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Noapara Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T07:12:27Z

Svetlafz:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Noapara
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Noapara.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Noapara Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Arjun Singh (West Bengal politician)|Arjun Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
| constituency_no = 107
| established = 1957
| electors = 246,881
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Noapara Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 107 Noapara Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[North Barrackpur]] municipality, [[Garulia]] municipality, [[Ichhapur Defence Estate]], [[Barrackpur Cantonment]], Mohanpur and Sewli [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Barrackpore II (Community development block)|Barrackpore II]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 15 October 2010 |work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Noapara Assembly constituency is part of No. 15 [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Panchanan Bhattacharjee
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Jamini Bhusan Saha
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Suvendu Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan="2"|Jamini Bhusan Saha
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Suvendu Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="3"|Jamini Bhusan Saha
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=5|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="2"|Madan Mohan Nath
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|[[Manju Basu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Kushadhwaj Ghosh
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[Manju Basu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Madhusudan Ghose]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2016–2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly by-elections#2018|2018^]]
|[[Sunil Singh (politician)|Sunil Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Manju Basu]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Arjun Singh (West Bengal politician)|Arjun Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Noapara}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Arjun Singh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=94,415{{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Trinankur Bhattacharjee|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=76,759{{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gargi Chatterjee|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=17,696{{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashok Bhattacharya|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,922{{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,372{{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
In the 2021 election, Manju Basu of Trinamool Congress defeated her nearest rival,Sunil Singh of BJP.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Assembly Elections, 2021]]: Noapara constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Manju Basu]]
|votes = 94,203
|percentage = 48.90
|change = -4.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sunil Singh (politician)|Sunil Singh]]
|votes = 67,493
|percentage = 39.04
|change = +18.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Subhankar Sarkar]]
|votes = 23,502
|percentage = 12.20
|change = +6.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,886
|percentage = 1.50
|change = -0.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajendra Choudhary
|votes = 1,305
|percentage = 0.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rabishankar Paul
|votes = 857
|percentage = 0.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Guru Chand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Ranjit Biswas
|votes = 661
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rabindra Nath Biswas
|votes = 622
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Swapan Kumar Debnath
|votes = 519
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Anand Pandey
|votes = 309
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Amit Kumar Shaw
|votes = 277
|percentage = 0.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 192,634
|percentage = 73.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018 By-Election===
[[Sunil Singh (politician)|Sunil Singh]] defeated his nearest rival Sandip Banerjee of [[BJP]] on Noapara by polls with a margin of 63018 votes with this [[All India Trinamool Congress]] snatched the seat from congress. [[Sunil Singh (politician)|Sunil Singh]] also Created a record of highest votes given to an individual till date in the Constituency.
{{Election box begin
|title=By-election, 2018: Noapara}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sunil Singh (politician)|Sunil Singh]]
|votes = 101,729
|percentage = 53.51
|change = +11.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sandip Banerjee
|votes = 38,711
|percentage = 20.36
|change = +7.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Gargi Chatterjee
|votes = 35,497
|percentage = 18.67
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gautam Bose
|votes = 10,527
|percentage = 5.53
|change = -37.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,627
|percentage = 1.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 63,018
|percentage = 33.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,90,091
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,46,881
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +24.49
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 election, Madhusudan Ghose of the Indian National Congress defeated incumbent Manju Basu of the Trinamool Congress. But the demise of Madhusudan Ghosh resulted to re-election.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Assembly Elections, 2016]]: Noapara constituency}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Madhusudan Ghose]]|votes=79,548|percentage=43.00|change=n/a}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Manju Basu]]|votes=78,453|percentage=42.00|change=-17.03}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Amiya Sarkar|votes=23,579|percentage=13.00|change=+8.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Bulu Sarkar|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Uday Veer Choudhury|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=185,957|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Manju Basu of Trinamool Congress defeated her nearest rival K.D.Ghosh of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Noapara constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=107| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327192046/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=107| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Noapara| publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Manju Basu]]
|votes = 100,369
|percentage = 59.03
|change = +8.60#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dr. K.D.Ghosh
|votes = 59,221
|percentage = 34.83
|change = -12.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Swapan Halder
|votes = 7,594
|percentage = 4.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Krishna Chandra Sarkar
|votes = 2,837
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 170,021
|percentage = 83.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 21.50#
}}
{{Election box end}}

<small>.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.</small>
===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Kushadhwaj Ghosh of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Noapara assembly seat in 2006 defeating Manju Basu of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> [[Manju Basu]] of Trinamool Congress defeated Madan Mohan Nath of CPI (M). Madan Mohan Nath of CPI (M) defeated Sris Das of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and Ananta Roy of Congress in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Jamini Bhusan Saha of CPI (M) defeated Sris Das of Congress in 1986,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and Apurba Bhattachaya of [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)|ICS]] in 1981<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp132.htm |title = 132 - Noapara Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 15 October 2010}}</ref>

===1957-1972===
Suvendu Roy of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Jamini Bhusan Saha of CPI(M) won in 1971<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> and 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Suvendu Roy of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Jamini Bhusan Saha of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Panchanan Bhattacharjee of [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Prior to that the constituency was not there.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in West Bengal]]

Majbat Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T09:00:15Z

Svetlafz: made a article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Majbat
| constituency_no = 47
| type = SLA
| map_image = Majbat Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year =
| loksabha_cons = [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang–Udalguri]]
| district = [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]]
| established = 1978
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Charan Boro]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bodoland People's Front}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =
}}
'''Majbat Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Majbat forms part of the [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref><ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Election
!Member
!Party affiliation
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
! rowspan="5" |[[Silvius Condpan]]
![[Janata Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
! rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
! rowspan="2" |Karendra Basumatary
! rowspan="2" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}" |
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
![[Rakheswar Brahma]]
! rowspan="4" |[[Bodoland People's Front]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}" |
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
! rowspan="3" |[[Charan Boro]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}" |
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}" |
|[[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Majbat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Charan Boro]]|party=Bodoland People's Front|votes=84,718 |percentage=53.48 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= PRITI REKHA BARLA |party= Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|votes=29172 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,515 |percentage=1.59 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=55,546 |percentage=35.06 |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bodoland People's Front|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Majbat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bodoland People's Front
|candidate = [[Charan Boro]]
|votes = 54,409
|percentage = 42.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jitu Kissan
|votes = 38,352
|percentage = 30.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = United People's Party Liberal
|candidate = Ratendra Daimary
|votes = 28,413
|percentage = 22.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Saiful Islam
|votes = 1,971
|percentage = 1.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,785
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Santosh Kurmi
|votes = 1,247
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sunil Sarkar
|votes = 827
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jiarul Hoque Sarkar
|votes = 654
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Golam Mostafa
|votes = 565
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Khurshid Alam Mazumder
|votes = 333
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,057
|percentage = 12.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,26,771
|percentage = 88.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bodoland People's Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Majbat<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bodoland People's Front
|candidate = [[Charan Boro]]
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bodoland People's Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Udalguri district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Udalguri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Assam]]

Socialist Party of India (1955)

2026-05-03T19:20:57Z

Svetlafz: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Socialist Party
|logo =
|logo_alt = 
|logo_upright = 0.8
|abbreviation =
|colorcode = 
|leader = [[Ram Manohar Lohia]]
|president =
|chairman =
|general_secretary =
|secretary =
|ppchairman =
|loksabha_leader =
|rajyasabha_leader =
|treasurer =
|foundation = {{start date|df=yes|1955|12|28}}
|founder =
|dissolution = {{end date|df=yes|1964|06|29}}
|merger =
|split = [[Praja Socialist Party]]
|merged = [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|predecessor =
|successor =
|headquarters = [[Hyderabad]]
|publication = ''Mankind''
|think_tank =
|students =
|youth = Samajwadi Yuvajan Sabha
|women =
|labour = Hind Mazdoor Panchayat
|peasants =
|womens =
|wing4_title = 
|wing4 =
|membership = 125,000 (1964)<ref name=bensc/>
|ideology = [[Socialism]]
|international =
|colours =
|position =[[Left-wing]]
|slogan =
|eci = National party (1962)
|alliance =
|loksabha_seats =
|rajyasabha_seats =
|symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Tree.png|130px]]
|flag =
}}
The '''Socialist Party of India''', also known as '''Socialist Party (Lohia Group)''', the '''Lohia Socialists''' or by its [[Hindi language]] abbreviation '''SOPA''',<ref>कन्हैय लाल चंचरीक. [https://books.google.at/books?id=z6PaAAAAMAAJ समाजवादी चिंतन और लोकनायक मुलायमिसिंह यादव]. यूनिवर्सिटी पब्लिकेशन, 2005. p. 180</ref> was a [[political party]] in [[India]] from 1955 to 1964. The party emerged out of a split in the [[Praja Socialist Party]] in 1955. The party was led by Dr. [[Ram Manohar Lohia]], who had served as general secretary of the Praja Socialist Party. The Socialist Party had representation in the [[parliament of India]] as well in several [[Vidhan Sabha|state legislative assemblies]]. The strength of the party was concentrated in the [[Hindi belt]], in particular after having suffered splits in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Madras State]] 1958–1959. The Socialist Party would raise caste-related demands, breaking with socialist orthodoxy which had focused mainly on economic class issues. In 1964 a reunification with the remnants of the Praja Socialist Party took place, resulting in the formation of the [[Samyukta Socialist Party]].

==Split in the Praja Socialist Party==
[[File:Ram Manohar Lohia 1997 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Ram Manohar Lohia]] in a 1997 stamp]]
Lohia was the general secretary of the [[Praja Socialist Party]], but tension between him and other PSP leaders gradually grew.<ref name=burgerlohia/><ref name=skmat/> In March 1954 the PSP had formed a minority government in the [[Travancore-Cochin|Travancore-Cochin State]] led by [[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai]], with support from the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=reco-1-8/><ref name=burgerlohia/> The formation of the Travancore-Cochin cabinet was preceded by differences of opinion on the approach the PSP should have taken in the state, with leaders like Lohia having preferred a leftist government whilst [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] and [[Asoka Mehta]] had initiated talks with the Congress Party.<ref name=reco-1-8>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA8 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. I, No. 2]''. March 1955. p. 8</ref> On 11 August 1954, there was an incident where police opened fire on demonstrators who were demanding a merger of [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking areas with [[Madras State]].<ref name=bensc>{{cite journal | doi=10.2307/2754030 | jstor=2754030 | title=The Birth of India's Samyukta Socialist Party | last1=Schoenfeld | first1=Benjamin N. | journal=Pacific Affairs | date=1965 | volume=38 | issue=3/4 | pages=245–268 }}</ref><ref>Ajay Singh Almust. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=okfdEdoaH70C&pg=PA97 Lohia, the Rebel Gandhian]''. Mittal Publications, 1998. p. 97</ref><ref name=slpo>Sundar Lal Poplai. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=x1oLAQAAIAAJ National Politics and 1957 Elections in India]''. Metropolitan Book Company, 1957. pp. 20, 23, 43</ref> In his role as PSP general secretary Lohia, at the time imprisoned at Allahabad jail, managed to send a message via telegraph ordering the local PSP unit to resign from the Travancore-Cochin government.<ref name=burgerlohia/><ref name=bensc/> In Lohia's words using armed violence against unarmed protestors was unacceptable for a socialist government.<ref name=cch/> The PSP cabinet in Travancore-Cochin refused to follow Lohia's instruction.<ref name=cch>Chitrita Chaudhuri. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=9nxAAAAAMAAJ Rammanohar Lohia and the Indian Socialist Thought]''. Minerva Associates (Publications) Pvt. Limited, 1993. p. 58</ref> Other PSP leader disapproved of the action taken by Lohia on the PSP cabinet in Travancore-Cochin, and saw Lohia's instruction to the socialists in Travancore-Cochin as an act of indiscipline.<ref name=burgerlohia/><ref name=bensc/> Lohia resigned from his post as PSP general secretary in November 1954, in protest over the Travancore-Cochin government issue.<ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=7CYYAQAAIAAJ Current Affairs]''. A. Mukherjee & Company, 1960. p. 299</ref>

Another issue that had caused rifts in the party was the opposition of the PSP to the irrigation struggle in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=bensc/> Lohia had been imprisoned for leading a farmers movement against the hike in rates of canal irrigation water, but the movement had not gotten support from the PSP nationwide organization.<ref name=bensc/><ref name=cch/> Attacks against Lohia's stances from other PSP leaders aggravated tensions, as did attacks by Lohia supporters (especially in Uttar Pradesh) against the PSP leadership.<ref name=bensc/>

The 1955 [[Avadi]] session of the Indian National Congress adopted a wording on socialistic pattern of social development.<ref name=sash/> The adoption of socialism as principle by the Congress Party caused a heated debate within PSP.<ref name=huti>Hugh Tinker. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=1M49AAAAMAAJ India and Pakistan: A Political Analysis]''. Pall Mall P., 1967. p. 117</ref> Lohia wished for a more militant approach towards the Indian National Congress government and accused fellow PSP leader [[Asoka Mehta]] of 'blur[ring] features of democratic socialism'.<ref name=sash/> Lohia's grouping included [[Madhu Limaye]], Keshav Gore, Bagaitkar and Naik Vinayak Kulkarni.<ref name=sash/>

A conflict erupted in the [[Mumbai|Bombay City]] PSP unit, as Madhu Limaye criticized Ashoka Mehta's thesis of the 'Compulsion of backward economy'.<ref name=qal>Qurban Ali. ''[https://lohiatoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/75years_indiansocialistmovement.pdf Seventy-Five years of Socialist Movement in India - An Appraisal]''</ref> Limaye closed PSP leaders such as Mehta of planning to join the Congress Party.<ref name=burgerlohia/><ref name=bensc/> The PSP Bombay City unit responded by suspended Limaye from the party for a one-year period.<ref name=burgerlohia/><ref name=bensc/> On 28 March 1955 Lohia stated that decision to suspend Limaye was "a grave act with possibilities of very grave consequences".<ref name=reco-2-24>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA24 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. I, No. 3]''. April 1955. p. 24</ref> The PSP National Executive Committee met in [[New Delhi]] from 9–11 April 1955. The meeting resolved to issue a warning to Lohia and others regarding their recent actions. The PSP National Executive Committee meeting endorsed the Bombay Committee's resolution whereby Limaye was suspended from party membership for one year but resolved that Limaye would be welcome back into the PSP fold if he expressed regret over his actions.<ref name=reco-3-13>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA13 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. I, No. 4]''. May 1955. p. 13</ref> At a meeting in [[Hyderabad]] on 30 May 1955 Lohia argued that the "illusion" that the Congress and the Socialists could work together was causing serious paralysis in the PSP.<ref name=reco-4-27>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA4-PA27 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. I, No. 5]''. June 1955. p. 27</ref>

The Uttar Pradesh unit of PSP, which was linked to Lohia, had invited Limaye to inaugurate the Uttar Pradesh state PSP convention.<ref name=burgerlohia/> In response the PSP National Executive Committee held an emergency session in New Delhi 4–6 June 1955.<ref name=reco-5-14/> The meeting noted that the party leadership had instructed the Uttar Pradesh party unit not to allow Limaye to speak at their provincial conference in [[Ghazipur]], and in response to the defiance of the party unit in going ahead with the invitation to Limaye the PSP National Executive Committee declared the Uttar Pradesh PSP Executive suspended and formed a parallel ''ad hoc'' Uttar Pradesh PSP committee.<ref name=reco-5-14>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA5-PA14 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. I, No. 6]''. July 1955. pp. 14, 24-26, 30</ref><ref name=burgerlohia/> The PSP National Executive Committee called on party members not to attend the Ghazipur conference.<ref name=reco-5-14/>

On 4 June 1955, Lohia stated at a meeting in [[Mahbubnagar|Mehboobnagar]] that he planned to create a new party before the end of the year, unless the PSP national leadership rectified its political line, and that he would carry out a tour across the country to mobilize support for the project.<ref name=bensc/><ref name=reco-5-14/> Speaking in Allahabad on 6 June 1955 Lohia stated that the PSP National Executive Committee decision to suspend the Uttar Pradesh PSP Executive was a "monstrous act of power exhibition".<ref name=reco-5-14/> Limaye, when speaking at the dissident Ghazipur conference, stated the key question was whether the socialist party should be a mere instrument of the government or an independent force.<ref name=reco-5-14/>

Lohia embarked on his nationwide speaking tour. On 16 June 1955 he spoke in [[Patna]], where he said that the PSP become ineffective as an opposition force in both the national parliament as well as the state legislatures.<ref name=reco-5-14/> At a press conference in [[Calcutta]] on 24 June 1955, Lohia repeated his threat of forming a new party before 31 December 1955.<ref name=reco-5-14/> He argued that there was "very little scope for opposition parties to co-operate with the Government in the execution of their Five-Year Plans".<ref name=reco-5-14/> On 24 June 1955, the dissident Uttar Pradesh Executive Committee concluded issued a resolution expressing full confidence in Lohia's role as the party leader and formed a nine-member Parliamentary Board for the selection of candidates for upcoming elections.<ref name=reco-5-14/> On 15 July 1955, at a meeting in Bombay, Lohia repeated his demands that PSP be reformed along democratic lines.<ref name=reco-6-15/>

The PSP National Executive Committee called for a meeting to be held in [[Jaipur]], where intra-party differences could be resolved in a "cool and dispassionate manner".<ref name=slpo/> The meeting took place between 16 and 22 July 1955.<ref name=reco-6-15/> Lohia refused to attend the Jaipur meeting.<ref name=slpo/> On 21 July 1955, the PSP National Executive Committee issued a resolution condemning Lohia for "undermining the prestige and organization of the party and endangering its unity and solidarity" and decided to suspend Lohia's party membership (pending an explanation from him) for "gross acts" of indiscipline and disruption.<ref name=bensc/><ref name=reco-6-15/> Lohia remained defiant in the face of the disciplinary measures against him. On the same day as his suspension Lohia addressed a meeting in [[Madurai]], where he again threatened to set up his own party if the PSP national leadership would not move away from their "present impotency in fighting Governmental injustices".<ref name=reco-6-15>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA6-PA15 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. I, No. 7]''. August 1955. pp. 15, 24-26, 28-29</ref> Lohia called on the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] and dissident communists to join the efforts to build a new socialist movement.<ref name=reco-6-15/> The following day he spoke at a press conference in [[Bangalore]] where he affirmed that his suspension from PSP might push his grouping to "somewhat hasten their steps in forming a new party".<ref name=reco-6-15/> In parallel, as the PSP National Executive Committee concluded their Jaipur meeting they called on party members to avoid raising controversies on issues like elections.<ref name=reco-6-15/>

Lohia and the PSP National Executive Committee would narrate the circumstances of his departure from the party differently - Lohia claimed he had been expelled from the PSP whilst the PSP leadership would claim that he left the party on his own accord.<ref name=bensc/> After the suspension of Lohia from PSP his followers began setting up local party units of their own.<ref name=huti/>

The feud between Lohia and the PSP National Executive Committee evoked reactions from different regional party units. On 25 July 1955 the PSP unit endorsed the decision to suspend Lohia and the Uttar Pradesh Executive from the party.<ref name=reco-6-15/> The PSP Delhi State Executive issues a resolution on 27 July 1955, fiercely criticizing the suspension of Lohia.<ref name=reco-6-15/> On 29 July 1955, Lohia held a press conference in New Delhi, stating that his new party would be born "not later than December 31 and probably in November".<ref name=reco-6-15/> On 10 August 1955 Lohia supporters in [[Ludhiana]] announced the formation of a Socialist Party unit.<ref name=reco-7-16/>

On 11 August 1955, Lohia stated in [[Varanasi|Banares]] that the new party would be formed within three months.<ref name=reco-7-16/> On 20 August 1955 Lohia stated in [[Lucknow]] that he wished for the new party to be formed before the end of October 1955. He stated that socialist base committees and individuals would meet in five regional conferences before the end of September, leading up to an All India Party Conference. He hinted the name of the new party would probably be 'the Socialist Party of India'.<ref name=reco-7-16>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA7-PA16 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. I, No. 8]''. September 1955. pp. 16, 24, 26–27</ref>

On 24 August 1955, whilst addressing the [[Allahabad]] Press Club, Lohia announced that the 'Socialist Party of India' would be constituted shortly.<ref name=reco-7-16/> The following day Lohia alleged that the PSP national leadership had "fished out" an invitation from Nehru to form a Congress-PSP coalition government in 1953.<ref name=reco-7-16/> The Southern Regional Convention took place on 29 August 1955, at which a resolution was adopted which called on PSP units to affiliate themselves with the new Socialist Party.<ref name=reco-7-16/>

On 3 September 1955, the loyalist wing of PSP held its Uttar Pradesh state convention. At the meeting Jayaprakash Narayan denied Lohia's accusation that the PSP would seek cooperation with the government. Narayan argued that the organization being formed by Lohia would become a 'fascist party'<ref name=reco-8-20>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA8-PA20 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. I, No. 9]''. October 1955. pp. 20, 23, 25-26</ref> On 16–17 September 1955,PSP dissidents from [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Manipur]] held a convention, which resolved to set up state-level units to be affiliated with Lohia's Socialist Party.<ref name=reco-8-20/> On 18 September 1955 PSP dissidents in [[Bangalore]] announced that they were breaking their links to the PSP National Executive Committee.<ref name=reco-8-20/> On 23 September 1955, the Lohia group in Uttar Pradesh inaugurated a special convention in [[Kanpur]].<ref name=reco-8-20/> On 26 September, when speaking at the Kanpur convention, Lohia said that the socialists should start preparing themselves to seize power from the Congress government within seven years.<ref name=reco-8-20/> On 9 October 1955, a special PSP convention in [[Vindhya Pradesh]] decided to break with the PSP National Executive Committee and declare its allegiance to the Lohia's Socialist Party.<ref name=reco-9-26>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA9-PA26 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. I, No. 10]''. November 1955. pp. 26–27</ref> On 18 October 1955, some 300 protestors from Lohia's Socialist Party took to the streets in New Delhi for a 'Demands Day' rally.<ref name=reco-9-26/>

On 2–3 November 1955, zonal and state-level representatives of the PSP dissidents from across India gathered for a meeting in [[Bhopal]].<ref name=reco-10-18/> The meeting decided that the new party would hold its founding conference in Hyderabad from 28 December to 3 January.<ref name=reco-10-18>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA10-PA18 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. I, No. 11]''. December 1955. pp. 18-19</ref> In his speech at the Bhopal meeting he stated that the new Socialist Party would not look at the Congress Socialist Party, the old SP or the PSP as models for its political path ahead.<ref name=reco-10-18/> He argued that all the contemporary opposition parties in India merely reacted to the actions of the Government, and called for the new Socialist Party to break with this pattern.<ref name=reco-10-18/> The Bhopal meeting issued a resolution condemning the murder of a socialist activist in [[Barabanki]] on 16 October 1955, and which argued that the Uttar Pradesh state government as responsible for the act due to its failure to ensure security for the popular movements. The resolution argued that the murder constituted "the final assertion of the utter fiasco of [the Uttar Pradesh state government's] zamindari abolition policies."<ref name=reco-10-18/> Another resolution adopted at Bhopal charged the government with "utter neglect" in relation to recent floods, and called for compensation to affected communities.<ref name=reco-10-18/>

The Bhopal meeting also issued a resolution on the [[States Reorganisation Commission]] report, which argued that the Commission "has done no more than recommend minor changes in the existing administrative map of India [...] Some major aspirations of a long past have remained unfulfilled". The resolution accused the Congress Party government of using the states reorganisation process as a [[divide and rule]] tactic, arguing that the Commission report "has now placed the ruling party in the doubly advantageous position of, on the one hand, championing the conflicting territorial claims of different linguistic groups" whilst it had also "secured the advantage of 'setting itself up as the arbiter of those same conflicting claims."<ref name=reco-10-18/> The Bhopal meeting called for unambiguous acceptance of the principle of linguistic states and asked its party units to "unfold all vigorous action, without resort to violence".<ref name=reco-10-18/>

On 4 December 1955, the Western Zone socialist conference was held. The conference called for direct action in case the demand for a united [[Maharashtra]] state with Bombay as its capital had not been fulfilled by the first week of January 1956.<ref name=reco-11-27/>

==Founding conference of the Socialist Party==
As announced, the founding conference of the Socialist Party took place in Hyderabad between 28 December 1955 and 3 January 1956.<ref name=reco-12-11>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA12-PA11 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. II, No. 1]''. February 1956. p. 11, 17, 24</ref> The conference gathered some 1,000 participants.<ref name=rvka/> In his speech to the conference Lohia called for building a broad based socialist opposition party and he outlined a Seven-Year Plan to seize power in India.<ref name=reco-12-11/> The new party would reject both capitalism and communism.<ref name=reco-12-11/>

On 1 January 1956, the Hyderabad conference passed a resolution announcing plans to set up a "conscious, militant volunteer organisation to be named as Socialist Seva Dal".<ref name=reco-12-11/> On 2 January 1956, the Hyderabad conference unanimously passed a resolution endorsing Lohia's Seven-Year Plan to Power.<ref name=reco-12-11/> Moreover, the conference passed a resolution condemning the [[John Foster Dulles|Dulles]]-{{ill|Paulo Cunha (born 1908)|lt=Cunha|ru|Кунья, Паулу}} statement on [[Goa]].<ref name=reco-12-11/> On 3 January 1956, Lohia was elected chairman of the new party.<ref name=reco-12-11/> [[Bipin Pal Das]] from Assam became the founding general secretary of the party.<ref name=qal/><ref name=janyug/><ref name=rvka>R. V. Krishna Ayyar. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=QSs-AAAAIAAJ All India Election Guide]''. Oriental Publishers, 1956. pp. 62-63</ref><ref name=reco-21-1>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA21-PA1 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. II, No. 10]''. November 1956. p. 1</ref>

Representatives of the [[Socialist Republican Party (India)|Socialist Republican Party]] attended the Hyderabad conference.<ref name=rvka/> A faction of the remnants of SRP joined Lohia's Socialist Party.<ref>Sajal Basu. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=LTZuAAAAMAAJ Factions, Ideology, and Politics: Coalition Politics in Bengal]''. Minerva Associates (Publications), 1990. p. 89</ref> In parallel to the Hyderabad conference, the PSP held its second annual conference in [[Gaya, India|Gaya]].<ref name=reco-11-27>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA11-PA27 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. I, No. 12]''. January 1956. pp. 27-29</ref>

==The Lohia Socialists after the PSP split==
The PSP had been formed in 1952 through the merger of the old Socialist Party (emerging from the [[Congress Socialist Party]]) and the [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]. The new Lohia Socialist Party was formed mainly by former members of the old Socialist Party, although there were also some former KMPP members within its ranks.<ref name=burgerlohia>Angela S. Burger. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=ZFV0XXoL5vcC&pg=PA39 Opposition in a Dominant-Party System A Study of the Jan Sangh, the Praja Socialist Party, and the Socialist Party in Uttar Pradesh, India]''. University of California Press, 1969. p. 33, 39-42, 49-50, 55, 109</ref> Lohia's Socialist Party differed from the PSP in the role played by the party leader, as Lohia had a much more dominant role in his party compared to his post-split counterpart.<ref name=burgerlohia/> Lohia's Socialist Party would focus less on economic class issues than PSP and would rather raise issues of caste and language politics.<ref name=burgerlohia/> The party called for abolishing the use of English language and the tearing down of British statues, and promoted Hindi as the national link language.<ref name=burgerlohia/> The Socialist Party organized agitations, civil disobedience movements, walkouts from legislative assemblies and protests from assembly floors.<ref name=burgerlohia/> The youth wing of the party was known as the Samajwadi Yuvajan Sabha (SYS).<ref name=nachme/><ref name=iex/>

The nationwide Central Office of the Socialist Party was set up in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref name=vhr/><ref name=reco-12-11/> In August 1956 the party publication ''Mankind'' was launched, issued from Hyderabad.<ref name=reco-19-22>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA19-PA22 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. II, No. 8]''. September 1956. pp. 22-24</ref> Lohia was the editor of ''Mankind''.<ref name=skmat>Suratha Kumar Malik, Ankit Tomar. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=xwg0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT277 Revisiting Modern Indian Thought: Themes and Perspectives]''. Taylor & Francis, 2021</ref> Around 1957 there were occasional talks of unity with the PSP, but these talks did not result in any concrete moves towards reunifications.<ref name=burgerlohia/>

==Struggle for linguistic states==
In February 1956 the party joined the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti]], the movement to create a [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking state.<ref name=crba>Craig Baxter. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=w1QrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 The Jana Sangh: A Biography of an Indian Political Party]''. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. p. 159, 173, 241</ref> In the same month, the Socialist Party protested against the proposal to merge Bihar and West Bengal into [[Purva Pradesh]].<ref name=reco-13-6>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA13-PA6 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. II, No. 2]''. March 1956. p. 6</ref> On 5 March 1956 the National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party adopted a resolution arguing that the reorganization of states should largely be done on linguistic lines.<ref name=reco-20-18/>

==Protest movements in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar==
On 1 March 1956 the Socialist Party organized a large rally in Lucknow, gathering some 20,000 people, demanding land redistribution, administrative decentralization, introduction of old-age pensions and provision of jobs for unemployed.<ref name=reco-14-20>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA14-PA20 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. II, No. 3]''. April 1956. p. 20</ref>

On 11 June 1956 the National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party endorsed a resolution of the Bihar party unit for the launching of a civil disobedience movement.<ref name=reco-17-22>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA17-PA22 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. II, No. 6]''. July 1956. pp. 19, 22</ref> On 19 June 1956, Lohia stated in Hyderabad that the Socialist Party was open to dialogue with the Bihar Chief Minister [[Shri Krishna Sinha]] on the abolition of certain taxes.<ref name=reco-17-22/> By 6 July 1956 Lohia announced at a press conference in Patna that the party would undertake a civil disobedience movement in Bihar.<ref name=reco-18-20/>

On 18 July 1956 Lohia publicly rejected the statement of the Electoral Commissioner which had indicated that the Socialist Party would not be assigned an election symbol.<ref name=reco-18-20>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA18-PA20 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. II, No. 7]''. August 1956. pp. 20-22</ref>

On 26 August 1956 SP National Executive Committee member Jagdish Joshi announced at a press conference in [[Allahabad]] the plans for a civil disobedience movement in Bihar.<ref name=reco-19-22/> In September 1956 the party launched a ''[[satyagraha]]'' campaign in Bihar with 12 demands, including land to the tillers, abolition of 'oppressive and vexatious taxes', minimum wage for agricultural workers, provision of jobs for unemployed and a total remission of land revenues on profitless agriculture.<ref name=rvka/> On 8 September 1956, Lohia outlined in a speech at a public rally in Patna a five-year plan for spreading the civil disobedience movement across all of India.<ref name=reco-20-18>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA20-PA18 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. II, No. 9]''. October 1956. pp. 18, 20, 22</ref>

==Suez crisis==
[[File:Stevan Kragujevic, Gamal Abdel Naser u Beogradu, 1962.jpg|thumb|Lohia celebrated [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]'s [[Suez Crisis#Nationalisation of the Suez Canal|nationalization of the Suez Canal]].]]
On 28 July 1956, commenting on the [[Suez Crisis#Nationalisation of the Suez Canal|nationalization of the Suez Canal by the Egyptian government]] at a party meeting, Lohia congratulated [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] and stated that the move marked the beginning of a 'new epoch of economic equality among the nations of the world'.<ref name=reco-19-10/> There were press reports that the Socialist Party was considering setting up an Asian Brigade of volunteers to defend Egypt against attacks from the West.<ref name=reco-19-10>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA19-PA10 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. II, No. 8]''. September 1956. p. 10</ref> At a 30 July 1956 Hyderabad press conference Lohia stated that India should follow the path laid out by Egypt on the Suez Canal issue and nationalize Indian resources exploited by foreign businesses.<ref name=reco-18-20/> The SP National Executive Committee meeting of the Socialist Party held in [[Nagpur]] on 20 September 1956 endorsed support for the Egyptian stance on the Suez Canal issue.<ref name=reco-20-18/>

==Prahlad Nagar conference==
The Socialist Party held its annual conference in Prahlad Nagar, [[Madhya Pradesh]], in late December 1956.<ref name=reco-23-15>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA23-PA15 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. II, No. 12]''. January 1957. p. 15</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=S4oSAAAAIAAJ Asian Recorder, Vol. 3]''. K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press, 1957. p. 1233</ref> With a resolution adopted on 31 December 1956 the Prahlad Nagar conference finally cemented the position that the Socialist Party would contest the upcoming elections on its own without any electoral alliances with other parties, and rejected the notion of negotiations for seat sharing before elections.<ref name=reco-23-15/><ref name=slpo/> In a separate resolution, the Prahlad Nagar conference called for both collective and individual ''satyagraha'' against 'disorders and totalitarian tendencies' in the country.<ref name=reco-23-15/> A resolution on international issues called for a break with the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]].<ref name=reco-23-15/> The resolution stated that in order "[t]o attain a people to people relationship, a instead of a Government to Government relationship, would be step towards socialist civilisation. Only through demolishing national boundaries with an indomitable faith in fraternity, equality and non-violence, will mankind be able to create a new world for itself."<ref name=reco-23-15/>

==1957 elections==
In the [[1952 Indian general election]] the original Socialist Party had a Tree as its election symbol whilst the [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]] election symbol had been a Hut. After the merger of these two parties, the PSP had adopted the Hut as its election symbol. In the lead-up to the [[1957 Indian general election]] Lohia's Socialist Party requested recognition from the [[Election Commission of India]] and claimed the Tree election symbol. According to the Socialist Party it organized members of parliament and legislative assemblies, who had represented three percent of valid votes cast in past elections. The Election Commission rejected this logic and did not grant the Tree to Lohia's Socialist Party. The Lohia Socialists appealed against the Election Commission decision at the High Court, but without any success.<ref name=ipsr6>''[https://books.google.at/books?&id=E_weAQAAMAAJ The Indian Political Science Review, Vol. 6]''. Department of Political Science, University of Delhi, 1971. p. 63</ref> Thus the party had to contest the 1957 elections as [[independent (politician)|independents]] without a dedicated symbol for the party.<ref name=ipsr6/><ref name=prb/>

The party adopted a 'purist' approach to the election, rejecting any pre-electoral alliances with other parties.<ref name=ssh>Sonal Shah. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=zl_lAAAAMAAJ Indian Socialists: Search for Identity]''. Popular Prakashan, 1994. p. 93</ref> The approach of the party was diametrical opposite of the PSP, which attempted to form pre-electoral pacts from both left and right.<ref name=huti/>

The party contested 33 Lok Sabha and 335 state legislative seats, and would win 9 Lok Sabha seats and 52 state legislative seats.<ref name=ncme/><ref name=jrro/> The party candidates obtained an estimated 1.3-1.5 million votes in the parliamentary election.<ref name=jrro/><ref>Shiv Lal. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=o0s5AQAAIAAJ Indian Elections Since Independence, Vol. 1]''. Election Archives, 1972. p. 21</ref>
In Uttar Pradesh alone, there were some 130 Socialist Party candidates.<ref name=jrro>{{cite journal | doi=10.2307/3024537 | jstor=3024537 | last1=Roach | first1=James R. | title=India's 1957 Elections | journal=Far Eastern Survey | date=1957 | volume=26 | issue=5 | pages=65–78 }}</ref> In the Lok Sabha election in Uttar Pradesh the party got some 5.67% of the votes in the state.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.2307/2757709 | jstor=2757709 | title=Congress, the Lok Dal, and the Middle-Peasant Castes: An Analysis of the 1977 and 1980 Parliamentary Elections in Uttar Pradesh | last1=Brass | first1=Paul R. | journal=Pacific Affairs | date=1981 | volume=54 | issue=1 | pages=5–41 }}</ref>

Socialist Party Lok Sabha parliamentarians elected in 1957 were [[Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju|P.V.G. Raju]] ([[Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Visakhapatnam]]), Dippala Suri Dora ([[Parvathipuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parvathipuram]]), [[S. C. C. Anthony Pillai|S.C.C. Anthony Pillai]] ([[Madras North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madras North]]),  Braj Raj Singh ([[Firozabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozabad]]), [[Arjun Singh Bhadoria|Arjun Singh]] ([[Etawah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etawah]]), [[Jagdish Awasthi]] ([[Bilhaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bilhaur]]), [[Shibban Lal Saxena]] ([[Maharajganj (Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj]]), [[Ram Sewak Yadav]] ([[Barabanki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barabanki]]) and [[Achaw Singh Laisram]] ([[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]).<ref name=bensc/><ref name=crba/><ref name=whowho57>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=S7UeAQAAMAAJ Who's who]''. Lok Sabha. Parliament Secretariat, 1957. pp. 45, 109, 223, 327, 346, 417, 433, 511</ref><ref>Balbir Sahai Sinha. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=9QAiAAAAMAAJ Law and Social Change in India]''. Deep & Deep, 1983. p. 216</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=hDcLO0XPyoEC Mankind, Vol. 3]''. K. Patnayak, 1958. p. 259</ref><ref>Lok Sabha. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230308000855/https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1120.htm AWASTHI, SHRI JAGDISH]''</ref><ref name=tho57>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=5sUcAQAAMAAJ Thought, Vol. 9]''. Siddhartha Publications, 1957. p. 22</ref> The party would hold 16 seats in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], 2 seats in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]], 6 seats in the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], 2 seats in the [[Madras Legislative Assembly]], 1 seat in the [[Orissa Legislative Assembly]] and 25 seats in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=jrro/><ref name=burgerlohia/><ref name=prb>Paul R. Brass. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=KulsjpUIxeUC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA25 Factional Politics in an Indian State]''. University of California Press, 1965. p. 25</ref><ref>Frederick George Bailey. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=AzQ3cTXcI6EC&pg=PA5 Politics and Social Change]''. University of California Press, 1963. p. 5</ref> Lohia contested the [[Chandauli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandauli Lok Sabha seat]], finishing in second place with 97,911 votes (42.13%).<ref name="GE1957Vol1">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Second Lok Sabha Volume-I | work=Election Commission of India| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320181548/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf | archive-date=2012-03-20 }}</ref>

The Socialist Party contested 23 out of a total of 30 seats in the [[1957 Manipur Territorial Council election]], as well as contesting both Lok Sabha seats.<ref name=jrro/> The party won 7 seats in the Manipur Territorial Council.<ref name=jrro/> Whilst the socialist candidate [[Laisram Achaw Singh]] won the Inner Manipur seat the incumbent socialist member in the Outer Manipur constituency, [[Rishang Keishing]], finished in third place with 17,307 votes (21.30%) and lost his seat.<ref name="GE1957Vol1"/><ref name=reco-16-1>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA16-PA1 Indian Affairs Record. Vol. II, No. 5]''. June 1956. p. 1</ref>

==Punjab==
When the PSP was divided, Dr. Krishan sided with Lohia.<ref name=kljo>K. L. Johar. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=UdLlAAAAMAAJ Struggles & Memoirs of the Socialists, 1947-1957: Punjab, Pepsu, Haryana & Himachal Pradesh]''. Harman Publishing House, 1997. p. 188</ref> When the Socialist Party was formed Dr. Krishan became the secretary of the Punjab branch and [[Mani Ram Bagri]] the chairman.<ref name=kljo/> Dr. Krishan was an active leader of the party between 1955 and 1957, and was arrested in [[Chandigarh]] in connection with the Sirsa agitation.<ref name=kljo/> The party had some influence among agricultural labourers and Harijans, as well as having some pockets of support in the Hindi-speaking region.<ref name=bskh/>

In the [[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] the Socialist Party contested seven constituencies in the [[Mahindergarh District]] and the [[Hissar District]], as well as one constituency in [[Patiala District]].<ref name=bskh>{{cite journal | jstor=41853959 | title=Third General Elections in the Panjab (1962) | last1=Khanna | first1=B. S. | journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science | date=1963 | volume=24 | issue=1 | pages=51–64 }}</ref> The party got some 1.38% of the votes in the state, but managed to win seats as its vote was concentrated into a handful of constituencies.<ref name=bskh/> The party received support from powerful individuals who were not necessarily socialist sympathizers but who appreciated the anti-Congress approach of the party.<ref name=bskh/>

==1857 uprising centenary commemoration==
In 1957 there was an unusual unity of leftist forces in Uttar Pradesh, as [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI), PSP and SP joined hands in protests linked to the centenary commemoration of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 War of Independence]]. In [[Banaras]] the statue of [[Queen Victoria]] was torn down. In [[Etawah]] demonstrators renamed the Victoria Hall after the [[Rani of Jhansi]].<ref>Sebastian Raj Pender. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=Cy9lEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA179 The 1857 Indian Uprising and the Politics of Commemoration]''. Cambridge University Press, 2022. p. 179</ref>

==Shergati conference==
The Socialist Party held its annual conference in Shergati near [[Gaya, Bihar|Gaya]] on 26–27 April 1958.<ref>Sohail Jawaid. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=iZUiAAAAMAAJ Socialism in India]''. Radiant Publishers, 1985. p. 84</ref><ref name=arshergati/> Some 200 delegates attended the event, representing some 100,000 party members across the country.<ref name=janyug>"After Shergati: Whither the Socialists!", a ''Janyug'', 4 May 1958 article reprinted in ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=_OIvrCqFclwC&pg=RA8-PA8 Translations on International Communist Developments. No. 78]''. U.S. Joint Publications Research Service, 1958. pp. 8-10</ref> At the Shergati conference internal dissident was manifested, with a minority challenging the dominance of Lohia over the party.<ref name=ird34/><ref name=janyug/> Whilst the main political issue debated was a potential merger process with PSP, there were also criticisms on Lohia's style of leadership.<ref name=nachme/> A pamphlet was circulated at the conference which denounced that a personality cult had been formed around Lohia.<ref name=nachme/>

On 26 April 1958 party chairman Gopal Narain Saxena outlined a five-point program in his presidential address.<ref name=arshergati/> Saxena called for demanding improved relief measures and remission of rent in famine pockets, abolishing all use of [[English language]], elimination of corruption, tax and land revenue relief for agriculturists and an effort to build a party organization.<ref name=arshergati/> Saxena highlighted the abolition of the ''[[zamindari]]'' system, and stressed that the Socialist Party had been the first group to raise that demand.<ref name=arshergati/> Lohia addressed the Shergati conference the following day. He charged the Congress Party government with being guilty of "bungling , nepotism and corruption", arguing that the government was "corrupt from top to bottom". He argued that the Socialist Party was the sole political actor in India that was "devoting equal attention to the problems of the belly and of the mind". Lohia also raise the language issue in his speech, calling for a boycott of English language and called upon students to refuse to allow English language teaching below the tenth class.<ref name=arshergati>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=uukeAAAAMAAJ Asian Recorder, Vol. 4]''. K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press, 1958. p. 2032</ref>

The main topic for debate at Shergati was the question on a reunification with PSP.<ref name=arshergati/><ref name=nachme>Nanak Chand Mehrotra. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=KOMkAQAAMAAJ The Socialist Movement in India]''. Sangam Books, 1995. pp. 185, 192</ref> In mid-April the Andhra Pradesh Socialist Party unit conference of the endorsed plans for 'broad-based socialist unity'.<ref name=arshergati/><ref name=janyug/> At the Uttar Pradesh Party Conference in [[Unnao]] calls for a merger had been raised by participants.<ref name=janyug/> At the Shergati conference P.V.G. Raju (head of the party in Andhra Pradesh and leader of the parliamentary group of the party) advocated for a merger.<ref name=arshergati/><ref name=janyug/> Another pro-merger voice was the party general secretary [[Bipin Pal Das]].<ref name=ird34/> However the resolution adopted by the Shergati conference on 27 April 1958 rejected the proposal to re-open the merger issue.<ref name=arshergati/> The Shergati conference reaffirmed that in order for a unity process with PSP to move ahead, PSP would first have to accept the Socialist Party Statement of Principles, Program and Constitution.<ref name=nachme/> Moreover the Shergati conference resolution disapproved of Socialist Party representatives in Parliament attempting to join the proposed United Democratic Socialist bloc.<ref name=arshergati/> The official party resolution was moved by Limaye as chairman of the Maharashtra party unit, and it was seconded by the Bihar party unit chairman Bhupendra Narain Mandal.<ref name=arshergati/> The amendment to the resolution, moved by the dissidents, was defeated in a 115 to 24 vote.<ref name=ird34>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=XHgPAQAAIAAJ Indian Recorder & Digest, Vol. 3-4]''. 1957. p. 80</ref>

The Shergati conference also softened the Party Constitution. Member criteria were changed, and party members would no longer be required to spend 14 hours weekly to be considered as active members.<ref name=janyug/> The previous condition of minimum three months party membership before being eligible to be elected to party committees was removed.<ref name=janyug/> A proposed amendment, which would have made participation of legislators, provincial committee and district committee members in agitations mandatory, was voted down (there had been negative experiences with recent ''satyagraha'' movements in Uttar Pradesh, when many socialist legislators had come up with excuses not to take part in the protests).<ref name=janyug/>

On 28 April 1958 a new party leadership was elected. There were two candidates for the post as party chairman - Madhu Limaye, who won the election with 170 votes, and Mahadeo Singh from Andhra Pradesh who obtained 46 votes.<ref name=arshergati/> The new National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party consisted of Shamshi Minai, Tika Ram, Natha Rawat, Khalilur Rahman, Raj Narain, Bhupendra Narain Mandal, Ram Lakhan Chandapuri, Shadasiv Bagedutkar, Baleshwajordar, Dinesh Gupta, B.L. Sabhapati, Shambhu Murti, R.M. Mankilat, Dorai Babu, Gopal Barbara, Ram Kishun, Ram Peyare Sharma, Mirnal Gore and Saraswati Ammal.<ref name=arshergati/>

A significant section of the Socialist Party broke away following the outcome of the Shergati conference.<ref name=nachme/> P.V.G. Raju resigned from the post as leader of the parliamentary group.<ref name=janyug/> Bipin Pal Das resigned from the post as party general secretary.<ref name=janyug/> Bipin Pal Das accused Lohia having violated the Constitution of the party and that Lohia had promoted 'gangsterism' within the party ranks in an effort to suppress internal dissent at the conference.<ref name=nachme/> The Lohia leadership was accused of having secured a majority at Shergati by the enrolling of bogus party members.<ref name=janyug/> Das decried Lohia for "autocracy, arrogance and whimsicality", arguing that Lohia himself posed the largest threat to the well-being of the party.<ref name=nachme/> Playing on rumours of a secret party treasury, Das had argued at the conference that financial issues posed a threat to the party.<ref name=janyug/> P.V.G. Raju alleged at the Shergati conference that the party publication ''Mankind'' was financed by a Hyderabad millionaire and that Lohia had fired three editors of ''Mankind'' they had not published an open letter of Lohia to the Minister of Prisons of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=janyug/> After the Shergati conference P.V.G. Raju and 14 other party leaders issued a statement accusing the party of "developing personal leadership, a personality cult, casteism, provincialism and, further, of misusing the party's fund".<ref name=janyug/>

== December 1958–January 1959 protest movements ==
On 1 December 1958 the Rajasthan unit of the Socialist Party initiated a ''satyagraha'' movement, based an 21 demands sent to the Chief Minister on 7 October 1958.<ref name=tcarj>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=wuYmAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA60 Agitation Against Corruption]'', in ''The Civic Affairs'', January 1959. p. 60</ref> The demands of the protest movement included lowering tax burden for farmers, relief for unemployed, abolition of land revenue for unprofitable agriculture and actions to eradicate corruption in public service.<ref name=tcarj/> On 10 December 1958 a Socialist Party activist was arrested in [[Patna]] for vandalizing the statue of British Viceroy [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Charles Hardinge]]. The following day Bhupendra Narain Mandal defended the act in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] and called for the removal British Imperial monuments.<ref name=tcabr>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=wuYmAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA93 Lord Hardinge's Statue]'', in ''The Civic Affairs'', January 1959. p. 93</ref> On 1 January 1959 the party launched a civil disobedience movement in Punjab.<ref name=tcapb>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=wuYmAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA103 Socialist Agitation]'', in ''The Civic Affairs'', February 1959. p. 103</ref> Party chairman Limaye was arrested in Hissar on 7 January 1959 in connection with a protest against high food prices.<ref name=tcapb/> On 15 January 1959 the Socialist Party launched a civil disobedience movement in Madhya Pradesh.<ref name=tcamp>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=wuYmAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA95 Socialist Civil Disobedience]'', in ''The Civic Affairs'', February 1959. p. 95</ref>

==1959 Chandauli by-election==
In early February 1959 Socialist Party candidate Prabhu Narain Singh won a by-election for the [[Chandauli Lok Sabha constituency]] seat.<ref name="e"/><ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=OLhq6NqV5KYCAsian Recorder, Vol. 5]''. K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press, 1959. p. 2491</ref> He obtained 104,133 votes (50.4%).<ref name="e">Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160414155300/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls Bye-election results 1952-95]''</ref><ref name=tca59/> Chandauli was the seat contested by Lohia in 1957 and when the by-election was announced Lohia declared that we would stand as the Socialist Party candidate. But on the last date of filing nominations, 15 December 1958, he had not yet done so.<ref name=tca59>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=wuYmAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA105 Socialist Success in Lok Sabha By-election]'', in ''The Civic Affairs'', February 1959. p. 105</ref> On 15 December 1959 party chairman Limaye stated that a decision had been reached three days earlier that Lohia would not be the candidate of the party.<ref name=tca59/> Lohia undertook a 15-day tour of the constituency to campaign for Singh.<ref name=tca59/> In his campaign speeches for the Chandauli by-election Lohia argued that the Congress Party had become 'corrupt beyond redemption'.<ref name=tcaby>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=wuYmAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA23 Corrupt Beyond Redemption]'', in ''The Civic Affairs'', March 1959. p. 23</ref>

==Reservation policy==
Lohia began articulating criticisms of Brahim domination in the Congress Party and the 'Hindustani Left'.<ref>''The Print''. [https://hindi.theprint.in/culture/ram-manohar-lohiya-gave-the-slogan-of-backward-getting-sixty-out-of-hudred/51586/ पिछड़े पावें सौ में साठ का नारा बुलंद करने वाले नायक राममनोहर लोहिया]</ref> In 1959 the Socialist Party adopted a resolution, whereby the party committed to fighting for 60% of posts in government services, political parties and the military for [[Shudra]]s, [[Harijan]]s, [[Scheduled tribes]], religious minorities and women.<ref name=frfrmsara>Francine R. Frankel, M. S. A. Rao''[https://books.google.at/books?id=7whuAAAAMAAJ Dominance and State Power in Modern India: Decline of a Social Order, Vol. 1]''. Oxford University Press, 1989. p. 88</ref> However, this line was met with resistance from party leaders in Bihar who saw the shift from [[class struggle|class issues]] to caste issues as retrograde.<ref name=frfrmsara/> In April 1961 the party publicly committed to nominating 60% of their candidates for the 1962 election would come from the ranks of Shudras, Harijans, Scheduled tribes, religious minorities and women.<ref name=frfrmsara/> The party slogan ''sopa ne bandhi ganth, pichhde paavein sau mein saath'' ({{Lang|hi|सोपा ने बांधी गांठ, पिछड़े पावें सौ में साठ}}, 'SOPA [Socialist Party] tied the knot, backward people will get sixty percent out of hundred') gradually gained momentum in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.<ref name=iex>''Indian Express''. ''[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/lok-sabha-polls-why-uttar-pradesh-matters-9372526/ With 80 Lok Sabha seats and links to several former Prime Ministers, why Uttar Pradesh matters in Indian politics]''</ref><ref name=abpl>ABP. [https://www.abplive.com/news/india/karnataka-cabinet-expansion-dalit-muslims-and-women-not-preference-siddaramaiah-ministry-abpp-2417659 राहुल कर रहे आबादी से हिस्सेदारी देने की मांग, लेकिन कर्नाटक कैबिनेट में दलित-मुस्लिम और महिलाओं को नहीं]</ref>

==Splits in South India==
In [[Andhra State]] the dominant section of PSP, led by [[Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju|P.V.G. Raju]] (Maharaja of [[Vizianagaram Estate|Vijayanagaram]]), sided with Lohia in the 1955 party split.<ref name=sash>Sadhna Sharma. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=i0HdDbdKa8UC&pg=PA37 States Politics in India]''. Mittal Publications, 1995. pp. 37, 99-100, 200-201, 481</ref><ref name=ageare>Agarala Easwara Reddi. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=VuglAAAAMAAJ Lok Sabha Elections, 1977 & 1980, in Andhra Pradesh]''. Tamil Nadu Academy of Political Science, 1985. p. 73</ref><ref name=vhr/> There had been a conflict between P.V.G. Raju and [[Tenneti Viswanadham]] over the control of the Andhra PSP unit.<ref name=vhr>Vadakattu Hanumantha Rao. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=FlomAAAAMAAJ Party Politics in Andhra Pradesh, 1956-1983]''. ABA Publications, 1983. p. 107</ref> Other leaders of the Andhra Lohia Socialists included Gautam Rao, Badrivishal Pitti, Chakradhar and G. Rajaram.<ref name=vhr/> All 13 state legislators elected in the [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]] joined Lohia's Socialist Party in the split.<ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=SkMMAQAAIAAJ New Age, Vol. 6]''. D. P. Sinha at New Age Printing Press, 1957. p. 18</ref>

With the merger of Andhra State and [[Hyderabad State]] into [[Andhra Pradesh]], the Socialist Party units merged as well.<ref name=vhr/> P.V.G. Raju became the party leader in the state legislature, Rajaram served as the deputy leader of the legislative faction and Ratnasabhapathy served as the secretary.<ref name=vhr/> The party mustered some 529,000 votes in the [[1957 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=jrro/>

After the 1957 elections tensions grew between P.V.G. Raju and the Socialist Party national leadership, leading to the disaffiliation of the Andhra Pradesh unit from the party.<ref name=ageare/><ref name=sash/><ref name=vhr/> In 1959 the P.V.G. Raju group merged with the Democratic Party, forming the Socialist Democratic Party.<ref name=sash/><ref name=vhr/>

Another split occurred in early 1959 in [[Madras State]], as [[S. C. C. Anthony Pillai|S.C.C. Anthony Pillai]] and his followers broke away from the party.<ref name=snsa/> The S.C.C. Anthony Pillai group accused the Socialist Party of 'dictatorial tendencies'.<ref name=snsa/> The dissidents formed the [[Tamilnad Socialist Labour Party]] in April 1959.<ref name=snsa>S. N. Sadasivan. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=lJ2KAAAAMAAJ Party and Democracy in India]''. Tata McGraw-Hill, 1977. pp. 160, 291</ref><ref name=tca1962>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=zOomAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA43 Merger of Two Parties]'', in ''The Civic Affairs'', May 1962. p. 43</ref><ref>R. Thandavan. ''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=jVcmAAAAMAAJ All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam: Political Dynamics in Tamil Nadu]''. Tamil Nadu Academy of Political Science, 1987. p. 20</ref>

==1960 Kerala election==
The Socialist Party had not contested the [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], but it did field four candidates in the [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=kpbh>K. P. Bhagat. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=Lu0HAAAAMAAJ The Kerala Mid Term Election of 1960: The Communist Party's Conquest of New Positions]''. Popular Book Depot, 1962. pp. 19, 25, 35, 132</ref><ref name=krra>{{cite journal | jstor=41853833 | title=Elections in Kerala — A Factual Study | last1=Rajgopalan | first1=K. R. | journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science | date=1960 | volume=21 | issue=2 | pages=165–183 }}</ref> The Socialist Party candidate in the [[Kuthuparamba Assembly constituency|Kuthuparamba constituency]], K.K. Aboo, was supported by the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{cite journal | jstor=25664005 | title=From 50 Years Ago | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | date=2010 | volume=45 | issue=3 | page=7 }}</ref><ref name=kpbh>K. P. Bhagat. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=Lu0HAAAAMAAJ The Kerala Mid Term Election of 1960: The Communist Party's Conquest of New Positions]''. Popular Book Depot, 1962. pp. 19, 25, 35, 132</ref> K.K. Aboo finished in second place with 18,691 votes (30.63%).<ref name=ecilake1960>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150424211750/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1960/StatRep_Kerala_1960.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1960 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF KERALA]''</ref> All the remaining Socialist Party candidates forfeited their deposits, Paul V Kunnil got 748 votes (1.41%) in {{ill|Ramamangalam Assembly constituency|lt=Ramamangalam|ml|രാമമംഗലം നിയമസഭാമണ്ഡലം}}, M.A. Augustine got 267 votes (0.55%) in [[Thodupuzha Assembly constituency|Thodupuzha]] and Ramankutty Menon got 1,595 votes in [[Wadakkanchery Assembly constituency|Wadakkancherry]] (two-member constituency).<ref name=krra/><ref name=kpbh/><ref name=ecilake1960/>

==Trade union movement==
After the PSP-SP party split in 1955, the Lohia Socialists continued to work within the socialist trade union centre [[Hind Mazdoor Sabha]] (HMS). But in 1959 some SP-led trade unions in Bombay were disaffiliated from HMS due to non-payment of union dues.<ref name=hacr>Harold A. Crouch. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=q8AyAAAAMAAJ Trade Unions and Politics in India]''. Manaktalas, 1966. p. 227</ref><ref name=lpfi>Lewis P. Fickett. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=kZ9aAAAAIAAJ The Major Socialist Parties of India: A Study in Leftist Fragmentation]''. Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, 1976. p. 128</ref><ref name=sava>Shanta Arvind Vaidya. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=vz3lAAAAIAAJ Hind Mazdoor Sabha, 1948-1984]''. Maniben Kara Institute, 1985. p. 26</ref> In 1962 the Socialist Party launched its own trade union centre, the Hind Mazdoor Panchayat (HMP).<ref name=hacr/><ref name=lpfi/><ref name=sava/> [[George Fernandes]] became the HMP general secretary.<ref>Chaudhry Abdul Hafeez. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=wCNYAAAAYAAJ The Role of Trade Unions in Developing Countries with Especial Reference to Pakistan, India and Nigeria]''. Zentrale Universitätsdrukerei, 1978. p. 125</ref>

==1962 elections==
[[File:Lohia Socialists in 1962 elections.png|thumb|Lohia Socialists in 1962 elections.<br/>
• black dot = 1 Lok Sabha seat won by SP<br/>
• circle = 1 Legislative Assembly seat won by SP<br/>
• red = SP contested Lok Sabha and Legislative Assembly elections, won seats in both<br/>
• orange = SP contested Lok Sabha election (no Legislative Assembly election that year), won a seat<br/>
• green = SP contested Lok Sabha and Legislative Assembly elections, won a seat in Legislative Assembly<br/>
• light green = SP contested Legislative Assembly elections only, won seats<br/>
• light pink = SP contested Lok Sabha and Legislative Assembly elections, no seats<br/>
• white = SP did not contest any election in 1962]]Ahead of the [[1962 Indian general election]] the Socialist Party was able to gain recognition by the Election Commission of India as a national party and could now contest elections with the Tree ('bargad') election symbol.<ref name=ncme>Nanak Chand Mehrotra. ''[https://books.google.at/books?&id=W8YBAAAAMAAJ Lohia: A Study]''. Atma Ram, 1978. pp. 14, 39</ref><ref>R. P. Bhalla. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=muklAAAAMAAJ Elections in India, 1950-1972]''. S. Chand, 1973. p. 164</ref><ref name=ecils1962/> The Socialist Party entered the 1962 electoral campaigns again with an approach of equidistance to different political parties, seeking to contest alone without any alliances.<ref name=jt1>{{cite journal | jstor=41853947 | title=The Leftwing Parties and the General Elections, 1962 | last1=Sinha | first1=L. P. | journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science | date=1962 | volume=23 | issue=1/4 | pages=361–370 }}</ref> The 1962 Socialist Party election manifesto argued that all other parties in the fray were "instruments of the English-oriented, high-caste, moneyed middle class"<ref name=jt1/> The manifesto called for the end to "inequality between the big man and the small man", a goal to be achieved by revolutionary struggle through satyagraha and agitations.<ref name=jt1/> The 1962 socialist election manifesto demanded a 60% reservation for all leading posts to women, Shudras, Harijans, Scheduled Tribes and backward classes "so long as caste differences in mind and education are not destroyed"<ref name=jt1/> The party demanded that inter-caste marriage be recognized as a qualification for recruitment to the public sector and that twice yearly inter-caste dining be made into a mandatory criteria for government jobs.<ref name=jt1/>

In the Lok Sabha election the Socialist Party presented 107 candidates, out of whom six were elected - Rishang from [[Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Manipur]] ([[Manipur]]), [[Ram Sewak Yadav]] from [[Barabanki Lok Sabha constituency|Bara Banki]] (Uttar Pradesh), [[Mani Ram Bagri]] from [[Hissar Lok Sabha constituency|Hissar]] (Punjab), [[Kishen Pattnaik]] from [[Sambalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sambalpur]] (Orissa), Buddhu Singh Utiya from [[Shahdol Lok Sabha constituency|Shahdol (ST)]] (Madhya Pradesh) and [[Bhupendra Narayan Mandal]] from [[Saharsa Lok Sabha constituency|Saharsa]] (Bihar).<ref name=ecils1962>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150508192259/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1962 TO THE THIRD LOK SABHA VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS)]''</ref> Out of the 13 states that held state legislative assembly elections in 1962, the Socialist Party contested 12 (all except [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu-Kashmir]]). The party also contested the Manipur Territorial Council election, in which it won 5 seats.<ref name=rpsi32/>

Overall the outcome of the 1962 elections, like that of the 1957 elections, represented a demoralising set-back for both SP and PSP, and now the right-wing parties of [[Swatantra Party|Swatantra]] and [[Jan Sangh]] emerged as the more important opposition forces.<ref name=qal/> Key individual losses for Socialist Party candidates were the defeats of sitting Lok Sabha members Raj Narain Singh (party chairman) and Braj Raj Singh (Lok Sabha group leader of the party).<ref name=jt1/> Lohia himself had stood as a candidate in [[Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency|Phulpur constituency]], taking on Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Lohia finished in second place with 28.17% of the votes, against 61.62% for Nehru.<ref name=ecils1962/>

{| class=wikitable
|+ Socialist Party performance in the 1962 parliamentary and state assembly elections
|-
!rowspan=2|State
!colspan=4|[[1962 Indian general election|1962 Lok Sabha election]]
!colspan=7|1962 state assembly elections
|-
!Candidates
!Seats won
!Votes
!% of votes
!
!Candidates
!Seats won
!Votes
!% of votes
!% of votes in seats contested
!Reference
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|
|
|
|
|[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
|15
|2
|70,878
|0.61%
|12.99%
|<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150509065939/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_AP_1962.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ANDHRA PRADESH]''</ref>
|-
|[[Assam]]
|2
|0
|72,006
|2.89%
|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]
|14
|0
|36,672
|1.50%
|12.63%
|<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150424133441/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Assam_1962.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ASSAM]''</ref>
|-
|[[Bihar]]
|24
|1
|608,284
|6.12%
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]
|132
|7
|515,263
|5.23%
|12.29%
|<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150424145333/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Bihar_1962.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF BIHAR]''</ref>
|-
|[[Gujarat]]
|1
|0
|2,581
|0.05%
|[[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]
|2
|0
|1,362
|0.03%
|1.72%
|<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150424120844/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Gujarat_1962.pdfSTATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF GUJARAT]''</ref>
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|14
|1
|354,595
|5.29%
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
|86
|14
|310,181
|4.73%
|15.66%
|<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150509125904/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_MP_1962.pdfSTATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MADHYA PRADESH]''</ref>
|-
|[[Madras State|Madras]]
|2
|0
|45,097
|0.36%
|[[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]
|7
|1
|48,753
|0.38%
|10.51%
|<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150509125821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MADRAS]''</ref>
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
|
|
|
|
|[[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]
|14
|1
|54,764
|0.50%
|7.02%
|<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150508102213/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdfSTATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MAHARASHTRA]''</ref>
|-
|[[Manipur]]
|2
|1
|69,586
|26.3%
|1962 Manipur Territorial Council election
|27
|5
|51,546
|19.44%
|
|<ref name=rpsi32>Singh, Rabindra Pratap. ''[https://books.google.at/books/about/Electoral_Politics_in_Manipur.html?id=ww-KAAAAMAAJ Electoral Politics in Manipur: A Spatio-temporal Study]''. New Delhi: Concept publishing company, 1981. p. 32</ref>
|-
|[[Mysore State|Mysore]]
|
|
|
|
|[[1962 Mysore Legislative Assembly election]]
|9
|1
|62,809
|1.00%
|21.46%
|<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150508041309/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MYSORE]''</ref>
|-
|[[Orissa]]
|3
|1
|52,633
|2.67%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Punjab]]
|1
|1
|152,369
|2.25%
|[[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]
|8
|4
|93,801
|1.39%
|26.51%
|<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150509010647/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Punjab_1962.pdfSTATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF PUNJAB]''</ref>
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]
|6
|0
|191,823
|3.69%
|[[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]
|40
|5
|189,147
|3.68%
|15.74%
|<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150508184900/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Rajasthan_1962.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN]''</ref>
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|51
|1
|1,546,869
|8.64%
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
|273
|24
|1,462,359
|8.21%
|12.74%
|<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150318023135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTTAR PRADESH]''</ref>
|-
|[[West Bengal]]
|1
|0
|3,554
|0.04%
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]
|7
|0
|2,663
|0.03%
|0.98%
|<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150509005035/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref>
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''107'''
|'''6'''
|'''3,099,397'''
|'''2.69%'''
|
|'''634'''
|'''64'''
|'''2,900,198'''
|
|'''13.31%'''
|<ref name=ecils1962/>
|}

==United Socialist Party in Uttar Pradesh==
In Uttar Pradesh the party was its strongholds in the districts of the former [[Oudh]] kingdom.<ref name=burgerlohia/> On the contrary, the party was weak in western Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=burgerlohia/> Per a study by Burger (1969), among the Socialist Party legislators elected in 1962 in Uttar Pradesh 37 were [[Brahmin]] (17.1%), 38 [[Thakur (caste)|Thakur]]s (17.6%), 16 [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] (7.4%), 7 [[Kayasth]]s (3.2%), 6 from other elite castes ([[Jat]]s, [[Bhumihar]]s, etc.) (2.8%), 19 [[Kurmi]]s (8.8%), 30 [[Yadav]]s (13.9%), 3 [[Lodhi Rajputs]] (1.4%), 15 [[Other Backward Class]]es (6.9%), 21 [[Muslim]]s (9.7%), 17 [[Scheduled Castes]] elected from in general seats (7.9%) and 7 without ascertained caste identity (3.3%).<ref name=burgerlohia/>

After the [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], some backbenchers among the Socialist Party and the Praja Socialist Praja worked to form a united socialist legislative faction.<ref name=burgerlohia/> Notably after the 1962 the right-wing [[Jan Sangh]] had emerged as the second largest party in the Legislative Assembly with 49 seats, pushing the PSP and SP into third and fourth places respectively. This situation pushed the SP and PSP legislators to cooperate to form a united bloc to challenge Jan Sangh.<ref name=bensc/> Another issue that brought the PSP and SP legislators closer to each other was the alliance between the Congress Party and the CPI on the Uttar Pradesh Emergency Surcharge on Land Revenue and Rent Bill, combined with CPI support to the Congress Party government at the national level.<ref name=bensc/>

The Uttar Pradesh Socialist Party was led by Ugra Sen, who was a moderate on the merger issue. And after Genda Singh, with whom SP had a difficult relationship, resigned as the leader of PSP in Uttar Pradesh and was replaced by Balwant Singh the prospects for cooperation between the two parties improved. On 13 December 1962 the United Socialist Party group was constituted as a joint legislative faction, a move that caught both SP and PSP national executives off guard.<ref name=bensc/> 54 legislators took part in the meeting, which decided to set up a three-member committee to draft a policy statement that would be agreeable to both of the parties involved.<ref name=bensc/> SP was represented in the three-member committee by Kashinath Misra.<ref name=bensc/> The United Socialist Party would come to hold 59 seats in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly.<ref name=bensc/>

The national executive of the Socialist Party did not react positively on hearing the news from the Uttar Pradesh legislature. The party chairman Raj Narain labelled the move a violation of the Party Constitution. He sent Ram Sewak Yadav (leader of the Socialist Party group in the Lok Sabha) and G. Murahari (Socialist Party Parliamentary Board secretary) to Lucknow to investigate the issue. Upon arriving in Lucknow Murahari asked the SP legislators to renounce the United Socialist Party group, unless it adopted the SP political program.<ref name=bensc/> Narain was reassured by the United Socialist Party triumvirate that their committee had accepted the 1962 SP Election Manifesto as its platform for political action, and thus no disciplinary measures were enacted at this stage.<ref name=bensc/>

The United Socialist Party held its first general meeting on 25 December 1962 in Lucknow. The meeting resolved to work for unity between SP and PSP.<ref name=bensc/> The United Socialist Party would only deal with state politics, and all national-level issues would be decided by the national executives of each party respectively.<ref name=bensc/>

The Socialist Party National Executive Committee was divided on the question of the merger. Most members of the 15-member SP National Executive Committee agreed with talks with PSP, but a minority of 3 members opposed any moves for unity whatsoever.<ref name=bensc/>

The Socialist Party held its 6th National Conference in [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]] in late December 1962.<ref name=bensc/><ref name=qal/> For seventeen hours, the question of unity with PSP was debated. The resolution (adopted with 221 votes in favour, 61 votes against) gave green light to the SP National Executive Committee to proceed with a merger process with PSP if the latter accepted the Socialist Party 1962 Election Manifesto as the platform for unity.<ref name=bensc/><ref name=qal/> Lohia, who did not attend the Bharatpur conference, had declared that he approved of unity talks on the basis of the 1962 SP Election Manifesto, but that he himself would abstain from any of the conversations with PSP due to his old age and complicated history with the PSP leaders.<ref name=bensc/>

But in parallel to the national dialogues between SP and PSP, there were state-level unity talks taking place in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, Rajasthan and Punjab. The SP National Executive Committee sent out a warning to state units, threatening disciplinary actions against state units if they continue dialogues with PSP before a national merger process had been agreed upon between the two parties.<ref name=bensc/>

On 10 January 1963 the National Executives of SP and PSP met in New Delhi. At 10 January meeting SP demanded that PSP accept the SP 1962 Election Manifesto. PSP did not agree at the onset, but asked SP to clarify various points outlined in the SP 1962 Election Manifesto.<ref name=bensc/> Programmatic difficulties included language politics (SP was mainly based in Hindi belt, whilst the issue of Hindi was problematic for PSP which had more support in Southern India), reservations (PSP disapproved of the SP caste reservation policy), the right of public employees to organize themselves in political parties (PSP opposed this, SP favoured allowing public employees to be active in party politics apart from military and police officers), conflict with China, the role of intellectuals and how political parties were evaluated in the SP 1962 Election Manifesto.<ref name=bensc/> The PSP leaders also rejected how PSP was described in the SP 1962 Election Manifesto.<ref name=bensc/>

The PSP National Executive Committee held a meeting in New Delhi on 29 January 1963. The PSP National Executive Committee meeting proposed a seven-member joint committee, headed by [[Shreedhar Mahadev Joshi|S.M. Joshi]], to oversee the unity process. The SP National Executive Committee rejected the proposition. Instead the SP National Executive Committee issued a call to PSP units to abandon their party and affiliate with SP.<ref name=bensc/>

In February 1963 SP chairman Raj Narain and general secretary Rabi Roy went to Lucknow, to convince the SP legislators to abandon the United Socialist Party. They managed to get a section of SP legislators to propose a motion whereby the United Socialist Party would condemn the PSP National Executive Committee. The PSP legislators rejected the proposed motion. The SP leader Ugra Sen withdrew from the United Socialist Party. Raj Narain circulated a document to sign among the SP legislators, whereby they would renounce the United Socialist Party and reaffirm that they were bound by SP party discipline. Only 8 signed Narain's document, whilst the remaining 16 SP legislators broke with the party leadership and stayed in the United Socialist Party.<ref name=bensc/>

==1963 Lok Sabha by-elections==
[[File:Deendayal Upadhyaya 2018 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|thumb|Lohia supported [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] candidate [[Deendayal Upadhyaya]] for the [[Jaunpur Lok Sabha constituency]].]]
In 1963 Lohia abandoned his rigid opposition to electoral alliances, much to the surprise of his own followers.<ref name=rra>Rahul Ramagundam. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=OTh7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT188 The Life and Times of George Fernandes]''. Penguin Random House India Private Limited, 2022</ref> In a by-election for the [[Jaunpur Lok Sabha constituency]] seat, Lohia campaigned for the candidature of Jan Sangh leader [[Deendayal Upadhyaya]].<ref name=rra/> Later the same year, there was a by-election for the [[Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency]] seat. Farrukhabad had been a PSP stronghold, but Lohia decided to stand as a candidate.<ref name=bensc/> Lohia won the election, defeating the Congress Party candidate [[B. V. Keskar|B.V. Keskar]] whilst the PSP landed in a humiliating third place.<ref name=bensc/><ref name=sash/><ref name=skmat/><ref>{{cite journal | jstor=41854451 | title=A Study of No-Confidence Motions in the Indian Parliament (1952-70) | last1=Saini | first1=Mahander Kumar | last2=Saini | first2=Mahindar Kumar | journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science | date=1971 | volume=32 | issue=3 | pages=297–318 }}</ref> During the campaign the Congress Party had tried to paint Lohia as both anti-Brahmin and anti-Muslim.<ref name=rra/> Lohia had received support from the Jan Sangh in the electoral campaign.<ref name=bensc/> The Delhi Unit of the Socialist Party was suspended from the party, after having rejected Lohia's move to accept support from Jan Sangh in the Farrukhabad vote.<ref name=bensc/>

According to [[Yogendra Yadav]], this shift of Lohia towards the position of 'non-Congressism' (seeking to unite all non-Congress forces, from left to right, in a common alliance) after the disappointing 1962 elections was largely due to non-ideological factors. Per Yadav there was considerable fatigue among mid-level party workers, frustrated with the inability to make a parliamentary breakthrough due to the [[First Past the Post]] electoral system. Moreover Lohia increasingly feared that an all-powerful and unchecked governing Congress Party posed a greater danger than a small communal party like Jan Sangh.<ref name=yya>{{cite journal | jstor=25742152 | title=What is Living and What is Dead in Rammanohar Lohia? | last1=Yadav | first1=Yogendra | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | date=2010 | volume=45 | issue=40 | pages=92–107 }}</ref>

The Uttar Pradesh socialist leader Shibhan Lal Saxena had faced opposition from Lohia on his defense of Nehru on the issue of the [[1962 Sino-Indian war]]. Moreover Saxena opposed Lohia's suspension of the Delhi Party Unit after the Farrukhabad by-election campaign. The pressure to break with the United Socialist Party brought Saxena to resign from SP. On 13 October 1963 Saxena held a rally at Maharajganj. At the Maharajganj rally the Saxena faction announced its departure from SP.<ref name=bensc/> The remnants of the United Socialist Party merged into the Congress Party.<ref name=kgty/>

==Merger into SSP==
The Socialist Party held its 7th annual conference in Calcutta on 31 December 1963.<ref name=kgty/><ref name=qal/> Lohia's new line of non-Congressism became the party line at the Calcutta conference.<ref name=qal/><ref name=bensc/> Limaye and Fernandes opposed this shift, but Lohia's position prevailed with a broad majority of the present delegates.<ref name=qal/> Moreover, at the Calcutta conference Lohia called for a merger with PSP without preconditions.<ref name=kgty/> Furthermore he stated that the Socialist Party should not insist on other alliances with other groups if PSP had any objections.<ref name=kgty/> The PSP leadership responded positively to the new position emerging from the Calcutta conference, and asked SP that the March 1963 PSP resolution be used as the platform for the unity process.<ref name=kgty/>

In parallel there was a serious rift within the PSP there was a serious rift between Ashoka Mehta and other leaders. At a meeting held 15–16 February 1964 the PSP National Executive Committee expelled Mehta from the party.<ref name=kgty>Krishan Gopal Tyagi. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=vmyKAAAAMAAJParty and Politics in India: A Study of Samyukta Socialist Party]''. Ajanta Books International, 1994. pp. 18, 20, 22</ref> Following his expulsion, Mehta supporters within PSP began gradually moving away from their party and joining the Congress Party.<ref name=facs/> Finally on 11 June 1964 Mehta himself and some 1,000 other PSP members would formally join the Congress Party.<ref name=facs>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=UTHjAAAAMAAJ Foreign and Comparative Studies: South Asian Series, Issues 1-3]''. Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, 1976. p. 31</ref> With Mehta out from PSP, the PSP-SP merger process was unblocked. Mehta's departure prompted Lohia to advocate for a speedy unification with the remnants of PSP without preconditions, as he feared the socialists to be marginalized by the Congress Party after Mehta's split.<ref name=bensc/>

On 19 February 1964 the SP National Executive Committee approved of Lohia's suggestion for unconditional PSP-SP merger, and named a five-member committee to lead the negotiations with PSP.<ref name=bensc/> Liaison committees of PSP and SP met on 23 February 1964 to work out a roadmap for the merger.<ref name=kgty/> The 23 February 1964 meeting called for cooperation between the two parties during the unification process, prompting state units to seek closer cooperation.<ref name=kgty/> In Bombay City the PSP and SP party organizations began to operate as a single unit.<ref name=bensc/> In Rajasthan and Madras State, the state party units of both parties worked together.<ref name=bensc/> In April 1964 the Delhi organizations of SP, PSP and the [[All India Forward Bloc]], as well as some individuals hailing from the Congress Socialist Party, held a joint convention to launch a campaign calling for the resignation of Prime Minister Nehru.<ref name=bensc/>

In April 1964 Lohia left for a long international trip, but left the other SP leaders in charge of making progress on the unity process.<ref name=qal/> The liaison committees met again on 7–8 May 1964, and adopted an agreement on the merger to be ratified by the national conferences of each party.<ref name=kgty/> The SP and remnants of PSP were in a hurry to formalize the merger before Mehta could hold his All India Socialist Workers Conference (initially planned for May 1964, then postponed to June 1964).<ref name=bensc/><ref name=kgty/>

The SP held its conference in Gaya on 24 May 1964 and formally reaffirmed the decision to go ahead with the PSP-SP merger without any preconditions.<ref name=kgty/> Party chairman Raj Narain moved the merger resolution, it was seconded by Limaye.<ref name=ar64/> The merger resolution was passed with 199 votes in favour and 1 against.<ref name=bensc/> The sole opponent to the merger resolution at Gaya was Naresh Modhak, chairman of the West Bengal party unit.<ref name=bensc/><ref name=ar64>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=OnweAAAAMAAJ Asian Recorder, Vol. 10]''. K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press, 1964. p. 5873</ref> Modhak had earlier moved an amendment whereby each of the two parties would get a chance to discuss the policy statement of the new party before the merger be confirmed.<ref name=ar64/>

It was later announced that the [[Peasants and Workers Party of India]] and the All India Forward Bloc might join the merger process as well.<ref name=kgty/> Limaye issued a call to CPI members, appealing to them to join the new united party.<ref name=kgty/>

The PSP-SP merger finally occurred 6–7 June 1964.<ref name=kgty/> The new party was named [[Samyukta Socialist Party|Samyukta ('united') Socialist Party]] (SSP).<ref name=bensc/><ref name=crba/> A national ad hoc committee of the SSP was formed, with 14 PSP members and 11 SP members.<ref name=kgty/> The SSP national ad hoc committee elected the PSP Leader S.M. Joshi as the party president and Raj Narain of SP was named as its general secretary.<ref name=kgty/><ref name=qal/> Prem Bhasin, Surendra Mohan and Vasudeva Singh were named joint secretaries of the party.<ref name=bensc/> Ad hoc committees were also formed at state and local levels across the country.<ref name=kgty/> The youth and labour movements (SYS and HMP) did not merge with their PSP counterparts.<ref name=nachme/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Defunct socialist parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1955]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1964]]

Balachandran Vadakkedath

2026-05-02T05:57:31Z

Svetlafz: put up entry...

{{Short description|Indian writer, author, scholar, literary critic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Balachandran Vadakkedath
| image = File:Balachandran vadakedathDSCN0078.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1955
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = 19 October 2024
| death_place =
| education = [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]]
| occupation = writer, author, scholar, cultural activist, literary critic
| years_active =
| known_for = cultural activism
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| children =
| awards = A.R. Rajarajavarma Award<br>Kuttippuzha Award<br>Fr. Vadakkan Award<br>Kavyamandalam Award, Gurudarshana Award<br>Sreeshailam Literary Award<br>C.P. Menon Award<br> Kalamandalam Mukundaraja Award
}}
'''Balachandran Vadakkedath''' (1955 – 19 October 2024) also spelt as '''Balachandran Vadakedath''' was an Indian cultural activist, writer, [[orator]] and literary critic. He was regarded as one of the cultural icons in the state of Kerala and had published numerous books emphasing his firm interest on literary work throughout his lifetime.

== Biography ==
He was born in 1955 at [[Nattika]], a small village in the [[Thrissur district]], Kerala. He received his primary education at [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]]. He was born to [[Ramachandran Vadakkedath]] who was also a renowned literary critic and scholar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-19 |title=എഴുത്തുകാരനും സാംസ്കാരിക പ്രവർത്തകനുമായ ബാലചന്ദ്രൻ വടക്കേടത്ത് അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/kerala/famous-writer-balachandran-vadakkedathu-passes-away-srr-695299.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=News18 മലയാളം |language=ml}}</ref>

== Career ==
He held several portfolios and key positions during his career including positions such as Secretary of the [[Kerala Kalamandalam]], vice-president of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]], membership of the Kendra Sahitya Academy, membership of the executive committee of the Samastha Kerala Sahitya Parishad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-10-19 |title=Literary critic Balachandran Vadakedath passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/literary-critic-balachandran-vadakedath-passes-away/article68773081.ece |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He also actively served in as the member of the General Council of Sahitya Akademi. He was also serving as the Chairman of 'Akam' Samskarika Vedi and was also one of the founding members of Anganam Samskarika Vedi. He also served as the President of Employees' Concord for the Nattika constituency for a brief stint and also endured a stint working as the Thrissur Taluk Secretary of the N G O Association.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-19 |title=Literary critic Balachandran Vadakkedath passes away at 69 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/balachandran-vadakkedath-passes-away-1.9999789 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

He was acclaimed as an established speaker possessing thought provoking ideas at his disposal and was also regarded as a notable socio-political activist, having taken control of the proceedings in the field of literary criticism.<ref name=":1" /> Just like his father, he also made a case for himself stamping his authority in literature arena by publishing books focusing on Kerala culture. His literary work had a profound effect in Kerala fetching him a cultural icon tag at his home state of Kerala. ''Vakkinte Soundarya Sasthram'', ''Nishedathinte Kala'', ''Maranavum Soundaryavum, Uthara Samvedanam, Ramanan Engane Vayikkaruthu, Vayanayude Upanishath, Puthiya Edathu Paksham, Cheruthunilpinte Deshangal and Arthangalude Kalaham'' are hailed and highly rated as some of his memorable notable works.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://www.amazon.in/Books-Balachandran-Vadakkedath/s?rh=n%3A976389031%2Cp_27%3ABalachandran+Vadakkedath</ref> During his illustrious career, he was conferred with prestigious awards and nominations including having won the Kuttippuzha Award, Kavyamandalam Award, Gurudarshana Award, Sreeshailam Literary Award, A.R. Rajarajavarma Award, C.P. Menon Award, Fr. Vadakkan Award and Kalamandalam Mukundaraja Award.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

He was unceremoniously ousted from the position of vice-president of the Sahitya Akademi in 2012 after a series of controversies which began to tumble him related to the handling of Vishva Malayalam Mahotsavam.<ref name=":1" /> It also sparked him to engage in protest sitting alone in the akademi courtyard, which triggered huge attention from public.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-10-19 |title=Literary critic Balachandran Vadakkedath passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Oct/19/literary-critic-balachandran-vadakkedath-passes-away |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In September 2019, he advocated and showed his support for veteran writer [[M. K. Sanu]] as the latter stepped down from his position of chairman of the Vayalar Ramavarma Memorial Trust citing allegations pertaining to external parties with vested interests exerting pressure on him to announce an undeserved candidate as the outright winner of the Vayalar Ramavarma Literary Award for the year 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-27 |title=Vayalar award kicks up row; MK Sanu quits trust |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/Sep/27/vayalar-award-kicks-up-row-mk-sanu-quits-trust-2039788.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
He experienced constraints owing to deteriorating health issues while on his return to [[Kozhikode]] from a long journey. He was eventually admitted to a private hospital in [[Thrissur]]. He was pronounced dead at the age of 69 as confirmed by the doctors upon admission to the hospital.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

His body was kept for public viewing at the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Hall on 19 October 2024. His funeral was held on 20 October 2024 at his private residence at [[Triprayar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=സാഹിത്യ നിരൂപകനും പ്രഭാഷകനുമായ ബാലചന്ദ്രൻ വടക്കേടത്ത് അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2024/10/19/balachandran-vadakkedath-passes-away.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=സാഹിത്യ നിരൂപകനും പ്രഭാഷകനുമായ ബാലചന്ദ്രൻ വടക്കേടത്ത് അന്തരിച്ചു |language=ml}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vadakkedath, Balachandran}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:St. Thomas College, Thrissur, alumni]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Malayalam literary critics]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]

YRGCARE

2026-04-18T22:29:17Z

Svetlafz: new

{{Short description|Indian non-profit organisation}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRGCARE)
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| founder = [[Suniti Solomon]]
| founding_location = [[Chennai]]
| dissolved =
| type = [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]
| focus =
| headquarters = [[Chennai]]
| location = [[India]]
| origins =
| region_served =
| method =
| owner =
| key_people = [[Sunil Solomon]]
| revenue =
| endowment =
| website =
| founded = 1993
| num_volunteers =
| num_employees =
| num_members =
}}

'''YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education''' ('''YRGCARE''') is a non-profit organisation in India working in the domain of [[HIV]]/[[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]]. The organisation was founded by Dr [[Suniti Solomon]] in 1993. As reported in 2018, YRGCARE had provided HIV prevention and treatment related services to about 21,000 people in India who were infected by HIV.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/abbott-yrgcare-team-up-to-track-hiv-hepatitis-patterns/article10022655.ece|title=Abbott, YRGCARE team up to track HIV, Hepatitis patterns|website=@businessline|date=9 January 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kumarasamy|first1=N.|last2=Ranganathan|first2=K.|last3=Tappuni|first3=A. R.|last4=Challacombe|first4=S. J.|date=April 2016|title=Suniti Solomon, Founder-Director Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRGCARE)|journal=Oral Diseases|volume=22 Suppl 1|pages=8–9|doi=10.1111/odi.12425|issn=1601-0825|pmid=26881420|url=http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/12138|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Solomon|first=S.|date=January 1999|title=Making care affordable|journal=AIDS Action|issue=43|pages=4|issn=0953-0096|pmid=12349192}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/its-a-doc-from-mysore-who-treats-chennais-hiv-kids-146681.html|title=It's a doc from Mysore who treats Chennai's HIV kids|date=2011-04-09|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref> After Dr Suniti Solomon died, Dr [[Sunil Solomon]] leads YRGCARE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/naco-to-tie-up-with-johns-hopkins-varsity-yrg-care-to-improve-hiv-care-2940053/|title=NACO to tie up with Johns Hopkins varsity, YRGCare to improve HIV care|date=2016-07-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prb.org/withoutmyconsentwomenandhivrelatedstigmainindia/|title=Without My Consent — Women and HIV-Related Stigma in India – Population Reference Bureau|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/on-world-aids-day-resolve-to-fight-hiv-through-preventive-care/story-0l6J0zXdQR5UorDsLMBTEO.html|title=On World AIDS Day, resolve to fight HIV through preventive care|date=2015-11-30|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://naco.gov.in/nacoevents/brown-bag-seminar-7th-feb-2017|title=Brown Bag Seminar (7th Feb 2017)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laurance|first=Jeremy|date=2015-11-07|title=Suniti Solomon|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=386|issue=10006|pages=1818|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00772-2|pmid=26843302|issn=0140-6736|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://magazine.jhsph.edu/2009/fall/news_briefs/preventing_hiv_one_bag_at_a_time/|title=Preventing HIV One Bag at a Time|last1=Smith|first1=Mike|last2=Health|first2=JH Bloomberg School of Public|website=Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health|language=en|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.usaid.gov/2015/08/on-the-job-at-usaid-meeting-an-amazing-global-health-hero/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810054657/http://blog.usaid.gov/2015/08/on-the-job-at-usaid-meeting-an-amazing-global-health-hero/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 10, 2015|title=On the Job at USAID: Meeting An Amazing Global Health Hero|website=[[USAID]]|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref>

__TOC__

== History ==
YRGCARE started from three people and provided basic testing facilities and has since expanded to conducting behavioural and medical research. It provides care and support to people living with HIV/AIDS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amfar.org/articles/around-the-world/treatasia/older/treat-asia-site-profile--y-r--gaitonde-centre-for-aids-research-and-education-(yrg-care),-chennai,-india/|title=amfAR :: TREAT Asia Site Profile: Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRGCARE), Chennai, India :: The Foundation for AIDS Research :: HIV / AIDS Research|website=www.amfar.org|access-date=2020-02-09|archive-date=2018-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202133404/https://www.amfar.org/Articles/Around-The-World/TreatAsia/Older/TREAT-Asia-Site-Profile--Y-R--Gaitonde-Centre-for-AIDS-Research-and-Education-(YRG-CARE),-Chennai,-India/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medicaleventsguide.com/organizer/yrg-centre-for-aids-research-and-education-yrg-care/|title=YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRGCARE)|website=medicaleventsguide.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiamedtoday.com/indian-non-profit-yrgcare-selects-netsuite-to-support-its-mission-to-save-more-lives/|title=Indian Non-Profit YRGCARE Selects NetSuite to Support its Mission to Save More Lives|date=2019-10-15|website=IndiaMedToday|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emedevents.com/c/medical-conferences-2019/international-science-symposium-on-hiv-infectious-diseases-isshid-2019|title=International Science Symposium on HIV & Infectious Diseases (ISSHID 2019), Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (SRIHER), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India {{!}} eMedEvents|website=www.emedevents.com|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/0BndFwDSQojGe71oE8lFVK/Freedom-to-live-with-HIV--Suniti-Solomon.html|title=Freedom to live with HIV {{!}} Suniti Solomon|last=Chandrasekaran|first=Anupama|date=2009-08-14|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yale.edu/2005/02/03/yale-opens-center-interdisciplinary-research-aids-cira-india|title=Yale Opens Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS (CIRA) in India|date=2005-02-03|website=YaleNews|language=en|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref>

== YRGCARE ID Lab ==
Established in 2000, the Infectious Diseases (ID) laboratory of YRGCARE is housed at VHS Hospital campus in Chennai. The lab is in collaboration with the [[Johns Hopkins University]], [[Brown University]] and is supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health. The lab conducts biomedical research in the fields of the basic sciences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qualityhealth.in/diagnosticlabdetail/detail/Y.R.%20Gaitonde%20Centre%20for%20AIDS%20Research%20and%20Education%20(YRG)|title=Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG), Taramani, Chennai, NABL Accredited Diagnostic Labs, Diagnostic Centres|website=www.qualityhealth.in|access-date=2020-02-09|archive-date=2020-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929083019/https://www.qualityhealth.in/diagnosticlabdetail/detail/Y.R.%20Gaitonde%20Centre%20for%20AIDS%20Research%20and%20Education%20%28YRG%29|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Health in Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:YRGCare}}
[[Category:HIV/AIDS organisations based in India]]
[[Category:HIV/AIDS activism]]
[[Category:Public health organisations based in India]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1993]]

Sher Singh's famine

2026-04-17T02:42:21Z

Svetlafz: done - done

{{short description|1831 famine in Kashmir}}
{{Infobox famine
| name = Sher Singh's famine
| native_name =
| image = File:Map of the Northern Part of the Punjab and of Kashmir in 1846, by John Walker.jpg
| caption = Map of the Northern Part of the Punjab and of Kashmir, 1846
| country = [[Sikh Empire]]
| location = [[Kashmir Valley]], especially [[Srinagar]]
| coordinates =
| period = 1831
| excess_mortality =
| from_disease =
| total_deaths = est. 600.000{{sfn|Sufi|1948|p=738}}{{sfn|Islam|Nomani|2021|pp=197–224}}{{sfn|Sharma|1984|p=39}}
| death_rate =
| refugees = Large-scale migration from Kashmir toward [[Punjab]], especially [[Amritsar]].{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=164–165}}{{sfn|Mehran|2015|pp=142–143}}
| causes = *Early autumn snowfall that destroyed the standing paddy crop
*Intensified by grain seizures, hoarding, and heavy revenue exactions.{{sfn|Saraf|1977|pp=124–125}}{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=163–166}}{{sfn|Islam|Nomani|2021|pp=197–224}}
| theory = Environmental shock compounded by structural food insecurity and administrative failure.{{sfn|Mehran|2015|pp=137–143}}{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=163–166}}
| relief = Grain imports from [[Punjab]] and neighboring regions, controlled grain sales at reduced prices, anti-hoarding measures, remission of some dues, and reconstruction under [[Mihan Singh]].{{sfn|Saraf|1977|pp=125–126}}{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=166–168}}
| net_food_imports = 20,000 maunds of corn sent from Punjab, with additional grain purchased from [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Rajouri]], and [[Kishtwar]].{{sfn|Saraf|1977|p=125}}
| demographics = Severe depopulation, mass mortality, and outward migration.{{sfn|Sufi|1948|p=738}}{{sfn|Islam|Nomani|2021|pp=197–224}}
| consequences = Depopulation, migration, damage to irrigation works and cultivated land after subsequent flooding, and administrative changes in Kashmir.{{sfn|Islam|Nomani|2021|pp=197–224}}{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=166–168}}{{sfn|Saraf|1977|pp=124–126}}
}}
'''Sher Singh's famine''' was a [[famine]] in [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]] during the rule of the [[Sikh Empire]], generally dated to 1831 and named after Prince [[Sher Singh]], the provincial governor. It followed an unusually early autumn snowfall that ruined the standing [[paddy field|paddy]] crop, but later historians have also linked its severity to chronic food insecurity, the withholding or seizure of grain, hoarding, and heavy revenue exactions.{{sfn|Saraf|1977|pp=124–126}}{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=163–168}}{{sfn|Mehran|2015|pp=141–143}} A commonly repeated estimate states that the population of Kashmir fell from about 800,000 to 200,000.{{sfn|Sufi|1948|p=738}}{{sfn|Islam|Nomani|2021|pp=197–224}} The famine was followed by flooding that damaged irrigation works and submerged cultivated land, and it has been treated in the historiography of Kashmir as one of the major nineteenth-century food crises in the valley.{{sfn|Islam|Nomani|2021|pp=197–224}}{{sfn|Mehran|2015|pp=142–143}}
==Background==
In nineteenth-century Kashmir, recurring food shortages were common even in years without a full-scale famine. This reflected a persistent cycle of subsistence crises, where much of the peasantry had enough food to last only part of the year. The situation was tied to poverty, heavy state demands, and the slim margin between survival and surplus in an [[agrarian economy]] reliant on the autumn harvest.{{sfn|Mehran|2015|pp=137–142}} In that wider context, the Sher Singh famine was not simply an isolated natural disaster, but an acute crisis emerging within a society already marked by structural scarcity.{{sfn|Mehran|2015|pp=141–143}} A modern overview citing earlier historians states that Kashmir had experienced repeated major famines and that the principal environmental triggers were untimely snow or heavy rainfall at the moment of harvest.{{sfn|Islam|Nomani|2021|pp=197–224}}
==Causes==
The immediate cause most commonly given is an early autumn snowfall in 1831 that destroyed the standing rice crop.{{sfn|Sufi|1948|p=738}}{{sfn|Islam|Nomani|2021|pp=197–224}} According to [[Muhammad Yusuf Saraf]], stating that when only a small portion of the crop had been cut, about eight inches of snow fell in a single night, followed by mist and frost severe enough to freeze lakes, rivers, and streams.{{sfn|Saraf|1977|pp=124–125}} These conditions damaged both grain and fodder supplies and transformed a bad harvest into a wider subsistence crisis.{{sfn|Saraf|1977|pp=124–125}}

The famine's severity is not explained by weather alone. Saraf states that, before the harvest failure, [[Khushal Singh Jamadar|Jamadar Khushhal Singh]] and [[Shaikh Ghulam Muhy-ud-Din]] halted the sale of grain in government stores and attempted to increase reserves for the expected arrival of [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] and his large retinue, leaving little grain with the population.{{sfn|Saraf|1977|p=124}} A later summary based on earlier Kashmiri historians similarly states that the intensity of the famine was increased when agents of Ranjit Singh confiscated stored agricultural produce from the inhabitants.{{sfn|Islam|Nomani|2021|pp=197–224}}

Additionally, [[revenue]] collectors and shawl merchants embezzled public funds and hoarded grain, further worsening shortages during a period of growing distress. Heavy revenue demands and sustained fiscal extraction also placed immense pressure on the wider population, leaving cultivators and laborers with little reserve in years of weak harvests. Under such conditions, chronic scarcity, exploitative administration, and the unequal distribution of resources greatly intensified the effects of crop failure and helped turn subsistence crisis into famine.{{sfn|Mehran|2015|pp=141–143}}{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=163–165}}
==Course of the famine==
The initial restriction of grain sales provoked a valley-wide outcry, but the crisis was not effectively addressed before snowfall destroyed the harvest.{{sfn|Saraf|1977|p=124}} Domestic animals perished for want of fodder, while many inhabitants, left without sufficient food or warm clothing, died in large numbers.{{sfn|Saraf|1977|pp=124–125}}

The crisis was further aggravated by the conduct of Jamadar Khushhal Singh, who had been sent from [[Lahore]] with Bhai Gurmukh Singh and Shaikh Ghulam Muhy-ud-Din to restore order and relieve scarcity, but instead initially focused on recovering revenue arrears and enforcing coercive exactions.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|p=163}} Suspected officials and merchants were imprisoned and pressured for payments before any substantial food relief was organized, contributing to mass protest and intensifying public fear.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|p=165}}

According to [[Sohan Lal Suri]] and other contemporary testimony, large numbers of Kashmiris became refugees and abandoned their homes, with many moving toward [[Punjab]]. Survivors gathered in places such as [[Amritsar]] and from there dispersed more widely to [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], and [[Banaras]].{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=164–165}} Migration was one of the characteristic responses to famine in Kashmir, and the famine of 1831 was accompanied by hunger-marches into Punjab.{{sfn|Mehran|2015|pp=142–143, 147–152}}
==Relief efforts==
Maharaja Ranjit Singh eventually concluded that Khushhal Singh had raised money only at the cost of ruining Kashmir.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=166–167}} Khushhal Singh was accordingly demoted and his property confiscated, while the [[Sikh Empire|Lahore Darbar]] ordered the removal of restrictions and duties on the movement of cereals into Kashmir and instructed neighboring chiefs and grain merchants to send supplies into the valley.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=166–168}} Leading revenue officials and shawl merchants suspected of hoarding grain and contributing to scarcity were also imprisoned.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|p=167}}

The subsequent administration of Colonel [[Mihan Singh]] introduced the principal relief and recovery measures in the aftermath of the famine.{{sfn|Saraf|1977|p=124}} He entered a devastated valley and arranged for the import of grain from the Punjab, [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Rajouri]], and [[Kishtwar]], which was then sold in Kashmir at prices below cost.{{sfn|Saraf|1977|p=125}} Livestock and other food supplies were also brought in, while tours of the countryside were undertaken to encourage peasants to resume cultivation. Hoarders were compelled to sell grain publicly, some outstanding dues were remitted, and new controls were imposed over weights, measures, and market practices.{{sfn|Saraf|1977|pp=125–126}}

These measures appear to have been comparatively effective. Many peasants who had abandoned cultivation returned to their lands, and within two years the price of ''shali'' had fallen substantially.{{sfn|Saraf|1977|p=126}} Bridges, canals, and bunds that had been neglected or damaged were also repaired under Mihan Singh's administration.{{sfn|Saraf|1977|p=126}}
==Death toll and demographic impact==
The famine reduced the population of Kashmir from 800,000 to 200,000.{{sfn|Sufi|1948|p=738}} A later summary repeating the estimate of [[Walter Roper Lawrence]], an [[Indian Civil Service]] officer and author of ''[[The Valley of Kashmir]]'' (1895), gives the same figure.{{sfn|Islam|Nomani|2021|pp=197–224}} Thousands died for want of food and warm clothing, and large numbers also perished on the roads during migration.{{sfn|Saraf|1977|pp=124–125}}{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=164–165}} The famine thus caused mass mortality and severe depopulation in Kashmir.{{sfn|Sufi|1948|p=738}}{{sfn|Islam|Nomani|2021|pp=197–224}} Later accounts describe extensive death from starvation and significant migration from Kashmir into Punjab and British India.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=136}} D. C. Sharma states that [[Srinagar]] lost two-thirds of its population through death and desertion during the crisis.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=136}}{{sfn|Sharma|1984|p=20}}

==Economic and social consequences==
The famine disrupted both agrarian and urban life. Factories, workshops, and business activity came to a standstill as food prices rose sharply.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|p=165}} Peasants and shawl-weavers were among the principal sufferers from the exactions used to raise cash and valuables during the crisis, while the poorest rural and artisanal groups were especially exposed to famine conditions and [[forced migration]].{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=164–166}}{{sfn|Mehran|2015|pp=141–152}} Several accounts describe extreme family strategies of survival, including the sale of property and, in some cases, the sale of children in exchange for food or survival elsewhere.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|p=165}}{{sfn|Mehran|2015|pp=147–152}} These conditions reflected the depth of the breakdown in subsistence and market exchange during the famine years.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=164–165}} The famine was also followed by a [[flood]] that damaged irrigation works and submerged cultivated areas, thereby prolonging the economic effects of the crisis beyond the initial harvest failure.{{sfn|Islam|Nomani|2021|pp=197–224}} The famine was accompanied by the [[Human trafficking|trafficking]] and sale of Kashmiri girls in Punjab, where slave girls and child prostitutes were reportedly widely available during the crisis. Reported prices ranged from Rs. 15 to Rs. 200, with one account stating that a common rate was Rs. 50 to Rs. 60 per foot of height.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=565}}

==Political consequences==
The famine contributed to a reordering of administration in Kashmir under Sikh rule. Saraf states that Sher Singh was recalled and replaced by Mihan Singh.{{sfn|Saraf|1977|p=124}} Additionally, the Lahore Darbar saw the incident as a serious administrative failure, leading to Khushhal Singh’s punishment, stricter oversight in appointing officials to Kashmir, and new central government directives to restore peace, ensure supplies, and rebuild public trust.{{sfn|Parmu|1977|pp=166–168}}
==References==
<references />
==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Parmu |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=8u4LAAAAIAAJ&newbks |title=A History of Sikh Rule in Kashmir, 1819–1846 |publisher=Department of Education, Jammu and Kashmir Government |year=1977 |ref={{sfnref|Parmu|1977}}}}
*{{cite book |last=Saraf |first=Muhammad Yusuf |url=https://books.google.de/books/about/Kashmiris_Fight_for_Freedom_1819_1946.html?id=_egBAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, 1819–1946 |volume=1 |publisher=Ferozsons |year=1977 |ref={{sfnref|Saraf|1977}}}}
*{{cite book |last=Sufi |first=G. M. D. |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=ImRDAAAAYAAJ&newbks |title=Kashir, Being a History of Kashmir |volume=2 |year=1948 |ref={{sfnref|Sufi|1948}}}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=K. M. Baharul |editor2-last=Nomani |editor2-first=Zafar Mahfooz |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=-cMoEAAAQBAJ&newbks= |title=Environment Impact Assessment: Precept & Practice |publisher=CRC Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781000425901 |ref={{sfnref|Islam|Nomani|2021}}}}
*{{cite journal |last=Mehran |first=Danish |title=Food Shortages in Kashmir: Response of Society |url=https://ccas.uok.edu.in/Files/93269b6c-7f53-4439-ae9a-3bdf55a4c649/Journal/20aba6e7-178b-44f2-91f5-fe3518940d7b.pdf |journal=The Journal of Central Asian Studies |volume=22 |year=2015 |pages=137–152 |ref={{sfnref|Mehran|2015}}}}
* {{cite book
|last=Gupta
|first=Hari Ram
|title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Lion of Lahore, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799–1839
|edition=3rd
|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal
|year=1991
|isbn=9788121505154
|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=zwFDAAAAYAAJ&newbks=
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Sharma
|first=D. C.
|title=Kashmir Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh
|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors
|year=1984
|isbn=9788171560943
|url=https://books.google.de/books/about/Kashmir_Under_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh.html?id=O2WSRW2t3XYC&redir_esc=y
}}

[[Category:Famines in India]]
[[Category:Kashmir]]
[[Category:Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:Famines]]

Siddhartha Nagar

2026-04-06T20:35:25Z

Svetlafz: creating

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{other uses|Siddharth Nagar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Siddhartha Nagar
| native_name =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mysore|Mysorae]]
| image_skyline = Delonix regia - Vinaya West Siddhartha Mysore May23 A7C 04991.jpg
| image_alt =
| nicknames = Vinaya Marga, main road in the locality
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.3044|76.6841|display=inline,title}}
| timezone = [[indian standard time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[postal code|PIN]]
| postal_code = 570011
}}
[[File:Travancoreanchal.jpg|thumb|Travancore Anchal at PTC, Nazrabad]]
[[File:District Superintendent of Police office, Mysore (02).jpg|thumb|Police Headquarters in Mysore]]

'''Siddhartha Nagar''' is an eastern suburb of [[Mysore]] city in [[Karnataka]], a south Indian state.

==Location==
Siddhartha Nagar spans Bannur Road, Teresian College Road, and surrounding areas. The Bannur Road Junction on the Ring Road is the centre of the whole suburb. This is considered an expensive suburb of Mysore because many upmarket hotels and residential apartments are located here.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/rto-bifurcated-into-mysore-east-west/article1941553.ece| title = RTO bifurcated into Mysore East, West - KARNATAKA - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 3 November 2007}}</ref> WARD: 53(KURUBAARA HALLI) KRISHNARAJA CONSTITUENCY

==Post offices==
Siddartha Nagar Post Office has the pincode Mysore-570011, and another post office with the same pincode is located at the Administrative Training Institute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asklaila.com/Siddartha-Nagar-Guide-Mysore/lg1620|title = Siddartha Nagar, Mysore address, location, Pincode 570011 - Movies, Coffee Shop, Restaurant and more - Asklaila}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indcareer.com/karnataka/mysore/administrative-training-institute-ati-mysore|title=Administrative Training Institute ATI, Mysore|date=18 November 2010}}</ref>

* Teresian School
* JSS Public School
* Anugraha Hospital
* Lalitha mahal palace hotel
* Geetha school
KMF Milk dairy
DFRL

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
File:JSS School Sidharthanagar.jpg|JSS School
File:Bannur Road Junction.jpg|Bannur Road junction
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Kalyanagiri]]
* [[Mysore Zoo]]
* [[Sathgulli]]
* [[Karanji Lake]]
* [[Raghavendra Nagar]]
* [[Administrative Training Institute, Mysore]]

==References==
{{Commons category|Siddhartha Nagar}}
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Mysore]]

Blues Productions

2026-04-06T17:07:13Z

Svetlafz: creating basic details basic info

{{Short description|Indian film production company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| logo =
| founded = 2006
| founder = {{ubl|Snehasish Chakraborty|Debashish Chakraborty}}
| industry = Entertainment
| key_people = Snehasish Chakraborty
| products = [[Television program]]s, [[Motion Pictures]]
| operating_income =
| num_employees =
| homepage =
| location = [[Kolkata]], India
| Key People =
}}

'''Blues Productions''' is an Indian Bengali-language television serial and film [[production company]] based in [[Kolkata]], incorporated on 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.blueskol.in/about-us/|title=Blues Production Pvt Ltd|website=Blues|language=English|date=31 December 2021|access-date=31 December 2021|archive-date=31 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231214554/http://www.blueskol.in/about-us/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Blues - Film Producer & Advertising Film Making from Kolkata |url=https://www.indiamart.com/company/15650273/ |website=IndiaMART.com |access-date=3 January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103143002/https://www.indiamart.com/company/15650273/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Blues Productions Pvt Ltd has 2 Creative Directors/Key Management Personnel - Snehasish Chakraborty and Debasish Chakraborty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.blueskol.in/team/|title=Blues Production Team|website=Blues|language=English|date=1 January 2022|access-date=1 January 2022|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101214103/http://www.blueskol.in/team/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Current TV shows ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Show
! Channel
! Premiere date
|-
|''[[Advocate Anjali Awasthi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=2024-07-26 |title=Star Plus announces new show Advocate Anjali Awasthi at 8:30 pm slot as Udne Ki Aasha shifts to 9 pm slot : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/ne–ws/bollywood/star-plus-announces-new-show-advocate-anjali-awasthi-830-pm-slot-udne-ki-aasha-shifts-9-pm-slot/ |access-date=2024-08-09 }}</ref>
|[[StarPlus]]
|8 August 2024–Present
|-
|''Parashuram – Ajker Nayok''
| rowspan="2" | [[Star Jalsha]]
|10 March 2025–Present
|-
|''Professor Bidya Banerjee''
|17 November 2025–Present
|-
|''[[Mr. and Mrs. Parshuram]]''
|[[StarPlus]]
|3 February 2026–Present
|}

== Film productions ==
*''[[Promotion (film)|Promotion (Bengali)]]'' (2013)<ref>{{cite news|title=A promotion for Paoli|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-08/news-interviews/36215924_1_paoli-dam-ankur-arora-murder-case-directorial-debut|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909004655/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-08/news-interviews/36215924_1_paoli-dam-ankur-arora-murder-case-directorial-debut|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 September 2013|accessdate=1 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 Jan 2013}}</ref>

== Former TV shows ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- f
! scope="col" | Production Year(s)
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Network
! scope="col" | Genre
! scope="col" | First aired
! scope="col" | Last aired
! scope="col" | Episode Count
! scope="col" | Language

|-
| scope="row" | 2005–2009
| ''Krishnakoli Tarei Boli''
| rowspan=3|[[ETV Bangla]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]]
| 2005
| 2009
| rowspan=2 {{n/a|unavailable}}
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| scope="row" | 2006–2009
| ''[[Kokhono Megh Kokhono Brishti (TV series)|Kokhono Megh Kokhono Brishti]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nag |first1=Kushali |title=Comeback Koni |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/comeback-koni/cid/603100 |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=25 March 2008 |access-date=3 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103150356/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/comeback-koni/cid/603100 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Drama]]
| 2006
| 2009
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| scope="row" | 2009–2013
| ''[[Sholo Aana]]''<ref name="a">{{cite news |title=Zee Bangla Launches 'Kache Aye Shoi' From 29th April 2013 Every Mon to Sat – 8 PM – ZEE Entertainment Corporate Website |url=https://www.zee.com/in-the-news/zee-bangla-launches-kache-aye-shoi-from-29th-april-2013-every-mon-to-sat-8-pm/ |work=www.zee.com |publisher=[[Zee Entertainment]] |date=17 October 2017 |access-date=3 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103150358/https://www.zee.com/in-the-news/zee-bangla-launches-kache-aye-shoi-from-29th-april-2013-every-mon-to-sat-8-pm/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Family]] [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| 10 August 2009
| 15 June 2013
| 1205
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| scope="row" | 2010–2014
| ''[[@Bhalobasha.com]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Actress Anannya Biswas joins the cast of 'Jamuna Dhaki' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-anannya-biswas-joins-the-cast-of-jamuna-dhaki/articleshow/82192823.cms |access-date=3 January 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103150358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-anannya-biswas-joins-the-cast-of-jamuna-dhaki/articleshow/82192823.cms |url-status=live }} "... Anannya, who is originally from Haldia, made her debut with the television show ‘Bhalobasa.com’, produced by Snehasish Chakraborty. The serial was an instant hit. "</ref>
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| 31 May 2010
| 22 March 2014
| 1201
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| scope="row" | 2011–2012
| ''Badhua''
| [[Ruposhi Bangla (TV channel)|Ruposhi Bangla]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]]
| 2011
| 2012
| {{n/a|unavailable}}
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| scope="row" | 2011–2013
| ''[[Tapur Tupur (TV series)|Tapur Tupur]]''<ref name="a"/>
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]] [[Family]]
| 14 February 2011
| 2 November 2013
| 860
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| scope="row" rowspan="2"|2011–2012
| ''Bindi''
| rowspan=2|[[Sananda TV]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]]
| 25 July 2011
| 2012 ki
| rowspan=2 {{n/a|unavailable}}
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| ''Ta Bole Ki Prem Debo Na''<ref>{{cite web |title=Ta Boley Ki Prem Debo Na |url=http://www.blueskol.in/tvshows/ta-boley-ki-prem-debo-na/ |website=Blues Production & Film |publisher=www.blueskol.in |access-date=4 January 2022 |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104114136/http://www.blueskol.in/tvshows/ta-boley-ki-prem-debo-na/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]]
| 2011
| 2012
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| scope="row" | 2012–2014
| ''[[Aanchol]]''
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]] [[Comedy]] [[Romance (love)|Romance]]
| 18 June 2012
| 8 November 2014
| 752
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| scope="row" | 2012–2013
| ''Annapurna''
| [[ETV Bangla]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]] [[Family]]
| 1 October 2012
| 2013
| {{n/a|unavailable}}
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| scope="row" | 2013–2014
| ''[[Kache Aye Shoi]]''<ref name="a"/>
| rowspan=2|[[Zee Bangla]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]]
| 29 April 2013
| 26 April 2014
| 308
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| scope="row" | 2014–2016
| ''[[Tumi Robe Nirobe (2015 series)|Tumi Robe Nirobe]]''
| [[Romance (love)|Romance]]
| 15 December 2014
| 16 January 2016
| 347
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| scope="row" | 2016–2017
| ''Bene Bou''<ref>{{cite news |title=I'm excited about Benebou's rerun: Actor Raja Ghosh - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/im-excited-about-benebous-rerun-actor-raja-ghosh/articleshow/79546223.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 December 2020 |language=en |access-date=3 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103152617/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/im-excited-about-benebous-rerun-actor-raja-ghosh/articleshow/79546223.cms |url-status=live }} " ... ‘Benebou’ was produced by Snehasish Chakraborty "</ref>
| [[Colors Bangla]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]] [[Romance (love)|Romance]]
| 18 April 2016
| 24 June 2017
| 371
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| scope="row" | 2016–2018
| ''[[Khokababu (TV series)|Khokababu]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Star Jalsha's Koler Bou is a story of a scientist who invents a robot to save his wife's honour |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/star-jalsha-s-koler-bou-story-of-scientist-who-invents-robot-save-his-wife-s-honour |work=Tellychakkar.com |date=13 May 2019 |language=en |access-date=3 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103150407/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/star-jalsha-s-koler-bou-story-of-scientist-who-invents-robot-save-his-wife-s-honour |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]] [[Romance (love)|Romance]]
| 9 May 2016
| 26 July 2018
| 805
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| scope="row" rowspan="2"| 2016–2017
| ''[[Jarowar Jhumko]]''<ref name="b">{{cite news |title=Zee Bangla's Jarowar Jhumko completes 100 episodes |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/zee-bangla-s-jarowar-jhumko-completes-100-episodes-161216 |work=Tellychakkar.com |date=16 December 2016 |language=en |access-date=3 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103150356/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/zee-bangla-s-jarowar-jhumko-completes-100-episodes-161216 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]]
| 22 August 2016
| 26 November 2017
| 420
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| ''[[Pita (TV series)|Pita]]''<ref name="b"/>
| [[Colors Bangla]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]]
| 17 October 2016
| 1 May 2017
| 168
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| scope="row" | 2016–2019
| ''[[Rakhi Bandhan]]''<ref name="a"/>
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]]
| 28 November 2016
| 3 February 2019
| 787
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| scope="row" | 2016–2018
| ''[[Stree (TV series)|Stree]]''
| rowspan=2|[[Zee Bangla]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]] [[Comedy]] [[Romance (love)|Romance]]
| 26 December 2016
| 11 February 2018
| 409
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| scope="row" | 2017
| ''[[Bikele Bhorer Phool]]''
| [[Romance (love)|Romance]]
| 27 February 2017
| 1 December 2017
| 235
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2017–2018
| ''[[Bhojo Gobindo]]''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munshi |first1=Shoma |title=Prime Time Soap Operas on Indian Television |date=18 February 2020 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-05224-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWLRDwAAQBAJ&dq=Bhojo+Gobindo+by+Snehasish+Chakraborty&pg=PT19 |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]]
| 29 May 2017
| 8 December 2018
| 539
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| ''Baksho Bodol''
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]]
| 24 July 2017
| 7 January 2018
| 164
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| ''[[Adorini]]''
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]]
| 4 September 2017
| 18 March 2018
| 194
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| scope="row" | 2018
| ''[[Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki (2018)|Jai Kanhaiya Lal ki]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Star Bharat brings in the new year with its new family show 'Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki' |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/star-bharat-brings-in-the-new-year-with-its-new-family-show-jai-kanhaiya-lal-ki-171222 |work=IndianTelevision.com |date=22 December 2017 |language=en |access-date=23 January 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123111111/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/star-bharat-brings-in-the-new-year-with-its-new-family-show-jai-kanhaiya-lal-ki-171222 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Star Bharat]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]]
| 1 January 2018
| 28 May 2018
| 137
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|-

| scope="row" | 2018–2019
| ''[[Tekka Raja Badshah]]''
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]] [[Comedy]] [[Romance (love)|Romance]]
| 16 July 2018
| 17 March 2019
| 237
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| scope="row" | 2018–2020
| ''[[Hriday Haran B.A Pass]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Comedy-drama 'Hriday Haran B.A. Pass' completes 1 year - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/comedy-drama-hriday-haran-b-a-pass-completes-1-year/articleshow/70658296.cms?frmapp=yes |work=The Times of India |date=13 August 2019 |language=en}} " ...The show is produced by Snehasish Chakraborty. "</ref>
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]] [[Comedy]] [[Romance (love)|Romance]]
| 13 August 2018
| 5 January 2020
| 495
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| scope="row" | 2019
| ''Keshav''<ref>{{cite news |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee to appear in SUN Bangla's show Keshav |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/prosenjit-chatterjee-appear-sun-bangla-s-show-keshav-190715 |work=Tellychakkar.com |date=15 July 2019 |language=en |access-date=4 January 2022 |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104190259/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/prosenjit-chatterjee-appear-sun-bangla-s-show-keshav-190715 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Sun Bangla]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]]
| 3 February 2019
| 24 November 2019
| 295
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2019–2020
| ''[[Kanak Kakon]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Rupsa |title=I am not comfortable kissing or hugging on-screen, says actress Sweta Bhattacharya - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/i-am-not-comfortable-kissing-or-hugging-on-screen-says-actress-sweta-bhattacharya/articleshow/68889946.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 April 2019 |language=en |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105062256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/i-am-not-comfortable-kissing-or-hugging-on-screen-says-actress-sweta-bhattacharya/articleshow/68889946.cms |url-status=live }} "...Snehasish Chakrabarty is producing the show."</ref>
| [[Colors Bangla]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]]
| 15 April 2019
| 21 March 2020
| 294
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| ''Koler Bou''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baddhan |first1=Raj |title=Star Jalsha announces launch of new series 'Koler Bou' |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/star-jalsha-announces-launch-of-new-series-koler-bou/ |work=BizAsia |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=11 May 2019 |access-date=3 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103150400/https://www.bizasialive.com/star-jalsha-announces-launch-of-new-series-koler-bou/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]] [[Romance (love)|Romance]]
| 27 May 2019
| 24 January 2020
| 185
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

|-
| ''Kone Bou''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Srishti |title=A drama on human trafficking set to hit airwaves - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/a-drama-on-human-trafficking-set-to-hit-airwaves/articleshow/71034087.cms |work=The Times of India |date=8 September 2019 |language=en |access-date=4 January 2022 |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104190249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/a-drama-on-human-trafficking-set-to-hit-airwaves/articleshow/71034087.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Sun Bangla]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]]
| 23 September 2019
| 6 December 2020
| 434
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
| rowspan=4|2020–2022
| ''[[Jamuna Dhaki]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Zee Bangla]]
|[[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Revenge]]
| 13 July 2020
| 1 July 2022
| 675
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
| ''[[Jibon Saathi]]''
|[[Drama]]
| 5 October 2020
| 4 March 2022
| 409
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
| ''[[Khelaghor]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Star Jalsha]]
| [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Action film|Action]]
| 30 November 2020
| 4 September 2022
| 628
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
| ''[[Gangaram (TV series)|Gangaram]]''
| [[Comedy]] [[Musical film|Musical]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| 28 December 2020
| 15 July 2022
| 402
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
|-
| rowspan=4| 2021–2022
| ''[[Boron (TV series)|Boron]]''
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| 5 April 2021
| 20 March 2022
| 348
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
| ''[[Sarbojaya]]''
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]]
| 9 August 2021
| 14 May 2022
| 241
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
| ''Teen Shaktir Aadhar - Trishul''
| [[Colors Bangla]]
| [[Drama]] [[Feminism]]
| 30 August 2021
| 10 July 2022
| 321
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
| ''[[Khukumoni Home Delivery]]''
|Rowspan=2| [[Star Jalsha]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| 1 November 2021
| 1 May 2022
| 180
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
|2022
| ''Madhabilata''
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| 22 August 2022
| 4 December 2022
| 105
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
| rowspan=2| 2023
| ''[[Nayika No.1]]''
| [[Colors Bangla]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]] [[Comedy]] [[Romance (love)|Romance]]
| 6 March 2023
| 2 December 2023
| 272
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
| ''[[Mukut]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Zee Bangla]]
| style="width: 12em;" | [[Drama]]
| 27 March 2023
| 22 September 2023
| 130
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
|2024
|''[[Jogomaya]]''
|[[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Thriller film|Thriller]]

|11 March 2024
|5 July 2024
|107
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
|2023–2025
|''[[Geeta LL.B]]''
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|[[Legal drama|Courtroom Drama]]
[[Romance (love)|Romance]]
[[Thriller film|Thriller]]
[[Action film|Action]]
|20 November 2023
|2 October 2025
|677
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
|2025
|''Sholok Saree''
|[[Sun Bangla]]
|[[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
[[Romance film|Romance]]
|10 February 2025
|23 November 2025
|278
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
|2022–2025
|''[[Jagaddhatri (TV series)|Jagaddhatri]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Bangla]]
|[[Drama]]
[[Romance film|Romance]]
[[Thriller film|Thriller]]
[[Crime fiction|Crime]]
|29 August 2022
|14 December 2025
|1201
| rowspan="2" |[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
|2025–2026
|''Besh Korechi Prem Korechi''
|[[Drama]]
[[Romance film|Romance]]
[[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|8 December 2025
|12 April 2026
|121
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Blues Productions Pvt. Ltd.}}

[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Television production companies of India]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies of India]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2006]]

Medpalli

2026-04-05T02:38:14Z

Svetlafz: done

{{Short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Medpalli
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka<ref name="karnatakalandrecords">{{cite web
| url = https://landrecords.karnataka.gov.in/service3/FileDownload.aspx?file=%5c%5cbhm-db-pp05%5cDistrict%5cMapshared%5c3651.pdf
| title = Medpalli Village Revenue Map (PDF)
| publisher = Karnataka Revenue Department, Government of Karnataka
| website = Bhoomi Portal
| access-date = 26 June 2025
| quote = Official revenue map showing land parcels, survey numbers and ownership details for Medpalli village, Aurad taluka, Bidar district.
}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|18|10|31|N|77|31|49|E|region:IN-KA|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = Karnataka
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bidar district]]
| subdivision_type3 =[[List of taluks of Karnataka|Taluka]] (Tehsil)
| subdivision_name3 =[[Aurad Taluka]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 5
| mapframe-point = none
| government_type = Local Government
| governing_body = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| leader_title = [[Gram Panchayat|Panchayat]]
| leader_name = Gudpalli<ref name="Gudpalli Panchayat">{{Cite web |title=Gudpalli Panchayat|url=https://bidar.nic.in/village-panchayats|access-date=2025-05-01 |website=bidar.nic.in}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Mukhi]]ya/President
| leader_name1 = Lalita<ref name="Gudpalli GP Mukhiya Details">{{Cite web
|title = Gudpalli Gram Panchayat (Medpalli Village) - Mukhiya Details
|url = https://panchatantra.karnataka.gov.in/USER_MODULE/userLogin/ViewGpErStaffDetails
|website = Panchatantra Portal
|publisher = Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department, Government of Karnataka
|access-date = 2025-06-25
|language = en
}}</ref>
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =<ref name="Medpalli Area">{{Cite web |title=Area of Medpalli Village|url=https://villageinfo.org/village/600090 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=villageinfo}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 11.14
| elevation_footnotes =<ref name="Medpalli Elevation">{{Cite web |title=Sea Level of Medpalli Village|url=https://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=freemaptools.com}}</ref>
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1112<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 600090 {{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_1000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 1000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=2008-12-18}}</ref>
| population_as_of =[[2011 census of India|2011]]
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 99.8
| population_demonym = Medpallikar
| population_footnotes =<ref name="Population of Medpalli Village">{{Cite web |title=Population of Medpalli Village|url=https://villageinfo.org/village/600090 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=villageinfo.org}}</ref>
|demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 =[[Hindi language|Hindi]] & [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| demographics_type2 = Demographics
| demographics2_title2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]<ref name="Summary Report of Medpalli Village">{{Cite web |title=Summary Report of Medpalli Village|url=https://villageinfo.org/village/600090 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=village info}}</ref>
| demographics2_info2 = 58.05%<ref name="Medpalli Literacy">{{Cite web
|title = Medpalli Village Literacy Rate - Bidar, Karnataka
|url = https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/600090-medpalli-karnataka.html
|access-date = 2025-05-01
|website = census2011.co.in
}}</ref>
| demographics2_title3 = Sex ratio<ref name="Medpalli Sex ratio">{{Cite web
|title = Medpalli Village Sex ratio - Bidar, Karnataka
|url = https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/600090-medpalli-karnataka.html
|access-date = 2025-05-01
|website = census2011.co.in
}}</ref>
| demographics2_info3 = 937
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 585421<ref name="Medpalli Village Pincode">{{Cite web
|title = Medpalli Village Pincode - 585421
|url = https://villageinfo.org/village/600090
|website = VillageInfo.org
|publisher = VillageInfo
|access-date = 2025-06-25
|language = en
}}</ref>
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#KA—Karnataka|KA 38]]
| blank1_name_sec1 =[[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =[[Aurad Assembly constituency]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =[[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency]]
| website = {{URL|bidar.nic.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes = Reference<ref name="Story of Medpalli Village">{{Cite web |title=Story of Medpalli Village|url=https://villageinfo.org/village/600090 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=villageinfo.org|date=29 December 2024 }}</ref>
}}

'''Medpalli'''<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Villages in Bidar |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/600090-medpalli-karnataka.html |website=Census 2011 |publisher=[[National Register of Citizens|Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India]] |access-date=17 June 2025}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Medapalli''') is a village in [[Aurad Taluka]] of [[Bidar district]] in the Indian state [[Karnataka]]. It is located approximately {{convert|21|km}} from taluka headquarters [[Aurad]] and about {{convert|32|km}} from district headquarters [[Bidar]]. The village falls under the [[Aurad Assembly constituency]] and [[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="Bidar Village List - Medpalli">{{Cite web
|title = Bidar District Gazetteer - Village List (Includes Medpalli)
|url = https://gazetteer.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Bidar%20DG%20Chapter%20Village%20List.pdf
|website = Karnataka Gazetteer
|publisher = Government of Karnataka
|access-date = 2025-06-25
}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Medpalli is situated at an average elevation of {{convert|534|m|ft}}.<ref name="Elevation of Medpalli">{{Cite web
|title = Elevation Medpalli
|url = https://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm
|website = FreeMapTools
|access-date = 2025-06-25
|language = en
}}</ref> The village lies in the northern dry zone of Karnataka, characterized by black cotton soil.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

== Demographics ==
Medpalli has a population of 1112 (574 males and 538) as recorded in the 2011 Census. It falls under the jurisdiction of Gudapalli Gram Panchayat and the Aurad Block Panchayat in Aurad District. The village has 207 households and is identified by village code 600090. Medpalli is located in the 585421 postal area, contributing significantly to the rural administrative structure of Aurad taluka<ref name="Medpalli Village Demographics">{{Cite web
|title = Medpalli Village Households and Population
|url = https://villageinfo.org/village/600090
|website = VillageInfo.org
|publisher = VillageInfo
|access-date = 2025-06-25
|language = en
}}</ref>
* Literacy rate: 58.05%
* Primary languages: [[Kannada language|Kannada]] (72%), [[Marathi language|Marathi]] (18%)

== Administration ==
* [[Panchayati raj in India|Gram Panchayat]]: Gudpalli<ref name="Gudpalli Gram Panchayat">{{Cite web
|title = Gudpalli Gram Panchayat of Medpalli Village
|url = https://panchatantra.karnataka.gov.in/USER_MODULE/userLogin/loadPanchamitra
|website = Panchatantra Portal
|publisher = Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department, Government of Karnataka
|access-date = 2025-06-25
}}</ref>
* Nearest [[Police station]]: Chintaki

== Economy ==
The village economy is primarily [[Agriculture in India|agricultural]], with major crops including [[sorghum|jowar]], [[maize]], and [[pulse (legume)|pulses]].

==School==
Government HRPS Medpalli (Medapalli)<ref name="Govt HRPS Medapalli">{{Cite web
|title = Government Higher Primary School, Medpalli - Bidar, Karnataka
|url = https://schools.org.in/bidar/29050110401/govt-hrps-medapalli.html
|website = schools.org.in
|access-date = 2025-06-25
}}</ref>
<ref name="UDISE Medapalli School">{{Cite web
|title = Government Higher Primary School, Medpalli - UDISE+ Data (Code: 5557986)
|url = https://kys.udiseplus.gov.in/#/schooldetail/5557986/11
|website = UDISE+
|publisher = Ministry of Education, Government of India
|access-date = 2025-06-25
}}</ref>
<ref name="Karnataka School Education">{{Cite web
|title = Government Higher Primary School, Medpalli - School Overview
|url = https://sdcedn.karnataka.gov.in/TTMS2020/DsertAdminMaster/admin/SchoolOverview.aspx
|website = Department of School Education and Literacy
|publisher = Government of Karnataka
|access-date = 2025-06-25
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250625000000/https://sdcedn.karnataka.gov.in/TTMS2020/DsertAdminMaster/admin/SchoolOverview.aspx
|archive-date = 2025-06-25
}}</ref>

==Post Office==
Medpalli Branch Post Office<ref name="Medpalli Post Office">{{Cite web
|title = Medpalli Branch Post Office (585421) - Bidar, Karnataka
|url = https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/Pages/LocatePostOffices.aspx?search=Medpalli&pincode=585421
|website = India Post
|publisher = Department of Posts
|access-date = 2025-06-25
}}</ref>
<ref name="Medpalli Branch Post Office">{{Cite web
|title = Medpalli Branch Post Office
|url = https://wowsome.com/pincode/medpalli-branch-post-office-a23hs/
|website = WowSome
|access-date = 2025-06-25
}}</ref>

==Transportation==
*Nearest Bus Station: Aurad
*Nearest Railway Station: Bidar
*Nearest Airport: Bidar

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bidar district]]

G. Kishan Reddy

2026-03-29T06:35:27Z

Svetlafz:

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = G. Kishan Reddy in 2025.jpg
| imagesize = 220
| name = G. Kishan Reddy
| caption = Official portrait, 2024
| office = 25th [[Ministry of Coal|Union Minister of Coal]]
| president = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| term_start = 9 June 2024
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor = [[Pralhad Joshi]]
| office1 = 45th [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Union Minister of Mines]]
| term_start1 = 9 June 2024
| primeminister1 = Narendra Modi
| predecessor1 = Pralhad Joshi
| office2 = 34th [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Union Minister of Tourism]]
| term_start2 = 7 July 2021
| term_end2 = 9 June 2024
| primeminister2 = Narendra Modi
| predecessor2 = [[Prahlad Singh Patel]]
| successor2 = [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]]
| office3 = 12th [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Union Minister of Culture]]
| term_start3 = 7 July 2021
| term_end3 = 9 June 2024
| primeminister3 = Narendra Modi
| predecessor3 = Prahlad Singh Patel
| successor3 = Gajendra Singh Shekhawat
| office4 = 9th [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|Union Minister of Development of the North Eastern Region]]
| primeminister4 = Narendra Modi
| term_start4 = 7 July 2021
| term_end4 = 9 June 2024
| predecessor4 = [[Dr. Jitendra Singh]]
| successor4 = [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]
| office5 = 48th [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister of State for Home Affairs]]
| term_start5 = 30 May 2019
| term_end5 = 7 July 2021
| alongside5 = [[Hansraj Gangaram Ahir|H. G. Ahir]] (till 2019)<br> [[Nityanand Rai]] (from 2019)
| primeminister5 = Narendra Modi
| minister5 = [[Amit Shah]]
| predecessor5 = [[Kiren Rijiju]]
| successor5 = * [[Nisith Pramanik]]
* [[Ajay Kumar Mishra|A. K. Mishra]]
| office6 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency6 = [[Secunderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Secunderabad, Telangana]]
| term_start6 = 23 May 2019
| predecessor6 = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| office7 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency7 = [[Amberpet (Assembly constituency)|Amberpet]]
| term_start7 = 2 June 2014
| term_end7 = 11 December 2018
| predecessor7 = ''Constituency shifted from [[United Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]''
| successor7 = Kaleru Venkatesham
| office8 = 1st [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Telangana|President of Bharatiya Janata Party, Telangana]]
| term_start8 = 4 July 2023
| term_end8 = 30 June 2025
| 1blankname8 = National President
| 1namedata8 = [[J. P. Nadda]]
| predecessor8 = [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
| successor8 = [[N. Ramchander Rao]]
| term_start9 = 2 June 2014
| term_end9 = 8 April 2016
| 1blankname9 = National President
| 1namedata9 = * [[Rajnath Singh]]
* Amit Shah
| predecessor9 = ''Office established'' (himself as President of United Andhra)
| successor9 = [[K. Laxman]]
| office10 = 9th [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Andhra Pradesh|President of Bharatiya Janata Party, Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start10 = 8 March 2010
| term_end10 = 1 June 2014
| 1blankname10 = National President
| 1namedata10 = * [[Nitin Gadkari]]
* Rajnath Singh
| predecessor10 = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| successor10 = [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]] (of bifurcated Andhra)
| office11 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency11 = [[Amberpet (Assembly constituency)|Amberpet]]
| term_start11 = 16 May 2009
| term_end11 = 1 June 2014
| predecessor11 = ''Constituency established''
| successor11 = ''Constituency shifted to [[Telangana]]''
| constituency12 = Himayatnagar
| term_start12 = 11 May 2004
| term_end12 = 16 May 2009
| predecessor12 = C. Krishna Yadav
| successor12 = ''Constituency bifurcated as per Delimitation Act, 2002''
| office13 = 9th [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha|President of the Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]]
| term_start13 = 2002
| term_end13 = 2005
| predecessor13 = [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| successor13 = [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
| birth_name = Gangapuram Kishan Reddy
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|06|15|df=y}}<ref name="Shri G. Kishan Reddy">{{Cite web|url=https://coal.gov.in/en/minister/shri-g-kishan-reddy|title = Shri G. Kishan Reddy}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kandukur, Ranga Reddy district|Kandukur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<br>(present-day [[Telangana]])
| residence = {{ubl|6, Ashoka Road, [[New Delhi]]}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (since 1980)
| otherparty = [[Janata Party]] (1977-1980)
| children = 2
| father =
| mother =
| spouse = {{marriage|G. Kavya|1995}}
| alma_mater = Diploma, [[Central Institute of Tool Design|CITD]]
}}

'''Gangapuram Kishan Reddy''' (born 15 June 1960)<ref name="Shri G. Kishan Reddy"/> is an Indian [[politician]] who is serving as the 25th [[Ministry of Coal|Minister of Coal]] and 45th [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of Mines]] since 2024. He also served as [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism]], [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Culture]] and [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|Development of North Eastern Region]] [[Government of India|of India]] from 2019 to 2024. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] since 1980.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-07-04 |title=Kishan Reddy- a leader who rose from the ranks |url=https://theprint.in/india/kishan-reddy-a-leader-who-rose-from-the-ranks/1654979/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-assembly-elections-2018-saffron-leader-kishan-reddy-still-king-of-hearts-in-amberpet/articleshow/66857966.cms|title=Telangana assembly elections 2018: Saffron leader Kishan Reddy still king of hearts in Amberpet|newspaper=The Times of India |date=29 November 2018 |access-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130033037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-assembly-elections-2018-saffron-leader-kishan-reddy-still-king-of-hearts-in-amberpet/articleshow/66857966.cms|archive-date=30 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> He is an [[Member of parliament (India)|MP]] representing [[Secunderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)]] since 2019. He served as the floor leader of the BJP in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in 2009 and gave it up after being elected as the state BJP president of erstwhile [[United Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |author=G. Kishan Reddy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article80961.ece |title=Telangana: inevitable and desirable |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2010-01-15 |access-date=2013-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121061525/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article80961.ece |archive-date=21 January 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/g-kishan-reddy-leader-rose-through-ranks-1539001-2019-05-31 | title=G Kishan Reddy: A leader who rose through the ranks | publisher=India Today | date=31 May 2019 | access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref> He was first state president of Telangana BJP from 2014 to 2016, appointed again as Telangana BJP president on 4 July 2023 and served till 30 June 2025.<ref name="BJP reshuffle: Kishan Reddy is new Telangana BJP chief, Babulal Marandi in Jharkhand">{{cite news |title=BJP reshuffle: Kishan Reddy is new Telangana BJP chief, Babulal Marandi in Jharkhand |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-new-state-presidents-g-kishan-reddy-d-purandeshwari-babulal-marandi-and-sunil-jakhar-take-charge-101688465032667.html |access-date=4 July 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704102122/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-new-state-presidents-g-kishan-reddy-d-purandeshwari-babulal-marandi-and-sunil-jakhar-take-charge-101688465032667.html |archive-date=4 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life and education ==
Gangapuram Kishan Reddy, was born in Timmapur village in Rangareddy district of [[Telangana]] to G. Swamy Reddy<ref name=":0" /> and Andalamma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/telangana/bjp-leader-kishan-reddy-mother-passes-away-1184021|title=బీజేపీ నేత కిషన్‌రెడ్డికి మాతృవియోగం|date=2019-04-26|website=Sakshi|language=te|access-date=2019-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425223308/https://www.sakshi.com/news/telangana/bjp-leader-kishan-reddy-mother-passes-away-1184021|archive-date=25 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He is married to Kavya Reddy and has two children, a daughter and a son.<ref name=":2" /> He did a diploma in tool design from [[CITD]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://suvidha.eci.gov.in/uploads/affidavit/2019/PC/S29/8/S2920190331025503.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813102540/https://suvidha.eci.gov.in/uploads/affidavit/2019/PC/S29/8/S2920190331025503.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 August 2021|title=G. Kishan Reddy Election Affidavit for Parliamentary Constituency - Secunderabad|last=Reddy|first=G Kishan|date=20 March 2019|website=Suvidha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|pages=1–18}}</ref>

==Early political career==
Reddy started his political career as a youth leader of the [[Janata Party|Janta Party]] in 1977.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kishan Reddy Official Website |url=http://www.gkishanreddy.com/biography.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.gkishanreddy.com}}</ref>

Once the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] was formed in 1980, he joined the party full time. He became the state treasurer of the state [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]], Andhra Pradesh.
*From 1982 to 1983 he was [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] Andhra Pradesh Yuva Morcha State Treasurer
*From 1983 to 1984 he was [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] State Secretary, [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]], Andhra Pradesh
*From 1986 to 1990 he was the State President, [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]], Andhra Pradesh
*From 1990 to 1992 he was the National Secretary, [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] & In-charge of the [[South India]]
*From 1992 to 1994 he was the National Vice President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]]
*From 1994 to 2001 he was the National General Secretary of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]]
*From 2001 to 2002 he was the State Treasurer, State Spokesperson & Head Quarter Incharge of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], Andhra Pradesh
*From 2002 to 2004 he was the National President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha|BJYM]]
*From 2004 to 2005 he was the State GS and official spokesperson, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":1" />

==Election statistics==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Year
! Contested For
! Constituency
! Opponent
! Votes
! Majority
! Result
! Reference
|-
|1
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan="4"|[[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| [[Himayatnagar, Ranga Reddy district|Himayatnagar]]
| Govind Giri ([[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|TRS]])
| 55,338 - 23,577
| +31,761
| {{WON}}
|
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/himayatnagar-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |title=Himayatnagar Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |access-date=29 January 2025 |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207015842/https://resultuniversity.com/election/himayatnagar-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Amberpet Assembly constituency|Amberpet]]
| Mohd Fareeduddin ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| 59,134 - 31,891
| +27,243
| {{Won}}
|
<ref>{{cite web | title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Amberpet 2009 | url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/30470 }}</ref>
|-
|3
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| Aedla Sudhakar Reddy ([[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|TRS]])
| 81,430 - 18,832
| +62,598
| {{WON}}
|
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/amberpet-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |title=Amberpet Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |access-date=29 January 2025 |archive-date=14 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114204909/https://resultuniversity.com/election/amberpet-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|4
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election| 2018]]
| Kaleru Venkatesham ([[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]])
| 60,542 - 61,558
| -1,016
| {{lost}}
|
<ref>{{cite web | title=Amberpet Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency | url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/amberpet-telangana-assembly-constituency }}</ref>
|-
|6
|[[2019 Indian general election| 2019]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]
| Talasani Sai Kiran Yadav ([[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]])
| 3,84,780 - 3,22,666
| +62,114
| {{WON}}
|
<ref>{{cite web | title=Secundrabad Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency | url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/secunderabad-lok-sabha }}</ref>
|-
|7
| [[2024 Indian general election| 2024]]
| [[Danam Nagender]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| 4,73,012 - 4,23,068
| +49,944
| {{WON}}
|
<ref>{{cite web | title=Secundrabad Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result: Candidates Profiles, Map, Total Votes, Past Results | website=[[The Times of India]] | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/telangana/secundrabad }}</ref>
|}

== Rise in state politics ==

===Member of Legislative Assembly and Floor leader===
Between 2004 and 2009 he was the MLA, Himayatnagar Constituency, Floor Leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in State Assembly.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}
In 2009, when Himayatnagar (Assembly constituency) was abolished and largely replaced by [[Khairatabad Assembly constituency]], Reddy contested from Amberpet Assembly Constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-04 |title=Newsmaker {{!}} BJP brings in amiable old hand, G Kishan Reddy, to head Telangana unit |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/newsmaker-bjp-brings-in-amiable-old-hand-g-kishan-reddy-to-head-telangana-unit-8740583/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> From 2009 to 2014 he was the MLA, Amberpet Assembly Constituency, Floor Leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in State Assembly.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} He was elected in 2009 to the Amberpet assembly constituency with a majority of over 27,000 votes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/24/stories/2009032457260200.htm |title=Andhra Pradesh / Hyderabad News : Kishen Reddy files nomination papers |date=2009-03-24 |access-date=2013-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703095444/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/24/stories/2009032457260200.htm |archive-date=3 July 2009 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== President of State BJP ===
From 2010 to 2014, he was the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] State President of the Andhra Pradesh. He was unanimously elected as the Telangana BJP president, as an inaugural holder.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

Reddy, began the 22-day [[2012 Telangana protests|Telangana "Poru Yatra"]]– a {{convert|3500|km|adj=on}} journey through 986 villages and 88 assembly constituencies stressing the need for a stance on Telangana state – on 19 January.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gadkari flags off BJP's Telangana Yatra|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/220508/gadkari-flags-off-bjps-telangana.html|work=Deccan Herald |date=19 January 2012|access-date=7 September 2020}}</ref>

== Union minister of India ==

He was elected MP in the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad constituency]] in 2019 and 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Secunderabad Lok Sabha Election Results 2019- Secunderabad Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/telangana/parliamentary-constituencies/secunderabad.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

=== Minister of State ===
On 30 May 2019, he was sworn in as Union Minister of State (MoS) for [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs]] in the Government of India.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/narendra-modi-cabinet-2019-oath-taking-ceremony-live-updates-modi-amit-shah-take-oath-maneka-gandhi-likely-to-be-pro-tem-ls-speaker-6712611.html | title=Narendra Modi Cabinet 2019 oath-taking ceremony Updates: Modi, Amit Shah take oath; Maneka Gandhi likely to be pro-tem LS Speaker | date=30 May 2019 | publisher=Firstpost | access-date=24 June 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613190444/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/narendra-modi-cabinet-2019-oath-taking-ceremony-live-updates-modi-amit-shah-take-oath-maneka-gandhi-likely-to-be-pro-tem-ls-speaker-6712611.html | archive-date=13 June 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=PM Modi allocates portfolios. Full list of new ministers |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=31 May 2019 |access-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602015648/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |archive-date=2 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> From 2019 to 2021 [[Union Council of Ministers|Minister of State]] for [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]], serving along with [[Nityanand Rai]].

Considering the increase in demand for local public transport, he wrote a letter to the chief minister of [[Telangana]], [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]], urging him to resume MMTS services in the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/kishan-reddyurges-kcr-to-resume-mmts-services/articleshow/80756480.cms|title = G Kishan Reddy urges Telangana CM to resume MMTS services | Hyderabad News - Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India | date=9 February 2021 }}</ref>

=== Union Cabinet Minister ===

* [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism]] (2021-2024)<ref>{{cite web | title=G Kishan Reddy assumes office as Union Minister of Culture & Tourism | date=8 July 2021 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/Jul/08/g-kishan-reddy-assumes-office-as-union-minister-of-culture--tourism-2327211.html }}</ref>
* [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of Culture]] (2021-2024)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://aninews.in/news/national/general-news/g-kishan-reddy-assumes-office-as-union-minister-of-culture-amp-tourism20210708122024/ |title=G Kishan Reddy assumes office as Union Minister of Culture & Tourism |access-date=3 November 2024 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184409/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/g-kishan-reddy-assumes-office-as-union-minister-of-culture-amp-tourism20210708122024/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|Minister of Development of North Eastern Region]] (2021-2024)<ref>{{cite web | title=Shri G Kishan Reddy takes charge as Union Culture Minister | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1733766 }}</ref>

On 18 June 2022, the union Tourism Minister G Kishan Reddy explaining the training process of [[Agnipath Scheme]] at a press conference, stated that the people selected as Agniveers would be given training for the "skills of drivers, washermen, barbers, electricians and other professionals". The video clip of the remark became [[viral video|viral]]. Reddy said that there would be drivers, electricians, barbers and thousands other posts and people selected under this scheme, would be helpful in those jobs. A reporter noted that Skill Development Corporations was already established to train youth with different skills, Reddy answered that such skills would be imparted in Agnipath scheme as well.<ref name="Kishan Reddy">{{cite news |last1=Today |first1=Telangana |title=Kishan Reddy's remarks on Agniveers raise eyebrows |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kishan-reddys-remarks-on-agniveers-raise-eyebrows |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=Telangana Today |date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619003419/https://telanganatoday.com/kishan-reddys-remarks-on-agniveers-raise-eyebrows |url-status=live }}</ref>

* [[Minister of Coal (India)|Minister of Coal]] (2024-present)<ref>{{cite web | title=G Kishan Reddy takes charge as Union minister of coal and mines | work=The Times of India | date=13 June 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/g-kishan-reddy-takes-charge-as-union-minister-of-coal-and-mines/articleshow/110964328.cms }}</ref>
* [[Minister of Mines (India)|Minister of Mines]] (2024-present)<ref>{{cite web | title=G Kishan Reddy takes charge as Union minister of coal and mines | work=The Times of India | date=13 June 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/g-kishan-reddy-takes-charge-as-union-minister-of-coal-and-mines/articleshow/110964328.cms }}</ref>
In 2024, he took charge as the [[Minister of Mines (India)|Union Minister of Mines]] and [[Minister of Coal (India)| Union Minister of Coal]] in the [[Third Modi ministry]].<ref>{{cite web | title=G Kishan Reddy takes charge as Union minister of coal and mines | work=The Times of India | date=13 June 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/g-kishan-reddy-takes-charge-as-union-minister-of-coal-and-mines/articleshow/110964328.cms }}</ref>

== Return to state politics ==

On 5 July 2023, Reddy was re-appointed the State President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Telangana|Bharatiya Janata Party in Telangana]]. He succeeded [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2023-07-04 |title=Kishan Reddy replaces Bandi as Telangana BJP chief |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kishan-reddy-replaces-bandi-as-telangana-bjp-chief |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
This reshuffle came after weeks of infighting between various factions of the party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-05 |title=G. Kishan Reddy appointed Telangana BJP president amid reshuffle ahead of Assembly election |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/bjp-appoints-g-kishan-reddy-as-telangana-bjp-president/article67044397.ece |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandi Sanjay out, Kishan Reddy in: Telangana BJP, forced by dissent, gets a makeover |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/bandi-sanjay-kishan-reddy-telangana-bjp-chief-forced-by-dissent-gets-makeover-2401787-2023-07-04 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=India Today |date=4 July 2023 |language=en |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705180605/https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/bandi-sanjay-kishan-reddy-telangana-bjp-chief-forced-by-dissent-gets-makeover-2401787-2023-07-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101125093403/https://www.mha.gov.in/about-us/meet-the-minister/minister-of-state/shri-gkishan-reddy/ MHA Website]
* [https://twitter.com/kishanreddybjp Twitter]

{{Navboxes
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{{Third Modi ministry}}
{{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet}}
{{Home Ministry (India)}}
{{17th LS members from Telangana}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, G. Kishan}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:Union ministers from Telangana]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

Shivappa Nayaka

2026-03-23T08:29:21Z

Svetlafz: update references further and updated info

{{Short description|Indian monarch (1618–1663)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = Shivappanayaka.jpg
| alt = Shivappa
| caption = Statue of Keladi Shivappa Nayaka at [[Shivamogga]]
| reign = 1645–1660
| predecessor = Virabhadra Nayaka
| successor = Chikka Venkatappa Nayaka
| death_date = 25 September 1660<ref name="k918">{{cite web | last=Rao | first=C. Hayavadana | title=History of Mysore (1399-1799 A.D.) | url=https://dn721600.ca.archive.org/0/items/HistoryOfMysore13991799AD/218417_History_Of_Mysore_1399-1799_A_D.pdf | access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref>
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
[[File:Shivappa Nayaka Palace and garden.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Government Museum (Shivappa Nayaka Palace), Shivamogga|Shivappa Nayaka's palace]], Shivamogga, Karnataka]]
[[File:Shivappa Nayaka Palace in Shivamogga.JPG|thumb|upright|Front view of the Shivappa Nayaka palace]]
[[File:Bakel beach from fort 1.jpg|thumb|upright|The famous [[Bekal Fort]] at [[Kasargod]] in [[Malabar region|Malabar]], was built by Shivappa Nayaka]]
'''Shivappa Nayaka''' ({{langx|kn|ಶಿವಪ್ಪ ನಾಯಕ}}, 1618 – 25 September 1660),<ref name="Sarkar" /> popularly known as [[Keladi (India)|Keladi]] '''Shivappa''' Nayaka, was an Indian king and ruler of the [[Keladi Nayaka]] Kingdom. The Keladi Nayakas were successors of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in the [[coastal]] and [[Malnad]] (hill) districts of Karnataka, India, in the late 16th century. He was known as ''Sistina'' Shivappa Nayaka because he introduced a [[tax]] system called ''Sist''.<ref name="kal3"/>

==Conquests==
Shivappa Nayaka is remembered as an able administrator and soldier. He ascended the throne in 1645. During this time, the last ruler of the diminished Vijayanagara Empire ruling from [[Vellore]], [[Sriranga III| Shriranga Raya III]] was defeated by the [[Bijapur Sultanate]] and sought refuge with Shivappa. The growing threat of the Portuguese was eliminated by 1653 and the ports of [[Mangalore]], [[Kundapura]] and [[Honnavar]] were brought under Keladi control.<ref name="kel1">Kamath (2001), p222</ref> Having conquered the [[Kanara|Kanara coast]], he marched down to [[Kasaragod Town|Kasargod]] region of modern [[Kerala]] and installed a pillar of victory at [[Neeleeswaram]]. The forts of [[Chandragiri Fort, Kerala|Chandragiri]], [[Bekal Fort|Bekal]], Adka Fort, [[Arikady Fort]] and Mangalore were built by Shivappa Nayaka.

After securing the coastal regions, in 1654 he invaded north of the [[Tungabhadra]] river and captured territory in the modern [[Dharwad district]] from the Bijapur Sultanate. In 1659, he invaded the south and laid siege to [[Srirangapatna]] in modern [[Mysore district]], however an epidemic broke out in his army forcing him to withdraw.<ref name="kel2">Kamath (2001), p223</ref> In the south, he destroyed the Portuguese political power in the [[Kanara]] region by capturing all the Portuguese forts of the coastal region.<ref>Portuguese Studies Review (ISSN 1057-1515) (Baywolf Press) p.35</ref>

At their peak, the Nayakas built a niche kingdom comprising the coastal, hill and some interior districts ([[Bayaluseeme]]) of modern Karnataka, before succumbing to the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] in 1763, which at that time was ruled by [[Hyder Ali]].<ref name="kel">Kamath (2001), p220</ref>

==Administrator==
Shivappa Nayaka introduced a revenue settlement scheme called ''Sist'', a policy that has found favourable comparison to revenue schemes formulated by the [[Mughal Empire|Mogul]] emperor [[Akbar]].<ref name="kal3">His revenue settlement scheme was later praised by British officials such as Francis Buchanan and Rice (Kamath 2001, p223)</ref> According to this scheme, agricultural lands were divided into five types depending on the type of soil and available irrigational facilities. A unit of sowing capacity called ''Khanduga'' was developed and every irrigable land was taxed in varying amounts based on this unit. The rate of taxation depended on the yield in each one of these five types of land, the rate varying from village to village and amounting to a third of the total yield. Shivappa Nayaka gave importance to agriculture which resulted in an expanding agrarian economy.<ref name="kel2"/>

[[Ujjini#Marulasiddeswara_Temple|Ujjaini peeta]] was Rajaguru to Keladi dynasty. A religious and tolerant man, Shivappa Nayaka performed padapooja of [[Jangam]]s and built many [[Veerashaiva|Veerashaiva maths]] and also [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] sacrifices and rituals and patronised the Hindu [[Advaita]] order of [[Sringeri]]. He was tolerant towards Christians and gave them land to cultivate. He encouraged the mercantile communities of South India such as the [[Komati caste|Komatis]] and [[Konkani people|Konkani]]s to settle down and establish businesses in his kingdom.<ref name="kel2"/>

An interesting episode from the time of Shivappa Nayaka's rule goes as follows. A poor Brahmin named Ganesh Mallya came to Keladi, the capital city, with the intention of finding a job. Having no money, he carried a bag full of home-grown coconuts. Before entering the city, every traveller had to pass through eight toll gates, each of which collected a tax. Because he carried no cash, Ganesh Mallya had to part with two coconuts at each toll gate, one as tax and the other as a gift to the official. He also paid with two coconuts at the city entrance. Frustrated with all the tolls, Mallya boldly set up his own toll gate (the ninth toll gate) and collected a toll after registering full details of travellers into the city in his own register. In return for the toll, Ganesh Mallya handed out a receipt with a note ''new custom station for eighteen coconuts, signature of Ganeshayya Raja of Kumta''. This went on unnoticed for eighteen months before King Shivappa Nayaka heard of it. When summoned by the king, Ganesh Mallya admitted he had collected an illegal toll to make a livelihood. Impressed by his honesty and business acumen, Shivappa Nayaka took Ganesh Mallya into his service.<ref name="acumen">{{cite web|title=Epigraphy Helps to Trace Genealogy of Mahales of Honavar|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/konkani/mahales/index.htm|author=Kamat, Jyotsna|publisher=Kamat's Potpourri|work=The Mahales of Honavar|access-date=2007-06-15}}</ref>

Shivappa Nayaka died in 1663–64. His son and successor Soma Shekhar was murdered by his Brahmins and his grandson Basava was set up on the throne under the regency of his mother.<ref name="Sarkar">{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jadunath |title=Shivaji and His Times |date=1920 |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co. |location=London |pages=268–271|url=https://archive.org/details/shivajihistimes00sarkrich |access-date=11 May 2024}}</ref>

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
{{commons category}}
* Suryanath U. Kamat, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002) OCLC: 7796041

{{Karnataka topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayaka, Shivappa}}
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Shimoga]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Nayakas of Keladi]]
[[Category:Veerashaiva kings]]

Matanga Hill

2026-03-22T19:43:30Z

Svetlafz: made a details.

{{unreliable sources|date=November 2023}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}}

{{Short description|Hill in Karnataka, India}}
{{Infobox hill
| name = Matanga Hill
| location = Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15|19|N|76|28|E}}
| photo = Enroute to Matanga hills, Hampi.jpg
| photo_caption = Matanga Hill viewed from the nearby village
| map = India
}}

'''Matanga Hill''', also known as '''Rishyamuka Parvata''' is a rocky hill in the Matanga hill range,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Hinduism |date=2023-10-01 |title=The Hallowed Halls of Hampi |url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/october-november-december-2023/the-hallowed-halls-of-hampi/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Hinduism Today |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Hampi (town)|Hampi]], [[Karnataka]], southern [[India]]. The hill is supposedly a holy land from the [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Ramayana]] epic.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-02-20 |title=Matanga Hill - The Most Beautiful Of The Hampi Viewpoints |url=https://runawayann.com/matanga-hill-the-best-viewpoint-in-hampi/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref> The Matanga hill range served as a natural boundary of Hampi ([[Vijayanagara]]), which was the capital city of its namesake empire. Since the hills were a defense against attacks from outside lands, the [[Sangama dynasty|Sangama brothers]] purposely put Vijayanagara there.<ref name=":2" />

== History ==
[[Geologic time scale|The first solidified rocks in all of India]] were found at the Matanga hill range. These rocks are yellow.

Matanga Hill is a holy site, and thus has been a center of [[Hinduism]] for centuries. The hill was home to many more temples as well as [[Bazaar|bazaars]] and shops along long streets<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Group of Monuments at Hampi |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> than there are today during the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] time, before the empire was defeated by the [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultans]] from what is now central India. The city was plundered and burned to the ground.

Hampi and the Matanga Hill temples are now a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] (since 1986), as they were rediscovered by the [[British Raj]] in the year 1800. [[UNESCO]] built hotels, hice, restaurants and small stores under a [[jurisdiction]] on ancient Hindu relics in 2012, at the cost of the homes of 300 people and the Virupaksha Temple.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Hampi virupaksha temple.jpg|thumb|Virupaksha Temple, before it was destroyed by UNESCO.]]

== In Hinduism ==

=== The legend of Matanga Hill ===
According to [[Hindu mythology]], the Matanga Hill was the home of a [[hermit]] called Matanga. Once The monkey-king Vali (Son of Lord Indra) killed the demon Dundubhi (Looks like buffalo) and thrown him. The dead body of demon Dundubhi passed over Matanga parvat and blood of that demon dropped on Matanga oarvat. Maharshi Matanga got angry and The hermit then cast a curse on the monkey that would materialize if he went up the hill. Later, the son of the demon wanted to avenge his dad, so he drove Vali into a cave at the hill. His brother, [[Sugriva]], stood guard. After convincing himself that Vali had died, he left, causing Vali to wrongly arrest him for treason and banish him from the kingdom. Sugriva, in an act of desperation, then hid his general on a hill that Vali did not have access to. He was eventually saved from oppression by [[Rama]] the god, and appointed ruler of the monkey-kingdom. Vali was killed by Rama in the ordeal.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Sculptures of god Shiva dancing Thandavam.jpg|thumb|Shiva dancing]]

=== Temples ===
Near the hill, and visible from the summit, there are the [[Achyutaraya temple|Achyutaraya]], [[Vishnu]], and [[Hanuman]] temples, and at the summit, there is a viewpoint temple, the Virabhadra temple. [[Virabhadra]] is an embodiment of [[Shiva]], who the locals once worshipped.<ref name=":0" />

Matanga Hill was likely home to more Hindu temples during the south Indian Vijayanagara empire in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, but many of them have been in ruins since 1565, when the Deccan Sultans came from the north and ended the Vijayanagara Empire.<ref name=":2" />

== Geography and climate ==
The hill is in the state of Karnataka, southern India, somewhat near [[Bangalore|Bangalore (Bengaluru)]], and close to the south end of the [[Deccan Plateau]] (still on the plateau). It is well within the [[tropics]], consistent with its climate, at 15 N, 76 E.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bing Maps |url=https://www.bing.com/maps/?toWww=1&redig=B8E1C39C2BF94AAFB55C3ACD69E96642 |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Bing Maps |language=en}}</ref> The hill has abundant plant life towards the bottom, with a rocky top.<ref name=":0" /> The river [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]] passes near it and is visible from the summit.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> It is also surrounded by farmland that uses the Tungabhadra as a water source.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Screeching Great Horned Owl.jpg|thumb|A great horned owl]]
The area has much tropical birdlife, and also possesses [[Quail|quails]] and [[Great horned owl|great horned owls]]. Coconut trees populate the landscape.<ref name=":2" />

It has characteristics of a [[Semi-arid climate|hot semidesert]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Kӧppen]] ''BSh'') and a [[Tropical monsoon climate|monsoon]] (''Am'') climate, being extremely hot (up to 40 C) from March to May, with winters (Oct-Feb) being warm to hot and extremely dry. The monsoon season (May-Oct) is the only time when significant precipitation occurs and there is none from January to March, making March an extremely severe month.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} The area is extremely humid (up to 70 F [[dew point]]) during the monsoon season. The average lowest temperature to be observed in a year is {{Convert|56|F|C}}, and the average highest is {{Convert|108|F|C}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Hampi India |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/108598/Average-Weather-in-Hampi-India-Year-Round}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of mountains in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Asia}}
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Hills of Karnataka]]

Hellinsia triadias

2026-03-15T21:57:09Z

Svetlafz: creating a article first draft

{{Short description|Species of moth}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| genus = Hellinsia
| species = triadias
| authority = ([[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1908)
| synonyms = *''Pterophorus triadias'' <small>Meyrick, 1908</small>
}}
'''''Hellinsia triadias''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Pterophoridae]] that is endemic to [[India]].<ref>[http://zsi.gov.in/checklist/Family%20Pterophoridae.pdf A Check-List of Microlepidoptera of India (Part-I: Family Pterophoridae)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217064934/http://zsi.gov.in/checklist/Family%20Pterophoridae.pdf |date=2010-12-17 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5708316}}

[[Category:Hellinsia|triadias]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1908]]
[[Category:Plume moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]

{{Oidaematophorini-stub}}

Sanghamitra Talukder

2026-03-15T04:16:17Z

Svetlafz: done - done

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanghamitra Talukder
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Kolkata, India
| education =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2011–present
| notable_works = [[Aamar Durga]] <br> Gangster Ganga <br> [[Sarbojaya]]
}}
'''Sanghamitra Talukder''' is an Indian television actress, who works in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] television and films. She is known for her roles in ''[[Aamar Durga]]'', ''Gangster Ganga'', and ''[[Sarbojaya]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bengali-actress-sanghamitra-talukder-turns-a-year-older/articleshow/92510003.cms|title=Bengali actress Sanghamitra Talukder turns a year older|website= [[The Times of India]]|date=28 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/in-pics-actress-sanghamitra-talukder-has-a-blast-on-her-birthday/photostory/92546340.cms|title=Actress Sanghamitra Talukder has a blast on her birthday|website=The Times of India|date=29 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanghamitra Talukdar {{!}} Actress |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11511984/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Notes
!Channel
|-
| 2011– 2013
| ''[[Tapur Tupur]]''
| Tikli
| rowspan="2" |Side Role
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| 2013– 2014
| ''[[Kache Aye Shoi]]''
| Rinku
| [[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| 2014– 2015
| ''Hoyto Tomari Jonno''
| Anu
| rowspan="3" |Lead Role
| [[Colors Bangla]]
|-
| 2016– 2018

| ''[[Aamar Durga]]''
| Durga Mukherjee<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/patrika/chat-session-with-bengali-serial-actress-sanghamitra-talukdar-1.536779|title=ডাকনামটা হঠাৎ বদলে গেছে|website=Anandabazar Patrika|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/tollywood/sanghamitra-talukdar-personal-life-secret-reveal-on-didi-no-1-set-au60-732813.html|title=বছরের শুরুতেই জগন্নাথ দর্শন, নিজের জন্য কী চাইলেন পর্দার 'দূর্গা'? সংঘমিত্রার পর্দা ফাঁস মানালির হাতে|website=TV9 Bangla|date=21 January 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>
| [[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| 2019
| ''Gangster Ganga''
| Ganga<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/celebrity-interview-sanghamitra-talukdar-has-started-a-new-serial-dgtl-1.964639|title='আমার দুর্গা'র পর কী করছেন সঙ্ঘমিত্রা?|website=Anandabazar Patrika|language=bn}}</ref>
| [[Sun Bangla]]
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Sarbojaya]]''
| Sara Sen<ref>{{cite web|title=কলকাতার রসগোল্লা! নেচে তাক লাগালেন দেবশ্রী|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/tv-news/debashree-roy-and-sanghamitra-talukder-perform-together-on-sarbajaya-serial-new-episode/articleshow/85864372.cms|website=Ei Samay|language=bn}}</ref>
|Second Lead Role
| [[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| 2023–2025
| ''[[Geeta L.L.B.]]''
| Gini Mukherjee
| rowspan="2" |Negative Role
| rowspan="2" | [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
|2025–Present
|''Parashuram - Ajker Nayok''
|Sheetal aka Shiki
|}
=== Awards ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Character !! Film/TV show
|-
| 2017
|Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2017
| Priyo Meye
| Durga
|''[[Aamar Durga]]''
|-
| 2024
|Star Jalsha Parivar Awards 2024
| Sera Khalnayika
| Gini
|''[[Geeta L.L.B.]]''
|-
|}
===Mahalaya===
* Devi Doshomohavidya as Devi Tara (Mahalaya 2022) ([[Colors Bangla]])

=== Films ===
* ''The Senapatis: Mission Bomboy''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/aamar-durga-actress-sanghamitra-talukdar-to-play-a-challenging-role-in-senapati-web-series-season-2-213325/|title=দুর্গা থেকে লীনা! 'সেনাপতি'-তে ভিন্ন মেজাজে ধরা দেবেন সঙ্ঘমিত্রা|website=Bengali Express|language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|11511984}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talukder, Sanghamitra}}
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

Sujata Bajaj

2026-03-14T06:26:35Z

Svetlafz: stub

{{short description|Indian Abstract painter (born 1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Sujata Bajaj
| image = File:Sujata_Bajaj.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1958
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| field = [[Visual Arts]], [[Drawing]], [[Abstract painting]]
| training = The [[Macrobert Arts Centre]]
| movement =
| works =
| patrons =
| awards = French Government Scholarship, 1988-1989
| website = http://sujata-bajaj.com/
}}

'''Sujata Bajaj''' (born 1958, in [[Jaipur]]) is an Indian painter, best known for her work in [[Tribal art|Indian tribal art]]. A graduate of the [[Beaux-Arts de Paris]], her work has been displayed at the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], the [[Triveni Kala Sangam]], the [[Jehangir Art Gallery]], the [[:no:Kunsthall Stavanger|Kunsthall Stavanger]], the [[Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris|Casa de Noruega]], and the [[Macrobert Arts Centre]] between 1978 and 2001.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Waldberg |first1=Michel |title=Sujata Bajaj |date=2009 |publisher=Différence |isbn=978-2-7291-1855-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ASrcQgAACAAJ |access-date=21 June 2023 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tata |first1=Huzan |title=Seeking Ganesha with Sujata Bajaj |url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/sujata-bajaj-artist-ganesha-jehangir-art-gallery-art-soul-mumbai |access-date=21 June 2023 |work=Verve Magazine |date=10 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Play of forms |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/play-of-forms/cid/1385189 |access-date=21 June 2023 |work=Telegraph India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterji |first1=Shoma A |title='I like to remain free from any labelling' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/exclusive-interviews/like-remain-free-labelling-1502607723.html |access-date=21 June 2023 |work=The Statesman |date=24 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sujata Bajaj |url=https://thecurators.art/products/suba-sujata-bajaj |website=The Curators Art |access-date=21 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Houques |first1=Véronique |last2=Houques |first2=Claude |title=Histoire de la Société des artistes indépendants normands 1938-2005 |date=2006 |location=Rouen |page=451 |language=fr}}</ref>

== Life ==
Sujata Bajaj is the daughter of Anasuyaji and Radhakrishnaji Bajaj and was close to [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Vinoba Bhave]]. She was raised in [[Jaipur]] and attended graduate school in [[Pune]]. She has a degree in fine arts in Indian tribal art and graduated from the [[École des Beaux-Arts de Paris|École des beaux-arts de Paris]]. She has been living in Paris since 1988.

She is married to Rune Jul Larsen and has a daughter, Helena Bajaj-Larsen.

== Exhibitions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Solo Exhibitions in India
!Year!!Location
|-
|1978
|Bal Gandharva Art Gallery, [[Pune]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1979
|[[Jehangir Art Gallery]], [[Mumbai]]
|-
|Kamalnayan Bajaj Art Gallery, [[Mumbai]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1980
|Bal Gandharva Art Gallery, [[Pune]]
|-
|[[Jehangir Art Gallery]], [[Mumbai]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1982
|[[Academy of Fine Arts, Calcutta|Academy of Fine Arts]], [[Kolkata]]
|-
|Bal Gandharva Art Gallery, [[Pune]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1984
|Bal Gandharva Art Gallery, [[Pune]]
|-
|[[Jehangir Art Gallery]], [[Mumbai]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1985
|Bal Gandharva Art Gallery, [[Pune]]
|-
|[[Triveni Kala Sangam]], [[New Delhi]]
|-
|1986
|Taj Art Gallery, [[Mumbai]]
|-
|rowspan=3|1987
|Bal Gandharva Art Gallery, [[Pune]]
|-
|Kamalnayan Bajaj Art Gallery, [[Mumbai]]
|-
|[[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath|Karnataka Chitra Kala Parishath]], [[Bangalore]]
|-
|1988
|Sarala's Art Centre, [[Chennai]]
|-
|1989
|[[Jehangir Art Gallery]], [[Mumbai]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1991
|Birla Academy, [[Kolkata]]
|-
|The Gallery, [[Chennai]]
|-
|1992
|[[Jehangir Art Gallery]], [[Mumbai]]
|-
|1993
|The Gallery, [[Chennai]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1995
|The Gallery, [[Chennai]]
|-
|[[Triveni Kala Sangam]], [[New Delhi]]
|-
|1996
|[[Jehangir Art Gallery]], [[Mumbai]]
|-
|2000
|[[Jehangir Art Gallery]], [[Mumbai]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Other Exhibitions in India
!Year
!Location
!Title
|-
|1989
|Lalit Kala Galleries, [[New Delhi]]
|Indian Eclectics
|-
|1993
|Lalit Kala Galleries, [[New Delhi]]
|Souvenirs from France
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Solo Exhibitions Worldwide
!Year
!Location
|-
|rowspan=3|1988
|Commonwealth Art Gallery, [[Edinburgh, UK|Edinburgh, U.K]]
|-
|[[Macrobert Arts Centre|Macrobert Art Centre]], [[University of Stirling]], U.K
|-
|American Cultural Society, [[Washington (state)|Washington, U.S.A]]
|-
|rowspan=3|1989
|Centre for Near Eastern Students, [[Paris, France]]
|-
|Jean Louis Voisin Gallery, Pourville-sur-Mer, France
|-
|Bernanos Gallery, [[Ministry of National Education (France)|Ministry of National Education]], [[Paris, France]]
|-
|1991
|Christine Marquet de Vasselot Gallery, [[Paris, France]]
|-
|1992
|Art & Data Gallery, [[Frankfurt, Germany]]
|-
|rowspan=3|1993
|Norway House, [[Paris, France]]
|-
|Art & Data Gallery, [[Frankfurt, Germany]]
|-
|Gallery Nordstrand, [[Oslo, Norway]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1994
|Clay Gallery, [[Brussels, Belgium]]
|-
|Christine Marquet de Vasselot Gallery, [[Paris, France]]
|-
|1995
|Art & Data Gallery, [[Frankfurt, Germany]]
|-
|1997
|Gallery Nordstrand, [[Oslo, Norway]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1998
|Mohanjeet Gallery, [[Paris, France]]
|-
|Gallery Akern, [[Kongsberg, Norway]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1999
|Stavanger Art Association, [[Norway]]
|-
|Atlantic Gallery, [[New York City|New York, USA]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2000
|Gallery Nordstrand, [[Oslo, Norway]]
|-
|Galleri & Atelier Varatun Gård, [[Sandnes, Norway]]
|-
|2001
|Gallery Tendenes
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Other Exhibitions Worldwide
!Year
!Location
!Title
|-
|1988
|Tarbes, France
|The Exhibition of Contemporary Indian Painting
|-
|rowspan=6|1989
|École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, Paris
|Gallery of the House of Fine Arts
|-
|Galerie du Cygne, Paris
|Indian Artists in Paris
|-
|Neufchâtel-en-Bray, France
|Art en Bray Fair
|-
|Galerie Bernanos, Paris
|The Egalitarian Plural Society
|-
|C.I.U.P, Paris
|Nine Artists of the Cité Universitaire
|-
|Grand Palais, Paris
|May Salon
|-
|1990
|Neufchâtel-en-Bray, France
|Salon Art en Bray
|-
|rowspan=3|1991
|Neufchâtel-en-Bray, France
|Salon Art en Bray
|-
|USA
|New York Art Fair
|-
|Rouen, France
|Normandy Independent Fair
|-
|rowspan=4|1992
|Galleri Bryggen, Bergen, Norway
|
|-
|Christine Marquet de Vasselot Gallery, Paris
|
|-
|University of Frankfurt, Germany
|
|-
|Grand Palais, Paris
|Discovery Lounge
|-
|1993
|Grand Palais, Paris
|Contemporary
|-
|1994
|Frankfurt, Germany
|Ausstellung Indische Kunst
|-
|1995
|Paris
|UNESCO
|-
|1996
|Within the Frame Visual Art Centre, Hong Kong
|
|-
|rowspan=2|1998
|Hong Kong
|50 Years of Independence
|-
|Hong Kong
|Indian Spring
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Tribal art]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women painters]]

{{India-painter-stub}}

Bhil

2026-03-13T04:31:54Z

Svetlafz: Page refined with updated information

{{Short description|Indigenous community South Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Redirect|Bagdi|caste in East India|Bagdi (caste)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Bhil
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Bhils1880s.jpg
| caption = Bhils of Sindh
| total = 17 Million
| total_ref =
| total_year = [[2011 Census of India|2011]]
| total_source = census
| region1 = {{flag|India}}
| pop1 = 16,908,907<ref name=list>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SC/ST/ST%20Lists.pdf |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref><ref name=Census2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix|access-date=24 March 2017|work=Census of India 2011|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India]]}}</ref>
| region2 = {{nbsp|10}}[[Madhya Pradesh]]
| pop2 = 5,993,921<ref name=Census2011/>
| region3 = {{nbsp|10}}[[Gujarat]]
| pop3 = 4,215,603
| ref3 = <ref name=Census2011/>
| region6 = {{nbsp|10}}[[Rajasthan]]
| pop6 = 4,100,264
| ref6 = <ref name=Census2011/>
| region7 = {{nbsp|10}}[[Maharastra]]
| pop7 = 2,588,658
| ref7 = <ref name=Census2011/>
| region8 = {{nbsp|10}}[[Karnataka]]
| pop8 = 6,204
| ref8 = <ref name=Census2011/>
| region9 = {{nbsp|10}}[[Tripura]]
| pop9 = 3,105
| ref9 = <ref name=Census2011/>
| region10 = {{nbsp|10}}[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| pop10 = 604
| ref10 = <ref name=Census2011/>
| region11 = {{nbsp|10}}[[Chhattisgarh]]
| pop11 = 547
| ref11 = <ref name=Census2011/>
| region12 = {{flag|Pakistan}} ([[Sindh]])
| pop12 = 1,200,000 to 1,700,000 (2020)<ref>Bhil of Pakistan, Hussain Ghulam (2020) Bielefeld University https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343611243_Bhil_of_Pakistan#:~:text=Although%20official%20population%20figures%20are,million%20(as%20of%202020)</ref>
| languages = {{hlist|[[Bhil languages]] |[[Marathi language|Marathi]] |[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |[[Sindhi Bhil]] |[[Hindustani language|Hindi]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]}}
| religions = [[Hindu]] • [[Christianity]] • [[Islam]] • [[Animism]]
| related =
}}

'''Bhil''' or '''Bheel''' are various [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous groups]] inhabiting western [[India]], including parts of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gall |first=Timothy L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbhZAAAAYAAJ&q=Bhil+bow |title=Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life |last2=Hobby |first2=Jeneen |date=2009 |publisher=Gale |isbn=978-1-4144-4891-6 |language=en}}</ref> and in [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Mustafa |last2=Thakur |first2=Vikramaditya |date=January 2025 |title=Being Bhil: The politics of becoming indigenous in India and Pakistan |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02757206.2023.2261960 |journal=History and Anthropology |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=78–98 |doi=10.1080/02757206.2023.2261960 |issn=0275-7206|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Additionally they are also found in distant places such as [[Bengal]] and [[Tripura]].<ref name=WECDL>{{cite book |title=Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life |volume=3 |edition=2, illustrated |year=2009 |page=131 |publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale]] |place=Farmington Hills, Michigan |editor1-first=Timothy L. |editor1-last=Gall |editor2-first=Jeneen |editor2-last=Hobby |isbn=9781414448916 |oclc=1112785346 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbhZAAAAYAAJ&q=Bhil+bow |quote=The name Bhil identifies various ethnic communities inhabiting the hills and forests of southern Rajasthan and neighboring areas of western India. Some scholars argue that "Bhil" comes from the Dravidian word for bow (''billa'' or ''billu'') and reflects the popularity of the bow and arrow as a weapon among these groups. The term is also used in a broader sense to refer to the aboriginal peoples of this region.}}</ref> Though they now speak the [[Bhili language]], an [[Indo-Aryan language]], the aboriginal language that the Bhil originally spoke is lost.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gregory D.S. Anderson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2zxBwAAQBAJ|title=The Munda Languages| date=8 April 2015 | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-1-317-82885-3 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://tribal.nic.in/ST/StatisticalProfileofSTs2013.pdf|title=Statistical Profile of Scheduled Tribes in India|publisher=Ministry of Tribal Affairs|year=2013|location=New Delhi|pages=10}}</ref> Bhils are divided into a number of [[endogamy|endogamous]] territorial divisions, which in turn have a number of clans and lineages.

Bhils are listed as tribal people in the states of [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Rajasthan]]—all in the western [[Deccan]] regions and central India—as well as in [[Bengal]] and [[Tripura]] in far-eastern India, on the border with [[Bangladesh]]. Many Bhils speak the dominant language of the region they reside in, such as [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] or [[Bengali language|Bengali]].

==Etymology==
Some scholars suggest that the term Bhil is derived from the word ''billa'' or ''billu'' which means '''bow''' in the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian lexis]]. The term Bhil is used to refer to "various ethnic communities" living in the forests and hills of [[Rajasthan]]'s southern parts and surrounding regions of [[western India]], highlighting the "popularity of the bow and arrow as a weapon among these groups". It is also used as a blanket term to refer to the [[Indigenous peoples|aboriginal]] peoples of these areas.<ref name=WECDL></ref>

==History==

=== Bhil Rebellion ===

The Bhils of what is now the state of Gujarat rebelled on several occasions during the [[Colonial India|British colonial era]], notably in 1846, 1857–58, and 1868.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ETStkm6TcwcC&pg=PA124|title=Law Enforcement in Tribal Areas |first=S. K. |last=Ghosh |publisher=Ashish Publishing House |year=1987 |page=124|isbn=9788170241003 }}</ref>

Along with several other Indian social groups, the Bhils were designated as a [[Criminal Tribes|criminal tribe]] by the [[British Raj|British colonial government]] under the [[Criminal Tribes Act|Criminal Tribes Act 1871]], which meant that a Bhil could be "randomly picked up, tortured, maimed or even killed" by the colonial authorities. Susan Abraham notes that many of the tribes characterised as criminal under the Act had earlier rebelled against the [[East India Company]] and participated in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. She claims that the British colonial government legislated the Act in 1871 in the wake of these autochthonic tribes' proclivity for rebellion.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=34 |number=27 |date=July 1999 |pages=1751–1753 |publisher=Economic and Political Weekly |title=Steal or I'll Call You a Thief: 'Criminal' Tribes of India |first=Susan |last=Abraham |jstor=4408149}}</ref>

===Mutiny against Mewar State===
[[File:Bhil Women.jpg|thumb|Bhil women]]
According to [[Ram Pande]], in 1881, the Bhils protested against "the census classification, prohibition on alcohol manufacture, the establishment of police and customs, and the ban on the [[Witch hunts in India|killing of witches]]". Their campaigning was stepped up and given meaning by Govind Guru who was a social and political leader. Pande suggests that because of his long-term [[Brahminical Hinduism]] missionary work among the tribe, Govind was able to stop them from consuming meat and alcohol and to pressurise the state for the formation of village councils that could administer their affairs and for barring forced labour. In 1917, [[Mewar State]]'s [[Girasia]]s joined the Bhils in the struggle to get the petty taxes and forced labour quashed, and to get the land revenues decreased. Taking note of these protests, the ''[[jagirdar]]s'' of Mewar had called on a British political agent to suppress the mutiny. Pande noted that 1,500 Bhils got shot in 1913. In 1921, the tribals and peasants united under the leadership of [[Motilal Tejawat]] in the struggle against "forced labour, petty taxes, the disparity in taxes, high taxes and the tyrannical ways of the ''jagirdars''". Tejawat's thoughts drew followers from the Bhils and [[Girasia]]s of the [[Danta State|Danta]], [[Idar State|Idar]], [[Palanpur State|Palanpur]] and [[Sirohi State|Sirohi]] regions of Gujarat; and he "became a notorious offender against the [[State (polity)|state]]".<ref>{{cite book |title=Identity, Gender, and Poverty: New Perspectives on Caste and Tribe in Rajasthan |edition=illustrated |year=1997 |page=240 |publisher=[[Berghahn Books|Berghahn]] |place=Oxford; Providence |chapter=Class Resistance and Identity |first=Maya |last=Unnithan-Kumar |isbn=978-1571819185 |oclc=1043247151 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9ktWLud0oIC&pg=PA240}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The Bhils are inhabitants of [[Dhar]], [[Jhabua]], [[Khargone]] and [[Ratlam]] districts of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. [[Bhilai]] (Bhil= Tribe, Aai= Came, meaning Bhils came), a city in [[Durg district]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] is named after this.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} A large number of Bhils live in the neighbouring states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], and [[Rajasthan]]. In Bengal, the [[Bauri (caste)|Bauris]] represent the Bhil tribe.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Goutam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSUhEAAAQBAJ&dq=Bauris+Bhil&pg=PA270 |title=Know Your State West Bengal |last2=Pattrea |first2=Madhumita |date=7 December 2020 |publisher=Arihant Publications India limited |isbn=978-93-252-9222-2 |language=en}}</ref>{{bsn|date=June 2024}} They constitute the largest [[tribe]] of [[India]]. According to Victoria R. Williams, the Bhils are India's "most widely dispersed tribal group". A small population of Bhils also resides in [[Pakistan]]'s [[Sindh]] province, who are known as the [[Sindhi Bhils]].<ref name="VRW"/>

== Present circumstances ==
The Bhil are classified as a [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Karnataka]], [[Madhya Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=उपाध्याय |first1=गिरीश |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/news/amit-shah-in-bhopal-tomorrow-focus-on-tribal-in-home-ministers-second-consecutive-visit-to-mp-know-the-reason-129696179.html|title=MP के दूसरे दौरे में भी ट्राइबल पर फोकस; जानिए BJP के लिए आदिवासी क्यों जरूरी|work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=21 April 2022 |accessdate=22 April 2022}}</ref> [[Maharashtra]], Rajasthan and [[Tripura]] under the [[Reservation in India|Indian government's reservation program]] of [[positive discrimination]].<ref name=list/>

== Subdivisions ==
The Bhil are divided into several endogamous territorial divisions, which in turn have several clans and lineages. In [[Rajasthan]], they exist as Bhil Garasia, [[Dholi Bhil]], [[Dungri Bhil]], [[Dungri Garasia]], [[Mewasi Bhil]], [[Barda (tribe)|Barda]], Patelia, Kataria, Bagdi, [[Dhodia]], [[Billava|Bhillava or Billava]], [[Meena]], Barela, Khotil, Dangchai,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&q=Bhil |title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles |date=1996 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-0-19-563357-3 |language=en}}</ref> Dangehi, [[Nirdhi Bhil]], [[Gamit]], Rawal Bhil, [[Tadvi Bhil]], [[Bhagalia]], [[Bauris]], [[Bhilala]], Thakar, [[Rathwa]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tilche |first=Alice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CM5gEAAAQBAJ&dq=Chhota+Udaipur+Bhil&pg=PA10 |title=Adivasi Art and Activism: Curation in a Nationalist Age |date=19 February 2022 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0-295-74972-3 |language=en}}</ref> [[Pawra]], Sonawane, [[Barda tribe|Barda]], [[Warli]], [[Nayak (caste)|Nayak]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fisher |first=R. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T1B_AAAAMAAJ&q=Nayak+Subcaste+Bhil |title=If Rain Doesn't Come: An Anthropological Study of Drought and Human Ecology in Western Rajasthan |date=1997 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-184-6 |language=en}}</ref> [[Nahals]], Mathvadi, Dorepis,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbUBAAAAYAAJ&dq=Bhil+rulers&pg=PA620 |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Khandesh |date=1880 |publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref> [[Dhanka]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAsfAAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE |title=The Sultanate of Delhi, 711-1526 A.D.: Including the Arab Invasion of Sindh, Hindu Rule in Afghanistan and Causes of the Defeat of the Hindus in Early Medieval Age |date=1966 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |language=en}}</ref> [[Vasava]] and [[Vasave]].<ref name="census2001">{{cite web|publisher=Census of India: Government of India |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/scst_main.html |date=7 March 2007 |title=List of Scheduled Tribes |access-date=27 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605042409/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/scst_main.html |archive-date=5 June 2010 }}</ref>{{efn|The [[Vasava]] and [[Vasave]] in [[Rajasthan]] may be alternate transliterations of the name for a single community. The sources are unclear regarding this.}}

== Language ==
[[File:A partial specimen of the Bhili Language.png|thumb|150px|Partial specimen of the Bhili language]]
The language commonly spoken by Bhils throughout their geographic distribution is [[Bhili language|Bhili]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hoQqpkfrXfAC&q=bhil+language|title=Ethnographic Atlas of Indian Tribes|last=Mehta|first=Sonu|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|year=2004|isbn=9788171418527|editor-last=Mehta|editor-first=Prakash Chandra|location=New Delhi|pages=191|chapter=Bhils - I}}</ref> Bhili has about up to 36 identified dialects and pronunciation differs by region.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite thesis|url=http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14048|title=Dialect Continuum in the Bhil Tribal Belt: Grammatical Aspects|last=Phillips|first=Maxwell P.|publisher=University of London|year=2012|pages=23|type=phd}}</ref> Bhili is based on Gujarati, but dialects of Bhili gradually merge into more widely spoken languages such as Marathi in the southeast and Rajasthani in the northwest. Around 10 million people recorded themselves as speaking a Bhili dialect in the census.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ratnagar |first=Shereen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tcTz54VVHF4C |title=Being Tribal |date=2010 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-02-3 |language=en}}</ref>

Estimates of individuals speaking the language are often inaccurate as speakers of minor languages like Bhili have sometimes been treated as having major languages (such as Marathi or Gujarati) as their mother tongue.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.96184|title=Census of India 1951|year=1954|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.96184/page/n69 61]|chapter=Paper No. I - Languages}}</ref>

The Bhils in Sindh speak [[Sindhi Bhili]] and [[Dhatki language|Dhatki]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhi Bhil: Sindhi Meghwar language |url=https://globalrecordings.net/en/language/16736 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=globalrecordings.net |language=en}}</ref>

== Culture and traditions ==
Bhils have a rich and unique culture. The Bhilala sub-division is known for its [[Pithora (painting)|Pithora painting]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pachauri|first1=Swasti|title=Pithora art depicts different hues of tribal life|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/pithora-art-depicts-different-hues-of-tribal-life/|access-date=13 February 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=26 June 2014}}</ref> [[Ghoomar]] is a traditional [[folk dance]] of the Bhil tribe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Inquisitive Social Sciences|last=Kumar|first=Ashok Kiran|publisher=S. Chand Publishing|year=2014|isbn=9789352831098|location=Republic of India|pages=93}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Native People of The World|last=Danver|first=Steven L.|publisher=Routledge|date=28 June 2014|isbn=978-0765682949|location=United States of America|pages=522}}</ref> Ghoomar is the symbol of womanhood. Young girls take part in this dance and declare that they are stepping into the shoes of women.

=== Art ===
Bhil painting is characterised by the use of multi-coloured dots as in-filling. [[Bhuri Bai]] was the first Bhil artist to paint using readymade colours and paper. Other known Bhil artists include [[Lado bai|Lado Bai]], Sher Singh, Ram Singh and Dubu Bariya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.artisera.com/blogs/expressions/bhil-art-how-a-tribe-uses-dots-to-make-their-story-come-alive |title=Bhil Art - How A Tribe Uses Dots To Make Their Story Come Alive |website=Artisera |access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref>

=== Food ===
The main foods of Bhils are [[maize]], [[onion]], [[garlic]], and [[Chili pepper|chili]] which they cultivate in their small fields. They collect fruits and vegetables from the local forests. [[Wheat]] and [[rice]] are used at time of festivals and other special occasions only. They keep self-made bows and arrows, swords, knives, axes, etc. with them as weapons for self-defense and hunting the wild fauna which also form a major part of their diet. They profusely use alcohol distilled by them from the flower of Mahua ([[Madhuca longifolia]]). On festive occasions, various special preparations from the dish are rich, i.e. maize, wheat, barley, malt, and rice. Bhils are traditionally non-vegetarian.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjhLDwAAQBAJ&q=Bhil+people+history&pg=PA4|title=Ethnobotany of Bhil Tribe|isbn=9789387307360|last1=Singh|first1=V. P.|last2=Jadhav|first2=Dinesh|date=January 2011|publisher=Scientific Publishers }}</ref>

===Dress===
[[File:Bhil woman circa 1914.jpg|thumb|150px|A Bhil woman in gala dress]]
The traditional dresses of men are the [[Pagri (turban)|Pagri]], [[Angarkha]], [[Dhoti]] and [[Gamchha]]. Traditionally women wear [[Sari]] and [[Ghagra Choli]].

There are many traditional ornaments of Bhils. Men wear [[Kara (jewellery)|Kada]], Bajuband, Chain, ear rings, Kardhani. Women wear variety of ornaments such as hansli (ring) Zele-zumke, earrings in Bhil language, narniyan{{which lang|date=July 2020}} (bangle), nathni (nose-jewel) etc. [[Tattooing]] is a traditional custom among them. Women folks do tattooing generally before marriage.<ref name=":0" />

===Faith and worship===
Every village has its local deity ([[Gramadevata|Gramdev]]) and families too have their Jatidev, [[Kuladevata|Kuldev]] and Kuldevi (house hold deity) which is symbolised by stones. 'Bhati dev' and 'Bhilat dev' are their serpent-god. 'Baba dev' is their village god. Karkulia dev is their crop god, Gopal dev is their pastoral god, Bag dev is their Lion god, Bhairav dev is their dog god. Some of their other gods are Indel dev, Bada dev, Mahadevel, Tejaji, Lotha mai, Techma, Orka Chichma and Kajal dev.

They have extreme and staunch faith in superstitious beliefs and [[Bhopa]]s for their physical, mental, and psychological treatments.<ref name=":0" />

* Bhensasaur - Bhil people worship buffalo as Bhensasaur <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wr4MAAAAIAAJ&q=Bhil&pg=PA571 |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ... |date=1901 |publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref>

According to Victoria R. Williams, the Bhils "identify largely as Hindu". The Dang Bhils follow Christianity, and the [[Nirdhi Bhil|Nirdhi]] and [[Tadvi Bhil|Tadivi]] Bhils follow [[Islam]]. A number of other Bhils follow Sonatan (Sanskrit: [[Sanātana Dharma|Sanatan]]) which is their "own religion". Williams states that Sonatan "blends Hindu beliefs and [[Animism|animistic philosophies]]".<ref name="VRW">{{cite book |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 Volumes] |edition=illustrated |year=2020 |page=179 |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |place=Santa Barbara, California |entry=Bhil |first=Victoria R. |last=Williams |isbn=978-1440861185 |oclc=1107833866 |entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_zRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA179}}</ref>

===Festivals===
There are several festivals, viz. [[Raksha Bandhan|Rakhi]], [[Navratri]], [[Dashera]], [[Diwali]], [[Holi]] which are
celebrated by the Bhils. They also celebrate some traditional festivals viz. [[Akshaya Tritiya|Akhatij]], Navmi, Howan Mata ki Chalavani, Sawan Mata ki jatar, Diwasa, Nawai, Bhagoria, Gal, Gar, Dhobi, Sanja, Indel, Doha etc. with ceremonious zeal and enthusiasm.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

During some festivals, there are many tribal fairs held at different places in districts. Navratri mela, [[Bhagoria Festival|Bhagoria]] mela (during Holi festival) etc.<ref name=":0" /> Bhil community of [[Udaipur]] celebrate [[Gavari]] festival each year after Holi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mediaindia.eu/tv-video/gavari-a-tribal-dance-drama-by-the-bheel-community-of-udaipur/|title=GAVARI: A tribal dance drama by the Bhil community of Udaipur|website=mediaindia.eu|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref>

=== Types of Dance and Festivities===
[[File:Bhil Dance Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|A performance by Bhil dancers in Delhi]]
The chief means of their recreation is folk songs and dances. Women dance at birth celebrations, marriage functions and on a few festivals in traditional Bhili style accompanied by a drum beat. Their dances include the Lathi (staff) dance, Dhol dance, marriage dance, Holi dance, Battle dance, Bhagoria dance, Deepawal dance, Sajoni dance and hunting dance. Musical instruments include the [[Harmonium]], [[Sarangi]], Kundi, [[Bansuri]], Apang, Khajria, [[Tabla]], [[Cymbal|Jhanjh]], [[Madal|Mandal]] and Thali. They are usually made from local products.<ref name=":0" />

=== Local political structure ===
Traditional Bhil village is led by a [[Head-man|headman]] (''Gameti''). The ''gameti'' has authority and decision-making powers over most local disputes or issues.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Human: The Definitive Visual Guide|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|year=2004|isbn=0-7566-0520-2|editor-last=Winston|editor-first=Robert|location=New York|pages=439}}</ref>

==Bhil Pradesh Demand==
There has been a demand for the establishment of a separate state of [[Bhil Pradesh]] or '''Bhil''' '''Desh''' by combining the tribal-dominated parts of Gujarat and neighbouring states [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], and [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2022 |title=Explained: Why are tribals of Rajasthan and Gujarat demanding a separate state of Bhil Pradesh? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-are-tribals-of-rajasthan-and-gujarat-demanding-separate-state-of-bhil-pradesh-7936036/ |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2014, when the [[Telangana]] state was formed, it reignited hopes of statehood again.<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web |date=1 August 2013 |title=Clamour for separate Saurashtra, Bhilistan to get louder – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-clamour-for-separate-saurashtra-bhilistan-to-get-louder-1868566 |access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref> In 2023, [[Aam Aadmi Party, Gujarat|Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP) MLA leader [[Chaitar Vasava]] raised demand for separate state of Bhil Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat AAP MLA demands separate state of 'Bhil Pradesh' for tribals |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gujarat-aap-mla-demands-separate-state-of-bhil-pradesh-for-tribals-2355816-2023-04-04 |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=India Today |date=4 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable people==

=== Artist ===
*[[Bhuri Bai]], Artist<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saffronart.com/artists/bhuri-bai|title=Bhuri Bai {{!}} Paintings by Bhuri Bai {{!}} Bhuri Bai Painting - Saffronart.com|website=Saffronart}}</ref>
*[[Lado Bai]], Artist<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bhilart.com/lado-bai/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923123714/http://bhilart.com/lado-bai/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=23 September 2016|title=Lado Bai|website=Bhil Art}}</ref>

=== Freedom fighter ===
*[[Tantia Bhīl]], freedom fighter<ref name="GuptāBeniwal2007">{{cite book|author1=Ramaṇikā Guptā|author2=Anup Beniwal|title=Tribal Contemporary Issues: Appraisal and Intervention|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hFGgLdn6KsC&pg=PA18|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-475-2|pages=18–}}</ref>
*[[Bhima Nayak]], Freedom fighter

=== Politician ===
*[[Chhotubhai Vasava]], Politician<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ahmed-patel-saviour-chhotubhai-vasava-puts-congress-in-bind-2560314|title=Ahmed Patel saviour Chhotubhai Vasava puts Congress in bind|website=dnaindia}}</ref>
*[[Rajkumar Roat]], Politician

=== Players ===
*[[Nitin Bhille]] - Cricket player
*Dinesh Bhil - Archer <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2020 |title=Champion archer Dinesh Bhil to train civil services officers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/champion-archer-dinesh-bhil-to-train-civil-services-officers-6664229/ |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bhilala]]
* [[Rathwa]]
* [[Mewar Bhil Corps]]
* [[India tribal belt]]

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{Notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjORKo7maRUC&pg=PA168 |title=The Structure of Indian Society: Then and Now |last=Shah |first=Arvind M. |author-link=Arvind Shah |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-13619-770-3}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes}}
* [https://www.gkmirror.in/2020/08/history-of-bhil-tribe-in-india.html History of Bhil Tribe in India - भील जनजाति का इतिहास] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123222148/https://www.gkmirror.in/2020/08/history-of-bhil-tribe-in-india.html |date=23 November 2020 }}
*{{citation | url = http://www.folkpaintingsindia.com/ | title = Gond & Bhil Tribal Art — Madhya Pradesh | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150622220138/http://www.folkpaintingsindia.com/ | archive-date = 22 June 2015 | df = dmy-all }}.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20191216023016/https://www.nativeplanet.org/indigenous/cultures/india/bishnoi/bishnoi.shtml The desert dwellers of Rajasthan: Bishnoi and Bhil peoples (essay)]
*[http://www.rajasthan-tourism-guide.com/bhils-tribe-in-rajasthan.html Bhil Tribe In Rajasthan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011021415/http://www.rajasthan-tourism-guide.com/bhils-tribe-in-rajasthan.html |date=11 October 2012 }}
* [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0127655 Genetic Affinity of the Bhil, Kol and Gond Mentioned in Epic Ramayana]

{{Bhil Clans}}{{Social groups of Rajasthan}}{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}{{Scheduled tribes of India}}
{{Scheduled Tribes in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bhil| ]]
[[Category:Hindu ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Sindhi tribes]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Delhi]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Tripura]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]

Bhil

2026-03-13T04:31:54Z

Svetlafz: Page refined with updated information

Gold Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role

2026-03-13T01:52:29Z

Svetlafz: creating the stub needs work

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Gold Awards|Gold Award]] for Best Actor in a Supporting Role
| image =
| image_upright =
| caption = The 2019 recipient: [[Ritvik Arora]]
| awarded_for = Best Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role on Television
| presenter = White Leaf Entertainment
| country = [[India]]
| year = 2007 (for performances in TV shows in [[2006 in television|2006]])
| holder =
* [[Ritvik Arora]] for ''[[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]]'' (Popular)
* Karan Khanna for ''[[Divya Drishti]]'' (Jury)
| website = [https://www.goldawards.in/ Gold Awards]
}}

'''Gold Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role''' is an [[award]] given by [[Zee TV]] as part of its annual [[Gold Awards]] for [[Indian television]] series and artists, to recognize a male actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role.

The award was first awarded in 2007, and since has been separated in two categories, '''Critics Award''' and '''[[Popular Awards|Popular Award]]'''. Critics Award is given by the chosen jury of critics assigned to the function while Popular Award is given on the basis of public voting.

==Superlatives==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|- style="height:4.5em;"
! style="width:350px;"|[[wikt:superlative|Superlative]]
! colspan="2" style="width:600px;"|Popular
! colspan="2" style="width:600px;"|Overall<br>(Popular + Jury)
|- style="height:4.5em;"
| style="width:350px;"|Actor with most awards
| style="width:500px;"|[[Raj Singh Arora]]
| style="width:100px;"|3
| style="width:500px;"|[[Raj Singh Arora]]
| style="width:100px;"|3
|- style="height:4.5em;"
|Actor with most nominations
| style="width:500px;"|[[Anoop Soni]]
| style="width:100px;"|4
| style="width:500px;"|[[Anoop Soni]]
| style="width:100px;"|6
|- style="height:4.5em;"
|Actor with most nominations<br />(without ever winning)
| style="width:500px;"|[[Gaurav Chopra]]
| style="width:100px;"|3
| style="width:500px;"|[[Gaurav Chopra]]
| style="width:100px;"|3
|- style="height:4.5em;"
|}

== List of winners ==
===2000s===
*'''2007''' '''[[Rajesh Khera]] - ''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]]''''' as '''Cadet Sahni'''{{fact|date=December 2023}}
**[[Hiten Tejwani]] - ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' as Karan Virani
**[[Akshay Anand]] - ''[[Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar|Saat Phere...Saloni Ka Safar]]'' as Brijesh Pratap Singh
**[[Jamnadas Majethia]] - ''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby ]]'' as Dr. Harshad Thakkar
**[[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]] - ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' as Kamal Agarwal
**[[Arjun Bijlani]] - ''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]]'' as Cadet Aalekh Sharma
*'''2008''' '''[[Alok Nath]] - ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]''''' as '''Prakashchand '''<ref>[http://www.indiantvinfo.com/boroplus-gold-awards-on-zee-tv/ Winners of 2nd Boroplus Gold Awards, 2008]</ref>
**[[Yatin Karyekar]] - ''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyaan]]'' as Suryakant
**[[Anoop Soni]] - ''[[Balika Vadhu ]]'' as Bhairav
** [[Jay Bhanushali]] - ''[[Kayamath]]'' as Neev Shergill
**[[Vikram Gokhale]] - ''[[Jeevan Saathi]]'' as Vikram Rathod
*'''2009''' ''Not Held''

=== 2010s===
*'''2010''' '''[[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]]''' - '''''[[Uttaran]]''''' as '''Jogi Thakur'''<ref>[http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/awards-and-honours/boro-plus-gold-awards-10/articleshow/6070450.cms 3rd Boroplus Gold Awards, 2010]</ref>
**[[Anoop Soni]] - ''[[Balika Vadhu ]]'' as Bhairav
**[[Vikram Gokhale]] - ''[[Mera Naam Karegi Roshan]]'' as Thakur Veer Pratap Singh
**[[Vinay Rohrra]] - ''[[Laagi Tujhse Lagan]]'' as Bajirao
**Amit Pachori - ''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2009 TV series)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]'' as Tatya Tope
*'''2011''' '''[[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]]''' - '''''[[Uttaran]]''''' as '''Jogi Thakur'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/336764/photos-4th-boroplus-gold-awards-2011 |title=4th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2011 |access-date=2017-07-15 |archive-date=2018-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911083719/http://www.gomolo.com/336764/photos-4th-boroplus-gold-awards-2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiantelevisionawards.webs.com/boroplus-gold-awards |title=Winners List:4th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2011 |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408092834/https://indiantelevisionawards.webs.com/boroplus-gold-awards |url-status=dead }}</ref>
**[[Anoop Soni]] - ''[[Balika Vadhu ]]'' as Bhairav
**[[Gireesh Sahedev]] - ''[[Navya..Naye Dhadkan Naye Sawaal]]'' as Girish Sachdev
**[[Shiv Kumar Subramaniam]] - ''[[Mukti Bandhan]]'' as I.M.Virani
*'''2012''' '''[[Anoop Soni]]''' - '''''[[Balika Vadhu ]]''''' as '''Bhairav'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiascanner.com/5th-boroplus-gold-awards-2012-winners-71716 |title=Ram Kapoor wins Best Actor at 5th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2012 |access-date=2017-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707115758/http://indiascanner.com/5th-boroplus-gold-awards-2012-winners-71716 |archive-date=2018-07-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
**[[Jai Kalra]] - ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' as Vikram Shergill
**[[Gaurav Chopra]] - ''[[Uttaran]]'' as Raghuvendra Prathap Rathore
**[[Vivek Mushran]] - ''[[Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi]]'' as Lucky Singh Ahluwalia
*'''2013''' '''[[Vaquar Shaikh]] - ''[[Qubool Hai]]''''' as '''Rashid Khan'''<ref>[http://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2013/2013-boroplus-gold-awards-2013-winners-list-115204.html Winners of 6th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2013]</ref>
**[[Rithvik Dhanjani]] - ''[[Pavitra Rishta]]'' as Arjun Digvijay Kirloskar
**[[Jai Kalra]] - ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' as Vikram Shergill
**[[Gaurav Chopra]] - ''[[Uttaran]]'' as Raghuvendra Prathap Rathore
**[[Mukesh Khanna]] - ''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]]'' as Purushottam Deewan
**[[Chetan Pandit]] - ''[[Punar Vivaah - Zindagi Milegi Dobara|Punar Vivaah]]'' as Suraj Pratap Sindhia
*'''2014''' '''[[Vishal Singh (actor, born 1985)|Vishal Singh]] - ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''''' as '''Jigar Modi'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Girija |date=2014-05-20 |title=Zee Gold Awards 2014 Complete List Of Winners |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/zee-gold-awards-2014-list-of-winners-list-jodha-akbar-beintehaa-diya-baati-140309.html |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>[http://www.zeetv.com/events/boroplus-gold-awards-2014 Boroplus Gold Awards, 2014]</ref>
**[[Aham Sharma]] - ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' as Karna
**[[Sameer Dharmadhikari]] - ''[[Buddha (TV series)|Buddha]]'' as Sudhodhana
**[[Gaurav Chopra]] - ''[[Uttaran]]'' as Raghuvendra Prathap Rathore
**Arav Chowdhary - ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' as Bhishma
**[[Rohit Bhardwaj]] - ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' as [[Yudhishtra]]
*'''2015''' '''[[Raj Singh Arora]] - ''[[Ye Hai Mohabbatein]]''''' as '''Mihir Arora''' (tied with) '''[[Vishal Singh (actor, born 1985)|Vishal Singh]] - ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''''' as '''Jigar Modi'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Girija |date=2015-06-05 |title=Gold Awards 2015 Winners List: Karan Patel, Divyanka, Karanvir, Surbhi, Gautam Gulati Win! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2015/gold-awards-2015-winners-list-kaan-patel-divyanka-karanir-gautam-gulati-surbhi-photos-185737.html |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Prarthna |date=2015-06-22 |title=Zee Gold Awards 2015 Highlights, Complete Winners' List: 'Yeh Hai Mohabbatein' Bags Most Honours; Karan-Divyanka's Romance Steals the Show |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zee-gold-awards-2015-highlights-complete-winners-list-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-bags-most-honours-636621 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>
*'''2016''' '''[[Raj Singh Arora]] - ''[[Ye Hai Mohabbatein]]''''' as '''Mihir Arora''' (tied with) '''[[Arjit Taneja]] - ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''''' as '''Purab Mehra'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2016|title=Gold Awards 2016: Arjun Bijlani, Devoleena Bhattacharjee, Mouni Roy win top honours; full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/gold-awards-2016-arjun-bijlani-devoleena-bhattacharjee-mouni-roy-full-list-of-winners-lifetv-13451-2016-06-10 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Varun Badola]] - ''[[Mere Angne Mein]]'' as Raghav Srivastava
*'''2017''' '''[[Vishal Singh (actor, born 1974)|Vishal Singh]] - ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''''' as '''Naitik Singhania'''<ref>[http://goldawards.weebly.com/2017.html Complete Winners list of 10th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2017]</ref>
**[[Vin Rana]] - ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'' as Purab Khanna
**[[Kunal Jaisingh]] - ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'' as Omkara Singh Oberoi
**[[Raj Singh Arora]] - ''[[Ye Hai Mohabbatein]]'' as Mihir Arora
*'''2018''' '''[[Manit Joura]] - ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''''' as '''Rishabh Luthra''' (tied with) '''[[Kunal Jaisingh]] - ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''''' as '''Omkara Singh Oberoi'''<ref>[http://goldawards.weebly.com/2018.html Complete Winners list of 11th Keshking Gold Awards, 2018]</ref>
**[[Vin Rana]] - ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'' as Purab Khanna
**[[Mohit Malik]] - ''[[Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala]]'' as Sikander Gill
**[[Vishal Singh (actor, born 1974)|Vishal Singh]] - ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' as Naitik Singhania
**[[Sudesh Berry]] -''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]'' as Harak Singh
*'''2019''' '''[[Ritvik Arora]]''' '''- [[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]] as Kunal Rajvansh'''
**[[Manit Joura]] - ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]'' as Rishabh Luthra
**[[Vin Rana]] - ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'' as Purab Khanna
**[[Uday Tikekar]] - ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)]]'' as Moloy Basu
**Karan Khanna - ''[[Divya Drishti]]'' as Daitya Vanar
**Rajat Dahiya - ''[[Tujhse Hai Raabta]]'' as Sarthak Rane

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Gold Awards|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
[[Category:Film awards for supporting actor]]

{{tv-award-stub}}

Dhavanik Kanavugal

2026-03-11T06:33:59Z

Svetlafz: creating first info more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Dhavanik Kanavugal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Bhagyaraj]]
| writer = K. Bhagyaraj
| producer = K. Bhagyaraj
| starring = K. Bhagyaraj<br />[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]<br />[[Sivaji Ganesan]]
| cinematography = A. V. Ramakrishnan
| editing = A. Selvanathan
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Praveena Film Circuit
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1984|9|14|ref1=}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Dhavanik Kanavugal''''' ({{translation|Sweet Dreams}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written, directed and produced by [[K. Bhagyaraj]], starring himself, [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] and [[Sivaji Ganesan]]. The film was released on 14 September 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=14 September 2020 |title='மிலிட்டிரி சிவாஜி', 'போஸ்ட்மேன் பார்த்திபன்', 'நடிகர் பாக்யராஜ்'; குரு பாரதிராஜாவை இயக்கிய சிஷ்யன்; 'தாவணிக்கனவுகள்' வெளியாகி 36 ஆண்டுகள் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/578671-36-years-of-dhavanikanavugal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607054810/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/578671-36-years-of-dhavanikanavugal.html |archive-date=7 June 2021 |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> It was partially reshot in Telugu as ''Ammaayiluu... Preminchandi!''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=12 June 2010 |title=K.Bhaagya Raj – Chitchat |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_bhagyaraj_2010_2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231103207/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_bhagyaraj_2010_2.php |archive-date=31 December 2010 |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2023 |title=Priyadharshini Neelakandan Looks Beautiful In This Beige Kurta And Off-White Dupatta |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/priyadharshini-neelakandan-looks-beautiful-in-this-beige-kurta-and-off-white-dupatta-7135177.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241028061050/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/priyadharshini-neelakandan-looks-beautiful-in-this-beige-kurta-and-off-white-dupatta-7135177.html |archive-date=28 October 2024 |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Subramaniam "Subramani", an economics graduate from [[PSG College of Arts and Science|PSG College]] in [[Coimbatore]], struggles to make ends meet. With five younger sisters to support, he takes on menial jobs to provide for his family. Captain Chidambaram, a retired army officer, owns a cycle shop in the same village and rents a portion of his house to Subramani. Chidambaram is a well-wisher of Subramani's family, and his eldest sister even works part-time at the cycle shop. Subramani's mother arranges for his eldest sister to marry a mute groom, citing the absence of dowry demands. However, Captain Chidambaram intervenes, advising the eldest daughter to wait for a more suitable match rather than settling for an unsatisfactory arrangement.

Subramani gets into a physical altercation with the manager, Vinayaga Moorthy during the personal interview, leading to a court case. Fortunately, Captain Chidambaram comes to his rescue, arguing on his behalf and securing his release. The family's poverty takes a toll on Subramani's fourth sister, who hesitates to inform her family about her puberty, fearing the additional financial burden. Meanwhile, Subramani's cousin, who harbors feelings for him, provides clandestine support. However, her family proposes that Subramani leave his family and live with them, a condition he refuses, ultimately leading to his cousin's marriage to someone else. Unbeknownst to his family with Captain Chidambaram's help, he embarks on a journey to [[Madras]] to seek employment opportunities. In Madras, he encounters a young woman who poses as a police officer and convinces him to stay nearby. However, she is later revealed to be the daughter of Chidambaram's friend. Subramani first tries to break into the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]] as an actor but faces rejection. He then ventures into smuggling, only to meet with failure once again.

Once Subramani saves Chidambaram's friend's daughter from a group of miscreants, she eventually develops feelings for him. However, Subramani does not reciprocate her emotions. To maintain the illusion that Subramani has secured employment, Captain Chidambaram discreetly sends money to his family through money orders, with the help of postman Ponnusami. Chidambaram suffers a heart attack but refuses surgery, opting instead to allocate the funds to support Subramani's family. Meanwhile, the struggling Subramani is found lying unconscious on the street but is rescued by Chidambaram's friend's daughter. She offers him work in the film industry as a junior artist for a daily wage of Rs.25. Captain Chidambaram suffers a second heart attack, prompting him to transfer his properties to Subramani's mother's name. He also makes arrangements to provide a monthly stipend to Subramani's family, making it appear as though the support is coming from Subramani himself. Also, he builds his own grave and expresses his unwavering faith in Subramani's future success.

At the film shoot, Subramani impresses director [[Bharathiraja]] with his improvised dialogue, so he appoints Subramani as the film's hero and writer. Subramani's career as an actor takes off, and he achieves great success. On Bharathiraja's sister's advice, Subramani moves into Bharathiraja's house. Meanwhile, Captain Chidambaram, on his deathbed, requests that Subramani not be informed about his condition, asking his family to let Subramani focus on his career. After the film's success, Subramani arranges marriages for his three sisters. He also accepts the love of Chidambaram's friend's daughter. However, during the wedding ceremony, Subramani discovers that his sisters are not interested in marrying the groom Subramani had chosen as they were motivated by money.

Subramani then realizes that his sisters are actually in love with three other men: a tailor, a laundry man, and Postman Ponnusami. These men had helped Subramani during his struggling days and were willing to marry his sisters without demanding any dowry. Subramani wholeheartedly accepts the three men as his brothers-in-law and agrees to their marriages.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[K. Bhagyaraj|Bhagyaraj]] as Subramaniam "Subramani"
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Subramani's love interest
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Captain Chidambaram
* [[Ilavarasi]] as Subramani's cousin
* [[Poornima (Telugu actress)|Poornima Rao]] as Bharathiraja's sister
* [[Bharathiraja]] as himself (guest appearance)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=12 November 1999 |title=Fascination for the pastoral |url=http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/11/12/stories/09120223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010217104407/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/11/12/stories/09120223.htm |archive-date=17 February 2001 |access-date=27 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as an actor (special appearance)
* [[Kuladeivam Rajagopal]] as a writer
* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] as an actress (special appearance)
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as an actress (special appearance)
* [[Dubbing Janaki]] as Maragadhammal
* Kokila as Subramani's eldest sister
* [[Uma Bharani]] as Subramani's sister
* [[Nithya Ravindran|Nithya]] as Subramani's sister
* Babitha as Subramani's sister
* [[Priyadharshini]] as Suchi, Subramani's youngest sister
* Ramli as an actor
* [[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]] as Postman Ponnusami
* [[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as a film producer
* [[Chelladurai]] as Vinayaga Moorthy, manager
* [[Master Haja Sheriff|Haja Sheriff]] as Kaja, a street-vendor
* [[C. R. Parthiban]] as a father of a bridegroom
* [[Kovai Senthil]] as a marriage broker
* MLA Thangaraj as Lawyer Mayilsamy
* [[Mayilsamy]] as a man in the funeral crowd
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as an assistant director
}}

==Production==
''Dhavanik Kanavugal'' is the first credited role for Parthiban<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=21 August 2002 |title=Breaking convention |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/breaking-convention/article28378969.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131025140/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/breaking-convention/article28378969.ece |archive-date=31 January 2022 |access-date=31 January 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and acting debut for Mayilswamy, both of whom appear in minor roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2023 |title=Popular comedian Mayilsamy passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/popular-comedian-mayilsamy-passes-away/articleshow/98056294.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230503140615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/popular-comedian-mayilsamy-passes-away/articleshow/98056294.cms |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=3 May 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is also the debut of Priyadarshini, who later attained fame as a television actor and host.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2022 |title=பாக்யராஜ் இயக்கிய குழந்தை நட்சத்திரம் இந்த சீரியல் நடிகை தானா? |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=110128 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225025038/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=110128 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |access-date=25 December 2022 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> The song "Sengamalam Sirikkuthu" was shot at [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=25 August 1984 |title=திரைக்கு வரும் தாவணிகனவுகள் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_303/4.jp2/full/1000,1373/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241224015606/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_303/4.jp2/full/1000,1373/0/default.jpg |archive-date=24 December 2024 |access-date=24 December 2024 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=Ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhavani Kanavugal (1984) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/dhavani-kanavugal-songs-T0002672 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230407080534/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/dhavani-kanavugal-songs-T0002672 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=7 April 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhavani Kanavugal Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/dhavani-kanavugal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407080944/https://mossymart.com/product/dhavani-kanavugal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=7 April 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Sengamalam Sirikkudhu" is set to [[Lalitha (raga)|Lalitha]] raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=2 August 2013 |title=Distinctly classical |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/distinctly-classical/article4981630.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110154846/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/distinctly-classical/article4981630.ece |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=7 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |pages=157 |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}</ref> The song "Oru Nayagan" was remixed by [[Premgi Amaren]] in ''[[Thozha (2008 film)|Thozha]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=12 February 2008 |title=Thozha (Tamil – Prem Gi. Amaran) |url=https://milliblog.com/2008/02/12/thozha-tamil-prem-gi-amaran/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131101410/https://milliblog.com/2008/02/12/thozha-tamil-prem-gi-amaran/ |archive-date=31 January 2022 |access-date=31 January 2022 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Maamoi Maamoi
| length1 = 3:38
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title2 = Oru Nayagan
| length2 = 5:33
| lyrics2 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| title3 = Sengamalam Sirikuthu
| length3 = 4:22
| lyrics3 = Kuruvikkarambai Shanmugam
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
| title4 = Vaanam Niram
| length4 = 4:14
| lyrics4 = [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| total_length = 17:47
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu track listing<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ammayiloo Premincha |url=https://avdigital.in/products/ammayiloo-premincha-telugu-super-ep-33-rpm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202205819/https://avdigital.in/products/ammayiloo-premincha-telugu-super-ep-33-rpm |archive-date=2 December 2023 |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=AVDigital |language=en}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 17:47 
| title1 = Maava Maava Mandukotti
| length1 = 3:38
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title2 = Maa Annaku Eduru Ledura
| length2 = 5:33
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| title3 = Kanepilla Valachenu
| length3 = 4:22
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. P. Sailaja
| title4 = Megham Chiru Jallai
| length4 = 4:14
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
}}

== Reception ==
[[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called Bhagyaraj's humour as the film's only saving grace.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=30 September 1984 |title=தாவணிக் கனவுகள் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1984-09-30/page/n59/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230503140317/https://archive.org/details/kalki1984-09-30/page/n59/mode/2up |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=3 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=59–60 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' praised the acting, cinematography, music and direction.<ref>{{Cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=17 September 1984 |title=தாவணிக் கனவுகள் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_324/4.jp2/165,0,6063,2428/6063,2428/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241028061013/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_324/4.jp2/165,0,6063,2428/6063,2428/0/default.jpg |archive-date=28 October 2024 |access-date=28 October 2024 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> According to Bhagyaraj, the film failed at the box-office as audiences did not expect a serious subject from him.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 October 1984 |title=பாக்யராஜின் பயம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1984-10-28/page/n11/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230505140746/https://archive.org/details/kalki1984-10-28/page/n11/mode/2up |archive-date=5 May 2023 |access-date=5 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=11–12 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{K. Bhagyaraj}}

[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:1984 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1984 drama films]]
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Bhagyaraj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
{{improve categories|date=October 2024}}

Drishadvati River

2026-03-08T15:40:59Z

Svetlafz:

{{Short description|River}}

The '''Drishadvati River''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]:{{IAST|''Dṛṣad-vatī''}}, "She with many stones") is a river hypothesized by [[Indology|Indologists]] to identify the route of the [[Vedic]] river [[Sarasvati River|Saraswati]] and the state of ''[[Brahmavarta]]''. According to ''[[Manusmriti]]'', the ''Brahmavarta'', where the [[Rishi]]s composed the Vedas and other [[Sanskrit]] texts of the [[historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]], was at the confluence of the Saraswati and Drishadvati rivers during the Vedic period.

[[File:Sarasvati river.jpg|thumb|Vedic and present-day Gagghar-Hakra river-course, with [[Aryavarta]]/[[Kuru kingdom]], and (pre-)Harappan Hakkra/Sutlej-Yamuna paleochannels.<ref name="Clift2012">{{cite journal |last1=Clift |first1=P. D. |last2=Carter |first2=A. |last3=Giosan |first3=L. |last4=Durcan |first4=J. |last5=Duller |first5=G. A. T. |last6=Macklin |first6=M. G. |last7=Alizai |first7=A. |last8=Tabrez |first8=A. R. |last9=Danish |first9=M. |last10=VanLaningham |first10=S. |last11=Fuller |first11=D. Q. |title=U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River |journal=Geology |date=1 March 2012 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=211–214 |doi=10.1130/G32840.1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khonde |first1=Nitesh |last2=Singh |first2=Sunil Kumar |last3=Maurya |first3=D. M. |last4=Rai |first4=Vinai K. |last5=Chamyal |first5=L. S. |last6=Giosan |first6=Liviu |title=Tracing the Vedic Saraswati River in the Great Rann of Kachchh |journal=Scientific Reports |date=14 July 2017 |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-05745-8|doi-access=free |pmc=5511136 }}</ref>{{refn|group=lower-alpha|See [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Satellite-image-of-the-Indus-River-system-showing-the-study-sites-Stars-indicate_fig1_229062223 Clift et al. (2012) map] and [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-05745-8/figures/1 Honde te al. (2017) map].}} See also [https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Sir+Creek/@27.9238648,69.0488446,1290954m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x39527a0557ec4543:0x9e7e9966b79d473b!8m2!3d23.8379562!4d68.2376719 this] satellite image.<br />
1 = ancient river<br/>
2 = today's river<br/>
3 = today's Thar desert<br/>
4 = ancient shore<br/>
5 = today's shore<br/>
6 = today's town<br/>
7 = dried-up Harappan Hakkra course, and pre-Harappan Sutlej paleochannels.<ref name="Clift2012" />]]
[[File:Painted_Grey_Ware_sites_map_1.svg|alt=|thumb|Cemetery H, Late Harappan, OCP, Copper Hoard and Painted Grey ware sites.]]

=={{anchor|Location of Drishadwati}}Location==
Although the Drishadvati is mentioned several times in Sanskrit [[Grantha alphabet|Granthas]], a detailed description of the river is not found in other ancient literature and this has generated speculation about its source and route. The ''[[Latyayana Srautasutra]]'' (10.17) describes it as a seasonal river, with the Saraswati a perennial river until its ''[[vinasana]]'' (10.15-19).

The Drishadvati is mentioned in Brahmanas written primarily in the state of [[Brahmavarta]]. According to these texts, the river originated in the pot of [[Brahma]]: [[Pushkar Lake]], near [[Ajmer]]. The Sarasvati, with four branches flowing in different directions, originated in the hills near [[Pushkar]]. Drishadvati was the branch flowing north. Most of the [[ashram]]s of the Rishis who compiled the [[Rigveda]] were on the river, between Pushkar and [[Dhosi Hill]] in Brahmavarta.<ref>Sudhir Bhargava; Saraswati-a perspective, 2009</ref> According to the Rigveda, the Drishadvati was preferred for religious sacrifices by the Vedic people.

In the ''[[Manu Smriti]]'', the Drishadvati and the Sarasvati define the boundaries of the Vedic state of [[Brahmavarta]]:<ref>Manusmriti, Chapter 2, Shalok 17</ref> "It says that the land, created by the Gods, which lies between the two divine rivers Sarasvati and Drishadvati, the (sages) call Brahmavarta." The text also says that although the Sarasvati formed the northern boundary of Kuru Pradesh, the Drishadvati flowed in south of [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru Pradesh]] and north of Brahmavarta. According to the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the southern boundary of Kuru Pradesh was [[Guru]] [[Drona]]'s ashram (present-day [[Gurgaon]] at one end and [[Rohtak]] and [[Jhajjar]] at the other); therefore, the Drishadvati flowed in the southern portions of these cities. Although about 100 [[stream]]s flowed south to north in the {{convert|200|km|adj=on}}-wide [[Aravalli Range]] during the [[Vedic period]], the only large river is the present-day [[Sahibi River|Sahibi]].<ref>Sudhir Bhargava, Convenor, Brahmavarta Research Foundation, Rewari, "Location of Brahmavarta and Drishadwati river is important to find earliest alignment of Saraswati River", Presentation in Seminar 'Saraswati River-a perspective', on Nov. 20-22, 2009, Kurukshetra university, Kurukshetra, pages 114-117, Seminar report, published by Saraswati Nadi Shodh Sansthan, Haryana.</ref> The Sahibi has a lower flow at present because of low rainfall in its catchment area and has a wide, dry bed which carries water from the districts of [[Jaipur]], [[Sikar]], [[Alwar]] [[Rewari]], [[Jhajjar]], [[Rohtak]] and [[Delhi]] into the [[Yamuna]].

The Drishadvati is mentioned in the Rigveda ([[Mandala 3|RV 3]].23.4) with the Sarasvati and Apaya. According to the [[Rigveda]], the [[Brahmana]]s and the [[Kalpa (Vedanga)|Kalpa]], Vedic sacrifices were performed on this river and on the Sarasvati. In the ''[[Bhagavata Purana|Srimad Bhagavatam]]'', the Drishadvati is a transcendental river.

=={{anchor|Origin of Drishadvati}}Origin==
The Drishadvati was identified by Oldham as the [[Chautang River]],<ref>e.g. Keith and Macdonell. 1912. Vedic Index of Names and Subjects.; Oldham: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 25, 58; see Amal Kar and Bimal Ghose 1984</ref> and in 2000 Talageri identified it with the Hariyupiya and [[Yavyavati River]]s. In 1871 [[Alexander Cunningham]] identified the Rakshi River as the old Drishadvati and demonstrated its flow to have been from [[Chunar]], near [[Varanasi]]. According to the Brahman Granthas, before its confluence with the Saraswati the Drishadvati flowed from the east to west. The Saraswati flowed from north to south during the Vedic period close to Aravallis, and the Drishadvati flowed from south to north through the Aravallis from Pushkar Lake in [[Rajasthan]] to Nangal Chaudhery in southern [[Haryana]]. The river then turned to reach Satnali and meet the Saraswati. After major tectonic/seismic activity in the Aravalli Range some 6500 years ago, the Saraswati changed its course.<ref>Sudhir Bhargava, "Location of Brahmavarta and Drishadwati river is important to find earliest alignment of Saraswati river" Seminar, Saraswati river-a perspective, Nov. 20-22, 2009, [[Kurukshetra University]], Kurukshetra, organised by: Saraswati Nadi Shodh Sansthan, Haryana, Seminar Report: pages 114-117</ref>

According to [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]],<ref>''Namah Shivaya Shantaya'', English edition, chap. 7, Ananda Marga Publications, 1982 (written under the spiritual name of P. R. Sarkar, that is, Shri Anandamurti).</ref> the Drishadvati originated in the [[Vindhya Range|Vindya Mountains]] of [[Baghelkhand]] and joined the [[Charmanwati]]. After an earthquake, it flowed north to join the [[Son River]]. Sarkar believes that the Drishadvati is the [[Ghaghara]].

==See also==
*[[Ghaggar-Hakra River]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References ==
{{reflist}}

* Amal Kar, Bimal Ghose: Drishadvati River System of India: An assessment and new findings. The Geographical Journal, Vol 150, No 2, 1984.
* [[Shrikant G. Talageri]], ''The Rigveda, a historical analysis'', Aditya Prakashan, New Delhi (2000), {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20030519124910/http://www.tri-murti.com/ancientindia/rigHistory/ch4.htm chapter 4]}}

{{Rigveda}}

[[Category:Rigvedic rivers]]

Revenue Sale Law, 1793

2026-03-05T14:29:03Z

Svetlafz: Added

'''Revenue Sale Law, 1793''' was a British-era law concerning the collection of revenue from Bengal and as part of the [[Permanent Settlement]] agreement. The law changed allowed the auction of the land of zamindars who could not pay taxes.

== Background ==
In 1793, the [[East India Company]] signed an agreement with landlords, the [[zamindar]]s and [[Taluqdar|talukdars]], of Bengal. The agreement made the landlords the owners of all land in Bengal and fixed a revenue amount that was to be paid to the colonial administration by the landlords. The landlords were given the right to charge whatever rent they wanted to the tenant, as they had no protection under the agreement.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Islam|first=Sirajul|title=Permanent Settlement, The|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Permanent_Settlement,_The|access-date=2021-05-02|website=Banglapedia}}</ref> The previous Mughal government made zamindars the collectors of taxes and the managers of the land, but the land was owned hereditarily by peasants.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Islam|first=Sirajul|title=Revenue Sale Law, 1793|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Revenue_Sale_Law,_1793#:~:text=Revenue%20Sale%20Law,%201793%20was,be%20sold%20in%20public%20auction.|access-date=2021-05-02|website=Banglapedia}}</ref>

The talukdars served under the zamindars, but these act made them independent landlords. This provision bankrupted many zamindars, as most of their holdings were managed by the talukdars.<ref name=":0" /> The purpose of the revenue generation was to send the surplus to the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nur Alam|first=Md.|title=Agrarian Relations in Bengal: Ancient to British Period|url=https://bea-bd.org/site/images/pdf/015.pdf|website=[[Bangladesh Economic Association]]}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1793, the Revenue Sale Law was passed, which altered the [[Permanent Settlement]]. The change made it impossible for zamindar to claim relief from taxes due to natural disasters such as flooding or drought. It also created a provision that allowed the colonial administration to sell off the property of zamindars who defaulted on the payment of taxes.<ref name=":1" />

Bengal is a riverine lowland territory that experiences seasonal floods and droughts. Bengal had an economy dependent on agriculture, which was heavily dependent on the weather. It was not uncommon for harvest to fail and zamindars to be short on their revenue. By 1799, nearly half of all properties of zamindars had changed ownership.<ref name=":1" /> In addition to the property, the title of the landlords was also sold in the auctions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Woodman|first=Joseph Vere|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fu4PAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Revenue+Sale+Law%22&pg=PA5363|title=Digest of Indian Law Cases: High Court Reports, 1862-86, and Privy Council Reports of Appeals from India, 1836-1886|date=1888|language=en}}</ref>

Zamindars who lost their property in auctions sometimes refused to hand over the property to new owners and resisted changes. There were legal cases in court over the ownership of these properties. Law and order deteriorated in the Bengal province. The law was amended through Regulation 7 of 1799, which now made auctions of the property of zamindars who defaulted on taxes yearly events, not monthly.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Great Britain Parliament House of Commons Select Committee on Colonization and Resettlement (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZleAAAAcAAJ&q=%22Revenue+Sale+Law%22&pg=PA247|title=Fourth Report from the Select Committee on Colonization and Settlement (India); Together with the Proceedings of the Committee, Minutes of Evidence and Appendix: Ordered, by the House of Commons, to be Printed, 23 July 1858|date=1858|pages=247|language=en}}</ref> There was tension and conflict between the new landlords, who bought the title in auction, and the peasants, known as Raiyats, who were supported by the dispossessed zamindars.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Field|first=Charles Dickenson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_19CAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Revenue+Sale+Law%22&pg=PA669|title=Landholding, and the Relation of Landlord and Tenant: In Various Countries|date=1885|publisher=Thacker, Spink and Company|pages=669–670|language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
By the mid-19th century, the population of Bengal had increased, and along with that, revenue had also increased. There was no increase in revenue to be collected from the zamindars per the Permanent Settlement agreement, and as a result the auctioning of properties of zamindars who had defaulted on payment to the colonial administration declined.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:History of taxation in India]]
[[Category:Legal codes]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:1793 in British India]]
[[Category:Treaties of the British East India Company]]

Pazhani (2008 film)

2026-03-03T04:24:26Z

Svetlafz: adjusted section for clarity

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| image = Pazhani 2008 poster.jpg
| director = [[Perarasu]]
| writer = Perarasu
| producer = [[Sakthi Chidambaram]]
| starring = [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]]<br />[[Kajal Aggarwal]]<br />[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
| cinematography = [[Vijay Milton]]
| editing = V. Jayshankar
| music = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| studio = Cinema Paradise
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|01|15}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pazhani''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[masala film]] written and directed by [[Perarasu]]. Marketed as "Commercial Panchamirtham", it stars [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] in the main lead role alongside [[Kajal Aggarwal]] and [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]. The film, produced by [[Sakthi Chidambaram]] under the banner Cinema Paradise, had music by [[Srikanth Deva]]. This is Bharath's first action film with a kola mass image makeover and is also the first Tamil film release for Aggarwal.

''Pazhani'' launched on 10 August 2007 and was released on 15 January 2008 which coincided with the [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festival, and became a commercial success. It was later remade into Oriya as ''[[Gud Boy]]'' (2012).{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

== Plot ==
Pazhanivel (Pazhani) is released from jail after 15 years and accidentally saves Jeevanandham from some goons, following which he gets appointed as Jeevanandham's car driver. Karpagambal is Jeevanandham's wife and also Pazhani's sister, which he learns later. Pazhani hides his identity from Karpagambal and reveals his name as Vellaiyan, as she has a hatred towards her brother from childhood. Meanwhile, Pazhani falls in love with Deepti. Pazhani suddenly finds out that Jeevanandham has a money minded concubine named Durga.

Karpagambal finds out that Pazhani is her brother and gets furious. She also gets him sacked. Now, Karpagambal finds out the real truth about her brother. A flashback is shown where Karpagambal and Pazhanivel's father, Meiyappan, had a concubine and Pazhani killed her at the age of 10. He is then arrested and jailed for the well-being of his mother. As Karapagambal was unaware of the reason behind the murder, she developed a hatred towards Pazhani right from childhood. Knowing the truth, Karpagambal understands Pazhani and she tells him not to come to her husband's house and see her again.

However, Jeevanandham has other plans now. He decides to divorce Karpagambal and marry Durga legally. Pazhani challenges Jeevanandham and tries all means to save Karpagambal. Jeevanandham stages a foul play along with Vaikundan, an unscrupulous moneylender. Everyone believes that Vaikundan confiscated Jeevanandham's house, following which Karpagambal is sent out of the house, but Pazhani arrives and takes Karpagambal along with him. Vaikundan cheats Jeevanandham and takes away his home for real, which shocks Jeevanandham.

Pazhani plays tricks and makes Karpagambal as the owner of the export firm owned by Jeevanandham, as the business is registered in the name of Karpagambal. Jeevanandham is left penniless, and to his surprise, Durga ditches him and joins hands with Vaikundan. Jeevanandham realises his mistake. Finally, Pazhani kills both Vaikundan and Durga in a fight. Pazhani is arrested for the murders and goes to jail. Pazhani feels happy that at first he landed up in jail for the well-being of his mother, and now he is jailed for the well-being of his sister.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] as Pazhanivel "Pazhani" (Vellaiyan)
*[[Kajal Aggarwal]] as Deepti, Pazhani's love interest
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Karpagambal, Pazhanivel's elder sister
*[[Biju Menon]] as Jeevanandham, Karpagambal's husband
*[[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] as Durga, Jeevanandham's concubine
*[[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]] as Vaikundan
*[[Yaar Kannan]] as Meiyappan, Pazhanivel's father
*[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Poovathal, Pazhanivel's mother
*[[Ravi Mariya]] as Ekadasi
*[[Chitti Babu (Tamil actor)|Chitti Babu]] as Pazhani's jail friend
*[[Balu Anand]] as Jail Warden
*[[C. R. Saraswathi]] as Deepti's mother
*[[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]] as Jagadish
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Burja Bhaskar
*[[Alex (actor)|Alex]] as Arivu
*[[M. J. Shriram]] as Naina
*[[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Watchman
*Bobby as Inspector Kanniappan
*Priyanka as Deepti's sister
*Velmurugan as Groom
*[[Kovai Babu]] as Groom
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]]
*Swamidev
*Kadugu Ramamoorthy
*[[Suja Varunee]] as an item number in the song, "Lokku Lokku"
*[[Perarasu]] as Thiruthani (director)
}}

== Production ==
It was announced in 2007 that Bharath would collaborate with Perarasu. The film was launched at AVM Studios at 10 June 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2007 |title=Launch of 'Pazhani' starring Bharath |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/11062007-5.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613173825/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/11062007-5.shtml |archive-date=13 June 2007 |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> The film's plot was primarily set and shot in Chennai; however the flashback was shot at Palani. The climax fight was shot at a factory at Ennoor for nine days.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=30 December 2007 |title=பரத்தின் புது முடிவு! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-12-30/page/8/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250221124655/https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-12-30/page/8/mode/2up |archive-date=21 February 2025 |access-date=2 June 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=8 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Srikanth Deva]] and released on 8 November 2007. All lyrics were written by the film's storymaker and director [[Perarasu]], who also sang the song "Lokku Lokku".<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2011 |title=Pazhani |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pazhani/8he,lU2KWNI_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207052308/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pazhani/8he,lU2KWNI_ |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=18 February 2025 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:38
| title1 = Ellam Valla Iraiva
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length1 = 5:08
| title2 = Yaarum Ennidam
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length2 = 4:38
| title3 = Thiruvaroor Therae
| extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length3 = 5:16
| title4 = Innoru Murai
| extra4 = [[Vasundhara Das]], Naveen
| length4 = 4:27
| title5 = Thaayai Polathaan
| extra5 = [[Mukesh Mohamed]]
| length5 = 5:24
| title6 = Locku Locku
| extra6 = [[Perarasu]], [[Suchitra]]
| length6 = 4:45
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released in Pongal 2008 alongside other Tamil releases like ''[[Bheemaa]]'', ''[[Pirivom Santhippom]]'', ''[[Kaalai]]'', ''[[Vaazhthugal]]'' and ''[[Pidichirukku]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2008 |title=4 days to Pongal! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14587820 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215090201/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14587820 |archive-date=15 February 2008 |access-date=18 February 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Revathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting of Bharath and Kushboo, Vijay Milton's cinematography but felt flashback was not strong enough; however she called sudden turns for avoiding boredom.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ரேவதி |date=27 January 2008 |title=பழனி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2008-01-27/page/n13/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250218161015/https://archive.org/details/kalki2008-01-27/page/n13/mode/2up |archive-date=18 February 2025 |access-date=20 July 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=13–14 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "With an insipid script, scenes that have no logical continuity, sense or sensibility; confused narration, and the waste of talented actors, 'Pazhani' turns out to be a total fiasco".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=23 January 2008 |title=Pazhani |url=http://chennaionline.com/Film/Moviereviews/Jan08/01pazhani.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127132938/http://chennaionline.com/Film/Moviereviews/Jan08/01pazhani.asp |archive-date=27 January 2008 |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Perarasu}}

[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:2008 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2008 action drama films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Perarasu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Srikanth Deva]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ahimsa

2026-02-25T02:23:52Z

Svetlafz: further fixed intro for consistency and corrected details

{{Short description|Ancient Indian principle of nonviolence}}
{{italic title}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{Jainism}}
{{Buddhism}}
[[File:Lord Mahavir painting.jpg|thumb|Lord [[Mahavira]], the twenty-fourth tirthankara of Jainism, and "torch-bearer" of ahimsa]]

'''{{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}}''' ({{Langx|sa|अहिंसा}}, [[IAST]]: {{IAST|ahiṃsā}}; {{IPA|sa|ɐ́.ɦĩ.sɑː|IPA}}; {{lit|nonviolence}}<ref name="Johansson2012">{{cite book|author=Rune E. A. Johansson|title=Pali Buddhist Texts: An Introductory Reader and Grammar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXBmlQvw7PwC |year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-11106-8|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CXBmlQvw7PwC&pg=PT143 143]}}</ref>) is the ancient Indian principle of [[nonviolence]] which applies to actions towards all living beings. It is a key [[virtue]] in [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]].<ref name=evpc/>{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=160}}<ref name=historyindia2011>{{cite book|last=Bajpai|first=Shiva|year=2011|url=http://www.himalayanacademy.com/media/books/the-history-of-hindu-india/the-history-of-hindu-india.pdf|url-status=live|title=The History of India – From Ancient to Modern Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624073654/https://www.himalayanacademy.com/media/books/the-history-of-hindu-india/the-history-of-hindu-india.pdf |archive-date=24 June 2019|publisher=Himalayan Academy Publications|location=Hawaii, USA|isbn=978-1-934145-38-8|pages=8, 98}}</ref>

{{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} (also spelled Ahinsa) is one of the cardinal virtues<ref name=evpc/> of [[Jainism]], where it is the first of the [[Jain Ethics|Pancha Mahavrata]]. It is also one of the central precepts of [[Hinduism]] and is the first of the [[five precepts]] of Buddhism. {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} is<ref name="arapura">{{cite book|first=John G.|last=Arapura|editor-first1=K.R.|editor-last1=Sundararajan|editor-first2=Bithika|editor-last2=Mukerji|date=1997|title=Hindu Spirituality: Postclassical and Modern|isbn=978-81-208-1937-5|chapter=The Spirituality rof Ahiṃsā (Nonviolence): Traditional and Gandhian|pages=392–417|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. }}</ref> inspired by the premise that all living beings have the spark of the divine spiritual energy; therefore, to hurt another being is to hurt oneself.
{{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} is also related to the notion that all acts of violence have [[Karma|karmic]] consequences. While ancient scholars of Brahmanism had already investigated and refined the principles of
{{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}}, the concept reached an extraordinary development in the ethical philosophy of Jainism.<ref name="evpc">{{cite book|last=Phillips|first=Stephen H.|collaboration=collaboration|editor-last=Kurtz|editor-first=Lester|year=2008|title=Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict|edition=Second|isbn=978-0-12-373985-8|publisher=Elsevier Science|pages=1347–1356, 701–849, 1867}}</ref><ref name="chapple1990">{{cite book|last=Chapple|first=Christopher Key|year=1993|title=Nonviolence to Animals, Earth, and Self in Asian Traditions|chapter=Origins and Traditional Articulations of Ahiṃsā|publisher=State University of New York Press}}</ref> [[Mahavira]], the twenty-fourth and the last {{transliteration|sa|[[tirthankara]]}} of Jainism, further strengthened the idea in {{BCE|the 6th century}}.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{citation |title=Mahavira |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahavira-Jaina-teacher |encyclopedia=britannica.com |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-date=21 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621231354/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahavira-Jaina-teacher |url-status=live }}
|2={{cite book|last=Patel|first=Haresh|title=Thoughts from the Cosmic Field in the Life of a Thinking Insect [A Latter-Day Saint]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXgEfiNY46sC&pg=PA271|date=2009|publisher=Strategic Book Publishing|isbn=978-1-60693-846-1|page=271}}
}}</ref> About {{CE|the 5th century}}, [[Valluvar]] emphasized {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} and [[Ethics of eating meat|moral vegetarianism]] as [[virtue]]s for an individual, which formed the core of his teachings in the [[Kural]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Das|first= G. N.|year= 1997| title= Readings from Thirukkural | publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn= 8-1701-7342-6|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pDZilIimNRIC&pg=PA11 | pages=11–12 }}</ref> Perhaps the most popular advocate of the principle of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} in modern times was [[Mohandas K. Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Mohandas K.|year=2002|title=The Essential Gandhi: an anthology of his writings on his life, work, and ideas|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.}}</ref>

{{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}}'s precept that humans should 'cause no injury' to another living being includes one's deeds, words, and thoughts.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kirkwood|first=W.G.|year=1989|title=Truthfulness as a standard for speech in ancient India|journal=Southern Communication Journal|volume=54|number=3|pages=213–234|doi=10.1080/10417948909372758 }}</ref><ref name=kaneda2008/> Classical [[Hindu texts]] like the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Ramayana]], as well as modern scholars,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Struckmeyer|first=F.R.|year=1971|title=The 'Just War' and the Right of Self-defense|journal=Ethics|volume=82|number=1|pages=48–55|doi=10.1086/291828 |s2cid=144638778 }}</ref> disagree about what the principle of {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} dictates when one is faced with [[war]] and other situations that require self-defence. In this way, historical Indian literature has contributed to modern [[Just war theory|theories of just war]] and [[self-defence]].<ref name=balkaran2012>{{cite journal|last1=Balkaran|first1=R.|last2=Dorn|first2=A.W.|year=2012|url=http://www.sareligionuoft.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/JAAR-Article-Violence-in-the-Valmiki-Ramayana-Just-War-Criteria-in-an-Ancient-Indian-Epic-.pdf|title=Violence in the Vālmı̄ki Rāmāyaṇa: Just War Criteria in an Ancient Indian Epic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412060315/http://www.sareligionuoft.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/JAAR-Article-Violence-in-the-Valmiki-Ramayana-Just-War-Criteria-in-an-Ancient-Indian-Epic-.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|volume=80|number=3|pages=659–690|doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfs036 }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} - sometimes spelled {{transliteration|sa|Ahinsa}}<ref name="Sanskrit dictionary">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0125-ahalyA.jpg|title=Sanskrit Dictionary Reference|website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de|access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=25 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225155257/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=%2Fscans%2FMWScan%2FMWScanjpg%2Fmw0125-ahalyA.jpg}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Standing|first=E.M.|year=1924|title=The Super-Vegetarians|journal=New Blackfriars|volume=5|number=50|pages=103–108|doi=10.1111/j.1741-2005.1924.tb03567.x }}</ref>—is derived from the Sanskrit root {{transliteration|sa|hiṃs}}, meaning to strike; {{transliteration|sa|hiṃsā}} is injury or harm, while {{transliteration|sa|a-hiṃsā}} (prefixed with the [[alpha privative]]), its opposite, is ''non-harming'' or ''[[nonviolence]]''.<ref name="Sanskrit dictionary"/><ref name="Shukavak N. Dasa">{{cite web|url=http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Hindu%20Primer/nonharming_ahimsa.html|title=A Hindu Primer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408135457/http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Hindu%20Primer/nonharming_ahimsa.html |archive-date=8 April 2011|first=Shukavak N.|last=Dasa}}</ref>

==Historical evolution==
Reverence for {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} can be found in Jain, Hindu, and Buddhist canonical texts. Lord Parshvanatha (the 23rd of 24 Tirthankaras of Jainism) is said to have preached {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} as one of the four vows.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=160}}<ref name="arapura" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hoiberg|first=Dale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&q=Parshvanatha+four+vows&pg=PA158|title=Students' Britannica India|date=2000|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-0-85229-760-5|language=en}}</ref><ref name=Izawa>{{cite journal|first=A.|last=Izawa|date=2008|title=Empathy for Pain in Vedic Ritual|journal=Journal of the International College for Advanced Buddhist Studies ({{transliteration|ja|Kokusai Bukkyōgaku Daigakuin Daigaku}})|volume=12|pages=78–81}}</ref> Scholars describe non-violence as a central doctrinal and practical principle of Jainism, developed to an extent that distinguishes it from most other religious traditions of the Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|Sethia|2004|p=2}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=176–177}}{{sfn|Winternitz|1993|pp=408–409}}

=== Pre-Vedic and Shramanic roots hypothesis ===
While the ''[[Rigveda]]'' (c. 1500 BCE) is the oldest surviving text in India, many scholars argue that the specific ethical practice of ''ahimsa'' originated within the non-Vedic ''[[Sramana]]'' traditions (which include [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]]) before being absorbed into [[Brahmanism]].{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007|pp=14–16, 23–25}}

Some scholars, such as [[P.R. Deshmukh]], suggest that the roots of ''ahimsa'' and asceticism may date back to the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] (c. 3300–1300 BCE), citing the discovery of seals depicting figures in the ''[[kayotsarga]]'' (standing meditation) posture common to [[Jain iconography]].{{sfn|Deshmukh|1982|pp=364–366}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30-31}}

Indologist [[Johannes Bronkhorst]] has proposed the "[[Greater Magadha]]" theory, arguing that the eastern [[Gangetic plain]] (modern [[Bihar]]/[[Bengal]]) developed a distinct non-Vedic culture where concepts like ''[[Karma]]'', rebirth, and ''ahimsa'' originated. According to this view, the [[Vedic priesthood]] later adopted these concepts as they expanded eastward.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007|pp=14–16, 23–25}} Similarly, the German Indologist [[Ludwig Alsdorf]] argued that ''ahimsa'' likely began not as a moral rule but as a "magico-ritualistic" taboo against killing or harming living beings, which was part of a pan-Indian or pre-Aryan heritage later refined into an ethical system by the Jains.{{sfn|Alsdorf|2010|pp=4–6, 13–15}}

=== Evolution in the Vedic tradition ===
The concept of ''ahimsa'' evolved gradually within the Vedic tradition.{{sfn|Tahtinen|1976|pp=2–3}} In the early Vedic period (c. 1500–1000 BCE), animal sacrifice was a central component of ritual life.{{sfn|Alsdorf|2010|pp=4–6, 13–15}} However, the concept transitioned from a ritualistic concern-avoiding injury to the sacrificer or the minute details of the ritual—to an internalized ethical virtue.{{sfn|Tahtinen|1976|pp=2–3}}

By the late Vedic era, texts like the ''[[Chandogya Upanishad]]'' (c. 8th century BCE) explicitly listed ''ahimsa'' as one of five essential virtues (along with truthfulness and charity).{{sfn|Hume|1921|pp=213–214}} The ''[[Yajurveda]]'' reflects this shifting ethos with prayers for universal peace, such as: "May all beings look at me with a friendly eye, may I do likewise, and may we look at each other with the eyes of a friend".{{sfn|Tahtinen|1976|pp=2–3}}

=== Integration into governance ===
The principle of ''ahimsa'' moved from personal asceticism to state policy under the Mauryan Emperor [[Ashoka]] (c. 268–232 BCE). Following the [[Kalinga War]], Ashoka renounced military conquest in favor of "conquest by Dharma".{{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=250–255}} His Rock Edicts restricted animal slaughter, established medical care for animals, and promoted non-violence as a civic duty, embedding the Shramanic value of ''ahimsa'' into the political fabric of India.{{sfn|Alsdorf|2010|pp=4–6, 13–15}}

==Hinduism==

===Ancient Vedic texts===
{{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} as an ethical concept evolved in the Vedic texts.<ref name=chapple1990/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Walli |first1=Koshelya |title=The Conception Of Ahimsa In Indian Thought |date=1974 |publisher=Bharat Manisha |location=Varanasi, India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.546899/page/n1/mode/2up |ref={{sfnref|Walli}}|pages=113–145}}</ref> The oldest scriptures indirectly mention {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}}. Over time, the Hindu scripts revised ritual practices, and the concept of {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} was increasingly refined and emphasized until {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} became the highest virtue by the late Vedic era. The [[Yajurveda|Yajur Veda]] dated to be between {{BCE|1200}} and {{BCE|900}}, states, "may all beings look at me with a friendly eye, may I do likewise, and may we look at each other with the eyes of a friend".<ref name=chapple1990/><ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite book | title= Vishayasuchi -see the translation for Yajurveda 36.18 VE|chapter-url=http://ebooks.gutenberg.us/himalayanacademy/sacredhinduliterature/lws/lws_ch-39.html|chapter=Himsa na Kartavya: To do no harm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017133837/http://ebooks.gutenberg.us/himalayanacademy/sacredhinduliterature/lws/lws_ch-39.html |archive-date=17 October 2013}}
|2=For other occurrences of {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} in Vedic literature, see {{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/vedicconcordance00bloouoft/page/151/mode/1up?view=theater 151]|title=A Vedic Concordance|author-link=Maurice Bloomfield|first=Maurice|last=Bloomfield|date=1906|location=Cambridge, Mass.|publisher=Harvard University Press|series=Harvard Oriental Series|volume=10}}
}}</ref>{{sfn|Talageri|2000}}{{page needed|date=November 2023}}{{sfn|Talageri|2010}}{{page needed|date=November 2023}}

The term {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} appears in the text [[Taittiriya Shakha]] of the [[Yajurveda]] (TS 5.2.8.7), where it refers to non-injury to the sacrificer himself.{{sfn|Tahtinen|1964|p=2}} It occurs several times in the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'' in the sense of "non-injury".<ref>Shatapatha Brahmana 2.3.4.30; 2.5.1.14; 6.3.1.26; 6.3.1.39.</ref> The {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} doctrine is a late Vedic era development in Brahmanical culture.<ref name="houben 1999">{{cite book | first=Henk M.|last=Bodewitz|editor-last1=Houben | editor-first1=Jan E. M. | editor-last2=Kooij | editor-first2=Karel Rijk van | title=Violence Denied: violence, non-violence and the rationalization of violence in "South Asian" cultural history | publisher=BRILL | date=1999 | isbn=978-90-04-11344-2 | page=30}}</ref> The earliest reference to the idea of non-violence to animals ({{transliteration|sa|pashu-Ahimsa}}), apparently in a moral sense, is in the Kapisthala Katha Samhita of the Yajurveda (KapS 31.11), which may have been written in about {{BCE|1500-1200}}.{{sfn|Tahtinen|1964|pp=2–3}}{{sfn|Talageri|2000}}{{page needed|date=November 2023}}{{sfn|Talageri|2010}}{{page needed|date=November 2023}} The [[Chandogya Upanishad]] (3.17.4) includes ahimsa in its list of virtues.<ref name="VD">{{Cite book |last1=van Kooij |first1=K.R. |last2=Houben |first2=Jan E.M. |year=1999 |title=Violence denied: Violence, non-violence and the rationalization of violence in South Asian cultural history |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, NL |pages=117, 123, 129, 164, 212, 269 |isbn=90-04-11344-4}}</ref>

John Bowker states the word appears but is uncommon in the principal Upanishads.<ref>{{cite book | last=Bowker | first=John | title=Problems of Suffering in Religions of the World | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=10 April 1975 | isbn=978-0-521-09903-5 | page=233}}</ref> Kaneda gives examples of the word {{transliteration|sa|pashu-Ahimsa}} in these Upanishads.<ref name=kaneda2008>{{cite book | last=Kaneda|first=T.|chapter=Shanti, the peacefulness of mind| editor-last=Eppert | editor-first=Claudia | editor-last2=Wang | editor-first2=Hongyu | title=Cross-cultural Studies in Curriculum: Eastern thought, educational insights | publisher=Routledge | date=2008 | isbn=978-0-8058-5673-6 | pages=171–192}}</ref> Other scholars<ref name="arapura"/><ref name=Izawa /> suggest {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} as an ethical concept started evolving in the Vedas, becoming an increasingly central concept in Upanishads.

The [[Chāndogya Upaniṣad]], dated to {{BCE|800 to 600}}, one of the oldest [[Upanishads]], has the earliest evidence for the [[Vedas|Vedic era]] use of the word {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} in the sense familiar in Hinduism (a code of conduct). It bars violence against "all creatures" ({{transliteration|sa|sarvabhuta}}), and the practitioner of {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} is said to escape from the cycle of [[Reincarnation|rebirths]] (CU 8.15.1).{{sfn|Tahtinen|1964|pp=2–5}}{{sfn|Schmidt|1968|p=631}} Some scholars state that this mention may have been an influence of Jainism on Vedic Hinduism.<ref>{{cite book |first1=M.K|last1=Sridhar|first2=Puruṣottama|last2=Bilimoria|editor-last=Bilimoria | editor-first=Purusottama | editor-last2=Prabhu | editor-first2=Joseph | editor-last3=Sharma | editor-first3=Renuka M. | title=Indian Ethics: Classical traditions and contemporary challenges | publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. | date=2007 | isbn=978-0-7546-3301-3|page=315}}</ref> Others scholar state that this relationship is speculative, and though Jainism is an ancient tradition the oldest traceable texts of Jainism tradition are from many centuries after the Vedic era ended.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jeffery D.|last=Long|title=Jainism: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmRlAgAAQBAJ|year=2009|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-625-5|pages=31–33}}</ref>{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=22–24, 73–83}}

Chāndogya Upaniṣad also names {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}}, along with {{transliteration|sa|Satyavacanam}} (truthfulness), {{transliteration|sa|Ārjavam}} (sincerity), {{transliteration|sa|[[Dāna]]m}} (charity), and {{transliteration|sa|[[Tapas (Indian religions)|Tapo]]}} (penance/meditation), as one of five essential virtues (CU 3.17.4).<ref name=arapura/><ref>Ravindra Kumar (2008), Non-violence and Its Philosophy, {{ISBN|978-81-7933-159-0}}, see pages 11–14</ref>

The Sandilya [[Upanishad]] lists ten forbearances: {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}}, {{transliteration|sa|Satya}}, {{transliteration|sa|Asteya}}, {{transliteration|sa|Brahmacharya}}, {{transliteration|sa|Daya}}, {{transliteration|sa|Arjava}}, {{transliteration|sa|Kshama}}, {{transliteration|sa|Dhriti}}, {{transliteration|sa|Mitahara}}, and {{transliteration|sa|Saucha}}.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite book|last=Swami|first=P.|year=2000|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Upaniṣads|volume=3 (S–Z)|publisher=Sarup & Sons|pages= 630–631}}
|2={{cite book|last1=Ballantyne|first1=J.R.|last2=Yogīndra|first2=S.|year=1850|title=A Lecture on the Vedánta: Embracing the Text of the Vedánta-sára|publisher=Presbyterian mission press}}
}}</ref> According to Kaneda,<ref name=kaneda2008/> the term {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} is an important spiritual doctrine shared by Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It means 'non-injury' and 'non-killing'. It implies the total avoidance of harming any living creature by deeds, words, and thoughts.

===The Epics===
{{see also|Dharmo Rakshati Rakshitah|Yato Dharmastato Jayah}}

The [[Mahabharata]], one of the epics of Hinduism, has multiple mentions of the phrase {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa Paramo Dharma}} ({{lang|sa|अहिंसा परमॊ धर्मः}}), which literally means: non-violence is the highest moral virtue. For example, [[Anushasana Parva]] has the verse:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/mbs/mbs13117.htm |title=Mahabharata 13.117.37–38 |access-date=7 August 2013 |archive-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013100312/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/mbs/mbs13117.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
<blockquote><poem>{{lang|sa|अहिंसा परमो धर्मः तथाहिंसा परो दमः।
अहिंसा परमं दानम् अहिंसा परमस्तपः।
अहिंसा परमो यज्ञः तथाहिंसा परं बलम्।
अहिंसा परमं मित्रम् अहिंसा परमं सुखम्।
अहिंसा परमं सत्यम् अहिंसा परमं श्रुतम्॥}}
</poem></blockquote>
The above passage from Mahabharata emphasises the cardinal importance of {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} in Hinduism, and literally means:
<blockquote><poem>
{{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} is the highest {{transliteration|sa|[[Dharma]]}}, {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} is the highest self-control,
{{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} is the greatest gift, {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} is the best practice,
{{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} is the highest sacrifice, {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} is the finest strength,
{{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} is the greatest friend, {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} is the greatest happiness,
{{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} is the highest truth, and {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} is the greatest teaching.<ref name=CCEN>{{cite book|last=Chapple|first=Christopher|chapter=Ecological Nonviolence and the Hindu Tradition|series=Recent Research in Psychology|title=Perspectives on Nonviolence|year=1990|editor-first=V.K.|editor-last=Kool|pages=168–177|location=New York|publisher=Springer}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/january-february-march-2007/2007-01-what-is-hinduism-6/|chapter=Ahimsa: To Do No Harm|date=January 2007|author=Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami|title=What is Hinduism|pages=359–361}}</ref>
</poem></blockquote>
Some other examples where the phrase {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa Paramo Dharma}} are discussed include [[Adi Parva]], [[Vana Parva]], and [[Anushasana Parva]]. The [[Bhagavad Gita]], among other things, discusses the doubts and questions about appropriate response when one faces systematic violence or war. These verses develop the concepts of lawful violence in self-defence and the [[Just war theory|theories of just war]]. However, there is no consensus on this interpretation. Gandhi, for example, considers this debate about non-violence and lawful violence as a mere metaphor for the internal war within each human being, when he or she faces moral questions.<ref name=fischer1954>{{cite book|last=Fischer|first=Louis|title=Gandhi: His Life and Message to the World|url=https://archive.org/details/gandhihislifemes00fisc|publisher=Mentor|location=New York|year=1954|page=[https://archive.org/details/gandhihislifemes00fisc/page/17/mode/1up 17]|isbn=978-0-451-62014-9 }}</ref>

===Self-defence, criminal law, and war===
The classical texts of Hinduism devote numerous chapters to discussing what people who practice the virtue of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} can and must do when faced with war, violent threat, or the need to sentence someone convicted of a crime. These discussions have led to theories of just war, ideas of reasonable self-defense, and views of proportionate punishment.<ref name=balkaran2012/><ref name=klos1996>{{cite book | last=Klostermaier | first=Klaus K. |author-link=Klaus K. Klostermaier| chapter=Himsa and Ahimsa Traditions in Hinduism|editor-last2=Brock | editor-first2=Peter | editor-last1=Dyck | editor-first1=Harvey Leonard | title=The Pacifist Impulse in Historical Perspective | publisher=University of Toronto Press | date=1996 | isbn=978-0-8020-0777-3 | pages=230–234}}</ref> [[Arthashastra]] discusses, among other things, what constitutes proportionate response and punishment.<ref name=robinson2003>{{cite book | last1=Robinson | first1=Paul F. | last2=Robinson | first2=Paul | title=Just War in Comparative Perspective | publisher=Routledge | date=2003 | isbn=0-7546-3587-2 | pages=114–125}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Coates|first=B.E.|year=2008|title=Modern India's Strategic Advantage to the United States: Her Twin Strengths in Himsa and Ahimsa |journal=Comparative Strategy|volume=27|number=2|pages=133–147|doi=10.1080/01495930801944669 |s2cid=153672869 }}</ref>

; War
The precepts of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} in Hinduism require that war must be avoided, with{{ambiguous|reason=unclear if this means that Hinduism, with S&TD, requires this; or if S&TD is the method for avoiding war; or if S&TD is the alternative to war|date=July 2023}} sincere and truthful dialogue. Force must be the last resort. If war becomes necessary, its cause must be just, its purpose virtuous, its objective to restrain the wicked, its aim peace, and its method lawful.<ref name=balkaran2012/><ref name=robinson2003/> War can only be started and stopped by a legitimate authority. Weapons must be proportionate to the opponent and the aim of war, not indiscriminate tools of destruction.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Subedi|first=S.P.|year=2003|title=The Concept in Hinduism of 'Just War'|journal=Journal of Conflict and Security Law|volume=8|number=2|pages=339–361|doi=10.1093/jcsl/8.2.339 }}</ref> All strategies and weapons used in the war must be to defeat the opponent, not to cause misery to the opponent; for example, the use of arrows is allowed, but the use of arrows smeared with painful poison is not allowed. Warriors must use judgment{{Specify|reason=what sort, in what way, to what end?|date=July 2023}} in the battlefield. Cruelty to the opponent during war is forbidden. Wounded, unarmed opponent warriors must not be attacked or killed; they must be brought to your realm and given medical treatment.<ref name=robinson2003/> Children, women, and civilians must not be injured. While the war is in progress, sincere dialogue for peace must continue.<ref name=balkaran2012/><ref name=klos1996/>

; Self-defence
Different interpretations of ancient Hindu texts have been offered in matters of self-defense. For example, Tähtinen suggests self-defense is appropriate, criminals are not protected by the rule of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}}, and Hindu scriptures support violence against an armed attacker.{{sfn|Tahtinen|1964|pp=96, 98–101}}<ref>Mahabharata 12.15.55; Manu Smriti 8.349–350; Matsya Purana 226.116.</ref> {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} is not meant to imply [[pacifism]].{{sfn|Tahtinen|1964|pp=91–93}}

Alternative theories of self-defense, inspired by {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}}, build principles similar to ideas of just war. [[Aikido]], pioneered in Japan, illustrates one such set of principles for self-defense. [[Morihei Ueshiba]], the founder of Aikido, described his inspiration as Ahimsa.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.sportspa.com.ba/images/dec2011/full/rad8.pdf |title=The Role of Teachers in Martial Arts; see page 48, 2nd column |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412060316/http://www.sportspa.com.ba/images/dec2011/full/rad8.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |first=Nebojša|last=Vasic |year=2011 |journal=Sport SPA |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=47–51}}</ref> According to this interpretation of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} in self-defense, one must not assume that the world is free of aggression. One must presume that some people will, out of ignorance, error, or fear, attack others or intrude into their space, physically or verbally. The aim of self-defense, suggested Ueshiba, must be to neutralize the attacker's aggression and avoid conflict. The best defense is one with which the victim is protected and the attacker is respected and not injured if possible. Under {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} and [[Aikido]], there are no enemies, and appropriate self-defense focuses on neutralizing the immaturity, assumptions, and aggressive strivings of the attacker.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal|first=Donald|last=Levine|title=Social Conflict, Aggression, and the Body in Euro-American and Asian Social Thought|url=http://aiki-extensions.org/pubs/conflict-body_text.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060116174614/http://www.aiki-extensions.org/pubs/conflict-body_text.pdf|archive-date=2006-01-16|year=2004|journal=International Journal of Group Tensions|volume=24|number=3|url-status=usurped|pages=205–217}}
|2={{cite book|last=Ueshiba|first=Kisshōmaru|year=2004|title=The Art of Aikido: Principles and Essential Techniques|publisher=Kodansha International|isbn=4-7700-2945-4}}
}}</ref>

; Criminal law
Tähtinen concludes that Hindus have no misgivings about the death penalty; their position is that evil-doers who deserve death should be killed and that a king, in particular, is obliged to punish criminals and should not hesitate to kill them, even if they happen to be his brothers and sons.{{sfn|Tahtinen|1964|pp=96, 98–99}}

Other scholars<ref name=klos1996/><ref name=robinson2003/> conclude that Hindu scriptures suggest that sentences for any crime must be fair, proportional, and not cruel.

===Non-human life===
[[File:ValluvarStatue SanctuaryAtTiruvallur.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The 5th-century CE Tamil scholar [[Valluvar]], in his ''[[Tirukkural]]'', taught {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} and moral vegetarianism as personal virtues. The plaque in this statue of Valluvar at an animal sanctuary at [[Tiruvallur]] describes the Kural's teachings on {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} and [[non-killing]], summing them up with the definition of [[veganism]].]]
The Hindu precept of "cause no injury" applies to [[animal]]s and all life forms. This precept is not found in the oldest verses of Vedas ({{BCE|1500–1000}}), but increasingly becomes one of the central ideas in post-Vedic period.<ref name=chapple16>{{cite book | last=Chapple | first=Christopher Key | title=Nonviolence to Animals, Earth, and Self in Asian Traditions | publisher=State University of New York Press | date=1993 | isbn=0-7914-1498-1 | pages=16–17}}</ref>{{sfn|Brown|1964}} In the oldest layer of the Vedas, such as the ''Rigveda'', ritual sacrifices of animals and cooking of meat to feed guests are mentioned. This included goat, ox, horse, and others.{{sfn|Brown|1964|pp=246–247}} However, the text is not uniform in its prescriptions. Some verses praise meat as food, while other verses in the Vedas recommend "abstention from meat", in particular, "beef".{{sfn|Brown|1964|pp=246–247}}<ref>{{cite book | last=Rosen | first=Steven | title=Holy Cow: The Hare Krishna Contribution to Vegetarianism and Animal Rights | publisher=Lantern Books | date=2004 | isbn=1-59056-066-3 | pages=19–39}}</ref> According to Marvin Harris, the Vedic literature is inconsistent, with some verses suggesting ritual slaughter and meat consumption, while others suggesting a taboo on meat-eating.<ref>{{cite book |first=Marvin|last=Harris| editor-last=Whitten | editor-first=Phillip | editor-last2=Hunter | editor-first2=David E. | title=Anthropology: contemporary perspectives|edition=6th | publisher=Addison-Wesley Longman | date=1990 | isbn=0-673-52074-9 | pages=201–204 |url=http://academic.regis.edu/rlumpp/PDF%20files/RT%20201%20India%27s%20Sacred%20Cow.pdf|chapter= India's sacred cow|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329091317/http://academic.regis.edu/rlumpp/PDF |archive-date=29 March 2017 }}</ref>

Hindu texts dated to {{BCE|1st millennium}} initially mention meat as food, then evolve to suggest that only meat obtained through ritual sacrifice can be eaten, thereafter evolving to the stance that one should eat no meat because it hurts animals, with verses describing the noble life as one that lives on flowers, roots, and fruits alone.<ref name=chapple16/><ref>[[Baudhayana Dharmasutra]] 2.4.7; 2.6.2; 2.11.15; 2.12.8; 3.1.13; 3.3.6; [[Apastamba]] Dharmasutra 1.17.15; 1.17.19; 2.17.26–2.18.3; Vasistha Dharmasutra 14.12.</ref> The late Vedic-era literature ({{BCE|pre-500}}) condemns all killings of men, cattle, birds, and horses, and prays to god [[Agni]] to punish those who kill.<ref>{{citation |last=Krishna |first=Nanditha |title=Sacred Animals of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DF_af8_547EC&pg=PT107 |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-81-8475-182-6 |pages=15, 33}}</ref>

Later texts of Hinduism declare {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} as one of the primary virtues, declare any killing or harming any life as against {{transliteration|sa|dharma}} (moral life). Finally, the discussion in the Upanishads and Hindu Epics<ref>Manu Smriti 5.30, 5.32, 5.39 and 5.44; Mahabharata 3.199 (3.207), 3.199.5 (3.207.5), 3.199.19–29 (3.207.19), 3.199.23–24 (3.207.23–24), 13.116.15–18, 14.28; Ramayana 1-2-8:19</ref> shifts to whether a human being can ever live his or her life without harming animal and plant life in some way, which and when plants or animal meat may be eaten, whether violence against animals causes human beings to become less compassionate, and if and how one may exert least harm to non-human life consistent with {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}}, given the constraints of life and human needs.<ref>Alsdorf pp. 592–593; Mahabharata 13.115.59–60, 13.116.15–18.</ref> The [[Mahabharata]] permits hunting by warriors, but opposes it in the case of hermits who must be strictly non-violent. [[Sushruta Samhita]], a Hindu text written in {{BCE|the 3rd or 4th century}}, in Chapter XLVI suggests proper diet as a means of treating certain illnesses, and recommends various fishes and meats for different ailments and for pregnant women,<ref>{{cite book |author=Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna |year=1907|title=An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita; see Chapter starting on page 469; for discussion on meats and fishes, see page 480 and onwards |volume=I.2 }}</ref><ref>Sutrasthana 46.89; Sharirasthana 3.25.</ref> and the [[Charaka Samhita]] describes meat as superior to all other kinds of food for convalescents.<ref>Sutrasthana 27.87.</ref>

Across the texts of Hinduism, there is a profusion of ideas about the virtue of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} when applied to non-human life, but without a universal consensus.<ref>Mahabharata 3.199.11–12 (3.199 is 3.207 elsewhere); 13.115; 13.116.26; 13.148.17; Bhagavata Purana (11.5.13–14), and the Chandogya Upanishad (8.15.1).</ref> Alsdorf claims the debate and disagreements between supporters of [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] lifestyle and meat eaters was significant. Even suggested exceptions – ritual slaughter and hunting – were challenged by advocates of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}}.{{sfn|Alsdorf|2010|pp=572–577 (for the Manusmṛti) and 585–597 (for the Mahabharata)}}{{sfn|Tahtinen|1976|pp=34–36}}<ref>The Mahabharata and the Manusmṛti (5.27–55) contain lengthy discussions about the legitimacy of ritual slaughter.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12b095.htm |url-status=live |title=Mahabharata 12.260—(12.260 is 12.268 according to another count) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910073935/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12b095.htm |archive-date=10 September 2007 }}; 13.115–116; 14.28.</ref> In the Mahabharata both sides present various arguments to substantiate their viewpoints. Moreover, a hunter defends his profession in a long discourse.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03207.htm |url-status=live |title=Mahabharata 3.199 —(3.199 is 3.207 according to another count) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929130620/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03207.htm |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref>

Many of the arguments proposed in favor of non-violence to animals refer to the bliss one feels, the rewards it entails before or after death, the danger and harm it prevents, as well as to the karmic consequences of violence.{{sfn|Tahtinen|1964|pp=39–43}}{{sfn|Alsdorf|2010|pp=589–590}}{{sfn|Schmidt|1968|pp=634–635, 640–643}}

The ancient Hindu texts discuss {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} and non-animal life. They discourage wanton destruction of nature including of wild and cultivated plants. Hermits ([[sannyasa|sannyasins]]) were urged to live on a [[fruitarian]] diet so as to avoid the destruction of plants.{{sfn|Schmidt|1968|pp=637–639}}<ref>Manusmriti 10.63, 11.145</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Preece | first=Rod |author-link=Rod Preece| title=Animals and Nature: Cultural Myths, Cultural Realities | publisher=University of British Columbia Press | date=2005 | isbn=978-0-7748-0725-8 | pages=212–217}}</ref> Scholars{{r|CCEN}}<ref>{{cite journal | last=Horn | first=Gavin Van | title=Hindu Traditions and Nature: Survey Article | journal=Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology | publisher=Brill | volume=10 | issue=1 | year=2006 | jstor=43809321 | pages=5–39| doi=10.1163/156853506776114474 }}</ref> claim the principles of ecological nonviolence are innate in the Hindu tradition, and its conceptual fountain has been {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} as its cardinal virtue.

The classical literature of the Indian religions, such as Hinduism and Jainism, exists in many Indian languages. For example, the ''[[Tirukkural]],'' written in three volumes, likely between {{CE|450 and 500}}, dedicates verses 251–260 and 321–333 of its [[Aram (Kural book)|first volume]] to the virtue of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}}, emphasizing on [[moral vegetarianism]] and [[non-killing]] ({{transliteration|sa|kollamai}}).<ref>{{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-03591-5|pages=156–157}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Krishna | first = Nanditha | title = Hinduism and Nature | publisher = Penguin Random House | series = | volume = | edition = | date = 2017 | location = New Delhi | page = 264 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gp1IDwAAQBAJ&dq=ahimsa+and+Tirukkural&pg=PT131 | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-93-8732-654-5}}</ref> However, the ''Tirukkural'' also glorifies soldiers and their valour during war, and states that it is king's duty to punish criminals and implement "death sentence for the wicked".<ref name=Ananthanathan315>{{cite journal|title= Theory and Functions of the State The Concept of aṟam (virtue) in Tirukkural| author= A.K. Ananthanathan| journal= East and West| volume=44 | pages= 315–326| number= 2/4 |year=1994 |jstor= 29757156}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Robinson|title=Just War in Comparative Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2lBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT169 |year=2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-92452-8|pages=169–170}}</ref>

In 1960, [[H. Jay Dinshah]] founded the [[American Vegan Society]] (AVS), linking veganism to the concept of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}}.<ref name=AVS50>{{Cite magazine|last=Dinshah|first=Freya|year=2010|title=American Vegan Society: 50 Years|url=http://www.americanvegan.org/AV1001.pdf|magazine=American Vegan|series=2|publisher=[[American Vegan Society]]|location=Vineland, NJ|volume=10|issue=1 (Summer 2010)|page=31|issn=1536-3767|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722213651/http://www.americanvegan.org/AV1001.pdf|archive-date=22 July 2011|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref><ref>Stepaniak 2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ia5eZIlgLUC&pg=PA6 6–7]; Preece 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=uMnubkF5HjAC&pg=PA323 323].</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.americanvegan.org/history.htm|title=History|publisher=American Vegan Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827105211/http://www.americanvegan.org/history.htm|archive-date=27 August 2014|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref>

===Modern times===
[[File:Portrait Gandhi.jpg|thumb|[[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi]] promoted the principle of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} by applying it to politics.]]
In the 19th and 20th centuries, prominent figures of Indian spirituality such as [[Shrimad Rajchandra]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Pyarelal|title=Mahatma Gandhi-the Early Phase|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8P0KAQAAIAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Navajivan Publishing House}}</ref> and [[Swami Vivekananda]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Religious Vegetarianism|editor-link1=Kerry S. Walters|editor-last1=Walters|editor-first1=Kerry S.|editor-first2=Lisa|editor-last2= Portmess|location=Albany|year=2001|pages=50–52}}</ref> emphasised the importance of Ahimsa.

[[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] successfully promoted the principle of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} to all spheres of life, in particular to politics ({{transliteration|sa|[[Swaraj]]}}).{{sfn|Tahtinen|1964|pp=116–124}} His non-violent resistance movement {{transliteration|sa|[[satyagraha]]}} had an immense impact on India, impressed public opinion in Western countries, and influenced the leaders of various [[civil and political rights]] movements such as the American [[civil rights movement]]'s [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and [[James Bevel]]. In Gandhi's thought, {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} precludes not only the act of inflicting a physical injury but also mental states like evil thoughts and hatred, and unkind behavior such as harsh words, dishonesty, and lying, all of which he saw as manifestations of violence incompatible with {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}}.<ref name="XXII-XLVII 1986, p. 11-12">{{harvnb|Walli|pp=XXII-XLVII}}; {{cite book|last=Borman |first= William|title=Gandhi and Nonviolence |location=Albany|year=1986|pages=11–12}}</ref> Gandhi believed {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} to be a creative energy force, encompassing all interactions leading one's self to find {{transliteration|sa|satya}}, "Divine Truth".<ref>{{citation|last=Jackson|pages=39–54|title=Religion East & West|year=2008}}</ref> [[Sri Aurobindo]] criticized the Gandhian concept of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} as unrealistic and not universally applicable, noting that while it is a spiritual truth, it should not be applied as a "rigid ethical rule" to all of humanity.<ref>Sri Aurobindo, ''Letters on Yoga — I'', p. 435; ''Letters on Himself and the Ashram'', p. 19.</ref> He adopted a pragmatic non-pacifist position, holding that the justification of violence depends on the specific circumstances and the "dharma" (duty/righteousness) of the situation.<ref>Sri Aurobindo, ''Bande Mataram'', p. 278; ''Letters on Yoga — I'', p. 436.</ref> While he advocated passive resistance as a political policy for India's independence, he maintained that a nation is entitled to use violence for its self-preservation if necessary.<ref>Sri Aurobindo, ''Autobiographical Notes'', pp. 48, 73.</ref>

Gandhi took the religious principle of ''ahimsa,'' and turned it into a non-violent tool for mass action. He used it to fight not only colonial rule, but social evils such as racial discrimination and untouchability as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC - Ethics - War: Non-violence |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/war/against/nonviolence.shtml#:~:text=Gandhi%20took%20the%20religious%20principle,discrimination%20and%20untouchability%20as%20well. |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Gandhi stated his belief that "{{transliteration|sa|[a]himsa}} is in Hinduism, it is in Christianity as well as in Islam."<ref name=par/> He added, "Nonviolence is common to all religions, but it has found the highest expression and application in Hinduism (I do not regard Jainism or Buddhism as separate from Hinduism)."<ref name=par/> When questioned whether violence and nonviolence are taught in Quran, he stated, "I have heard from many Muslim friends that the Koran teaches the use of nonviolence. (... The) argument about nonviolence in the Holy Koran is an interpolation, not necessary for my thesis."<ref name=par>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Mohandas K.|editor-last1=Prabhu|editor-first1=R.K.|editor-last2=Rao|editor-first2=U.R.|year=1966|url=http://gandhiashramsevagram.org/pdf-books/mind-of-mahatma-gandhi.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://gandhiashramsevagram.org/pdf-books/mind-of-mahatma-gandhi.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi|publisher=Encyclopedia of Gandhi's Thoughts|pages=120–121}}</ref><ref name=mgarat>{{multiref2
|1={{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Mohandas K.|year=1962|title=All Religions are True|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|page=128}}
|2={{cite book|last=Banshlal Ramnauth |first= Dev|year=1989|title=Mahatma Gandhi: Insight and Impact|publisher=Indira Gandhi Centre for Indian Culture & Mahatma Gandhi Institute|page=48}} }}</ref>

Studying {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}}'s history and philosophy influenced [[Albert Schweitzer]]'s principle of "reverence for life". He commended Indian traditions for their ethics of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}}, considering the prohibition against killing and harming "one of the greatest events in the spiritual history of humankind". However, he noted that "not-killing" and "not-harming" might be unfeasible in certain situations, like self-defense, or ethically complex, as in cases of prolonged famine.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schweitzer|first=Albert|url=https://archive.org/stream/indianthoughtsan027860mbp#page/n95/mode/2up|title=Indian Thought and its Development|location=London|year=1956|pages=82–83|publisher=The Beacon Press}}</ref>

===Yoga===
{{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} means "abstinence from malice towards all living creatures in every way and at all times".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mookerji |first=Radha Kumud |title=Ancient Indian education: brahmanical and Buddhist |date=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0423-4 |edition=[5.] repr |location=Delhi |pages=313}}</ref> ''Ahimsa'' is imperative for practitioners of [[Patañjali]]'s eight limb [[Raja yoga]] system. It is included in the first limb and is the first of five {{transliteration|sa|[[Yamas]]}} (self restraints) which, together with the second limb, make up the code of ethical conduct in Yoga philosophy.<ref name="pyogas3t">Sanskrit Original with '''Translation 1''': {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/yogaphilosophyb00tatygoog#page/n6/mode/2up |title=The Yoga Philosophy, with Bhojaraja commentary |translator-first=Tookaram|translator-last=Tatya |publisher=The Theosophical Society's Publications |location=Bombay |year=1885}}
*'''Translation 2''': {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/yogadaranasutra00patagoog#page/n4/mode/2up |title=The Yoga-darsana: The sutras of Patanjali with the Bhasya of Vyasa, with notes |translator-first=Gangânâtha|translator-last=Jhâ |date=1907 |publisher=Bombay Theosophical Publication Fund}}
*'''Translation 3''': {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/yogasutrasofpata00pata#page/n5/mode/2up |title=The Yogasutras of Patanjali |translator-first=Charles|translator-last=Johnston |year=1912 |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Lochtefeld | first=James G. | chapter=Yama (2)|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism|volume=2 (N–Z) | publisher=Rosen Publishing Group | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 | page= 777}}</ref> Commentators on the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sutras]] II.30 emphasize that ''ahimsa'' is the most important and foundational ''yama'' of the five ''yamas''. [[Vijnanabhiksu]] uses the analogy of an elephant to convey its importance, while [[Vyasa]] defines it as refraining from harming any living being at any time, emphasizing that all other ''yamas'' support and purify ''ahimsa''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin F. |title=The Yoga sūtras of Patañjali: a new edition, translation and commentary with insights from the traditional commentators |date=2009 |publisher=North Point Press |isbn=978-0-86547-736-0 |location=New York |pages=243–248}}</ref>

{{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}} is also one of the ten {{transliteration|sa|Yamas}} in [[Hatha Yoga]] according to verse 1.1.17 of its classic manual ''[[Hatha Yoga Pradipika]]''.<ref>Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|अथ यम-नियमाः '''अहिंसा''' सत्यमस्तेयं बरह्मछर्यं कष्हमा धॄतिः <nowiki>|</nowiki> दयार्जवं मिताहारः शौछं छैव यमा दश <nowiki>||</nowiki> १७ <nowiki>||</nowiki>}}<br />English Translation: {{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/hyp/hyp03.htm |url-status=live|chapter=1. On Âsanas|at=1.1.17|title=Hatha Yoga Pradipika|translator-first=Pancham|translator-last=Sinh|year=1914|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405092859/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/hyp/hyp03.htm |archive-date=5 April 2010 }}</ref> The significance of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} as the first restraint in the first limb of Yoga ({{transliteration|sa|Yamas}}) is that it defines the necessary foundation for progress through Yoga. It is a precursor to {{transliteration|sa|Asana}}, implying that success in {{transliteration|sa|Yogasana}} can be had only if the self is purified in [[Manasa, vacha, karmana|thought, word, and deed]] through the self-restraint of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}}.

==Jainism==
{{Main|Ahimsa in Jainism}}

{{See also|Jain vegetarianism}}
[[File:Ahimsa_Jainism_Gradient.jpg|thumb|The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolises the Jain Vow of {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}}. The word in the middle is {{transliteration|sa|Ahimsa}}. The wheel represents the [[dharmacakra]] which stands for the resolve to halt the cycle of reincarnation through relentless pursuit of truth and non-violence.]]
In Jainism, the understanding and implementation of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} is more radical, scrupulous, and comprehensive than in any other religion.{{sfn|Laidlaw|1995|pp=154–160}}{{sfn|Jindal|1988|pp=74–90}}{{sfn|Tahtinen|1976|p=110}} Killing any living being out of passions like attachment is considered {{transliteration|sa|hiṃsā}} (to injure) and abstaining from such an act is {{transliteration|sa|ahimsā}} (noninjury).{{sfn|Jain|2012|p=34-36}} The vow of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsā}} is considered the foremost among the "five vows of Jainism". Other vows like truth ({{transliteration|sa|satya}}) are meant for safeguarding the vow of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsā}}.{{sfn|Jain|2012|p=33}}

The statement {{IAST|ahimsā paramo dharmaḥ}} (or, "Non-injury/nonviolence/harmlessness is the supreme/ultimate/paramount/highest/absolute duty/virtue/attribute/religion"{{refn|slashes are used here to present alternative denotations}}) is often found inscribed on the walls of the [[Jain temple]]s.{{sfnm|Dundas|2002|1p=160|Wiley|2006|2p=438|Laidlaw|1995|3pp=153–154}} As in Hinduism, the aim is to prevent the accumulation of harmful karma.{{sfn|Laidlaw|1995|pp=26–30, 191–195}}

===The Hierarchy of Life===
The Jain concept of ''ahimsa'' is characterised by detailed classifications of life. Jains categorize living beings (''jiva'') based on their sensory faculties (''indriyas''), ranging from one-sensed beings (plants, water, earth) to five-sensed beings (humans, animals).

Killing of animals for food is absolutely ruled out.{{sfn|Laidlaw|1995|pp=166–167}}{{sfn|Tahtinen|1976|p=37}} Jains also make considerable efforts not to injure plants in everyday life as far as possible. Though they admit that plants must be destroyed for the sake of food, they accept such violence only inasmuch as it is indispensable for human survival, and there are special instructions for preventing unnecessary violence against plants.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lodha|first=R.M.|chapter=Conservation of Vegetation and Jain Philosophy|title=Medieval Jainism: Culture and Environment|location=New Delhi|year=1990|pages=137–141}}</ref>{{sfn|Tahtinen|1964|p=105}} Jain monks and nuns go out of their way so as not to hurt even small insects and other minuscule animals.{{sfnm|Jindal|1988|1p=89|Laidlaw|1995|2pp=54, 154–155, 180}} Both the renouncers and the laypeople of Jain faith reject meat, fish, alcohol, and honey as these are believed to harm large or minuscule life forms.{{sfn|Laidlaw|1995|pp=166–167}}

===Ascetic vs. householder codes===
In the practice of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}}, the requirements are less strict for the lay persons ({{transliteration|sa|[[sravakas]]}}) who have undertaken {{transliteration|sa|anuvrata}} (Smaller Vows) than for the [[Jain monasticism|Jain monastics]] who are bound by the [[Mahavrata]] "Great Vows".{{sfnm|Dundas|2002|1pp=158–159, 189–192|Laidlaw|1995|2pp=173–175, 179}}<ref>''Religious Vegetarianism'', ed. [[Kerry S. Walters]] and Lisa Portmess, Albany 2001, p. 43–46 (translation of the First Great Vow).</ref>

Jain scholars have debated the potential injury to other life forms during one's occupation. Certain Jain texts (according to [[Padmanabh Jaini]], a Jainism scholar) forbid people of its faith from husbandry, agriculture, and trade in animal-derived products.<ref name="Sethia2004p51"/> Some Jains abstain from farming because it inevitably entails unintentional killing or injuring of many small animals, such as worms and insects.{{sfn|Laidlaw|1995|p=180}} These teachings, in part, have led the Jain community to focus on trade, merchant, clerical, and administrative occupations to minimize {{transliteration|sa|arambhaja-himsa}} (occupational violence against all life forms).<ref name="Sethia2004p51">{{cite book|author=Padmannabh Jaini|editor=Tara Sethia|title=Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jaininsm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYdlKv8wBiYC |year=2004|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|isbn= 978-81-208-2036-4|pages=51–53}}</ref> For the layperson, the teaching has been of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} with {{transliteration|sa|pramada}} – that is, reducing violence through proper intention and being careful in every action on a daily basis to minimize violence to all life forms.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=161–162}}

===Intellectual non-violence===
When [[Mahavira]] revived and reorganised the Jain faith in {{BCE|the 6th or 5th century}},{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=24}} {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} was already an established, strictly observed rule.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goyal|first=S.R.|title=A History of Indian Buddhism|publisher=Meerut|date=1987|pages=83–85}}</ref> [[Rishabhanatha]] (Ādinātha), the first Jain [[Tirthankara]], whom modern Western historians consider to be a historical figure, followed by [[Parshvanatha]] (Pārśvanātha){{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=19, 30}}{{sfn|Tahtinen|1964|p=132}} the twenty-third [[Tirthankara]] lived in about {{BCE|the 9th century}}.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=30}} He founded the community to which Mahavira's parents belonged.<ref>[[Acaranga Sutra]] 2.15.</ref> Ahimsa was already part of the "Fourfold Restraint" (''Caujjama''), the vows taken by Parshva's followers.<ref>[[Sthananga Sutra]] 266</ref>{{sfn|Tahtinen|1976|p=132}}{{sfn|Goyal|1987|pp=83–84, 103}} In the times of Mahavira and in the following centuries, Jains were at odds with both Buddhists and followers of the Vedic religion or Hindus, whom they accused of negligence and inconsistency in the implementation of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}}.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=160, 234, 241}}{{sfn|Wiley|2006|p=448}}{{sfn|Tahtinen|1976|pp=8–9}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Granoff|first=Phyllis|title=The Violence of Non-Violence: A Study of Some Jain Responses to Non-Jain Religious Practices|journal=Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies|volume=15|year=1992|pages=1–43}}</ref> According to the Jain tradition either [[lacto vegetarianism]] or [[veganism]] is prescribed.{{sfn|Laidlaw|1995|p=169}}

===Just war and self-defense===
The Jain texts, unlike most Hindu and Buddhist texts on just war, have been inconsistent. For its monastic community – {{transliteration|sa|[[sadhu]]}} and {{transliteration|sa|[[sadhu|sadhvi]]}} – the historically accepted practice has been to "willingly sacrifice one's own life" to the attacker, to not retaliate, so that the mendicant may keep the First Great Vow of "total nonviolence".<ref name="Sethia2004p51"/> Jain literature of {{CE|the 10th century}}, for example, describes a king ready for war and being given lessons about non-violence by the Jain acharya (spiritual teacher).{{sfn|Laidlaw|1995|p=155}} In {{CE|the 12th century}} and thereafter, in an era of violent raids, destruction of temples, the slaughter of agrarian communities and ascetics by Islamic armies, Jain scholars reconsidered the First Great Vow of mendicants and its parallel for the laypeople. The medieval texts of this era, such as by Jinadatta Suri, recommended both the mendicants and the laypeople to fight and kill if that would prevent greater and continued violence on humans and other life forms ({{transliteration|sa|virodhi-himsa}}).{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=162–163}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Padmannabh Jaini|editor=Tara Sethia|title=Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jaininsm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYdlKv8wBiYC |year=2004|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|isbn= 978-81-208-2036-4|pages=52–54}}</ref> Such exemptions to {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} is a relatively rare teaching in Jain texts, states Dundas.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=162–163}}

===Modern reception===
[[Mahatma Gandhi]] stated, "No religion in the World has explained the principle of {{transliteration|sa|Ahiṃsā}} so deeply and systematically as is discussed with its applicability in every human life in Jainism. As and when the benevolent principle of {{transliteration|sa|Ahiṃsā}} or non-violence will be ascribed for practice by the people of the world to achieve their end of life in this world and beyond, Jainism is sure to have the uppermost status and Mahāvīra is sure to be respected as the greatest authority on {{transliteration|sa|Ahiṃsā}}".<ref>{{cite book|last=Pandey|first=Janardan|title=Gandhi and 21st Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmJnWrjnfjMC&pg=PA50|year=1998|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-672-7|page=50}}</ref>

==Buddhism==
[[File:Spirit Peace Walk 03.jpg|alt=Buddhist monk peace walk|thumb|Buddhist monk peace walk]]
{{further|Noble Eightfold Path|Buddhist ethics#Killing, causing others to kill|Buddhism and violence|Engaged Buddhism}}
In Buddhist texts {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} (or its [[Pāli]] cognate {{transliteration|pi|avihiṃsā}}) is part of the [[Five Precepts]] ({{IAST|Pañcasīla}}), the first of which has been to abstain from killing. This precept of {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} is applicable to both the Buddhist [[Householder (Buddhism)|layperson]] and the [[Buddhist monasticism|monastic]] community.<ref name="Williams2005p398">{{cite book |author=Paul Williams |title=Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgrZnmKUKtgC |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-33226-2 |page=398 |access-date=29 October 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060834/https://books.google.com/books?id=pgrZnmKUKtgC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite book|author=Bodhi Bhikkhu|title=Great Disciples of the Buddha: Their Lives, Their Works, Their Legacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teUGAAAAYAAJ |year=1997|publisher=Wisdom Publications|isbn=978-0-86171-128-4 |pages=387 with footnote 12}};
|2=Sarao, p. 49
|3=Goyal p. 143
}}</ref>{{sfn|Tahtinen|1976|p=37}}{{sfn|Lamotte|1988|pp=54–55}}

The {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} precept is not a commandment, and transgressions did not {{clarify|text=invite religious sanctions|date=July 2023}} for laypersons, but their{{ambiguous|date=July 2023}} power has been in the Buddhist belief in karmic consequences and their impact in afterlife during rebirth.{{sfn|McFarlane |2001|p=187}} Killing, in Buddhist belief, could lead to rebirth in the hellish realm, and for a longer time in more severe conditions if the murder victim was a monk.{{sfn|McFarlane |2001|p=187}} Saving animals from slaughter for meat is believed to be a way to acquire merit for better rebirth. These moral precepts have been voluntarily self-enforced in lay Buddhist culture through the associated belief in karma and rebirth.{{sfn|McFarlane |2001|pp=187–191}} Buddhist texts not only recommend {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}}, but suggest avoiding trading goods that contribute to or are a result of violence:

{{Blockquote|
These five trades, O monks, should not be taken up by a lay follower: trading with weapons, trading in living beings, trading in meat, trading in intoxicants, trading in poisons.
|Anguttara Nikaya V.177|Translated by Martine Batchelor<ref>{{cite book|author=Martine Batchelor|title=The Spirit of the Buddha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fL3mykqlOJcC&pg=PT59|year=2014|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-17500-4|page=59|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055838/https://books.google.com/books?id=fL3mykqlOJcC&pg=PT59|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Unlike with lay Buddhists, transgressions by monks do invite sanctions.{{sfn|McFarlane |2001|p=192}} Full expulsion of a monk from {{transliteration|sa|[[Sangha (Buddhism)|sangha]]}} follows instances of killing, just like any other serious offense against the monastic {{transliteration|pi|nikaya}} code of conduct.{{sfn|McFarlane |2001|p=192}}

===War===
Violent ways of punishing criminals and prisoners of war were not explicitly condemned in Buddhism,{{sfn|Sarao|1989|p=53}}{{sfn|Tahtinen|1976|pp=95, 102}} but peaceful ways of conflict resolution and punishment with the least amount of injury were encouraged.{{sfn|Tahtinen|1976|pp=95, 102–103}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Raaflaub|first=Kurt A.|title=War and Peace in the Ancient World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMxgef2VJEwC&pg=PA61|date=2006-12-18|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-4051-4525-1|page=61}}</ref> The early texts condemn the mental states that lead to violent behavior.{{sfn|Bartholomeusz|2005|p=52}}

Nonviolence is an overarching theme within the [[Pāli Canon]].{{sfn|Bartholomeusz|2005|p=111}} While the early texts condemn killing in the strongest terms, and portray the ideal ruler as a pacifist, such a ruler is nonetheless flanked by an army.{{sfn|Bartholomeusz|2005|p=41}} It seems that the Buddha's teaching on nonviolence was not interpreted or put into practice in an uncompromisingly pacifist or anti-military service way by early Buddhists.{{sfn|Bartholomeusz|2005|p=41}} The early texts assume war to be a fact of life, and well-skilled soldiers are viewed as necessary for defensive warfare.{{sfn|Bartholomeusz|2005|p=50}} In Pali texts, injunctions to abstain from violence and involvement with military affairs are directed at members of the {{transliteration|sa|sangha}}; later [[Mahayana]] texts, which often generalise monastic norms to laity, require this of lay people as well.{{sfn|McFarlane|2001|pp=195–196}}

The early texts do not contain just-war ideology as such.{{sfn|Bartholomeusz|2005|p=40}} Some argue that a {{transliteration|pi|[[suttas|sutta]]}} in the ''Gamani Samyuttam'' rules out all military service. In this passage, a soldier asks [[the Buddha]] if it is true that, as he has been told, soldiers slain in battle are reborn in a heavenly realm. The Buddha reluctantly replies that if he is killed in battle while his mind is seized with the intention to kill, he will undergo an unpleasant rebirth.<ref>{{harvnb|Bartholomeusz|2005|pp=125–126}}. Full texts of the sutta: {{cite web|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn42/sn42.003.than.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609110531/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn42/sn42.003.than.html |archive-date=9 June 2009|translator=Thanissaro Bhikkhu|year=1998|title=Yodhajiva Sutta: To Yodhajiva (The Warrior) }}.</ref> In the early texts, a person's mental state at the time of death is generally viewed as having a great impact on the next birth.<ref>{{cite book|first=Rune E.A.|last=Johansson|title=The Dynamic Psychology of Early Buddhism|publisher=Curzon Press|year=1979|page=33}}</ref>

Some Buddhists point to other early texts as justifying defensive war.<ref>{{harvnb|Bartholomeusz|2005|pp=40–53}}. Some examples are the ''Cakkavati Sihanada Sutta'', the ''Kosala Samyutta'', the ''Ratthapala Sutta'', and the ''Sinha Sutta''. See also page 125. See also Trevor Ling, ''Buddhism, Imperialism, and War.'' George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1979, pages 136–137.</ref> One example is the ''Kosala Samyutta'', in which King [[Pasenadi]] of [[Kosala]], a righteous king favored by the Buddha, learns of an impending attack on his kingdom. He arms himself in defence, and leads his army into battle to protect his kingdom from attack. He lost this battle but won the war. King Pasenadi eventually defeated Emperor [[Ajatashatru|Ajātasattu]] and captured him alive. He thought that, although this [[List of monarchs of Magadha|King of Magadha]] has transgressed against his kingdom, he had not transgressed against him personally, and Ajātasattu was still his nephew. He released Ajātasattu and did not harm him.<ref>{{cite book|translator=Bhikkhu Bodhi|year=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJCvh8aWI_wC|title=The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya|location=Boston|publisher=Wisdom Publications|isbn=0-86171-331-1|page=177}}</ref> Upon his return, the Buddha said (among other things) that Pasenadi "is a friend of virtue, acquainted with virtue, intimate with virtue", while the opposite is said of the aggressor, King Ajātasattu.{{sfn|Bartholomeusz|2005|pp=49, 52–53}}

According to [[Theravada]] commentaries, there are five requisite factors that must all be fulfilled for an act to be both an act of killing and to be karmically negative. These are: (1) the presence of a living being, human or animal; (2) the knowledge that the being is a living being; (3) the intent to kill; (4) the act of killing by some means; and (5) the resulting death.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hammalawa Saddhatissa|title=Buddhist Ethics|publisher=Wisdom Publications|date=1997|pages=60, 159}}, see also {{harvnb|Bartholomeusz|2005|p=121}}.</ref> Some Buddhists have argued on this basis that the act of killing is complicated, and its ethicality is predicated upon intent.{{sfn|Bartholomeusz|2005|p=121}} Some have argued that in defensive postures, for example, the primary intention of a soldier is not to kill, but to defend against aggression, and the act of killing in that situation would have minimal negative karmic repercussions.{{sfn|Bartholomeusz|2005|pp=44, 121–122, 124}}

According to [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar|Babasaheb Ambedkar]], there is circumstantial evidence encouraging {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} from the Buddha's doctrine, "Love all, so that you may not wish to kill any." Gautama Buddha distinguished between a principle and a rule. He did not make {{transliteration|sa|ahimsa}} a matter of rule, but suggested it as a matter of principle. This gives Buddhists freedom to act.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_buddha/04_02.html#03_02|title=The Buddha and His Dhamma|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222081349/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_buddha/04_02.html#03_02 |archive-date=22 February 2020 |access-date=2011-06-15}}</ref>

===Laws===
[[List of Maurya emperors|Maurya Emperor]] [[Ashoka]] banned animal sacrifice, hunting, slaughter of "all four-footed creatures that are neither useful nor edible" and specific animal species, female goats, sheep and pigs nursing their young as well as their young up to the age of six months. Fishing was banned during [[Chaturmasya]] and [[Uposatha]].{{sfn|Fitzgerald|2004|p=120}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Simoons |first=Frederick J. |date=1994 |title=Eat Not This Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwGZTQunH00C&pg=PA108 |edition=2nd |location=Madison |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |page=108 |isbn=978-0-299-14254-4 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=14 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214171640/https://books.google.com/books?id=JwGZTQunH00C&pg=PA108 |url-status=live}}.</ref> Slave trade in the [[Maurya Empire]] was also banned by Ashoka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/Economic-History/Assets/Documents/Research/GEHN/GEHNConferences/conf10/Conf10-ClarenceSmith.pdf |title=Conf10-ClarenceSmith |website=www.lse.ac.uk/}}</ref>

The emperors of the [[Sui dynasty]], [[Tang dynasty]], and early [[Song dynasty]] banned killing in the Lunar calendar's [[Chinese New Year|1st]], 5th, and 9th months.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite web|url=http://www.bya.org.hk/life/hokfu/new_page_3.htm#34|url-status=live|title=卷糺佛教的慈悲觀|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908061659/http://www.bya.org.hk/life/hokfu/new_page_3.htm#34 |archive-date=8 September 2009 |access-date=2011-06-15}}
|2={{Cite web|url=https://www.drnh.gov.tw/var/file/3/1003/img/10/879650656.pdf |url-status=live|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.drnh.gov.tw/var/file/3/1003/img/10/879650656.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |title=試探《護生畫集》的護生觀高明芳}}
}}</ref> [[Wu Zetian|Empress Wu Tse-Tien]] banned killing for more than half a year in 692.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-AN/an2414.htm|url-status=live|title=「護生」精神的實踐舉隅]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628222345/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-AN/an2414.htm |archive-date=28 June 2011|access-date=2011-06-15}}</ref> Some rulers banned fishing for a period of time each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cclw.net/gospel/asking/dmz10w/htm/02.htm|title= 答妙贞十问|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203141238/http://cclw.net/gospel/asking/dmz10w/htm/02.htm |archive-date=3 December 2008 |access-date=2011-06-15}}</ref>

There were also bans after the death of emperors,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bya.org.hk/life/Q&A_2006/Q&A_bya/128_Q.htm|title=第一二八期佛法自由談|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225211331/http://www.bya.org.hk/life/Q%26A_2006/Q%26A_bya/128_Q.htm |archive-date=25 February 2021|access-date=2011-06-15}}</ref> after Buddhist and Taoist prayers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfnn.org/book/books2/1187.htm|url-status=live|title=虛雲和尚法彙—書問|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724031215/http://www.bfnn.org/book/books2/1187.htm |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=2011-06-15}}</ref> and after natural disasters such as Shanghai's 1926 summer drought, as well as an eight-day ban beginning August 12, 1959, after the August 7 flood ({{lang-zh|c=[[:zh:八七水災|八七水災]]|p=Bāqī shuǐzāi}}), the last big flood before [[Hurricane Kiko (1983)|the 88 Taiwan Flood]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plela.org/Cmapwork/link/crona1.htm|title=道安長老年譜|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727180504/http://www.plela.org/Cmapwork/link/crona1.htm |archive-date=27 July 2011|access-date=2011-06-15}}</ref>

People avoid killing during some festivals, like the Taoist [[Ghost Festival]], the [[Nine Emperor Gods Festival]], and the [[Vegetarian Festival]], as well as during others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mxzxw.cn/zwhgz/wszl_16_23.htm|title=明溪县"禁屠日"习俗的由来}} {{dead link|date=August 2019|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chinesefolklore.org.cn/web/index.php?Page=2&NewsID=3016|url-status=live|title=建构的节日：政策过程视角下的唐玄宗诞节|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707050614/http://www.chinesefolklore.org.cn/web/index.php?Page=2&NewsID=3016 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |access-date=2011-06-15}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=35em}}
*{{annotated link|[[Anekantavada]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Animal rights]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Civil resistance]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Consistent life ethic]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Eight precepts]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Ethics]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Five precepts]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Gandhism]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Golden Rule]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[History of vegetarianism]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Human rights]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Karuṇā]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Non-aggression Principle]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Nonkilling]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Nonresistance]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Nonviolence]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Pacifism]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Satyagraha]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Veganism]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Vegetarianism and religion]]}}
*{{annotated link|[[Yamas]]}}
{{colend}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{Refbegin}}
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* {{citation |last1=Bartholomeusz |first1=Tessa J. |title=In Defense of Dharma: Just-War Ideology in Buddhist Sri Lanka |date=26 July 2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-78857-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdKPAgAAQBAJ |language=en }}
* {{citation |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |title=Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India |year=2007 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-15719-4 }}
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'''Attribution:'''
* {{source attribution|1={{cite book |last=Jain |first=Vijay K. |title=Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iyUu4Fc2-YC |year=2012 |publisher=Vikalp Printers |isbn=978-81-903639-4-5 |access-date=28 June 2016 |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216095825/https://books.google.com/books?id=4iyUu4Fc2-YC |url-status=live }}}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category}}
* {{cite web | title=Sanskrit: Ahimsa quotations from Puranic scripture| website=vedabase.net | date=2007-02-25 | url=http://vedabase.net/a/ahimsa | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225222717/http://vedabase.net/a/ahimsa | archive-date=2007-02-25 | access-date=2019-08-25}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.cpp.edu/~ahimsacenter/ahimsa_programs.shtml|title=AHIMSA Center|website=Cal Poly Pomona|access-date=23 December 2015|archive-date=24 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224052843/http://www.cpp.edu/~ahimsacenter/ahimsa_programs.shtml}} Series of Lectures on Ahimsa

{{Indian Philosophy}}
{{Animal rights}}
{{anti-war}}
{{Gandhi}}
{{Vegetarianism}}
{{Virtues}}

[[Category:Buddhist ethics]]
[[Category:Concepts in ethics]]
[[Category:Hindu ethics]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Jain ethics]]
[[Category:Jain philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Pacifism]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Wholesome factors in Buddhism]]

Usman Enclave, Lucknow

2026-02-06T18:09:14Z

Svetlafz: revise

{{Short description|Residential colony in Uttar Pradesh, India}}{{unsourced|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
'''Usman Enclave''' is a residential colony for ex-army men, at [[Aliganj]] in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is named after Brigadier [[Mohammad Usman]] who was the highest-ranking officer of the [[Indian Army]] killed in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]. As a [[Muslim]], he became a symbol of India's inclusive secularism. Constructed in 1982, Usman Enclave is now shared by both army-men and citizens.

==Houses==
Having 108 houses and divided in five segments, this colony is known as one of the [[Upper class|poshest]] colonies in Lucknow.

==Facilities==
There is a central park which is used by the colony authorities for marriages and functions. This way money is generated for the welfare of the colony. In 2007 a [[badminton]] court was established, which was named ''Usman Enclave Badminton Club''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Lucknow]]

{{Etah-geo-stub}}

2013 in Kerala

2026-02-02T06:29:09Z

Svetlafz: put up stub

{{Year in Kerala}}

Events in the year '''2013''' in '''Kerala'''.

== Incumbents ==
[[List of governors of Kerala|Governors of Kerala]] - [[H. R. Bhardwaj]] (additional charge till March), [[Nikhil Kumar (governor)|Nikhil Kumar]] (from March)

[[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief minister of Kerala]] - [[Oommen Chandy]]

== Events ==

* April 1 - [[National Pension System]] came into force among state government employees of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-01 |title=Contributory pension comes into force in Kerala |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/contributory-pension-comes-into-force-in-kerala/article23090484.ece |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>
* March 10 - [[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Kochi]] inaugurated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-12 |title=Mega-size mall to be open in Kochi on March 10 - Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Mega-size-mall-to-be-open-in-Kochi-on-March-10/articleshow/18744585.cms |access-date=2022-01-23 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612164535/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-01/kochi/37372404_1_emke-group-emke-group-lulu-mall |archive-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* March 20 - Finance Minister [[K. M. Mani]] announces that 12 new [[Taluks]] will be formed in [[Kerala]] namely Kattakkada, Varkala, Punalur, Konni, Idukki, Chalakkudy, Pattambi, Kondotty, Thamaraserry, Iritty, Vellarikkundu and Manjeshwaram.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-20 |title=12 new taluks to be formed in Kerala |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/12-new-taluks-to-be-formed-in-kerala/article4530074.ece |access-date=2023-10-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* May 5 - [[Kaumudy TV]] by [[Kerala Kaumudi]] group launched.
* May 15 - Malayali cricketer and [[Rajasthan Royals]] player [[S. Sreesanth]] arrested by [[Delhi Police]] in connection with [[2013 Indian Premier League spot-fixing and betting case]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=On This Day: Delhi Police Arrest S Sreesanth, Ankeet Chavan And Ajit Chandila in IPL Spot-Fixing Scandal|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/on-this-day-delhi-police-arrest-s-sreesanth-ankeet-chavan-and-ajit-chandila-in-ipl-spot-fixing-scandal-3742757.html|access-date=2022-01-25|website=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref>
* June 2 - [[Kerala Seaplane]], first sea plane in mainland India launched at [[Kollam]].
* June 10 - [[Ripper Jayanandan]] jail break from [[Central Prison, Poojappura]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2013-06-11|title=Police clueless after daring jailbreak|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/police-clueless-after-daring-jailbreak/article4800899.ece|access-date=2022-01-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* June 23 - A women named Noby Augustine filed sexual harassment complaint against [[Jose Thettayil]] and son Adarsh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-23 |title=Woman alleges sexual abuse by Jose Thettayil, son |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/woman-alleges-sexual-abuse-by-jose-thettayil-son/article4843722.ece |access-date=2025-12-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2016-04-30 |title=Woman who filed sexual harassment case against Jose Thettayil, now set to contest elections |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/woman-who-filed-sexual-harassment-case-against-jose-thettayil-now-set-contest-elections |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnakumar |first=G. |date=2021-03-04 |title=Shifting loyalties with a tilt towards Congress |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/shifting-loyalties-with-a-tilt-towards-congress/article33992779.ece |access-date=2025-12-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* June 25 - [[Second Chandy ministry]] decides to give Rs. 2500 monthly pension to all 826 members of former [[Zamorin]] clan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The inheritance of loss: Government decision to grant monthly pension to the Zamorin family, which once ruled Calicut, stirs fierce debate|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/controversy/story/20130805-govt-monthly-pension-zamorin-royal-dynasty-once-ruled-calicut-764985-1999-11-29|website=India Today|date=1999-11-30|access-date=2026-02-02|language=en|first=M. G.|last=Radhakrishnan}}</ref>
* June 28 - Kerala Chief Minister [[Oommen Chandy]]'s personal assistant Tenny Joppan arrested in connection with [[2013 Kerala solar panel scam]].
* August 12 - [[Left Democratic Front]] protests by blocking all gates of [[Kerala Government Secretariat]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-08-12 |title=LDF lays siege to Kerala Secretariat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ldf-lays-siege-to-kerala-secretariat/article5014890.ece |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* September 9 - [[Kerala Police]] arrests [[Ripper Jayanandan]] from [[Thrissur]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Edapally murder mystery solved after 17 years, 'Ripper' Jayanandan arrested for killing elderly sibling duo|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/12/28/edappally-twin-murder-ripper-jayanandan-arrested-17-years-later.html|access-date=2022-01-25|website=OnManorama}}</ref>
* November 15 - [[Krishnagiri Stadium]], [[Wayanad district]] inaugurated.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2013-12-18|title=KCA’s first cricket stadium at Krishnagiri|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kcas-first-cricket-stadium-at-krishnagiri/article5473008.ece|access-date=2022-01-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* December 1 - [[Kollam MEMU Shed]] commissioned.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-11|title=Three ISO certificates for MEMU maintenance shed|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/three-iso-certificates-for-memu-maintenance-shed/article33308748.ece|access-date=2022-01-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Deaths ==

* February 7 - [[K. K. Nair]], [[Politician]], 82.
* March 26 - [[Sukumari]], 72, actress.
* June 27 - [[A. C. Shanmughadas]], 74, politician.
* August 2 - [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]], 93, Musician
* December 16 - [[Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma]], 91, titular head of [[Travancore royal family]].

== See also ==

* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[2013 in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:2010s in Kerala]]

Hinduism in French Guiana

2026-01-26T00:06:24Z

Svetlafz: Done...

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Hinduism by country}}

[[Hinduism]] is a minority religion in [[French Guiana]], introduced and practiced mostly by the [[Indians in French Guiana]], who are approximately 12,000 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-06|title=Sarnami Hindi in French Guiana Ethnic People Profile|url=https://legacy.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?rog3=FG&peo3=14771|access-date=2021-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406145604/https://legacy.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?rog3=FG&peo3=14771|archive-date=2021-04-06}}</ref> As of 2010, Hinduism is followed by 1.6% of the population of [[French Guiana]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Religions in French Guiana {{!}} PEW-GRF|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/french-guiana#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010|access-date=2021-04-06|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org}}</ref>
==History==
The [[Abolitionism#Second_abolition_(1848)_and_subsequent_events|abolition of slavery by France in 1848]] created a labour crisis in its three colonies (now overseas departments) in the Caribbean. French Guiana received labourers from Java<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.petitfute.com/v36627-sinnamary-97315/ |title=Guide de voyage Sinnamary |website=Petit Fute|access-date=20 December 2021|language=fr}}</ref> and India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/europe-europeans-and-world/forced-migration-and-work-in-european-colonies/indentured-labour-in-european-colonies-during-19th-century |title=Indentured Labour in European Colonies during the 19th Century |website=EHNE |author=Virginie Chaillou-Atros}}</ref> French Guiana received 19,276 indentured labourers from India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 6, 2007|title=EAST INDIAN IMMIGRATION, 1838-1917|url=https://www.landofsixpeoples.com/news702/nc0705062.html|access-date=2021-04-06|website=www.landofsixpeoples.com|archive-date=2023-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228020949/https://www.landofsixpeoples.com/news702/nc0705062.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Caribbean topic|Hinduism in}}
{{South America topic|Hinduism in}}

[[Category:Religion in French Guiana]]
[[Category:Hinduism in France| ]]
[[Category:Hinduism in South America|French Guiana]]

Department of Urban Development and Municipal Affairs

2026-01-24T16:41:12Z

Svetlafz: small reworked structure for clarity additionally and updated info

{{short description|State government department in West Bengal, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=May 2020}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2020}}
}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Urban Development & Municipal Affairs
| type = Department
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption = Seat of West Bengal
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = 
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| headquarters = Nagarayan, Block DF-8 Sector-I [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake]], Kolkata
| coordinates =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Firhad Hakim]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Third Banerjee ministry|Minister-in-Charge]]
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo = 
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo = 
| chief1_name = Sri Khalil Ahmed, [[Indian Administrative Service|I.A.S]]
| chief1_position = Principal Secretary
| chief2_name = Smt. Sujata Ghosh,IAS & Smt. Nandini Ghosh,IAS
| chief2_position = Special Commissioner
| chief3_name = Smt. Debarati Datta Gupta, WBCS(Exec.) & Sri Saikat Kumar Dutta, WBCS(Exec.) & Sri Aniruddha Raha, WBCS(Exec.)
| chief3_position = Special Secretary
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{URL|http://wburbanservices.gov.in|Official Website}}
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| agency_type =
}}
The '''Department of Urban Development & Municipal Affairs''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Urban Development & Municipal Affairs |url=https://www.wburbanservices.gov.in/}}</ref> is a [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal government]] department. It is an [[interior ministry]] mainly responsible for the administration of the urban development and municipal affairs in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wb.gov.in/departments-details.aspx?id=D171020190026414&page=Urban-Development-and-Municipal-Affairs|title=Egiye Bangal Department of Urban Development and Municipal Affairs|website=www.wb.gov.in|accessdate=19 January 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
The urban governance through the ‘Urban Local Bodies' (ULBs) i.e. [[Municipal Corporations]], Municipalities and Notified Area Authorities , in the state of West Bengal dates back to British regime in 18th.century. The first municipal mechanism created during British rule was the [[Municipal Corporation]], set up in the former presidency town of [[Madras]] (today [[Chennai]]) in 1688 with a view to transfer the financial responsibility of local administration to the newly created corporation. The Mayor's Courts were established in each of the three Presidency towns, Madras, [[Bombay]] and [[Calcutta]] through the Royal Charter of 1720. In 1882, the then Victory of India, Lord Ripon's resolution of local self-government laid the democratic forms of municipal governance in [[India]]. The current form and the structure of municipal bodies are based on Lord Ripon's Resolutions, which was adopted in 1882 as local self-government. The Government of India Act, 1919 incorporated the need for conferment of power to a democratically elected government. This act has another development towards the evolution of urban local bodies in India. In 1935, another [[Government of India]] Act brought the local government under the purview of the state of the provincial government and specific powers were given, to those local self-governments.

The [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] or “KMC” (earlier known as Calcutta Municipal Corporation) is one of the oldest municipal bodies of the country. In 1726, a [[Mayor]]'s court was established by a Royal Charter. With the expansion of British Government by making Calcutta as a capital of British India in 1773, the municipal services grow up. In 1847 the electoral system was introduced for the first time and the idea of Calcutta Corporation begins to start. In 1876 a new Corporation was created with 72 Commissioners. In 1923, Corporation stands its existence by important changes by Rashtraguru [[Surendranath Bannerjee]], the 1st minister for local self government. The Calcutta Corporation act, 1980 changed the existing system of the corporation. This alteration was more effective and more systematic so far municipal service is concerned, which came into force in 1984.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government departments of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Local government in West Bengal|*]]
[[Category:Subnational urban development ministries|West Bengal]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Islampur railway station

2026-01-23T09:39:09Z

Svetlafz:

{{Short description|Railway station in Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox station
| name = ISLAMPUR
| type = [[Indian Railways]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|100px]]
| image_caption = Indian Railways logo
| address = State Highway 71, [[Islampur, Nalanda]], [[Bihar]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|25.15|N|85.2|E|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India Bihar#India
| map_dot_label = '''Islampur''' railway station
| elevation = {{convert|63|m|ft}}
| line = [[Fatuha–Tilaiya line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 3
| tracks = 4
| parking = Yes
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}} Available
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = IPR
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Danapur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railways]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
}}

'''Islampur railway station''' (station code:- '''IPR''') is located in [[Islampur, Nalanda|Islampur]], [[Nalanda district]], [[Bihar]] state, India. It comes under the [[East Central Railway zone]] of {{stnlnk|Danapur}} division.<ref>{{cite web |last1=P |first1=Arpit |title=Islampur Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/islampur-ipr/2294 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Trains==
There are many trains from Islampur to other big cities. Islampur is connected directly to [[New Delhi]] by the [[Magadh Express]]. A new train, the [[Hatia–Rajendra Nagar–Islampur Intercity Express]], is also running. Currently two express trains and two passenger trains, Patna–Islampur Passenger and Fatuha–Islampur Passenger (formerly Buxar–Islampur fast passenger) run on this track.

==Electrification==
Feasibility studies for the electrification of the Manpur–Tilaiya–Kiul sector and Fatuha–Islampur–Bakhtiyarpur–Rajgir sectors were announced in the rail budget for 2010–11.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=58164 |title =Railway Budget 2010-11: Electrification of New Rail Sections | publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|date=24 February 2010 |accessdate = 26 March 2014 }}</ref>

==Lines==
The Fatuha–Tilaiya line is a railway line connecting [[Fatuha Junction railway station|Fatuha]] on the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] and {{stnlnk|Tilaiya Junction||Tilaiya}} on the [[Gaya–Kiul line]] both in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. The line was earlier known as Fatuha–Islampur line. A small portion of the line from Islampur to [[Natesar railway station|Natesar]] is still to be opened for use.

==See also==
* {{stnlnk|Danapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Fatuha Junction}}
* [[Magadh Express]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Nalanda district]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

Kerala School Kalolsavam 2025

2026-01-14T04:13:08Z

Svetlafz:

{{Short description|Multi-arts festival in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Kerala School Kalolsavam 2025
| logo = 63rd Kerala School Kalolsavam logo.png
| logo_caption = Kerala School Kalolsavam 2025 logo<br/>(displayed text in [[Malayalam language]])
| image =Kerala School Kalolsavam 2025 (75).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| status = Concluded
| genre = [[Arts festival|School arts festival]], [[culture of Kerala]], [[tribal art]], [[Kerala School Kalolsavam|School Kalolsavam]]
| date = 
| begins = {{Start date|2025|01|04|df=yes}}
| ends = {{End date|2025|01|08|df=yes}}
| frequency = Annual
| venue = Ananthapuri
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| years_active = 1957 – present
| first = {{start date|df=yes|1957|01|26}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/in-depth/kalolsavam-school-youth-fest-kannur/how-talent-show-kerala-developed-over-decades.html | title=How the greatest talent show in Kerala developed over decades | publisher=[[Onmanorama]] | date=14 January 2017 | accessdate=5 January 2025}}</ref>
| founder_name = C.S. Venkiteswaran
| last = 
| prev = 
| next = [[64th Kerala School Kalolsavam|64th Kerala School Kalolsavam]]
| participants = 15,000
| attendance =
| area =
| budget =
| activity =
| patron =
| organised = [[Government of Kerala]]
| filing =
| people =
| member =
| website = [https://ulsavam.kite.kerala.gov.in/2024/kalolsavam/index.php/publishresult/Public_result Official website]
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Kerala School Kalolsavam 2025''' ([[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: കേരള സ്കൂൾ കലോത്സവം 2025), also referred to as the '''Kerala State School Arts Festival 2025''', was the 63rd edition of the [[Kerala School Kalolsavam]]. It took place from 4 to 8 January in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the state capital.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/career-and-campus/top-news/2024/07/04/thiruvananthapuram-to-host-kerala-school-kalolsavam-this-year.html | title=Thiruvananthapuram to host Kerala School Kalolsavam this year | publisher=[[Onmanorama]] | date=4 July 2024 | accessdate=5 January 2025}}</ref> The festival was inaugurated by Kerala Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] at [[Central Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|Central Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/63rd-kerala-state-school-kalolsavam-thiruvananthapuram-1.10222712 | title=Kerala CM inaugurates 63rd State Kalolsavam, pays tributes to MT Vasudevan Nair | publisher=[[Mathrubhumi News]] | date=4 January 2025 | accessdate=5 January 2025}}</ref> Over 15,000 participants competed in 250 events held across 25 venues.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/career-and-campus/top-news/2025/01/03/kerala-school-kalolsavam-to-kick-off-in-tvm-on-saturday.html | title=63rd Kalolsavam to kick off in Thiruvananthapuram with 240 events across 25 venues | publisher=[[Onmanorama]] | date=3 January 2025 | accessdate=5 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/latest-news/kerala-news/kerala-school-kalolsavam-2025-begin-today-at-thiruvananthapuram-here-details-of-venues-and-all-other-things/articleshow/116929343.cms | title=25 Venues, 15,000 Participants: Kerala School Arts Festival Kicks Off Today | work=Deepu Divakaran | publisher=[[The Times of India|Samayam Malayalam]] | date=4 January 2025 | accessdate=5 January 2025 | language=Malayalam}}</ref>

[[File:Dancers of Tribal dance of kerala in traditional costumes at Kerala School Kalolsavam 2025 (27).jpg|thumb|Dancers of tribal dance of Kerala in traditional costumes at Kerala School Kalolsavam 2025]]

During the closing ceremony at the Central Stadium, [[V. Sivankutty]], the Minister for General Education and Labour of Kerala, presented the golden trophy to the winning district. The ceremony was attended by Malayalam film actors [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] and [[Tovino Thomas]], along with other prominent politicians from Kerala.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/education-career/kerala-state-kalolsavam-2025-thrissur-lifts-golden-cup-at-school-youth-festival-9182608.html | title=Kerala State Kalolsavam 2025: Thrissur Lifts Golden Cup At School Youth Festival | publisher=[[News18 India]] | date=9 January 2025 | accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/palakkad/2025/01/09/palakkad-near-miss-gold-arts-festival.html | title=Palakkad Concedes 'One'; Thrissur Wins by a Single Point | work=Bijin Samuel | publisher=[[Manorama Online]] | date=9 January 2025 | accessdate=9 January 2025 | language=Malayalam}}</ref>

At the conclusion of the five-day event on 8 January 2025, [[Thrissur district]] won the championship for the 6th time in the 63-year history of the Kalolsavam. This victory comes 25 years after their last win in 1999. Thrissur secured 1008 points, with [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] as the first runner-up with 1007 points, and [[Kannur district|Kannur]] as the second runner-up with 1003 points.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/school-kalolsavam-50990/kalolsavam-news-05093/thrissur-kalolsavam--15895 | title=Thrissur Celebrates 'Anantha Pooram' | publisher=[[Deshabhimani]] | date=8 January 2025 | accessdate=8 January 2025 | language=Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/latest-news/kerala-news/kerala-school-kalolsavam-2025-points-table-winner-and-districts-positions-full-list/articleshow/117056108.cms | title=Thrissur Shines in Golden Light; Land of Pooram Clinches Title by a Single Point, Marking a 25-Year Milestone | work=Jibin George | publisher=[[The Times of India|Samayam Malayalam]] | date=8 January 2025 | accessdate=8 January 2025 | language=Malayalam}}</ref>

The 63rd Kerala State School Arts Festival in 2025 is the first arts festival to include tribal arts. This year's festival gave special importance to the rich artistic traditions of tribal communities, incorporating their art forms into the main events. This initiative marks a significant step in preserving and promoting the cultural heritage of Kerala's tribal communities. The inclusion of tribal arts celebrates cultural diversity and provides a prominent platform for tribal artists to showcase their unique traditions. This effort has been widely appreciated as a milestone in recognizing and honoring the cultural contributions of tribal communities in Kerala.<ref>https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kalolsavam-2025-tribal-dance-forms-irular-nritham-mangalamkali-1.10223148</ref>

[[file:Tribal dance of kerala at Kerala School Kalolsavam 2025 (23).jpg|thumb|right|Tribal dance]]
[[File:Mohiniyattam, A traditional dance form of Kerala (HSS) (304).jpg|thumb|Mohiniyattam]]

== Background ==
Kerala School Kalolsavam, considered one of the largest school arts festivals in Asia,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-small-idea-that-paved-way-for-asias-largest-festival/article69058930.ece | title=From humble beginnings to Asia's biggest arts festival for students | publisher=[[The Hindu]] | work=P.K. Ajith Kumar | date=4 January 2024 | accessdate=5 January 2025}}</ref> organised by the [[Government of Kerala]] in association with the [[Department of General Education]], was originally scheduled to take place from December 3 to 7 for its 63rd edition. However, the Government of Kerala postponed the event to avoid a conflict with the [[National Achievement Survey]] examination.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/kerala-school-kalolsavam-2025-postponed-to-january-check-venue-revised-schedule-here-article-113913046 | title=Kerala School Kalolsavam 2025 Postponed to January, Check Venue, Revised Schedule Here | publisher=[[Times Now]] | work=Ruchika Kumari | date=3 October 2024 | accessdate=5 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1396153&u=kerala-school-kalolsavam-postponed-to-first-week-of-january-new-dates-to-be-announced-later-1396153 | title=Kerala School Kalolsavam postponed to first week of January; new dates to be announced later | work=Keralakaumudi Daily | publisher=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] | date=3 October 2024 | accessdate=5 January 2025 | last1=Daily | first1=Keralakaumudi }}</ref> The festival was then held in Ananthapuri, [[Thiruvananthapuram district]], featuring 25 venues for 250 events.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/career-and-campus/top-news/2024/10/04/kerala-school-kalolsavam-rescheduled-new-dates.html | title=Kerala School Kalolsavam rescheduled to January 2025, Find the new dates here | publisher=[[Onmanorama]] | date=4 October 2024 | accessdate=5 January 2025}}</ref>

For the first time in the festival's history, five tribal art forms are included in the competition. These are [[Mangalamkali]], a traditional dance of the [[Mavilan]] and [[Malavettuvan]] communities from [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] and [[Kannur district]]s;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/kerala/2024/Jan/05/mangalam-kali-sets-the-stage-for-kalolsavam-tryst-with-tribal-art-2647964.html | title=Mangalam kali sets the stage for Kalolsavam tryst with tribal art | publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] | work=Rahul R | date=5 January 2025 | accessdate=5 January 2025}}</ref> Paniya Nritham, a dance of the [[Paniya people|Paniya community]] in [[Wayanad district]]; [[Malapulayattam]], an art form of the Malapulaya community in [[Idukki district]]; Irula Nritham, a dance of the [[Irula people|Irula community]] from [[Attappadi taluk|Attappady]] in [[Palakkad district]]; and Paliya Nritham, an art form of the Paliya community in Idukki district.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kalolsavam-2025-tribal-dance-forms-irular-nritham-mangalamkali-1.10223148 | title=From 'Irular Nritham' to 'Mangalamkali': How is Kerala's tribal art making its debut at Kalolsavam? | publisher=[[Mathrubhumi News]] | work=Shalini Chandran | date=4 January 2025 | accessdate=5 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-school-arts-festival-to-have-tibal-dance-categories-for-first-time-1.10158098 | title=After maiden differently-abled school sports meet, Kerala introduces tribal dance at Kalolsavam | publisher=[[Mathrubhumi News]] | date=12 December 2024 | accessdate=5 January 2025}}</ref>

=== Opening ceremony ===
The event began with the flag hoisting by the director of general education at the Central Stadium, which served as the main venue for the festival. The official inauguration took place at MT Nila in the Central Stadium. The ceremony was led by the minister of general education, V. Sivankutty, with principal secretary of general education, Rani George, in attendance. Several other officials, including Ministers [[G. R. Anil]], [[K. Rajan (politician)|K. Rajan]], [[A. K. Saseendran]], [[Roshy Augustine]], [[K. N. Balagopal]], and other notable guests, were also present.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/63rd-kerala-school-kalolsavam-begins-in-thiruvananthapuram | title=63rd Kerala school Kalolsavam begins in Thiruvananthapuram | publisher=[[The News Minute]] | date=4 January 2025 | accessdate=5 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/video-gallery/news/chief-minister-pinarayi-vijayan-inaugurated-63rd-state-school-art-festival/videoshow/116935847.cms | title=State School Art Festival Inaugurated: A Testament to Resilience, Says Chief Minister | publisher=[[The Times of India|Samayam Malayalam]] | work=Naveen Kumar T.V | date=4 January 2025 | accessdate=5 January 2025 | language=Malayalam}}</ref>

The event included a special welcome song for the Kalamotsavam, composed by Sreenivasan Thuneri and arranged by [[Kavalam Sreekumar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ml/!education-and-career/welcome-song-for-kerala-state-school-kalolsavam-wrote-by-sreenivasan-melsanthi-kls24122902770 | title=Kalolsavam 2025: Welcome Song Penned by Thuneri's Melshanthi | publisher=[[ETV Network]] | date=29 December 2024 | accessdate=5 January 2025 | language=Malayalam}}</ref> The performance featured children from [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] and public schools.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thrissur/2024/12/31/kalamandalam-welcome-dance-performance.html | title=Children of Kalamandalam Perform Welcome Dance at State School Arts Festival | publisher=[[Manorama Online]] | date=31 December 2024 | accessdate=5 January 2025 | language=Malayalam}}</ref> A group dance by students from Wayanad [[Vellarimala]] GHSS was also part of the opening ceremony.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/wayanad-landslide-vellarmala-school-students-at-kerala-school-kalolsavam-2025-1.10223298 | title='We will rise again': Students from landslide-hit Wayanad take centre stage at Kalolsavam | publisher=[[Mathrubhumi News]] | work=Sia Viju | date=4 January 2025 | accessdate=5 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Jan/05/kerala-state-school-arts-festival-vellarmala-school-students-brave-pain-loss-in-kalolsavam-recital | title=Kerala State School Arts Festival: Vellarmala school students brave pain & loss in Kalolsavam recital | publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] | work=Aparna Nair | date=5 January 2025 | accessdate=5 January 2025}}</ref>

=== Venues ===
The Kerala School Kalolsavam 2025 was held at 25 locations in the Thiruvananthapuram district. Each venue is named after one of Kerala's major rivers.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/kerala/kerala-school-kalolsavam-2025-venue-and-registration-date-timing-full-details-srr-707262.html | title=Kerala School Kalolsavam: 25 Venues, Over 15,000 Students; Kalamamangam Starts Tomorrow | publisher=[[News18 India]] | work=Sneha Reghu | date=3 January 2025 | accessdate=5 January 2025}}</ref> The list of venues and their corresponding names is as follows:<ref>{{cite book | url=https://ulsavam.kite.kerala.gov.in/2024/kalolsavam/doc/programmenotice_new.pdf | title=Program Committee Publication | publisher=[[Department of General Education]] | author=[[Government of Kerala]] | year=2025 | pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-school-kalolsavam-2025-second-day-competitions-and-venues-5th-january-2025/articleshow/116955335.cms | title=State School Kalolsavam Day 2: Oppana to Paniya Dance Highlights; Venue and Competition Details | work=Deepu Divakaran | publisher=[[The Times of India|Samayam Malayalam]] | date=5 January 2025 | accessdate=5 January 2025 | language=Malayalam}}</ref>
{{div col}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" | Stage name
! scope="col" | Venue
! scope="col" | City/town
|-
|[[Bharathappuzha]]
|[[Central Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|Central Stadium]]
|[[Palayam, Thiruvananthapuram|Palayam]]
|-
|[[Periyar River|Periyar]]
|[[Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram|Government College for Women]]
|[[Vazhuthacaud]]
|-
|[[Pamba River|Pambayar]]
| Tagore Theatre
|[[Vazhuthacaud]]
|-
|[[Achankovil]]
| Karthika Thirunal Theatre
|[[East Fort]]
|-
|[[Karamana River|Karamanayar]]
| Government Higher Secondary School
|[[Manacaud]]
|-
| [[Bhavani River|Bhavani Nadhi]]
| [[St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Thiruvananthapuram|St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School]]
| Palayam
|-
| [[Vamanapuram River|Vamanapuram Nadhi]]
| Government Model Girls Higher Secondary School
|Pattom
|-
| [[Pallikkal River|Pallikkalar]]
| [[Nirmala Bhavan Higher Secondary School]]
| [[Kowdiar]]
|-
|[[Kallada River|Kalladayar]]
|[[Government Higher Secondary School for Girls, Cotton Hill]]
| Cotton Hill
|-
| [[Manimala River|Manimalayar]]
| [[Swathi Thirunal College of Music]]
| Swathi Thirunal
|-
| [[Meenachil River|Meenachalar]]
| The Institution of Engineers
| [[Vellayambalam]]
|-
| [[Muvattupuzha]]yar
| Samskarika Kendram
| [[Poojappura]]
|-
| [[Chalakudy River|Chalakudy Puzha]]
| Carmel Higher Secondary School
| Vazhuthacaud
|-
| [[Karuvannur River|Karuvannur Puzha]]
| Bharat Bhavan
| Thycaud
|-
| [[Kabini River|Kabini Nadhi]]
| Nishagandhi Auditorium
| Nanthancodu
|-
| [[Chaliyar]]
| Sisu Kshema Samithi Hall
| Thycaud
|-
| [[Kadalundi River|Kadalundi Puzha]]
| Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School
| Thycaud
|-
| [[Kuttiady|Kuttiady Puzha]]
| Government Model LPS
| Thycaud
|-
| [[Mahé River|Mayyazhipuzha]]
| [[Mahatma Ayyankali Hall]]
| Palayam
|-
| Thalassery Puzha
| Government Higher Secondary School
| Chala
|-
| [[Valapattanam River|Valapattanam Puzha]]
| Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School (Classroom 1)
| Thycaud
|-
| Ramapuram Puzha
| Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School (Classroom 2)
| Thycaud
|-
| Peruvemba Puzha
| Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School (Classroom 3)
| Thycaud
|-
| [[Kallayi River|Kallayi Puzha]]
| Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School (Classroom 4)
| Thycaud
|-
| [[Chittari River|Chittari Puzha]]
| [[St. Mary's Higher Secondary School, Thiruvananthapuram|St. Mary's Higher Secondary School]]
| Pattom
|}
{{div col end}}

=== Closing ceremony ===
The closing ceremony of the event took place on January 8, 2025, at the Central Stadium in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ml/!videos/kalolsavam-2025-closing-ceremony-kls25010803344 | title=State School Kalolsavam Concludes with Closing Ceremony at Central Stadium | publisher=[[ETV Network]] | date=8 January 2025 | accessdate=9 January 2025 | language=Malayalam}}</ref> Malayalam film actors Asif Ali and Tovino Thomas were the chief guests.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-state-school-arts-festival-will-be-concluded-on-wednesday-evening-1.10234699 | title=State School Arts Festival concludes today; Tovino Thomas and Asif Ali will be chief guests | publisher=[[Mathrubhumi News]] | date=8 January 2025 | accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref> Several politicians from Kerala attended, including Finance Minister [[K. N. Balagopal]], Minister [[G. R. Anil]], Speaker [[A. N. Shamseer]], and other ministers: [[K. Krishnankutty]], [[Kadannappalli Ramachandran]], [[P. A. Mohammed Riyas]], [[P. Prasad]], [[O. R. Kelu]], and [[R. Bindu|Dr. R. Bindu]]. Members of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] and [[V. D. Satheesan]] [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Kerala Assembly]], including [[A. A. Rahim (politician, born 1980)|A. A. Rahim]], along with chairpersons of various Kalolsavam committees, such as [[Antony Raju]], [[K. Ansalan]], [[C. K. Hareendran]], [[V. Joy]], [[V. K. Prasanth]], [[O. S. Ambika]], Chief Secretary Sarada Muraleedharan, Principal Secretary of the General Education Department Rani George, Director S. Shanavas, and Additional Director R. S. Shibu, were also present.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/school-kalolsavam-5-day-long-school-art-festival-concluded-at-central-stadium-ys1 | title=Asif and Tovino Spark Excitement as Thrissur Clinches Gold Cup; 5-Day Kalamamangam Ends at Central Stadium | publisher=[[Kairali TV]] | date=8 January 2025 | accessdate=9 January 2025 | language=Malayalam}}</ref>

Chirayinkeezhu Sreekandan Nair, the designer of the golden cup, was presented with a gold medal at the ceremony.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1455057&u=minister-came-in-person-and-invited-sculptor-chirayinkeezhu-sreekandan-nair-will-come...-to-touch-the-golden-cup-1455057 | title=Minister came in person and invited; sculptor Chirayinkeezhu Sreekandan Nair will come | work=Keralakaumudi Daily | publisher=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] | date=3 January 2025 | accessdate=9 January 2025 | last1=Daily | first1=Keralakaumudi }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/career-and-campus/top-news/2025/01/02/kalolsavam-gold-trophy-maker-traces-its-story.html | title=Beyond gold: Artist Sreekandan Nair retraces story behind Kalolsavam winner's trophy | publisher=[[Onmanorama]] | date=2 January 2025 | accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref> Pazhayidom Mohanan Namboothiri, marking 25 years in the culinary field, and Haritha Karmasena, recognized for their contributions to the smooth operation of the festival's pandal, light, and sound systems, were also honored.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/thiruvananthapuram/pazhayidom-mohanan-namboothiri-and-kadakampally-surendran-on-kalolsavam-food-committee-and-hygiene-of-kitchen/articleshow/117068464.cms | title=Pazhayidam praises the event's organization, while Kadakampally Surendran reveals the key to the food committee's success | work=Lijin Kadukkaram | publisher=[[The Times of India|Samayam Malayalam]] | date=9 January 2025 | accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2025/01/09/pazhayidam-mohanan-namboothiri-kerala-kalolsavam-food-story.html | title=25 Years of Pazhayidam at Kalotsava Kalavara | work=Unni Namboothiri | publisher=[[Manorama Online]] | date=9 January 2025 | accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref> 78 awards were distributed across various categories. Additionally, media awards for the 62nd State School Kalolasavam and the [[2024 Kerala School Sports Meet]] held in [[Kochi]] were presented.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/sports/other-sports/2025/01/09/malayala-manorama-school-sports-meet-awards.html | title=School Sports Festival: Manorama Wins 3 Awards, Manorama News Channel Recognized for Coverage | publisher=[[Manorama Online]] | date=9 January 2025 | accessdate=9 January 2025 | language=Malayalam}}</ref>

== Performance table ==
The table below provides an overview of the performance of each of the 14 districts, showing the final points earned each day from January 4 to 8. The time at which the data was collected is also indicated (in brackets) for each day.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/kerala-kalolsavam-2024-points-table-kozhikode-leads-with-78-points-check-updates-article-106549505 | title=Kerala Kalolsavam 2024 Points Table: Kozhikode Leads with 78 Points, Check Updates | publisher=[[Times Now]] | date=5 January 2025 | accessdate=5 January 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;max-width:750px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none"
|-
!rowspan="2" {{diagonal split header 2|<br />District(s)|No. of days}}
!Day 1<br />{{small|(7.00 PM IST)}}
!Day 2<br />{{small|(11.00 PM IST)}}
!Day 3<br />{{small|(10.30 PM IST)}}
!Day 4<br />{{small|(12.00 PM IST)}}
!Day 5<br />{{small|(4.15 PM IST)}}
!Final result<ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/kerala/kerala-school-kalolsavam-2025-winner-thrissur-total-points-second-third-palakkad-kannur-496747.html | title=Kalolsavam: Thrissur Clinches the Cup After 25 Years, Edging Ahead by Just One Point | publisher=[[Oneindia]] | work=Ajmal M K | date=8 January 2025 | accessdate=8 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
!4 January
!5 January
!6 January
!7 January
! colspan=2| 8 January
|-
| Alappuzha || 58 || 415 || 670 || 909 || 953 || 8th place
|-
| Ernakulam || 63 || 413 || 671 || 930 || 980 || 5th place
|-
| Idukki || 57 || '''{{color|blue|340}}''' || '''{{color|blue|570}}''' || '''{{color|blue|778}}''' || '''{{color|blue|817}}''' || 13th place
|-style="background:#cc9966;"
| Kannur || 66 || '''{{color|red|439}}''' || '''{{color|red|713}}''' || 961 || 1003 || 2nd RUNNER-UP
|-
| Kasaragod || 57 || 386 || 642 || 876 || 913 || 10th place
|-
| Kollam || 66 || 411 || 672 || 921 || 964 || 6th place
|-
| Kottayam || 58 || 387 || 639 || 881 || 924 || 9th place
|-
| Kozhikode || '''{{color|red|68}}''' || 436 || 708 || 959 || 1000 || 4th place
|-
| Malappuram || 64 || 417 || 681 || 934 || 980 || 5th place
|-style="background:silver;"
| Palakkad || 64 || 430 || 702 || 961 || 1007 || 1st runner-up
|-
| Pathanamthitta || 55 || 361 || 596 || 807 || 848 || 12th place
|-
| style="border: 3px solid red" |Thiruvananthapuram || 56 || 409 || 666 || 913 || 957 || 7th place
|-style="background-color:gold; font-weight: bold"
| Thrissur || 66 || 438 || 708 || '''{{color|red|960}}''' || '''{{color|red|1008}}''' || Winner
|-
| Wayanad || '''{{color|blue|52}}''' || 382 || 637 || 865 || 895 || 11th place
|-
| colspan="7" |
* {{small|In the table above, the '''{{color|blue|blue numbers}}''' represent the lowest points and the '''{{color|red|red numbers}}''' represent the highest points.}}
* {{small|{{bg|gold|W}} – winner}}
* {{small|{{bg|silver|1RU}} – 1st runner-up}}
* {{small|{{bg|#cc9966|2RU}} – 2nd runner-up}}
* {{small|{{border|width=3px|color=red|   }} — host district}}
|}

=== Category-wise performance ===
The following is a list of winners by school and district in each of the four categories at the 2025 Kalolsavam. For multiple winners listed, it indicates they had the same number of points. [[BSS Gurukulam Higher Secondary School]] from Palakkad won the overall school championship with 171 points. Carmel Higher Secondary School from Thiruvananthapuram placed as the first runner-up with 116 points, and MGM Higher Secondary School from Wayanad took the second runner-up position with 106 points.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thiruvananthapuram/2025/01/09/kerala-school-kalolsavam-palakkad-alathur-bss-gurukulam-12th-consecutive-victory.html | title=BSS Gurukulam Secures Highest Points for 12th Consecutive Year | publisher=[[Manorama Online]] | date=9 January 2025 | accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ml/!education-and-career/overall-champion-in-kerala-school-kalolsavam-palakkad-gurukulam-kls25010805078 | title=Unchallenged Triumph: Palakkad Gurukulam Secures 12th Trophy Victory | publisher=[[ETV Network]] | date=8 January 2025 | accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/kalolsavam-2025/articles/bss-gurukulam-kerala-school-kalotsavam-champs-1.10234813 | title=Gurukulam of Alathur Demonstrates Its Strength in Schools | work=Vrinda Mohan | publisher=[[Mathrubhumi News]] | date=8 January 2025 | accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align: left"
! rowspan=3 data-sort-type="number" | Category
|-
! colspan=2 width=100px | 1st place
! colspan=2 width=100px | 2nd place
! colspan=2 width=100px | 3rd place
|-
! School(s)
! District(s)
! School(s)
! District(s)
! School(s)
! District(s)
|-
! High School General
| MGM Higher Secondary School, [[Mananthavady]]
| style="text-align:center"| Palakkad, Thrissur
| BSS Gurukulam Higher Secondary School, [[Alathur]]
| style="text-align:center"| Kollam, Kozhikode
| Durga Higher Secondary School, [[Kanhangad]]
| style="text-align:center"| Kannur
|-
! Higher Secondary School General
| Nair Samajam Higher Secondary School, [[Mannar, Alappuzha|Mannar]]
| style="text-align:center"| Thrissur
| BSS Gurukulam Higher Secondary School, Alathur
| style="text-align:center"| Palakkad
| Carmel Girls Higher Secondary School, [[Vazhuthacaud]]
| style="text-align:center"| Kannur
|-
! High School Arabic
| Government Higher Secondary School, Kallar
| style="text-align:center"| Ernakulam, Kannur, Kozhikode
| Hayathudeen High School, [[Erattupetta]]
| style="text-align:center"| Kasaragod, Malappuram, Wayanad
| Muslim Girls Higher Secondary School, Erattupetta
| style="text-align:center"| Kollam, Thrissur
|-
! High School Sanskrit
| Amrita Sanskrit Higher Secondary School, [[Parippally]]
| style="text-align:center"| Malappuram, Palakkad, Kasaragod
| Mannam Memorial High School, Nariampara
| style="text-align:center"| Kannur, Kollam, Kozhikode
| TD Higher Secondary School, [[Thuravoor, Cherthala|Thuravoor]]
| style="text-align:center"| Thrissur
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Folk Dance of Kerala (114).jpg|Folk dance (group)
Mohiniyattam, A traditional dance form of Kerala (HSS) (88).jpg|[[Mohiniyattam]]
Oppana, A traditional dance form of Muslim community in Kerala (35).jpg|[[Oppana]]
Folk Dance of Kerala (22).jpg|Folk dance(Solo)
Kerala School Kalolsavam 2025 (49).jpg|[[Kuchipudi]]
Bharathanatyam at Kerala School kalolsavam 2025 (17).jpg|[[Bharathanatyam]]
Kerala School Kalolsavam 2025 (115).jpg|[[Bharathanatyam]]
File:Folk Dance of Kerala (343).jpg|Folk dance (group)
Mohiniyattam, A traditional dance form of Kerala (164) 1.jpg|Mohiniyattam

</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:2025 festivals in Asia]]
[[Category:2025 in Kerala]]
[[Category:January 2025 in India]]
[[Category:Art festivals in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Organised events in Thiruvananthapuram]]

Devadiga

2026-01-13T09:07:08Z

Svetlafz: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Temple servant community located in Karnataka, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
'''Devadiga''' ({{Langx|sa|देवाडिगः|Dēvāḍiga}}) also known as '''Moily''', '''Sherigar'''<ref name=":3" /> is a [[Hindus|Hindu]] community or caste. Devadigas were traditionally temple servants and musicians in Hindu temples. Devadigas are originally from the land stretching between Karwar in [[Uttara Kannada]] district of Karnataka and [[Kasaragod district]] of Kerala and some parts of Maharashtra in west-coast of India up to the [[Chandragiri River]] and many people live in Shivamogga and Chikmagalur too. It is believed that their two divisions, namely ''Kannada Devadiga'' (Moily) and ''Tulu Devadiga'' (Moily); were endogamous in the past.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Nagendra Kr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xcpa_T-7oVQC&q=Devadiga |title=Global Encyclopaedia of the South Indian Dalit's Ethnography |date=2006 |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-167-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== Demography ==
Devadigas are originally from the land stretching between Karwar in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka and Kasaragod district of Kerala in west-coast of India up to the Chandragiri River and Many People live in Shivamogga and Chikmagalur too. The Tulu Devadiga speak Tulu, while the Kannada Devadiga speak Kannada within their respective family and kin groups. Both groups are conversant with each other's language. In Kerala, they speak Malayalam and Kannada languages with outsides. Both Kannada and Malayalam scripts are used.

== Etymology ==
In ''Kittel's Kannada-English dictionary'' book, authored by Rev. F. Kittel and published in the year A.D. 1894, on page 805, the word 'Devadiga' is defined as "'''''dēva-aḍiga. (Śmd. 239). an attendant upon an idol; a caste'''''".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kittel |first=F. (Ferdinand) |date=1968–1971 |title=Kittel's Kannada-English dictionary. Rev. and enl. ed. |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/kittel_query.py?page=852 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> In general the term "''Devadiga"'' is derived from ''deva'' (deity of the temple), and ''adiga'' (servants) i.e., ''Servant of God''.<ref name=":3" /> In other term ''Deva means Deity'' and ''Divine Spirits of servant'' of temple. Adiga or Aadiga means: a player or servant(in temple). One of the important work assigned to Devadiga in the temples is playing the role of official temple Spirit (holding a sword accompanied by shivering and dancing) dancing in front of the chief deity of the temple, while the deity is in the process of making divine rounds (known as ''bali'' or ''bali barpini'') around the temple precincts. They are also doing variety of additional jobs, such as cleaning, lighting arrays of earthen oil-lamps, and beating the kettle-drum (Nagari), Barrel drum (Chende) or Double drums (Mourii) and sometimes also playing musical instruments in the temple.

== History ==
The Devadigas are Canarese-speaking temple servants in [[South Canara]], concerning whom Mr. H. A. Stuart writes as follows. "This is a class of servants, chiefly musicians in Hindu temples. In the reign of Mayura Varma, who built a number of new temples, it was found that Brahmans could not perform all the services. It was, therefore, ordained by him that the puja or worship alone should be performed by the Brahmans, and that the [[Sthanika Brahmins|Stanika Brahmins]] and Devadigas should perform the other services in the temples. They returned eleven sub-divisions, but only one (Tulu) is numerically important. They are Vaishnavites, and Tulu Brāhmans are their priests.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Thurston |first=Edgar |title=Dēvādiga |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Castes_and_Tribes_of_Southern_India/D%C4%93v%C4%81diga |work=Castes and Tribes of Southern India |access-date=2023-11-06}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India Vol. II-C to J |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/castes-and-tribes-southern-india-vol-ii-c-j-0 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref>

[[Tulu language|Tulu]] is the main language spoken by Devadigas and follow the traditional [[Tulu people|Tulu]] system of [[Aliyasantana|matrilineal inheritance]] (Aliya Kattu) and have similar marriage ceremonies like [[Bunt (community)|Bunts]]. Some places in Karnataka (Uttara Kannada, Shimoga, Chikkamagaluru etc.) Devadigas speak Kannada and identifies themselves as Kannada Devadigas and follow the traditional Hindu system of [[Patrilineality|patrilineal inheritance]] (Makkala kattu) and have similar marriage ceremonies like Brahmins. They returned eleven sub-divisions, but only one (Tulu) is numerically important.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Social system ==
''kinship:'' The eight matrilineal clans (bari) that have been identified among them are ''Kundarannaya, Saliyannaya, bangerannaya, Kajjannaya, Kariannaya, Bhuthiannaya, Gujjarannaya and Kochatabettannaya.'' group endogamy and clan exogamy are the norms. They have exogamous ''ban'' (lineages) to regulate the marriage alliances. The ''baris'' are: ''Bangera, Shaliyan, Gujaran, Serian, Addiyar, Gundranna, Uppayana, etc.'' Surnames based on lineages are in usage. The self-perception of the community is medium and that of others about them is also medium.
<ref name=":3" />

== Administration and justice ==
The traditional caste council of ''Devadiga'' settles disputes among them. ''Gurikara'' is the head of the caste council. Those who violate caste norms are punished by imposition of fine. They have a caste association named as ''<nowiki/>'Devadiga Sudaraka Sangha''' which looks after the welfare of the group. The statutory panchayat plans the welfare and developmental activities such as providing drinking water, roads, etc., to various communities.<ref name=":3" />

== Religion and culture ==
The ''Devadiga'' profess ''[[Hinduism]].'' They worship ''kallutty, Guliga, Panjurily, bariray jaran-daya, rahu etc.,'' as family deities. They also worship ''Arasu manjoshnavar'' as village deity. They also worship ''Venkataramana, Rama, krishna, Shiva, Durga parameshwari.'' Their major sacred centres are ''kashi, Tirupati, Dharmastala, Sringeri etc.,''<ref name=":3" /> Kula Devata of Devadigas of Barkur Hobli is ''Shree Ekanatheshwari at Barkur'', known since Alupa rule. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-20 |title=First Annual Vardhunsava of Sri Ekanatheshwari Temple Held at Barkur {{!}} News Karnataka |url=https://newskarnataka.com/karnataka/coastal/udupi/first-annual-vardhunsava-of-sri-ekanatheshwari-temple-held-at-barkur/20022019 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=newskarnataka.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Udupi: Palimar Swamiji lays foundation for temple, hails Devadiga community |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=377533 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-05 |title=Foundation Stone Laying Ceremony of Shri Ekanatheshwari Temple {{!}} |url=https://www.barkuronline.com/news/post/top-news/foundation-stone-laying-ceremony-of-shri-ekanatheshwari-temple |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=barkuronline.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the past, ''Gurikara'' (Head of the caste council) had role in sacred performances but now the ''Brahman'' have taken their place. The role of the sacred specialist is to perform marriages ceremony and worship. They celebrate Hindu festivals such as ''krishna Ashtami, Ganesha Chaturthi, Shivaratri, Vishnu and Deepavali,'' which have religious significance. Conversion to other religion has not taken place, and the people are not involved in ''socio-religious'' movements.<ref name=":3" /> Devadiga are [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavites]], and Tulu Brahmans are their priests.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> [[Upanayana]] ceremony is reportedly performed in some sections of the community. Mainly in ''Kannada Devadiga'' (Patrilineal inheritance) families. {{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

== Inter-community relation ==
The role of the ''Devadiga'' in temple services as drum beaters and musicians has given them an important position in the inter-community affairs. They accept food and water from the ''Brahman and Nayar.'' They exchange food and water with the ''Bunt, Bhillava, Kulal'' and others, but traditionally do not exchange the same with ''Ganiga, muslim, Christian, Marati, Pambada'' and other Scheduled Catses and Scheduled Tribe communities. They do not encourage intercaste marriages. They share wells and water sources with others. They visit the same religious shrines and participate in the traditional festivals and festivities which are of religious significance.They also have specific role in the temple as musicians. Cultivator-labour relationship exists. They are a few white-collor job-holders and teachers in their community.Political leadership is weak.<ref name=":3" />

== Varna classification ==
The traditional [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] system is largely not found in South India. ''Vadiraja Tirtha (ca. 1480 – ca. 1600)'', who lived for 120 years was a great Dvaita philosopher, poet, mystic and polymath. There is a belief in currency that he ordained ''carpenters, goldsmiths, and Devadigas to be treated as Brahmins during their period of stay in temple for doing temple duties by performing a sanctifying ritual.''
<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ&q=Devadiga |title=India's Communities |date=1998 |publisher=[[Anthropological Survey of India]] |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |volume=6 |pages=786–787 |language=en |author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravi Mundkur |first=Hosabettu Vishwanath |date=27 January 2018 |title=399. Devadigas and Sapaligas |url=https://tulu-research.blogspot.com/2018/01/399-devadigas-and-sapaligas.html |website=Tulu Research & Studies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Devadiga.com |url=http://devadiga.com/news/details/839/devadiga |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203170248/http://devadiga.com/news/details/839/devadiga |archive-date=3 February 2020 |website=Devadiga.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tuluva]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]
[[Category:Tulu-language surnames]]

Demra massacre

2026-01-11T15:55:25Z

Svetlafz: basic add citations after review and improved wording

{{Short description|Massacre of Bengali Hindus during the Bangladesh Liberation War}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Demra massacre<br/>ডেমরা গণহত্যা
| partof = [[Bangladesh genocide]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map = {{Location map|Bangladesh|lat=24.14|long=89.46|caption=}}
| map_caption =
| location = Demra, [[Pabna District|Pabna]], [[East Pakistan]]
| target = [[Bengali Hindus]]
| coordinates =
| date = 13 May 1971
| time =
| timezone = UTC+6:00
| type = [[Mass murder]], [[mass rape]]
| fatalities = 800–900
| injuries =
| perps = [[Pakistani Army]]<br/>[[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]]
| weapons = Light machine guns
| numparts =
}}
{{Campaignbox Bangladesh Liberation War}}

'''Demra massacre''' ({{langx|bn|ডেমরা গণহত্যা}}) in [[Bangladesh]] was the massacre of unarmed [[Bengali Hindus|Hindu]] residents of the villages under Demra Union in present-day [[Faridpur Upazila]] in [[Pabna District]] by the [[Pakistan Army]] aided by local collaborators on 13 May 1971. It is estimated that 800–900 people were killed in a single day.<ref name=Banglapedia>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Faridpur Upazila}}</ref><ref name="tds07112010"/> Rape and plunder were also carried out and temples, schools and houses were set on fire.<ref name=Banglapedia/>

== Background ==
When the Pakistani army spread out from [[Dhaka]] towards the districts as a part of the [[Operation Searchlight]], the people began to flee their homes. The Hindus began to flee [[Bangladesh]] and take refuge in neighbouring [[India]]. On their way, they had taken shelter in the remote village of Baushgari in Demra union.<ref name="tds07112010">{{cite news |title=Nizami the man behind Pabna mass murders |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=161553 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=November 7, 2010 |access-date=May 24, 2012 |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401133726/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=161553 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Events ==
The Pakistani army led by the local collaborators entered the area through the Boral river and then cordoned off the Baushgari and Rupsi villages.<ref>{{cite news |title=Demra massacre day today |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=88052 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=May 13, 2009 |access-date=May 23, 2012 |archive-date=July 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725100042/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=88052 |url-status=dead }}</ref> One collaborator named Asad led the Pakistani troops to the Baushgari village. In the nightfall, the men were dragged out of their houses and made to stand in a line while the women were raped in front of them by the Pakistani troops with the help of the collaborators. After that, both the men and women were shot to death and their houses were set on fire. A few survivors interred the charred remains of the bodies in a mass grave the next morning.<ref>{{cite news |title=Martyrs Without Names |author=Ahmed Humayun Kabir Topu |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/starinsight/2012/01/02/journey.htm |newspaper=Star Insight |date=January 28, 2012 |access-date=July 17, 2014 |archive-date=July 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725111950/http://archive.thedailystar.net/starinsight/2012/01/02/journey.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Around 350 Hindus were killed in Baushgari village.<ref name="tds07112010"/>

== Investigation ==
An 11-member team from the [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]] investigated the Demra massacre in 2010. The team was led by Sayed Rejaur Rahman, one of the prosecutors of the tribunal.<ref name="tds07112010"/> The investigators visited the killing spots in Baushgari village and interviewed the witnesses to the war crimes.<ref name="tds07112010"/> In their investigation, they found [[Motiur Rahman Nizami]] guilty of masterminding the massacre.<ref name="tds07112010"/> Nizami was convicted and [[Capital punishment|executed]] by [[hanging]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/104261/Nizami-executed|title=Nizami executed|newspaper=[[Prothom Alo]]|access-date=10 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511133902/http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/104261/Nizami-executed|archive-date=11 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Bangladesh}}
{{1971 Bangladesh genocide|state=expanded}}

[[Category:May 1971 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1971]]
[[Category:Bangladesh genocide]]
[[Category:Massacres of Bengali Hindus in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by Pakistan in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:1971 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Sexual violence in the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Gang rape in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Pabna District]]
[[Category:Looting in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Attacks on Hindu temples in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Attacks on schools in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:School arson fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Hindu temple arson]]
[[Category:Residential building arson attacks in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Arson in 1971]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1971]]
[[Category:Attacks on schools in the 1970s]]

Kozhukkully

2026-01-10T14:19:18Z

Svetlafz:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kozhukkully
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|30|45|N|76|16|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9918
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 680751
| registration_plate = KL-
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Kozhukkully ''' is a village in [[Thrissur district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |website=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archivedate=2008-12-08 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 census of India|2011 Indian census]], Kozhukkully had a population of 9918 with 4868 males and 5050 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kozhukkully Census Town City Population Census 2011-2026 {{!}} Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/627843-kozhukkully-kerala.html |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" />
==Major Institutions==
* Swaraj U P School
* Rudhiramala Temple, Cheerakkavu[<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Cheerakavu+Temple/@10.5195199,76.2792736,1107m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m22!1m16!4m15!1m6!1m2!1s0x3ba7e5696bf639c5:0x3d1b0116acdba9fa!2sMulayam,+Kerala,+India!2m2!1d76.2899071!2d10.5253122!1m6!1m2!1s0x3ba7ee15ed42d1bb:0x82e45aa016ca7db!2sThrissur,+Kerala!2m2!1d76.2144349!2d10.5276416!3e0!3m4!1s0x0:0x5f28cc466628fdbf!8m2!3d10.520564!4d76.2809703!6m1!1e1?hl=en | title=Google Maps }}</ref>]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Thrissur district}}
[[Category:Villages in Thrissur district]]

{{Thrissur-geo-stub}}

2024–25 Futsal Club Championship

2025-12-10T15:04:07Z

Svetlafz: put up a entry

{{Short description|Fourth edition of Hero Futsal Club Championship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
|title=Futsal Club Championship
|year=[[2024–25 in Indian football|2024–25]]
|other_titles=
|country=India
|city=[[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]], [[Uttarakhand]]
|dates=3–18 August 2025
|num_teams=[[#Teams|17]]
|venue=[[Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium]]
|champions= [[Goal Hunterz FC|Goal Hunterz]]
|count= 1
|runner-up= [[Bhawanipore Club|Bhawanipore]]
|matches=35
|goals=345
|attendance={{#expr: + 100 + 100 + 150 + 20 + 50 + 40 + 20 + 50 + 50 + 20+ 200 + 200 + 20 + 500 + 50 + 50+ 50 + 25 + 50 + 25 + 50 + 20+ 50 + 50 +50 +20 + 50 +25+ 20 +25 + 50 + 50 + 50 + 50 + 200}}
|top_goal_scorer= [[Nikhil Mali]]<br/> (16 goals)
|player=
|goalkeeper=
|fair_play=
|prevseason=[[2023–24 Futsal Club Championship|2023–24]]
|nextseason=''[[2025–26 Futsal Club Championship|2025–26]]''
}}

The '''2024–25 Futsal Club Championship''' is the 4th edition of the [[Futsal Club Championship]], an annual [[futsal]] club tournament in [[India]] organised by the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF).<ref name="2024-25 futsal draw">{{cite web |title=AIFF Futsal Club Championship 2024-25 to kick off on August 3 in Rudrapur, Uttarakhand |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-futsal-club-championship-2024-25-to-kick-off-on-august-3-in-rudrapur-uttarakhand |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref>

On 18 August 2025, [[Goal Hunterz FC]] defeated [[Bhawanipore Club]] by 4–2 to become champions of this edition. [[Nikhil Mali]] scored the highest numbers of goals in the tournament; 16 goals for Bhawanipore.<ref name="champion">{{cite web |title=Goal Hunterz hunt down Bhawanipore to clinch AIFF Futsal Club Championship 2024-25 title |url=https://i-league.org/goal-hunterz-hunt-down-bhawanipore-to-clinch-aiff-futsal-club-championship-2024-25-title/ |publisher=[[I-League]] |access-date=19 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819073636/https://i-league.org/goal-hunterz-hunt-down-bhawanipore-to-clinch-aiff-futsal-club-championship-2024-25-title/ |archive-date=19 August 2025 |date=18 August 2025}}</ref>

== Format ==
The Futsal Club Championship 2024–25 features a total of 17 teams divided into four groups in a [[round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format. Winners and runners-up of each group proceeded to quarter-finals.<ref name="2024-25 futsal draw"/>

== Teams ==
{{location map+|India3|width=365|float=right|caption=Locations of Futsal Club Championship teams <br> [[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] Group A <br> [[File:Blue pog.svg|8px]] Group B <br> [[File:Yellow pog.svg|8px]] Group C <br> [[File:Green pog.svg|8px]] Group D|places={{location map~ |India |lat=28.9873|long=79.4045|mark=Blue pog.svg||label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:1px;">{{nowrap|[[Corbett FC|Corbett]]}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=30.7046|long=76.7179|mark=Red pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:1px;">{{nowrap|[[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Academy]]}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=15.2374|long=73.9601|mark=Green pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:1px;">{{nowrap|Ambelim}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=25.97|long=94.52|mark=Red pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:1px;">{{nowrap|Aphuyemi}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=23.0225|long=72.5714|mark=Red pog.svg||label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|Juggernaut}}
</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=34.5594|long=76.1256|mark=Red pog.svg||label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|Real Lona}}
</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=31.706944|long=76.931667|mark=Red pog.svg||label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:4px;">{{nowrap|Triumph}}
</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=31.6842|long=76.5215|mark=Blue pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:1px;">{{nowrap|Golazo}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=22.534|long=88.346|mark=Blue pog.svg||label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:4px;top:5px;">{{nowrap|[[Bhawanipore Club|Bhawanipore]]}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=23.738884|long=92.70901|mark=Blue pog.svg||label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:4px;top:5px;">{{nowrap|Thlantiang}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=11.147|long=75.964|mark=Green pog.svg||label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:4px;top:5px;">{{nowrap|[[Real Malabar FC|Real Malabar]]}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=17.361667|long=78.474722|mark=Green pog.svg||label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:4px;top:5px;">{{nowrap|TOFA}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=20.28083|long=85.81456|mark=Green pog.svg||label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:4px;top:5px;">{{nowrap|O.G.P.C.}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=11.55|long=79.49|mark=Yellow pog.svg||label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:4px;top:5px;">{{nowrap|Pondicherry United}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=28.56633|long=77.23107|mark=Yellow pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:4px;top:4px;"> {{nowrap|Goal Hunterz}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=12.97888|long=77.59166|mark=Yellow pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:4px;top:4px;"> {{nowrap|K3}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=23.259889|long=77.412611|mark=Yellow pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:81%;position:relative;top:4px;top:4px;"> {{nowrap|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}</div>|position=right}}
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Team
!State
!City
|-
|[[Aphuyemi FC|Aphuyemi]]
|[[Nagaland]]
|[[Pughoboto]]
|-
|[[Real Lona FC|Real Lona]]
|[[Ladakh]]
|[[Kargil]]
|-
|[[Triumph FC|Triumph]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|[[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]]
|-
|[[Corbett FC|Corbett]]
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|[[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]]
|-
|[[Juggernaut FC|Juggernaut]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|-
|[[Goal Hunterz FC|Goal Hunterz]]
|[[Delhi]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|-
|[[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Academy]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Mohali]]
|-
|[[Ambelim SC|Ambelim]]
|[[Goa]]
|[[Ambelim]]
|-
|[[Golazo FC|Golazo]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|[[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|-
|[[Bhawanipore Club|Bhawanipore]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[Thlangtiang Futsal Club|Thlangtiang]]
|[[Mizoram]]
|[[Aizwal]]
|-
|[[Hazrat Nizamuddin SA|Hazrat Nizamuddin]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Bhopal]]
|-
|[[Pondicherry United FA|Pondicherry United]]
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]]
|[[Pondicherry]]
|-
|[[K3 Futsal Club|K3]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|-
|[[Total Football Academy|TOFA]]
|[[Telangana]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
|-
|[[Real Malabar FC|Real Malabar]]
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Kondotty]]
|-
|[[O.G.P. Club|O.G.P.C.]]
|[[Odisha]]
|[[Cuttack]]
|}

== Group stage ==
=== Group A ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/hero-futsal AIFF]


|team1=JFC
|team2=MAFC
|team3=AFC
|team4=RFC
|team5=TFC


|result1=Q
|result2=Q

|win_AFC = 2 |draw_AFC = 0 |loss_AFC = 2 |gf_AFC = 22 |ga_AFC = 37
|win_RFC = 0 |draw_RFC= 1 |loss_RFC = 3 |gf_RFC = 3 |ga_RFC = 17
|win_TFC = 0 |draw_TFC = 1 |loss_TFC = 3 |gf_TFC = 8 |ga_TFC = 23
|win_JFC = 4 |draw_JFC = 0 |loss_JFC = 0 |gf_JFC = 35 |ga_JFC = 7
|win_MAFC = 3 |draw_MAFC = 0 |loss_MAFC = 1 |gf_MAFC = 31 |ga_MAFC = 15


|name_AFC = [[Aphuyemi FC|Aphuyemi]]
|name_RFC = [[Real Lona FC|Real Lona]]
|name_TFC = [[Triumph FC|Triumph]]
|name_JFC = [[Juggernaut FC|Juggernaut]]
|name_MAFC = [[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Academy]]


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
}}
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2025|08|3|df=y}}
|time = 12:00 IST
|team1 = Triumph
|score = 1–1
|team2 = Real Lona
|goals1 =
*{{Tooltip|Thakur|Vardhan Thakur}} {{goal|32}}
|goals2 =
*{{Tooltip|M. Hussain|Mohammed Hussain}} {{goal|30}}
|stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
|attendance = 100
|referee = K. Surendiran
|report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53986_Match_Summary_V1_1754215864.pdf
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|3|df=y}}
| time = 14:30 IST
| team1 = Minerva Academy
| score = 2–8
| team2 = Juggernaut
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Lalnunchhana|James Lalnunchhana}} {{goal|10}}
*{{Tooltip|Lalruatzela|PC Lalruatzela}} {{goal|32}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Sunny|Shibu Sunny}} {{goal|1||15||34}}
*{{Tooltip|Rana|Jenishsinh Rana}} {{goal|18}}
*{{Tooltip|Yadav|Shivam Yadav}} {{goal|23||37}}
*{{Tooltip|Shah|Aman Shah}} {{goal|26}}
*{{Tooltip|R. Chhetri|Rudra Chhetri}} {{goal|40}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 100
| referee = Sayeed Khaleel
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53987_Match_Summary_V1_1754218552.pdf
}}
----
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|5|df=y}}
| time = 12:00 IST
| team1 = Juggernaut
| score = 17–4
| team2 = Aphuyemi
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Rana|Jenishsinh Rana}} {{goal|1||4}}
*{{Tooltip|Sunny|Shibu Sunny}} {{goal|2||3||21||23||24}}
*{{Tooltip|Fernandes|Caetano Francisco Fernandes}} {{goal|13||32}}
*{{Tooltip|R. Chhetri|Rudra Chhetri}} {{goal|14}}
*{{Tooltip|Mutkekar|Vedant Mutkekar}} {{goal|15||32||35}}
*{{Tooltip|Yadav|Shivam Yadav}} {{goal|17||19||22}}
*{{Tooltip|Krisnaj|P. C. Krishnaj}} {{goal|38}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Akumyanger}} {{goal|15||27}}
*{{Tooltip|Sharma|Amarnath Sharma}} {{goal|22}}
*{{Tooltip|Melvin|Ngamminlun Melvin}} {{goal|36}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 150
| referee = Tanveer Ahmed Wani
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53988_Match_Summary_V1_1754381677.pdf
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|5|df=y}}
| time = 14:30 IST
| team1 = Minerva Academy
| score = 9–0
| team2 = Triumph
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Thapa|Himanshu Thapa}} {{goal|1||5||23}}
*{{Tooltip|Gaikwad|Shubham Gaikwad}} {{goal|17}}
*{{Tooltip|Lalnunchhana|James Lalnunchhana}} {{goal|20}}
*{{Tooltip|Patil|Lalit Vasantrao Patil}} {{goal|22||27}}
*{{Tooltip|Bhairat|Suraj Bhairat}} {{goal|25}}
*{{Tooltip|Ravikiran}} {{goal|32}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 20
| referee = Melvin Stany Rodrigues
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53989_Match_Summary_V1_1754391367.pdf
}}
----
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|7|df=y}}
| time = 12:00 IST
| team1 = Aphuyemi
| score = 6–13
| team2 = Minerva Academy
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Akumyanger}} {{goal|9||25||26}}
*{{Tooltip|Hangsing|Thanggousang Hangsing}} {{goal|22}}
*{{Tooltip|Melvin|Ngamminlun Melvin}} {{goal|28||29}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Lalnunchhana|James Lalnunchhana}} {{goal|1}}
*{{Tooltip|Thapa|Himanshu Thapa}} {{goal|3||30|40}}
*{{Tooltip|Lalruatzela|PC Lalruatzela}} {{goal|18|31}}
*{{Tooltip|Patil|Lalit Vasantrao Patil}} {{goal|18||19|38}}
*{{Tooltip|Bhairat|Suraj Bhairat}} {{goal|20||36}}
*{{Tooltip|Gaikwad|Shubham Gaikwad}} {{goal|37}}
*{{Tooltip|Shetty|Shivkumar Shetty}} {{goal|39}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 50
| referee = Kisstarlin Wanniang
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53990_Match_Summary_V1_1754554860.pdf
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|7|df=y}}
| time = 14:30 IST
| team1 = Real Lona
| score = 0–5
| team2 = Jaggernaut
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Sunny|Shibu Sunny}} {{goal|9||24}}
*{{Tooltip|Mutkekar|Vedant Mutkekar}} {{goal|12}}
*{{Tooltip|Rana|Jenishsinh Rana}} {{goal|36}}
*{{Tooltip|Fernandes|Caetano Francisco Fernandes}} {{goal|38}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 40
| referee = K. Vihokhe
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53991_Match_Summary_V2_1754565756.pdf
}}
----
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|9|df=y}}
| time = 12:00 IST
| team1 = Real Lona
| score = 1–7
| team2 = Minerva Academy
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Rana|Ashish Rana}} {{goal|10}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Patil|Lalit Vasantrao Patil}} {{goal|4||7}}
*{{Tooltip|Lalruatzela|PC Lalruatzela}} {{goal|7}}
*{{Tooltip|Lalnunchhana|James Lalnunchhana}} {{goal|13|14}}
*{{Tooltip|Avishek}} {{goal|15}}
*{{Tooltip|Shetty|Shivkumar Shetty}} {{goal|40}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 20
| referee = Paritosh Vats
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53992_Match_Summary_V1_1754728621.pdf
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|9|df=y}}
| time = 14:30 IST
| team1 = Triumph
| score = 6–8
| team2 = Aphuyemi
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Sayam}} {{goal|20||34||37}}
*{{Tooltip|Loden|Tenzin Loden}} {{goal|30||38}}
*{{Tooltip|Jasrotia|Rohit Deep Singh Jasrotia}} {{goal|33}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Akumyanger}} {{goal|2||21||21||23||29||32||39}}
*{{Tooltip|Hangsing|Thanggousang Hangsing}} {{goal|40}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 50
| referee = Anshul Dixit
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53993_Match_Summary_V1_1754735752.pdf
}}
----
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|11|df=y}}
| time = 12:00 IST
| team1 = Jaggernaut
| score = 5–1
| team2 = Triumph
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Mutkekar|Vedant Mutkekar}} {{goal|3||27}}
*{{Tooltip|Shah|Aman Shah}} {{goal|24}}
*{{Tooltip|Bangera|Sachin Bangera}} {{goal|34||35}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Sharma|Hritik Sharma}} {{goal|24}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 50
| referee = Avijnan Bose
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53994_Match_Summary_V1_1754899542.pdf
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|11|df=y}}
| time = 14:30 IST
| team1 = Aphuyemi
| score = 4–1
| team2 = Real Lona
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Melvin|Ngamminlun Melvin}} {{goal|16||18||29||40}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Rana|Ashish Rana}} {{goal|26}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 20
| referee = Vishal Kumar
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53995_Match_Summary_V1_1754908448.pdf
}}

=== Group B ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/hero-futsal AIFF]


|team1=BFC
|team2=CFC
|team3=TTFC
|team4=GFC


|result1=Q |result2=Q

|win_BFC = 3 |draw_BFC = 0 |loss_BFC = 0 |gf_BFC = 32 |ga_BFC = 10
|win_TTFC = 1 |draw_TTFC = 0 |loss_TTFC = 2 |gf_TTFC = 11 |ga_TTFC = 13
|win_CFC = 1 |draw_CFC = 0 |loss_CFC = 2 |gf_CFC = 18 |ga_CFC = 19
|win_GFC = 1 |draw_GFC = 0 |loss_GFC = 2 |gf_GFC = 15 |ga_GFC = 34


|name_BFC = [[Bhawanipore Club|Bhawanipore]]
|name_TTFC = [[Thlangtiang Futsal Club|Thlangtiang]]
|name_CFC = [[Corbett FC|Corbett]]
|name_GFC = [[Golazo FC|Golazo]]


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|7|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 IST
| team1 = Bhawanipore
| score = 16–2
| team2 = Golazo
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Laltlansanga|David Laltlansanga}} {{goal|3||17}}
*{{Tooltip|Lalsangkima}} {{goal|19}}
*{{Tooltip|Roluahpuia|K Roluahpuia}} {{goal|20||35}}
*{{Tooltip|Laltluangzela}} {{goal|23||25}}
*{{Tooltip|Mali|Nikhil Mali}} {{goal|25}}
*{{Tooltip|Sutar|Jayesh Sutar}} {{goal|27||29}}
*{{Tooltip|Patil|Sachin Patil}} {{goal|29}}
*{{Tooltip|S. Ali|Shamsad Ali}} {{goal|31||39}}
*{{Tooltip|Khatua|Subho Khatua}} {{goal|32||39}}
*{{Tooltip|Vanlalduhsaka|Ephraim Vanlalduhsaka}} {{goal|35}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Fayaz|Mohammed Fayaz K}} {{goal|13}}
*{{Tooltip|Baig|Shoaib Baig}} {{goal|20}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 200
| referee = Vishal Mahendrabhai Vaja
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53997_Match_Summary_V1_1754580681.pdf
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|7|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 IST
| team1 = Thlangtiang
| score = 3–0
| team2 = Corbett
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Rampianmawia}} {{goal|26}}
*{{Tooltip|Lalremtluanga}} {{goal|33}}
*{{Tooltip|Lalkhawngaiha|Joseph Lalkhawngaiha}} {{goal|37}}
*{{Tooltip|Fernandes|Caetano Francisco Fernandes}} {{goal|38}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 200
| referee = Syed Khaleel
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53997_Match_Summary_V1_1754580681.pdf
}}
----
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|9|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 IST
| team1 = Golazo
| score = 6–4
| team2 = Thlangtiang
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|C. D'Souza|Clinton Rosario D'souza}} {{goal|1}}
*{{Tooltip|Baig|Shoaib Baig}} {{goal|23||37||40}}
*{{Tooltip|S. D'Souza|Seaon D'souza}} {{goal|30}}
*{{Tooltip|Stephen|Mervin Stephen}} {{goal|34}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Lalmuankima|R Lalmuankima}} {{goal|7}}
*{{Tooltip|Lalchhantluanga|R Lalchhantluanga}} {{goal|28}}
*{{Tooltip|Remruata}} {{goal|37}}
*{{Tooltip|A. S. Singh|Arjun Satyajit Singh}} {{goal|40|o.g.}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 20
| referee = Avijnan Bose
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53998_Match_Summary_V1_1754745718.pdf
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|9|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 IST
| team1 = Corbett
| score = 4–9
| team2 = Bhawanipore
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Malsawmzela}} {{goal|17}}
*{{Tooltip|Pautu|Malsawmtluanga Pautu}} {{goal|18||39}}
*{{Tooltip|Swami|Pratik Swami}} {{goal|29}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Sutar|Jayesh Sutar}} {{goal|17||35}}
*{{Tooltip|Patil|Sachin Patil}} {{goal|22}}
*{{Tooltip|Mali|Nikhil Mali}} {{goal|24||26||28||37}}
*{{Tooltip|Laltluangzela}} {{goal|30}}
*{{Tooltip|D'mello|Augustin Savio D'mello}} {{goal|40}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 500
| referee = Kisstarlin Wanniang
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/53999_Match_Summary_V1_1754754953.pdf
}}
----
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|11|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 IST
| team1 = Bhawanipore
| score = 7–4
| team2 = Thlangtiang
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Mali|Nikhil Mali}} {{goal|1||31}}
*{{Tooltip|Sharma|Sanjay Sharma}} {{goal|12}}
*{{Tooltip|Roluahpuia|K Roluahpuia}} {{goal|15}}
*{{Tooltip|Oraw|Sandeep Oraw}} {{goal|32}}
*{{Tooltip|Lalmuankima|R Lalmuankima}} {{goal|33|o.g.}}
*{{Tooltip|S. Ali|Shamsad Ali}} {{goal|33}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Lalremtluanga}} {{goal|12}}
*{{Tooltip|Remruata}} {{goal|27}}
*{{Tooltip|Lalrawngbawla|Jonathan Lalrawngbawla}} {{goal|32}}
*{{Tooltip|Lalkhawngaiha|Joseph Lalkhawngaiha}} {{goal|40}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 50
| referee = Ajay Singh
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54000_Match_Summary_V1_1754917600.pdf
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|11|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 IST
| team1 = Corbett
| score = 14–7
| team2 = Golazo
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Lalenkima|Rony C Lalenkima}} {{goal|9}}
*{{Tooltip|Nikam|Saurabh Nikam}} {{goal|12}}
*{{Tooltip|Lalrinzuala|Lalrinzuala H}} {{goal|19}}
*{{Tooltip|Swami|Pratik Swami}} {{goal|21||31}}
*{{Tooltip|C Lalremruata}} {{goal|27||28}}
*{{Tooltip|PC Lalremruata}} {{goal|30||40}}
*{{Tooltip|Lalenkima|Rony C Lalenkima}} {{goal|35||37||38}}
*{{Tooltip|Sailung|Lalmuansanga Sailung}} {{goal|40}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|S. D'Souza|Seaon D'souza}} {{goal|3}}
*{{Tooltip|C. D'Souza|Clinton Rosario D'souza}} {{goal|15}}
*{{Tooltip|Baig|Shoaib Baig}} {{goal|27||29||38}}
*{{Tooltip|Jaseem|Muhammed Jaseem}} {{goal|3}}
*{{Tooltip|A. S. Singh|Arjun Satyajit Singh}} {{goal|35}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 50
| referee = Kisstarlin Wanniang
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54001_Match_Summary_V1_1754927076.pdf
}}

=== Group C ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group C
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/hero-futsal AIFF]



|team1=GHFC
|team2=HNSA
|team3=KFC
|team4=PUFA


|result1=Q |result2=Q

|win_HNSA = 1 |draw_HNSA = 0 |loss_HNSA = 2 |gf_HNSA = 14 |ga_HNSA = 19
|win_PUFA = 1 |draw_PUFA = 0 |loss_PUFA = 2 |gf_PUFA = 9 |ga_PUFA = 22
|win_KFC = 1 |draw_KFC = 0 |loss_KFC = 2 |gf_KFC = 9 |ga_KFC = 15
|win_GHFC = 3 |draw_GHFC = 0 |loss_GHFC = 0 |gf_GHFC = 29 |ga_GHFC = 5


|name_HNSA = [[Hazrat Nizamuddin SA|Hazrat Nizamuddin]]
|name_PUFA = [[Pondicherry United FA|Pondicherry United]]
|name_KFC = [[K3 Futsal Club|K3]]
|name_GHFC = [[Goal Hunterz]]


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|8|df=y}}
| time = 12:00 IST
| team1 = Hazrat Nizamuddin
| score = 2–12
| team2 = Goal Hunterz
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|F. Hussain|Faisal Hussain}} {{goal|23}}
*{{Tooltip|Raikwar|Rishabh Raikwar}} {{goal|29}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Gusai|Bijoy Gusai}} {{goal|2||5||19||27||29||34}}
*{{Tooltip|M. Adhikari|Mahip Adhikari}} {{goal|5||14||37}}
*{{Tooltip|Hurria|Akshay Hurria}} {{goal|12||36}}
*{{Tooltip|Shoun|Mukul Singh Shoun}} {{goal|20}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 50
| referee = K. Surendiran
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54002_Match_Summary_V1_1754641277.pdf
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|8|df=y}}
| time = 14:30 IST
| team1 = Pondicherry United
| score = 5–3
| team2 = K3
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Karunanithi S|Karunanithi S}} {{goal|8}}
*{{Tooltip|Dhilipan}} {{goal|19}}
*{{Tooltip|R. Kumar|Ranjith Kumar R}} {{goal|26}}
*{{Tooltip|Raja}} {{goal|31}}
*{{Tooltip|Colas|Gnana Deepan Colas}} {{goal|39}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|S. Kumar|Sathish Kumar}} {{goal|12}}
*{{Tooltip|Suresh|G Suresh}} {{goal|14||32}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 25
| referee = Ajay Singh
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54003_Match_Summary_V1_1754650571.pdf
}}
----
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|10|df=y}}
| time = 12:00 IST
| team1 = Goal Hunterz
| score = 11–2
| team2 = Pondicherry United
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|M. Adhikari|Mahip Adhikari}} {{goal|3||12||24}}
*{{Tooltip|Shoun|Mukul Singh Shoun}} {{goal|7}}
*{{Tooltip|A. Adhikari|Anmol Adhikari}} {{goal|26}}
*{{Tooltip|Ngaihte|H Pausuanmung Ngaihte}} {{goal|34}}
*{{Tooltip|Gusai|Bijoy Gusai}} {{goal|38||39||39}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Raja}} {{goal|6}}
*{{Tooltip|Elavarasan|P. Elavarasan}} {{goal|19}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 50
| referee = Vinod Kumar
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54004_Match_Summary_V1_1754813794.pdf
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|10|df=y}}
| time = 14:30 IST
| team1 = K3
| score = 5–4
| team2 = Hazrat Nizamuddin
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Suresh|G Suresh}} {{goal|13||37}}
*{{Tooltip|S. Kumar|Sathish Kumar}} {{goal|33||34}}
*{{Tooltip|Prashanth|Prashanth H}} {{goal|23}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Suhanda|Harsh Suhanda}} {{goal|7||32}}
*{{Tooltip|R. Singh|Roshan Singh}} {{goal|20|o.g.}}
*{{Tooltip|T. K. Singh|Tarun Kumar Singh}} {{goal|26}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 25
| referee = Jaydevsinh Chudasama
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54005_Match_Summary_V1_1754823408.pdf
}}
----
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|12|df=y}}
| time = 12:00 IST
| team1 = Hazrat Nizamuddin
| score = 8–2
| team2 = Pondicherry United
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Walter|Ansh Walter}} {{goal|29}}
*{{Tooltip|Suhanda|Harsh Suhanda}} {{goal|33}}
*{{Tooltip|F. Hussain|Faisal Hussain}} {{goal|34||37}}
*{{Tooltip|Uppal|Lakshya Uppal}} {{goal|34}}
*{{Tooltip|Raikwar|Rishabh Raikwar}} {{goal|36}}
*{{Tooltip|T. K. Singh|Tarun Kumar Singh}} {{goal|37}}
*{{Tooltip|Shukla|Arjun Shukla}} {{goal|40}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Anandh|Azhwar Anandh A}} {{goal|18}}
*{{Tooltip|Colas|Gnana Deepan Colas}} {{goal|28}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 50
| referee = Vishal Kumar
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54006_Match_Summary_V1_1754987566.pdf
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|12|df=y}}
| time = 14:30 IST
| team1 = K3
| score = 1–6
| team2 = Goal Hunterz
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Prashanth|Prashanth H}} {{goal|35}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Sharma|Manav Sharma}} {{goal|8||13}}
*{{Tooltip|M. Adhikari|Mahip Adhikari}} {{goal|11}}
*{{Tooltip|Gusai|Bijoy Gusai}} {{goal|24}}
*{{Tooltip|Hurria|Akshay Hurria}} {{goal|27}}
*{{Tooltip|Gupta|Ansh Gupta}} {{goal|30}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 20
| referee = Ajay Singh
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54007_Match_Summary_V1_1754996167.pdf
}}

=== Group D ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group D
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/hero-futsal AIFF]


|team1=TOFA
|team2=ASC
|team3=RMFC
|team4=OGPC


|result1=Q |result2=Q

|win_TOFA= 2 |draw_TOFA = 1 |loss_TOFA = 0 |gf_TOFA = 15 |ga_TOFA = 9
|win_ASC = 1 |draw_ASC = 2 |loss_ASC = 0 |gf_ASC = 12 |ga_ASC = 9
|win_RMFC = 1 |draw_RMFC = 1 |loss_RMFC = 1 |gf_RMFC = 13 |ga_RMFC = 13
|win_OGPC = 0 |draw_OGPC = 0 |loss_OGPC = 3 |gf_OGPC = 9 |ga_OGPC = 18


|name_TOFA = [[Total Football Academy|TOFA]]
|name_ASC = [[Ambelim SC|Ambelim]]
|name_RMFC = [[Real Malabar FC|Real Malabar]]
|name_OGPC = [[O.G.P. Club|O.G.P.C.]]


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|8|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 IST
| team1 = TOFA
| score = 7–3
| team2 = O. G. P. C.
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Anirudh|Tumuluru Anirudh}} {{goal|3}}
*{{Tooltip|Yesudhas|Raheemdhas Yesudhas}} {{goal|12||28}}
*{{Tooltip|Ali|Mohammed Ahtesham Ali}} {{goal|13}}
*{{Tooltip|Malik|Hammad Abdul Malik}} {{goal|14}}
*{{Tooltip|Baig|Mirza Ishaq Baigt}} {{goal|32}}
*{{Tooltip|Reddy|Ch Aravind Reddy}} {{goal|39}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Soren|Sunil Soren}} {{goal|25}}
*{{Tooltip|Patel|Sumit Patel}} {{goal|35}}
*{{Tooltip|Rout|Saheb Rout}} {{goal|36}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 50
| referee = Divyesh Rajnish Ule
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54008_Match_Summary_V2_1754739411.pdf
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|8|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 IST
| team1 = Ambelim
| score = 4–4
| team2 = Real Malaber
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Pereira|Ronaldo Rosebud Pereira}} {{goal|35||38}}
*{{Tooltip|Marshall|Fredsan Marshall}} {{goal|39}}
*{{Tooltip|Rebello|Velon Joazinho Rebello}} {{goal|40}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Luthaife|Muhammade Luthaife}} {{goal|24}}
*{{Tooltip|Midhun|Midhun P T}} {{goal|28||34}}
*{{Tooltip|Rinas|Rinas E}} {{goal|37}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 50
| referee = Melvin Stany Rodriguez
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54009_Match_Summary_V1_1754667322.pdf
}}
----
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|10|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 IST
| team1 = O. G. P. C.
| score = 3–6
| team2 = Ambelim
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Patel|Sumit Patel}} {{goal|34}}
*{{Tooltip|Naik|Sabyasachi Naik}} {{goal|37}}
*{{Tooltip|P. K. Singh|Pratyush Kumar Singh}} {{goal|40}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Pereira|Ronaldo Rosebud Pereira}} {{goal|28||38}}
*{{Tooltip|Rebello|Velon Joazinho Rebello}} {{goal|29}}
*{{Tooltip|Marshall|Fredsan Marshall}} {{goal|30||37}}
*{{Tooltip|D'silva|Dillon Joy D'silva}} {{goal|39}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 50
| referee = Fazil Kareem
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54010_Match_Summary_V1_1754832581.pdf
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|10|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 IST
| team1 = Real Malabar
| score = 4–6
| team2 = TOFA
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Rinas|Rinas E}} {{goal|14||28}}
*{{Tooltip|Mohammedali|Hafis Alakkaparamba Mohammedali}} {{goal|31||34}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Malik|Hammad Abdul Malik}} {{goal|12}}
*{{Tooltip|Ali|Mohammed Ahtesham Ali}} {{goal|13||22}}
*{{Tooltip|Yesudhas|Raheemdhas Yesudhas}} {{goal|26||27||40}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 20
| referee = Tanveer Ahmed Wani
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54011_Match_Summary_V1_1754840565.pdf
}}
----
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|12|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 IST
| team1 = TOFA
| score = 2–2
| team2 = Ambelim
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Yesudhas|Raheemdhas Yesudhas}} {{goal|24}}
*{{Tooltip|Komarpant|Chaitan Komarpant}} {{goal|31}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Pereira|Ronaldo Rosebud Pereira}} {{goal|8}}
*{{Tooltip|Costa|Joywin Maclito Costa}} {{goal|10}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 50
| referee = Anshul Dixit
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54012_Match_Summary_V1_1755003106.pdf
}}
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2025|08|12|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 IST
| team1 = Real Malabar
| score = 5–3
| team2 = O. G. P. C.
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Midhun|Midhun P T}} {{goal|4||40}}
*{{Tooltip|Basil|Muhammed Basil M}} {{goal|19||35}}
*{{Tooltip|Mohammedali|Hafis Alakkaparamba Mohammedali}} {{goal|30}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Patnaik|Pritish Kumar Patnaik}} {{goal|2}}
*{{Tooltip|Soren|Sunil Soren}} {{goal|26}}
*{{Tooltip|Patel|Sumit Patel}} {{goal|27}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]
| attendance = 25
| referee = Jaydevsinh Chudasama
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54013_Match_Summary_V1_1755012305.pdf
}}

== Knockout stage ==
=== Bracket ===
{{Round8
|style=white-space:nowrap

|14 August|[[Juggernaut FC|Juggernaut]]|3|'''[[Corbett FC|Corbett]]'''|'''5'''
|14 August|'''[[Goal Hunterz]]'''|'''5'''|[[Ambelim SC|Ambelim]]|1
|14 August|'''[[Bhawanipore Club|Bhawanipore]]'''|'''16'''|[[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Academy]]|1
|14 August|'''[[Total Football Academy|TOFA]]'''|'''7'''|[[Hazrat Nizamuddin SA|Hazrat Nizamuddin]]|1

|16 August|[[Corbett FC|Corbett]]|3|'''[[Goal Hunterz]]'''|'''5'''
|16 August|'''[[Bhawanipore Club|Bhawanipore]]'''|'''7'''|[[Total Football Academy|TOFA]]|0


|18 August|'''[[Goal Hunterz]]'''|'''4'''|[[Bhawanipore Club|Bhawanipore]]|2}}

=== Quarter-finals ===
{{football box
| date = 14 August 2025
| time = 10:00 IST
| team1 = [[Juggernaut FC|Juggernaut]]
| score = 3–5
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54702_Match_Summary_V1_1755152387.pdf
| team2 = [[Corbett FC|Corbett]]
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Yadav|Shivam Yadav}} {{goal|20||39}}
*{{Tooltip|Shah|Aman Shah}} {{goal|22}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Swami|Pratik Swami}} {{goal|5}}
*{{Tooltip|Sailung|Lalmuansanga Sailung}} {{goal|11}}
*{{Tooltip|Lalenkima|Rony C Lalenkima}} {{goal|18}}
*{{Tooltip|Rana|Jenishsinh Rana}} {{goal|29|o.g.}}
*{{Tooltip|PC Lalremruata}} {{goal|39}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| referee = Kisstarlin Wanniang
| attendance = 20
}}
----
{{football box
| date = 14 August 2025
| time = 16:00 IST
| team1 = [[Goal Hunterz]]
| score = 5–1
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54704_Match_Summary_V1_1755173282.pdf
| team2 = [[Ambelim SC|Ambelim]]
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Shoun|Mukul Singh Shoun}} {{goal|13}}
*{{Tooltip|A. Adhikari|Anmol Adhikari}} {{goal|31}}
*{{Tooltip|M. Adhikari|Mahip Adhikari}} {{goal|35}}
*{{Tooltip|Gusai|Bijoy Gusai}} {{goal|35||38}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Lotlikar|Savan Shamrao Lotlikar}} {{goal|35}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| referee = Syed Khaleel
| attendance = 25
}}
----
{{football box
| date = 14 August 2025
| time = 13:00 IST
| team1 = [[Bhawanipore Club|Bhawanipore]]
| score = 16–1
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54703_Match_Summary_V1_1755162959.pdf
| team2 = [[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Academy]]
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Mali|Nikhil Mali}} {{goal|2||3||4||11||24||30||32||40}}
*{{Tooltip|Laltlansanga|David Laltlansanga}} {{goal|11}}
*{{Tooltip|Yewale|Swaraj Yewale}} {{goal|18|o.g.}}
*{{Tooltip|Khatua|Subho Khatua}} {{goal|19||26||27}}
*{{Tooltip|Lalsangkima}} {{goal|22}}
*{{Tooltip|Roluahpuia|K Roluahpuia}} {{goal|23}}
*{{Tooltip|S. Ali|Shamsad Ali}} {{goal|28}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Bhairat|Suraj Bhairat}} {{goal|36}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| referee = Melvin Stany Rodriguez
| attendance = 50
}}
----
{{football box
| date = 14 August 2025
| time = 19:00 IST
| team1 = [[Total Football Academy|TOFA]]
| score = 7–1
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54705_Match_Summary_V1_1755185116.pdf
| team2 = [[Hazrat Nizamuddin SA|Hazrat Nizamuddin]]
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Malik|Hammad Abdul Malik}} {{goal|5}}
*{{Tooltip|Yesudhas|Raheemdhas Yesudhasi}} {{goal|11}}
*{{Tooltip|M. A. Ali|Mohammed Ahtesham Ali}} {{goal|14||24}}
*{{Tooltip|Komarpant|Chaitan Komarpant}} {{goal|26}}
*{{Tooltip|Haseeb|Mohammed Abdul Haseeb}} {{goal|29||31}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|T. K. Singh|Tarun Kumar Singh}} {{goal|32}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| referee = Vinod Kumar
| attendance = 50
}}

=== Semi-finals ===
{{football box
| date = 16 August 2025
| time = 16:00 IST
| team1 = [[Corbett FC|Corbett]]
| score = 3–5
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54767_Match_Summary_V1_1755346849.pdf
| team2 = [[Goal Hunterz]]
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Pautu|Malsawmtluanga Pautu}} {{goal|5}}
*{{Tooltip|Lalenkima|Rony C Lalenkima}} {{goal|17}}
*{{Tooltip|PC Lalremruata}} {{goal|27}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|A. Adhikari|Anmol Adhikari}} {{goal|16}}
*{{Tooltip|Sharma|Manav Sharma}} {{goal|19||24}}
*{{Tooltip|Sailung|Lalmuansanga Sailung}} {{goal|29|o.g.}}
*{{Tooltip|Gusai|Bijoy Gusai}} {{goal|40}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| referee = K. Surendiran
| attendance = 50
}}
----{{football box
| date = 16 August 2025
| time = 19:00 IST
| team1 = [[Bhawanipore Club|Bhawanipore]]
| score = 7–0
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54768_Match_Summary_V1_1755356475.pdf
| team2 = [[Total Football Academy|TOFA]]
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|Sutar|Jayesh Sutar}} {{goal|2||11||37}}
*{{Tooltip|Laltlansanga|David Laltlansanga}} {{goal|4||15}}
*{{Tooltip|Laltluangzela}} {{goal|27}}
*{{Tooltip|Mali|Nikhil Mali}} {{goal|34}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| referee = Tanveer Ahmed Wani
| attendance = 50
}}

=== Final ===
{{football box
| date = 18 August 2025
| time = 18:00 IST
| team1 = [[Goal Hunterz]]
| score = 4–2
| report = https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/54813_Match_Summary_V1_1755527626.pdf
| team2 = [[Bhawanipore Club|Bhawanipore]]
| goals1 = *{{Tooltip|M. Adhikari|Mahip Adhikari}} {{goal|2||36||40}}
*{{Tooltip|Shoun|Mukul Singh Shoun}} {{goal|10}}
| goals2 = *{{Tooltip|Khatua|Subho Khatua}} {{goal|28}}
*{{Tooltip|Laltlansanga|David Laltlansanga}} {{goal|32}}
| stadium = Shri Manoj Sarkar Stadium, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| referee = Vishal Mahendrabhai Vaja
| attendance = 200
}}

== Top scorers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Goals
|-
| 1
| align="left" | [[Nikhil Mali]]
| align="left" | Bhawanipore
| 16
|-
| 2
| align="left" | Bijoy Gusai
| align="left" | Goal Hunterz
|13
|-
| 3
| align="left" | Akumyanger
| align="left" | Aphuyemi
|12
|-
| 4
| align="left" |Mahip Adhikari
| align="left" |Goal Hunterz
| 11
|-
| 5
| align="left" | Shibu Sunny
| align="left" |Jaggernaut
| 10
|}

== See also ==
* [[2026 AFC Futsal Asian Cup qualification]]
* [[2026 AFC Futsal Asian Cup]]
* [[AFC Futsal Asian Cup]]
* [[AFC Futsal Club Championship]]
* [[2024–25 Santosh Trophy]]

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>
{{Futsal in India}}
{{Football in India}}

[[Category:AIFF Futsal Club Championship]]
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football leagues]]

Poulomi Basu

2025-11-08T23:02:37Z

Svetlafz: Stub

{{Short description|Indian artist and photographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
'''Poulomi Basu''' (born October 1983) is an Indian artist, [[Documentary photography|documentary photographer]], filmmaker and activist,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Five brilliant activists breaking the taboos around menstruation|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2019/05/five-activists-breaking-taboos-around-menstruation/|access-date=2021-08-03|publisher=Amnesty International|date=28 May 2019}}</ref> much of whose work addresses the normalisation of [[Violence against women|violence against marginalised women]].<ref name="gupmagazine">{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-14|title=Centralia: Poulomi Basu|url=https://gupmagazine.com/books/centralia-poulomi-basu/|date=13 May 2020|website=GUP Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-14|title=Aesthetica Magazine – Responsive Image Making|url=https://aestheticamagazine.com/responsive-image-making-2/|website=Aesthetica Magazine}}</ref><ref name="hundredheroines">{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-19|title=Poulomi Basu – Indian Photographer|url=http://hundredheroines.org/heroine/poulomi-basu-2/|website=hundredheroines.org}}</ref><ref name="huckmag">{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-19|title=The photographer exposing misogyny's insidious roots|url=https://www.huckmag.com/art-and-culture/photography-2/poulomi-basu-india-patriarchy-photography/|date=22 October 2016|website=Huck Magazine}}</ref>

Basu received the [[Royal Photographic Society]]'s Hood Medal for the series ''Blood Speaks'', about the Nepalese practice of [[Chhaupadi]].<ref name="rps">{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-14|title=RPS Awards 2020|url=https://rps.org/news/bristol/2020/october/rps-awards-2020/|website=rps.org|date=21 October 2020 }}</ref> In 2017, Basu was selected for the Sundance New Frontiers Lab Fellowship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poulomi Basu |url=https://sipf.sg/artist/poulomi-basu/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Singapore International Photography Festival |language=en}}</ref> Her photobook ''Centralia'', about the conflict between the Indian state and the Maoist [[People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (India)|People's Liberation Guerrilla Army]], was shortlisted for the 2021 [[Deutsche Börse Photography Foundation Prize]].<ref name="theguardian-2020-ohagan">{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-14|title=This year's Deutsche Börse prize shortlist is fascinating – but is it photography?|last1=O'Hagan|first1=Sean|authorlink=Sean O'Hagan|url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/nov/10/deutsche-borse-photography-foundation-prize-shortlist|date=10 November 2020|website=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref> Her ''Eruptions: a decade of creation'' installation was shown at [[Side Gallery]], Newcastle, UK in 2021/22.<ref name="amber"/> In 2023, she received the [[International Center of Photography]] Infinity Award for outstanding contribution to "Contemporary Photography and New Media".<ref name="icp-2023">{{cite web|access-date=2023-01-16|title=News|url=https://www.icp.org/news/icp-infinity-awards-to-honor-ming-smith-joyce-cowin-ariella-a%C3%AFsha%25C2%25A0azoulay-poulomi-basu-and-zora|website=International Center of Photography}}</ref>

Art critic Charlotte Jansen wrote in [[Tate]]'s publication, ''Fifty Pioneers Defining Photography for the Twenty-First Century'', that Basu's work is "beautiful but also apocalyptic, her photographs and films pulsate with psychotropic light".<ref>{{cite web| title=Photography Now by Charlotte Jansen | website=Waterstones | date=22 April 2021 | url=https://www.waterstones.com/book/photography-now/charlotte-jansen/9781781576205 | access-date=22 May 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==
Basu was born and raised in Kolkata, India. She has said "I grew up in a home with all kinds of taboos, and it was an extremely violent, patriarchal and misogynistic environment. I saw how these things were related and became interested in exploring the complex web of patriarchy."<ref name="artreview">{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-24|title=Blood Speaks: 'Period Activist' and Photographer Poulomi Basu Campaigns Against Violence|url=https://artreview.com/blood-speaks-period-activist-poulomi-basu-campaign-against-violence-photography/|website=[[ArtReview]]}}</ref> She majored in sociology then did a master's degree in photojournalism and documentary photography at the [[London College of Communication]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kashmiriyat|url=https://www.magnumfoundation.org/paloumibasu|access-date=2021-08-09|website=Magnum Foundation}}</ref>

==Work==
Basu's work often addresses the normalisation of [[Violence against women|violence against marginalised women]].<ref name="huckmag"/> the [[BBC]] described Basu as a "visual activist known for her fearless examination of systemic injustices. Her lens focuses on stories that often go ignored or underreported, particularly those of women in isolated communities and conflict zones."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3cswp2j|title=BBC World Service – The Conversation, War Through A Woman's Lens|publisher=BBC}}</ref>

Basu was at the center of a major controversy with her story on menstruation in Nepal with an Editor's footnote about manipulation of subject for creating more engaging visuals<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2017/01/05/in-nepal-monthly-exile-for-women/|title=New York Times, The - Nepal, A Monthly Exile For Women|publisher=NYT}}</ref>

Her ''To Conquer Her Land'' series depicts the first female soldiers in the [[Indian Army]], on the [[India–Pakistan border]].<ref>{{cite news|first1=Indira|last1=Basu|access-date=2021-07-19|title=Art for the everyday feminist|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/art-for-the-everyday-feminist/article8478095.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 April 2016|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-19|title=Poulomi Basu: To Conquer Her Land at Half King Gallery|url=https://museemagazine.com/culture/culture/art-out/poulomi-basu-to-conquer-her-land-at-half-king-gallery|website=Musée Magazine|date=June 2015 }}</ref> In Basu's words, "''To Conquer Her Land'' is about new forms of stress – related to combatant life – that has never existed for Indian women before in history." Her work deals with sensitive issues of self image and focuses on women who are striving to redefine their identity. Basu's work pivots around the "intricate issues of conflict, psychological warfare, class, youth, gender, love, peace, the concept of home, an undefined idea of patriotism, and the strength of the mind."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poulomi Basu |url=http://www.poulomibasu.com/tchl |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=PB}}</ref> ''To Conquer Her Land'' is a fitting title as this work is dedicated to the women who are trying to claim their place not only in the military but also in the eyes of society where gender norms are still harsh towards women.
''Blood Speaks: A Ritual of Exile'' deals with the Nepalese practice of [[Chhaupadi]], which {{Blockquote|dictates that women who are menstruating, and those who experience bleeding after childbirth, must live in makeshift huts because they are considered impure and therefore untouchable. Exiled by their communities and families, the women are refused access to water and toilets and must eat food scraps, fed to them as though they were animals.}} Basu made the work in [[Surkhet District]], in a remote region of Nepal, in 2013, 2014 and 2016. When exhibited, the work includes two screen projections, photographs shown in LED-powered light boxes, a surround-soundscape and an immersive virtual reality installation—"The room deliberately evokes the oppressive environment inhabited by the women".<ref name="bjp-2017">{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-20|title=On show at Format: Poulomi Basu's A Ritual of Exile|url=https://www.1854.photography/2017/03/basuritual/|website=[[British Journal of Photography]]}}</ref><ref name="artreview"/> [[Tate Modern]] curator, Emma Lewis, speaks of Basu's work saying that<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.hachette.co.uk/titles/emma-lewis-2/photography-%e2%80%93-a-feminist-history/9781781578452/|title=Photography – A Feminist History|date=6 April 2021|isbn=9781781578452 |via=hachette.co.uk |last1=Lewis |first1=Emma |publisher=Octopus }}</ref> {{Blockquote|''Blood Speaks'' highlighted the grave consequences of normalized violence and how such taboos negatively impact sustainability goals relating to child marriage, attitudes to reproductive health, maternal mortality and school education. The project resulted in Basu collaborating with several charities, including WaterAid for their 'To Be A Girl' campaign. In 2018, the Nepalese government passed a new law enforcing existing legislation around chhaupadi with a jail sentence and fine.}}

''Centralia'' focuses on the female guerrillas of the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]].<ref name="bjp-2019-butetroch">{{cite web|date=9 July 2019|access-date=2021-07-25|title=Centralia by Poulomi Basu|url=https://www.1854.photography/2019/07/centralia-by-poulomi-basu/|website=[[British Journal of Photography]]}}</ref> [[Sean O'Hagan (journalist)|Sean O'Hagan]] wrote in ''[[The Guardian]]'' that the book "casts light on an overlooked conflict between the Indian state and the Maoist People's Liberation Guerrilla Army, which is made up of volunteers from a beleaguered indigenous community. Basu moves effortlessly between traditional documentary and a heightened, almost hallucinatory approach that reflects both the brutality of the conflict and the state propaganda that feeds on half-truths and manipulated "facts"."<ref name="theguardian-2020-ohagan"/> Basu takes cues from "the literary work of William Faulkner, J G Ballard and Arundhati Roy, as well as the dream narratives of David Lynch" ... "in composing Centralia, which is set largely in the state of Chhattisgarh, as well as the states of Odisha, West Bengal and Jharkhand".<ref name="bjp-2019-butetroch"/> Her reason for taking inspiration from these notable figures, in her words, is because "they deal with the darkness that lies ahead." She reflects, "in a way, this project is a prism to explore contemporary India through my own connection to a historical and present series of events.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centralia by Poulomi Basu – 1854 Photography |url=https://www.1854.photography/2019/07/centralia-by-poulomi-basu/ |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=1854.photography}}</ref>

''Fireflies'' is a multi-layered body of work including photography, moving image, and performance. ''Fireflies'' covers many complex narratives around eco-feminism and gender justice, with grounded ideas of magical realism and science fiction. Alona Pardo, curator of ''[[Barbican Centre|The Barbican]]'', introduces Basu's work: "''Fireflies'', consists of a series of deeply emotive and powerful images of Poulomi invariably performing for the camera".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://autograph.org.uk/blog/listen-speculative-futures-poulomi-basu-and-alona-pardo-in-conversation/|title=Listen: Speculative Futures – Poulomi Basu and Alona Pardo in Conversation|website=autograph.org.uk}}</ref> The project consists of images that Basu intertwined with her mother, underscoring a matrilineal heritage and genealogy that speaks to the violence which is all too often bestowed on women's bodies, highlighting female oppression and the hetero-patriarchal cultural values that are also a shared trauma, and notions of care. Kenneth Dickerman wrote in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' that "Basu's work seeks to turn that paradigm on its head to begin to create a more equitable, favorable and stable world for all".<ref name="washingtonpost">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/photography/2022/05/23/these-photos-are-magical-exploration-truama-patriarchal-violence/ |title=These surreal photos are an exploration of trauma and patriarchal violence |date=2022-05-23 |author1=Kenneth Dickerman |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |place=Washington, D.C. |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=1330888409}}</ref> Shyama Laxman wrote in ''Aesthetica Magazine'' that<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Shyama|last1=Laxman|url=https://aestheticamagazine.com/personal-and-political-pb-autograph/|title=Personal and Political|website=Aesthetica Magazine}}</ref> {{Blockquote|despite the hard-hitting subject matter, ''Fireflies'' is not unsettling, rather, mesmerising. Whilst bruises and blood are subtly weaved into the show, these pockets of brutality are offset by a pervading sense of hope that women will break the cycle of abuse and forge a better world for themselves.}}

==Other activities==
Basu is a co-founder/director of [[Just Another Photo Festival]], begun in 2015, which seeks to democratise access to visual media.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-19|title=Delhi's Just Another Photo Festival wants to prove that it's different from the rest|url=https://www.1854.photography/2015/09/not-another-photo-festival-delhi/|website=[[British Journal of Photography]]}}</ref> She is a visiting lecturer at [[University of the Arts London]]'s Visible Justice and collaborative Unit.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-19|title=Biographies|url=https://www.visible-justice.org/biographies|website=visible-justice.org}}</ref>

==Publications==
===Books of work by Basu===
*''Centralia''. Stockport: [[Dewi Lewis]], 2020. {{ISBN|978-1-911306-57-3}}.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-14|title=Humphrey Hawksley – Along the Red Corridor|url=https://literaryreview.co.uk/along-the-red-corridor|website=Literary Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-14|title=Review: Centralia by Poulomi Basu|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-centralia-by-poulomi-basu/story-HnQ5xQHEHpuuUVswCFdjEL.html|date=25 September 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

===Publications with contributions by Basu===
*''Hungry Still''. [[Quad (arts centre)|Quad]]/[[Format International Photography Festival|Format]]/Slideluck, 2014. {{ISBN|978-0955353888}}.
*''A Time To See''. Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust/Impress, 2016. {{ISBN|978-0995554009}}.
*''Firecrackers: Female Photographers Now.'' London: [[Thames & Hudson]], 2017. By Fiona Rogers and Max Houghton. {{ISBN|978-0500544747}}.
*''Photography Now: Fifty Pioneers Defining 21st Century Photography''. [[Tate]]/Ilex, 2021. By Charlotte Jansen. {{ISBN|978-1781576205}}.
*''Photography – A Feminist History''. Tate, 2021. By Emma Lewis. {{ISBN|978-1781578049}}.

==Films==
*''Maya: The Birth of a Super Hero'' - Winner, Viborg Animation Festival, Anidox:VR Award for Best Animated Documentary, 2024
*''Maya: The Birth of a Super Hero'' - Sélection Officelle, Compétition Immersive, [[Festival De Cannes]], 2024
* ''Maya: The Birth of a Super Hero'' - Grand Jury Award, [[SXSW Film Festival]], 2024
*''Blood Speaks'' - Inter:Active award in competition, [[CPH:DOX]], 2024
*''Maya: The Birth of a Super Hero'' - Special Jury Mention Award, [[Tribeca Film Festival]], 2023
*''Maya: The Birth of a Super Hero'' – official selection, Venice Production Bridge,<ref>[https://veniceproductionbridge.org Venice Production Bridge website]</ref> [[78th Venice International Film Festival]], 2021; [[UN Women]], [[Games for Change]], UN HQ, New York, 2023
*''Fireflies''
*''Blood Speaks'' – released by [[Tribeca Film Institute]], [[Kathmandu International Mountain Film Festival]] (KIMFF), Nepal, 2018;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfKj1lCq3wk | title=Menstrual Exile in VR | 360 Video: Blood Speaks, Tula's Story | date=2 July 2019 | via=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> [[Margaret Mead Film Festival]], [[American Natural History Museum]], New York, USA, October 2018;<ref>[https://www.amnh.org/explore/margaret-mead-festival Margaret Mead Film Festival]</ref> [[SXSW]], 2019<ref>{{cite web | url=https://schedule.sxsw.com/2019/speakers/2005574 | title=Poulomi Basu }}</ref>

== Collections ==
* Victoria and Albert Museum, London, ''Centralia.''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-08|title=The Parasol Foundation Women in Photography Project • V&A Blog|url=https://www.vam.ac.uk/blog/museum-life/the-parasol-foundation-women-in-photography-project|access-date=2021-09-22|website=V&A Blog}}</ref>
* The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York, Special Collections; ''Centralia'' book''.''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Basu|first=Poulomi|url=https://arcade.nyarc.org/search/?searchtype=X&SORT=D&searcharg=Poulomi+Basu&searchscope=8&submit.x=50&submit.y=12&submit=submit|title=Centralia|date=2019|publisher=Dewi Lewis Publishing|isbn=978-1-911306-57-3|location=Heaton Moor, Stockport, England|oclc=1111777288}}</ref>

==Exhibitions==
*''A Ritual of Exile: Blood Speaks'', [[St Helen's House|Pearson Building]], [[Format Festival]], Derby, UK, 2017<ref name="bjp-2017"/>
*''Centralia,'' [[Brighton Photo Biennial|Photoworks Festival]], Brighton, UK, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poulomi Basu|url=https://photoworks.org.uk/festival2020/box/poulomi-basu/|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Photoworks}}</ref>
* ''[[Deutsche Börse Photography Foundation Prize]] 2021'', [[The Photographers' Gallery]], London, 2021<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-19|title=Deutsche Börse Photography Foundation Prize 2021|url=https://thephotographersgallery.org.uk/whats-on/deutsche-borse-photography-foundation-prize-2021|website=The Photographers Gallery}}</ref>
*''Eruptions: a decade of creation'', [[Side Gallery]], Newcastle, UK, 2021–22. An immersive installation of VR, film and photographic work from 2009 to 2021. Includes ''Blood Speaks: A Ritual of Exile'', ''Centralia'' and ''To Conquer Her Land''.<ref name="amber">{{cite web|access-date=2021-10-30|title=Eruptions: a decade of creation|url=https://www.amber-online.com/event/side-gallery/eruptions-a-decade-of-creation/|website=Amber}}</ref>
*''Fireflies'', [[Autograph ABP]], London, 2022.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=2022-04-07|title=Juxtapoz Magazine – Poulomi Basu "Fireflies" @ Autograph, London|url=https://www.juxtapoz.com/news/photography/poulomi-basu-fireflies-autograph-london/|website=juxtapoz.com}}</ref>

==Awards==
*2012: Winner, 2nd place, Foto Visura Grant for ''To Conquer Her Land''<ref>{{Cite web|title=HR Fellow Poulomi Basu awarded 2nd place in Foto visura grant|url=https://www.magnumfoundation.org/news/2018/4/4/c1eqw5lzxz2eco8vrfyvpasvi5gq3f|access-date=2021-08-09|website=Magnum Foundation|date=8 May 2013}}</ref>
*2012: [[Magnum Foundation]] Social Justice Fellowship<ref>{{Cite web|title=Magnum Foundation announces 2012 scholarships for NYU/MF Photography and Human Rights program!|url=https://www.magnumfoundation.org/news/2018/4/9/gyvfge9p84r7yk65zz9hzr2bxzf0a0|access-date=2021-08-09|website=Magnum Foundation|date=7 February 2012}}</ref>
*2016: Winner, Magnum Emergency Fund, Magnum Foundation, to continue making ''A Ritual of Exile: Blood Speaks''<ref name="bjp-2017"/><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4268020/magnum-emergency-fund-2016/|title=Time Exclusive: Magnum Emergency Fund Announces 2016 Grantees|magazine=Time|access-date=2017-05-03}}</ref>
*2016: Winner, Magnum Foundation Human Rights Grant, What Works<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4560113/bronx-documentary-center-magnum-foundation/|title=These Photographers Confront Intolerance to Document What Works|magazine=Time|first=Bianca|last=Silva|date=10 November 2016|access-date=2022-12-14}}</ref>
*2017: Winner, FotoEvidence Book Award, New York City, for ''A Ritual of Exile: Blood Speaks''<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-24|title=Blood Speaks: A Ritual of Exile wins 2017 FotoEvidence Book Award – Capture magazine|url=http://www.capturemag.com.au/latest/blood-speaks-a-ritual-of-exile-wins-2017-fotoevidence-book-award|website=capturemag.com.au}}</ref>
*2020: Hood Medal, [[Royal Photographic Society]], Bristol, UK for ''Blood Speaks''<ref name="rps"/>
*2020: Louis Roederer Discovery Award, [[Rencontres d'Arles]], Arles, France<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-19|title=2020 Louis Roederer Discovery Award: 10 Shortlisted Projects|url=http://www.rencontres-arles.com//en/actualites/view/406/2020-louis-roederer-discovery-award-10-shortlisted-projects|website=rencontres-arles.com}}</ref>
*2020: Winner, Rencontres d'Arles Louis Roederer Discovery Award Jury Prize for ''Centralia''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poulomi Basu Exhibition Wins Award|url=https://autograph.org.uk/blog/poulomi-basu-exhibition-wins-award/|access-date=2021-09-22|website=autograph.org.uk}}</ref>
*2020: Singapore International Photography Festival Book Awards for ''Centralia''<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-19|title=In Conversation: Curator Daniel Boetker-Smith and the Winners of SIPF Book Awards|url=http://sipf.sg/in-conversation-curator-daniel-boetker-smith-and-the-winners-of-sipf-photobook-showcase/|date=22 October 2020}}</ref>
*2020: Winner, CreativeXR programme by [[Digital Catapult]] and [[Arts Council England]] for ''Blood Speaks: Maya – The Birth of a Superhero''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digicatapult.org.uk/news-and-insights/press/further-funding-announced-for-three-creativexr-projects-which-reinvent|access-date=2021-08-09|website=digicatapult.org.uk|title=Further funding announced for three CreativeXR projects which reinvent traditional modes of storytelling }}</ref>
*2021: Shortlisted, [[Deutsche Börse Photography Foundation Prize]], London for ''Centralia''; along with [[Alejandro Cartagena]], [[Cao Fei]], and [[Zineb Sedira]]<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-07-14|title=The 2021 Deutsche Börse Photography prize sheds light on global issues|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/photography/2021-deutsche-borse-photography-prize-b1867849.html|date=28 June 2021|website=The Independent|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=2021-07-14|title=The Deutsche Börse Photography Foundation Prize 2021|url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/photography-culture/article/the-deutsche-boerse-photography-foundation-prize-2021-p3x5vmgcx|newspaper=[[The Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Matthew|last1=Ponsford|access-date=2021-07-14|title=Prestigious photo prize honors docu-fiction on India's hidden war|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/deutsche-borse-photography-prize-2021-finalists/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=25 June 2021 }}</ref>
*2021: Shortlisted, Kraszna-Krausz Book Awards<ref>{{cite web | url=https://publishingperspectives.com/2021/05/uk-kraszna-krauszs-book-awards-2021-shortlists-and-longlists/ | title=UK: Kraszna-Krausz Book Awards 2021: Shortlists and Longlists | date=5 May 2021 }}</ref> for ''Centralia'', UK
*2022: Winner, Best Experimental Film, [[BAFTA]] qualifying, [[Aesthetica Short Film Festival]], UK, for the film ''Fireflies''{{cn|date=September 2024}}
*2023: [[International Center of Photography]] Infinity Award for outstanding contribution to Contemporary Photography and New Media<ref name="icp-2023"/>
*2023: Special Jury Mention Award, New Voices Immersive Competition, [[Tribeca Festival]], USA, for the film ''Maya: The Birth of a Super Hero''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/tribeca-festival-2023-award-winners-1235516916/ | title=Tribeca Festival: 'Cypher,' 'A Strange Path,' 'Between the Rains' Top Competition Award Winners | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=15 June 2023 }}</ref>
*2024: [[BAFTA]] Breakthrough 2024,<ref>https://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/bafta-unveils-its-2024-bafta-breakthrough-cohort-across-the-uk-us-and-india</ref> for the film ''Maya: The Birth of a Super Hero''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|www.poulomibasu.com}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, Poulomi}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London College of Communication]]
[[Category:Indian women photographers]]
[[Category:Documentary photographers]]
[[Category:Artists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Women photojournalists]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:Photographers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in England]]

Bombay Dyeing

2025-10-07T04:28:03Z

Svetlafz: refine content further and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{short description|Textile company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Bombay Dyeing & Manufacturing Company Ltd
| logo = Bombay_Dyeing_logo.svg
| type = [[Public Company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|500020}}<br />{{NSE|BOMDYEING}}
| company_slogan =
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1879}}
| parent = [[Wadia Group]]
| location = Neville House, [[Ballard Estate]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| key_people = [[Nusli Wadia]] (Chairman) <br />[[Jeh Wadia]]
| industry = Textiles
| num_employees =
| products = [[Bed linen]], [[Towels]], [[Furnishings]]
| revenue = 
| homepage = {{url|https://bombaydyeing.com/|bombaydyeing.com}}
}}
'''Bombay Dyeing & Manufacturing Company Limited''' is an Indian textile company headquartered in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Bombay Dyeing plans to sell 22-acre Worli land for Rs 5,200 crore, become debt-free |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/bombay-dyeing-to-sell-off-22-acre-worli-land-for-rs-5200-crore-become-debt-free-17798571.htm |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> It operates as a subsidiary of the [[Wadia Group]] and is one of India's largest producers of textiles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/economy-of-india/top-50-companies/bombay-dyeing.html |title=Bombay Dyeing – Bombay Dyeing India – Bombay Dyeing Group Profile – History of Bombay Dyeing |publisher=Iloveindia.com |date=21 July 2007 |access-date=2010-09-03}}</ref>{{Bettersource|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=February 2024}}

Its current chairman is [[Nusli Wadia]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/stocks-in-news/Warrants-to-help-Wadias-raise-Bombay-Dyeing-stake-by-5/articleshow/5558441.cms |title=Wadias-raise-Bombay-Dyeing |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=11 February 2010 |access-date=2010-09-03}}</ref>
In March 2011, [[Jehangir Wadia]], the younger son of Nusli, was named the managing director of the company, while the elder son, [[Ness Wadia]] resigned from the post of joint MD of the company.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Nusli-springs-Jeh-elevation-surprise/articleshow/7821048.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Nusli springs Jeh elevation surprise}}</ref> [[Ratan Tata]], the ex-chairman of [[Tata Group]] was on the board of directors till 2013. He resigned and [[Cyrus Pallonji Mistry|Cyrus Mistry]] took over.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|title=Ratan Tata steps down as Director of Bombay Dyeing, Cyrus Mistry steps in|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/ratan-tata-steps-down-as-director-of-bombay-dyeing-cyrus-mistry-steps-in/1071490|access-date=20 February 2013|newspaper=The Financial Express|date=20 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219202737/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/ratan-tata-steps-down-as-director-of-bombay-dyeing-cyrus-mistry-steps-in/1071490|archive-date=19 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bombay Dyeing was often in the news, apart from other things, for various controversies surrounding its tussle with the late [[Dhirubhai Ambani]] of [[Reliance Industries Limited]] and with [[Calcutta]]-based [[jute]] baron late [[Arun Bajoria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2002/jul/06obit.htm |title=Dhirubhai Ambani rewrote India's corporate history |work=rediff.com |date=7 July 2002 |access-date=2010-09-03}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Grasim Industries]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Wadia Group}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 1879]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1879]]
[[Category:Textile companies based in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Clothing brands of India]]
[[Category:Wadia Group]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Ramesh Mehta (playwright)

2025-09-07T14:52:33Z

Svetlafz: New - done

{{Multiple issues|
{{tone|date=April 2008}}
{{sources|date=July 2023}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}

'''Rameshwar Nath Mehta''' (7 August 1923 – 29 May 2012) was an Indian playwright, director, actor and translator.

==Biography==
Mehta moved to Delhi in 1942 in search of a job after his graduation.<ref>Interview by Anil Goel, Chhayanat Year 29 Issue 113 January–March 2008</ref> His farce ''Under Secretary'' has been translated into many Indian languages, including Tamil, Malayalam, Sindhi, Bengali, and Gujarati.<ref>Three Arts Club Silver Jubilee Festival Brochure – 1968</ref> Mehta was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for acting in 2007.<ref name="dna1">[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_one-of-delhi-s-oldest-theatre-groups-comes-alive-again_1163886 One of Delhi's oldest theatre groups comes alive again] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926174559/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_one-of-delhi-s-oldest-theatre-groups-comes-alive-again_1163886 |date=26 September 2012 }}, Dily News and Analysis (12 May 2008)</ref> Mehta died on 29 May 2012, at the age of 88.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramesh Mehta: A Great Hindi Theatre Personality |url=http://threeartsclub.blogspot.com/2012/06/ramesh-mehta-great-hindi-theatre.html |website=Three Arts Club |access-date=11 July 2023 |date=5 June 2012 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711185603/http://threeartsclub.blogspot.com/2012/06/ramesh-mehta-great-hindi-theatre.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Ramesh}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Film directors from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Radhanagar, Sahibganj

2025-07-21T16:18:47Z

Svetlafz: slightly adjust content for accuracy further and fixed typos

{{other uses|Radhanagar (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Radhnagar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.876778|N|87.879167|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sahibganj district|Sahibganj]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6330
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Udhwa (community development block)#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 816101
| area_code_type = Telephone/ STD code
| area_code = 06426
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Rajmahal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]]
| website = {{URL|sahibganj.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Radhanagar''' is a village in the [[Udhwa (community development block)|Udhwa]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Rajmahal subdivision]] of the [[Sahibganj district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=420| height=460| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|51|0|N|87|33|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Sahibganj, Godda and Pakur districts in Santhal Pargana Division'''<br/>M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious/ tourist centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|5|15|N|87|28|20|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1= Bara Boarijore | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Bara Boarijore]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|40|41|N|87|10|19|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Poraiyahat| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Poraiyahat]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|59|41|N|87|12|7|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Basantrai| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Basantrai, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|25|9|2|N|87|19|20|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Belbadda| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Belbadda]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|25|12|52|N|87|23|28|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Dhamri| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Dhamri]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|25|5|50|N|87|14|0|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Hanwara| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Hanwara]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|25|3|45|N|87|22|0|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Lalmatia| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Lalmatia, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|25|11|40|N|87|22|17|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Mehrma| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Mehrma]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|49|46|N|87|7|50|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Motia| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Motia]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|25|4|30|N|87|14|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Parsa| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Parsa, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|56|44|N|87|16|37|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Pathargama| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Pathargama, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|55|10|N|87|20|50|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Rajabhita| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Rajabhita]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|45|18|N|87|21|43|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Sunderpahari| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Sunderpahari, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|44|48|N|87|49|34|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Kotalpokhar| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Kotalpokhar]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|25|8|37|N|87|29|55|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15= Mandro|labela15=Damin Bazar| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Mandro Damin Bazar]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|25|14|40|N|87|29|48|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Mirzachauki| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Mirzachauki]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|50|0|N|87|45|41|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Pathna| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Pathna, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|52|56|N|87|52|45|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Radhanagar| numbered18=R| mark-title18=Radhanagar, Sahibganj (R)|shape-color18=black| label-size18=13|label-color18=black 
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|50|50|N|87|41|16|E}} | label-pos19=bottom|label19= Ranga| numbered19=R| mark-title19=[[Ranga, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|25|6|13|N|87|43|59|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Taljhari| numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Taljhari, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|57|30|N|87|51|22|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Udhwa| numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Udhwa]] (R)
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|32|0|N|87|34|18|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Amrapara| numbered22=R| mark-title22=[[Amrapara]] (R)
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|42|45|N|87|42|17|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Hiranpur| numbered23=R| mark-title23=[[Hiranpur]] (R)
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|41|41|N|87|37|1|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Litipara| numbered24=R| mark-title24=[[Litipara]] (R)
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|29|40|N|87|45|42|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Maheshpur| numbered25=R| mark-title25=[[Maheshpur, Pakur]] (R)
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|20|15|N|87|38|50|E}} | label-pos26= right|label26= Pakuria| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Pakuria]] (R)
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|32|14|N|87|30|17|E}} | label-pos27=top|label27= Panchuara| numbered27=R| mark-title27=[[Panchuara]] (R)
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|50|10|N|87|13|12|E}} | label-pos28=top|label28=Godda| numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Godda]] (M) |label-size28=12 |label-color28=#800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|25|3|0|N|87|50|24|E}} | label-pos29=bottom|label29=Rajmahal| numbered29=M| mark-title29= [[Rajmahal]] (M) |label-size29=12 |label-color29=#800000
|mark-coord30={{coord|25|15|0|N|87|39|0|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30=Sahebganj| numbered30=M| mark-title30= [[Sahebganj]] (M) |label-size30=12 |label-color30=#800000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|37|30|N|87|51|0|E}} | label-pos31=bottom|label31=Pakur| numbered31=M| mark-title31= [[Pakur]] (M) |label-size31=12 |label-color31=#800000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|52|26|N|87|35|33|E}} | label-pos32=bottom|label32= Bhognadih| numbered32=H| mark-title32=[[Bhognadih]] (H) | shape-color32=#AA6666
|mark-coord33={{coord|25|15|39|N|87|32|18|E}} | label-pos33=top|label33= Teliagarhi| numbered33=H| mark-title33=[[Teliagarhi]] (H) | shape-color33=#AA6666
|mark-coord34={{coord|25|11|25|N|87|43|34|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Moti Jharna| numbered34=H| mark-title34=[[Moti Jharna]] (H) | shape-color34=#AA6666
|mark-coord35={{coord|25|14|50|N|87|42|55|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Sakrigali| numbered35=H| mark-title35=[[Sakrigali]] (H) | shape-color35=#AA6666
|mark-coord36={{coord|25|3|10|N|87|20|20|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36=Rajmahal coalfield |numbered36=0 | mark-title36=[[Rajmahal coalfield]] (A)| label-size36=12| shape-color36=#AA6666
|mark-coord37={{coord|25|1|10|N|87|18|50|E}}| label-pos37=bottom|label37=Mahagama| numbered37=CT| mark-title37= [[Mahagama]] (CT) |shape-color3= #A40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|48|21|N|87|19|27|E}}| label-pos38=left|label38=Sarauni| numbered38=CT| mark-title38= [[Sarauni]] (CT) |shape-color38= #A40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|51|10|N|87|46|37|E}}| label-pos39=top|label39=Barharwa| numbered39=CT| mark-title39= [[Barharwa]] (CT) |shape-color39= #A40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|54|30|N|87|37|20|E}}| label-pos40=right|label40=Berhait Bazar| numbered40=CT| mark-title40= [[Berhait Bazar]] (CT) |shape-color40= #A40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|54|50|N|87|35|40|E}}| label-pos41=top|label41=Berhait Santali| numbered41=CT| mark-title41= [[Berhait Santali]] (CT) |shape-color41= #A40000
|mark-coord42={{coord|25|2|5|N|87|35|55|E}}| label-pos42=top|label42=Borio| numbered42=CT| mark-title42= [[Borio, Sahibganj]] (CT) |shape-color42= #A40000
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|57|20|N|87|49|20|E}}| label-pos43=left|label43=Patra| numbered43=CT| mark-title43= [[Patra, Sahibganj]] (CT) |shape-color43= #A40000
|mark-coord44={{coord|25|0|0|N|87|44|26|E}}| label-pos44=left|label44=Tin Pahar| numbered44=CT| mark-title44= [[Tin Pahar]] (CT) |shape-color44= #A40000
|mark-coord45={{coord|24|55|45|N|87|50|32|E}}| label-pos45=left|label45=Kumarpur| numbered45=CT| mark-title45= [[Kumarpur]] (CT) |shape-color45= #A40000
|mark-coord46={{coord|24|38|40|N|87|53|15|E}}| label-pos46=left|label46=Raghunandanpur| numbered46=CT| mark-title46= [[Raghunandanpur]] (CT) |shape-color46= #A40000
|mark-coord47={{coord|24|40|13|N|87|51|5|E}}| label-pos47=left|label47=Sagarmpur| numbered47=CT| mark-title47= [[Sagarmpur]] (CT) |shape-color47= #A40000
|mark-coord48={{coord|25|15|30|N|87|43|0|E}} |label48= Ganges| label-color48 = #77A1CB| label-angle48=0| label-pos48=top| label-size48=10| mark-size48=0| mark-title48 =none
|mark-coord49={{coord|24|38|38|N|87|18|29|E}} | label-pos49=left|label49= Dewdanr| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Dewdanr]] (R)
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|20|0|N|87|25|0|E}}|arc-textA= RAJMAHAL HILLS| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-101| arc-gapA=2.7| arc-radiusA=1.15
|arc-coordB={{coord|25|18|0|N|87|15|0|E}}|arc-textB= BIHAR| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-40| arc-gapB=7.5| arc-radiusB=0.35
|arc-coordC={{coord|25|20|50|N|87|53|40|E}}|arc-textC= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorC=hard grey| arc-angleC=40| arc-gapC=5.0| arc-radiusC=0.4}}

===Location===
Radhanagar is located at {{coord|24.876778|N|87.879167|E|display=inline}}.

Radhanagar has an area of {{convert|126.82|ha}}.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2007_PART_B_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 25: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 2 December 2020}}</ref>

===Overview===
The map shows a hilly area with the [[Rajmahal hills]] running from the bank of the [[Ganges]] in the extreme north to the south, beyond the area covered by the map into Dumka district. ‘Farakka’ is marked on the map and that is where [[Farakka Barrage]] is, just inside West Bengal. [[Rajmahal coalfield]] is shown in the map. The entire area is overwhelmingly rural with only small pockets of urbanisation.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3120/page/n1/mode/2up |title = Bihar District Gazetteers: Santhal Parganas| first= P.C.|last=Roychoudhury | work= Chapter I: General |publisher= Secretariat Press, Patna, 1965 | accessdate = 5 December 2020}}</ref>

<small>Note: The full screen map is interesting. All places marked on the map are linked and you can easily move on to another page of your choice. Enlarge the map to see what else is there – one gets railway links, many more road links and so on.</small>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Radhanagar a total population of 6,330, of which 3,224 (51%) were males and 3,106 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,267. The total number of literate persons in Radhanagar was 2,274 (44.91% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011/>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Radhanagar police station serves the Udhwa CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/sahibganj| title = District Police Profile - Sahibganj| publisher = Jharkhand Police| accessdate = 2 December 2020| archive-date = 24 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201124041957/https://jhpolice.gov.in/sahibganj| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://sahibganj.nic.in/police/ | title = Police | publisher = Government of Jharkhand | accessdate = 2 December 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Radhanagar High School is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1966. It has facilities for teaching in classes IX and X.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/sahibganj/20090503806/high-school-radhanagar.html| title = High School Radhanagar | publisher = Schools.org.in | accessdate = 2 December 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Santhal Parganas Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Sahibganj district]]

Maratha–Mysore War

2025-07-20T17:49:40Z

Svetlafz: minor cleanup

#REDIRECT [[Maratha–Mysore wars]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from other capitalisation}}
{{R to plural}}
}}

Imoinu Iratpa

2025-07-01T13:38:03Z

Svetlafz: cleaned up formatting per standard format

{{Short description|Religious festival of Manipuri Goddess Imoinu}}
{{Distinguish|Panthoibi Iratpa}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = Imoinu Iratpa
|image = Emoinu - Goddess of wealth.jpg
|caption = [[Imoinu Ahongbi]], goddess of wealth
|type = [[Sanamahism]]
|frequency = Annual
|observances = [[Prayers]]
|observedby = [[Meitei people]]
|celebrations = Lights being lit up at every households
|longtype = [[Religious]]
|date = 12th lunar day of Wakching month of [[Meitei calendar]]
}}
'''Imoinu Iratpa''' or '''Emoinu Iratpa''' or '''Wakching Taranithoini Pānba''' is a religious [[festival]] celebrated by the [[Meitei people]]. It is a festival of lights dedicated to the goddess of wealth and prosperity, [[Imoinu Ahongbi]]. The festival is celebrated on the twelfth lunar day of Wakching month of [[Meitei calendar]]. The festival is celebrated in [[Manipur]], [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]] [[States and union territories of India|states]] in [[North Eastern India]] and observed by some in the neighboring [[Myanmar]]. The festival involves sacrifices and prayers to the goddess, followed by various other cultural events.

== Etymology ==
''Iratpa'' means "sacrifice" and ''Imoinu Iratapa'' translates to "sacrifice to the goddess Imoinu" in [[Meitei language]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Recent Researches in Oriental Indological Studies Including Meiteilogy|first=Moirangthem|last=Kirti Singh|year=1998|publisher=Parimal Publications|page=65}}</ref> The festival is also known as ''Wakching Taranithoini Paanba'', which translates to the "twelfth day of Wakching" (''Taranithoini'' meaning "twelfth day" and ''Panba'' meaning "to be"), referring to the day on which the festival is celebrated.<ref name="Fish"/>

== Background ==
The festival is dedicated to mother goddess [[Imoinu Ahongbi]].<ref name="Telegraph"/> Goddess Imoinu or Emoinu is considered as the goddess of wealth and prosperity, peace, wisdom, vitality and resources.<ref name="IFP"/> Imoinu is believed to be an [[:simple:Incarnations of Leimarel Sidabi|incarnation]] of [[Leimarel Sidabi]], wife of Supreme God [[Atingkok|Sidaba]]. Leimarel Sidabi is the first woman and she created the second Leimarel, who was to take care of the human beings on [[earth]], who was named as Imoinu Ahongbi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.books.emoinu|title=Emoinu Ahongbi Thounirol (A Traditional adoration to Goddess Emoinu)|work=E-pao|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> According to a Meitei mythology, goddess Emoinu visits earth every year on the day and visits every home to shower her blessings.<ref name="Telegraph"/> According to Meitei history, the worship of Emoinu began in the fifth century CE when the royal family worshiped the goddess and later by the 15th century CE, the common people also began to worship her.<ref name="Telegraph"/>

== Occurrence ==
Imoinu Iratapa is celebrated on the 12th of lunar day of the Wakching month of the [[Meitei calendar]].<ref name="IFP1"/><ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/meiteis-celebrate-emoinu/cid/1627030|title=Meiteis celebrate Emoinu|date=3 January 2015|newspaper=Telegraph India|access-date=1 December 2023|first=Indrakanta|last=Ngangbam}}</ref> It usually falls on the month of December-January in the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref name="News18">{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/what-is-imoinu-iratpa-and-why-is-it-a-bank-holiday-in-imphal-6744121.html|title=What is Imoinu Iratpa and Why is it a Bank Holiday in Imphal?|date=3 January 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|work=News18}}</ref>

== Observance ==
Imoinu Iratapa is a festival of lights, celebrated by the [[Meitei people]] following the traditional religion [[Sanamahism]].<ref name="IFP1">{{cite news|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/festival/significance-of-imoinu-eratpa-festival-for-people-of-manipur|title=Significance of Imoinu Eratpa Festival for people of Manipur|date=15 January 2022|newspaper=Imphal Free Press|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Concise Encyclopaedia of India|year=2006|page=1198|isbn=978-8-126-90639-0|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|editor1=K.R. Gupta|editor2=Amita Gupta}}</ref> The festival is also observed by Meitei people, who follow other religions such as [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Telegraph"/> The festival is celebrated in [[Manipur]], [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]] [[States and union territories of India|states]] in [[North Eastern India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=India, a Reference Annual|year=2014|page=998|publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/cm-wishes-on-ima-imoinu-iratpa-numit/|title=CM wishes on Ima Imoinu Iratpa numit|first=Rinku|last=Khumukcham|date=17 January 2019|newspaper=Imphal Times|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> It is also observed by some of the people settled in the neighboring [[Myanmar]].<ref name="IFP">{{cite news|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/imoinu-eratpa-festival-celebrated-across-manipur|title=Imoinu Eratpa festival celebrated across Manipur|date=15 January 2022|newspaper=Imphal Free Press|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> It is a [[Public holidays in India|public holiday]] in Manipur.<ref name="News18"/>

== Practices ==
During the festival, people offer [[rice]], [[vegetables]], [[fruits]] and [[sweets]] to the goddess Imoinu.<ref name="IFP"/> At night time, people light [[candles]] and other decorated lights are put up in the streets.<ref name="Telegraph"/><ref name="IFP1"/> A good meal with [[Fish curry (disambiguation)|fish curry]] as the main dish is offered to the deity at the ''funga lairu'', the traditional fire place in the kitchen.<ref name="Telegraph"/> Apart from worship at individual homes, various rituals are also organized at the community level.<ref name="Telegraph"/> The day is marked through prayers to the goddess, followed by various other cultural events. It also features a religious procession the night before the formal prayers. The procession is led by [[Maiba]]s and [[Maibi]]s, wherein the idol of goddess Imoinu is taken to Meitei households amongst song and music.<ref name="E-pao1"/>

The people perform music from the traditional musical instrument ''[[Pena (musical instrument)|pena]]'' and traditional dances like ''[[Khamba Thoibi]]'' and ''[[Maibi Jagoi]]''. Tales about the goddess Imoinu are told and songs are sung invoking the deity.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=7..030115.jan15|title=Imoinu Iratpa extensively held all over|date=2 January 2015|access-date=1 December 2023|work=E-pao}}</ref> Traditional [[martial art]] performance of ''[[Huiyen Lallong|Thang-Ta]]'' using a [[sword]] (''Thang'') and a [[spear]] (''Ta'') is also performed.<ref name="E-pao1">{{cite news|url=https://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=11..100109.jan09|title=Imoinu Iratapa observed, 2023 held|date=9 January 2009|access-date=1 December 2023|work=E-pao}}</ref>

Since 2022, a fish fair or fish festival is being organized as a part of the festival, in the days leading up the main festival day.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=36..040123.jan23|title=First Imoinu Fish Festival, 2023 held|date=3 January 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|work=E-pao}}</ref> The Emoinu fish festival is conducted to procure the necessary fish for the festival and encourage [[aquaculture]].<ref name="Fish">{{cite news|url=https://thenortheastaffairs.com/fish-fair-at-emoinu-festival-on-jan-3-in-manipur/|title=Fish fair at Emoinu Festival on Jan 3 in Manipur|date=29 December 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=North-East Affairs}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Public holidays in India}}

[[Category:Meitei festivals]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]

Namrata Joshi

2025-06-15T04:31:48Z

Svetlafz: small cleaned up layout after review further and improved wording

{{short description|Indian film critic based in Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}

'''Namrata Joshi''' is an Indian film critic based in New Delhi. Originally working for ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'', she remained there from 1999 till 2015, when she joined ''[[The Hindu]]''. She won the [[National Film Award for Best Film Critic]] in 2004.

== Career ==
Joshi is an alumnus of the [[University of Delhi]], [[Film and Television Institute of India]] and Times Centre for Media Studies.<ref name="exchange4media">{{Cite web |title=After 16 years in Outlook, Namrata Joshi joins The Hindu |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print-news/after-16-years-in-outlooknamrata-joshi-joins-the-hindu-62196.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110120230/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print-news/after-16-years-in-outlooknamrata-joshi-joins-the-hindu-62196.html |archive-date=10 November 2018 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=Exchange4media}}</ref> In 1999, she joined ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' as a special correspondent, and her job involved writing features about films. During her ''Outlook'' tenure, she also wrote weekly reviews for ''Showtime'' magazine. Joshi won the [[National Film Award for Best Film Critic]] in 2004.<ref name="dff">{{Cite web |date=2005 |title=52nd National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/52nd_nff_2005.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193535/http://dff.nic.in/2011/52nd_nff_2005.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=12 January 2019 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>

After sixteen years in ''Outlook'', she left it to join the Mumbai edition of ''[[The Hindu]]''.<ref name="exchange4media" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Namrata Joshi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/profile/author/Namrata-Joshi-435/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030052935/https://www.thehindu.com/profile/author/Namrata-Joshi-435/ |archive-date=30 October 2018 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Joshi also serves as a member of the Indian branch of the [[International Federation of Film Critics]].<ref name="dff" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=FIPRESCI – Namrata Joshi |url=http://www.fipresci.org/people/namrata-joshi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110053021/http://www.fipresci.org/people/namrata-joshi |archive-date=10 November 2018 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=fipresci.org}}</ref> In 2019, she wrote her first novel titled ''Reel India'', based on her travels across country observing cinema's influence on people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Jai Arjun |author-link=Jai Arjun Singh |date=30 August 2019 |title=The many fantasies of 'Reel India' |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-many-fantasies-of-reel-india-1567170188409.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914082021/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-many-fantasies-of-reel-india-1567170188409.html |archive-date=14 September 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Namrata}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Best Critic National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Indian film critics]]
[[Category:Indian women film critics]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Department of Environment, Forest, Science and Technology (Andhra Pradesh)

2025-06-08T08:06:05Z

Svetlafz: creating initial info needs work

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Minister of Environment, Forest, Science and Technology
| body =
| native_name = {{transliteration|te|Paryāvaraṇaṁ, Aṭavī mariyu Śāstra Sāṅkētika Śākha Mantrī}}
| insignia =
| insigniasize = 200
| insigniacaption =
| insigniaalt =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption = [[Emblem of Andhra Pradesh]]
| image = Shri Konidela Pawan Kalyan.jpg
| imagesize = 150px
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = [[Pawan Kalyan]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 12 June 2024
| department = Department of Environment, Forest, Science and Technology
| style =
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation =
| member_of = [[Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers|Andha Pradesh Cabinet]]
| reports_to = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />[[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />[[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
| appointer_qualified = on the advice of the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|chief minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| inaugural = [[Bojjala Gopala Krishna Reddy]]
| formation = 8 June 2014
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{url|https://forests.ap.gov.in/|Official website}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Minister of Environment, Science and Technology ''' and '''Forest Minister''', officially '''Minister of Environment, Forest, Science and Technology''', is the head of the Departments of Environment, Forest, Science and Technology of the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].

From June 2014 to May 2019, following the bifurcation of [[United Andhra Pradesh]] into the present-day residual [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], the Forest Minister of Andhra Pradesh was [[Bojjala Gopala Krishna Reddy]] of the [[Telugu Desam Party]]. Following the cabinet formation on 12 June 2024, [[Pawan Kalyan]] assumed the office under the Chief Ministership of [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]].

== List of ministers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=2 |#
! rowspan=2 colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan=2 | Minister<br />{{small|(Lifespan)<br />Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan=2 |Election<br>{{small|(Term)}}
! rowspan=2 |Party
! rowspan=2 |Ministry
! rowspan=2 |Chief Minister
! rowspan=2 |Ref.
|-
!Term start
!Term end
!Duration
|-
!1
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Bojjala Gopala Krishna Reddy]]'''<br>{{small|(1949–2022)<br>MLA for [[Srikalahasti Assembly constituency|Srikalahasti]]}}
|8 June 2014
|1 April 2017
|'''{{ayd|8 June 2014|1 April 2017}}'''
|rowspan=2 |[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br>{{small|[[14th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(14th)]]}}
|rowspan=2 |[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| '''[[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu III]]'''
|rowspan=2 |[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-08 |title=19 ministers take oath along with Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/19-ministers-take-oath-along-with-chandrababu-naidu/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!2
|
|'''Sidda Raghava Rao'''<br/>{{small|(born 1957)<br/>MLA for [[Darsi Assembly constituency|Darsi]]}}
|2 April 2017
|29 May 2019
|'''{{ayd|2 April 2017|29 May 2019}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=G. v r Subba |date=2017-04-02 |title=Chandrababu Naidu's son Nara Lokesh takes oath as Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/chandrababu-naidus-son-nara-lokesh-takes-oath-as-minister/article17762250.ece |access-date=2022-10-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
!3
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Balineni Srinivasa Reddy]]'''<br/>{{small|(born 1964)<br/>MLA for [[Ongole Assembly constituency|Ongole]]}}
|30 May 2019
|7 April 2022
|'''{{ayd|30 May 2019|7 April 2022}}'''
|rowspan=2 |[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br>{{small|[[15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(15th)]]}}
| rowspan="2" |[[YSR Congress Party]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="#94A2F7"| '''[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Jagan]]'''
| rowspan="2" |[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-30 |title=Jaganmohan Reddy sworn-in as Andhra Pradesh chief minister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jaganmohan-reddy-sworn-in-as-andhra-pradesh-chief-minister/articleshow/69574758.cms |access-date=2024-08-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!4
|

|'''[[Peddireddy Ramachandra Reddy]]'''<br/>{{small|(born 1952)<br/>MLA for [[Punganur Assembly constituency|Punganur]]}}
|11 April 2022
|11 June 2024
|'''{{ayd|11 April 2022|11 June 2024}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Indo-Asian News |date=2022-04-11 |title=25 members of Jagan Reddy's revamped Cabinet take oath |url=https://www.siasat.com/25-members-of-jagan-reddys-revamped-cabinet-take-oath-2306655/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!5
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janasena Party}}"|
|[[File:Shri Konidela Pawan Kalyan.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[Pawan Kalyan]]'''<br/>{{small|(born 1971)<br/>MLA for [[Pithapuram Assembly constituency|Pithapuram]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|'''{{ayd|12 June 2024|}}'''
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br>{{small|[[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(16th)]]}}
|[[Janasena Party]]
|bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| '''[[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu IV]]'''
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-14 |title=Full list of Andhra Pradesh Cabinet Ministers with portfolios: Who gets what |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/andhra-pradesh-council-of-ministers-full-list/article68288989.ece |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.AndhraPradeshtoday.in/Andhra Pradesh/story/amit-shah-home-minister-rajnath-finance-minister-new-list-of-cabinet-ministers-in-modi-govt-1539264-2019-05-31 Amit Shah take charge of EducationMinistry of Andhra Pradesh 2019]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Education (Andhra Pradesh) Minister}}

[[Category:Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lists of government ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]

Mahantesh Kavatagimath

2025-05-08T16:17:40Z

Svetlafz:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahantesh Kavatagimath
| image =
| office = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 6 January 2010
| term_end = 5 January 2022
| predecessor = [[Shashikanth Akkappa Naik]]
| successor = Lakhan Jarkiholi
| constituency = ''Belgaum Local Authorities''
| birth_name = Mahantesh Kavatagimath
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|1|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Saundatti]], [[Belgaum district]], [[Karnataka]], India
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| spouse = Rajeshwari
| source = http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/council/lcpo/Mahanteshkavatagimath.htm
}}

'''Mahantesh Mallikarjun Kavatagimath''' is an Indian politician who served as the Chief whip of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Karnataka|Bharatiya Janata Party]] in [[Karnataka Legislative Council]] from 2 July 2018 up to 5 January 2022. He was elected from Belgaum Local Authorities in 2010 & 2016, twice in a row. He lost the election in 2022 after Lakhan Jarkiholi contested as an Independent and won.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/belagavi-mlc-election-result-is-a-matter-of-concern-yediyurappa/article37959254.ece|title = Belagavi MLC election result is a matter of concern: Yediyurappa|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 15 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Improve categories|date=January 2022}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kavatagimath, Mahantesh}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]

{{Karnataka-BJP-politician-stub}}

Govinda Jaya Jaya

2024-10-26T23:57:28Z

Svetlafz: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
"'''Govinda Jaya Jaya'''" is an Indian devotional chant or song. It is often sung in the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Krishna Consciousness]] movement founded by [[A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=George Harrison GOVINDA JAYA JAYA [Prabhupada] |url=http://krishnabooks.brighterplanet.org/krishna-books/george-harrison-govinda-jaya-jaya-prabhupada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101924/http://krishnabooks.brighterplanet.org/krishna-books/george-harrison-govinda-jaya-jaya-prabhupada |archive-date=25 July 2011 |publisher=Krishna Books |access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref> and by various other schools of yoga, and by Hindus in general. Prabhupada's devotees [[Radha Krishna Temple (London)]] recorded the chant as "'''Govinda Jai Jai'''" for their [[The Radha Krsna Temple (album)|eponymous album]], produced by [[George Harrison]] and released on [[the Beatles]]' [[Apple Records|Apple]] record label in 1971.<ref>{{cite book| last=Winn| first=John C.| year=2009| title=That Magic Feeling: The Beatles' Recorded Legacy, Volume Two, 1966–1970| publisher=Three Rivers Press|location=New York |isbn=978-0-307-45239-9|pages=368–69}}</ref> The recording was first issued as the B-side of the devotees' 1970 single "[[Govinda (Radha Krishna Temple song)|Govinda]]".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Castleman|first1=Harry|last2=Podrazik|first2=Walter J.|title=All Together Now: The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|year=1976|isbn=0-345-25680-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/alltogethernowfi0000cast/page/87 87, 101]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/alltogethernowfi0000cast/page/87}}</ref>

In 1996, the English rock band [[Kula Shaker]] adapted "Govinda Jaya Jaya" into their hit song "[[Govinda (Kula Shaker song)|Govinda]]". Their song remains the only British top-ten hit sung entirely in [[Sanskrit]]. Speaking in 2016, [[Alonza Bevan]], the bass player of Kula Shaker, said that it was "nice to get an ancient Indian hymn [played] on [[BBC Radio 1|Radio 1]] in the UK".<ref>{{cite web |title=Kula Shaker 20th Anniversary of K |url=http://www.alberthallmanchester.com/event.php?id=667&d=2016-12-10 |publisher=[[Albert Hall, Manchester|alberthallmanchester.com]] |access-date=7 March 2017}}</ref>

==Composition==
The song's lyrics run:

{{poemquote|Govinda Jaya Jaya
Gopala Jaya Jaya
Radha Ramana Hari
Govinda Jaya Jaya}}

Literal meaning:

{{poemquote|[[Govinda]] (Krishna, The Divine Cow Finder), Glory, Glory
[[Gopal (Krishna)|Gopala]] (Krishna, Protector Of Cows), Glory, Glory
[[Radha Ramana]] (Krishna, Lover Of Radha), [[Hari]] (Krishna/Vishnu)
Govinda, Glory, Glory}}

Recordings of the song have also been made by Prabhupada himself, and by [[Vishnujana Swami]], [[Jai Uttal]], [[Maki Asakawa]], [[Alice Coltrane]], and [[Donna De Lory]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Year of song unknown]]
[[Category:Donna De Lory songs]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by George Harrison]]
[[Category:Songs with unknown songwriters]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional songs]]

{{India-music-stub}}

Mohanpur (community development block)

2024-04-17T23:32:36Z

Svetlafz:

{{For|other places with the same name|Mohanpur (disambiguation){{!}}Mohanpur}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mohanpur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Mohanpur in Paschim Medinipur (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.83856|N|87.43145|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 137.49
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 17
| population_total = 111,901
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 721436 (Mohanpur)
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 03229
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-34
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 80.51%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Dantan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dantan]]
| website = {{URL|paschimmedinipur.gov.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mohanpur''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Kharagpur subdivision]] of [[Paschim Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==

The Mohanpur area is a monotonous rice plain with numerous waterways and tidal creeks intersecting it. The tidal creeks are lined with embankments to prevent flooding of the fields. Much of the area is water-logged. In Mohanpur CD block 100% of the cultivated area has highly productive [[alluvium|alluvial]] soil.<ref name="geography">{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur |work= pages 4-5 (About Paschim Medinipur), page 26 (Predominant Soil), pages 265- 268 (Identification of Flood prone areas, Names of drought prone blocks) |publisher= Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 2 January 2017}}</ref>

Mohanpur is located at {{coord|21.83856|N|87.43145|E|format=dms|}}.

Mohanpur CD block is bounded by [[Dantan II]] CD block in the north, [[Egra I]] CD block, in Purba Medinipur district, in the east, Jaleswar CD block/ tehsil, in [[Balasore district]] in Odisha, in the south and [[Dantan I]] CD block, in the west.

It is located around 79 km from [[Midnapore]], district headquarters through the shortest route (via Renjura-Keotkhalisa) and around 90 km through the longest route (via Egra).

Mohanpur CD block has an area of 137.49 km<sup>2</sup>. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 5 [[gram panchayat]]s, 182 gram sansads (village councils), 103 [[mouza]]s and 100 inhabited villages. [[Mohanpur, Paschim Medinipur|Mohanpur]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Paschim Medinipur |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 14 September 2020}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at Mohanpur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1918_PART_A_DCHB_PASCHIM%20MEDINIPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Paschim Medinipur | work= Map of Paschim Medinipur with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 November 2016 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Mohanpur block/ panchayat samiti are: Mohanpur(G.P. No-3), Nilda(G.P. No-4), Sautiya(G.P. No-1), Siyalsai(G.P. No-2) and Tanuya(G.P. No-5).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Paschim Medinipur - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 August 2016}}</ref>

General elections to the first Lok Sabha since independence were held in India were held between 25 October 1951 and 21 February 1952.
Mohanpur was a Vidhan Sabha constituency in 1951. The seat was won by Basanta Kumar Panigrahi of [[Bharatiya Jana Sangha]].

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Mohanpur CD block had a population of 111,901, all of which were rural. There were 57,558 (51%) males and 54,343 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 12,644. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 11,525 (10.30%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 6,026 (5.39%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 3 May 2016}}</ref>

According to the 2001 census, Mohanpur block had a population of 96,315, out of which 49,111 were males and 47,204 females. Mohanpur block registered a population growth of 14.95 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the combined Midnapore district was 14.87 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url =http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_15.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, (erstwhile) Medinipur District | access-date = 22 July 2016 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205819/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_15.htm|archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.45 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 17 July 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Mohanpur CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Mohanpur (6,049), Sautia (4,097) and Tanuya (5,352).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Mohanpur CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Nilda (2,786) and Siyalsai (2,302).<ref name=census2011/>
jarisai

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Mohanpur CD block was 79,913 (80.51% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 44,753 (87.65% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 35,160 (72.95% of the female population over 6 years). The gender gap in literacy rates was 14.70%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Paschim Medinipur district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Mohanpur CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|89.70}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|10.21}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.09}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 100,376 and formed 89.70% of the population in Mohanpur CD block. Muslims numbered 11,424 and formed 10.21% of the population. Others numbered 101 and formed 0.09% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 29 July 2016}}</ref> Christian and other religious communities. In 2001, Hindus were 90.61% and Muslims 9.24% of the population respectively.<ref name=censusreligion2001>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls|title = Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=2001}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Mohanpur CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 82.97 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Odia language|Odia]] |value2 = 5.75 |color2 = saddlebrown
|label3 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value3 = 4.05 |color3 = darkturquoise
|label4 = [[Hindi]] |value4 = 3.78 |color4 = orange
|label5 = [[Urdu]] |value5 = 3.36 |color5 = green
|label6 = Others |value6 = 0.09 |color6 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 82.97% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 5.75% [[Odia language|Odia]], 4.05% [[Santali language|Santali]], 3.78% [[Hindi]] and 3.36% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==BPL families==
In Mohanpur CD block 50.16% families were living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2007.<ref name=bpl>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur|work = May 2011. Page 177| publisher= Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 8 January 2017}}</ref>

According to the District [[Human Development Report]] of Paschim Medinipur: The 29 CD blocks of the district were classified into four categories based on the poverty ratio. Nayagram, Binpur II and Jamboni CD blocks have very high poverty levels (above 60%). Kharagpur I, Kharagpur II, Sankrail, Garhbeta II, Pingla and Mohanpur CD blocks have high levels of poverty (50-60%), Jhargram, Midnapore Sadar, Dantan I, Gopiballavpur II, Binpur I, Dantan II, Keshiari, Chandrakona I, Gopiballavpur I, Chandrakona II, Narayangarh, Keshpur, Ghatal, Sabang, Garhbeta I, Salboni, Debra and Garhbeta III CD blocks have moderate levels of poverty (25-50%) and Daspur II and Daspur I CD blocks have low levels of poverty (below 25%).<ref name=bpl/>

==Economy==
===Infrastructure===
100 or 97% of mouzas in Mohanpur CD block were electrified by 31 March 2014.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Paschim Medinipur | work = Tables 2.1, 8.2, 16.1, 17.2, 18.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 14 September 2020}}</ref>

103 mouzas in Mohanpur CD block had drinking water facilities in 2013-14. There were 74 fertiliser depots, 47 seed stores and 20 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Agriculture===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture<br/>in Mohanpur CD block'''
|value1 = 4.16
|label1 = Bargadars
|value2 = 21.01
|label2 = Patta holders
|value3 = 4.08
|label3 = Small farmers
|value4 = 26.71
|label4 = Marginal farmers
|value5 = 44.04
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}

Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title=District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work= (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33|publisher= Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016}}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Mohanpur CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 4.16%, patta (document) holders 21.01%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 4.08%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 26.71% and agricultural labourers 44.04%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2005-06 the nett cropped area in Mohanpur CD block was 12,000 hectares out of the total geographical area of 13,994 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 9,327 hectares.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf |title = District Human Development Report, Paschim Medinipur | work= Table 2.4, Page 28 |publisher= Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, May 2011 | access-date = 2 January 2017}}</ref>

The extension of irrigation has played a role in growth of the predominant agricultural economy.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur |work= Chapter V: Economic Livelihoods, pages 129-131 |publisher= Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 2 January 2017}}</ref> In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Mohanpur CD block was 5,265 hectares, out of which 300 hectares were irrigated by tank water, 1,750 hectares by deep tubewells and 3,215 hectares by shallow tubewells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, Mohanpur CD block produced 21,149 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 10,695 hectares and 14,397 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 4,388 hectares. It also produced oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Mohanpur CD block had offices of 5 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
Mohanpur CD block has 4 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 22 km from the CD block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Mohanpur CD block had 83 primary schools with 6,890 students, 10 middle schools with 690 students, 8 high schools with 4,735 students and 6 higher secondary schools with 7,129 students. Mohanpur CD block had 190 institutions for special and non-formal education with 1,187 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The [[United Nations Development Programme]] considers the combined primary and secondary enrolment ratio as the simple indicator of educational achievement of the children in the school going age. The infrastructure available is important. In Mohanpur CD block out of the total 81 primary schools in 2008-2009, 39 had pucca buildings, 10 partially pucca, 1 kucha and 31 multiple type.<ref name=humandev2>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Paschim%20Medinipur.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Paschim Medinipur|work = May 2011. Page: 60 | publisher= Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 31 July 2016}}</ref>

[[Government General Degree College, Mohanpur]] is the only college in this block.

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Mohanpur CD block had 1 rural hospital and 2 primary health centres with total 46 beds and 4 doctors. It had 36 family welfare sub centres and 1 family welfare centre. 3,473 patients were treated indoor and 71,771 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Bagda (Mohanpur) Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Mohanpur, Paschim Medinipur|Mohanpur]], is the major government medical facility in the Mohanpur CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at: Sautia (with 6 beds) and Ghatsandhya (PO Begunia) (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 1 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 1 September 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Paschim Medinipur topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Paschim Medinipur district]]

Ram Charan filmography

2024-03-20T08:21:41Z

Svetlafz: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Ram Charan filmography and awards]]
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Bhagipur Kotla

2024-03-09T07:37:23Z

Svetlafz: put up a details

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhagipur Kotla
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Kotla block Bhagipur Kotla.png
| map_caption = Map showing Bhagipur Kotla in Kotla block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.26611|N|78.46512|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.523
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 0
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bhagipur Kotla''' ({{IAST|Bhāgīpur Koṭlā}}) is an abandoned village in [[Kotla, Firozabad|Kotla]] block of [[Firozabad district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 0, although the land remains under human use.

== Demographics ==
The [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] recorded Bhagipur Kotla with a population of 0,<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|102}} but the [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded it as having a population of 28 people (15 male and 13 female), in 5 households and 5 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|188-9}} The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] also recorded Bhagipur Kotla (as just "Bhagipur") as inhabited: it comprised 1 hamlet, with a total population of 33 people (18 male and 15 female), in 8 households and 5 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 435 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xc}}

== Land use ==
According to the 2011 census, Bhagipur Kotla has a total area of 152.3 [[hectare]]s, of which 124.7 were currently farmland, 12.3 were [[fallow]] lands, 3 were classified as cultivable but not under any use, and 12.4 were under non-agricultural use. There were no orchards, pastures, or forests on village lands, nor was any land classified as non-cultivable wasteland.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|102, 108}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]
[[Category:Former villages]]

Nainar

2024-03-02T09:45:45Z

Svetlafz:

'''Nainar''' is an Indian word which may refer to:

* [[Nainar Nagendran]], an Indian politician in Tamil Nadu, India
* A title given to [[Tamil Jain]]s living in Tamil Nadu, India
* A subgroup of the caste [[Udayar (caste)|Udayar]] in Tamil Nadu, India
* A Muslim community in Cochin (see [[Nainars]])
* Gopi Nainar, an Indian director; see ''[[Aramm]]''

==See also==
*[[Nayanar (disambiguation)]]
*[[Nayan (disambiguation)]]
*[[Naina (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

Pol State

2024-02-02T16:58:54Z

Svetlafz: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Vijaynagar State#History]]

{{R with possibilities}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]