar education qualification. These multiple recruitment examinations were a burden to candidates as they had to pay fees to multiple recruiting agencies and also travel long distances to complete the duplicate exams.<ref name="Financial Express"/>

In order to avoid these problems faced by the candidates, creating a National Recruitment Agency was proposed by [[Nirmala Sitharaman]], finance minister of India on her 2020-21 budget<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1809083 |title= History NRA |website=pib.gov.in| publisher =PIB Delhi |access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref> speech on 1 February 2020.<ref name="Times of India">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/national-agency-to-hold-common-eligibility-test-for-govt-jobs/articleshow/77631129.cms|title=National agency to hold common eligibility test for govt job|newspaper=Times of India|date=20 August 2020|access-date=20 August 2020}}</ref> And on 19 August 2020 the Union Cabinet decided to set up a National Recruitment Agency which will conduct a Common Eligibility Test (CET) twice a year for the different posts.<ref name="Financial Express">{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs/national-recruitment-agency-all-you-need-to-know-about-nra-and-cet-for-group-b-group-c-jobs/2060013/|title=National Recruitment Agency: All you need to know about NRA and CET for Group B, Group C jobs|date=19 August 2020|newspaper=Financial Express|access-date=20 August 2020}}</ref> The Union Cabinet approved Rs 1,517-crore for this purpose, which the [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] Jitendra Singh described as “one of the most landmark reforms in the history of Independent India”.The [[Prime Minister Narendra Modi]] tweeted: “The National Recruitment Agency will prove to be a boon for crores of youngsters. Through the common eligibility test, it will eliminate multiple tests and save precious time as well as resources. This will also be a big boost to transparency”.<ref name="Times of India"/>

==Composition==
The National Recruitment Agency will have representatives of:
*[[Ministry of Railways (India)]]
*[[Minister of Finance (India)]] / Department of Financial Services
*[[Staff Selection Commission]] (SSC)
*[[Railway Recruitment Control Board|Railway Recruitment Board]]s (RRBs)
*[[Institute of Banking Personnel Selection]] (IBPS)<ref name="Financial Express"/>

==Features of Common Eligibility Test (CET)==
The Common Eligibility Test (CET) will replace the current preliminary examinations held by [[Staff Selection Commission|SSC]], [[Institute of Banking Personnel Selection|IBPS]], [[Railway Recruitment Board|RRB]], other departments, organisations, [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|central public sector units]] and ministries under [[Government of India|central government]] for recruitment to '''Group C''' and '''Group D''' posts under '''[[civil service|union government civil services]]''', '''[[Defense (military)|union government defence services]]''' and also various other posts in all the [[Government of India|union government services]]. Separate CETs will be conducted for matriculate level, higher secondary and graduate applicants . The scores received in these exams will be valid for 3 years <ref name="Times of India"/>

=== Medium of CET ===
The Common Eligibility Test (CET) of National Recruitment Agency (NRA) will be conducted in 12 languages ([[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]]) that are in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India]] and in [[English language|English]].<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/national-recruitment-agency-nra-government-jobs-6561491/lite/ Explained: How the National Recruitment Agency will streamline the recruitment process]</ref>

=== Number of Attempts ===
The aspirant will be allowed unlimited attempts within a prescribed age limit to better his CET score, with the best being considered.<ref name="Times of India"/>

===Venue of Exam===
Applicants need not travel outside their respective district to access a test centre, with 1,000 centres proposed countrywide with at least one per [[district]]. Also, money spent on fees for multiple [[recruitment]] tests will be saved. The CET score, which will be generated immediately, shall be made available to the candidate as well as the individual recruitment agency and can be expected to improve transparency.<ref name="Times of India"/>

== See also ==
*[[National Testing Agency]]
* [[Public service commissions in India|List of Public service commissions in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Employment agencies of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2020]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government recruitment in India]]

Tosham rock inscription

2025-03-26T11:16:06Z

Svetlanabpd: Made Details

{{Short description|Historic rock inscription in Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
[[File:Tosham rock.JPG|thumb|Hill at Toshām showing the site of the ancient monastery and water cascade]]
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}

The '''Tosham rock inscription''', dating from the 4th or 5th century, on [[Tosham Hill range|Tosham hill]] in [[Tosham]] town of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]], is an [[epigraphy|epigraph]] documenting the establishment of a monastery and the building of water tanks for followers of the [[Yadava#The Satvatas|Satvata]] in ancient [[Yadava]] Kingdoms. They also built the [[Kalayat Ancient Bricks Temple Complex]] and may have been vassals of the [[Satavahana dynasty]], which disintegrated into smaller kingdoms in the 3rd century, during the [[Gupta Empire]].

==Location==
[[Tosham]] or Toshām is located in [[Bhiwani District]], [[Haryana]], India. The inscription is carved on a smooth rock face, high above about the town. In the immediate area are ruined brick structures and other archaeological traces. There are also [[Tosham#Tosham Rock Paintings|Tosham Rock Paintings]] and [[Tosham#Tosham Hill Fort|Tosham Hill Fort]] on Tosham Hill.

==Description and contents==
The inscription records the lineage and building activities of a line of Sātvata religious preceptors ([[Acharya|ācārya]]) dating to the 4th and 5th centuries CE. This is an important record for the history of the [[Vaishnavism|Vaiṣṇava]] faith.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://siddham.network/inscription/in00111/|title=Toshām rock inscription of Somatrāta|date=14 Feb 2020|website=SIDDHAM|access-date=14 Feb 2020}}</ref> The kinship and clan position of the Sātvatas is described in the article on the [[Yadavas]].

The inscription was first published by [[John Faithfull Fleet]] in his 1888 publication ''Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HON9OAAACAAJ Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, 1988 by John Faithfull Fleet]</ref><ref>J. F. Fleet, ''Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings'', Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. 3 (Calcutta, 1888): 269.</ref> A new translation and fresh analysis was undertaken by M. Willis in ''The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual'', published in 2009.<ref>Michael Willis, [[The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual]] (Cambridge, 2009). {{ISBN|978-0521518741}}, available online: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1400173.</ref>

==Text==
<poem>
jitaṃ abhīkṣṇam eva jāmbavatīvadanāravindorjjitāḷinā
dānavāṅganāmukhāmbhojalakṣmītuṣāreṇa viṣṇunā
anekapuruṣābhyāgatāryyasātvatayogācārya-
bhagavadbhaktayaśastrātaprapautrasyācāryyaviṣṇutrātapautrasyācāryya-
vasudattap[u]trasya rāvaṇyām utpannasya gotamasagotrasyācāryyaopāddhyāya-
yaśastrāta[ān]ujasyācāryyasomatrātasyedaṃ bhagavatpādopayo-
jyaṃ kuṇḍam uparyyāvasathaḥ ku-
ṇḍaṃ cāparaṃ
</poem>

Translation: "Verily victory has been achieved again and again by Viṣṇu – a mighty bee on the water lily that is the face of Jāmbavatī – a very frost to the beauty of the water lilies which are the faces of the women of the demons! This reservoir and the residence above, and a second reservoir, intended for the use of the feet of the Lord, (are the work) of the ācārya Somatrāta, the great grandson of Yaśastrāta – a successor of many men (of preceding generations), an Ārya Sātvata, yogācārya and devotee of the Lord – the grandson of ācārya Viṣṇutrāta (and) the son, begotten on Rāvaṇī, of ācārya Vasudatta of the Gotama gotra (and) the younger brother of ācārya and upādhyāya Yaśastrāta."

==Tosham rock paintings==
An Indian newspaper, [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|the Tribune]], reported that in 2013, rock paintings (dated to circa 5th century CE) were discovered at the site of the Tosham rock inscription. These rock paintings were said to include figures such as a royal family, a saint, and an orange dinosaur.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130702/harplus.htm#3 Rare rock painting of dinosaur discovered from Tosham Hills in state- by Sushil Manav, Tribune News Service, dated: 2 July 2013]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[https://siddham.network/object/ob00102/ The Asia Inscriptions Database]
*[http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item2427416/?site_locale=en_GB Cambridge University Press]

[[Category:Rock art in India]]
[[Category:Sanskrit inscriptions in India]]
[[Category:Gupta and post-Gupta inscriptions]]
[[Category:History of Haryana]]
[[Category:Bhiwani district]]

Sunil Chandrakant Bhuasara

2025-02-08T18:53:47Z

Svetlanabpd: Made A Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''Sunil Chandrakant Bhusara''' (born 1979) is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is an MLA from [[Vikramgad Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in Palghar District. He won the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikramgad (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2022: Candidate List, Winner, Runner-Up, Latest News and Updates, Videos , Photos |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/vikramgad-election-results-in-maharashtra/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Bhusara is from [[Vikramgad]], Palghar District, Maharashtra. He is the son of Bhusara Chandrakant Ravji. He completed his Class 10 at Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil High School and later did his Class 12 in 1998 at the Junior college, [[Mokhada taluka|Mokhada Taluka]]. [[Palghar district|Palghar District]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunil Chandrakant Bhusara (Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- VEKRAMGRTH (ST)(PALGHAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=8518 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bhusara won from Vikramgad Assembly constituency representing Nationalist Congress Party in the 2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He polled 88,425 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Hemant Savara]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 21,399 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Maharashtra election result winners full list: Names of winning candidates of BJP, Congress, Shiv Sena, NCP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/maharashtra-assembly-election/story/maharashtra-election-result-winners-full-list-names-of-winning-candidates-of-bjp-congress-shiv-sena-ncp-1612506-2019-10-24 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he lost the [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] and [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] elections.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Vikramgad Assembly Election Results 2020 Live Updates, Vikramgad Assembly Election Latest News & Updates |url=https://news.abplive.com/maharashtra-election/vikramgad-assembly-election-result-2019-129.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 Vikramgad Vidhan Sabha Election Results, Winner & Live Updates {{!}} Vikramgad Election Latest News {{!}} विक्रमगड विधान सभा निकाल २०१९ {{!}} विधान सभा सभा मतदारसंघ 2019 {{!}} Lokmat.com |url=https://www.lokmat.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019/bhor-ac/vikramgad/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=www.lokmat.com/ |language=mr}}</ref> In the [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]], the NCP candidate lost the Vikramgad seat finishing third behind winner [[Vishnu Savara]] of Bharatiya Janata Party and Prakash Krushna Nikam of Shiv Sena, who came second.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhusara, Sunil Chandrakant}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People from Palghar district]]

Gori Chen

2024-12-03T13:06:21Z

Svetlanabpd: basic expanded structure per standard format and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Gori Chen
| elevation_ft = 21410
| coordinates = {{coord|27.7951496|92.3877074|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = {{native name|und|Sa-Nga-Phu|paren=omit}}<ref name=":0" />
| photo = Sunrise in the Himalayas (11096205714).jpg
| photo_caption = Gori Chen mountains as seen at sunrise from Mandala, Arunachal Pradesh.
| easiest_route = No established summit route<ref name=":0" />
| map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India
}}

'''Gori Chen''' is a glacier-fed mountain group in the [[Eastern Himalaya|Eastern Himalayas]]. Peaks include the third highest peak in [[northeast India]]. Other peaks include Gorichen II ({{Convert|21287|feet|m}}), Gorichen East ({{Convert|20413|feet|m}}) and Gorichen South ({{Convert|20496|feet|m}}).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dutt|first=Ajit K.|date=1995|title=Asia, India—Arunachal Pradesh, Gorichen II and Gorichen East|url=http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12199522603/Asia-IndiaArunachal-Pradesh-Gorichen-II-and-Gorichen-East|access-date=2021-06-28|website=American Alpine Club}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Jayanta|date=22 September 2016|title=Indian Army: Indian Army team summits Mt Gorichen, the 'Abode of the Guardian Deity'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/indian-army-team-summits-mt-gorichen-the-abode-of-the-guardian-deity/articleshow/54462534.cms|access-date=2021-06-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

It is among the mountains of India that is popular for expeditions and trekkers.<ref>Multiple references:

* {{Cite web|last=Ganesan|first=Uthra|date=28 August 2020|title=Tenzing Norgay award winner Col. Sarfaraz Singh charts his own way|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/tenzing-norgay-national-adventure-award-col-sarfaraz-singh-mountaineering-balbir-singh-kular/article32465571.ece|access-date=2021-06-28|website=Sportstar|language=en}}
* {{Cite web|date=2020-08-16|title=Arunachal: Joint Trekking at Gorichen Peak to promote Adventure Tourism|url=https://arunachal24.in/arunachal-joint-trekking-at-gorichen-peak-to-promote-adventure-tourism/|access-date=2021-06-28|website=Arunachal24|language=en-US}}
* {{Cite magazine |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2 May 2017|title=Expedition to Mt Gorichen flagged off|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/expedition-to-mt-gorichen-flagged-off-918883-2017-05-02|access-date=2021-06-28|magazine=India Today}}
* {{Cite news|date=2012-11-07|title=Mizo boy who conquered Mount Gorichen to be awarded Rs 1 lakh|work=Business Standard India|agency=PTI|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mizo-boy-who-conquered-mount-gorichen-to-be-awarded-rs-1-lakh-112110700496_1.html|access-date=2021-06-28}}
* {{Cite web|last=Raj|first=Pratyush|date=27 December 2020|title=7 rivers, 720km, 1 month: Rapid rise of Col Sarfaraz and team|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/7-rivers-720km-1-month-rapid-rise-of-col-sarfaraz-and-team/articleshow/79973749.cms|access-date=2021-06-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Gori Chen provided for training to the [[Kumaon Regiment|19 Kumaon]] before its deployment in Siachen in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhat|first=Anil|date=2017-10-06|title=A salute to the bravery and endurance of our soldiers|url=https://www.asianage.com/books/061017/a-salute-to-the-bravery-and-endurance-of-our-soldiers.html|access-date=2021-06-28|website=The Asian Age}}</ref> Older expeditions passing Gori Chen include the [[Bailey–Morshead exploration of Tsangpo Gorge|Bailey–Morshead exploration]] in 1913 and [[Bill Tilman|Bill Tilman's]] expedition in 1939.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tilman|first=H.W.|author-link=Bill Tilman|title=Assam Himalaya Unvisited|url=https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1940_files/AJ52%201940%2053-62%20Tilman%20Assam.pdf|access-date=29 June 2021|website=Alpine Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tilman|first=Harold William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iw89AAAAIAAJ|title=When Men & Mountains Meet: Fifty-four Photographs|date=1947|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> The Bailey–Morshead exploration in 1913 has inspired a modern ''Bailey Trail''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Bailey Trail Trek - The Explorations Company|url=https://www.explorationscompany.com/asia/experience-asia/india/the-himalayas/the-bailey-trail-trek#:~:text=The%20Bailey%20Trail%22,%20a%20magnificent,connected%20Burma,%20India%20and%20Tibet.|access-date=2021-06-28|website=The Explorations Company|archive-date=2021-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628185254/https://www.explorationscompany.com/asia/experience-asia/india/the-himalayas/the-bailey-trail-trek#:~:text=The%20Bailey%20Trail%22,%20a%20magnificent,connected%20Burma,%20India%20and%20Tibet.|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gorichen Trek - Bailey Trail - Bikat Adventures|url=https://www.bikatadventures.com/Home/Itinerary/gorichen-trek-arunachal-pradesh|access-date=2021-06-28|website=Bikat Adventures}}</ref> Gorichen Main (6488 Mtr.) peak climbed by the members of Mountaineers' Association of Krishnanagar, West Bengal on 21st October, 2024 under the leadership of Tenzing Norgay Awardee veteran mountaineer Shri Basanta Singha Roy. Climbing members are Shri Basanta Singha Roy (64 years age), Ms. Rumpa Das, Shri Prasanta Singha, Shri Subrata Ghosh and Shri Partha Sarathi Layak all are MAK members. This team is the first civilian team of India who climbed Mt. Gorichen of Arunachal Pradesh.

== Maps ==
<gallery>
File:Map India and Pakistan 1-250,000 Tile NG 46-2 Towang.jpg|Gori Chen. U.S. Army Map Service, 1955
File:1913 North-Eastern Frontier and Tibet by Morshead and Bailey from RE Journal 1921.jpg|Gori Chen 21464. [[Bailey–Morshead exploration of Tsangpo Gorge|Bailey–Morshead exploration]] of North-East Frontier of India and eastern Tibet in 1913
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book|last1=Bailey|first1=F. T.|url=https://archive.org/details/ExplorationOnTheNorthEastFrontier1913|title=Report on an Expedition on the North East Frontier, 1913|date=1914|publisher=Government Monotype Press|location=Simla|access-date=13 August 2014}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Tilman|first=H. W.|date=1939|title=Peaks of the Assam Himalaya|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=94|issue=5|pages=402–404|doi=10.2307/1788781|jstor=1788781|bibcode=1939GeogJ..94..402T |issn=0016-7398}}
* {{Cite book|last=Khanna|first=D K|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dBG7DgAAQBAJ|title=Gorichen to Siachen: The Untold Saga of Hoisting the Tricolour on Saltoro|publisher=Vij Books|year=2017|location=9789386367105|isbn=978-93-86367-10-5}}

[[Category:Mountains of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Borders of Arunachal Pradesh]]

Nagendra Prasad Singh

2024-08-03T18:17:14Z

Svetlanabpd: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Nagendra Prasad Singh''' better known as '''Nagendra Prasad Kushwaha''' was an Indian politician, who was elected to [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Minapur Assembly constituency]] in 1977 Assembly elections. He was a leader of [[Janata Party]] and in 1977, he defeated [[Janakdhari Prasad Kushwaha]], an independent candidate, to become the legislator.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-vote-breach-in-meenapur-may-be-heavy-know-all-about-this-assembly-constituency-20987665.html|title=Minapur Assembly constituency election result|access-date=2024-05-09|archive-date=2021-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213221756/https://www.jagran.com/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-vote-breach-in-meenapur-may-be-heavy-know-all-about-this-assembly-constituency-20987665.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/minapur.html|title=Minapur Assembly elections results|access-date=2024-05-09|archive-date=2023-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324125559/https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/minapur.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]

{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

Ramnagar Kachari Para

2024-05-29T05:42:28Z

Svetlanabpd: new some info needs work - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}

{{coord|24.25|N|88.53|E|display=title}}

'''Ramnagar Kachari Para''' is a village in [[Murshidabad district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref name="gmaps">{{cite web |title=Ramnagar Kachari Para |url=https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Ramnagar+Kachari+Para,+Ramnagar+Doem+Kanun,+West+Bengal+742308,+India/@24.2500712,88.5200244,2007m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x39fbe6c47b63b623:0xcecf772975892fb8!8m2!3d24.250286!4d88.5294101!16s%2Fm%2F0120y9y1?entry=ttu |website=Google Maps |publisher=Google, Inc. |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>

==Village details==
{{Updated|27 September 2014}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Address
! Details
|-
| Village Name
| Ramnagar Kachhari Para
|-
| Post Office
| Ramnagar Doem Kanun
|-
|Block
| [[Raninagar II]]
|-
| Police Station
| [[Raninagar]]
|-
| District
| [[Murshidabad]]
|-
| State
| [[West Bengal]]
|-
| Country
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
|}
{{clear}}

==History==
This village was established in 1916. The name came from Kacchari people who inhabited the area around the village.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

==Transport==
The village is served by several roads including a road to [[Raninagar]] and the Indian border.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://facebook.com/ramnagarkpara Facebook page]

{{Murshidabad topics|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Villages in Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1916]]

{{WestBengal-geo-stub}}

Kongu Nadu Statehood movement

2024-03-18T17:50:48Z

Svetlanabpd: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT[[Proposed states and union territories of India#Kongu Nadu]]

List of ODI awards for Sachin Tendulkar

2024-03-16T22:17:00Z

Svetlanabpd: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Sachin Tendulkar]]

Kalukkuray Maaplay

2024-02-18T08:10:35Z

Svetlanabpd: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Vishnu Vishal]]

Katju Nagar

2024-01-31T09:50:30Z

Svetlanabpd: starting details

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement



|name = Katjunagar
|official_name =
|other_name = Katju Nagar
|native_name = 
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood in [[South Kolkata]], Kolkata 
|total_type = 
|motto =

|image_skyline =
|image_caption =
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|pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal
|pushpin_label_position = 
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|pushpin_mapsize =

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = India
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = City
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Electors Details As On 30-10-2010|url=http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529011629/http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf|archive-date=2013-05-29}}</ref>
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Subway/ Metro station]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Rabindra Sarobar metro station|Rabindra Sarovar]], [[Mahanayak Uttam Kumar metro station|Mahanayak Uttam Kumar]]

|seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
|seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
|parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] ward
|parts_style = 
|parts = [[Ward No. 93, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|93]]
|p1 =
|p2 = 

|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
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|timezone = IST
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|coordinates = {{coord|22.495|N|88.370|E|display=inline,title}}

|postal_code_type = PIN
|postal_code = 700 032
|area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Rashbehari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rashbehari]]
|website =
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}}

'''Katjunagar''' is a neighbourhood located in [[South Kolkata]] in the city of [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India. The adjacent neighbourhoods to the locality include [[Jadavpur]], [[South City]], [[Poddar Nagar]], [[Jodhpur Park]], [[Lake Gardens]], [[Bikramgarh]] and [[Golf Green]].

Some important institutes in and around the locality include [[Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute]], Regional Institute of Printing Technology, APC Polytechnic, [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]], [[Jadavpur University]], [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]], etc.{{fact|date=March 2023}}
It is well known for its proximity to [[South City Mall]], [[Jadavpur University]], [[Gariahat Road|Gariahat]], [[Prince Anwar Shah Road]], [[Jadavpur railway station]] and 8B Bus Stand.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/South}}

{{Neighbourhoods in South Kolkata}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]

{{Kolkata-geo-stub}}