Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

C. Vijayalakshmi

2026-05-04T20:19:53Z

SuzetteEql: Creating - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''C. Vijayalakshmi''' (born 1976) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=C.Vijayalakshmi, KUMARAPALAYAM constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/c-vijayalakshmi-354/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> She is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Komarapalayam|Kumarapalayam]] in [[Namakkal district]] representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kumarapalayam Election Result 2026 LIVE: Kumarapalayam MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/kumarapalayam-assembly-elections-tn-97/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

Vijayalakshmi is from Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu. She studied till Class 12. She declared assets worth Rs.97 lakhs in her affidavit to the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref name=":0" />

Vijayalakshmi became an MLA for the first time winning the debut [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Kumarapalayam Assembly constituency]] representing Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam. She polled 81,179 votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[P. Thangamani]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], by a margin of 7,696 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Kumarapalayam Election Result 2026 Live: TVK's C.Vijayalakshmi wins Kumarapalayam with 81179 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/kumarapalayam-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-tamil-nadu-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-tnaelb-2905797-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Kumarapalayam election results 2026: TVK's C Vijayalakshmi beats AIADMK candidate P Thangamani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kumarapalayam-election-results-2026/articleshow/130709144.cms |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Kumarapalayam Assembly Election Result 2026 Live: C.Vijayalakshmi of Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam is leading |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/kumarapalayam-election-result-live-updates-tamil-nadu-assembly-election-results-winner-10669531/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayalakshmi, C.}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:People from Namakkal district]]

Parshuram Mandir, Mokama

2026-05-03T14:53:17Z

SuzetteEql: Started details

{{Short description|Parshuram temple in Bihar}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Parshuram Mandir|native_name=परशुराम मंदिर|native_name_lang=Hi|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|deity=Lord Parshuram|tradition=Sanatana Dharma|location=Mokama|district=Patna district|state=Bihar|country=India|footnotes=Temple of Lord Parshuram in Mokama}}
'''Parshuram Mandir''' ([[Devanagari]]: परशुराम मंदिर) in [[Mokama]] is an ancient temple dedicated to [[Parashurama|Lord Parshuram]] in [[Hinduism]]. According to legend, the place of the temple is believed to be the penance site of Lord Parshuram during [[Treta Yuga]]. It is an important ''[[Tirtha (Hinduism)|teertha]]'' for Hindu pilgrims in the state of [[Bihar]]. It is famous for organizing ''[[Parashurama Jayanti|Parshuram Janmostav]]'' or ''Parshuram Mahotsav'' festival every year on the occasion of the birth anniversary of Lord Parshuram. During the festival, a grand fair is held in the campus of the temple. The grand fair is locally known as ''Parshuram Utsav Mela'' and has got status of state festival. The state festival of Parshuram Mahotsav is a seven-day festive event and program dedicated to the devotion of Lord Parshuram.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2024-05-10 |title=परशुराम जी स्वयं आते हैं इस मंदिर में, रोचक है मान्यता |url=https://www.indiatv.in/religion/news-parashuram-mandir-in-bihar-know-interesting-fact-about-mokama-temple-of-parshuramji-2024-05-10-1044229 |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=India TV Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-22 |title=बाबा परशुराम जन्मोत्सव: जयमंगलागढ़ से मोकामा तक निकाली गई भव्य शोभायात्रा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/begusarai/story-baba-parshuram-birth-anniversary-grand-procession-taken-out-from-jaimangalagarh-to-mokama-8071846.html |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=नीतीश सरकार के बड़े फैसले: मोकामा में परशुराम मंदिर का होगा कायाकल्प, बांकीपुर में बनेगा आधुनिक वेंडिंग जोन - Parshuram Temple in Mokama to be Developed as Tourist Spot and banki vending machine |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-parshuram-temple-in-mokama-to-be-developed-as-tourist-spot-and-banki-vending-machine-24063824.html |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=मोकामा में बनेगा परशुराम मंदिर:राजकीय महोत्सव में उपमुख्यमंत्री विजय सिन्हा पहुंचे, तीर्थक्षेत्र के रूप में विकसित करने की कही बात |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/news/parshuram-temple-will-be-built-in-mokama-134970946.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-01 |title=परशुराम मंदिर पर्यटन स्थल के रूप में होगा विकसित |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/parshuram-temple-will-be-developed-as-a-tourist-destination |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

== Description ==
The Parshuram Mandir in Mokama is hundreds years old. On the occasion of Akshay Tritiya, a grand celebration of Parshuram Janmostav is organised at the temple premises. It is believed that any devotee who comes to this temple with a true heart, all his wishes are fulfilled. A large number of devotees from India as well as from abroad come here to have darshan and worship of Lord Parshuram.<ref name=":3" />

== Legend ==
Once, a Mughal king was passing by the temple then he heard sound of drums. At that time, devotees in the temple were engrossed in worshipping Lord Parshuram. Hearing the sound, the king went to the temple and called the worship a mere show. Then the priest of the temple told the king that let them performed the worship. Listening the priest's words, the king killed a cow there and asked the priest that if his God really exists, then he should brought the life of the cow back. After getting the challenge from the king, the priest started chanting mantras and sprinkled water on the dead cow, then after a moment the cow became alive and its calf, standing nearby, began to drink her milk. The king become very astonished seeing the cow alive. It is said that the priest cursed the king that the place from where he had come would be destroyed. According to adherents, it is said that the curse of the priest became true and the place from where the king came was destroyed.<ref name=":3" />

== Upgrade ==
On 30 April 2025, the deputy chief minister [[Samrat Choudhary]] of the [[Government of Bihar|Bihar Government]] announced that the temple will developed as a tourist destination in the state of Bihar. Similarly the Urban Development Minister [[Jibesh Kumar|Jiwesh Kumar]] announced to construct a ''Vivah Mandap'' (wedding hall) in the premises of the temple.<ref name=":0" /> The second deputy chief minister [[Vijay Kumar Sinha|Vijay Sinha]] of the Bihar Government announced to construct a grand temple of [[Parashurama|Lord Parshuram]]. On 28 September 2025, the Government of Bihar took a historic decision to renovate the premises of the ancient temple and approved a budget of amount Rs 18 crore for the development project of the ancient temple.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== References ==
<references />

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Bihar]]
[[Category:Patna district]]
[[Category:Parashurama temples]]

Leela Nambudiripad

2026-04-29T04:35:25Z

SuzetteEql: made new data

{{Short description|Indian writer of children's literature (1934–2021)}}
{{Redirect|Sumangala|the genus of planthopper|Sumangala (planthopper)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Leela Nambudiripad
| image = Sumangala (cropped).jpg
| pseudonym = Sumangala
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1934|5|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], British India
| death_place =
| occupation = Writer, author
| spouse = Ashtamurthy Nambudiripad
| children = 3
| notableworks = ''Neypaayasam'' ''Manchaatikkuru''
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2021|4|27|1934|5|16}}
}}
'''Leela Nambudiripad''' (16 May 1934 – 27 April 2021), known by her pen name '''Sumangala''', was an Indian author of children's literature in [[Malayalam]].<ref name="thehindu-1">{{cite web|date=24 August 2013|title=Honour for Sumangala|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/honour-for-sumangala/article5054774.ece|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="keralabookstore.com">{{cite web|url=https://keralabookstore.com/books-by/Sumangala/410/|title=Books by Author Sumangala|publisher=Kerala book store}}</ref> Some of her notable works included ''Neypaayasam, Mithayippoti,'' as well as translations of the ''[[Panchatantra]]'' into Malayalam.

She was the recipient of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature]] in 1979 and the [[List of Malayalam literary awards#Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature (Bal Sahitya Puraskar)|Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature]] in 2013.

== Early life ==
Leela Nambudripad was born on 16 May 1934 as the eldest daughter of eminent Sanskrit scholars O M C Narayanan Nambudiripad and Uma Antharjanam in [[Vellinezhi]] ([[Palakkad District]], [[Kerala]], India).<ref>{{Cite web|title=കഥയോർമയായ്, സുമംഗല|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2021/04/27/sumangala-passes-away.html|access-date=28 April 2021|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Nambduripad started her career as a writer in 1959, writing under her pen name Sumangala. In a career of over 40 years, she was referred to as the [[Enid Blyton]] of [[Malayalam]]<ref name="thehindu-2">{{cite web|date=2 October 2013|title=The storyteller|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/the-storyteller/article5192947.ece|work=The hindu}}</ref> and penned over 50 books, of which 23 are for children.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Renowned children's literature author Sumangala dies - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/renowned-childrens-literature-author-sumangala-dies/articleshow/82286033.cms|access-date=2021-04-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Her most celebrated works include ''Mithayippoti'' ({{Translation|[[Mithai (confectionery)|sweet box]]}}), ''Neypaayasam'' ({{Translation|[[Paayasam|rice pudding]] with [[ghee]]}}), ''Manchaatikkuru'', ''Kurinjiyum Koottukaarum'', ''Ee Kattha Kettittundo'' ({{Translation|have you heard this story?}}), ''Nadodi Cholkathakal'', ''Rahasyam'' and ''Kudamanikal''. She was most noted for her translation into Malayalam of the ''[[Panchatantra]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Sumangala has also translated the ''[[Ramayana|Valmiki Ramayanam]]'' into Malayalam from [[Sanskrit]]. She also was the compiler of ''Pacha Malayala Nikhandu,'' a dictionary of colloquial Malayalam. The book was praised for its insights and diverse facts about the Malayalam language.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=T. Ramavarman|date=28 Apr 2021|title=Writer Sumangala no more {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/writer-sumangala-no-more/articleshow/82280675.cms|access-date=28 April 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

She wrote a song for the Malayalam film ''[[Chenda (film)|Chenda]]'' (1973)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vijayakumar|first=B.|date=14 May 2016|title=Chenda: 1973|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-1973-film-explores-the-art-forms-of-kerala/article8600552.ece|access-date=28 April 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and was also a contributor to ''[[Poompatta]]'', a Malayalam-language comic for children.<ref name=":0" /> She also wrote a book on the history of [[Kerala Kalamandalam]], a center for performing arts and learning in Kerala.<ref name=":0" />

Sumangala was the recipient of many awards, including the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] Award for the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature|best work in children's literature]] in 1979 and the Bala Sahitya Institute award for lifelong contribution towards children's literature in 1999. She was the recipient of the [[Kendra Sahitya Academy Award]] for [[List of Malayalam literary awards#Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature (Bal Sahitya Puraskar)|Children's Literature]] in 2013. The Kerala Sahitya Akademi president [[Vaisakhan]] praised her for leading generations of Malayalam children into the world of reading: her books instilled the importance of human values and were simple and readable for children. He compared the tone of her writing to that of a "grandmother telling stories to her grandchildren".<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
Nambudiripad was married to Desamangalam Ashtamurthy Nambudiripad until his death in 2014. They had three children: Usha Nambudiripad, D. Narayanan and D. Ashtamurthy. She served in the Public Relations Department of [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] for 22 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=സുമംഗലയ്ക്ക് വിടചൊല്ലി സാഹിത്യ ലോകം|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/kerala-news/malayalam-writer-sumangala-passes-away-488295/|access-date=28 April 2021|publisher=Indian Express Malayalam|language=ml-IN}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> She resided in the town of [[Wadakkancherry]] in [[Thrissur District]], in [[India]].<ref name="veethi.com">{{cite web|title=Leela Nambudiripad|url=http://www.veethi.com/india-people/leela_nambudiripad-profile-10090-25.htm|publisher=Veethi}}</ref>

Nambudiripad died on 27 April 2021 at her home in Wadakkancherry from age-related ailments, shortly before turning 87.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last=Muringatheri|first=Mini|date=27 April 2021|title=Sumangala's works led many a children into the world of reading|language=en-IN|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sumangalas-works-led-many-a-children-into-the-world-of-reading/article34425633.ece|access-date=27 April 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=കഥയോർമയായ്, സുമംഗല|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2021/04/27/sumangala-passes-away.html|access-date=28 April 2021|website=manoramaonline.com|language=ml}}</ref>

==Bibliography ==
Source(s):<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sumangala at [WorldCat.org]|url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Sumangala&dblist=638&fq=ap:%22suman%CC%87gala%22&qt=facet_ap:%20Sumangala|access-date=28 April 2021|website=www.worldcat.org|language=en}}</ref>
{{Div col}}
* Nuṇakkul̲ikaḷ, cer̲ukathakaḷ (1967)
* Kaṭamakaḷ (1967)
* Caturaṅgaṃ : nōval (1969)
* Tatta par̲añña 65 kathakaḷ (1989)
* Taṅkakiṅṅiṇi (1992)
* Pan̄catantr̲aṃ (1994)
* Mañcāṭikkuru (1994)
* Rahasʼsaṃ (1995)
* Albutha Ramayanam (2001)
* Ee katha kettittunda? (2003)
* Pañcatantrakathakaḷ (2011)
* Uṇṇikaḷkk Kr̥ṣṇakathakaḷ (2014)
* Pañcakanyakamār : kathakaḷ (2015)
* Śr̲īrāmakathakaḷ - Sree Rama kathakal (2016)
* Paccamalayālạaṃ nighaṇṭu = Pachamalayalam nighandu (2016)
* Eeswaravatharangalude ammamar (2017)
* Onpatu Śrīrāmanmāruṃ mat̲t̲u kathakaḷuṃ : bālasāhityaṃ (2017)
* Parīkṣittinu kiṭṭiya śāpavuṃ mat̲t̲u kathakaḷuṃ : bālasāhityaṃ (2017)
* Neyppāyasaṃ (2017)
* Śrīkr̥ṣṇanuṃ ōṭakkul̲aluṃ : bālasāhityaṃ (2017)
* Arshabharatha sthreekal (2017)
* Kuruvamsathile bagyaheenakalaya vanithakal (2017)
* Karṇanu kiṭṭiya śāpavuṃ mat̲t̲u kathakaḷuṃ : bālasāhityaṃ (2017)
* Apsara sthreekal (2017)
* Pathivrathakalaya ranhimar (2017)
* Śivant̲e pāṭṭuvaṇṭiyuṃ mat̲t̲u kathakaḷuṃ : bālasāhityaṃ (2017)
* Pathivrathakalaya munipathnimar (2017)
* Rāvaṇanuṃ Yamadharmanuṃ mat̲t̲u kathakaḷuṃ : bālasāhityaṃ (2017)
* Śrīpārvatikku kiṭṭiya śāpavuṃ mat̲t̲u kathakaḷuṃ : bālasāhityaṃ (2017)
* Peran̲pin̲ pūkkaḷ : Malaiyāḷa cir̲ār kataikaḷ (2018)
* Pañcatantrakathakaḷ (2019)
* Miṭhāyippoti (2020)
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Sumangala&dblist=638&fq=ap%3A%22suman%CC%87gala%22&qt=facet_ap%3A Sumangala]

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nambudiripad, Leela}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Translators to Malayalam]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian women children's writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

Indian football league system

2026-04-28T04:09:02Z

SuzetteEql: added new details w/ sources

{{Short description|Interrelations of club association football leagues in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox league system
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| country = India
| sport = Association football
| pr = Yes
| federation = [[All India Football Federation]]
| confederation = [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
| top = {{Unbulleted list|
* [[Indian Super League]] (men's)
* [[Indian Women's League]] (women's)
}}
| second = {{Unbulleted list|
* [[Indian Football League]] (men's)
* [[Indian Women's League 2]] (women's)
}}
| cup = {{Unbulleted list|
* '''Men's:'''
** [[AIFF Super Cup]]
** [[Durand Cup]]
}}}}
The '''Indian football league system''' is the [[league system|league structure]] of [[association football|football]] club competitions in [[India]]. The highest level of men's club football competition is the [[Indian Super League]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFC Executive Committee approve Indian football roadmap |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/afc-executive-committee-approve-indian-football-roadmap|access-date=2021-10-18|website=All India Football Federation |date=26 Oct 2019 |archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917201857/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/afc-executive-committee-approve-indian-football-roadmap|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The AFC|url=https://www.the-afc.com/|access-date=2021-10-18|website=the-AFC.com |language=en|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127084931/https://www.the-afc.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Indian Women's League]], founded in 2016, is the highest level of [[Women's association football|women's football]] club competition in India.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rohan Puri|date=Apr 21, 2016|title=Women's football league from October |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/womens-football-league-from-october/articleshow/51922352.cms|access-date=2021-11-07|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107062247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/womens-football-league-from-october/articleshow/51922352.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Men's==
The Indian men's football league system consists of the top 4 national divisions organized by the All India Football Federation (AIFF). From tier 5 are the various regional state football leagues, organized by the respective [[List of Indian state football associations|state associations]] under the AIFF affiliation.

===Pyramid===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!National Leagues
|-
|'''[[Indian Super League]]''' 14 clubs – ↓ 1 relegation<ref>https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/isl-for-first-time-bottom-ranked-club-set-for-relegation-to-second-division/amp_articleshow/128321303.cms</ref>
|-
|'''[[Indian Football League]]''' 10 clubs – 1 promotion ↑↓ 1 relegation
|-
|'''[[I-League 2]]''' 10 clubs<ref>https://indianfootballleague.in/i-league-2-2025-26-to-begin-on-march-27/</ref> – 2 promotions ↑↓ 2 relegations
|-
|'''[[I-League 3]]''' 20 clubs – 2 promotions ↑↓ various relegations
|}
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 11px;" width="100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="34" | ''[[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]]''
|-
! State level
! width="4%" |West Bengal
! width="4%" |Assam
! width="4%" |Delhi
! width="4%" |Tamil Nadu
! width="4%" |Goa
! width="4%" |Jammu and Kashmir
! width="4%" |Karnataka
! width="4%" |Manipur
! width="4%" |Meghalaya
! width="4%" |Odisha
! width="4%" |Jharkhand
! width="4%" |Punjab
! width="4%" |Sikkim
! width="4%" |Tripura
! width="4%" |Kerala
! width="4%" |Ladakh
! width="4%" |Mizoram
! width="4%" |Maharashtra
! width="4%" |Arunachal Pradesh
! width="4%" |Bihar
! width="4%" |Chhattisgarh
! width="4%" |Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
! width="4%" |Gujarat
! width="4%" |Haryana
! width="4%" |Himachal Pradesh
! width="4%" |Lakshadweep
! width="4%" |Madhya Pradesh
! width="4%" |Nagaland
! width="4%" |Puducherry
! width="4%" |Rajasthan
! width="4%" |Telangana
! width="4%" |Uttar Pradesh
! width="4%" |Uttarakhand
|-
!5
|'''1'''
|'''[[Calcutta Football League|CFL Premier Division]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[Assam State Premier League]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[Delhi Football League|Delhi Premier League]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[Chennai Football League|CFA Senior Division]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[Goa Football League#Goa Professional League|Goa Professional League]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[Jammu & Kashmir Premier Football League|J&K Premier Football League]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[BDFA Super Division]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[Manipur Premier League]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[Meghalaya State League]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[FAO League|FAO Diamond League]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''JSA League Premier Division'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[Punjab State Super Football League]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[Sikkim Premier Division League|SFA "A" Division S-League]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''Chandra Memorial A Division League'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[Kerala Premier League]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''Ladakh Super League'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[Mizoram Premier League]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[Maharashtra State Senior Men's Football League]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Indrajit Namchoom Arunachal League]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Bihar State Soccer League]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Chhattisgarh State Men's Football League Championship]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''DD Senior Division League''' / '''DNH Senior Division League'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Gujarat SFA Club Championship]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''Haryana Men's Football League'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Himachal Football League]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''Kavaratti Football League'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-24 |title=From the Dweeps with a Lakshya |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/from-the-dweeps-with-a-lakshya-1184131.html |first1=Sandeep |last1=Menon |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129105726/https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/from-the-dweeps-with-a-lakshya-1184131.html |archive-date= Jan 29, 2023 }}</ref>
''↑promote''
|'''[[Madhya Pradesh Premier League]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Nagaland Super League]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''Pondicherry Men's League Championship'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Rajasthan State Men's League]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''Rahim League A Division'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Lucknow Super Division]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Uttarakhand Super League]]'''
''↑promote''
|-
!6
|'''2'''
|'''CFL 1st Division'''
''↑promote 2'' ''↓relegate 2''
|'''Assam Club Championship / Guwahati Premier Football League'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[Delhi Football League#FD Senior Division League|FD Senior Division League]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''First Division'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[Goa Football League#First Division League|GFA 1st Division League]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''J&K Super Division'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[BDFA A Division]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''AMFA Cup'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[Shillong Premier League]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''FAO Gold League'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''JSA League Super Division'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''Punjab State League Second Division'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''SFA "B" Division'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''Chandra Memorial B Division League'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''Kerala Premier League Second Division'''
''↑promote''
|'''Ladakh District Leagues'''
''↑promote''
|'''Mizoram 1st Division League'''
''↑promote''
| colspan="16" rowspan="5" |1 division
|-
!7
|'''3'''
|'''CFL 2nd Division'''
''↑promote 2'' ''↓relegate 2''
|'''GSA A Division Football League'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[Delhi Football League#FD A-Division|FD A-Division]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''Second Division'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''GFA 2nd Division League'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''J&K A-Division'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[BDFA B Division]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''AMFA Winners' Cup'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''Second Division League'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''FAO Silver League'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''JSA League A Division'''
''↑promote''
|'''Punjab State League Third Division'''
''↑promote''
|'''SFA "C" Division'''
''↑promote''
|'''Chandra Memorial C Division League'''
''↑promote''
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |2 divisions
|-
!8
|'''4'''
|'''CFL 3rd Division'''
''↑promote 2'' ''↓relegate 2''
|'''GSA B Division Football League'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[Delhi Football League#FD B-Division|FD B-Division]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''Third Division'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''GFA 3rd Division League'''
''↑promote''
|'''J&K B-Division'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[BDFA C Division]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''Manipur District Leagues'''
''↑promote''
|'''Third Division League'''
''↑promote''
|'''FAO 2nd Division League'''
''↑promote''
| colspan="4" rowspan="3" |3 divisions
|-
!9
|'''5'''
|'''CFL 4th Division'''
''↑promote 2'' ''↓relegate 2''
|'''GSA C Division Football League'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Delhi Football League#FD C-Division|FD C-Division]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''Fourth Division'''
''↑promote''
| colspan="6" rowspan="2" |4 divisions
|-
!10
|'''6'''
|'''CFL 5th Division'''
''↑promote 2''
| colspan="4" |5 divisions
|}
</div>

===Status evolution===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
| Professional leagues
|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
| Amateur/Semi-professional leagues
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:95%;"
|-
! Year
! Tier 1
! Tier 2
! Tier 3
! Tier 4
! Tier 5 and below
|-
| align="left"|1898–1996
| bgcolor=#ffffcc|[[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]]
! colspan="4" |
|-
| align="left"|1996–1997
| bgcolor=#ccffcc|[[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]
| bgcolor=#ffffcc|[[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]] (without top divisions)
! colspan="3" |
|-
| align="left"|1997–2006
| bgcolor=#ccffcc|[[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]
| bgcolor=#ccffcc|[[National Football League Second Division (India)|National Football League 2nd Division]]
| bgcolor=#ffffcc|[[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]] (without top divisions)
! colspan="2" |
|-
| align="left"|2006–2007
| bgcolor=#ccffcc|[[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]
| bgcolor=#ccffcc|[[National Football League Second Division (India)|National Football League 2nd Division]]
| bgcolor=#ccffcc|[[National Football League Third Division (India)|National Football League 3rd Division]]
| bgcolor="#ffffcc" |[[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]] (without top divisions)
!
|-
| align="left"|2007–2017
| bgcolor=#ccffcc|[[I-League]]
| bgcolor=#ccffcc|[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
| bgcolor=#ffffcc|[[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]] (without top divisions)
! colspan="2" |
|-
| align="left"|2017–2022
| bgcolor=#ccffcc|[[I-League]] & [[Indian Super League]]
| bgcolor=#ccffcc|[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
| bgcolor=#ffffcc|[[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]] (without top divisions)
! colspan="2" |
|-
| align="left"|2022–2023
| bgcolor="#ccffcc" |[[Indian Super League]]
| bgcolor="#ccffcc" |[[I-League]]
| bgcolor="#ccffcc" |[[I-League 2nd Division]]
| bgcolor="#ffffcc" |[[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]] (without top divisions)
!
|-
| align="left" |2023–2025
| bgcolor="#ccffcc" |[[Indian Super League]]
| bgcolor="#ccffcc" |[[I-League]]
| bgcolor="#ccffcc" |[[I-League 2]]
| bgcolor="#ccffcc" |[[I-League 3]]
| bgcolor="#ffffcc" |[[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]] (without top divisions)
|-
| align="left" |2025–present
| bgcolor="#ccffcc" |[[Indian Super League]]
| bgcolor="#ccffcc" |[[Indian Football League]]
| bgcolor="#ccffcc" |[[I-League 2]]
| bgcolor="#ccffcc" |[[I-League 3]]
| bgcolor="#ffffcc" |[[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]] (without top divisions)
|}

===Tier I===
====National Football League (1996–2007)====
Founded in 1996, the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] was the first football league of India to be organised on a national scale,<ref>{{cite web |title=National Football League |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nfl.html |website=indianfootball.de |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027034504/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nfl.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> in an aim to develop the sport & give platform for Indian footballers in a club league. However, due to several problems the league was defunct to make way for a new professional I-League.

====I-League (2007–2022)====
After the end of [[2006–07 National Football League (India)|2006–07]] season, AIFF disbanded the NFL after allegedly missing the full aim of professionalism. To replace NFL, AIFF introduced a fully professional I-League, with ten clubs from the last season of NFL participating in the [[2007–08 I-League|maiden season of I-League]].<ref>{{cite news |title=AIFF's I-League to have 10 teams |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/nov/21aiff.htm |access-date=4 September 2020 |work=Rediff |date=21 November 2007 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808071300/https://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/nov/21aiff.htm |url-status=unfit }}</ref> The league was declared as joint top tier in 2019–20 season when AFC approved AIFF's proposal to demote the AFC Champions League slot, for the AFC Cup. Three seasons later the league was completely demoted to second tier status in Indian football, with the league champions now promoted to the Indian Super League.

====Indian Super League (2017–present)====
The I-League suffered from lack of popularity due to poor marketing as the seasons passed by.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dhar|first1=Pulasta|title=The fall of the I-league|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/NuvXW1HCTGwcEoUQ8KH2cJ/The-fall-of-the-Ileague.html|access-date=13 August 2017|work=Livemint|date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816062926/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/NuvXW1HCTGwcEoUQ8KH2cJ/The-fall-of-the-Ileague.html|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The deal between the [[Zee Sports]] and the AIFF, which was initially signed for a ten-year term in 2006, was terminated in 2010 after disagreement between both the parties. AIFF then signed a new 700-crore deal with [[Reliance Industries]] and the [[IMG (company)|International Management Group]] on 9 December 2010.<ref name="IMG Deal 2010">{{cite news|title=AIFF signs 700-crore deal with IMG-RIL|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/AIFF-signs-700-crore-deal-with-IMG-RIL/articleshow/7072492.cms?referral=PM|website=Times of India| date=9 December 2010 |access-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530143649/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/AIFF-signs-700-crore-deal-with-IMG-RIL/articleshow/7072492.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=30 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian Super League was officially launched on 21 October 2013 by [[IMG (company)|IMG]]–[[Reliance Industries|Reliance]], [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]], and the [[All India Football Federation]] with an aim of growing the sport of football in India and increasing its exposure in the country, this time with the big names and high professionalism.<ref>{{cite news|title=Reliance, Star India, IMG Set to Launch ISL|url=http://img.com/news/news/2013/october/reliance,-img-worldwide-and-star-india,-launch-%60in.aspx|access-date=12 August 2017|work=Indian Super League|date=21 October 2013|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313201118/http://img.com/news/news/2013/october/reliance,-img-worldwide-and-star-india,-launch-%60in.aspx|archive-date=13 March 2016}}</ref>

In 2017, The AFC were against allowing the ISL as the main league in India, while I-League clubs [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] wanted a complete merger of the ISL and I-League.<ref name="Kuala Lampur">{{cite news|title=Still no consensus on ISL, I-League merger despite high-profile meet|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/still-no-consensus-on-isl-i-league-merger-despite-high-profile-meet/articleshow/59038000.cms|access-date=13 August 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 June 2017|archive-date=3 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703151254/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/still-no-consensus-on-isl-i-league-merger-despite-high-profile-meet/articleshow/59038000.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A couple of weeks later, the AIFF proposed that both the Indian Super League and I-League should run simultaneously on a short–term basis, with the I-League winner qualifying for the [[AFC Champions League]] and the ISL champion to [[AFC Cup]] qualification stage.<ref name="Recognition">{{cite news|title=ISL gets official recognition from AFC, becomes second national football league|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-gets-official-recognition-from-afc-becomes-second-national-football-league-3755201.html|access-date=13 August 2017|work=FirstPost|date=28 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102044117/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-gets-official-recognition-from-afc-becomes-second-national-football-league-3755201.html|archive-date=2 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The proposal from the AIFF was officially approved by the AFC on 25 July 2017.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 July 2017|title=AFC competitions committee's decisions published|work=The Asian Football Confederation|url=http://www.the-afc.com/media-releases/afc-competitions-committee%E2%80%99s-decisions-published|url-status=live|access-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816010704/http://www.the-afc.com/media-releases/afc-competitions-committee%E2%80%99s-decisions-published|archive-date=16 August 2017}}</ref>

Two seasons later the AIFF and AFC announced in a meeting that the Indian Super League was officially the top-tier league of India with the AFC Champions League slot, while the I-League was with the AFC Cup slot. The first recommendation was to open a pathway for two I-League clubs to enter into the ISL by the end of the 2020–21 season, subject to the criteria being fulfilled. The second recommendation was allowing the winner of the I-League to stand a chance of getting promoted to the ISL with no participation fee, starting with the 2022–23 season. In its final recommendation it was agreed that the introduction of promotion and relegation into the top league would be implemented by the end of 2024–25 season, thus making ISL the top tier & I-League officially being 2nd tier competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-afc.com/media/india-clubs-agree-to-work-together-on-league-roadmap|title=India clubs agree to work together on league roadmap|date=14 October 2019|access-date=23 June 2021|archive-date=26 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526053440/https://www.the-afc.com/media/india-clubs-agree-to-work-together-on-league-roadmap|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== From 2025–26, Promotion and Relegation will have been introduced after previously no relegation. ====

===Tier II===
====NFL Second Division (1997–2007)====
The NFL's [[National Football League Second Division (India)|second division]] was introduced by AIFF in 1997 to supplement the top division.<ref name="ifde2">{{cite web |title=NFL Division 2 |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nfl2.html |website=indianfootball.de |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026081440/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nfl2.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After the 2006–07 season, all the three tiers of NFL were defunct and replaced with I-League and I-League 2nd Division respectively.

====I-League 2nd Division (2007–2022)====
The National Football League's second division was succeeded by the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] in 2008. The state FAs nominated top teams from their respective state leagues to AIFF who then selected the clubs based on criteria. The number of clubs in this league varied each season. Since 2017–18 season, the league saw introduction of the I-League reserve sides which weren't eligible for promotion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8773 |title=AIFF league committee meets at football house |date=19 February 2018 |access-date=1 July 2021 |archive-date=19 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219212322/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8773 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the I-League lost its top tier status, the I-League 2nd Division was demoted, re-establishing India's third tier since the NFL's Third Division in 2006.

====I-League (2022–2025)====
Starting from the 2022–23 season, I-League lost its top-tier status. The champions of the [[2022–23 I-League]] were promoted to the ISL with no participation fee. In its recommendation for 2024–25, it was agreed to fully implement promotion and relegation between the two leagues.<ref>{{cite web |title=New roadmap for Indian football proposes Hero ISL as premier league |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/new-roadmap-for-indian-football-proposes-hero-isl-as-premier-league |website=Indian Super League |access-date=22 April 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101060825/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/new-roadmap-for-indian-football-proposes-hero-isl-as-premier-league |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Indian Football League (2026–present) ====
In 2026, I-League was renamed to [[Indian Football League]].

===Tier III===
====NFL Third Division (2006)====
Ten years after the formation of NFL, a third division was briefly introduced for one season in 2006<ref>{{cite web |title=NFL Division Three |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india07.html |website=RSSSF |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-date=9 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609201305/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india07.html#nfl2 |url-status=live }}</ref> The NFL Third Division was the first third division tier football league in India to be organized on a national scale. The league was played from 25 November till 18 December 2006 as a promotional tournament for [[National Football League Second Division (India)|Indian National Football League Second Division]]. Five teams were promoted to the second division.<ref name="ifde">{{cite web|author=Arunava Chaudhary|title=National Football League Third Division|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2006-07nl3.html|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129183608/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2006-07nl3.html|archive-date=29 November 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NFL Third Division 2006–07|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india07.html|website=[[RSSSF]]|publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129184824/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india07.html|archive-date=29 November 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Starting from the 2022–23 season, I-League 2 filled the void in the third tier left by NFL Third Division in 2006.

====I-League 2 (2022–present)====
After demoting I-League to the second tier status in Indian football, its second division i.e., I-League 2nd Division was subsequently demoted to third tier. AIFF renamed the 2nd Division to I-League 2 to avoid disambiguation.<ref>{{cite web |title=AIFF League Committee meeting chaired online by Lalnghinglova Hmar |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-league-committee-meeting-chaired-online-by-lalnghinglova-hmar |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

===Tier IV===
====I-League 3 (2023–present)====
[[I-League 3]] is set to serve as a platform for state champions and nominated teams. It forms the fourth tier of the Indian football league system, between the I-League 2 and the state leagues. No ISL reserve teams will be part of it.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

===Tier V & below===
====Indian state leagues====
{{See|Indian State Leagues}}
There are currently total of 36 [[Indian State Football Associations|state associations]] (including union territories) affiliated with the AIFF.<ref name="aiff">{{cite web|title=State Associations|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/state-associations.php?&pagesize=192|website=All India Football Federation|access-date=23 June 2021|archive-date=24 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024214814/https://www.the-aiff.com/state-associations.php?&pagesize=192|url-status=live}}</ref> These state associations have state leagues concurrently running. The top teams of state leagues are eligible for the I-League 3 (national 4th tier). Most state leagues have multiple divisions and a promotion/relegation system between these divisions. [[Calcutta Football League]] (Oldest football league in Asia) in [[West Bengal]] is the oldest state league and has the highest number of divisions with promotion/relegation system in place.<ref>{{cite web|title=Calcutta Football League|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/calcutta-football-league|publisher=Times of India|access-date=23 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627091952/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/calcutta-football-league|url-status=live}}
</ref>

===System evolution===
<onlyinclude>
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 11px ;"
|+Men's
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Level
! colspan="17" |Years
|-
! colspan="2" |1888–1893
! colspan="2" |1898–1941
! rowspan="2" |1941–1977
! rowspan="2" |1977–1996
! rowspan="2" |1996–1997
! rowspan="2" |1997–2001
! rowspan="2" |2001–2006
! rowspan="2" |2006–2007
! rowspan="2" |2007–2011
! rowspan="2" |2011–2014
! rowspan="2" |2014–2017
! rowspan="2" |2017–2022
! rowspan="2" |2022–2023
! rowspan="2" |2023–2026
! rowspan="2" |2026–present
|-
!
|'''1893'''
|
|'''1937'''
|-
! rowspan="5" |National leagues
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="gold" |'''1'''
| rowspan="6" |''None''
| rowspan="6" bgcolor="#A1E6FF" | Formation of [[Indian Football Association|Indian Football Association (IFA)]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" bgcolor="gold" |[[Calcutta Football League]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" bgcolor="gold" |[[Santosh Trophy]]
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" bgcolor="gold" |[[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" bgcolor="gold" |[[I-League]]
| bgcolor="gold" |[[Indian Super League]]
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" bgcolor="gold" |[[Indian Super League]]
|-
| bgcolor="gold" |[[I-League]]
|-
| bgcolor="silver" |'''2'''
| rowspan="4" |''None''
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#A1E6FF" |Formation of [[All India Football Federation|All India Football Federation (AIFF)]]
| colspan="3" |''None''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="silver" |[[National Football League Second Division (India)|NFL Second Division]]
| colspan="4" bgcolor="silver" |[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
| colspan="2" bgcolor="silver" |[[I-League]]
| colspan="1" bgcolor="silver" |[[I-League|Indian Football League]]
|-
| bgcolor="#cc9966" |'''3'''
| colspan="5" |''None''
| bgcolor="#cc9966" |[[National Football League Third Division (India)|NFL Third Division]]
| colspan="4" |''Discontinued''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#cc9966" |[[I-League 2]]
|-
| bgcolor="#dd6699" |'''4'''
| colspan="11" |''None''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#dd6699" |{{nowrap|[[I-League 3]]}}
|-
! Regional leagues
| bgcolor="#EDBCFF" |'''5–11'''
| colspan="13" bgcolor="#EDBCFF" |[[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]]
|-
! colspan="19" |
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Cup competitions
| colspan="17" bgcolor="#DEFF97" |[[Durand Cup]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#A1E6FF" |
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#A1E6FF" |
| rowspan="2" |
| colspan="8" bgcolor="#80FF54" |[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#80FF54" |[[AIFF Super Cup]]
|-
|
| colspan="5" bgcolor="#7FEA5A" |[[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Indian Super Cup]]
| colspan="6" |''Discontinued''
|}</div></onlyinclude>

==Women's==
{{See also|Women's football in India}}

The women's football league system in India currently consists of top tier national league i.e. [[Indian Women's League]], organized by the All India Football Federation (AIFF). From 2023 to 24 IWL 2 will form the tier 2, and top 2 clubs will be promoted to IWL. Tier 3 are the State football leagues, organized by regional state associations under AIFF affiliation, in the league tier pyramid of women's football in India.

===Pyramid===
<div style="overflow:auto">
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 11px;" width="100%;"
|-
!rowspan="1" | Level
! colspan="27" | National leagues
|-
!1
| colspan="27" align="left"|'''[[Indian Women's League]]''' 8 clubs – ↓ 2 relegations
|-
!2
| colspan="27" align="left"|'''[[Indian Women's League 2]]''' 15 clubs – 2 promotions ↑↓ 9 relegations
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="27" | [[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]]
|-
!State level
! colspan="1" width="4%" |Karnataka
! colspan="3" width="4%" |Maharastra
! colspan="1" width="4%" |West Bengal
! colspan="1" width="4%" |Delhi
! colspan="1" width="4%" |Meghalaya
! colspan="1" width="4%" |Tamil Nadu
! colspan="1" width="4%" |Assam
! colspan="1" width="4%" |Goa
! colspan="1" width="4%" |Manipur
! colspan="1" width="4%" |Odisha
! colspan="1" width="4%" |Jharkhand
! colspan="1" width="4%" |Punjab
! colspan="1" width="4%" |Sikkim
! colspan="1" width="4%" |Mizoram
! colspan!="1" width!="4%" |Arunachal Pradesh
! colspan="1" width="4%" |Bihar
! colspan="1" width="4%" |Chhattisgarh
! colspan="1" width="4%" |Gujarat
! colspan="1" width="4%" |Haryana
! colspan="1" width="4%" |Himachal Pradesh
! colspan="1" width="4%" |Kerala
! colspan="1" width="4%" |Madhya Pradesh
! colspan="1" width="4%" |Puducherry
! colspan="1" width="4%" |Tripura
|-
!3
|'''1'''
|'''[[Karnataka Women's League|Karnataka Women's Super Division]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|colspan="3" |'''[[Maharashtra State Senior Women's Football League]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Kanyashree Cup|CWFL Premier Division A]]''' ''↑promote 1'' ''↓relegate 2''
|'''[[FD Women's League|Delhi Women's Premier League]]'''
''↑promote'' ''↓relegate''
|'''[[Meghalaya Women's State League]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Tamil Nadu Women's League]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Assam Women's League]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Goa Women's League]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Manipur Women's League]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Odisha Women's League]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''JSA Women's League'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Punjab Women's League]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Sikkim Women's Football League]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Mizoram Women's League]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''Arunachal Women's League'''
''↑promote''
|'''Bihar State Women's League'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Chhattisgarh State Women's Football League]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Gujarat State Women's League]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''Haryana Women's Football League'''
''↑promote''
|'''Himachal Women's League'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Kerala Women's League]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''[[Madhya Pradesh Women's Premier League]]'''
''↑promote''
|'''Pondicherry Women's League'''
''↑promote''
|'''Tripura Women's Football League'''
''↑promote''
|-
!4
|'''2'''
|'''Karnataka Women's A Division'''
|'''MFA Women's Premier League'''
|'''PDFA Women's League'''
|'''Kolhapur Women's League'''
|'''CWFL Premier Division B''' ''↑promote 2''
|'''Delhi Women's Championship'''
|'''[[SSA Women's Football League]]'''
| colspan="19" rowspan="2" | ''1 division''
|-
!5
|'''3'''
|'''Karnataka Women's B Division'''
|'''MFA Women's Super League'''
| colspan="5" | ''2 divisions''
|}
</div>

===Status evolution===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
| Professional leagues
|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
| Amateur/Semi-professional leagues
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:95%;"
|-
! Year
! Tier 1
! Tier 2
! Tier 3 & below
|-
| align="left"|1993–2016
| bgcolor="#ffffcc" |[[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]]
! colspan="2" |
|-
| align="left"|2016–2023
| bgcolor=#ccffcc|[[Indian Women's League]]
| bgcolor="#ffffcc" |[[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]] (without top divisions)
!
|-
| 2023–present
| bgcolor=#ccffcc|[[Indian Women's League]]
| bgcolor=#ccffcc|[[Indian Women's League 2]]
| bgcolor="#ffffcc" |[[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]] (without top divisions)
|}

===Tier I===
====Indian Women's League (2016–present)====
In 2014, after the success of the [[India women's national football team|India women's team]], mainly in the [[SAFF Women's Championship]], a push to start a women's football league, along the lines of recently inaugurated and successful [[Indian Super League]], happened.<ref name="First Push">{{cite news|last1=Das|first1=Suprita|title=Now A Women's Football League?|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/236595-now-a-women-s-football-league|access-date=22 April 2016|work=NDTV Sports|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513032146/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/236595-now-a-women-s-football-league|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Clubs such as [[Pune F.C.|Pune]] and [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] expressed interests in joining a national women's league.<ref name="First Push"/> It was around this time that AIFF started plans to create a league for women along the lines of ISL.<ref>{{cite news|title=AIFF Plans to Start Indian Super League-Style Women's Football|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/234678-aiff-plans-to-start-indian-super-league-style-women-s-football|access-date=22 April 2016|work=NDTV Sports|date=17 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031420/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/234678-aiff-plans-to-start-indian-super-league-style-women-s-football|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 21 April 2016, the AIFF president [[Praful Patel]] said that Indian Women's League would kick-off in October with six teams to be decided, and goal to expand to eight teams by 2017. Over two months later, on 5 July, AIFF organized a workshop to discuss the India women's national team and proposed women's football league. Five [[Indian Super League]] sides – [[Odisha FC|Delhi Dynamos]], [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]], [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]], Pune City and [[Atletico de Kolkata]], and three [[I-League]] sides – Bengaluru, [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] and [[Mumbai FC|Mumbai]], attended the workshop. It was announced that the league would feature eight teams and two other spots would be determined through a preliminary round.<ref>{{cite news|title=AIFF conducts workshop for National Women's League|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/AIFF-conducts-workshop-for-National-Womens-League/articleshow/53062408.cms|access-date=6 July 2016|work=Times of India|date=5 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709050934/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/AIFF-conducts-workshop-for-National-Womens-League/articleshow/53062408.cms|archive-date=9 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The primary objective of the tournament was to capitalise the potential of Indian women and prepare them for the [[India women's national football team|national team]], so as to eventually qualify for [[AFC Women's Asian Cup]] and [[FIFA Women's World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|title=INDIAN WOMEN'S LEAGUE PRELIMS TO KICK-OFF ON OCT 17|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7522|access-date=14 October 2016|work=The All India Football Federation|date=14 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019020831/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7522|archive-date=19 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Tier II===
====Indian Women's League 2 (2023–present)====
The league was launched by [[All India Football Federation]] as India's first national women's second tier professional football league.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AIFF League committee announce I-League direct entry bidders and revamped league structure for IWL |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-06-indian-football-aiff-league-committee-meeting |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=Khel Now |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-13 |title=Football: Five bids received for direct entry into I-League 2023-24 season |url=https://www.business-standard.com/sports/football-news/football-five-bids-received-for-direct-entry-into-i-league-2023-24-season-123061300897_1.html |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2024, the League Committee confirmed the introduction of the system of promotion and relegation of the clubs involving the IWL and IWL 2, effective from the 2024–25 season.

===Tier III & below===
====Indian state leagues====
{{See|Indian State Leagues}}
There are currently total of 36 [[Indian State Football Associations|state associations]] (including union territories) affiliated with the AIFF.<ref name="aiff" /> These state associations have state leagues concurrently running. The top teams of state leagues are eligible for the Indian Women's League 2 (national 2nd tier). Some of the state leagues have multiple divisions and a promotion/relegation system between these divisions. [[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]] (Oldest football league in India) in [[West Bengal]] is the oldest state league. Karnataka Women's League has the highest number of divisions with promotion/relegation system in place.

===System evolution===
<onlyinclude>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 11px ;"
|+Women's
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Level
! colspan="4" |Years
|-
!1937
!1991–2016
!2016–2023
!2023-present
|-
! rowspan="2" |National leagues
| bgcolor="gold" |'''1'''
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#A1E6FF" |Formation of [[All India Football Federation|All India Football Federation (AIFF)]]
| bgcolor="gold" |[[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|Senior Women's National Football Championship]]
| colspan="2" bgcolor="gold" |[[Indian Women's League]]
|-
| bgcolor="silver" |'''2'''
| colspan="2" |''None''
| bgcolor="silver" |[[Indian Women's League 2]]
|-
! Regional leagues
| bgcolor="#EDBCFF" |'''3–'''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#EDBCFF" |[[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]]
|}
</onlyinclude>

==Youth==
===Current Youth league system===
{| class=wikitable
!Level
!Competition
!Age category
|-
| rowspan="5" |National
|[[Reliance Foundation Development League]]
|Under-21
|-
|[[Youth League (India)#Under-17 level|Youth League]]
|Under-17
|-
|[[Youth League (India)#Under-15 level|Junior League]]
|Under-15
|-
|[[Youth League (India)#Under-13 level|Sub-Junior League]]
|Under-13
|-
|[[Subroto Cup]]
|Colspan=2|Inter-school
|}

===Future Youth league system===
On 7 January 2023, the AIFF unveiled ''Vision 2047'', a new roadmap for Indian football with the planned reforms in India's league system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/media/uploads/2023/01/Vision-2047-The-Indian-Football-Strategic-Roadmap-2023-2047.pdf|title=Vision 2047, The Indian Football strategic roadmap|publisher=AIFF|date=7 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/we-dream-of-reviving-the-glory-days-of-indian-football-says-kalyan-chaubey-at-launch-of-vision-2047|title=‘We dream of reviving the glory days of Indian Football,’ says Kalyan Chaubey at the launch of 'Vision 2047'|publisher=AIFF|date=7 January 2023}}</ref>

{|class=wikitable
|-
!Structure
!Age category
!Participants
!Minimum matches
|-
!colspan=4|Boys
|-
|rowspan=2|Elite League
|Under-21
|rowspan=6|Elite licensed academies and professional clubs
|rowspan=6|35
|-
|Under-19
|-
|rowspan=4|State Youth League champions
|-
|Under-17
|-
|Under-15
|-
|Under-13
|-
! colspan=4|Girls
|-
|Institutional League
|TBD
|Association clubs
|rowspan=5|14
|-
|Elite League
|18 to 22
|Universities
|-
|rowspan=3|Elite and state youth league
|Under-17
|rowspan=3|State Youth League champions
|-
|Under-15
|-
|Under-13
|}

==National football championships==
The '''National football Championships''' are competitions contested among the regional state associations and government institutions under the All India Football Federation. Currently, six championship competitions are divided into age groups for both men and women.

===Senior NFC (Santosh Trophy)===
{{main|Santosh Trophy}}

The '''Santosh Trophy'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hero Senior NFC|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc|access-date=2021-12-05|website=www.the-aiff.com|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205090635/https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc|url-status=live}}</ref> is a men's football competition contested by the regional state associations and government institutions under the AIFF. Before starting the National Football League in 1996, the Santosh Trophy was considered the top domestic championship in India.

===Senior Women's NFC (Rajmata Jijabai Trophy)===
{{Main|Rajmata Jijabai Trophy}}

'''Senior Women's National Football Championship for Rajmata Jijabai Trophy'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hero Senior Women's NFC|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-women-nfc|access-date=2021-12-05|website=www.the-aiff.com|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205090839/https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-women-nfc|url-status=live}}</ref> is the [[Women's association football|women's football]] tournament which is contested among the regional state, territory federations and government institutions of India. It began to play in 1991. The league consisted of 30 teams for the 2019–20 season.

===U-20, Junior & Sub Junior Boys' NFC===
{{Main|B.C. Roy Trophy|Mir Iqbal Hussain Trophy|M. Dutta Ray Trophy}}

The '''U-20 National Football Championship''' or '''[[Swami Vivekananda]] U20 National Football Championship'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIFF announces U20 Men's NFC; to be held in Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-announces-u20-mens-nfc-to-be-held-in-chhattisgarh |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref> is a national level inter-state championship for boys under the age of 20.<ref>{{Cite news |title=AIFF announces men's U20 National Championships in Chattisgarh |url=https://thebridge.in/football/aiff-announces-mens-u20-national-cships-46252 |work=thebridge.in}}</ref> All affiliated State Units of AIFF are eligible to participate in this championship.

The '''Junior Boys' National Football Championship''' or '''BC Roy Trophy'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hero Junior NFC|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/junior-nfc|access-date=2021-12-05|website=www.the-aiff.com|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205091511/https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/junior-nfc|url-status=live}}</ref> is for the Junior age groups, which was started in 1962. All affiliated State Units of AIFF are eligible to participate in this championship through the two tiers of the competition played across the country.

The '''Sub Junior Boys' National Football Championship''' or '''Mir Iqbal Hussain Trophy'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hero Sub Junior NFC|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/sub-junior-nfc|access-date=2021-12-05|website=www.the-aiff.com|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819142450/https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/sub-junior-nfc|url-status=live}}</ref> is a national level inter-state championship for boys under the age of 16, which was started in 1977. All affiliated State Units of AIFF can participate in this championship through the qualifying round.

===Junior & Sub Junior Girls' NFC===
{{Main|Dr. Talimeren Ao Trophy|Sub Junior Girls' National Football Championship}}

The U-19 '''Junior Girls' National Football Championship''' or '''Dr. Talimeren Ao Trophy'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hero Junior Girl's NFC|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/junior-girls-nfc|access-date=2021-12-05|website=www.the-aiff.com|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205091643/https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/junior-girls-nfc|url-status=live}}</ref> was first introduced in 2001.

The U-17 '''Sub-Junior Girls' National Football Championship'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hero Sub Junior Girl's NFC|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/sub-junior-girls-nfc|access-date=2021-12-05|website=www.the-aiff.com|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205091734/https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/sub-junior-girls-nfc|url-status=live}}</ref> was first introduced in 2003 and held at [[Ooty]].

==Institutional League==
{{Main article|Institutional League}}

AIFF proposed the league for its various institutional clubs.

==See also==
* [[Futsal Club Championship]]
* [[National Beach Soccer Championship]]
* [[List of football clubs in India]]
* [[History of football in India]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/ Official website of AIFF]

{{Football in India}}
{{League systems}}

[[Category:Football leagues in India]]
[[Category:Football league systems in Asia]]

Hi Nanna

2026-04-26T01:46:50Z

SuzetteEql: added new pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|2023 Indian Telugu-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Hi Nanna poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Shouryuv
| screenplay = Shouryuv Bhanu Dheeraj Rayudu Vasanth Sameer Pinnamaraju
| story = Shouryuv
{{Infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Nagendra Kasi Vamshi Bommena }}
| producer = Mohan Cherukuri (CVM) Dr. Vijender Reddy Teegala Murthy K. S.
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Nani (actor)|Nani]]
* [[Mrunal Thakur]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Sanu Varghese]]
| editing = Praveen Anthony
| music = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| studio = Vyra Entertainments
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|12|07|ref1=}}
| runtime = 155 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2023 |title=''Hi Nanna'' (12A) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/hi-nanna-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde3otgx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203134345/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/hi-nanna-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde3otgx |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = {{estimated}} {{INR|74}} crore{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}
}}
'''''Hi Nanna''''' (transl. Hi Father) is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Shouryuv, in his directoral debut, and produced by Vyra Entertainments. The film stars [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] and [[Mrunal Thakur]] in lead roles alongside Kiara Khanna, [[Jayaram]] and [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]]. The music is composed by [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]].

The plot follows six-year-old Mahi, a girl battling [[cystic fibrosis]], who lives with her loving father, Viraj. Her quest to learn about her absent mother leads to a chance encounter with Yashna, a woman unknowingly connected to her past, unraveling a heartfelt story of lost memories, love, and destiny.

''Hi Nanna was'' released on 7 December 2023, where it received highly positive reviews from audience and critics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=7 December 2023 |title='Hi Nanna' movie review: A reaffirming story of love that conquers everything |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hi-nanna-telugu-movie-review-a-reaffirming-story-of-love-that-conquers-everything/article67613784.ece |access-date=20 January 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srikar |first=Ram Venkat |date=7 December 2023 |title=Hi Nanna Review: Heartfelt Treatment Overpowers Predictable Narrative |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/hi-nanna-review-heartfelt-treatment-overpowers-predictable-narrative-nani-mrunal-thakur-shouryuv-kiara-khanna |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref> The film was applauded for its direction, screenplay, cast performances, and music. It became a superhit at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2024 |title=Hi Nanna Total WW Collections!! - T2BLive |url=https://t2blive.com/hi-nanna-total-ww-collections/ |access-date=2 September 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hi Nanna OTT release date– Here's when and where to watch the Nani, Mrunal Thakur starrer |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/hi-nanna-on-ott-the-expected-release-date-of-the-nani-starrer-is-here/24ceb8cd76948 |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Six-year-old Mahi lives in [[Mumbai]] with her father Viraj, grandfather, and their pet dog, Pluto. Mahi has [[cystic fibrosis]], and Viraj, a successful [[Fashion photography|fashion photographer]], dedicates his life to caring for her. Whenever Mahi asks about her absent mother, Viraj avoids the topic. Upset by his silence, Mahi runs away from home with Pluto. They are saved from an accident by a woman named Yashna. At Mahi’s request, Yashna invites Viraj to a restaurant, where she and Mahi convince him to tell the story of her mother, "Varsha." To make it easier for Mahi to imagine, Yashna pretends to be Varsha.

Viraj recounts how, ten years ago, he met Varsha, a woman disillusioned by her parents’ divorce, in [[Coonoor]]. Over time, Varsha overcame her fears and married Viraj despite her mother’s objections. Though they struggled financially, they were happy. When Viraj’s career took off, he wanted a child, and Varsha, initially hesitant, agreed. However, their joy turned to sorrow when their daughter, Mahi, was born with a fatal illness. Devastated, Varsha blamed Viraj and regretted their marriage. Mahi, upset by the story, asks Viraj to stop. Privately, Yashna, visibly emotional, urges him to finish. Viraj reveals that shortly after Varsha’s breakdown, they met with a car accident, and Yashna assumes Varsha to be dead.

In a twist, it’s revealed that Yashna is Varsha herself. She survived the accident but developed [[amnesia]], forgetting her past, marriage, and child. Her mother lied to Viraj, claiming Yashna wanted a divorce, and forced him to stay away, believing he and Mahi would further traumatize her daughter. Viraj, crushed but loving, raised Mahi alone. Pluto recognizing Yashna led to their reunion. Viraj, in order to avoid allowing Yashna to recollect her past, narrated their story with certain details changed (such as replacing Yashna's sister with a brother). Meanwhile, Yashna is revealed to be engaged to Dr. Aravind, the neurosurgeon who had once treated her.

Hoping to avoid pain, Viraj takes Mahi and Pluto to [[Goa]]. However, Mahi secretly invited Yashna, and they reconnect. Yashna finds herself naturally drawn to Viraj and Mahi, even falling in love with Viraj again. On her wedding day, after learning the truth from Yashna's mother, Mahi is devastated. Viraj gets into a fight with Aravind's friends, causing Yashna's mother to tell him to leave. Later, Yashna’s estranged father makes it clear to his wife that Viraj had raised Mahi selflessly and that Viraj and Yashna are meant to be together.

Yashna abandons her wedding due to instinctively doubting Viraj's story in which his wife asked for a divorce and rushes to the hospital where Mahi, after a sudden health crisis, is fighting for her life. Supported by Aravind and his medical team, Mahi is operated on. Before the lung surgery, Yashna promises Mahi she will stay and teach her a song and begins to bond again with Viraj. She wishes she had been the one to meet Viraj in Coonoor and the mother of Mahi, in contrast to the regret she felt before the accident. The movie ends with a flash-forward to a grown-up, healthy Mahi singing onstage the song taught to her by her mother, indicating the surgery was successful, and symbolizing the family’s reunion and the enduring power of love and destiny.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] as Viraj: Varsha's husband; Mahi's father.
* [[Mrunal Thakur]] as Yashna / Varsha (Voice by [[Chinmayi Sripaada]]): Viraj's wife; Mahi's mother.
* Kiara Khanna as Mahi: Viraj and Varsha's daughter
** [[Ritika Nayak]] in a [[cameo appearance]] as adult Mahi
* [[Jayaram]] as Varsha and Neha's father; Viraj's father-in-law and Mahi's grandfather
* [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]] as Justin: Viraj's friend
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Dr. Ranjan
* [[Angad Bedi]] as Dr. Aravind Bhatia: Yashna’s fiancé (Voice dubbed by [[Vedala Hemachandra]])
* [[Shilpa Tulaskar]] as Varsha and Neha’s mother; Viraj's mother-in-law and Mahi's grandmother
* [[Viraj Ashwin]] as Dr. Ashok Bhatia: Aravind’s brother
* Drishty Talwar as Neha: Varsha’s sister
* [[Shruti Haasan]] in a cameo appearance as a model
* [[Neha Sharma]] in a cameo appearance as a model
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
On 1 January 2023, Vyra Entertainment announced their maiden production film, with [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] and [[Mrunal Thakur]] as cast and debut director Shouryuv, music and background score composer [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]], cinematographer [[Sanu Varghese]], editor Praveen Anthony, and art director Jothish Shankar as crew. It was tentatively titled ''Nani 30''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=1 January 2023 |title=The World Of Natural Star Nani, Mrunal Thakur and Shouryuv, Production No 1 (#Nani30) Unveiled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-world-of-natural-star-nani-mrunal-thakur-and-shouryuv-production-no-1-nani30-unveiled/articleshow/96662925.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101175253/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-world-of-natural-star-nani-mrunal-thakur-and-shouryuv-production-no-1-nani30-unveiled/articleshow/96662925.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=1 January 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film marks Thakur's second Telugu film after ''[[Sita Ramam]]'' (2022).<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=3 January 2023 |title=Exclusive! Nani and Mrunal Thakur were my first choices for #Nani30: Shouryuv |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/exclusive-nani-and-mrunal-thakur-were-my-first-choices-for-nani30-shouryuv/articleshow/96688371.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103062246/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/exclusive-nani-and-mrunal-thakur-were-my-first-choices-for-nani30-shouryuv/articleshow/96688371.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In late March, [[Angad Bedi]] was announced as being a part of the cast in his debut Telugu film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2023 |title=Actor Angad Bedi to make his south debut with superstar Nani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/actor-angad-bedi-to-make-his-south-debut-with-superstar-nani/articleshow/98798025.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508073807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/actor-angad-bedi-to-make-his-south-debut-with-superstar-nani/articleshow/98798025.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=8 May 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In late April, it was reported that [[Shruti Haasan]] was going to be a part of the cast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2023 |title=Inside details about Shruti Haasan's role in Nani, Mrunal Thakur's #Nani30 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shruti-haasan-roped-in-for-a-key-role-in-nani-mrunal-thakurs-nani30/articleshow/99871376.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519145717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shruti-haasan-roped-in-for-a-key-role-in-nani-mrunal-thakurs-nani30/articleshow/99871376.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=19 May 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 13 July, the title ''Hi Nanna'' was revealed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 July 2023 |title=Nani and Mrunal Thakur's film titled 'Hi Nanna': First glimpse reveals a heartwarming tale of a father-daughter bond |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-and-mrunal-thakurs-film-titled-hi-nanna-first-glimpse-reveals-a-heartwarming-tale-of-a-father-daughter-bond/articleshow/101719634.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720014157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-and-mrunal-thakurs-film-titled-hi-nanna-first-glimpse-reveals-a-heartwarming-tale-of-a-father-daughter-bond/articleshow/101719634.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=20 July 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Nani reportedly received {{INRConvert|22|c}} as remuneration.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 2023 |title=Is Nani charging Rs 22 crores as remuneration for 'Hi Nanna'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/is-nani-charging-rs-4-crores-as-remuneration-for-hi-nanna/articleshow/104204122.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017010238/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/is-nani-charging-rs-22-crores-as-remuneration-for-hi-nanna/articleshow/104204122.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=17 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began in February 2023, with the first schedule in [[Hyderabad]]. The second schedule commenced in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":2" /> The schedule was concluded by 31 May.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 2023 |title=Mrunal Thakur wraps Mumbai schedule of 'Nani 30', says "heart full of gratitude" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mrunal-thakur-wraps-mumbai-schedule-of-nani-30-says-heart-full-of-gratitude/articleshow/100650077.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604064537/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mrunal-thakur-wraps-mumbai-schedule-of-nani-30-says-heart-full-of-gratitude/articleshow/100650077.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The third schedule was filmed in [[Ramoji Film City]]. Thakur wrapped up her portions for the schedule by 27 July.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 July 2023 |title=Mrunal Thakur wraps up another schedule of upcoming film 'Hi Nanna' with Natural star Nani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mrunal-thakur-wraps-up-another-schedule-of-upcoming-film-hi-nanna-with-natural-star-nani/articleshow/102159939.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728001921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mrunal-thakur-wraps-up-another-schedule-of-upcoming-film-hi-nanna-with-natural-star-nani/articleshow/102159939.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The fourth schedule commenced on 2 September in [[Coonoor]]. The schedule reportedly featured a song sequence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2023 |title=Hi Nanna: New shooting schedule of Nani and Mrunal Thakur starrer commences in scenic Coonoor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hi-nanna-new-shooting-schedule-of-nani-and-mrunal-thakur-starrer-commences-in-scenic-coonoor/articleshow/103308905.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024111212/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hi-nanna-new-shooting-schedule-of-nani-and-mrunal-thakur-starrer-commences-in-scenic-coonoor/articleshow/103308905.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=24 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Hi Nanna (soundtrack)}}
The music and background score is composed by [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]] in his maiden collaboration with Shouryuv and Nani.<ref name=":1" /> The audio rights were acquired by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer Of Mrunal Thakur-starrer Telugu Film Hi Nanna To Release On This Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/trailer-of-mrunal-thakur-starrer-telugu-film-hi-nanna-to-release-on-this-date-8672275.html |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The tracks "Samayama",<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=Samayama: First Single From Nani's Hi Nanna Out |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/samayama-first-single-from-nanis-hi-nanna-out |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920062604/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/samayama-first-single-from-nanis-hi-nanna-out |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=Film Companion South |language=en}}</ref> "Gaaju Bomma",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=6 October 2023 |title='Gaaju Bomma' song from Hi Nanna out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/Oct/06/gaaju-bomma-song-from-hi-nanna-out-48344.html |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> "Ammadi", "Odiyamma," and "Idhe Idhe" were released as singles before the full 10-song album on 18 December 2023. Wahab re-recorded the film's background score using [[artificial intelligence]] thereby becoming possibly the first Indian film to do so.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 September 2024 |title=Seismic, disruptive: AI's impact on the music industry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/seismic-disruptive-ais-impact-on-the-music-industry/articleshow/113223490.cms |access-date=2 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The BGM "Silent Conversations" is based on Raga [[Reethigowla]], and became a huge hit too.

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Hi Nanna'' had a worldwide theatrical release on 7 December 2023, along with dubbed versions in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 October 2023 |title='Hi Nanna' teaser: Nani, Mrunal Thakur star in a feel-good film on love and fatherhood |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hi-nanna-teaser-nani-mrunal-thakur-star-in-a-feel-good-film-on-love-and-fatherhood/article67423607.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023015355/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hi-nanna-teaser-nani-mrunal-thakur-star-in-a-feel-good-film-on-love-and-fatherhood/article67423607.ece |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film was initially scheduled to release on 21 December 2023, but was later moved to 7 December 2023 in order to avoid clash with ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire|Salaar]]'' and ''[[Dunki (film)|Dunki]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 2023 |title=Nani and Mrunal Thakur's 'Hi Nanna' teaser release date revealed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-and-mrunal-thakurs-hi-nanna-teaser-release-date-revealed/articleshow/104377634.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012171635/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-and-mrunal-thakurs-hi-nanna-teaser-release-date-revealed/articleshow/104377634.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=12 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The digital streaming and satellite rights of the film were sold for {{INRConvert|37|c}} to [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2023 |title='Hi Nanna' box office collection day 1: Nani and Mrunal Thakur starrer makes a good opening |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/hi-nanna-box-office-collection-day-1-nani-and-mrunal-thakur-starrer-makes-a-good-opening/articleshow/105830742.cms |access-date=25 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was made available on Netflix in January 2024 in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], along with dubbed versions of Tamil, Hindi (Hi Papa), Kannada and Malayalam.<ref name="Mrunal Thakur, Nani's 'Hi Nanna' to be out on OTT on this date">{{Cite news |date=30 December 2023 |title=Mrunal Thakur, Nani's 'Hi Nanna' to be out on OTT on this date |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/entertainment/news-mrunal-thakur-nanis-hi-nanna-to-be-out-on-ott-on-this-date-270460 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104122908/https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/entertainment/news-mrunal-thakur-nanis-hi-nanna-to-be-out-on-ott-on-this-date-270460 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>. It released along with the movie [[Extra Ordinary Man]].

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Hi Nanna'' received highly positive reviews from critics. The film was applauded for its direction, screenplay, cast performances, and music. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=100|count=7|average=6.7|ref=yes}}

[[Deccan Herald]] gave the film 4/5 stars describing it as "an endearing tale of love and resilience", while also praising its cinematography, music and fresh take on storytelling.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 December 2023 |title='Hi Nanna' review: Endearing tale of love and resilience |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/endearing-tale-of-love-and-resilience-2803666 |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Hi Nanna is'' a must-watch for those seeking a blend of heart and soul in cinema."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hi Nanna Movie Review: Heartwarming Tale Of Love And Resilience; Nani, Mrunal, & Kiara Melt Hearts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/hi-nanna/movie-review/105793018.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103185607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/hi-nanna/movie-review/105793018.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=3 January 2024 |access-date=7 December 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Raghu Bandi of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave it 3/5 stars and wrote "Nani and Mrunal Thakur star in a high-emotion drama that will remind you of actor's ''[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]''."<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2023 |title=Hi Nanna movie review: Nani, Mrunal Thakur impress in a poignant tale of love and bonding |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/hi-nanna-movie-review-nani-mrunal-thakur-impress-in-a-poignant-tale-of-love-and-bonding-9058145/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210032123/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/hi-nanna-movie-review-nani-mrunal-thakur-impress-in-a-poignant-tale-of-love-and-bonding-9058145/ |archive-date=10 December 2023 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Neeshitha Nyayapati of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, "Shouryuv’s debut film is an emotional drama that’ll tug at your heart, both with its performances and storyline."<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2023 |title=Hi Nanna review: Nani, Mrunal Thakur, Kiara Khanna shine in this emotional tale |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hi-nanna-review-nani-mrunal-thakur-kiara-khanna-shine-in-this-emotional-tale-101701935694901.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211115217/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hi-nanna-review-nani-mrunal-thakur-kiara-khanna-shine-in-this-emotional-tale-101701935694901.html |archive-date=11 December 2023 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Shouryuv’s drama is a breather amid larger-than-life action entertainers."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=7 December 2023 |title='Hi Nanna' movie review: A reaffirming story of love that conquers everything |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hi-nanna-telugu-movie-review-a-reaffirming-story-of-love-that-conquers-everything/article67613784.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208120356/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hi-nanna-telugu-movie-review-a-reaffirming-story-of-love-that-conquers-everything/article67613784.ece |archive-date=8 December 2023 |access-date=7 December 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ram Venkat Srikar of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote "Hi Nanna makes up for its weaker parts with some super strong emotional moments and even after not being convinced with it in certain aspects, it's a story that's largely satisfying on the emotional level."<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2023 |title=Hi Nanna Review: Heartfelt Treatment Overpowers Predictable Narrative |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/hi-nanna-review-heartfelt-treatment-overpowers-predictable-narrative-nani-mrunal-thakur-shouryuv-kiara-khanna |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208163436/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/hi-nanna-review-heartfelt-treatment-overpowers-predictable-narrative-nani-mrunal-thakur-shouryuv-kiara-khanna |archive-date=8 December 2023 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" |Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan="10" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="10" |[[69th Filmfare Awards South|3 August 2024]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
|Mohan Cherukuri, Murthy K. S. and Vijender Reddy Teegala
|{{nominated}}
| rowspan="10" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for Filmfare Awards Telugu 2024 are out! |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-filmfare-awards-telugu-2024-are-out-67264.html |access-date=17 July 2024 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Full list of Winners of the 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 20242">{{Cite news |last=Filmfare |date=4 August 2024 |title=Full list of Winners of the 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2024 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2024_-67634.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804051630/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2024_-67634.html |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="69th Sobha Filmfare Awards South 2024: Check out the winners2">{{Cite news |last=The Times of India |date=4 August 2024 |title=69th Sobha Filmfare Awards South 2024: Check out the winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-2024-check-out-the-winners/articleshow/112251936.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804052211/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-2024-check-out-the-winners/articleshow/112251936.cms |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
|Shouryuv
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Nani (actor)|Nani]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
|[[Mrunal Thakur]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
|[[Anantha Sriram]] ("Gaaju Bomma")
|{{nominated}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|[[Anurag Kulkarni]] ("Samayama")
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|[[Chinmayi Sripaada]] ("Odiyamma")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Shakthisree Gopalan]] ("Ammaadi")
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Debut Director
|Shouryuv
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="11" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="11" |[[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|14 September 2024]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
| Mohan Cherukuri, Murthy K. S. and Vijender Reddy Teegala
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="11" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=17 July 2024 |title=SIIMA 2024 Nominations Revealed: Nani's Dasara and Rajinikanth Starrer Jailer Lead with 11 Nominations Each |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/siima-2024-nominations-revealed-nanis-dasara-and-rajinikanth-starrer-jailer-lead-with-11-nominations-each-enn24071700580 |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA 2024 full list of winners: Jailer, Dasara win big; Aishwarya Rai, Vikram, Nani, Nayanthara bag top acting honours |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-siima-2024-full-list-of-winners-jailer-dasara-win-big-aishwarya-rai-vikram-nani-nayanthara-best-actor-actres-3107876 |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mrunal Thakur]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress Critics - Telugu]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Angad Bedi]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
|Kiara Khanna
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director – Telugu|Best Debut Director – Telugu]]
|Shouryuv
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Debut Producer – Telugu
|Mohan Cherukuri, Murthy K. S. and Vijender Reddy Teegala
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
|[[Krishna Kanth]] ("Adigaa")
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|[[Anurag Kulkarni]] ("Samayama")
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|[[Shakthisree Gopalan]] ("Ammaadi")
|{{Won}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt25433734}}

[[Category:2023 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films about photographers]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]

Venigandla Ramu

2026-04-22T02:02:37Z

SuzetteEql: Made Basic Stub W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian politician and entrepreneur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Venigandla Ramu
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Gudivada Assembly constituency|Gudivada]]
| country = [[India]]
| preceded = [[Kodali Nani]]
| term_start = 9 June 2024
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date = 1970
}}

'''Venigandla Ramu''' is an Indian politician and a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) representing [[Gudivada Assembly constituency|Gudivada assembly constituency]] in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly. He is also an entrepreneur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venigandla Ramu(TDP):Constituency- GUDIVADA(KRISHNA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=204 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V. |date=2024-04-21 |title=NRI businessman Venigandla Ramu to clash with four-time MLA Nani in Gudivada Assembly constituency |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/nri-venigandla-ramu-to-clash-with-four-time-mla-kodali-nani-in-gudivada-assembly-constituency/article68083395.ece |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=గుడివాడలో కొడాలి నానికి ఘోర ఓటమి |url=https://www.ap7am.com/tn/803256/kodali-nani-defeated-in-gudiwada-in-ap-election-result-2024 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=ap7am.com |language=te}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is the CEO of Eficens systems. He worked in IT industry in the United States and returned to India.<ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==

* He became active in politics in 2023. He joined Telugu Desam Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-29 |title=CBN's Focus Shifts to Gudiwada |url=https://www.m9.news/politics/chandrababu-naidus-focus-shifts-to-gudivada/ |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=M9.news |language=en-US}}</ref>
* In [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Andhra Pradesh assembly elections]], he contested as an MLA candidate from TDP for the Gudivada assembly constituency and has emerged victorious.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V. |date=2024-04-21 |title=NRI businessman Venigandla Ramu to clash with four-time MLA Nani in Gudivada Assembly constituency |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/nri-venigandla-ramu-to-clash-with-four-time-mla-kodali-nani-in-gudivada-assembly-constituency/article68083395.ece |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== As a Member of Legislative Assembly ===

* In June 2024, Ramu won as the MLA from Gudivada assembly constituency with 53,040 votes majority.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Gudivada, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Venigandla Ramu defeats YSRCP's Kodali Sri Venkateswara Rao (Nani) with 53040 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/gudivada-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548264-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

Anaxarcha intermedia

2026-04-20T21:34:11Z

SuzetteEql: Creating The Data Added Tags

{{short description|Species of praying mantis}}
{{Speciesbox
| taxon = Anaxarcha intermedia
| authority = Mukherjee, 1995
}}

'''''Anaxarcha intermedia''''' is a [[species]] of [[praying mantis]] found in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/tree?group%3DAmorphoscelis |title=Amorphoscelis |accessdate=2008-07-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606044208/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Amorphoscelis |archivedate=2011-06-06 }} Tree of Life Web Project. 2005</ref><ref>[http://insects.tamu.edu/research/collection/hallan/Arthropoda/Insects/Mantodea/Family/Hymenopodidae.txt] Texas A&M University</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of mantis genera and species]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q4752433}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anaxarcha Intermedia}}
[[Category:Anaxarcha|Inter]]
[[Category:Mantises of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Insects of India]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1995]]

{{Hymenopodidae-stub}}

Sanathnagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T20:22:47Z

SuzetteEql: Made The Details Nd Citations

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sanathnagar
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (62-Sanathnagar highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Sanathnagar Assembly constituency within Telangana
| constituency_no = 62
| mla = [[Talasani Srinivas Yadav]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
| latest_election_year = 2023
| established = 1978
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]
| electors = 2,20,969
| incumbent_image = Talasani Srinivas Yadav (cropped).jpg
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
}}

'''Sanathnagar Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of the 15 constituencies in [[Hyderabad]]. It is part of [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Talasani Srinivas Yadav]], the former [[List of cabinet ministers of Telangana|Animal Husbandry, Fisheries and Cinematography Minister of Telangana]], is representing the constituency.

==Extent of the constituency==
The assembly constituency presently comprises the following neighbourhoods:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Neighbourhood
|-
| [[Sanathnagar]]
|-
| [[Ameerpet]]
|-
| [[Sanjeeva Reddy Nagar|S.R.Nagar]]
|-
| [[Padmarao Nagar]]
|-
| [[Monda Market]]
|-
| [[Balkampet]]
|-
| [[Pan bazar]]
|-
| [[Mahatma Gandhi Road (Secunderabad)|General Market]]
|-
| [[Begumpet]] (part)
|-
| [[Rastrapathi Road]] (part)
|-
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| S. Ramdass
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/sanathnagar-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency | title=Sanath Nagar Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency }}</ref>
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Katragadda Prasuna
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Sripathi Rajeshwar Rao]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Marri Chenna Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 1992 by-election
| rowspan="2" | [[Marri Shashidhar Reddy]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Sripathi Rajeshwar Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan=2 |Marri Shashidhar Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Talasani Srinivas Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=1}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=1}}
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=1}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Sanathnagar (Assembly constituency)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Talasani Srinivas Yadav]]|votes= 72,557|percentage= 56.57|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Marri Shashidhar Reddy]]|votes= 30,730|percentage= 23.96|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kota Neelima]]|votes= 22,492|percentage= 17.54|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes= 1040|percentage= 0.81|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes= 41,827|percentage= 32.61|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes= 1,28,263|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2018]]: Sanathnagar (Assembly constituency)<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174221/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=62 Sanathnagar 2018 Results]}}</ref>}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Talasani Srinivas Yadav]]|votes=66,464|percentage=55.52|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kuna Venkatesh Goud|votes=35,813|percentage=29.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Bhawarlal Varma|votes=14,247|percentage=11.90|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,464|percentage=1.22|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=30,651|percentage=25.61|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,19,722|percentage=52.29|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Sanathnagar (Assembly constituency)<ref>[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/34789/239 Sanathnagar 2014 Results]</ref>}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Talasani Srinivas Yadav]]|votes=56,475|percentage=45.27|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Dande Vithal|votes=29,014|percentage=23.26|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Marri Shashidhar Reddy]]|votes=23,820|percentage=19.09|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Vellala Ram Mohan|votes=5,833|percentage=4.68|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Lok Satta Party|candidate=Hymavati Sagi|votes=3,975|percentage=3.19|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Ambika Krishna|votes=1,235|percentage=0.99|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=1,041|percentage=0.83|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=27,461|percentage=22.01|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,24,746|percentage=52.87|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sanathnagar]]
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}

{{coord|17.457|78.442|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Politics of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Hyderabad district, India]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]

Junnardeo Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:59Z

SuzetteEql: added initial info initial version

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Junnardeo
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 122
| map_image = 122-Junnardeo.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chhindwara Lok Sabha constituency|Chhindwara]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Sunil Uikey]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Nathan Shah Kevreti
}}
'''Junnardeo''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

It was established in 2008, and comprises [[Jamai tehsil]] and parts of [[Tamia tehsil]], both in [[Chhindwara district]].<ref name=delimitation2008/> As of 2023, it is represented by [[Sunil Uikey]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.{{update after|2029|1}}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=22 December 2021|url-access=limited}}</ref>
| Tejilal Saryam
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=22 December 2021|url-access=limited}}</ref>
| Nathan Shah Kevreti
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
| rowspan=2 | [[Sunil Uikey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023/>
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Junnardeo<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sunil Uikey]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:83377}}
|percentage = 43.72
|change = -1.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nathan Shah Kevreti
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:80167}}
|percentage = 42.03
|change = +9.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jhamaklal Saryam
|votes = {{formatnum:8570}}
|percentage = 4.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Hariram Sallam
|votes = {{formatnum:4978}}
|percentage = 2.61
|change = -8.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Gondvana Party
|candidate = Prakash Kumre
|votes = {{formatnum:2767}}
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sumarsing Darsma (Mawasi)
|votes = {{formatnum:2490}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5086}}
|percentage = 2.67
|change = -0.96
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3210}}
|percentage = 1.69
|change = -11.51
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:190717}}
|percentage = 86.0
|change = +2.88
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Junnardeo<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sunil Uikey]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:78573}}
|percentage = 45.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ashish Jhanaklal Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:55885}}
|percentage = 32.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Jhamak Lal Saryam
|votes = {{formatnum:19369}}
|percentage = 11.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Kalang Sing Uike
|votes = {{formatnum:3482}}
|percentage = 2.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mohan Uikey
|votes = {{formatnum:2398}}
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajusingh Kayda
|votes = {{formatnum:2109}}
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6245}}
|percentage = 3.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22688}}
|percentage = 13.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:171933}}
|percentage = 83.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.19|78.59|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chhindwara district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Kovur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:28:15Z

SuzetteEql: added new pg more to come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kovur
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (116-Kovur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Kovur Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Vemireddy Prashanthi Reddy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]]
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 116
| established = 1951
| electors = 264,629
| type = SLA
}}

'''Kovur Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Nellore district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Vemireddy Prashanthi Reddy]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 2019, there are a total of 264,629 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|6}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Vidavalur
|-
| Kodavalur
|-
| [[Kovur Mandal, Nellore District|Kovur]]
|-
| Buchireddipalem
|-
| Indukurpet
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Basavareddi Sankarayya
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Rebala Dasaratharama Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| V. Venkureddy
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan=2 |Pellakuru Ramacandra Reddy
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=3 |[[Srinivasulu Reddy Nallapareddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Polamreddy Srinivasulu Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=2 |Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election|2012]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| Polamreddy Srinivasulu Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Vemireddy Prashanthi Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Vemireddy Prashanthi Reddy]]
|votes = 1,30,623
|percentage = 60.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy]]
|votes = 76,040
|percentage = 35.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kiran Kumar Reddy Narapareddy
|votes = 3,203
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,377
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 54,583
|percentage = 25.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,15,254
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2019 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy]]
|votes = 116,239
|percentage = 56.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Polamreddy Srinivasulu Reddy|votes=76,348|percentage=37.14|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=T. Raghavaiah|votes=5,292|percentage=2.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Marem Vijayalakshmi|votes=1,481|percentage=0.72|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=39,891|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,99,360|percentage=19.66|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 264,685|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2014 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Polamreddy Srinivasulu Reddy
|votes = 94,108
|percentage = 48.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy]]|votes=86,171|percentage=44.43|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,937|percentage=4.09|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=193,941|percentage=80.54|change=+6.13}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 240,902|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election: Kovur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy]]
|votes = 116,239
|percentage = 56.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Somireddy Chandra Mohan Reddy]]|votes=76,348|percentage=37.14|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=39,891|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=199,360|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2009 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy]]
|votes = 73,212
|percentage = 43.32
|change = +0.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Polamreddy Srinivasulu Reddy|votes=65,768|percentage=38.91|change=-4.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Tupakula Munemma|votes=22,624|percentage=13.39|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,444|percentage=4.41|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=169,009|percentage=74.41|change=-0.16}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 227,130|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2004 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Polamreddy Srinivasulu Reddy
|votes = 45,270
|percentage = 43.04
|change = +11.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy]]|votes=44,790|percentage=42.59|change=-18.39}}
{{Election box majority||votes=480|percentage=0.45|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=105,172|percentage=74.57|change=+6.34}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,031|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1999 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=59,981|percentage=60.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kodandarami Reddy Jakka|party=Indian National Congress|votes=31,374|percentage=31.90%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,607 |percentage=29.08% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=100,302|percentage=69.58%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,157|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1994 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4051-andhra-pradesh-1994/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Nallapareddy Prasanna Kumar Reddy]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=60,442 |percentage=64.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chevuru Deva Kumar Reddy|party=Indian National Congress|votes=25,860|percentage=27.77%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,582 |percentage=37.14% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=94,230|percentage=69.74%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,118|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1989 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4050-andhra-pradesh-1989/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Srinivasulu Reddy Nallapareddy]]|party= Indian National Congress|votes=49,589 |percentage=52.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Papi Reddy Bezawada |party=Telugu Desam Party |votes=43,202 |percentage=46.01% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,387 |percentage=6.80% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=96,546|percentage=69.69% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,542|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1985 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Srinivasulu Reddy Nallapareddy]] |party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=46,503 |percentage=60.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devakumar Reddy Chevuru |party= Indian National Congress |votes=29,426|percentage=38.21% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,077|percentage=22.17% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=78,359 |percentage=66.42% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,968 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1983 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4048-andhra-pradesh-1983/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate = [[Srinivasulu Reddy Nallapareddy]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=36,455 |percentage=51.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jakke Venka Reddy |party= Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=16,934|percentage=23.92% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,521 |percentage=27.58% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,298 |percentage=64.34% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,475|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress (I)|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1978===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1978 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Pellakuru Ramachandra Reddy|party= Indian National Congress (I) |votes=43,213 |percentage=57.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jakka Venka Reddy |party= Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=23,953 |percentage=31.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gunupati Ramachandra Reddy |party = Communist Party of India |votes=5,355 |percentage=7.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Obbareddy Dasartharami Reddy |party= Independent |votes=2,082 |percentage=2.76% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,260 |percentage=25.56% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,764 |percentage=72.79% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,460 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Indian National Congress (I)|loser= Indian National Congress |swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1972 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4046-andhra-pradesh-1972/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Pellakuru Ramachandra Reddy|party= Indian National Congress |votes=31,870 |percentage=52.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gunupati Ramachandra Reddy |party= Communist Party of India |votes=27,366 |percentage=45.44% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,504 |percentage=7.48% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,546 |percentage=65.62% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,794 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1967 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4045-andhra-pradesh-1967/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Vemareddy Venkureddy|party= Indian National Congress |votes=31,994 |percentage=54.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J Kotaiah |party= Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=23,674 |percentage=40.48% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,320 |percentage=14.23% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,482 |percentage=74.28% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,972 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovur<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1962 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4044-andhra-pradesh-1962/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Rebala Dasaratharma Reddy|party= Indian National Congress |votes=29,914 |percentage=50.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Baswareddy Sankaraiah |party= Communist Party of India|votes=29,391 |percentage=49.56% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=523 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,183 |percentage=78.91% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,536 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= Communist Party of India|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovur<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Basavareddi Sankarayya |party=Communist Party of India |votes=25,435 |percentage=57.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Seshu Reddi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,290 |percentage=20.91% |change=20.91% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kotiruraddi Veerareddi |party=Independent politician |votes=4,104 |percentage=9.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Morla Yanadayya |party=Independent politician |votes=1,906 |percentage=4.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Ramakrishna |party=Independent politician |votes=1,367 |percentage=3.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ramanayya |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=1,237 |percentage=2.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Subramanyam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,084 |percentage=2.44% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,145 |percentage=36.34% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,423 |percentage=63.63% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,817 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|14.50|79.99|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nellore district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Pushkar–Gayatri

2026-04-13T10:46:44Z

SuzetteEql: Started new data!

{{short description|Indian film director duo}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pushkar–Gayatri
| image = Pushkar-Gayathri at the Brew Person Of The Year Awards 2017.jpg
| image_size =
| education = Master of Fine Arts in Film Making
| alma_mater = Under-Grad: Visual Communication from [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]], Chennai.
| occupation = Writers, Directors and Screenwriters
| yearsactive = 2007 — present
}}

'''Pushkar–Gayatri''' are a husband-and-wife filmmaker duo from Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Their works are noted for their unique style, technical finesse, and intricately woven storylines.

They started as writers and directors with the Tamil feature films – ''[[Oram Po]]'' (2007), and ''[[Va (film)|Va - Quarter Cutting]]'' (2010), both quirky dark comedies. In 2017, they wrote and directed ''[[Vikram Vedha]]'', which swept the awards that year and was the top-rated Indian film of 2017 on [[IMDb]]. In 2022, they remade the critically acclaimed ''Vikram Vedha'' in Hindi with [[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Saif Ali Khan]]. They made an entry as content creators in the streaming space with ''[[Suzhal: The Vortex]]'', a tent-pole global show in [[Amazon Prime Video]]. They were the writers, show-runners, and producers of the show which won awards in India and abroad. Other notable works they have created include ''Vadhandhi: The Fable of Velonie'' (2022),''Aelay'' (2021), ''Exam'' (upcoming) and ''Vadhandhi Season 2'' (upcoming)

== Personal life ==
Gayatri and Pushkar are born and brought up in Chennai, the city where they are currently based.

Pushkar completed his schooling from St. John’s Senior Secondary School, Mandaveli (CBSE).

They did their under-graduation in Visual Communication in Loyola College, Chennai, where they first met.

During and after graduation, they worked with eminent advertising filmmakers such as P.C.Sriram and Manav Menon. They decided to pursue their education further and applied to film schools in the U.S. Gayatri finished her Masters in Fine Art from the University of Chicago, and Pushkar finished his Masters in Film Marking from the University of New Orleans.

The two started their careers together with ad-filmmaking. Neither of them are from a film background. To approach producers, they came up with a short-film version of the script of their first film, Oram Po. From then on, they have been full-time feature filmmakers in Tamil. With the release of the Vikram Vedha remake in Hindi, they debuted their entrance to Bollywood.

== Production ==
Under their production house Wallwatcher Films, Pushkar and Gayatri have produced two long-format web series, ''[[Suzhal: The Vortex]]'' and ''[[Vadhandhi: The Fable of Velonie]]'', for [[Amazon Prime Video]], and a feature film, ''[[Aelay]]'', on [[Netflix]]. Pushkar and Gayatri curate all their projects under Wallwatcher Films and they mentor them as creative producers.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
*''Note: all films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''

===As directors===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Work
!Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Oram Po]]''
|
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Va (film)|Va- Quarter Cutting]]''
|
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Vikram Vedha]]''
|
|-
|2022
| ''[[Vikram Vedha (2022 film)|Vikram Vedha]]''
|[[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] film

|}

=== As producers ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Work
!Roles
!Notes
|-
|2021
|''[[Aelay]]''
|Creative producers
|Netflix film
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Work
!Roles
!Notes
|-
| 2022{{endash}}2025
|''[[Suzhal: The Vortex]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whittock |first=Jesse |date=2022-06-07 |title='Suzhal – The Vortex' Trailer: First Look At Amazon's Debut Long-Form Tamil-Language Drama Series |url=https://deadline.com/video/amazon-india-suzhal-the-vortex-trailer-first-look-at-tamil-language-drama-series/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609051645/https://deadline.com/video/amazon-india-suzhal-the-vortex-trailer-first-look-at-tamil-language-drama-series/ |url-status=live }}</ref>''
|Creators, writers
| rowspan="4" |[[Amazon original|Amazon original series]]
|-
| 2022
|''[[Vadhandhi: The Fable of Velonie]]''
| Creative producers
|-
| Upcoming
|Exam<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/web-series-details/tamil/exam/exam-season-1/seasonshow/129840517.cms
|title=Exam
|website=TimesofIndia
|access-date=2026-04-10
}}</ref>
| Creative producers
|-
| Upcoming
|Vadhandhi 2<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/tamil/vadhandhi-first-look-video-m-sasikumar-and-yashwanth-starrer-vadhandhi-official-first-look-video/videoshow/129744549.cms
|title=Vadhandhi 2
|website=TimesofIndia
|access-date=2026-04-10
}}</ref>
| Creative producers
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Film
!Awards
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|rowspan=10|''[[Vikram Vedha]]''
|[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Awards]]
|Best Screenplay
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0005729/2018/1/|title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards (2018)|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-08-31|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314160729/https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0005729/2018/1/|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vikatan-cinema-awards-vijays-mersal-wins-big-ajith-bags-best-hard-working-actor-vivegam-756538 |title=Vijay's Mersal wins big at Vikatan Cinema Awards 2017 [See Complete Winners List] |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=11 January 2018 |work=International Business Times |access-date=21 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121155032/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vikatan-cinema-awards-vijays-mersal-wins-big-ajith-bags-best-hard-working-actor-vivegam-756538 |archive-date=21 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
|Tamil Nadu State Award 2017
|Tamil Nadu State Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-actors-suriya-dhanush-nayanthara-win-top-honours/article70566614.ece
|title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for 2016–2022 announced; Suriya, Dhanush, Nayanthara win top honours
|work=The Hindu
|date=2026-01-29
|access-date=2026-04-10
|language=en
}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[65th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/65th-filmfare-awards-south-winners-vikram-vedha-baahubali-2-thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-5221268/|title=65th Filmfare Awards South winners: Vikram Vedha, Baahubali 2 and Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum win big|date=2018-06-17|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-08-31|language=en-US|archive-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165217/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/65th-filmfare-awards-south-winners-vikram-vedha-baahubali-2-thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-5221268/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Chennai International Film Festival
|Second Best Tamil Feature Film
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/vikram-vedha-vijay-sethupathi-win-top-honours-at-15th-chennai-international-film-festival-1126545/|title = Vikram Vedha, Vijay Sethupathi win top honours at 15th Chennai International Film Festival|date = 23 December 2017|access-date = 4 March 2021|archive-date = 28 May 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240528065154/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/vikram-vedha-vijay-sethupathi-win-top-honours-at-15th-chennai-international-film-festival-1126545/|url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards 2018]]
| Best Screenplay
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ntff.no/node/161 |title=9th NTFF 2018: Official selection & Winners of Tamilar Awards 2018 Tamil Nadu ! |date=26 January 2018 |website=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610082155/http://www.ntff.no/node/161 |archive-date=10 June 2018 |access-date=10 June 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ntff.no/News |title=News |website=Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610082341/http://www.ntff.no/News |archive-date=10 June 2018 |access-date=10 June 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Techofes Awards|Techofes Awards 2018]]
| Best Director
| {{nom}}
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=964762374837125121 |user=viknmedia |title=Vikn Media Creations Presents Anna University Techofes Award Best Director Award Won by @jayam_mohanraja #techofesawards2018 #CEG |author=Vikn Media Creations |date=16 February 2018 |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610081202/https://twitter.com/viknmedia/status/964762374837125121 |archive-date=10 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url = https://southfans.com/vikram-vedha/|title = Vikram Vedha: An Amazing Action Thriller Movie Deserve Oscar !!|date = 28 August 2020|access-date = 4 March 2021|archive-date = 27 January 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210127232421/https://southfans.com/vikram-vedha/|url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Story
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[10th Vijay Awards]]
|[[Vijay Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{Won}}
|rowspan=2|<ref name="10VAwin">{{Cite news |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-2018-catch-live-updates-event-photos-complete-winners-list-770862 |title=Vijay Awards 2018: Here is the complete list of winners [Photos] |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=4 June 2018 |work=International Business Times |access-date=4 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604112225/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-2018-catch-live-updates-event-photos-complete-winners-list-770862 |archive-date=4 June 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/south/vijay-awards-2018-nayanthara-vijay-sethupathi-mersal-vikram-vedha-win-big-check-out-the-complete-list-of-winners-here-196445.html|title=Vijay Awards 2018: Nayanthara, Vijay Sethupathi, Mersal, Vikram Vedha Win Big; Check Out The Complete List of Winners Here {{!}} LatestLY|date=4 June 2018|work=Latestly|access-date=2018-08-31|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140231/https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/south/vijay-awards-2018-nayanthara-vijay-sethupathi-mersal-vikram-vedha-win-big-check-out-the-complete-list-of-winners-here-196445.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Story, Screenplay Writer|Best Screenplay]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Behindwoods Awards
|Best Director
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/list-of-films-which-won-the-most-awards-at-bgm-2018/vikram-vedha.html|title=Vikram Vedha - 4 Awards | Which film won the most awards at BGM 2018|date=19 June 2018|access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203141115/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/list-of-films-which-won-the-most-awards-at-bgm-2018/vikram-vedha.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|7th SIIMA Awards]]
|Best Film
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2018 |title=In pictures: The South Indian International Movie Awards (SIIMA) in Dubai |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/in-pictures-the-south-indian-international-movie-awards-siima-in-dubai-1.770478 |access-date=4 March 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112031225/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/in-pictures-the-south-indian-international-movie-awards-siima-in-dubai-1.770478 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="10" |''[[Suzhal: The Vortex]]''
|OTT Play Awards 2022
|Best Screenplay (Series)
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=OTTplay Awards 2022: Pushkar-Gayathri take home Best Screenplay (Series) award for Suzhal |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ottplay-awards-2022-pushkar-gayathri-take-home-best-screenplay-series-award-for-suzhal/5c6c8c4ab4346 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518123204/https://www.ottplay.com/news/ottplay-awards-2022-pushkar-gayathri-take-home-best-screenplay-series-award-for-suzhal/5c6c8c4ab4346 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |E4M Awards
|Best Thriller-horror show on web OTT platform
|{{partial|Silver}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners {{!}} e4m-play-2023 |url=https://archive.e4mevents.com/e4m-play-2023/winners |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=archive.e4mevents.com |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518123156/https://archive.e4mevents.com/e4m-play-2023/winners |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Best Writer
|{{partial|Silver}}
|-
|Asian Academy Creative Awards 2022
|Best Drama series
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 NATIONAL WINNERS |url=https://www.asianacademycreativeawards.com/2022-national-winners/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Asian Academy Creative Awards |language=en-US |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131182557/https://www.asianacademycreativeawards.com/2022-national-winners/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Indian Telly Streaming Awards 2022
|Best Regional Series
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Telly Streaming Awards (2022) |url=http://www.imdb.com/event/ev0049865/2022/1/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=IMDb |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518123157/https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0049865/2022/1/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Afaqs Vdonxt Awards 2023
|Best Music Video
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.afaqs.com/labs/result/vdonxt-2023.html |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=www.afaqs.com |title=Archived copy |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518123204/https://www.afaqs.com/labs/result/vdonxt-2023.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Adgully Screenxx Awards 2022
|Best Content - Thriller
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Screenxx Awards 2022 |url=https://screenxx-awards-2022.adgully.com/screenxx-2022-winners-list.pdf |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209022257/https://screenxx-awards-2022.adgully.com/screenxx-2022-winners-list.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2023
|Best Series
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2023 complete list of nominations; Jubilee, Trial By Fire (series) lead nominations |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/movies/indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2023-complete-list-of-nominations/101748485 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=mirchi.in |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518123157/https://mirchi.in/stories/movies/indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2023-complete-list-of-nominations/101748485 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |Critics' Choice Shorts and Series Awards, India 2023
|Best Series
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Critics' Choice Shorts and Series Awards, India (2023) |url=http://www.imdb.com/event/ev0036701/2023/1/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=IMDb |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518123157/https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0036701/2023/1/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Best Writing
|{{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pushkar–Gayathri}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pushkar-Gayathri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian filmmaking duos]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Northwestern University alumni]]
[[Category:University of New Orleans alumni]]

P. Padmavathy

2026-04-11T12:40:19Z

SuzetteEql: Started article!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1954)}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Padmavathy
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1954|12|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kalappal
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Nannilam Assembly constituency|Nannilam]]
| term_start1 = 2006
| term_end1 = 2011
| predecessor1 = [[C. K. Thamizharasan]]
| successor1 = [[R. Kamaraj]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''P. Padmavathy''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. She is from Melanalanallur village in [[Tiruvarur district|Thiruvarur district]]. Padmavathy, who has completed her school education at Thiruvarur, belongs to the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI). In the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], she contested and won the [[Nannilam Assembly constituency]], becoming a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO Thirteenth Assembly 2006. Chennai-600009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. 2007. p. 483-485.</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nannilam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Padmavathy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=65,614 |percentage=51.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Arivanandam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,048 |percentage=42.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rajendran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=4,989 |percentage=3.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,483 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sooriyamoorthy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,377 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,566 |percentage=9.07% |change=-7.82% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=127,511 |percentage=76.51% |change= 10.00% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,654 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= 5.35% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Thakur Panchanan

2026-03-30T00:35:11Z

SuzetteEql: Made Initial Pg W/ Infobox

{{short description|Indian reformer (1866–1935)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Thakur Panchanan
| image = Panchanan Barma.tif
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1866|02|14}}
| birth_place = Khalisamari Village, [[Mathabhanga]], [[Cooch Behar State]], [[British India]]
(present day [[West Bengal]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1935|09|09|1866|02|14}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], British India
(present day [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India)
| other_names =
| known_for = Upliftment of the Rajbanshi (Koch) community.
| education = MA, LL.B
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| occupation = Social reformer
| spouse =
| children =
| mother = Champala Sarkar
| father = Khoshal Sarkar
| relatives =
| signature =
}}
'''Thakur Panchanan''' (14 February 1866 – 9 September 1935), also known as '''Panchanan Barma''' or '''Panchanan Sarkar''', was an Indian ''[[jotedar]]'' landlord, founder of Barma Company and social reformer in the erstwhile princely state of [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]], [[British Raj]]. He established an organisation called the ''[[Kshatriya]]'' ''[[Sabhā]]'' for the [[Rajbongshi]] people to [[Sanskritisation|Brahminise]] their practices for social upliftment and the improvement of their caste status.<ref name=joya>{{cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Joya |date=2002 |orig-year=First published 1994 |title=Bengal divided: Hindu communalism and partition, 1932-1947 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=198–199 |isbn=978-0-521-52328-8 |quote=This strategy was well suited to Bengal, where many low castes were already trying to 'purify' or Brahminise their own practices. In the early twenties, for instance, the Rajbangshi leader Panchanan Barman had established a 'Kshattriya Sabha' in order to inculcate Brahmanical values and practices among his caste-fellows.}}</ref> He received recognition and honors from the British administration after he aided them in recruitment during [[World War I]] by encouraging Rajbongshi youths to join the army to show their ''Kshatriya'' valor and was elected to the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]]. In modern times, he is sometimes incorrectly thought of as a "ruler" or "king".

==Early life==
Panchanan Barma was born on 14 February 1866 in a middle-class [[jotedar]] family at Khalisamari village of [[Mathabhanga]] subdivision, in erstwhile [[Cooch Behar]] state. He was the son of Khoshal Sarkar (father) and Champala Sarkar (mother). His father sent him to a ''Middle-English'' high school, named ''Mathabhanga High School'' for education. After passing ''Middle English'' examination from the ''Mathabhanga High School'', he took admission into the ''Jenkins High School'' for further education and passed the ''High English'' examination. He completed his graduation in 1893 from the Victoria College (present [[Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College]]) --then affiliated to the [[University of Calcutta]], with a honours in [[Sanskrit]]. Later he completed his MA in [[Sanskrit]] (postgraduation degree) and LL.B ([[Bachelor of Laws]]) degree in 1897 and 1900 respectively from the [[University of Calcutta]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} He was the first M.A. and LL.B in the Rajbanshi community of not only the state of [[Cooch Behar]] but of the whole North Bengal, Assam, and Bihar.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==Background==
=== Barma company ===
He built up a financial organization, named ''Barma Company'' at Ganibandha in the Rangpur district (present-day Bangladesh) with the claim that their basic aim was to protect the poor peasants from the landlord and moneylenders by providing loans at better interest rates. It was renamed ''Kshatriya Bank'' in 1920–21.<ref name=telegraph/><ref name=madhab/><ref name=madhab1/>

Under his leadership, more than three hundred well-coordinated clusters of villages (''Gram Mandali'') were formed in the Rangpur locality through the company. He had claimed that his aims was to restructure the village economy in a way such that they would be able to meet all their needs.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

=== Women's empowerment===
He is considered to be a social reformer and one of the advocates for women empowerment in the Bengal. He is known to have participated in the debate about the ''Voting Right'' for women in the Bengal Legislative Assembly in 1921.<ref>{{cite web|title=Votes for Women in India: the early female MPs and their lobbying for Indian suffrage|date=18 April 2017 |url=https://ukvote100.org/2017/04/18/votes-for-women-in-india/|access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref>

During 1921–23, he established an organization, named ''Nari Raksha Upasamiti'', for the protection of women. Through this organization, he wanted to make the women self-dependent by providing them modern education and physical training in stick-play, wrestling, etc.<ref name=telegraph/><ref name=madhab/>{{better citation|date=March 2026}}

He also wrote a poem, named ''Dang Dhari Mao'', where he encouraged youths to stand up against any wrong and injustice against women. His ''Khatriya Samiti'' also took efforts to bring back abducted women. Because of frequent incidents of female abduction, physical training using stick and daggers became popular among the Rajbanshi women.<ref name=telegraph/><ref name=madhab/>{{better citation|date=March 2026}}

==Kshtriyasation movement==
[[File:Panchanan_Barma,_Kshatriya_Samiti,_Rangpur.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Panchanan Barma at the central office of the Kshatriya Samiti in [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]]]]
At the dawn of the nineteenth century, caste pride was very strong among the [[Dvija|upper-caste Hindus]]. The position of Rajbanshi was not respectable in the society and they faced insults and humiliations from the upper-caste Hindus. Consequently, this community developed a sense of alienation and a spirit of community solidarity. ''Rajbanshi Movement of Kshatriyaisation'' was first started in 1891 when the government tried to include Rajbanshis and Koch in the same caste category. Under the leadership of Sri Harimohon Roy Khajanchi, the Rajbanshi started their first Kshatriya movement against the census officials and claimed that they are actually ''Kshatriya''. They claimed that they are originally from ''Kshatriya'' varna and they left their homeland because of the fear of annihilation by a Brahmin sage [[Parashurama]]. They even gave up their sacred thread in order to hide their identity and took shelter in a region, named ''Poundradesh'', which is currently the districts of [[Rangpur District|Rangpur]], [[Dinajpur]], [[Cooch Behar]], and their adjacent areas. They also gave up the [[Vedic ritual]]s followed by the ''Kshatriya'' community to hide their identity and started living with the local people. Gradually they became known as ''Bhanga Kshatriya'' or ''Bratya Kshatriya'' and their caste name ''Rajbanshi'' also implies the same. Under the guidance of Sri Harimohon Roy Khajanchi, ''Rangpur Bratya Kshatriya Jatir Unnati Bidhayani Sabha'' was established for the development of Koch community. They submitted a protest letter to the district magistrate of Rangpur urging him to recognize Rajbanshis as a separate caste from the original ethnic identity ''Koch'' and allow them to enroll their caste as ''Kshatriya'' in the census. The district magistrate then asked local pandits and ''Dharma Sabha'' for their opinion in this regard. After a prolonged ''Dharma Sabha'' meeting, pandits opined that Koches were ''Kshatriya'' but fallen from the position because of non-observance of the Vedic rituals of the ''Kshatriya'' community. Thus they should be considered as ''Bratya Kshatriya''. District magistrate of Rangpur accepted their opinion and ordered that Rajbanshis would be permitted to refer themselves as ''Bratya Kshatriya''. In this way, the ''Kshatriya'' movement of 1891 came to a halt.<ref name="madhab">{{cite book|last=Adhikary|first=Madhab Chandra|title=Ethno Cultural Identity Crisis of the Rajbanshis of North Eastern Part of india and Nepal and Bangladesh during the period of 1891 to 1979|publisher=North Bengal University (Ph.D. Thesis)|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/137486|year=2009|hdl=10603/137486 |access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="madhab1">{{cite book|last=Adhikary|first=Madhab Chandra|title=Identity Crisis: A Study of the Rajbanshis of North Eastern India (1891-1979)|publisher=Aayu Publications|year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bXisgEACAAJ|isbn=978-9-3851-6101-8|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Kshatriya_Samiti,_Rangpur.jpg|thumb|Kshatriya Samiti, Rangpur]]
After passing the [[Law]] examination, Panchanan started practising law at the [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] court in 1901. At that time, law was a thriving business in India and [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] was one of the major centres for Law. However, he noticed that most of his fellow lawyers were from the upper-caste Hindu community, almost no one from the backward-class community. He faced many insults in his workplace because of his backward class Rajbanshi background. One day, he went to the court by taking his fellow upper-caste lawyer's toga (lawyer's gown) mistakenly. When he understood his mistake, he went to return it to the lawyer. The lawyer refused to accept that toga, stating ''I hate to use a toga used by a lower-class Rajbanshi''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ray|first=Subhajyoti|title=Transformations on the Bengal Frontier: Jalpaiguri, 1765-1948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aI_FINnkorkC&q=Panchanan+Barman&pg=PA128 | isbn=978-0-7007-1408-7 | year=2002 | publisher=Routledge}}</ref> He was seriously hurt by the behaviour of his fellow lawyer. With this event, he understood the ground reality of the casteist Hindu society of that time. He also understood the social status of his own Rajbanshi community in [[the Hindu]] society of that time. At that time, many marginalized and backward communities of India started to form their own associations to protect the interest of their own community. He also then worried for his own Rajbanshi community and wanted to develop his community. In the census of 1901, again Rajbanshis were included in the same caste category of the Koch community and had not been given the ''Kshatriya'' status. He now took up the leadership of Rajbanshis. Under his leadership, Rajbanshis started a vigorous ''Kshatriyaisation'' movement with new enthusiasm for social justice.<ref name=madhab/>

He believed that nobody will give them ''Kshatriya'' status unless they achieve that in their own right. He started his campaign by stating ''Rajbanshis were of royal lineage and they were different from the Koch community''. Under his leadership, the ''Kshatriyaisation Movement'' spread throughout North Bengal. Many Rajbanshis started to wear sacred threads (also known as ''upabita'' or ''paita'') like the ''Kshatriya'' community. They even started to follow Vedic ritual rules of the ''Kshatriya'' community. However, upper-caste Hindu society strongly opposed this movement and was not ready to accept Rajbanshis as Kshatriyas. Even many landlords, scholars, royal officials of the Cooch Behar royal court were against this movement. Many upper-caste Brahmins also refused to serve Rajbanshi people in their religious and social ceremonies. However, [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], [[Kamrup region|Kamrup]], and some local Brahmins strongly supported and participated in their movement. In the meanwhile, some enthusiastic Rajbanshis started to collect history, proverbs, songs, and popular folktales to establish their ''Kshatriya'' identity on a firm footing.<ref name=madhab/>

In 1906, he attended the provincial conference of the [[Indian National Congress]] at Barisal and came in touch with many prominent congress leaders of that time. He associated himself with the Indian National Congress and tried to solve different problems of his own backward community. However, he soon realized the rigid attitude of the upper-caste [[Calcutta]] based congress leaders and understood that they will never help him in the social developmental work. He felt that in order to be respected and accepted by the upper-class Hindu society, Rajbanshis must have to be educated and organized. He and other Rajbanshi leaders decided to form a platform for this purpose. A conference was held on 1 May 1910 in the Rangpur town. As a result of that conference, the ''Kshatriya Samiti'' (also known as ''[[Kshatriya]]'' ''[[Sabhā]]'') was established for the overall development of his own Rajbanshi community. In that conference, it was also decided that they will convey their demands and grievances to the British government by submitting a memorandum. In January 1911, a memorandum signed by more than two thousand Rajbanshis was given to the Lieutenant Generals of Assam and Bengal. Finally, Rajbanshi leaders succeeded. In the Census Report of 1911, Rajbanshis were included as a separate Hindu caste, named ''Rajbanshi'', with ''Kshatriya'' in a bracket.<ref name=telegraph>{{cite web|title=Tireless icon: Panchanan Barma|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-assembly-elections-2021-tireless-icon-panchanan-barma/cid/1812104|access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=madhab/>

In the following years, newly established ''[[Kshatriya]]'' ''[[Sabhā]]'' led a strong ''Kshatriyaisation'' movement among the Rajbanshi community. His association (samity) tried to restore the past glorious heritage of the Rajbanshi Kshatriyas and tried to develop them on the socio-economic front. They also contacted other Kshatriyas and Rajputs of North and Western India for the purpose of unity among the Kshatriya people. In the third annual conference of the ''Kshatriya Samiti'', he announced the ceremony of ''upabita'' (sacred thread) for the Rajbanshis. They also asked for the opinion of Hindu pandits in this regard. Hindu pandits opined that ''Rajbanshis were Kshatriyas'' and they can wear the sacred thread. In 1913, his association first arranged a ''Mahamilan Ceremony'' at Porolbari in Debiganj on the bank of river [[Karatoya River|Korotaya]]. In this ceremony, Rajbanshis took ''Kshatriyatwa'' by wearing a sacred thread (''upabita'') in the presence of many renowned scholars who came from different parts of India such as [[Nabadwip]], [[Kolkata]], Kamrup, etc. Later ''Kshatriya Samiti'' organized many sacred thread-wearing ceremonies (''Milankshetras'') in different districts of Bengal and Assam. Brahminical rituals of wearing sacred thread ''Upabita'' (also known as ''[[Upanayana]]'' ceremony) were performed to convert thousands of Rajbanshi to ‘Kshatriya Rajbanshi’ in the villages of [[North Bengal]]. Few people from other marginalized communities also converted to ''Rajbanshi Kshatriya'' in the converting process.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=I|chapter=The Kamatapur Movement: Towards a Separate State in North Bengal | editor=Govinda Chandra Rath|title=Tribal development in India: the contemporary debate |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxDKhOnWwOsC&q=%22Panchanan+Barma%22&pg=PA156 | isbn=978-0-7619-3423-3 | year=2006 | publisher=Sage}}</ref><ref name=skdas>{{cite web|last=Das|first=Samir Kumar|title=The Rajbanshis of North Bengal|url=http://rnd.tiss.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/TISS-Working-Paper-5-Samir-Kumar-Das.pdf|access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=madhab/><ref name=madhab1/>

During the Census of 1921, ''Khatriya Samiti'' again organized Rajbanshis and appealed the census authorities to enroll them as only ''Kshatriya'' instead of ''Rajbanshi Kshatriya''. Their demand was accepted and finally his Rajbanshi community received Kshatriya status in the 1921 census.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144770|jstor = 44144770|title = The Backwardness of the Rajbansis and the Rajbansi Kshatriya Movement (1891-1936)|last1 = Das|first1 = Jitendra Nath|journal = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|year = 2004|volume = 65|pages = 559–563}}</ref><ref name=print>{{cite web|title=Who are Rajbanshis|date=14 April 2021 |url=https://theprint.in/politics/who-are-rajbanshis-caught-in-shah-mamata-scrap-why-theyre-key-for-bjp-in-assam-bengal/639069/|access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref>

==British support and entry in electoral politics==
When the [[World War I|first world war]] began in 1914, the British government appealed to Indians to join the war. No Indian national leaders of that time came forward to help the British government for this purpose. However, Panchanan appealed to Rajbanshi youths to join the battlefield with the British to show their heroism or kshatriyatwa.<ref name=telegraph/> The British government also launched some societal reforms in India during the war period to encourage the Indian youths to join the war. During this period, Panchanan also understood that the Rajbanshi community will not progress much on the socio-economic front without education. In 1917, he sent a letter to the British Indian government asking for reforms in Bengal. He stressed more on the educational reforms as well as societal reforms in his letter. During that time, most of the backward peoples of the North Bengal area were from the Rajbanshi or Muslim community. On the other hand, zamindars and money-lenders were from the upper-caste Hindu society. He organized these backward sections of the society against the upper-caste zamindars and worked for them. He along with other Rajbanshi social leaders also took the initiative to promote education among the Rajbanshi society.<ref name=madhab1/> His ''Kshatriya Samiti'' provided financial help to the needy students of the community. He gained huge support for his activity from the backward sections of society. He became the undisputed political leader of the backward community in the North Bengal area. In 1919, the British government conferred him the ''Rai Sahib'' title for his societal reform and the MBE (''Member of British Empire'') for sending the Rajbanshi troops in the First World War. In this way, he became the ''Rai Sahib Panchanan Barma, MBE''.<ref name=madhab/>

After the First World War, the British government undertook many reforms in the Indian administration system under the [[Government of India Act 1919]].<ref>[https://www.constitutionofindia.net/historical_constitutions/government_of_india_act__1919_1st%20January%201919/ Government of India Act 19]</ref><ref>[http://www.gktoday.in/government-of-india-act-1919/ Government of India Act 1919-Summary]</ref> The British government aimed to introduce self-governing institutions gradually in British India. Dual-mode of provincial governance- named as ''Reserved'' and ''Transferred'', was also introduced under this act. British provincial governors were supposed to control the reserved subjects which include justice, police, land revenue, and irrigation. On the other hand, elected Indian provincial ministers were supposed to control the transferred subjects which include local self-government, public health, education, agriculture, fishery, and forest. For the purpose of rural development, the ''Union Board'' was established under this Act. ''Right of Voting'' was also granted to Indians who paid a certain minimum amount of taxes to the government.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government of India act, 1919 (Montague-Chelmsford Reforms)|date=December 2020 |url=https://www.lawcolumn.in/government-of-india-act-1919-montague-chelmsford-reforms/|access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> Many people from the backward Rajbanshi and Muslim communities also won the ''Right of Voting''. He used his ''Khatriya Samiti'' as a political platform for political protest. Seeing his rise in the Indian political scenario, national leaders became worried. In the general election of 1920, he won a landslide victory from Rangpur. He was inducted into the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]] after winning the general election. He now used his political power as well as ''Kshatriya Samiti'' to improve the life of the backward communities.<ref name=telegraph/><ref name=madhab/><ref name=madhab1/>

==Later life and legacy==
[[Cooch Behar]] king always opposed the ''Kshatriya Movement'' and never cooperated with the ''Kshatriya Samiti''. They also tried to disrupt different ''Milankshetras'' within the Cooch Behar state. In 1926, Panchanan was banished from the [[Cooch Behar]] state. It was also ordered that he would not be able to enter [[Cooch Behar]] state without special permission.<ref name=madhab1/> He died in [[Kolkata]] on 9 September 1935.

In 2012, the [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal government]] has established a university, named [[Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University]], for higher education. The name of the university commemorates his legacy. He died in Kolkata on 9 September 1935.<ref>{{cite web |title=Roy Saheb Thakur Panchanan Barma(1866–1935) |url=https://www.cbpbu.ac.in/userfiles/file/2023/Home/Panchanan%20Barma.pdf |website=www.cbpbu.ac.in |access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University |url=https://cbpbu.ac.in/ |publisher=Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University |access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> On 1 December 2020, the Government of West Bengal declared school holiday on the birthday of Panchanan Barma, stating:<ref>{{Cite web|title=wbfin.nic|url=http://www.wbfin.nic.in/writereaddata/3361-F(P2).pdf}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=It has been decided that there will be a holiday henceforth under the order of State Government on occasion of the Birthday of Thakur Panchanan Barma which falls on 1st day of Phalgun in every Bengali Year corresponding to 13th/ 14th February}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Thakur Panchanan Barmar Jivan Charit'' (in Bengali) by Upendra Nath Barman
* ''Paschimbanga: Special Issue on Roy Saheb Panchanan Barma'', Vol. 38, No. 7, February 2005. Published by the Department of Information and Culture, Government of West Bengal.
* ''Thakur Panchanan Smarak'' (in Bengali) by Kshitwish Chandra Burman (Kolkata: Behala Central Government Quarter, 2001)
* {{cite journal |last=Adhikary |first=Chanchal |date=July 2013 |title=Upendra Nath Barman and Caste Politics Among the Rajbanshis of North Bengal |journal=Voice of Dalit |volume=6 |issue=2 |page=137|doi=10.1177/0974354520130203 |s2cid=157810204 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barma, Panchanan}}
[[Category:Indian reformers]]
[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1935 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Surendranath Law College alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Rajbongshi people]]
[[Category:Activists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:People from Cooch Behar district]]

Usilampatti Assembly constituency

2026-03-29T11:37:55Z

SuzetteEql: small changes

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{coord|9.97|N|77.8|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency

| name = Usilampatti
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 197
| map_image = Constitution-Usilampatti.svg
| mla = [[Casual vacancy|Vacant]]
| party =
| established = 1957
| district = [[Madurai district|Madurai]]
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| electors = 264,141
}}

'''Usilampatti''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Madurai district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}</ref> The constituency has been in existence since the 1957 election. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Elections and winners from this constituency are listed below.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan=3| [[P. K. Mookiah Thevar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[P. K. Mookiah Thevar]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[P. K. Mookiah Thevar]]
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[S. Andi Thevar]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| P. K. M. Muthuramalingam
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[P. N. Vallarasu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[R. Pandiammal]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[P. N. Vallarasu]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[L. Santhanam]]
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[I. Mahendran]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[P. V. Kathiravan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[P. Neethipathi]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[P. Iyyappan]]
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|33.53}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}|51.22}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.17}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}|43.32}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}|76.18}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.30}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|33.74}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|60.90}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}|47.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}|61.95}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}|74.46}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}|72.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|66.32}}

}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Usilampatti}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=Indian National Congress|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. Mahendran]]|party=AIADMK-led Alliance|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Abirami Dhanapal|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Vijay Mahalingam|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =264141 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Usilampatti<ref>{{cite web|title=Usilampatti Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a197|access-date= 2 Jul 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Ayyappan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=71,255 |percentage=33.53% |change=-19.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. V. Kathiravan]] |party= All India Forward Bloc |votes=63,778 |percentage=30.01% |change=+27.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. Mahendran]] |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,491 |percentage=26.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Iyndhukovilan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=15,357 |percentage=7.23% |change=+6.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,247 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Thiruselvam |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=1,161 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,477 |percentage=3.52% |change= -12.84% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=212,513 |percentage=74.60% |change= -0.10% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=453|percentage=0.21% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 284,858 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -19.35% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Usilampatti<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Neethipathi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=106,349 |percentage=52.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ilamakezhan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,443 |percentage=36.52% |change=-5.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Baskara Sethupathy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,079 |percentage=3.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. V. Kathiravan]] |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=5,136 |percentage=2.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sangli |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,860 |percentage=1.42% |change=+0.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,672 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Iyndhu Kovilan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,437 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,906 |percentage=16.36% |change= +7.47% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=201,126 |percentage=74.70% |change= -4.61% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 269,244 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Forward Bloc |swing= 1.65% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Usilampatti<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. V. Kathiravan]] |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=88,253 |percentage=51.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. O. Ramasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=72,933 |percentage=42.33% |change=+3.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kannan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,354 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Venkatesan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,235 |percentage=1.30% |change=+0.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Mathuran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,919 |percentage=1.11% |change=-0.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Pandi |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=1,558 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,320 |percentage=8.89% |change= 5.60% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=172,293 |percentage=79.31% |change= 12.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 217,244 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Forward Bloc |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.05% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Usilampatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[I. Mahendran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,009 |percentage=42.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. V. Kathiravan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,964 |percentage=38.88% |change=+5.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. T. Raja |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=9,672 |percentage=10.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Surendran |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|votes=3,874 |percentage=4.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Panneer Selvam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,516 |percentage=1.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Muthiah Pasumpon |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=840 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Thirumoorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=658 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Suryadev |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=526 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,045 |percentage=3.29% |change= -6.72% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,503 |percentage=67.16% |change= 12.19% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 137,738 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Forward Bloc |swing= -1.15% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Usilampatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[L. Santhanam]] |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=39,248 |percentage=43.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. O. Ramasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,181 |percentage=33.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. V. Kathiravan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=9,834 |percentage=10.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Murugan |party=Janata Party |votes=7,455 |percentage=8.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. P. Rathinam |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,386 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. M. Rajeswari Kasinathan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,023 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Thinagaran Alias Duraisingam |party=Independent politician |votes=705 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,067 |percentage=10.01% |change= -46.53% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,594 |percentage=54.97% |change= -9.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,821 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Forward Bloc |loser=All India Forward Bloc |swing= -32.86% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Usilampatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. N. Vallarasu]] |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=75,324 |percentage=76.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Veluchamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,421 |percentage=19.64% |change=-30.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Perumal |party=Independent politician |votes=3,582 |percentage=3.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=55,903 |percentage=56.54% |change= 52.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=98,877 |percentage=64.04% |change= 8.75% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,474 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Forward Bloc |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 25.88% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Usilampatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Pandiammal]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,654 |percentage=50.30% |change=+35.11 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. N. Vallarasu]] |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=38,460 |percentage=46.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. S. Bose |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=638 |percentage=0.77% |change=+0.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Thangavelu |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=606 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,194 |percentage=3.86% |change= -11.89% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,818 |percentage=55.29% |change= -8.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,036 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 16.55% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Usilampatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. N. Vallarasu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,116 |percentage=33.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Pandian |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,525 |percentage=17.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thavasi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,106 |percentage=15.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Andithevar |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=9,090 |percentage=10.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. M. Muthuramalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=8,776 |percentage=10.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ramasami |party=Independent politician |votes=8,473 |percentage=9.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Pitchaithevar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=554 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Mariappan |party=Independent politician |votes=437 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,591 |percentage=15.75% |change= -9.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,285 |percentage=63.37% |change= -6.27% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,949 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= -27.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Usilampatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. M. Muthuramalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=50,876 |percentage=60.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Andi Thever |party=Independent politician |votes=30,135 |percentage=36.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=O. Gurusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=937 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Muthiah |party=Independent politician |votes=677 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Karuthapandian |party=Independent politician |votes=496 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,741 |percentage=24.83% |change= 7.48% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,541 |percentage=69.64% |change= 10.91% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,879 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=All India Forward Bloc |swing= 13.23% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Usilampatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Andi Thevar |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=33,857 |percentage=47.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. M. Muthuramalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=21,534 |percentage=30.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Santhana Thevar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,033 |percentage=21.16% |change=+13.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Karutha Pandian |party=Independent politician |votes=605 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,323 |percentage=17.35% |change= -24.59% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,029 |percentage=58.73% |change= 7.26% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,773 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Forward Bloc |loser=All India Forward Bloc |swing= -14.28% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Usilampatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. K. Mookiah Thevar]] |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=35,361 |percentage=61.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. S. Ponniah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,422 |percentage=20.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. N. A. Natarajan |party=Janata Party |votes=5,034 |percentage=8.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. P. Rathinam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,356 |percentage=7.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Veerammal |party=Independent politician |votes=911 |percentage=1.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,939 |percentage=41.94% |change= -6.98% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,084 |percentage=51.47% |change= -17.55% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,961 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Forward Bloc |loser=All India Forward Bloc |swing= -12.51% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Usilampatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. K. Mookiah Thevar]] |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=49,292 |percentage=74.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Andi Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=16,909 |percentage=25.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,383 |percentage=48.92% |change= 2.97% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,201 |percentage=69.02% |change= -7.67% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,815 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Forward Bloc |loser=All India Forward Bloc |swing= 2.34% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Usilampatti<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. K. Mookiah Thevar]] |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=44,714 |percentage=72.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. N. Thevar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,225 |percentage=26.17% |change=-6.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Yougaraju |party=Independent politician |votes=1,065 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,489 |percentage=45.95% |change= 11.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,004 |percentage=76.69% |change= 2.84% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,876 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Forward Bloc |loser=All India Forward Bloc |swing= 4.93% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Usilampatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. K. Mookiah Thevar]] |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=47,069 |percentage=67.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thinagarasamy Thevar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,992 |percentage=32.82% |change=+8.79 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,077 |percentage=34.37% |change= -7.93% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,061 |percentage=73.84% |change= 18.96% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,021 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Forward Bloc |loser=Independent politician |swing= 0.86% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Usilampatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. K. Mookiah Thevar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=31,631 |percentage=66.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. V. Raj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,459 |percentage=24.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kamana Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=4,606 |percentage=9.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,172 |percentage=42.29% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,696 |percentage=54.88% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,904 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010|url-status= dead|df= mdy-all}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Madurai district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madurai]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]

List of national anthems

2026-03-27T00:38:15Z

SuzetteEql:

{{Short description|none}}
{{About|the anthems of nation states|anthems of other territories, including [[Country (disambiguation)#Administrative divisions|constituent countries]]|List of regional anthems}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Pils rouget lisle chantant marseillaise mb (Musée).jpg|thumb|[[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]], the composer of the French national anthem "[[La Marseillaise]]", sings it for the first time. The anthem is one of the earliest to be adopted by a modern state, in 1795.]]
Most [[nation state]]s have an [[anthem]], defined as "a song, as of praise, devotion, or patriotism";<ref>{{cite web|access-date=26 June 2008|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/anthem|title=Anthem |publisher=Lexico Publishing Group|work=[[Reference.com]] }}</ref> most anthems are either [[March (music)|marches]] or [[hymn]]s in style. A song or hymn can become a [[national anthem]] under the state's constitution, by a law enacted by its legislature, or simply by tradition.<ref name="brit">{{cite encyclopedia|title=National anthem|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|year=2008}}</ref> A [[royal anthem]] is a patriotic song similar to a national anthem, but it specifically praises or prays for a monarch or royal [[dynasty]]. Such anthems are usually performed at public appearances by the monarch or during other events of royal importance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/sc-cs/godsave_e.cfm |title=Royal anthem "God Save The Queen" |publisher=[[Department of Canadian Heritage]] |access-date=17 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808013133/http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/sc-cs/godsave_e.cfm |archive-date=8 August 2008 }}</ref> Some states use their royal anthem as the national anthem, such as the [[The Royal Anthem of Jordan|state anthem of Jordan]].

Anthems became increasingly popular among [[European states]] in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2 October 2008|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93283699|title='Bird's Nest' Ballads: Olympic National Anthems |publisher=NPR|date=7 August 2008 }}</ref> In 1795, the [[French First Republic]] adopted "[[La Marseillaise]]" as its national anthem by decree, making France the first country in history to have an official national anthem.<ref name=Elgenius2018>{{Cite book |last=Elgenius |first=Gabriella |title=Symbols of Nations and Nationalism |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2018 |isbn=9780230317048 |pages=141–144}}</ref> Some anthems are older in origin but were not officially adopted until the 19th or 20th century. For example, the Japanese anthem, "[[Kimigayo]]", employs the oldest lyrics of any national anthem, taking its words from the "[[Kokin Wakashū]]", which was first published in 905, yet these words were not set to music until 1880.<ref name="jpri">Japan Policy Research Institute [http://www.jpri.org/publications/workingpapers/wp79.html JPRI Working Paper No. 79] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002192508/http://www.jpri.org/publications/workingpapers/wp79.html |date=2 October 2018 }}. Published July 2001. Retrieved 7 July 2007</ref> The national anthem of the Netherlands, the "[[Wilhelmus]]", contains a melody and lyrics dating back to the 16th century, but it was not officially adopted as the country's national anthem until 1932.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leerssen |first=Joep |title=National thought in Europe: A cultural history |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2020 |page=103}}</ref>

National anthems are usually written in the most common language of the state, whether ''[[De facto#National languages|de facto]]'' or [[Official language|official]]. States with multiple national languages may offer several versions of their anthem. For instance, [[Switzerland]]'s national anthem has different lyrics for each of the country's four official languages: [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Italian language|Italian]], and [[Romansh language|Romansh]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=17 April 2008|url=http://www.ch.ch/schweiz/01063/01065/index.html?lang=en|title=Facts and figures|publisher=[[Government of Switzerland]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611082541/http://www.ch.ch/schweiz/01063/01065/index.html?lang=en|archive-date=11 June 2008}}</ref> One of [[New Zealand]]'s [[National anthems of New Zealand|two national anthems]] is commonly sung with the first verse in [[Māori language|Māori ("Aotearoa")]] and the second in [[English language|English]] ("[[God Defend New Zealand]]"). The tune is the same but the lyrics have different meanings. [[National anthem of South Africa|South Africa's national anthem]] is unique in that it is two different songs put together with five of the country's eleven official languages being used, in which each language comprises a [[stanza]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=17 April 2008|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jan/17/kosovo.serbia|title=There are great national anthems – now we need an international one |work=[[The Guardian]]|date=17 January 2008|author=Ash, Timothy Garton }}</ref>

[[Denmark]] and [[New Zealand]] are two countries with two official national anthems of equal status. [[Denmark]] has two anthems, [[Der er et yndigt land|Der er et yndigt land ("There is a Lovely Country")]] and [[Kong Christian stod ved højen mast|Kong Christian stod ved højen mast ("King Christian stood by the lofty mast")]]. [[Der er et yndigt land]] is considered the civil national anthem and is often played at civil and sports events. [[Kong Christian stod ved højen mast]] is both a royal and national anthem. [[New Zealand]] has two anthems, [[God Defend New Zealand]] and [[God Save the King]]. God Defend New Zealand was added in 1977 after a petition to Parliament and [[Queen Elizabeth II]]'s approval. The two anthems are almost never sung together. Usually the first verse of [[God Defend New Zealand]] is sung in [[Māori language|Māori ("Aotearoa")]] and the second in [[English language|English]].

[[India]] has both a national anthem, [[Jana Gana Mana|Jana-gana-mana]], and a national song, [[Vande Mataram]]. [[Jana Gana Mana|Jana-gana-mana]] was originally written in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in 1911 and adopted as the national anthem in 1950. [[Vande Mataram]] was composed in [[Sadhu bhasha|Sanskritised Bengali]] by [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee|Bankimchandra Chatterjee]] in the 1870s and inspired people during their fight for freedom.

__NOTOC__{{compact TOC|w=|x=|name=no|side=yes|custom1=Partially recognized states|seealso=yes|notes=yes|refs=yes|further=yes|extlinks=yes}}

==UN member states and observer states==
<div style ="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" border=1
! scope="col" | State
! scope=col| National anthem{{efn|Only [[United Nations member states]] and [[United Nations General Assembly observers|observer states]] are included in this table.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml |title=List of Member States |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=18 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/members/nonmembers.shtml |title=List of Observer States |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=18 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509204646/http://www.un.org/en/members/nonmembers.shtml |archive-date=9 May 2009 }}</ref>}}

! width=150pt | Date adopted (de jure)
! scope="col" | Lyricist
! width="200pt" | Composer/Artist
! width="250pt" | Audio
! | Length
! | Ref.
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|A}}{{sort|Afghanistan|}} {{Flag|Afghanistan}}
| "[[This Is the Home of the Brave|Dā də Bātorāno Kor]]" ("This is the Home of the Brave")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1996|1996, 2021 ''de facto''}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| Unknown
| {{*sound|Dā də bātorāno kor.wav|"Dā də Bātorāno Kor"}}
| 4m 26s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kłagisz |first1=Mateusz M. P. |last2=Drozdowska |first2=Marta |date=2023-04-13 |title=Concepts of hewād 'Homeland' and millat 'Nation' in Modern Pashto-Language Schoolbooks |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ic/27/1/article-p39_3.xml |journal=Iran and the Caucasus |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=39–53 |doi=10.1163/1573384X-02701003 |issn=1573-384X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Malik |first1=Tasleem |last2=Jan |first2=Faizullah |last3=Ullah |first3=Zia |date=2023-12-31 |title=The epistemicide in Afghanistan: an analysis of Taliban's policies towards national and cultural symbols |journal=Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=61–80 |doi=10.47264/idea.lassij/7.2.4 |issn=2664-8148 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Albania|}} {{Flag|Albania}}
| "[[Himni i Flamurit]]" ("The Hymn of the Flag")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1912|1912}}
| [[Aleksandër Stavre Drenova]]
| [[Ciprian Porumbescu]]
| {{*sound|Hymni i Flamurit instrumental.ogg|"Himni i Flamurit"}}
| 1m 6s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/2/mode/2up 2]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Algeria|}} {{Flag|Algeria}}
| "[[Kassaman]]" ("We Pledge")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1962|1962, 2008}}
| [[Moufdi Zakaria]]
| [[Mohamed Fawzi (singer)|Mohamed Fawzi]]
| {{*sound|National anthem of Algeria, by the U.S. Navy Band.oga| "Kassaman"}}
| 1m 13s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.embassyofalgeria-rsa.org/index.php/en-gb/about-algeria/national-anthem |title=National Anthem |publisher=Embassy of Algeria |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Andorra|}} {{Flag|Andorra}}
| "[[El gran Carlemany]]" ("The Great Charlemagne")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1921|1921}}
| Enric Marfany Bons
| [[Juan Benlloch y Vivó]]
| {{*sound|El Gran Carlemany.ogg|"El Gran Carlemany"}}
| 1m 6s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/10/mode/2up 10]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Angola|}} {{Flag|Angola}}
| "[[Angola Avante]]" ("Onward Angola")
| style="text-align:center" |{{sort|a1975|1975}}
| [[Manuel Rui Alves Monteiro]]
| {{ill|Rui Alberto Vieira Dias Mingas|pt|lt=Rui Mingas}}
| {{*sound|filename=Angolan-National-Anthem-_US-Navy-Band.ogg|title="Angola Avante"}}
| 1m 4s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Angola|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/angola/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184356/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/angola/|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2021|access-date=16 August 2014|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Antigua and Barbuda|}} {{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
| "[[Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1967|1967, 1981 ''de facto''}}
| [[Novelle Richards]]
| [[Walter P. Chambers]]
| {{*sound|Antigua and Barbuda National Anthem.ogg|"Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee"}}
| 1m 1s
| style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/llibrary/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print_ac.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510012506/https://www.cia.gov/llibrary/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print_ac.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 May 2017 |title=Antigua and Barbuda |work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=9 October 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|Minahan|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA658 658]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Argentina|}} {{Flag|Argentina}}
| "[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]" ("Argentine National Anthem")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1813|1813}}
| [[Vicente López y Planes]]
| [[Blas Parera]]
| {{*sound|Himno Nacional Argentino instrumental.ogg|"Himno Nacional Argentino"}}
| 3m 33s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.casarosada.gov.ar/nuestro-pais/simbolos-nacionales |title=Símbolos Nacionales |publisher=Presidency of the Argentine Nation |language=es |trans-title=National Symbols |access-date=21 November 2011 |quote=La necesidad de tener una canción patriótica, que surgió con la Revolución de Mayo y que el Triunvirato supo comprender, se ve plasmada hoy en el Himno Nacional Argentino, con música de Blas Parera, letra de Vicente López y Planes, y arreglo de Juan P. Esnaola.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=El Himno Nacional Argentino |trans-title=The Argentine National Anthem |last=Vega |first=Carlos |year=1962 |publisher=Eudeba |location=Buenos Aires |language=es }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Armenia|}} {{Flag|Armenia}}
| "[[Mer Hayrenik]]" ("Our Fatherland")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1918|1918, 1991}}
| [[Mikael Nalbandian]]
| [[Barsegh Kanachyan]]
| {{*sound|Mer Hayrenik instrumental.ogg|"Mer Hayrenik"}}
| 0m 28s (one verse)
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/24/mode/2up 24]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Australia|}} {{Flag|Australia}}
| "[[Advance Australia Fair]]"{{efn|name=queen| "[[God Save the King]]" is the royal anthem of Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, the Bahamas, Canada, Jamaica, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, the Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu, and one of New Zealand's two national anthems.}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1974|1974, 1984}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[Peter Dodds McCormick]]
| {{*sound|U.S. Navy Band, Advance Australia Fair (instrumental).ogg|"Advance Australia Fair"}}
| 0m 54s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/nat_anthem.html|title=The Australian National Anthem|publisher=[[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]|access-date=1 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023080802/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/nat_anthem.html|archive-date=23 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/library/handbook/national_symbols/index.htm |title=Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia – National Symbols |publisher=[[Parliament of Australia]] |date=21 September 2005 |access-date=1 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830052800/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/handbook/national_symbols/index.htm |archive-date=30 August 2007 |url-status=dead }} (proclamation by Governor-General dated 19 April 1984)</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Austria|}} {{Flag|Austria}}
| "[[Land der Berge, Land am Strome|Bundeshymne der Republik Österreich]]" ("National Anthem of the Republic of Austria")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1946|1946}} (as instrumental) {{sort|a1947|1947}} (with lyrics)
| [[Paula von Preradović]]
| [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]/{{ill|Johann Holzer|de}}
| {{*sound|Land der Berge Land am Strome instrumental.ogg|"National Anthem of the Republic of Austria"}}
| 1m 29s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/30/mode/2up 31]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Azerbaijan|}} {{Flag|Azerbaijan}}
| "[[Azərbaycan marşı]]" ("Azerbaijan's Anthem")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1920|1920, 1992}}
| [[Ahmed Javad]]
| [[Uzeyir Hajibeyov]]
| {{*sound|National Anthem of the Republic of Azerbaijan instrumental.ogg|"Azərbaycan Dövlət Himni"}}
| 2m 12s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name=natanthem>{{cite web|url=http://www.azerbaijan.az/portal/General/Symbols/stateSymbols_e.html|title=The National Symbols of the Republic of Azerbaijan|publisher=Heydar Aliyev Foundation|access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.az/files/file/12.pdf|title=Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət himni haqqında|publisher=mfa.gov.az|access-date=3 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|B}}{{sort|Bahamas|}} {{Flag|Bahamas}}
| "[[March On, Bahamaland]]"{{efn|name=queen}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1973|1973}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| Timothy Gibson
| {{*sound|National anthem of the Bahamas.oga| "March On, Bahamaland"}}
| 1m 15s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=National Symbols|url=https://www.bahamasembdc.org/about/national-symbols/|access-date=September 28, 2020|work=[[Embassy of the Bahamas in Washington, D.C.|Embassy of the Bahamas to the United States of America]]|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bahamas)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The Bahamas]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619003952/https://www.bahamasembdc.org/about/national-symbols/?doing_wp_cron=1592527192.6023869514465332031250|archive-date=June 19, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Minahan|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA664 664]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Bahrain|}} {{Flag|Bahrain}}
| "[[Bahrainona]]" ("Our Bahrain")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1971|1971}}
| Mohamed Sudqi Ayyash
| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"| Unknown
| {{*sound|Bahraini Anthem.ogg|"Our Bahrain"}}
| 0m 49s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bahrain/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111045543/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bahrain|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2021|title=Bahrain|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Bangladesh|}} {{Flag|Bangladesh}}
| "[[Amar Shonar Bangla]]" ("My Golden Bengal")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1971|1971}} (provisional) {{sort|a1972|1972}} (official)
| [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| [[Samar Das]]
| {{*sound|Amar Sonar Bangla instrumental by US Navy Band.oga|"Amar Shonar Bangla"}}
| 2m 15s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite book |last=Komol |first=Khalid Hasan |year=2012 |chapter=Das, Samar |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Das,_Samar |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Barbados|}} {{Flag|Barbados}}
| "[[In Plenty and In Time of Need]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1966|1966}}
| Irving Burgie
| C. Van Roland Edwards
| {{*sound|United States Navy Band - In Plenty and In Time of Need.ogg|"In Plenty and In Time of Need"}}
| 1m 19s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/barbados/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109130832/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/barbados|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|title=Barbados|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Belarus|}} {{Flag|Belarus}}
| "[[My Belarusy]]" ("We, the Belarusians"){{efn| "My Belarusy" was originally adopted by the [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]].}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1955|1955}} (music) {{sort|a2002|2002}} (with current lyrics)
| [[Michael Klimovich]]
| [[Nestar Sakalowski]]
| {{*sound|Anthem-belarus-2002-instr-standard_2004.ogg|"My Belarusy"}}
| 3m 32s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belarus-misc.org/anthem.htm|title=The National Anthem of Belarus|year=2005|work=A Belarus Miscellany|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012054636/http://www.belarus-misc.org/anthem.htm|archive-date=12 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.president.gov.by/press15629.html|title=Указ № 350 ад 2 лiпеня 2002 г.|date=2 July 2002|language=be |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304085452/http://www.president.gov.by/press15629.html |archive-date=4 March 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Belgium|}} {{Flag|Belgium}}
|"[[La Brabançonne]]" ("The Brabantian")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1860|1860}}
| [[Jenneval]] (Louis-Alexandre Dechet)
| [[François Van Campenhout]]
| {{*sound|The Brabanconne.ogg|"The Brabançonne"}}
| 1m 3s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Courrier des Pays-Bas: La Brabançonne.|url=http://www.magasinpittoresque.be/belgique/la-brabanconne.htm|access-date=3 April 2013}}</ref><ref>Francis Martens, ''La Belgique en chantant'', pp. 19–40, in Antoine Pickels and Jacques Sojcher (eds.), ''Belgique: toujours grande et belle'', issues 1–2, Éditions Complexe, Brussels, 1998</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Belize|}} {{Flag|Belize}}
| "[[National anthem of Belize|Land of the Free]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1981|1981}}
| [[Samuel Alfred Haynes]]
| [[Selwyn Walford Young]]
| {{*sound|Land of the Free instrumental.ogg|"Land of the Free"}}
| 2m 42s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belize/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109132306/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belize|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|title=Belize|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Benin|}} {{Flag|Benin}}
| "[[L'Aube Nouvelle]]" ("The Dawn of a New Day")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1960|1960}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| Gilbert Jean Dagnon
| {{*sound|L'Aube Nouvelle.ogg|"L'Aube Nouvelle"}}
| 1m 8s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/benin/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093606/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/benin|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|title=Benin|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Bhutan|}} {{Flag|Bhutan}}
| "[[Druk Tsenden]]" ("The Thunder Dragon Kingdom")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1953|1953}}
| Dasho Gyaldun Thinley
| Aku Tongmi
|
|1m 45s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite book |title=The Origin and Description of The National Flag and National Anthem of The Kingdom of Bhutan |first1=Dorji |last1=Penjore |first2=Sonam |last2=Kinga |publisher=The Centre for Bhutan Studies |location=[[Thimphu]] |year=2002 |url=http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/pubFiles/nationalflag.pdf |page=14 |isbn=99936-14-01-7 |access-date=19 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723163319/http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/pubFiles/nationalflag.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Independence Days: Holidays and Celebrations |first=Amy Hackney |last=Blackwell |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60413-101-7 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QMyL9Dpp378C |access-date=29 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Bolivia|}} {{Flag|Bolivia}}
| "[[National Anthem of Bolivia|Himno Nacional de Bolivia]]" ("National Anthem of Bolivia")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1851|1851}}
| [[José Ignacio de Sanjinés]]
|Leopoldo Benedetto Vincenti
| {{*sound|Himno Nacional de Bolivia instrumental.ogg|"Himno Nacional de Bolivia"}}
| 1m 41s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bolivia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109130841/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bolivia|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|title=Bolivia|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Bosnia and Herzegovina|}} {{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
| "[[Državna himna Bosne i Hercegovine]]" ("The National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1999|1999}} (de facto) {{sort|a2001|2001}} (de jure)
| Awaiting official approval
| [[Dušan Šestić]]
|
| 0m 25s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>[http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/bosnia-anthem-gets-lyrics-after-10-years "Bosnia Anthem Gets Lyrics After 10 Years"], ''Bosnia Insight'', 23 February 2009.</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Botswana|}} {{Flag|Botswana}}
| "[[Fatshe leno la rona]]" ("Blessed Be This Noble Land")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1966|1966}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| Kgalemang Tumedisco Motsete
| {{*sound|United_States_Navy_Band_-_Fatshe_leno_la_rona.ogg|"Fatshe leno la rona"}}
| 0m 57s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202201/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|title=Botswana|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Brazil|}} {{Flag|Brazil}}
| "[[Brazilian National Anthem|Hino Nacional Brasileiro]]" ("Brazilian National Anthem")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1890|1890}} {{sort|a1922|1922}} (lyrics adopted)
| [[Joaquim Osório Duque Estrada]]
| [[Francisco Manuel da Silva]]
| {{*sound|Hino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg|"Hino Nacional Brasileiro"}}
| 3m 21s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andersonantunes/2014/07/02/a-brief-history-of-the-brazilian-national-anthem-and-why-it-is-the-tune-of-the-world-cup/|title=A Brief History Of The Brazilian National Anthem, And Why It Is The Tune Of The World Cup|first=Anderson|last=Antunes|website=Forbes}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Brunei|}} {{Flag|Brunei}}
| "[[Allah Peliharakan Sultan]]" ("God Bless the Sultan")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1984|1984}}
| [[Yura Halim|Pengiran Haji Mohamed Yusuf bin Abdul Rahim]]
| [[Besar Sagap|Besar bin Sagap]]
| {{*sound|United States Navy Band - Allah Peliharakan Sultan.oga| "Allah Peliharakan Sultan"}}
| 1m 5s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brunei/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109130905/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brunei|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|title=Brunei|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Bulgaria|}} {{Flag|Bulgaria}}
| "[[Mila Rodino]]" ("Dear Motherland")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1964|1964}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[Tsvetan Radoslavov]]
| {{*sound|Mila Rodino instrumental.ogg|"Mila Rodino"}}
| 2m 1s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://socbg.com/2014/04/химнът-на-българия-през-превратности.html|title=Химнът на България през превратностите на времето|website=socbg.com|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Burkina Faso|}} {{Flag|Burkina Faso}}
| "[[Une Seule Nuit]]" ("One Single Night")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1984|1984}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[Thomas Sankara]]
| {{*sound|National anthem of Burkina Faso.oga|Une Seule Nuit}}
| 1m 47s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020045/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2021|title=Burkina Faso|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Burundi|}} {{Flag|Burundi}}
| "[[Burundi Bwacu]]" ("Our Burundi")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1962|1962}}
| Jean-Baptiste Ntahokaja and others
| Marc Barengayabo
| {{*sound|Burundi_Bwacu_instrumental.ogg|"Burundi Bwacu"}}
| 1m 50s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burundi/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109132310/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burundi|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|title=Burundi|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|C}}{{sort|Cambodia|}} {{Flag|Cambodia}}
| "[[Nokor Reach]]" ("Royal Kingdom")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1941|1941, 1975, 1993}}
| Samdach [[Chuon Nat]]
| F. Perruchot and J. Jekyll
| {{*sound|United States Navy Band - Nokoreach.ogg|"Nokoreach"}}
| 1m 30s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109091724/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|title=Cambodia|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Cameroon|}} {{Flag|Cameroon}}
| "[[O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers|O Cameroun, Berceau de nos Ancêtres]]" ("O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1957|1957}} (French version) {{sort|a1978|1978}} (English version)
| René Djam Afame, Samuel Minkio Bamba, Moïse Nyatte Nko'o (French), Dr [[Bernard Fonlon]] (English)
| René Djam Afame
|{{*sound| Instrumental-national-anthem-Cameroon.ogg| "O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers"}}
| 0m 58s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110023649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2021|title=Cameroon|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Canada|}} {{Flag|Canada}}
| "[[O Canada]]" ("Ô Canada"){{efn|name=queen}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1980|1980}}
| [[Adolphe-Basile Routhier]] (French); [[Robert Stanley Weir]] (English)
| [[Calixa Lavallée]]
| {{*sound| "O Canada", performed by the United States Third Marine Aircraft Wing Band.oga| "O Canada"}}
| 1m 23s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web| url=http://canada.pch.gc.ca/eng/1443808632931#a11| author=Department of Canadian Heritage| author-link=Department of Canadian Heritage| title=Patrimoine canadien – Hymne national du Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=26 June 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226163345/http://canada.pch.gc.ca/eng/1443808632931#a11| archive-date=26 February 2016| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=House of Commons debates, official report |last=Canada. Parliament, House of Commons. |year=1964 |publisher=Queen's Printer |volume=11 |page=11806 |url=http://parl.canadiana.ca/view/oop.debates_HOC2602_11/458?r=0&s=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=DeRocco|first=David|title=From sea to sea to sea: a newcomer's guide to Canada|year=2008|publisher=Full Blast Productions|isbn=978-0-9784738-4-6|pages=121–122}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Cape Verde|}} {{Flag|Cape Verde}}
| "[[Cântico da Liberdade]]" ("Song of Freedom")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1996|1996}}
| Amílcar Spencer Lopes
| Adalberto Higino Tavares Silva
| {{*sound|Cântico da Liberdade (instrumental).ogg|"Cântico da Liberdade"}}
| 1m 11s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5r3QDwbZ_ZkC&dq=Adalberto+Higino+Tavares+Silva+Am%C3%ADlcar+Spencer+Lopes&pg=PT75|title=Hinos de todos os países do mundo|last=Berg|first=Tiago José|date=26 November 2012|publisher=Panda Books|isbn=9788578881917|pages=75}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Central African Republic|}} {{Flag|Central African Republic}}
| "[[La Renaissance]]" ("The Rebirth")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1960|1960}}
| [[Barthélémy Boganda]]
| [[Herbert Pepper]]
| {{*sound|La Renaissance (1960s recording).ogg|”La Renaissance}}
| 1m 6s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/central-african-republic/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110054329/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/central-african-republic|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2021|title=Central African Republic|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Chad|}} {{Flag|Chad}}
| "[[La Tchadienne]]" ("People of Chad")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1960|1960}}
| [[Louis Gidrol]] and others
| [[Paul Villard]]
| {{*sound|La Tchadienne (instrumental).ogg|"La Tchadienne"}}
| 1m 1s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkB1GaR2SXEC&dq=tchadienne+Louis+Gidrol+Paul+Villard&pg=PA69|title=Chad in Pictures|last=Zuchora-Walske|first=Christine|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=9781575059563}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Chile|}} {{Flag|Chile}}
| "[[National Anthem of Chile|Himno Nacional de Chile]]" ("National Anthem of Chile")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1828|1828}}
| [[Eusebio Lillo]]
| [[Ramón Carnicer]]
| {{*sound|Himno Nacional de Chile.ogg|"Himno Nacional de Chile"}}
| 2m 2s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.revistachilena.com/Himno_Nacional_de_Chile.html|title=Himno Nacional de Chile|access-date=22 June 2020|author=Revista Chilena}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|China, People's Republic of|}} {{Flag|China}}
| "[[Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ]]" ("March of the Volunteers")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1949|1949}} (provisional) 1982 (official) 2004 (constitutional)
| [[Tian Han]]
| [[Nie Er]]
| {{*sound| March of the Volunteers instrumental.ogg|"Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ"}}
| 0m 44s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{lang|zh|[http://www.gov.cn/guoqing/2005-05/24/content_2615210.htm 《中华人民共和国国歌》]}} [''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guógē'', "National Anthem of the People's Republic of China"]. [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] (Beijing), 2015. Accessed 21 January 2015. {{in lang|zh}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Colombia|}} {{Flag|Colombia}}
| "[[National Anthem of Colombia|Himno Nacional de la República de Colombia]]" ("National Anthem of the Republic of Colombia")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1920|1920}}
| [[Rafael Núñez (politician)|Rafael Núñez]]
| [[Oreste Sindici]]
| {{*sound|United States Navy Band - ¡Oh, gloria inmarcesible!.ogg|"Himno Nacional de la República de Colombia"}}
| 2m 41s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023539/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2021|title=Colombia|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Comoros|}} {{Flag|Comoros}}
| "[[Udzima wa ya Masiwa]]" ("The Union of the Great Islands")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1978|1978}}
| Said Hachim Sidi Abderemane
| Said Hachim Sidi Abderemane and Kamildine Abdallah
| {{*sound|National Anthem of Comoros by US Navy Band.ogg|"Udzima wa ya Masiwa"}}
| 1m 37s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/comoros/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110042946/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/comoros|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2021|title=Comoros|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|D}}{{sort|Democratic Republic of the Congo|}} {{Flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
| "[[Debout Congolais]]" ("Arise Congolese")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1960|1960}}, {{sort|a1997|1997}}
| [[Joseph Lutumba]]
| Simon-Pierre Boka di Mpasi Londi
| {{*sound|National anthem of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.ogg|"Debout Congolais"}}
| 1m 27s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laconscience.com/article.php?id_article=1807 |title=" Debout congolais " : petite histoire d'un grand Hymne ! |work=La Conscience |language=fr |date=29 June 2005 |access-date=19 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124060414/http://www.laconscience.com/article.php?id_article=1807 |archive-date=24 January 2009 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Republic of the Congo|}} {{Flag|Republic of the Congo}}
| "[[La Congolaise]]" ("The Congolese")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1959|1959}}, {{sort|a1991|1991}}
| Jacques Tondra and Georges Kibanghi
| Jean Royer and Joseph Spadilière
| {{*sound|National anthem of the Republic of the Congo.oga| "La Congolaise"}}
| 1m 15s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109222956/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|title=Congo, Republic of the|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Costa Rica|}} {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
| "[[Noble patria, tu hermosa bandera|Himno Nacional de Costa Rica]]" ("National Anthem of Costa Rica")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1852|1852}}
| [[José María Zeledón Brenes]]
|Manuel María Gutiérrez
| {{*sound|Costa Rica National Anthem.ogg|"Himno Nacional de Costa Rica"}}
| 1m 50s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/costa-rica/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111084149/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/costa-rica|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2021|title=Costa Rica|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Croatia|}} {{Flag|Croatia}}
| "[[Lijepa naša domovino]]" ("Our Beautiful Homeland"){{efn| "Lijepa naša domovino" was originally adopted by the [[Socialist Republic of Croatia]].}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1972|1972}}
| [[Antun Mihanović]]
| [[Josip Runjanin]]
| {{*sound|Lijepa nasa domovino instrumental.ogg|"Lijepa naša domovino"}}
| 0m 59s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=lijep|url=http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=e19uWBE%3D&keyword=lijep|website=Hrvatski jezični portal|publisher=Novi Liber / Srce|language=hr|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.mvep.hr/en/about-croatia/state-emblems/national-anthem/|title=State emblems}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Cuba|}} {{Flag|Cuba}}
| "[[La Bayamesa|El Himno de Bayamo]]" ("The Anthem of Bayamo")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1902|1902, 1909}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[Perucho Figueredo]]
| {{*sound|Cuban national anthem (abridged version), performed by the U.S. Navy Band.oga| "El Himno de Bayamo"}}
| 0m 53s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nacion.cult.cu/en/arf.htm|title=Symbols of the cuban nation|website=www.nacion.cult.cu|access-date=27 April 2020|archive-date=28 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228110658/http://www.nacion.cult.cu/en/arf.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Cyprus|}} {{Flag|Cyprus}}
| "[[Hymn to Liberty|Ýmnos eis tīn Eleutherían]]" ("Hymn to Liberty"){{efn|name=hymn| "Hymn to Liberty" or "Hymn to Freedom" is the national anthem of both Cyprus and Greece.}}{{efn|By the power of the [[Constitution of Cyprus]], the Turkish national anthem "[[İstiklâl Marşı]]" was used when a Turkish Cypriot representative was present. The practice lasted up to 1963.}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1966|1966}}
| [[Dionýsios Solomós]]
| [[Nikolaos Mantzaros]]
| {{*sound|Greece national anthem.ogg|"Ýmnos eis tīn Eleutherían"}}
| 0m 45s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cyprus/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202203/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cyprus|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|title=Cyprus|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Czech Republic|}} {{Flag|Czech Republic}}
| "[[Kde domov můj?|Kde domov můj]]" ("Where My Home is"){{efn|name=CS|Originally adopted by [[Czechoslovakia]] as a part of its hymn in 1918 (together with Slovak "Nad Tatrou sa blýska"), and later in 1993 by the Czech Republic (already without the Slovak part).}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1918|1918, 1990}}
| [[Josef Kajetán Tyl]]
| [[František Škroup]]
| {{*sound|Czech anthem.ogg|"Kde domov můj"}}
| 1m 12s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://aplikace.mvcr.cz/archiv2008/sbirka/1993/sb02-93.pdf|title=Ročník 1993 – Sbírka Zákonů České Republiky |language=cs|publisher=Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic|date=1993|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522060319/http://aplikace.mvcr.cz/archiv2008/sbirka/1993/sb02-93.pdf|archive-date=22 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gössel|first=Gabriel|display-authors=etal|title=Kde domov můj: státní hymna České republiky v proměnách doby|trans-title=The Czech Republic's national anthem down the ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0L6PgAACAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Government of the Czech Republic|isbn=978-80-87041-42-0}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2| {{sort|Denmark|}} {{Flag|Denmark}}
| "[[Kong Christian stod ved højen mast]]"{{efn|One of two Danish national anthems, but this one is mainly used for royal and military occasions<ref name="Denmark2" />}} {{small|("King Christian stood by the lofty mast")}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1780|1780}}
| [[Johannes Ewald]]
| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"| Unknown
| {{*sound|United States Navy Band - Kong Kristian stod ved højen mast.ogg|"Kong Christian stod ved højen mast"}}
| 1m 11s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref name="Denmark1">{{Cite web|title=Instruks for Udenrigstjenesten|author=Udenrigsministeriet|publisher=Retsinformation|date=6 August 2001|url=https://www.retsinformation.dk/forms/R0710.aspx?id=22926|access-date=30 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Denmark2">{{cite web |title=Not one but two national anthems |url=http://denmark.dk/en/quick-facts/national-anthems/ |website=denmark.dk |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320092839/http://denmark.dk/en/quick-facts/national-anthems/ |archive-date=20 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| "[[Der er et yndigt land]]"{{efn|Although both Danish anthems have equal status, this one is regarded as the civil national anthem of Denmark.<ref name="Denmark2" />}} {{small|("There is a lovely land")}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1835|1835}}
| [[Adam Oehlenschläger]]
| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"| [[Hans Ernst Krøyer]]
| {{*sound|United States Navy Band - Der er et yndigt land.ogg|"Der er et yndigt land"}}
| 1m 20s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref name="Denmark1" /><ref name="Denmark2" />
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Djibouti|}} {{Flag|Djibouti}}
| "[[Djibouti (anthem)|Djibouti]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1977|1977}}
| Aden Elmi
| Abdi Robleh
| {{*sound|The Djiboutian anthem.ogg|"Djibouti"}}
| 0m 48s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite news |title=NCNA Reports on Djibouti Independence Ceremony |date=27 June 1977 |publisher=U.S. Foreign Broadcast Information Service |location=Djibouti}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Dominica|}} {{Flag|Dominica}}
| "[[Isle of Beauty, Isle of Splendour]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1978|1978}}
| Wilfred Oscar Morgan Pond
| Lemuel McPherson Christian
| {{*sound|National_Anthem_of_Dominica_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg|"Isle of Beauty, Isle of Splendour"}}
| 0m 49s
| style="text-align:center"| {{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/188/mode/2up 188]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Dominican Republic|}} {{Flag|Dominican Republic}}
| "[[National Anthem of the Dominican Republic|Himno Nacional]]" ("National Anthem")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1934|1934}}
| [[Emilio Prud'Homme]]
| [[José Rufino Reyes y Siancas]]
| {{*sound|Dominican Republic National Anthem.ogg|"Himno Nacional"}}
| 1m 37s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/dominican-republic/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109090613/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/dominican-republic|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|title=Dominican Republic|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|E}}{{sort|East Timor|}} {{Flag|East Timor}}
| "[[Pátria]]" ("Fatherland")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1975|1975, 2002}}
| [[Francisco Borja da Costa]]
| Afonso de Araujo
| {{*sound|East Timorese national anthem.wav| "Pátria"}}
| 2m 9s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{cite web|title=Símbolu Nasionál|url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=34&lang=tp|publisher=Governul Timor-Leste|access-date=11 December 2014|language=tet}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Ecuador|}} {{Flag|Ecuador}}
| "[[Salve, Oh Patria]]" ("Hail, Oh Fatherland")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1948|1948}}
| [[Juan León Mera]]
| [[Antonio Neumane]]
| {{*sound|Anthem of Ecuador.ogg|"Salve, Oh Patria"}}
| 3m 19s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>[http://www.presidencia.gov.ec/articulog.php?ar_codigo=241&ca_codigo=112&ca_padre=0 Presidency of Ecuador] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619202100/http://www.presidencia.gov.ec/articulog.php?ar_codigo=241&ca_codigo=112&ca_padre=0 |date=19 June 2009 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Egypt|}} {{Flag|Egypt}}
| "[[Bilady, Bilady, Bilady]]" ("My Country, My Country, My Country")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1923|1923}} {{sort|a1952|1952}} (unofficial) {{sort|a1979|1979}} (official)
| Mohamed Younis Al-Qady (adapted from a speech by [[Mustafa Kamil Pasha|Mustafa Kamil]])
| [[Sayed Darwish]]
| {{*sound|Bilady, Bilady, Bilady.ogg|"Bilady, Bilady, Bilady"}}
| 1m 26s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egypt-cairo.com/egypt_national_anthem.html|title=Egypt National Anthem|website=Egypt Cairo|access-date=1 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025185139/http://www.egypt-cairo.com/egypt_national_anthem.html|archive-date=25 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|El Salvador|}} {{Flag|El Salvador}}
| "[[National Anthem of El Salvador|Himno Nacional de El Salvador]]" ("National Anthem of El Salvador")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1879|1879}} (de facto) {{sort|a1953|1953}} (de jure)
| [[Juan José Cañas (writter)|Juan José Cañas]]
| [[Juan Aberle]]
| {{*sound|El Salvador National Anthem.ogg|"Himno Nacional de El Salvador"}}
| 4m 14s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/el-salvador/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110024846/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/el-salvador|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2021|title=El Salvador|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Equatorial Guinea|}} {{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
| "[[Caminemos pisando las sendas de nuestra inmensa felicidad]]" ("Let Us Tread the Path of our Immense Happiness")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1968|1968}}
| [[Atanasio Ndongo Miyone]]
| Ramiro Sánchez Lopes
| {{*sound|Equatorial Guinea's national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga| "Caminemos pisando las sendas de nuestra inmensa felicidad"}}
| 1m 54s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{cite journal|author=Cusack, Igor|title=African National Anthems: 'Beat the Drums, the Red Lion Has Roared'|journal= Journal of African Cultural Studies |volume=17|issue=2|year=2005|pages= 235–51|jstor=4141312|doi=10.1080/13696850500448337|s2cid=163149597}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Eritrea|}} {{Flag|Eritrea}}
| "[[Ertra, Ertra, Ertra]]" ("Eritrea, Eritrea, Eritrea")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1993|1993}}
|Solomon Tsehaye Beraki
|Isaac Abraham Meharezghi and Aron Tekle Tesfatsion
| {{*sound|National_Anthem_of_Eritrea_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg|"Ertra, Ertra, Ertra"}}
| 1m 59s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023243/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2021|title=Eritrea|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Estonia|}} {{Flag|Estonia}}
| "[[Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm]]" ("My Fatherland, My Happiness and Joy")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1920|1920, 1990}}
| [[Johann Voldemar Jannsen]]
| [[Fredrik Pacius]]
| {{*sound|US Navy band - National anthem of Estonia.ogg|"Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm"}}
| 0m 32s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.president.ee/en/estonia/symbols.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114120240/http://www.president.ee/en/estonia/symbols.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 January 2006|title=The President of the Republic of Estonia: National Symbols|date=14 January 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eesti.ee/en/republic-of-estonia/republic-of-estonia/national-anthem-of-the-republic-of-estonia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904211401/https://www.eesti.ee/en/republic-of-estonia/republic-of-estonia/national-anthem-of-the-republic-of-estonia/|url-status=live|archive-date=4 September 2017|title=National anthem of the Republic of Estonia|access-date=31 March 2019|publisher=Republic of Estonia|translator=Jenny Wahl}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Eswatini|}} {{Flag|Eswatini}}
| "[[Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati]]" ("O Lord our God of the Swazi")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1968|1968}}
| Andrease Enoke Fanyana Simelane
| David Kenneth Rycroft
| {{*sound|Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati (instrumental).ogg|"Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati"}}
| 1m 8s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eswatini/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110035003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eswatini|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2021|title=Eswatini|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Ethiopia|}} {{Flag|Ethiopia}}
| "[[Wodefit Gesgeshi, Widd Innat Ityopp'ya]]" ("March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1992|1992}}
| Dereje Melaku Mengesha
| Solomon Lulu Mitiku
| {{*sound|Wedefit Gesgeshi Widd Innat Ittyoppya.ogg|"Wodefit Gesgeshi, Widd Innat Ityopp'ya"}}
| 1m 24s
| style="text-align:center"| {{sfn|Minahan|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA830 830]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethiopianembassy.ie/about-ethiopia.html|title=About Ethiopia|website=Embassy of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in Ireland|date=4 December 2010|access-date=27 April 2020|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021155700/http://ethiopianembassy.ie/about-ethiopia.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|F}}{{sort|Fiji|}} {{Flag|Fiji}}
| "[[God Bless Fiji|Meda Dau Doka]]" ("God Bless Fiji")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1970|1970}}
| Michael Francis Alexander Prescott
| Charles Austin Miles
| {{*sound|Fiji National Anthem.ogg|"Meda Dau Doka"}}
| 1m 26s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/fiji/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109110936/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/fiji|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|title=Fiji|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Finland|}} {{Flag|Finland}}
| Finnish: "[[Maamme]]" Swedish: "[[Maamme|Vårt Land]]" ("Our Land")
| style="text-align:center" | {{sort|a1917|1917}}{{efn|First performed in 1848. National anthem status gained through convention after independence in 1917.}}
| [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]] (Swedish) [[Paavo Cajander]] (Finnish)
| [[Fredrik Pacius]]
| {{*sound|United_States_Navy_Band_-_Maamme.ogg|"Maamme"}}
| 0m 46s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://finland.fi/life-society/the-finnish-national-anthem/ |title=The Finnish national anthem |website= This Is Finland |date=29 March 2011 |publisher=Finland Promotion Board, [[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland)|Ministry for Foreign Affairs]] |access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|France|}} {{Flag|France}}
| "[[La Marseillaise]]" ("The Marseillaise")
| style="text-align:center" |{{sort|a1795|1795, 1870}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle]]
| {{*sound|La Marseillaise.ogg|"La Marseillaise"}}
| 1m 19s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name="Marseillaise">{{cite web |title=La Marseillaise |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/marseill.html |access-date=17 April 2008 |publisher=[[Fordham University]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|G}}{{sort|Gabon|}} {{Flag|Gabon}}
| "[[La Concorde]]" ("The Concorde")
| style="text-align:center" |{{sort|a1960|1960}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[Georges Aleka Damas]]
| {{*sound|La_Concorde.ogg|"La Concorde"}}
| 1m 45s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gabon/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109131603/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gabon|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|title=Gabon|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|The Gambia|}} {{Flag|The Gambia}}
| "[[For The Gambia Our Homeland]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1965|1965}}
| Virginia Julie Howe
| Jeremy Frederick Howe
| {{*sound|For The Gambia Our Homeland (instrumental).ogg|"For The Gambia Our Homeland"}}
| 1m 20s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221852/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|title=Gambia, The|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Georgia|}} {{Flag|Georgia}}
| "[[Tavisupleba]]" ("Freedom")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a2004|2004}}
| [[David Magradze]]
| [[Zakaria Paliashvili]]
| {{*sound|Georgian national anthem.wav| "Tavisupleda"}}
| 1m 26s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/georgia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109075731/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/georgia|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|title=Georgia|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Germany|}} {{Flag|Germany}}
| "[[Deutschlandlied|Lied der Deutschen]]" ("Song of the Germans"){{efn|Only the third stanza is the official national anthem.}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1922|1922, 1952}}
| [[August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben]]
| [[Joseph Haydn]]
| {{*sound|National anthem of Germany - U.S. Army 1st Armored Division Band.ogg|"Lied der Deutschen"}}
| 1m 20s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>[http://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/hoffmann-von-fallersleben-auf-helgoland-wie-die-deutsche.1001.de.html?dram:article_id=364148 "Wie die deutsche Nationalhymne nach feucht-fröhlicher Runde entstand"] by Claus-Stephan Rehfeld, [[Deutschlandfunk]], 26 August 2016</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Ghana|}} {{Flag|Ghana}}
| "[[God Bless Our Homeland Ghana]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1957|1957}}
|Government committee
| [[Philip Gbeho]]
| {{*sound|National Anthem of Ghana.ogg|"God Bless Our Homeland Ghana"}}
| 0m 57s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/254/mode/2up 255]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Greece|}} {{Flag|Greece}}
| "[[Hymn to Liberty|Hýmnos is tin Eleftherían]]" ("Hymn to Liberty" or "Hymn to Freedom"){{efn|name=hymn}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1865|1865}}
| [[Dionýsios Solomós]]
| [[Nikolaos Mantzaros]]
| {{*sound|Greece national anthem.ogg|"Ýmnos eis tīn Eleutherían"}}
| 0m 45s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1311&Itemid=59&lang=en|script-title=el:Εθνικός Ύμνος|trans-title=National Anthem|language=el|publisher=www.presidency.gr|access-date=30 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503193202/http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc34_en/prc34_en?OpenDocument}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Grenada|}} {{Flag|Grenada}}
| "[[Hail Grenada]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1974|1974}}
| Irva Merle Baptiste
| Louis Arnold Masanto
| {{*sound|HailGrenada.ogg|"Hail Grenada"}}
| 1m 17s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/grenada/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110035007/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/grenada|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2021|title=Grenada|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Guatemala|}} {{Flag|Guatemala}}
| "[[Himno Nacional de Guatemala]]" ("National Anthem of Guatemala")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1897|1897}}
| [[José Joaquín Palma]]
|Rafael Álvarez Ovalle
| {{*sound|National anthem of Guatemala, by the U.S. Navy Band.oga|"Himno Nacional de Guatemala"}}
| 1m 38s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guatemala/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109122643/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guatemala|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|title=Guatemala|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Guinea|}} {{Flag|Guinea}}
| "[[Liberté (anthem)|Liberté]]" ("Freedom")
| style="text-align:center" |{{sort|a1958|1958}}
| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"| Unknown
| Kodofo Moussa
| {{*sound|Liberté.oga|"Liberté"}}
| 1m 12s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea/|title=Guinea|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Guinea-Bissau|}} {{Flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
| "[[Esta É a Nossa Pátria Amada]]" ("This Is Our Beloved Country")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1974|1974}}
| [[Amílcar Cabral]]
| [[Xiao He (composer)|Xiao He]]
|
| 1m 1s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110022253/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2021|title=Guinea-Bissau|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Guyana|}} {{Flag|Guyana}}
| "[[Dear Land of Guyana, of Rivers and Plains]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1966|1966}}
| Archibald Leonard Luker
| Robert Cyril Gladstone Potter
| {{*sound|National Anthem of Guyana.ogg|"Dear Land of Guyana, of Rivers and Plains"}}
| 0m 53s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gRARCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT210|title=Musical Life in Guyana: History and Politics of Controlling Creativity|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|date=21 May 2015|last=Cambridge|first=Vibert C.|pages=209–213|isbn=9781626746442}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|H}}{{sort|Haiti|}} {{Flag|Haiti}}
| "[[La Dessalinienne]]" ("Song of Dessalines")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1904|1904}}
| [[Justin Lhérisson]]
| [[Nicolas Geffrard (musician)|Nicolas Geffrard]]
| {{*sound|Haiti National Anthem.ogg|"La Dessalinienne"}}
| 0m 37s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mJB8hZzjxIC&q=national+anthem&pg=PA151 |title=Historical Dictionary of Haiti |author=Hall, Michael R. |page=182 |year=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810878105 |access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Honduras|}} {{Flag|Honduras}}
| "[[National Anthem of Honduras|Himno Nacional de Honduras]]" ("National Anthem of Honduras")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1915|1915}}
|Augusto Constancio Coello
| [[Carlos Hartling]]
| {{*sound|Honduras National Anthem.ogg|"Himno Nacional de Honduras"}}
| 2m 47s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/honduras/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111115717/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/honduras|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2021|title=Honduras|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Hungary|}} {{Flag|Hungary}}
| "[[Himnusz]]" ("Hymn")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1844|1844}} (de facto) {{sort|a1989|1989}} (de jure)
| [[Ferenc Kölcsey]]
| [[Ferenc Erkel]]
| {{*sound|National anthem of Hungary, performed by the United States Navy Band (May 1997 arrangement).oga| "Himnusz"}}
| 1m 41s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name="hirado">{{cite web|url= http://www.hirado.hu/2015/01/20/a-himnusz-tortenete/ |title=A Himnusz története |language=hu |trans-title=History of Himnusz |access-date=17 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ogyk.hu/hu/blog/posts/a-himnusz-ugye-az-orszaggyules-elott |title=A Himnusz ügye az Országgyűlés előtt|language=hu|trans-title=The matter of the anthem before Parliament|access-date=17 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|I}}{{sort|Iceland|}} {{Flag|Iceland}}
| "[[Lofsöngur]]" ("Hymn")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1944|1944}}
| [[Matthías Jochumsson]]
| [[Sveinbjörn Sveinbjörnsson]]
| {{*sound|Lofsöngur.ogg|"Lofsöngur"}}
| 1m 39s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Worldmark Encyclopedia of Nations|title=Iceland – History|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/places/germany-scandinavia-and-central-europe/scandinavian-political-geography/iceland#HISTORY|access-date=26 April 2017|edition=12th|year=2007|publisher=Thomson Gale}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|India|}} {{Flag|India}}
| "[[Jana Gana Mana]]" ("Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1950|1950}}
| [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| [[Ram Singh Thakuri]]
| {{*sound|Jana Gana Mana instrumental.ogg|"Jana Gana Mana"}}
| 0m 52s
| style="text-align:center"| <ref name="Britannica2008">{{cite book|title=Britannica Encyclopedia of India (set of 6 volumes)|year=2008|page=167|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica India|isbn=978-81-8131-008-8|url=https://154.82.111.112.sslip.io/dl2/Twk8LSYuHnq4MAoIYcGoIoVXj7dM4pggdPG05aKC_9caO60Gl8VT6u-lWvYPDXBx3yzkQ1nKfB-msGP3dHCDL-DDdO0MA3s7qtGh6du_t5aJP6-DBcaDBpgUyQ4aFiOThwgvUzXPhvQyxl9gbcfG6Nz06mlfLm2eXgxfNTcnK3M45SrNP-evadCNqUrcWg-uzQfDOFzy3P-rsGjCxJJWlsMtdNUjovhPKuGskO2TWTmFlt7oM2UUfQJapk7fguY6m1nwNLJnenkMKN1RWyerRRWh8zZO5MuMo1nfTnmsBqdqAAp5q-NKDkYPD_ymwVRNvHUHJfudjVbxzKN3b2AB16zmFdETp4Gj9kGEkjWosCrIUMyGcga_lX_htaVI1LPwiXWZAH6hr8OR0SubAHPNIzoAq2FXOb8xgfd6FtzcvUnaiLahsVFduMn-Y4f7pdcOwO6F5amtKhAb12jhct_hCcQaQ6ON9Lrf_TdCQaCE11ynYK7XOnmUvfhFDxM85LQtTnG2RH6h7oM3KKZb9b4QcILCF9xXI_D3zKSNtmlNIw5if6zcPb6i4if01yRS7l-EU3WUWE6TKRoJSc1wCmcv2pGctkPmFyZhKjBp4KtFab_E1iPydl7bDgW1XGQVu6JEf9ayWL1EMn3ZVBGPl1W8RIuUNzKXkBK3NyRmFip8EKcAKRrPr4xkNmZ-jYzly8eaWOIUgmpkpFFibMpSCs6s8mhrhGfho4vmMiNoGGqWqN978sgVpHbLJPzJUruz7JdNyjMAGKkeATN7OSLrukJ_wWC3L6G-sao2JN6pd_lkERnHobWvbp4kuA0zOACG3ZWQbVOKFS3qAd560q_h4kwIoLnNWrm5x4fgYjc__16hGQirCA_CAm2c7SkQKFO0AzwoVJpoeSi9yiZmu6R0nvncaEwljSdgkF_Wvziy9PIEkek0H2BUhAYyWnTxOG2XIL0ZwDqJv1iCz4MhnAY4XrNVRTcC2_xomBDEauE38xZWz8-cqNcNhdv9Kv5tTb6fiHBlw3zL6td_1dK5xhzdQEplI0N3qVsrcrNipxwvGD6MqRY67XJZ5AoXwFEvhLVNJW3E2tKIl2za6pnqcZnYJveycKwVXChR3QC2hWiDBqqb6aGfGAwOneBOv_oGP9YABJtj71YFsug0CfGSJhq8IovlYcVSePTubDHdBKU19JJWYGRnX06YsCF_7vlYDUeMhfskfmHKHy5pMh_Arjsl2XgelTbCjB9Th7XDB6A6CWBchEp7XyjPnX6prN151UBA48e-KZMuZVsAylNG5U-eCUu5RWYq8TTUz0TBEFhOmElV1lcqOyX615c8aDTxYfz9aa-AEJfTpAAe0YTb7YEfhv09LIv8Kp1JPC9Qob9-2ny57lnryibfAxJgeF_7rRKJ1Y_OuAOjOf6CMHszQhq3OpEI1gThfetPNfwC9vnwLw/Uf6lciqB}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Indonesia|}} {{Flag|Indonesia}}
| "[[Indonesia Raya]]" ("Indonesia the Great")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1945|1945}} (original) {{sort|a1950|1950}} (official)
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[Wage Rudolf Soepratman]]
|{{*sound|Indonesia Raya instrumental.ogg|"Indonesia Raya"}}
| 1m 43s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110162630/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2021|title=Indonesia|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Iran|}} {{Flag|Iran}}
| "[[National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Soroud-e Melli-e Jomhouri-e Eslami-e Iran]]" ("National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1990|1990}}
| Sayed Bagheri
| Hassan Riyahi
| {{*sound|Sorud-e Mellí-e Yomhurí-e Eslamí-e Irán (instrumental).oga| "Mehr-e Khâvarân"}}
| 0m 57s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/304/mode/2up 305]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Iraq|}} {{Flag|Iraq}}
| "[[Mawtini]]" ("My Homeland")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a2004|2004}}
| [[Ibrahim Touqan]]
| [[Mohammed Flayfel]]
| {{*sound|United States Navy Band - Mawtini.ogg|"Mawtini"}}
| 1m 45s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2020-10-09|title=Iraq puts new national anthem and flag 'on hold'|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/features/2015/05/11/Iraq-puts-new-national-anthem-flag-on-hold-says-official-|date=11 May 2015|website=[[Al Arabiya]] English}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Ireland|}} {{Flag|Ireland}}
| "[[Amhrán na bhFiann]]" ("The Soldier's Song")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1926|1926}}
| [[Peadar Kearney]] (English) [[Liam Ó Rinn]] (Irish)
| [[Peadar Kearney]] and [[Patrick Heeney]]
| {{*sound|United States Navy Band - Amhrán na bhFiann.ogg|"Amhrán na bhFiann"}}
| 0m 59s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/52a628-the-national-anthem/ |title=Gov.ie - The National Anthem |date=November 2018 |publisher=Government of Ireland |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Israel|}} {{Flag|Israel}}
| "[[Hatikvah]]" ("The Hope")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1948|1948}}
| [[Naftali Herz Imber]]
| [[Samuel Cohen (Jewish settler)|Samuel Cohen]]
| {{*sound|Hatikvah instrumental.ogg|"HaTikvah"}}
| 1m 14s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zion |first1=Ilan Ben |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-an-unwieldy-romantic-poem-and-a-romanian-folk-song-combined-to-produce-hatikva/ |title=How an unwieldy romantic poem and a Romanian folk song combined to produce 'Hatikva' |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=16 April 2013 |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Italy|}} {{Flag|Italy}}
| "[[Il Canto degli Italiani]]" ("The Song of the Italians")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1946|1946}} (de facto) {{sort|a2017|2017}} (de jure)
| [[Goffredo Mameli]]
| [[Michele Novaro]]
| {{*sound|Canto degli Italiani - Marina Militare (strumentale).wav|"Il Canto degli Italiani"}}
| 1m 39s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thelocal.it/20171116/italy-finally-has-official-national-anthem |title=Italy finally has an official national anthem |date=16 November 2017 |publisher=[[The Local]] |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/italy/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235252/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/italy|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021|title=Italy - The World Factbook|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=27 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Ivory Coast|}} {{Flag|Ivory Coast}}
| "[[L'Abidjanaise]]" ("Song of Abidjan")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1960|1960}}
| {{ill|Mathieu Vangah Ekra|fr|Mathieu Ekra}}, {{ill|Joachim Bony|fr}} and {{ill|Pierre Marie Coty|fr}}
| {{ill|Pierre-Michel Pango|fr}}
| {{*sound|United States Navy Band - National Anthem of Côte D'Ivoire "L'Abidjanaise".ogg|"L'Abidjanaise"}}
| 1m 9s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/162/mode/2up 163]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|J}}{{sort|Jamaica|}} {{Flag|Jamaica}}
| "[[Jamaica, Land We Love]]"{{efn|name=queen}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1962|1962}}
| Hugh Sherlock
| Robert Lightbourne
| {{*sound| "Jamaica, Land We Love", performed by the United States Navy Band.oga| "Jamaica, Land We Love"}}
| 1m 21s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jis.gov.jm/information/anthem-pledge/ |title=Anthem & Pledge - Jamaica Information Service |publisher=Jamaica Information Service |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Japan|}} {{Flag|Japan}}
| "[[Kimigayo]]" ("His Majesty's Reign")<ref>{{cite news | title=Elementary schools face new mandate: Patriotism, 'Kimigayo' | date=29 March 2008 | publisher=Kyodo News | url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080329a3.html | work=The Japan Times Online | access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1869|1869}} (original music) {{sort|a1870|1870}} (lyrics) {{sort|a1880|1880}} (current music) {{sort|a1999|1999}} (law)
| Traditional [[Waka poem]] from the [[Kokin Wakashū]] (first published in 905)
| Yoshiisa Oku and Akimori Hayashi; usually credited to [[Hiromori Hayashi]]
| {{*sound|Kimi ga Yo instrumental.ogg|"Kimi ga Yo"}}
| 0m 59s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/japanese-national-anthem-kimigayo-2028070 |title=Kimigayo: Japanese National Anthem |publisher=ThoughtCo |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Jordan|}} {{Flag|Jordan}}
| "[[The Royal Anthem of Jordan|Al-salam Al-malaki Al-urdoni]]" ("The Royal Anthem of Jordan")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1946|1946}}
| [[Abdelmunim Rifai|Abdul Monem Al-Refai]]
| Abdul Qader al-Taneer
| {{*sound|National anthem of Jordan instrumental.ogg|"Al-salam Al-malaki Al-urdoni"}}
| 0m 36s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wisconsin.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/6e1734da-6ace-40db-b276-46e725de893f/jordanian-anthem/ |title=Jordanian Anthem | PBS LearningMedia |publisher=PBS & WGBH Educational Foundation |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|K}}{{sort|Kazakhstan|}} {{Flag|Kazakhstan}}
| "[[Meniñ Qazaqstanım]]" ("My Kazakhstan")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a2006|2006}}
| Zhumeken Nazhimedenov (with modifications by [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]])
| [[Shamshi Kaldayakov]]
| {{*sound|Kazakhstan 2006.ogg|"Meniñ Qazaqstanım"}}
| 1m 50s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/330/mode/2up 330]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Kenya|}} {{Flag|Kenya}}
| "[[Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]]" ("Oh God of All Creation")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1963|1963}}
| Graham Hyslop, G. W. Senoga-Zake, Thomas Kalume, Peter Kibukosya, and Washington Omondi
| The Anthem Commission
| {{*sound|National anthem of Kenya, performed by the United States Navy Band.wav| "Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"}}
| 1m 52s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kenyahighcom.org.uk/flag-anthem.html |title=Flag and Anthem |publisher=Kenya High Commission United Kingdom |access-date=5 July 2020 |archive-date=21 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421111414/https://kenyahighcom.org.uk/flag-anthem.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Kiribati|}} {{Flag|Kiribati}}
| "[[Kunan Kiribati]]" ("Song of Kiribati")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1979|1979}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[Tamuera Ioteba Uriam]]
| {{*sound|Kiribati Anthem Performed by US Navy Band.oga| "Teirake Kaini Kiribati"}}
| 0m 45s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/336/mode/2up 336]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|North Korea|}} {{Flag|North Korea}}
| "[[Aegukka]]" ("The Patriotic Song")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1947|1947}}
| [[Pak Seyŏng]]
| [[Kim Wŏn'gyun]]
| {{*sound|Aegukka - National Anthem of North Korea.wav|"Aegukka"}}
| 1m 42s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dprktoday.com/index.php?type=72&no=4093&for=e |title=National Anthem of the DPRK |website=[[DPRK Today]] |access-date=5 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212040736/http://www.dprktoday.com/index.php?type=72&no=4093&for=e |archive-date=12 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|South Korea|}} {{Flag|South Korea}}
| "[[Aegukga]]" ("The Patriotic Song")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1948|1948}}
| An Chang-ho
| [[Ahn Eak-tae]]
| {{*sound|South Korean national anthem.wav| "Aegukga"}}
| 0m 57s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mois.go.kr/eng/sub/a03/nationalSymbol_2/screen.do |title=The National Anthem - Aegukga |publisher=[[Ministry of the Interior and Safety (South Korea)|Ministry of the Interior and Safety]] |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Kuwait|}} {{Flag|Kuwait}}
| "[[Al-Nasheed Al-Watani]]" ("National Anthem")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1978|1978}}
| [[Ahmad Meshari Al-Adwani]]
| Ibrahim Al-Soula
| {{*sound|National anthem of Kuwait (instrumental).ogg|"Al-Nasheed Al-Watani"}}
| 0m 35s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/344/mode/2up 345]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Kyrgyzstan|}} {{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
| "[[National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic|Kyrgyz Respublikasynyn Mamlekettik Gimni]]" ("National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1992|1992}}
| Djamil Sadykov and Eshmambet Kuluev
| Nasyr Davlesov and Kalyi Moldobasanov
| {{*sound|National Anthem of Kyrgyzstan.ogg|"Kyrgyz Respublikasynyn Mamlekettik Gimni"}}
| 2m 3s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/348/mode/2up 348]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|L}}{{sort|Laos|}} {{Flag|Laos}}
| "[[Pheng Xat Lao]]" ("Hymn of the Lao People")
| style="text-align:center" |{{sort|a1945|1945}}
| Sisana Sisane
| Thongdy Sounthonevichit
| {{*sound|National Anthem of Laos.ogg|"Pheng Xat Lao"}}
| 0m 50s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/352/mode/2up 352]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Latvia|}} {{Flag|Latvia}}
| "[[Dievs, svētī Latviju!]]" ("God Bless Latvia")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1920|1920, 1990}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[Kārlis Baumanis]]
| {{*sound|Latvian National Anthem.ogg|"Dievs, svētī Latviju!"}}
| 1m 45s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.president.lv/en/republic-of-latvia/national-anthem#gsc.tab=0 |title=National Anthem | Website of the President of Latvia |publisher=Chancery of the President of Latvia |access-date=5 July 2020 |archive-date=6 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706005538/https://www.president.lv/en/republic-of-latvia/national-anthem#gsc.tab=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Lebanon|}} {{Flag|Lebanon}}
| "[[Lebanese National Anthem]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1927|1927}}
| Rashid Nakhle
| [[Wadia Sabra]]
| {{*sound|Lebanese national anthem.ogg|"Lebanese National Anthem"}}
| 0m 51s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lebanesearabicinstitute.com/lebanese-national-anthem/ |title=Lebanese National Anthem - Lebanese Arabic Institute |date=22 November 2016 |publisher=Lebanese Arabic Institute |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Lesotho|}} {{Flag|Lesotho}}
| "[[Lesotho Fatše La Bontata Rona]]" ("Lesotho, Land of Our Fathers")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1967|1967}}
| [[François Coillard]]
| [[Ferdinand-Samuel Laur]]
| {{*sound|National anthem of Lesotho, performed by the U.S. Navy Band.wav| "Lesotho Fatše La Bontata Rona"}}
| 0m 43s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/362/mode/2up 363]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Liberia|}} {{Flag|Liberia}}
| "[[All Hail, Liberia, Hail!]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1847|1847}}
| [[Daniel Bashiel Warner]]
| [[Olmstead Luca]]
| {{*sound|Liberia National Anthem.ogg|"All Hail, Liberia, Hail!"}}
| 1m 28s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/364/mode/2up 365]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Libya|}} {{Flag|Libya}}
| "[[Libya, Libya, Libya]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a2011|2011}}
| Al Bashir Al Arebi
| [[Mohammed Abdel Wahab]]
| {{*sound|Libya, Libya, Libya instrumental.ogg|"Libya, Libya, Libya!"}}
| 1m 8s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx?SSID=26&ParentID=20&LangID=1 |title=Libyan National Anthem |publisher=[[National Transitional Council]] |access-date=5 July 2020 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721231231/http://www.ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx?SSID=26&ParentID=20&LangID=1|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Liechtenstein|}} {{Flag|Liechtenstein}}
| "[[Oben am jungen Rhein]]" ("High on the young Rhine")
| style="text-align:center" |{{sort|a1963|1963}}
| Jakob Josef Jauch
| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"| Unknown{{efn|Uses the same melody as "[[God Save the King]]"}}
| {{*sound|Oben am jungen Rhein, by the U.S. Navy Band.ogg|"Oben am jungen Rhein"}}
| 1m 25s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.liechtenstein.li/en/country-and-people/state-symbols/national-anthem/ |title=National anthem |publisher=Principality of Liechtenstein |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Lithuania|}} {{Flag|Lithuania}}
| "[[Tautiška giesmė]]" ("National Song")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1919|1919, 1988}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[Vincas Kudirka]]
| {{*sound|Tautiška giesme instumental.ogg|"Tautiška giesmė"}}
| 1m 47s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/376/mode/2up 376]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Luxembourg|}} {{Flag|Luxembourg}}
| "[[Ons Heemecht]]" ("Our Homeland")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1895|1895}} (de facto) {{sort|a1993|1993}} (de jure)
| [[Michel Lentz]]
| [[Jean Antoine Zinnen]]
| {{*sound|Ons_Heemecht.ogg|"Ons Heemecht"}}
| 1m 24s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://luxtimes.lu/archives/22649-do-you-know-luxembourg-s-national-anthem |title=Do you know Luxembourg's national anthem? |date=11 December 2017 |publisher=[[Luxemburger Wort|Luxembourg Times]] |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|M}}{{sort|Madagascar|}} {{Flag|Madagascar}}
| "[[Ry Tanindrazanay malala ô!]]" ("Oh, Beloved Land of our Ancestors")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1959|1959}}
| [[Pastor Rahajason]]
| Norbert Raharisoa
| {{*sound|Ry Tanindrazanay malala ô! (instrumental).ogg|"Ry Tanindrazanay malala ô!"}}
| 1m 2s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/386/mode/2up 387]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Malawi|}} {{Flag|Malawi}}
| "[[Mulungu dalitsa Malaŵi]]" ("God Bless Malawi")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1964|1964}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[Michael-Fredrick Paul Sauka]]
| {{*sound|Malawi.ogg|"Mulungu dalitsa Malaŵi"}}
| 0m 52s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/390/mode/2up 390]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Malaysia|}} {{Flag|Malaysia}}
| "[[Negaraku]]" ("My Country")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1957|1957}}
| multiple
| [[Pierre-Jean de Béranger]]
| {{*sound|Negaraku instrumental.ogg|"Negaraku"}}
| 1m 24s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30107 |title=National Anthem |publisher=[[MAMPU]] |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Maldives|}} {{Flag|Maldives}}
| "[[Gaumii salaam]]" ("National Salute")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1972|1972}}
| [[Mohamed Jameel Didi]]
| [[Pandit Wannakuwattawaduge Don Amaradeva]]
| {{*sound|Gaumii salaam.ogg|"Gaumii salaam"}}
| 1m 8s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.sun.mv/40609 |title=Lanka musician who composed Maldivian national anthem dies |publisher=Sun Media Group |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Mali|}} {{Flag|Mali}}
| "[[Le Mali]]" ("Mali")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1962|1962}}
| [[Seydou Badian Kouyate]]
| [[Banzumana Sissoko]]
| {{*sound|Malian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.ogg|"Le Mali"}}
| 1m 19s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/400/mode/2up 400]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Malta|}} {{Flag|Malta}}
| "[[L-Innu Malti]]" ("The Maltese Hymn")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1964|1964}}
| [[Dun Karm Psaila]]
| [[Robert Samut]]
| {{*sound|Malta National Anthem.ogg|"L-Innu Malti"}}
| 0m 49s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/Our-national-anthem.552524 |title=Our national anthem |newspaper=[[Times of Malta]] |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Marshall Islands|}} {{Flag|Marshall Islands}}
| "[[Forever Marshall Islands]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1991|1991}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[Amata Kabua]]
| {{*sound|National_Anthem_of_Marshall_Islands_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg|"Forever Marshall Islands"}}
| 2m 18s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/408/mode/2up 408]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Mauritania|}} {{Flag|Mauritania}}
| "[[National anthem of Mauritania|Bilada-l ubati-l hudati-l kiram]]" ("Country of the Proud, Guiding Noblemen")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a2017|2017}}
| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"| Unknown
| [[Rageh Daoud]]
| {{*sound|United States Navy Band - Bilāda l-ʾubāti l-hudāti l-kirām.ogg|Bilada-l ubati-l hudati-l kiram}}
| 1m 27s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritania/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107034713/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritania/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2021 |title=Mauritania|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Mauritius|}} {{Flag|Mauritius}}
| [[Motherland (anthem)|"Motherland"]]
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1968|1968}}
| Jean Georges Prosper
| Philippe Gentil (M.B.E. Esq.)
| {{*sound|Motherland (instrumental).ogg|"Motherland"}}
| 0m 59s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.govmu.org/English/ExploreMauritius/NationalSymbols/Pages/National-Anthem.aspx |title=National Anthem |publisher=[[Government of Mauritius]] |access-date=5 July 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806160205/http://www.govmu.org/English/ExploreMauritius/NationalSymbols/Pages/National-Anthem.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Mexico|}} {{Flag|Mexico}}
| "[[Himno Nacional Mexicano]]" ("Mexican National Anthem")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1943|1943}}
| [[Francisco González Bocanegra]]
| [[Jaime Nunó]]
| {{*sound|Himno Nacional Mexicano instrumental.ogg|"Himno Nacional Mexicano"}}
| 1m 42s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109085040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2021 |title=Mexico|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Micronesia|}} {{Flag|Micronesia}}
| "[[Patriots of Micronesia]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1991|1991}}
| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"| Unknown
| Traditional German song ([[Ich hab' mich ergeben]])
| {{*sound|Micronesia National Anthem.ogg|"Patriots of Micronesia"}}
| 0m 36s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/micronesia-federated-states-of/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109234754/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/micronesia-federated-states-of |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2021 |title=Micronesia, Federated States of |work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Moldova|}} {{Flag|Moldova}}
| "[[Limba noastră]]" ("Our Language")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1994|1994}} (unofficial) {{sort|a1995|1995}}
| [[Alexei Mateevici]]
| [[Alexandru Cristea]]
| {{*sound|Imnul Republicii Moldova US NAVY.ogg|"Limba noastră"}}
| 1m 11s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.presedinte.md/eng/hymn |title=The State Anthem of the Republic of Moldova |publisher=Presidency of the Republic of Moldova |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Monaco|}} {{Flag|Monaco}}
| "[[Hymne Monégasque]]" ("Monégasque Anthem")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1848|1848}}
| [[Louis Notari]]
| [[Charles Albrecht]]
| {{*sound|Monaco National Anthem.ogg|"Hymne Monégasque"}}
| 1m 18s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.palais.mc/en/the-institution/national-anthem-1-22.html |title=National Anthem |publisher=Prince's Palace of Monaco |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Mongolia|}} {{Flag|Mongolia}}
| "[[National anthem of Mongolia|Mongol ulsiin töriin duulal]]" ("National Anthem of Mongolia")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1950|1950}}
| [[Tsendiin Damdinsüren]]
| [[Bilegiin Damdinsüren]] and [[Luvsanjambyn Mördorj]]
| {{*sound|The_National_Anthem_of_Mongolia.ogg|"Mongol ulsiin töriin duulal"}}
| 2m 6s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/432/mode/2up 433]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Montenegro|}} {{Flag|Montenegro}}
| "[[Oj, svijetla majska zoro]]" ("O, Bright Dawn of May")
| style="text-align:center"|{{sort|a2004|2004}}
|folk song
| Žarko Mirković
| {{*sound|National Anthem of Montenegro.ogg|"Oj, svijetla majska zoro"}}
| 2m 5s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|first1=Alice|last1=Cuddy|access-date=2020-10-15|title=Montenegro to fine people who do not stand for national anthem|url=https://www.euronews.com/2018/10/08/people-who-don-t-stand-for-national-anthem-in-montenegro-could-soon-be-fined-2-000|date=8 October 2018|website=euronews}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2020-10-15|title=Žarko Mirković|url=http://www.canu.me/en/members/zarko-mirkovic|publisher=[[Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Morocco|}} {{Flag|Morocco}}
| "[[Cherifian Anthem|An-Nashid As-Sharif]]" ("Cherifian Anthem")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1956|1956}}
| Ali Squalli Houssaini
| Léo Morgan
| {{*sound|National Anthem of Morocco.ogg|"Cherifian Anthem"}}
| 1m 8s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/11/257002/author-moroccan-national-anthem-dies/ |title=Ali Squalli, Author of Moroccan National Anthem Dies at 86 |date=5 November 2018 |publisher=[[Morocco World News]] |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Mozambique|}} {{Flag|Mozambique}}
| "[[Pátria Amada]]" ("Beloved Homeland")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a2002|2002}}
| Salomão J. Manhiça and [[Mia Couto]]
| Justino Sigaulane Chemane
| {{*sound|Mozambican national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.wav| "Pátria Amada"}}
| 1m 1s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mozambique/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110035001/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mozambique |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2021 |title=Mozambique |work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Myanmar|}} {{Flag|Myanmar}}
| "[[Kaba Ma Kyei]]" ("Until the End of the World")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1947|1947}}
| U Sein Mya Maung<ref>{{cite journal |title=နိုင်ငံတော်သီချင်း ရာဇ၀င် |trans-title=State Anthem Chronicle |url= |journal=7 Day News Journal |volume=8 |issue=43}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://moemaka.net/wpmmk/archives/43454 |title=ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ ကမာၻမေၾက ဦးစိန္ျမေမာင္နဲ႔ ကဗ်ာဆရာႀကီး စိုင္းခမ္းလိတ္ (ဆရာဝန္) |trans-title=Myanmar State, Kaba Ma Kyei, U Sein Mya Maung and poet Sai Kham Late (Doctor)|language=my|author=Zaw Aung (Monywa) |date=2015 |website=MoeMaKa Burmese News & Media }}</ref>
| [[YMB Saya Tin]]
| {{*sound|U.S. Navy Band - Kaba Ma Kyei.oga|”Kaba Ma Kyei”}}
| 0m 40s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite act |type=law |index= |date=2010 |article=5(a) |article-type= |legislature=State Peace and Development Council |title=နိုင်ငံတော်သီချင်းဥပဒေ |trans-title=The National Anthem Law |page= |url=https://www.burmalibrary.org/en/national-anthem-law-spdc-law-no-102010 |language=my, en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|N}}{{sort|Namibia|}} {{Flag|Namibia}}
| "[[Namibia, Land of the Brave]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1991|1991}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[Axali Doëseb]]
| {{*sound|Namibia, Land of the Brave.ogg| "Namibia, Land of the Brave"}}
| 1m 29s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.na/national-symbols |title=National Symbols - GRN Portal |publisher=Government of Namibia |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513093122/https://www.gov.na/national-symbols |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Nauru|}} {{Flag|Nauru}}
| "[[Nauru Bwiema]]" ("Song of Nauru")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1968|1968}}
| [[Margaret Hendrie]]
| [[Laurence Henry Hicks]]
|{{*sound|Nauru_Bwiema.ogg|"Nauru Bwiema"}}
|1m 18s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nauru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nauru |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2021 |title=Nauru |work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Nepal|}} {{Flag|Nepal}}
| "[[Sayaun Thunga Phulka]]" ("Made of Hundreds of Flowers")
| style="text-align:center" |{{sort|a2007|2007}}
|Byakul Maila
| [[Amber Gurung]]
| {{*sound|Sayaun Thunga Phool Ka (instrumental).ogg|"Sayaun Thunga Phulka"}}
| 1m 10s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite news|date=9 August 2016|url=http://www.myrepublica.com/news/3513 |title=Nepal's national anthem third in 'The most amazing national anthems' list |work=My Republica |publisher=[[Republica (newspaper)|Republica]] |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Kingdom of the Netherlands|}} {{Flag|Netherlands}}
| "[[Wilhelmus]]" ("William")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1932|1932}}
| [[Philips of Marnix, Lord of Saint-Aldegonde|Philips of Marnix]], or [[Dirck Coornhert]] or [[Petrus Dathenus]]
| [[Adrianus Valerius]]
| {{*sound|United States Navy Band - Het Wilhelmus (tempo corrected).ogg|"The Wilhelmus"}}
| 1m 5s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.royal-house.nl/topics/national-anthem/music-lyrics-and-customs |title=Music, lyrics and customs |date=24 February 2015 |publisher=Royal House of the Netherlands |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2| {{sort|New Zealand|}} {{Flag|New Zealand}}
| "[[God Defend New Zealand]]"{{efn|name=queen}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1940|1940}} (national hymn) 1977 (national anthem) 
| [[Thomas Bracken]] (English version) Thomas H. Smith ([[Māori language|Māori]] version)
| [[John Joseph Woods]]
| {{*sound|God Defend New Zealand instrumental.ogg|"God Defend New Zealand"}}
| 1m 3s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/God-Defend-New-Zealand |title=God Defend New Zealand |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
| "[[God Save the King]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1977|1977}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| Unknown
| {{*sound|United States Navy Band - God Save the Queen.oga|"God Save the King"}}
| 1m 3s
| style="text-align:center"|
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Nicaragua|}} {{Flag|Nicaragua}}
| "[[Salve a ti, Nicaragua]]" ("Hail to Thee, Nicaragua")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1939|1939, 1971}}
| [[Salomón Ibarra Mayorga]]
| Luis A. Delgadillo
| {{*sound|National Anthem of Nicaragua.ogg|"Salve a ti, Nicaragua"}}
| 0m 56s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/462/mode/2up 463]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Niger|}} {{Flag|Niger}}
| "[[The Honor of the Fatherland|L'Honneur de la Patrie]]" ("The Honour of the Fatherland")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a2023|2023}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| Unknown
| {{*sound|Niger National Anthem The Honor of the Fatherland midi.mid|"L'Honneur de la Patrie"}}
| 1m 24s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://northafricapost.com/68884-niger-adopts-new-national-anthem.html|title=Niger adopts new national anthem|website=NorthAfricaPost.com|language=en|access-date=2023-06-25}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Nigeria|}} {{Flag|Nigeria}}
| "[[Nigeria, We Hail Thee]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1960|1960, 2024}}
| Lillian Jean Williams
| Frances Berda
| {{*sound|Nigeria We Hail Thee.ogg|"Nigeria, We Hail Thee"}}
| 1m 28s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 2024 |title=Nigeria's new anthem, written by a Briton, sparks criticism after a contentious law is passed |url=https://apnews.com/article/nigeria-new-national-anthem-6baee249c05b22d506873d42d9eebdec |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=Associated Press |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|North Macedonia|}} {{Flag|North Macedonia}}
| "[[Denes nad Makedonija]]" ("Today over Macedonia")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1992|1992}}
| [[Vlado Maleski]]
| [[Todor Skalovski]]
| {{*sound|Anthem of the Republic of Macedonia (Instrumental).ogg|"Denes nad Makedonija"}}
| 0m 50s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite book |title=Music, Words, and Nationalism: National Anthems and Songs in the Modern Era |publisher=Springer International Publishing |editor1=Javier Moreno-Luzón |editor2=María Nagore-Ferrer |isbn=9783031416446 |page=120 |date=2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Norway|}} {{Flag|Norway}}
| "[[Ja, vi elsker dette landet]]" ("Yes, We Love This Country"){{efn|Until the early 20th century, "[[Sønner av Norge]]" was the most recognised national anthem of Norway. Also "[[Norges Skaal]]" and "[[Mitt lille land]]" have at times been described as national anthems. Norway's unofficial royal anthem is "[[Kongesangen]]".}}
| style="text-align:center"|{{sort|a1864|1864}} ([[de facto]]) {{sort|a2019|2019}} ([[de jure]]){{efn| "[[Ja, vi elsker dette landet]]" was first performed in 1864, but only gradually came to replace the older national anthem "[[Sønner av Norge]]" as ''de facto'' national anthem. It was adopted as the official national anthem 11 December 2019.}}
| [[Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson]]
| [[Rikard Nordraak]]
| {{*sound|Norway (National Anthem).ogg|"Ja, vi elsker dette landet"}}
| 1m 2s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/norway/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023530/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/norway |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2021 |title=Norway |work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Saker/Sak/?p=76439&target=case-status|title=Representantforslag om å vedta at "Ja, vi elsker dette landet" skal anerkjennes som Norges offisielle nasjonalsang|date=4 June 2019|website=Stortinget}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|O}}{{sort|Oman|}} {{Flag|Oman}}
| "[[Nashid as-Salaam as-Sultani]]" ("Sultanic Salute") 
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1970|1970}}
| Rashid bin Uzayyiz Al Khusaidi
| James Frederick Mills, arranged by Bernard Ebbinghaus
| {{*sound|Peace to the Sultan (نشيد السلام السلطاني).ogg|"Nashid as-Salaam as-Sultani"}}
| 1m 54s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/oman/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110022251/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/oman |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2021 |title=Oman|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|P}}{{sort|Pakistan|}} {{Flag|Pakistan}}
| "[[Qaumī Tarāna]]" ("National Anthem")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1954|1954}}
| [[Hafeez Jullundhri]]
| [[Ahmed Ghulamali Chagla]]
| {{*sound|National anthem of Pakistan, instrumental.oga|"Qaumī Tarāna"}}
| 1m 22s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infopak.gov.pk/Anthem.aspx|title=Information of Pakistan|publisher=Infopak.gov.pk|access-date=31 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026111141/http://www.infopak.gov.pk/Anthem.aspx|archive-date=26 October 2007}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Palau|}} {{Flag|Palau}}
| "[[Belau rekid]]" ("Our Palau")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1981|1981}}
| multiple
| Ymesei O. Ezekiel
| {{*sound|Belau rekid (instrumental).oga| "Belau rekid"}}
| 0m 52s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/palau/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109110934/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/palau |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2021 |title=Palau |work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=9 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.palaugov.pw/about-palau/national-anthem/|title=National Anthem|publisher=Government of Palau|access-date=2020-10-10}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Palestine|}} {{Flag|Palestine}}
| "[[Fida'i]]" ("Fida'i")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1996|1996}}
| [[Said Al Muzayin]]
| [[Ali Ismael]]
|{{*sound|Anthem of Palestine.ogg|”Fida’i”}}
| 0m 58s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|author=Palestinian Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url=http://www.mofa.gov.ps/arabic/Palestine/anthem.php |title=Palestinian National Anthem |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205020442/http://www.mofa.gov.ps/arabic/Palestine/anthem.php |archive-date=5 February 2009 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Panama|}} {{Flag|Panama}}
| "[[Himno Istmeño]]" ("Hymn of the Isthmus")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1906|1906}}
| [[Jeronimo de la Ossa]]
| Santos Jorge
| {{*sound|Panama National Anthem.ogg|"Himno Istmeño"}}
| 1m 50s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110004759/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2021 |title=Panama |work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=9 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Papua New Guinea|}} {{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}
| "[[O Arise, All You Sons]]"{{efn|name=queen}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1975|1975}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| Tom Shacklady
| {{*sound|O Arise, All You Sons (instrumental).ogg|"O Arise, All You Sons"}}
| 0m 58s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite news|first=Matthew|last=Vari|access-date=2020-10-10|title=Oversight keeps National Anthem out of law for 29 years|url=https://postcourier.com.pg/oversight-keeps-national-anthem-law-29-years/|date=11 September 2018|work=[[Papua New Guinea Post-Courier]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Paraguay|}} {{Flag|Paraguay}}
| "[[Paraguayan National Anthem|Himno Nacional Paraguayo]]" ("Paraguayan National Anthem")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1846|1846}}
| [[Francisco Acuña de Figueroa]]
| [[Francisco José Debali]]
| {{*sound|Paraguay National Anthem.ogg|"Paraguayos, República o Muerte"}}
| 3m 11s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/496/mode/2up 497]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Peru|}} {{Flag|Peru}}
| "[[National Anthem of Peru|Himno Nacional del Perú]]" ("National Anthem of Peru")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1821|1821}}
| [[José de la Torre Ugarte y Alarcón]]
| [[Jose Bernardo Alcedo]]
| {{*sound|United States Navy Band - Marcha Nacional del Perú.ogg|"Himno Nacional del Perú"}}
| 3m 9s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mindef.gob.pe/vercontenido.php?archivo=menu/historicos/himno.htm&retorno=si |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113103630/http://www.mindef.gob.pe/vercontenido.php?archivo=menu/historicos/himno.htm&retorno=si |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 January 2013 |title=National Anthem of Peru |publisher=Peru Ministry of Defense|access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Philippines|}} {{Flag|Philippines}}
| "[[Lupang Hinirang]]" ("Chosen Land")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1898|1898}}
| [[José Palma]]
| [[Julián Felipe]]
| {{*sound|Lupang Hinirang instrumental.ogg|"Lupang Hinirang"}}
| 1m 2s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.philembassy.org.au/the-philippines/national-anthem |title=Philippine National Anthem |publisher=philembassy.org.au |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Poland|}} {{Flag|Poland}}
| "[[Poland Is Not Yet Lost|Mazurek Dąbrowskiego]]" ("Poland Is Not Yet Lost"){{efn|Also known by its incipit: "Jeszcze Polska nie zginęła, kiedy my żyjemy" ("Poland Is Not Yet Lost, So long as we still live").}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1927|1927}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[Józef Wybicki]]
| {{*sound|Mazurek Dabrowskiego.ogg|"Mazurek Dąbrowskiego"}}
| 0m 43s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://polishmusic.usc.edu/research/national-anthems/ |title=National Anthems of Poland |publisher=polishmusic.usc.edu |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Portugal|}} {{Flag|Portugal}}
| "[[A Portuguesa]]" ("The Portuguese")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1910|1910}}
| [[Henrique Lopes de Mendonça]]
| [[Alfredo Keil]]
| {{*sound|Hino Nacional da Republica Portuguesa.ogg|"A Portuguesa"}}
| 1m 18s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museu.presidencia.pt/expo_detail_full.php?id=1&ID=44 |title=Portuguese National Anthem |publisher=museu.presidencia.pt |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224223937/http://www.museu.presidencia.pt/expo_detail_full.php?id=1&ID=44 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|Q}}{{sort|Qatar|}} {{Flag|Qatar}}
| "[[As Salam al Amiri]]" ("Peace to the Amir")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1996|1996}}
| Sheikh Mubarak bin Saïf al-Thani
| Abdul Aziz Nasser Obaidan
| {{*sound|As_Salam_Al_Amiri_instrumental.ogg|"As Salam Al Amiri"}}
| 1m 27s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://doha.thaiembassy.org/en/content/29573-national-anthem-of-qatar |title=National Anthem of Qatar |publisher=Royal Thai Embassy, Doha Qatar |access-date=15 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|R}}{{sort|Romania|}} {{Flag|Romania}}
| "[[Deșteaptă-te, române!]]" ("Awaken Thee, Romanian!")
| style="text-align:center" |{{sort|a1990|1990}}
| [[Andrei Mureșanu]]
| [[Anton Pann]] and Gheorghe Ucenescu
| {{*sound|Desteapta-te, romane!.ogg|"Deșteaptă-te, române!"}}
| 2m 19s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|pp=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/524/mode/2up 525–526]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Russia|}} {{Flag|Russia}}
| "[[National anthem of Russia|Gosudarstvenny Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii]]" ("State Hymn of the Russian Federation")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a2000|2000}}
| [[Sergey Mikhalkov]]
| [[Alexander Vasilyevich Alexandrov]]
| {{*sound|National_Anthem_of_Russia_(2000),_instrumental,_one_verse.ogg|"Gosudarstvenny Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii"}}
| 1m 22s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/history/327753-russian-national-anthem |title=What is the puzzling story behind Russia's national anthem? |date=7 March 2018 |publisher=[[Russia Beyond]] |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Rwanda|}} {{Flag|Rwanda}}
| "[[Rwanda Nziza]]" ("Beautiful Rwanda")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a2002|2002}}
| Faustin Murigo
| Jean-Bosco Hashakimana
| {{*sound|Hymne National du Rwanda.ogg|"Rwanda Nziza"}}
| 2m 19s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/93829 |title=Can you sing the national anthem? |date=15 February 2010 |publisher=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|S}}{{sort|Saint Kitts and Nevis|}} {{Flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
| "[[O Land of Beauty!]]"{{efn|name=queen}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1983|1983}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| Kenrick Georges
| {{*sound|United States Navy Band - O Land of Beauty.ogg|"O Land of Beauty!"}}
| 1m 3s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/534/mode/2up 535]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Saint Lucia|}} {{Flag|Saint Lucia}}
| "[[Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1979|1979}}
| Charles Jesse
| Leton Felix Thomas
| {{*sound|National Anthem of Saint Lucia.ogg|"Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia"}}
| 0m 43s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.stlucia.gov.lc/saint_lucia/national_anthem/national_anthem_of_saint_lucia.htm |title=The National Anthem of Saint Lucia |publisher=Government of Saint Lucia |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|}} {{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
| "[[Saint Vincent, Land so beautiful]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1979|1979}}
| Phyllis Punnett
| Joel Bertram Miguel
| {{*sound|National Anthem of St Vincent and the Grenadines.ogg|"Saint Vincent, Land so Beautiful"}}
| 0m 51s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.vc/index.php/visitors/about-svg/national-anthem |title=National Anthem |publisher=Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/540/mode/2up 340]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Samoa|}} {{Flag|Samoa}}
| "[[The Banner of Freedom]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1962|1962}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| Sauni Iiga Kuresa
|{{*sound|Samoa Tulaʻi.ogg|"The Banner of Freedom"}}
|1m 13s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/542/mode/2up 542]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|San Marino|}} {{Flag|San Marino}}
| "[[Inno Nazionale della Repubblica]]" ("The National Anthem of the Republic")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1894|1894}}
| No official lyrics
| [[Federico Consolo]]
|{{*sound|Inno Nazionale della Repubblica.ogg|"Inno Nazionale della Repubblica"}}
| 0m 54s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanmarino.sm/on-line/en/home/san-marino/national-anthem.html |title=National Anthem |publisher=Official portal of the Republic of San Marino |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Sao Tome and Principe|}} {{Flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
| "[[Independência total]]" ("Total Independence")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1975|1975}}
| [[Alda Neves da Graça do Espírito Santo]]
| Manuel dos Santos Barreto de Sousa e Almeida
| {{*sound|Independência total (instrumental).ogg|"Independência total"}}
| 2m 5s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sao-tome.st/Consulat-Visa/Drapeau-Hymne |title=Drapeau & Hymne |publisher=Government of São Tomé and Príncipe |language=fr |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814162903/http://www.sao-tome.st/Consulat-Visa/Drapeau-Hymne |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Saudi Arabia|}} {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| "[[National Anthem of Saudi Arabia|As-Salam Al Malaki]]" ("The Royal Salute")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1950|1950}}
| Ibrahim Khafaji
| Abdul Rahman Al-Khateeb
| {{*sound|Saudi Arabian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga| "As-Salam Al Malaki"}}
| 0m 38s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/a-history-of-the-saudi-national-anthem-1.2281470 |title=A history of the Saudi national anthem |date=23 September 2018 |publisher=[[Al Nisr Publishing]] |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Senegal|}} {{Flag|Senegal}}
| "[[Le Lion rouge]]" ("The Red Lion")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1960|1960}}
| [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]]
| [[Herbert Pepper]]
| {{*sound|National Anthem of Senegal.ogg|"Pincez tous vos koras, frappez les balafons"}}
| 0m 56s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/554/mode/2up 554]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Serbia|}} {{Flag|Serbia}}
| "[[Bože pravde]]" ("God of Justice")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1882|1882, 2004}}
| [[Jovan Đorđević]]
| [[Davorin Jenko]]
| {{*sound|Serbian National Anthem instrumental.ogg|"Bože pravde"}}
| 1m 43s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srbija.gov.rs/cinjenice_o_srbiji/ustav_odredbe.php?id=217 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616134133/http://www.srbija.gov.rs/cinjenice_o_srbiji/ustav_odredbe.php?id=217 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 June 2013 |title=National Symbols and Anthem of the Republic of Serbia |publisher=Government of the Republic of Serbia |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Seychelles|}} {{Flag|Seychelles}}
| "[[Koste Seselwa]]" ("Join together all Seychellois")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1996|1996}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| David François Marc André and George Charles Robert Payet
| {{*sound|Koste Seselwa (instrumental).ogg|"Koste Seselwa"}}
| 1m 7s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/11168/Flag%2C+anthem%2C+emblem%2C+motto++patriotic+items+that+help+define+Seychelles+as+a+country |title=Flag, anthem, emblem, motto: 4 patriotic items that help define Seychelles as a country |publisher=[[Seychelles News Agency]] |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Sierra Leone|}} {{Flag|Sierra Leone}}
| "[[High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1961|1961}}
| [[Clifford Nelson Fyle]]
| [[John Akar]]
| {{*sound| National anthem of Sierra Leone.ogg|"High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free"}}
| 0m 46s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/562/mode/2up 563]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Singapore|}} {{Flag|Singapore}}
| "[[Majulah Singapura]]" ("Onward Singapore")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1959|1959}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[Zubir Said]]
| {{*sound|Majulah Singapura.ogg|"Majulah Singapura"}}
| 1m 19s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhb.gov.sg/what-we-do/our-work/community-engagement/education/resources/national-symbols/national-anthem |title=National Anthem |publisher=Government of Singapore |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Slovakia|}} {{Flag|Slovakia}}
| "[[Nad Tatrou sa blýska]]" ("Lightning Over the Tatras"){{efn|name=CS}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1993|1993}}
| [[Janko Matúška]]
| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"| Unknown; folk tune
| {{*sound|Lightning_over_the_Tatras.ogg|"Nad Tatrou sa blýska"}}
| 1m 18s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.https/ |title=Symbols |publisher=Slovak government |access-date=24 June 2024 |archive-date=19 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819141428/http://https/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/568/mode/2up 569]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Slovenia|}} {{Flag|Slovenia}}
| "[[Anthem of the Slovene nation|Zdravljica]]" ("A Toast"){{efn| "Zdravljica" was originally adopted by the [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia]]. Only the seventh stanza of the song is the national anthem.}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1989|1989}} (as regional anthem) {{sort|a1994|1994}} (as national anthem)
| [[France Prešeren]]
| [[Stanko Premrl]]
| {{*sound|Slovenia's national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga| "Zdravljica"}}
| 0m 56s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/572/mode/2up 572]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Solomon Islands|}} {{Flag|Solomon Islands}}
| "[[God Save Our Solomon Islands]]"{{efn|name=queen}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1978|1978}}
| [[Panapasa Balekana]] and [[Matila Balekana]]
| [[Panapasa Balekana]]
| {{*sound|Solomonislandsanthem.ogg|"God Save Our Solomon Islands"}}
|1m 22s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/574/mode/2up 575]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Somalia|}} {{Flag|Somalia}}
| "[[Qolobaa Calankeed]]" ("Praise to the Flag")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a2012|2012}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[Abdullahi Qarshe]]
| {{*sound|Somali national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga| "Qolobaa Calankeed"}}
| 1m 6s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://somaliembassyinbelgium.eu/sermons/national-anthem-of-somalia/ |title=National Anthem of Somalia |publisher=Somali Embassy in Belgium |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=7 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707092932/http://somaliembassyinbelgium.eu/sermons/national-anthem-of-somalia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|South Africa|}} {{Flag|South Africa}}
| "[[National anthem of South Africa]]"{{efn|The "National Anthem of South Africa" is a hybrid of "[[Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika]]" ("God Bless Africa") and "[[Die Stem van Suid-Afrika]]" ("The Call of South Africa").}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1997|1997}}
| [[Enoch Sontonga]] and [[C. J. Langenhoven]]
| [[Enoch Sontonga]] and Marthinus Lourens de Villiers
| {{*sound|South Africa National Anthem.ogg|"National Anthem of South Africa"}}
| 2m 3s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/national-symbols/national-anthem |title=National anthem |publisher=Government of South Africa |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|South Sudan|}} {{Flag|South Sudan}}
| "[[South Sudan Oyee!]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a2011|2011}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| Students and teachers of [[Juba University]], 2011<ref name="ssudan">{{cite news|last=Martell|first=Peter|title=A Song for South Sudan: Writing a New National Anthem|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12164171|access-date=10 July 2011|work=BBC News|date=11 January 2011}}</ref>
| {{*sound|South Sudan Oyee! (instrumental).ogg|"South Sudan Oyee!"}}
| 1m 17s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12164171 |title=A song for south Sudan: Writing a new national anthem |work=BBC News |date=12 January 2011 |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Spain|}} {{Flag|Spain}}
| "[[Marcha Real]]" ("Royal March")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1770|1770}}, 1942{{efn|Declared official "Honor March" by Charles III in 1770, abolished 1820-1823, adopted as the official Spanish anthem under Isabel II (r. 1833–1868), co-official during 1873-1874 and again abolished 1931-1939. Re-introduced in 1942.}}
| [[Alfonso XIII]]
| Manuel de Espinosa de los Monteros
| {{*sound|Marcha Real (1915).ogg|"La Marcha Real"}}
| 0m 54s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thelocal.es/20180223/no-word-on-spains-national-anthem |title=National anthem: Why Spain is lost for words |date=23 February 2018 |publisher=[[The Local]] |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Sri Lanka|}} {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
| "[[Sri Lanka Matha]]" ("Mother Sri Lanka")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1951|1951}}
| [[Ananda Samarakoon]] ([[Sinhala language|Sinhala]])
[[M. Nallathambi]] ([[Tamil language|Tamil]])<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-02-04|title=Sri Lankan anthem sung in Tamil for first time since 1949|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35495567|access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref>
| Ananda Samarakoon
| {{*sound|Sri Lankan national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga| "Sri Lanka Matha"}}
| 2m 53s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-the-troubled-history-of-sri-lankan-national-anthem-in-tamil-6251077/ |title=Explained: The troubled history of the Sri Lankan national anthem in Tamil |date=5 February 2020 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Sudan|}} {{Flag|Sudan}}
| "[[Nahnu Jund Allah Jund Al-watan]]" ("We Are the Army of God and of Our Land")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1956|1956}}
| Sayyed Ahmed Mohammed Salih
| Ahmad Murjan
| {{*sound|Sudan.ogg|"Nahnu Jund Allah Jund Al-watan"}}
| 0m 46s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/592/mode/2up 592]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Suriname|}} {{Flag|Suriname}}
| "[[God zij met ons Suriname]]" ("God Be With Our Suriname")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1959|1959}}
| Cornelis Atses Hoekstra and Henry de Ziel
| Johannes Corstianus de Puy
| {{*sound|Surinamese national anthem, performed by the U.S. Navy Band.ogg|"God zij met ons Suriname"}}
| 0m 54s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/594/mode/2up 594]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Sweden|}} {{Flag|Sweden}}
| "[[Du gamla, du fria]]" ("Thou Ancient, Thou Free"){{efn|Sweden's royal anthem is "[[Kungssången]]".}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1866|1866}} ''de facto'' (never adopted ''de jure'')
| [[Richard Dybeck]]
| folk tune
| {{*sound|United States Navy Band - Sweden.ogg|"Du gamla, du fria"}}
| 1m 28s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sweden/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110083823/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sweden |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2021 |title=Sweden |work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Switzerland|}} {{Flag|Switzerland}}
| [[Swiss Psalm|"Schweizerpsalm"]] ("Swiss Psalm")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1961|1961}} (de facto) {{sort|a1981|1981}} (de jure)
| Leonhard Widmer (German), Charles Chatelanat (French), Camillo Valsangiacomo (Italian), and Flurin Camathias (Romansch)
| [[Alberich Zwyssig]]
| {{*sound|Swiss Psalm (official instrumental).ogg|"Schweizerpsalm"}}
| 1m 24s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nb.admin.ch/snl/en/home/publications-research/dossiers/-when-the-morning-skies-grow-red------the-long-road-to-switzerla.html |title=The Swiss National Anthem |publisher=[[Swiss National Library]] |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=9 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709185010/https://www.nb.admin.ch/snl/en/home/publications-research/dossiers/-when-the-morning-skies-grow-red------the-long-road-to-switzerla.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Syria|}} {{Flag|Syria}}
| "[[Homat el Diyar|Humāt ad-Diyār]]" ("Guardians of the Homeland")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1938|1938, 1961}}
| [[Khalil Mardam Bey]]
| Mohammed Flayfel and Ahmad Salim Flayfel
| {{*sound|National Anthem of Syria.ogg|"Humāt ad-Diyār"}}
| 1m 6s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/608/mode/2up 609]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|T}}{{sort|Tajikistan|}} {{Flag|Tajikistan}}
| "[[Surudi Milli]]" ("National Anthem")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1994|1994}}
| [[Gulnazar Keldi]]
| [[Suleiman Yudakov]]
| {{*sound|Tajikistan anthem.ogg|"Surudi Milli"}}
| 1m 55s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/612/mode/2up 613]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Tanzania|}} {{Flag|Tanzania}}
| "[[Mungu ibariki Afrika]]" ("God Bless Africa")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1961|1961}}
| [[collectively]]
| [[Enoch Sontonga]]
| {{*sound|National_Anthem_of_Tanzania_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg|"Mungu ibariki Afrika"}}
| 0m 52s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/614/mode/2up 615]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Thailand|}} {{Flag|Thailand}}
| "[[Thai National Anthem|Phleng Chat]]" ("National Song"){{efn|Thailand's royal anthem is "[[Phleng Sansoen Phra Barami]]".}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1932|1932, 1939 (with current name and lyrics), 1949}}
| [[Luang Saranupraphan]]
| [[Peter Feit]]
| {{*sound|Thai National Anthem - US Navy Band.ogg|"Phleng Chat"}}
| 0m 44s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/618/mode/2up 618]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Togo|}} {{Flag|Togo}}
| "[[Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux]]" ("Hail to Thee, Land of our Forefathers")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1960|1960, 1992}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| Alex Casimir-Dosseh
| {{*sound|Togo's national anthem (instrumental).ogg|"Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux"}}
| 0m 52s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107163210/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2021 |title=Togo |work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Tonga|}} {{Flag|Tonga}}
| "[[Ko e fasi ʻo e tuʻi ʻo e ʻOtu Tonga]]" ("Song of the King of the Tonga Islands")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1874|1874}}
| Uelingatoni Ngū Tupoumalohi
| [[Carl Gustav Schmitt]]
| {{*sound|Ko e fasi ʻo e tuʻi ʻo e ʻOtu Tonga.ogg|"Ko e fasi ʻo e tuʻi ʻo e ʻOtu Tonga"}}
| 0m 49s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/626/mode/2up 626]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.royalpalace.to/royal_history.php?section=anthem |title=National Anthem |publisher=Tonga Royal Family |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808110346/https://royalpalace.to/royal_history.php?section=anthem |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Trinidad and Tobago|}} {{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| "[[Forged from the Love of Liberty]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1962|1962}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[Patrick Castagne]]
| {{*sound|Forged from the Love of Liberty (instrumental).ogg|"Forged from the Love of Liberty"}}
| 1m 15s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://otp.tt/trinidad-and-tobago/anthem/ |title=National Anthem |publisher=The Office of the President of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Tunisia|}} {{Flag|Tunisia}}
| "[[Humat al-Hima]]" ("Defenders of the Homeland")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1957|1957, 1987}}
| Mustafa Sadiq Al-Rafi'i and [[Aboul-Qacem Echebbi]]
| [[Mohammed Abdel Wahab]]
| {{*sound|Humat al-Hima.ogg|"Humat al-Hima"}}
| 0m 52s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/630/mode/2up 631]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Turkey|}} {{Flag|Turkey}}
| "[[İstiklâl Marşı]]" ("The March of Independence")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1921|1921}}
| [[Mehmet Akif Ersoy]]
| [[Zeki Üngör|Osman Zeki Üngör]]
| {{*sound|IstiklalMarsi-2013.ogg|"İstiklâl Marşı"}}
| 1m 5s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allaboutturkey.com/anthem.html |title=Turkish National Anthem |publisher=All About Turkey |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Turkmenistan|}} {{Flag|Turkmenistan}}
| [[National anthem of Turkmenistan|"Garaşsyz, Bitarap Türkmenistanyň Döwlet Gimni"]] ("The State Anthem of Independent and Neutral Turkmenistan")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1996|1996}} (original version) {{sort|a2008|2008}} (current version)
| collectively
| [[Veli Mukhatov]]
| {{*sound|National anthem of Turkmenistan, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga| "Türkmenbaşyň guran beýik binasy"}}
| 2m 0s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/636/mode/2up 637]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Tuvalu|}} {{Flag|Tuvalu}}
| "[[Tuvalu mo te Atua]]" ("Tuvalu for the Almighty"){{efn|name=queen}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1978|1978}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[Afaese Manoa]]
| {{*sound|Tuvalu_mo_te_Atua.ogg|"Tuvalu mo te Atua"}}
|1m 4s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/638/mode/2up 639]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|U}}{{sort|Uganda|}} {{Flag|Uganda}}
| "[[Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1962|1962}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[George Wilberforce Kakoma]]
| {{*sound|Ugandan national anthem, performed by the U.S. Navy Band.wav| "Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty"}}
| 0m 44s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ottawa.mofa.go.ug/data-smenu-25-National-Anthem.html |title=Uganda's National Anthem |publisher=The Republic of Uganda |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805171339/https://ottawa.mofa.go.ug/data-smenu-25-National-Anthem.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Ukraine|}} {{Flag|Ukraine}}
| "[[Shche ne vmerla Ukraina]]" ("Ukraine's Glory Has Not Perished")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1992|1992 (music), 2003 (lyrics)}}
| [[Pavlo Chubynsky]]
| [[Mykhaylo Verbytsky]]
| {{*sound|National anthem of Ukraine, instrumental.oga| "Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy"}}
| 1m 20s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110024014/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2021 |title=Ukraine |work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|United Arab Emirates|}} {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| "[[Ishy Bilady|Ishy Biladi]]" ("Long Live my Homeland")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1971|1971, 1986 (with lyrics)}}
| Arif Al Sheikh Abdullah Al Hassan
| Saad Abdel Wahab
|{{*sound|UAE national anthem.ogg|"Ishy Bilady"}}
| 0m 48s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-arab-emirates/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109053052/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-arab-emirates/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2021 |title=United Arab Emirates |work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.protocol.dubai.ae/UAE-Dubai/National_Anthem |title=UAE National Anthem |publisher=Protocol Department Dubai |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=14 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914233539/https://www.protocol.dubai.ae/UAE-Dubai/National_Anthem |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|United Kingdom|}} {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| "[[God Save the King]]"{{efn|[[Royal anthem]] in a number of Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom, but no official status as national anthem, except in New Zealand.}}{{efn|Anthems of the [[Countries of the United Kingdom]] ([[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland]]), sometimes described as "national anthems", are not listed here. As non-sovereign states, they are listed at [[List of regional anthems]].}}
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1745|1745}} ''de facto'' (never adopted ''de jure'')
| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"| Unknown
| data-sort-value="ZZZZ"| Unknown
| {{*sound|United States Navy Band - God Save the Queen.oga|"God Save the King"}}
| 1m 3s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.royal.uk/national-anthem |title=National Anthem |date=15 January 2016 |newspaper=The Royal Family |access-date=7 July 2020|last1=Berry |first1=Ciara }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/God-Save-the-Queen-British-national-anthem |title=God Save the Queen |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/god-save-queen-history-national-anthem|title=God Save the Queen: the History of the National Anthem|access-date=4 May 2023|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928074626/https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/god-save-queen-history-national-anthem|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|United States|}} {{Flag|United States}}
| "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1931|1931}}
| [[Francis Scott Key]]
| [[John Stafford Smith]]
| {{*sound| "The Star-Spangled Banner" performed by the United States Navy Band.mp3| "The Star-Spangled Banner"}}
| 1m 18s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://loc.gov/item/ihas.200000017 |title=Star Spangled Banner |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Uruguay|}} {{Flag|Uruguay}}
| [[National Anthem of Uruguay|"Himno Nacional"]] ("National Anthem")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1833|1833}}
| [[Francisco Acuña de Figueroa]]
| [[Francisco José Debali]]
| {{*sound|United States Navy Band - National Anthem of Uruguay (complete).ogg|"Himno Nacional"}}
| 4m 30s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/658/mode/2up 659]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Uzbekistan|}} {{Flag|Uzbekistan}}
| [[National Anthem of Uzbekistan|"Oʻzbekiston Respublikasining Davlat Madhiyasi"]] ("National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1991|1991}}
| Abdulla Aripov
| [[Mutal Burhanov]]
| {{*sound|Uzbekistan anthem.ogg|"Oʻzbekiston Respublikasining Davlat Madhiyasi"}}
| 2m 29s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.standart.uz/en/page/view?id=126 |title=On National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan |publisher=The Agency for Standardization, Metrology and Certification of Uzbekistan (Uzstandard agency) |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|V}}{{sort|Vanuatu|}} {{Flag|Vanuatu}}
| "[[Yumi, Yumi, Yumi]]" ("We, We, We")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1980|1980}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| François Vincent Ayssav
| {{*sound|United States Navy Band - Yumi, Yumi, Yumi.ogg|"Yumi, Yumi, Yumi"}}
| 0m 59s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/670/mode/2up 670]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Vatican city|}} {{Flag|Vatican City}}
| "[[Pontifical Anthem|Marche Pontificale]]" ("Pontifical Anthem and March")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1949|1949}}
| [[Antonio Allegra]]
| [[Charles Gounod]]
| {{*sound|United States Navy Band - Inno e Marcia Pontificale.ogg|"Marche Pontificale"}}
| 3m 13s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/674/mode/2up 674]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Venezuela|}} {{Flag|Venezuela}}
| "[[Gloria al Bravo Pueblo]]" ("Glory to the Brave People")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1881|1881}}
| [[Vicente Salias]]
| Juan José Landaeta
| {{*sound|United States Navy Band - Gloria al Bravo Pueblo.ogg|"Gloria al Bravo Pueblo"}}
| 1m 31s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/678/mode/2up 679]}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Vietnam|}} {{Flag|Vietnam}}
| "[[Tiến Quân Ca]]" ("Marching Song")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1976|1976}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[Văn Cao]]
| {{*sound|Quoc ca Viet Nam.ogg|"Tiến Quân Ca"}}
| 1m 12s
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vietnamembassy-usa.org/vietnam/politics/national-anthem |title=National Anthem |publisher=Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the United States of America |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|Y}}{{sort|Yemen|}} {{Flag|Yemen}}
| "[[National anthem of Yemen]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1990|1990}}
|Abdallah Abdulwahab Noman
| [[Ayoob Tarish]]
| {{*sound|United States Navy Band - United Republic.ogg|"National anthem of Yemen"}}
| 0m 49s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/688/mode/2up 689]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yemenembassy.co.uk/national-anthem |title=Yemeni National Anthem |publisher=Embassy of the Republic of Yemen London |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{anchor|Z}}{{sort|Zambia|}} {{Flag|Zambia}}
| "[[Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free]]"
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1973|1973}}
| collectively
| [[Enoch Sontonga]]
| {{*sound|Zambian national anthem.oga|"National anthem of Zambia"}}
| 1m 57s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/692/mode/2up 692]}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sh.gov.zm/?page_id=5686 |title=Zambia National Anthem |publisher=Zambia Institute |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119072538/https://www.sh.gov.zm/?page_id=5686 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sort|Zimbabwe|}} {{Flag|Zimbabwe}}
| "[[National Anthem of Zimbabwe|Simudzai Mureza WeZimbabwe]]" ("O Lift High the Banner of Zimbabwe")
| style="text-align:center"| {{sort|a1994|1994}}
| [[Solomon Mutswairo]]
| Fred Changundega
|{{*sound|National_Anthem_of_Zimbabwe.ogg|"Simudzai Mureza wedu WeZimbabwe"}}
| 0m 46s
| style="text-align:center"|{{sfn|Hang|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse/page/696/mode/2up 696]}}
|}
</div>

== Partially recognized states ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" border=1
! scope=col|State{{efn|This list is for those who have declared independence and are partially recognized.}}
! scope=col|National anthem
! scope=col|Date adopted
! scope=col|Lyricist
! scope=col|Officially known as
! scope=col|Composer
! scope=col|Audio
! scope=col| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope=row |{{sort|Abkhazia|}} {{Flag|Abkhazia}}
| "[[Aiaaira]]" ("Victory")
| style="text-align:center" | 2007
| Genady Alamiya
| "State Anthem of the Republic of Abkhazia"
| Valera Çkaduwa
| {{*sound|National anthem of Abkhazia – Aiaaira (Аиааира) (orchestral vocal version).ogg|"Aiaaira"}}
| style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web|access-date=8 May 2020|title=Useful information - State symbols|url=http://mfaapsny.org/en/helpful-information/symbols/|website=mfaapsny.org}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row | {{sort|Kosovo|}} {{Flag|Kosovo}}
| "[[Europe (anthem)|Europe]]"
|style="text-align:center"| 2008
| [[Mendi Mengjiqi]]
|"Anthem of the Republic of Kosovo"
| [[Mendi Mengjiqi]]
|{{*sound|National Anthem of the Republic of Kosovo.ogg|"Europe"}}
|style="text-align:center" |<ref name="kos">{{cite web|access-date=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/10909/ |date=11 June 2008 |title=Kosovo Approves Anthem with No Lyrics |publisher=[[Balkan Insight]] |quote=Most of the parliamentary groups said they listened to all three shortlisted proposals but opted for the composition called ‘Europe’ by Mehdi Mengjiqi, which has no lyrics as it would respect the multi-ethnic nature of Kosovo. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612083247/http://balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/10909/ |archive-date=12 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope=row |{{sort|Northern Cyprus|}} {{Flag|Northern Cyprus}}
| "[[İstiklâl Marşı]]" ("Independence March")
| style="text-align:center" | 1983
| [[Mehmet Akif Ersoy]]
| "The Turkish Cypriot State Anthem"
| [[Zeki Üngör]]
|{{*sound|Istiklâl Marsi instrumetal.ogg|"İstiklâl Marşı"}}
|style="text-align:center"| <ref>{{Cite book| publisher=I.B.Tauris| isbn=978-1-84511-392-6| last=Hakki| first=Murat Metin| title=The Cyprus Issue: A Documentary History, 1878-2006| date=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQ2822RQ5UYC&pg=PA201}}</ref>{{sfn|Minahan|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA367 367]}}
|-
!scope=row|{{sort|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|}} {{Flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}
| "[[Ya Bani al-Sahra'|Yā Banī al-Ṣaḥrāʼ]]" ("O Sons of the Sahara")
| style="text-align:center" | 1976
| unknown
| "National Anthem of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"
| unknown
| {{*sound|Yabaniy es-sahara SADR anthem.mid|"Ya Bani al-Sahra'"}}
| style="text-align:center" | {{sfn|Minahan|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA631 631]}}
|-
!scope=row|{{sort|Somaliland|}} {{Flag|Somaliland}}
| "[[Samo ku waar]]" ("Live in Eternal Peace")
| style="text-align:center" | 1997
| [[Hassan Sheikh Mumin]]
| "Samo Ku Waar, Somaliland"
| [[Hassan Sheikh Mumin]]
| {{*sound|Samo ku waar - Anthem of Somaliland (Instrumental).ogg|"Samo ku waar"}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|access-date=2020-10-15|title=Suena el himno - Somaliland|trans-title=Sound of the anthem - Somaliland|language=es|url=https://www.rtve.es/alacarta/audios/suena-el-himno/suena-himno-somaliland-06-08-16/3800222/|date=7 August 2016|publisher=[[RTVE]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row|{{sort|South Ossetia|}} {{Flag|South Ossetia}}
| "[[Warzon Iryston!]]" ("Beloved Ossetia!")
| style="text-align:center" | 1995
| Totradz Kokayev
| "State Anthem of the Republic of South Ossetia"
| Feliks Alborov
| {{*sound|Anthem of South Ossetia (vocal).ogg|"Warzon Iryston!"}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web |title=National Anthem of South Ossetia |url=https://www.hymne-national.com/en/national-anthem-south-ossetia/ |website=Hymne-National.com |date=4 February 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105202744/https://www.hymne-national.com/en/national-anthem-south-ossetia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
!scope=row|{{sort|Sovereign Military Order of Malta|}} {{Flag|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}}{{efn|The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is a sovereign entity under international law with partial recognition.}}
| "[[Ave Crux Alba]]" ("Hail Thou White Cross")
| style="text-align:center" | 1930
| Alfredo Consorti
| "Anthem of the Sovereign Order of Malta"
| Alfredo Consorti
|
| style="text-align:center" | <ref name="smom">{{cite web |title=Anthem of the Sovereign Order of Malta: Ave Crux Alba - Order of Malta |url=https://www.orderofmalta.int/government/anthem-of-the-sovereign-order-of-malta-ave-crux-alba/ |website=Sovereign Order of Malta - Official website |publisher=The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta |access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row|{{sort|Taiwan|}} {{Flag|Taiwan}}
| "[[National Anthem of the Republic of China|San Min Chu-i]]" ("Song of the Three Principles of the People"){{efn|"[[National Banner Song]]" is used as the alternate state anthem for Taiwan at international sporting events such as the Olympic Games and World Baseball Classic.}}
|style="text-align:center"| 1937 (''de facto'') 1943 (''de jure'')
| [[Sun Yat-sen]]
|"National Anthem of the Republic of China"{{efn|The official state name of Taiwan is the "Republic of China".}}
| [[Cheng Maoyun]]
|{{*sound|National anthem of the Republic of China (Taiwan) 中華民國國歌(演奏版).ogg|"San Min Zhu Yi"}}
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=National anthem |url=https://english.president.gov.tw/Page/97 |website=english.president.gov.tw |publisher=Office of the President |access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row|{{sort|Transnistria|}} {{Flag|Transnistria}}
| "[[Anthem of Transnistria|My slavim tebia, Pridnestrovie]]" ("We glorify you, Pridnestrovie")
|style="text-align:center"| 2000
| Boris Parmenov, Vitaly Pishenko, Nikolay Bozhko
|"We chant thy praises of Pridnestrovia"
| [[Boris Alexandrovich Alexandrov|Boris Alexandrov]]
|{{*sound|National_anthem_of_Transnistria.ogg|"My slavim tebia"}}
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Hopes Rise in Transnistria of a Russian Annexation|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=24 April 2014|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/transnistria-soviet-leftover-or-russian-foothold-in-europe-a-965801.html|access-date=25 November 2018|last1=Smoltczyk|first1=Alexander}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mer.gospmr.org/simvolika-pmr/gosudarstvennyj-gimn.html |title=National anthem |publisher=Ministry of Economic Development: Transdniestrian Moldavian Republic |language=ru |access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of former national anthems]]
* [[List of regional anthems]]
* [[Anthems of the autonomous communities of Spain]]
* [[List of U.S. state songs]]
* [[Anthems of the Soviet Republics]]
* [[Anthem of Europe]]
* [[Personal anthem]]
* [[Earth anthem]]
* [[Olympic Hymn]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
;General
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Hang |first=Xing |year=2003 |title=Encyclopedia of National Anthems |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-4847-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna0000unse }}
* {{cite book |last=Minahan |first=James B. |year=2009 |title=The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes] |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-0-313-34497-8 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ}} }}
{{refend}}

;Specific
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Bristow |first=Michael Jamieson |year=2006 |title=National Anthems of the World |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell]] |isbn=978-0-304-36826-6 }}
* {{cite book |title=National Anthems from Around the World |year=1996 |publisher=[[Hal Leonard Corporation]] |isbn=978-0-7935-6079-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalanthemsf00hall }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2001 |encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]] |title=National anthems |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19602 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000019602 }} {{Grove Music subscription}}

==External links==
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/national-anthem/ List of national anthems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805175145/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/national-anthem/ |date=5 August 2022 }} on [[CIA World Factbook|The World Factbook]]
* [https://www.navyband.navy.mil/national_anthems.html Various national anthems] performed by the [[United States Navy Band]]

{{Nationalanthemsoftheworld}}
{{national symbols}}
{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Anthems, List Of}}
[[Category:Lists of anthems]]
[[Category:Lists of national symbols|Anthems]]
[[Category:Lists of patriotic songs]]
[[Category:National anthems| ]]
[[Category:National anthem writers| ]]

List of most-liked Instagram posts

2026-03-23T23:51:08Z

SuzetteEql: reworked article for accuracy

{{Short description|none}}{{Dynamic list}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2019}}
[[File:Lionel Messi WC2022.jpg|thumb|[[Lionel Messi]], the current record-holder, at the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]].]]
This '''list of most-liked Instagram posts''' contains the top 20 posts by number of [[Like button#Instagram|likes]] on the photo and video-sharing social networking service [[Instagram]].

The most-liked post {{as of|2026|1|lc=y}} is of the Argentine [[Football player|footballer]] [[Lionel Messi]] and his teammates celebrating the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]] win at [[Lusail Stadium]] in [[Lusail]], [[Qatar]], which has been liked by over 74 million different accounts. Uploaded on December 18, 2022, the post shows Messi lifting his first World Cup Trophy after [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]]'s win over [[France national football team|France]] in the [[2022 FIFA World Cup final|final]]. It is also the most liked post of all time across all social media platforms.<ref name="Corbella"/><ref name="Navlakha"/>

== History ==
On January 4, 2019, the account [[Instagram egg|@world_record_egg]] posted a photo of an egg with the specific purpose of surpassing the then most-liked Instagram post, a picture of [[Kylie Jenner]]'s daughter with 18.6 million likes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Earnest |first1=Malik |date=January 11, 2019 |title=An egg plans to dethrone Kylie Jenner as most liked Instagram post |url=https://fox5sandiego.com/2019/01/11/an-egg-plans-to-dethrone-kylie-jenner-as-most-liked-instagram-photo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203134201/https://fox5sandiego.com/2019/01/11/an-egg-plans-to-dethrone-kylie-jenner-as-most-liked-instagram-photo/ |archive-date=February 3, 2019 |access-date=January 13, 2019 |publisher=[[Fox 5 San Diego]]}}</ref> The photo of the egg was originally taken by Serghei Platanov, who then posted it to [[Shutterstock]] on June 23, 2015, with the title "eggs isolated on white background."<ref name="INSIDER">{{cite web |last=Shamsian |first=Jacob |date=January 16, 2018 |title=The guy who took a photo of an egg that broke Instagram's world record is shocked it became a meme: 'Egg is just an egg' |url=https://www.thisisinsider.com/world-record-egg-instagram-photographer-interview-meme-2019-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174357/https://www.thisisinsider.com/world-record-egg-instagram-photographer-interview-meme-2019-1 |archive-date=January 19, 2019 |access-date=January 17, 2019 |website=[[ThisIsInsider.com|Insider]]}}</ref> The creator of the @world_record_egg account was Chris Godfrey, an advertising creative, and his friends CJ Brown and Alissa Khan-Whelan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bromwich |first1=Jonah Engel |last2=Maheshwari |first2=Sapna |date=February 3, 2019 |title=Meet the Creator of the Egg That Broke Instagram |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/03/style/world-record-egg-instagram.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206103916/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/03/style/world-record-egg-instagram.html |archive-date=February 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Delahunty |first=Stephen |date=February 4, 2020 |title=World Record Egg team launches agency backed by Blurred and Tin Man |url=https://www.prweek.com/article/1672822/world-record-egg-team-launches-agency-backed-blurred-tin-man |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328134025/https://www.prweek.com/article/1672822/world-record-egg-team-launches-agency-backed-blurred-tin-man |archive-date=March 28, 2020 |access-date=February 9, 2020 |website=[[PRWeek]]}}</ref>

On January 14, 2019, the egg post became the most-liked post on Instagram, to which the egg's account owner wrote, "This is madness. What a time to be alive."<ref>{{cite news |author=Monika Barton |date=January 14, 2019 |title='This is madness' - Picture of an egg beats Kylie Jenner for most liked Instagram post ever |work=[[Newshub]] |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/entertainment/2019/01/this-is-madness-picture-of-an-egg-beats-kylie-jenner-for-most-liked-instagram-post-ever.html |url-status=dead |access-date=January 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153211/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/entertainment/2019/01/this-is-madness-picture-of-an-egg-beats-kylie-jenner-for-most-liked-instagram-post-ever.html |archive-date=January 14, 2019}}</ref> Jenner responded with a video on Instagram of her cracking an egg open with the caption: "Take that little egg."<ref>{{cite web |author=Michelle Broder Van Dyke |date=January 13, 2019 |title=A Picture Of An Egg Beat Kylie Jenner For The Most Liked Instagram Of All Time |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mbvd/egg-instagram-likes-beat-kylie-jenner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114044532/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/instagram-account-egg-trying-break-kylie-jenner-most-liked-photo-record |archive-date=January 14, 2019 |access-date=January 14, 2019 |work=[[Teen Vogue]] |publisher=BuzzFeed News}}</ref> Platanov was surprised by his photo's popularity, writing, "Egg is just an egg."<ref name="INSIDER" />

On December 18, 2022, [[Football player|footballer]] [[Lionel Messi]] posted a [[Instagram#Features and tools|carousel]] with photos of him lifting the [[FIFA World Cup Trophy]] and celebrating with his teammates after winning the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]] with [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]], which reached 10 million likes within the first 39 minutes of its sharing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fenton |first=James |date=19 December 2022 |title=Lionel Messi's first Instagram post after World Cup win set to break records |url=https://punditarena.com/football/james-fenton/lionel-messi-instagram-world-cup/ |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=Pundit Arena |archive-date=December 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219215220/https://punditarena.com/football/james-fenton/lionel-messi-instagram-world-cup/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The following day, the post became the most-liked Instagram post in the first 24 hours of its sharing, with 50 million likes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Badenhausen |first=Kurt |date=19 December 2022 |title=Lionel Messi hits 400M followers on Instagram, photo becomes most-liked. |url=https://www.sportico.com/personalities/athletes/2022/lionel-messi-instagram-400m-followers-most-liked-post-1234698928/ |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=Sportico |archive-date=December 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219215220/https://www.sportico.com/personalities/athletes/2022/lionel-messi-instagram-400m-followers-most-liked-post-1234698928/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cons |first=Roddy |date=19 December 2022 |title=Lionel Messi sets all-time Instagram record |url=https://en.as.com/soccer/lionel-messi-sets-all-time-instagram-record-n/ |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=[[Diario AS]] |archive-date=December 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220153342/https://en.as.com/soccer/lionel-messi-sets-all-time-instagram-record-n/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On December 20, 2022, the post reached over 56 million likes, surpassing the previous record held by [[Instagram egg|@world_record_egg]].<ref name="messisurpass">{{cite news |last1=Hassan |first1=Beril Naz |date=20 December 2022 |title=Lionel Messi's World Cup Instagram post breaks record to become most-liked ever |url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/messi-world-cup-instagram-post-081118403.html |access-date=20 December 2022 |publisher=Yahoo! Sports |archive-date=December 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220100302/https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/messi-world-cup-instagram-post-081118403.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Punt |first=Dominic |date=20 December 2022 |title=Messi lifting World Cup becomes most liked Instagram post ever |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2022/12/messi-lifting-world-cup-becomes-most-liked-instagram-post-ever-730705 |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=[[Guinness World Records]] |archive-date=December 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220153338/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2022/12/messi-lifting-world-cup-becomes-most-liked-instagram-post-ever-730705 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gerken |first=Tom |date=20 December 2022 |title=Lionel Messi World Cup Instagram post is most-liked ever |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-64003233 |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=[[BBC]] |archive-date=December 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220153338/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-64003233 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Within 48 hours of Messi posting, the [[Instagram]] post had surpassed 64 million likes, and in doing so, it became the most-liked social media post ever across all social media platforms, by overtaking the most-liked post on [[YouTube]], the music video for the song "[[Despacito]]", which had reached 50.2 million likes, and the most-liked post on [[TikTok]], a video uploaded by [[Bella Poarch]] featuring her lip-syncing to the song "Sophie Aspin Send", which had reached 60.3 million likes.<ref name="Corbella">{{Cite web |last=Corbella |first=Enrique |date=21 December 2022 |title=Messi beats the record of likes in the history of all social media: Beats TikToker Bella Poarch |url=https://www.marca.com/en/world-cup/2022/12/21/63a2e057e2704eee1b8b4585.html |access-date=21 December 2022 |website=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]] |archive-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221171536/https://www.marca.com/en/world-cup/2022/12/21/63a2e057e2704eee1b8b4585.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Navlakha">{{Cite web |last=Navlakha |first=Meera |date=21 December 2022 |title=Lionel Messi's Instagram post is the most liked thing on social media – ever |url=https://mashable.com/article/lionel-messi-instagram-record-egg |access-date=21 December 2022 |website=[[Mashable]] |archive-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221231027/https://mashable.com/article/lionel-messi-instagram-record-egg |url-status=live }}</ref> This also meant that it became the first ever post on Instagram to reach 60 and 70 million likes, achieving that in just 3 days since it was posted.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hassan |first=Jennifer |date=21 December 2022 |title=Lionel Messi's World Cup win becomes most liked Instagram post ever |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2022/12/21/lionel-messi-instagram-egg-most-liked/ |access-date=21 December 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=December 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221165205/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2022/12/21/lionel-messi-instagram-egg-most-liked/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Top 20 ==
[[Lionel Messi]] makes 6 while [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] makes 5 out of the top 20 most-liked posts, with posts mainly released around the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Rank
! Account name(s)
! Owner
! class="unsortable" | Post description
! class="unsortable" | Post
! Likes (millions)
! Date posted ([[UTC]])
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/leomessi|@leomessi}}
| {{sortname|Lionel|Messi}}
| Celebrating winning the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/CmUv48DLvxd/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 74.7
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|December 18, 2022}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/world_record_egg|@world_record_egg}}
| {{sortname|Chris|Godfrey|nolink=1}}
| [[Instagram egg|An egg]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/BsOGulcndj-/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 60.3
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|January 4, 2019}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/leomessi|@leomessi}}
| {{sortname|Lionel|Messi}}
| [[Lionel Messi]] in bed with the [[FIFA World Cup Trophy]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/CmYyND_OYMl/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 53.5
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|December 20, 2022}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 4
|{{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/kishore_mondal_official|@kishore_mondal_official}}
|{{sortname|Kishore|Mondal|nolink=1}}
|Reel singing "[[Ramaiya Vastavaiya#Soundtrack|Jeene Laga Hoon]]"
| style="text-align: center;" |[https://www.instagram.com/reel/DITBVk3z6pJ/]
| style="text-align: center;" | 51.8
| style="text-align: right;" |{{dts|April 11, 2025}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
|{{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/insta360/|@Insta360}}
|[[Insta360]]
|Video of a tiny camera filming a toddler walking<ref>{{Cite web |last=Caminiti |first=Kasey |title=This tiny camera captured a toddler's POV and went viral with 40 million likes |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/shopping/2025/08/04/insta360-go-3s-camera-behind-viral-toddler-pov-video/85505891007/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref>
| style="text-align: center;" |[https://www.instagram.com/reel/DJf0_RmSd-T/]
| style="text-align: center;" | 42.8
| style="text-align: right;" |{{dts|May 11, 2025}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/cristiano|@cristiano}}
| {{sortname|Cristiano|Ronaldo}}
| [[Lionel Messi]] and [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] playing [[chess]], advertising for [[Louis Vuitton]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/ClJqW1ZtmIl/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 41.3
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|November 19, 2022}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 7
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/leomessi|@leomessi}}
| {{sortname|Lionel|Messi}}
| [[Lionel Messi]] on an airplane with the [[FIFA World Cup Trophy]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/CmWkQIrNiwK/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 41.0
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|December 19, 2022}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 8
|{{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/taylorswift|@taylorswift}} {{Plain link|url=https://www.instagram.com/killatrav|name=@killatrav}}
|{{nowrap|{{sortname|Taylor|Swift}}}} {{Nowrap|{{sortname|Travis|Kelce}}}}
|Engagement announcement
| style="text-align: center;" |[https://www.instagram.com/taylorswift/p/DN02niAXMM-/]
| style="text-align: center;" |37.6
| style="text-align: right;" | {{dts|August 26, 2025}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/emilio.piano|@emilio.piano}}
| {{sortname|Emil|Reinert|nolink=1}}
| Reel of a little girl singing "[[My Heart Will Go On]]"
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/reel/C_qU9qyo9_M/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 37.1
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|September 8, 2024}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/leomessi|@leomessi}}
| [[Lionel Messi]]
| [[Lionel Messi]]’s visit to [[Camp Nou]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/DQ3zR6-DPGm/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 35.5
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|November 10, 2025}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 11
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/cristiano|@cristiano}}
| {{sortname|Cristiano|Ronaldo}}
| [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] taking an icy dip in snowy [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]], [[Finland]]
| style="text-align:center;" |
[https://www.instagram.com/reel/DD-KT-OAL_U]
| style="text-align:center;" | 35.4
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|December 24, 2024}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 12
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/xxxtentacion|@xxxtentacion}}
| {{sortname||XXXTentacion}}
| Final post before [[Murder of XXXTentacion|his death]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/Bi-hISIghYe/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 34.1
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|May 19, 2018}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 13
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/leomessi|@leomessi}}
| {{sortname|Lionel|Messi}}
| Celebrating the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]] win in [[Argentina]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/CmcjUz3tXBa/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 33.5
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|December 21, 2022}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 14
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/cristiano|@cristiano}} {{Plain link|url=https://www.instagram.com/alnassr/|name=@alnassr}}
| {{sortname|Cristiano|Ronaldo}} [[Al-Nassr FC]]
| Announcement of [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] joining [[Al-Nassr FC]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/Cmzn4-LMjt2/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 33.1
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|December 30, 2022}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 15
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/cristiano|@cristiano}}
| {{sortname|Cristiano|Ronaldo}}
| After elimination of [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] from the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/CmB-vaEoR5z/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 32.9
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|December 11, 2022}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 16
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/jiangzhibin24|@jiangzhibin24}}
| [https://www.instagram.com/jiangzhibin24 liz_6]
| Reel of an [[Generative artificial intelligence|AI-generated]] sunset
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/reel/CvkWer_gHCf]
| style="text-align:center;" | 32.7
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|August 5, 2023}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |17
|{{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/leomessi|@leomessi}}
|[[Lionel Messi]]
|[[Lionel Messi]] and [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] playing [[chess]], advertising for [[Louis Vuitton]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[https://www.instagram.com/p/ClJqVDBtRsq/]
| style="text-align: center;" |31.8
| style="text-align: right;" |{{dts|November 19, 2022}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |18
|{{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/cristiano|@cristiano}} {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/georginagio|@georginagio}}
|{{sortname|Cristiano|Ronaldo}} {{nowrap|{{sortname|Georgina|Rodríguez}}}}
|Pregnancy announcement
| style="text-align: center;" |[https://www.instagram.com/p/CVk29cSI-2E/]
| style="text-align: center;" |31.5
| style="text-align: right;" |{{dts|October 28, 2021}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | 19
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/kavadi_druvam_kalasamithi_/|@kavadi_druvam_kalasamithi_}}
| Druvam Kalasamithi
| Reel of a colorful wedding entrance
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/DJjZATXyi2W/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 31.2
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|May 12, 2025}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 20
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/aline_sarakbii/|@aline_sarakbii}} {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/mostafa_srakbi/|@mostafa_srakbi}}
| aline-sarakbii mostafa_srakbi
| Reel of a baby
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/reel/C8CvU4ktJoj/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 31.2
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|June 10, 2024}}
|}

== Non-football-related top 20 ==
Most-liked Instagram posts posted by non-[[Football player|association footballer]]s.
{{legend|#d0f0c0|Also in the overall top 20}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Rank
! Account name
! Owner
! class="unsortable" | Post description
! class="unsortable" | Post
! Likes (millions)
! Date posted ([[UTC]])
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/world_record_egg|@world_record_egg}}
| {{sortname|Chris|Godfrey|nolink=1}}
| [[Instagram egg|Photo of an egg]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/BsOGulcndj-/]
| style="background:#d0f0c0; text-align:center;" | 60.4
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|January 4, 2019}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |2
|{{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/kishore_mondal_official|@kishore_mondal_official}}
|{{sortname|Kishore|Mondal|nolink=1}}
|Reel singing "Jeene Laga Hoon"
|[https://www.instagram.com/reel/DITBVk3z6pJ/]
| style="background:#d0f0c0; text-align:center;" | 51.8
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|April 11, 2025}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 3
|{{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/insta360/|@Insta360}}
|[[Insta360]]
|Video of a tiny camera filming a toddler walking<ref>{{Cite web |last=Caminiti |first=Kasey |title=This tiny camera captured a toddler's POV and went viral with 40 million likes |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/shopping/2025/08/04/insta360-go-3s-camera-behind-viral-toddler-pov-video/85505891007/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref>
|[https://www.instagram.com/reel/DJf0_RmSd-T/]
| style="background:#d0f0c0; text-align: center;" |42.8
| style="text-align: right;" |{{dts|April 22, 2025}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |4
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/taylorswift|@taylorswift}} {{Plain link|url=https://www.instagram.com/killatrav|name=@killatrav}}
| {{nowrap|{{sortname|Taylor|Swift}}}} {{Nowrap|{{sortname|Travis|Kelce}}}}
| Engagement announcement
| [https://www.instagram.com/taylorswift/p/DN02niAXMM-/]
| style="background:#d0f0c0; text-align: center;" |37.6
| style="text-align: right;" |{{dts|August 26, 2025}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/emilio.piano|@emilio.piano}}
| {{sortname|Emil|Reinert|nolink=1}}
| Reel of a little girl singing "[[My Heart Will Go On]]"
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/reel/C_qU9qyo9_M/]
| style="background:#d0f0c0; text-align:center;" | 37.1
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|September 8, 2024}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/xxxtentacion|@xxxtentacion}}
| {{sortname||XXXTentacion}}
| Final post before [[Murder of XXXTentacion|his death]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/Bi-hISIghYe/]
| style="background:#d0f0c0; text-align:center;" | 34.1
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|May 19, 2018}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/jiangzhibin24|@jiangzhibin24}}
| liz_6
| Reel of an [[Generative artificial intelligence|AI-generated]] sunset
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/reel/CvkWer_gHCf]
| style="background:#d0f0c0; text-align:center;" | 32.7
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|August 5, 2023}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/kavadi_druvam_kalasamithi_/|@kavadi_druvam_kalasamithi_}}
| Druvam Kalasamithi
| Reel of a colorful wedding entrance
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/DJjZATXyi2W/]
| style="background:#d0f0c0; text-align:center;" | 31.2
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|May 12, 2025}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/aline_sarakbii/|@aline_sarakbii}} {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/mostafa_srakbi/|@mostafa_srakbi}}
| aline-sarakbii mostafa_srakbi
| Reel of a baby
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/reel/C8CvU4ktJoj/]
| style="background:#d0f0c0; text-align:center;" | 31.2
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|June 10, 2024}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |10
|{{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/pop_cj6|@pop_cj6}}
|{{sortname||pop_cj6|nolink=1}}
|Reel of humans taking off animal masks in front of animal mothers
| style="text-align: center;" |[https://www.instagram.com/reel/C30RmkANa_S]
| style="text-align: center;" |30.3
| style="text-align: right;" |{{dts|February 27, 2024}}
|-

| style="text-align:center;" | 11
|{{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/rashmika_mandanna|@rashmika_mandanna}}
| {{sortname|Rashmika|Mandanna}}
| Photos celebrating her wedding with [[ Vijay Deverakonda]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/DVOOZXek3sl/?igsh=Z3g1em02dmpieXo2]
| style="text-align:center;" | 28.8
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|February 26, 2026}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 12
|{{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/aline_sarakbii/|@aline_sarakbii}}
|aline-sarakbii
|Reel of a baby
|[https://www.instagram.com/reel/DBOS_Cdt1jl]
| style="text-align:center;" | 27.0
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|October 17, 2024}}
|-

| style="text-align:center;" | 13
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/zendaya|@zendaya}}
| {{sortname||Zendaya}}
| Happy birthday post to boyfriend [[Tom Holland]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/CeRFBGPrNq8/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 26.1
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|June 1, 2022}}
|-

| style="text-align:center;" | 14
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/selenagomez|@selenagomez}}
| {{nowrap|{{sortname|Selena|Gomez}}}}
| Selfie photo
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/Cpv2SBMrAGY/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 25.1
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|March 14, 2023}}
|-

| style="text-align:center;" | 15
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/tomholland2013|@tomholland2013}}
| {{sortname|Tom|Holland}}
| Photo recreating the "[[Spider-Man]] pointing" meme with [[Tobey Maguire]] and [[Andrew Garfield]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/CaUsPbUquKV/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 24.7
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|February 23, 2022}}
|-

| style="text-align:center;" | 16
|{{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/selenagomez|@selenagomez}}
| {{sortname|Selena|Gomez}}
| Photos of her and [[Benny Blanco]]'s wedding
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/DPH6AbikoLG/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 24.5
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|September 27, 2025}}
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |17
|{{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/my_aussie_gal|@my_aussie_gal}}
| Mary and Promise
| Reel of a dog doing chores
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/reel/DEiim3Jyywb]
| style="text-align:center;" | 24.1
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|January 7, 2025}}
|-

| style="text-align:center;" | 18
|{{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/selenagomez|@selenagomez}}
| {{nowrap|{{sortname|Selena|Gomez}}}}
| Photos of her engagement to [[Benny Blanco]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/DDdvcjbxoi1/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 23.2
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|December 12, 2024}}
|-

| style="text-align:center;" | 19
|{{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/_editing_edition_|@_editing_edition_}}
| {{nowrap|{{sortname|Aman|Sharma}}}}
|[[Visual narrative]] reel
| style="text-align:center;" |[https://www.instagram.com/reel/DCB9zkPMCVb]
| style="text-align:center;" | 23.1
| style="text-align:right;" | November 5, 2024
|-

| style="text-align:center;" | 20
|{{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/lilbieber|@lilbieber}}
| {{sortname|Justin|Bieber}}
| First photo of his son
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/C_CV7GLJBA3/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 23.1
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|August 24, 2024}}
|-
! colspan="7" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| As of {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}
|}

== Historical most-liked posts ==
The following table lists posts that were once the most-liked post on Instagram.
{{legend|#d0f0c0|Current record}}
{{legend|#fdd700|Longest record-holder}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Account name
! Owner
! class="unsortable" | Post description
! class="unsortable" | Post
! Likes (millions)
! Date posted ([[UTC]])
! Date achieved ([[UTC]])
! Days held
|-
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/leomessi/|@leomessi}}
| [[Lionel Messi]]
| Celebrating winning the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [https://www.instagram.com/p/CmUv48DLvxd/]
| style="text-align:center;"| 74.8
| style="text-align:right;"| {{dts|December 18, 2022}}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{dts|December 20, 2022}}<ref name="messisurpass"/>
| style="background:#d0f0c0; text-align:center;" | {{duration in days nts|20 December 2022|}}
|-
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/world_record_egg|@world_record_egg}}
| Chris Godfrey
| Photo of an egg
| style="text-align:center;"| [https://www.instagram.com/p/BsOGulcndj-/]
| style="text-align:center;"| 60.5
| style="text-align:right;"| {{dts|January 4, 2019}}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{dts|January 14, 2019}}<ref name="Iasimone">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8493277/egg-kylie-jenner-stormi-most-liked-instagram-photo-record|title=An Egg Dethrones Kylie Jenner & Travis Scott's Baby for Most Liked Instagram Photo Ever|first=Ashley|last=Tasimone|date=January 14, 2019|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|archive-date=April 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410110551/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8493277/egg-kylie-jenner-stormi-most-liked-instagram-photo-record|url-status=live|access-date=January 14, 2019}}</ref>
| style="background:#fdd700; text-align:center;" | {{age in days nts|14 January 2019|20 December 2022}}
|-
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/kyliejenner|@kyliejenner}}
| [[Kylie Jenner]]
| First photo of her daughter
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/Be3rTNplCHf/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 17.7
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|February 6, 2018}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|February 7, 2018}}<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Kylie Jenner's Stormi Photo Tops Beyonce's Pregnancy Reveal as Most-Liked Instagram Post Ever |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8098647/kylie-jenner-stormi-photo-most-liked-instagram-post |magazine=Billboard |archive-date=June 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618002552/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8098647/kylie-jenner-stormi-photo-most-liked-instagram-post |url-status=live |access-date=September 27, 2021}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | {{age in days nts|7 February 2018|14 January 2019}}
|-
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/beyonce|@beyonce}}
| {{sortname|Beyoncé|}}
| Pregnancy announcement
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/BP-rXUGBPJa/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 10.6
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|February 1, 2017}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|February 1, 2017}}<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Unterberger |first=Andrew |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/beyonce-pregnancy-instagram-selena-gomez-most-liked-7677102/ |title=Beyonce Pregnancy Photo Breaks Selena Gomez Record for Most-Liked Instagram Pic |date=February 1, 2017 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-date=July 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731041635/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7677102/beyonce-pregnancy-instagram-selena-gomez-most-liked |url-status=live |access-date=January 12, 2019}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | {{age in days nts|1 February 2017|7 February 2018}}
|-
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/selenagomez|@selenagomez}}
| {{sortname|Selena|Gomez}}
| [[Coca-Cola]] advertisement
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/BHF4NdhhOmc/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.6
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|June 25, 2016}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|July 12, 2016}}<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Craddock |first=Lauren |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/selena-gomez-most-liked-instagram-photo-justin-bieber-7438130/ |title=Selena Gomez Tops Justin Bieber for Most-Liked Instagram Photo Ever |date=July 12, 2016 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-date=August 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813140020/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7438130/selena-gomez-most-liked-instagram-photo-justin-bieber |url-status=live |access-date=January 12, 2019}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | {{age in days nts|12 July 2016|1 February 2017}}
|-
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/lilbieber|@lilbieber}}
| {{sortname|Justin|Bieber}}
| Kiss with [[Selena Gomez]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/BDJwd9XAvho/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 4.1
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|March 19, 2016}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|May 4, 2016}}<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Stutz |first=Colin |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/justin-bieber-selena-gomez-instagram-most-liked/ |title=Justin Bieber & Selena Gomez Throwback Pic Is Now Instagram's Most-Liked |date=May 4, 2016 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-date=December 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222083156/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7356948/justin-bieber-selena-gomez-instagram-most-liked |url-status=live |access-date=January 12, 2019}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | {{age in days nts|4 May 2016|12 July 2016}}
|-
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/kendalljenner|@kendalljenner}}
| {{sortname|Kendall|Jenner}}
| Heart-shaped hairdo
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/3H0-Yqjo7u/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.5
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|May 25, 2015}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|June 26, 2015}}<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Stutz |first=Colin |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/kendall-jenner-kanye-west-kim-kardashian-instagram-record-6612911/ |title=Kendall Jenner Breaks Kanye West & Kim Kardashian's Instagram Record |date=June 26, 2015 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-date=June 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617231700/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6612911/kendall-jenner-kanye-west-kim-kardashian-instagram-record |url-status=live |access-date=January 12, 2019}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | {{age in days nts|26 June 2015|4 May 2016}}
|-
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/kimkardashian|@kimkardashian}}
| {{nowrap|{{sortname|Kim|Kardashian}}}}
| Wedding kiss with [[Kanye West]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/ogSSO6uS9C/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.2
| style="text-align: right;" | {{dts|May 27, 2014}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|May 29, 2014}}<ref name="Kim Kanye record">{{cite web|last=Nessif|first=Bruna|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/546725/kim-kardashian-s-wedding-photo-breaks-instagram-record-for-most-likes-sorry-justin-bieber|title=Kim Kardashian's Wedding Photo Breaks Instagram Record For Most Likes—Sorry, Justin Bieber!|date=May 29, 2014|work=[[E! News]]|archive-date=April 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416124726/http://www.eonline.com/news/546725/kim-kardashian-s-wedding-photo-breaks-instagram-record-for-most-likes-sorry-justin-bieber|url-status=live|access-date=January 12, 2019}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | {{age in days nts|29 May 2014|26 June 2015}}
|-
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/lilbieber|@lilbieber}}
| {{sortname|Justin|Bieber}}
| Hug with [[Selena Gomez]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/ivU7U4gvo1/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.1
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|January 4, 2014}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 2014<ref name="Kim Kanye record" />
| {{sdash}}
|-
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/lilbieber|@lilbieber}}
| {{sortname|Justin|Bieber}}
| Photo with [[Will Smith]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/dAu7UPgvn0/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1.4
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|August 15, 2013}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 2013<ref>{{cite web |last=Rodriquez |first=Salvador |title=Justin Bieber rules Instagram with most liked photo of 2013 |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-justin-bieber-instagram-most-liked-photo-2013-20131213-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |date=December 13, 2013 |archive-date=February 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203025636/https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-justin-bieber-instagram-most-liked-photo-2013-20131213-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 3, 2022}}</ref>
| {{sdash}}
|-
| {{Plain link|https://www.instagram.com/lilbieber|@lilbieber}}
| {{sortname|Justin|Bieber}}
| Photo with his siblings
| style="text-align:center;" | [https://www.instagram.com/p/ckl6t/]
| style="text-align:center;" | 0.2
| style="text-align:right;" | {{dts|December 29, 2011}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 2012<ref>{{cite web|last=Shontell|first=Alyson|title=This Is The Most Liked Instagram Picture Of All Time|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/most-liked-instagram-picture-2012-1|date=January 5, 2012|website=Business Insider|archive-date=April 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421165343/https://www.businessinsider.com/most-liked-instagram-picture-2012-1|url-status=live|access-date=March 9, 2021}}</ref>
| {{sdash}}
|-
! colspan="8" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" | {{As of|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}
|}

== See also ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[List of most-viewed Instagram reels]]
* [[List of most-followed Instagram accounts]]
* [[List of most-followed Facebook pages]]
* [[List of most-liked tweets]]
* [[List of most-retweeted tweets]]
* [[List of most-liked YouTube videos]]
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Facebook navbox}}
{{Most popular social media accounts}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Instagram posts, most-liked}}
[[Category:Lists of Internet-related superlatives]]
[[Category:Instagram-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of most popular media|Instagram posts]]

Gurusharan Lal Bhadani

2026-03-22T22:43:01Z

SuzetteEql:

{{short description|Indian industrialist and coal miner}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
'''Lala Gurusharan Lal Bhadani''' (1901–1955) was a noted industrialist and coal miner from [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]], India.<ref name=f/>

Lala Gurusharan Lal was one of the noted industrialists of the Indian state of [[Bihar]].
His father, [[Rai Bahadur]] [[Ram Chand Ram Bhadani]] was also a noted businessman from [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]]. Lala Gurusharan Lall stepped into his shoes, and later emerged as India's upcoming industrialist. Lala Gurusharan Lal also inherited the [[Zamindari]] of village Lapanga, [[Ramgarh district]] from his father. He also owned a colliery there under the name of Hindustan Coal Company Ltd.<ref name=n/> Lapanga later came to be known as [[Bhadani Nagar]].

In 1926 his first venture was Ram Chandra Naga Ram Rice & Oil Mills.
In 1933 he founded Gaya Sugar Mills<ref>The Indian Sugar Industry, 1950 - Sugar pp. 193</ref> in 1937 Gaya Cotton & Jute Mills. But soon he felt that Gaya was a small place for business expansion in the field of industrialization and as such in 1941 he shifted his business activities to [[Calcutta]] by purchasing Sodepur Glass Works from [[Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja]].<ref name=n>Diary of Golden Days at Jharia – A Memoir & History of Gurjar Kashtriya Samaj of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa of Calcutta compiled by Raja Pawan Jethwa 1998</ref> From Calcutta he extended his business activities to Bombay and in 1946 purchased Madhusudan Cotton Mills Limited. Apart from that, he was owner of several Sugar mills like Guraru and Warisaliganj Sugar Mills and famous Cotton Mills, Madhusudan Mills Bombay. In 1951, he founded the [[Indo-Ashai Glass Company]] Limited<ref>{{cite news|title=Glass factory closed again, hundreds rendered jobless|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Glass-factory-closed-again-hundreds-rendered-jobless/articleshow/7858433.cms|accessdate=19 October 2014|publisher=Times of India|date=3 April 2011}}</ref> The controlling company was known as Bhadani Brother Limited. He served also as the Director of Sri Ram Group of Industries, Hindustan Commercial Bank Ltd., Bhadani Bros. Ltd. and was the Director in more than three dozen industries of Sugar, Cloths, Chemicals, Electricity, Rice & Pulses, and Share Exchange.

He was member of number of regional, national & international business associations.
To name a few:-
1. All India Manufactures Association
2. Vice-President of Bihar Sugar Control Board.
3. Member of Executive Committee of [[Indian Chamber of Commerece]].
4. President of [[Bihar Chamber of Commerce and Industries]] (1948–49)<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Past Presidents|url=http://www.biharchamber.org/our_past_presidents|publisher=Bihar Chamber of Commerce & Industries|accessdate=19 October 2014}}</ref>
4. Indian Central Sugarcane Committee
5. [[Indian Mining Association]]
6. International Chamber of Commerce
7. Panel of Sugar and Alcohol Feast, Delhi

In 1941 he was elected president of [[All India Sugar Mill Association]] and in 1946 he was elected the president of [[FICCI|Federation of Indian Chamber of commerce and Industry]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Year Book of the Asiatic Society|date=1953|publisher=Asiatic Society, Calcutta|page=154|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ODAWAQAAMAAJ&q=Lala+Gurusharan+lal|accessdate=19 October 2014}}</ref> He was the first [[Bihari people|Bihari]] to have been elected as president of FICCI. He was appointed as the honorary trade adviser to the [[Government of Bihar]] in 1943, agent to the Government of India in 1944 and the President of Indian Chamber of Commerce in 1945. In appreciation of his brilliant service record; he was made the [[Knight Commander of the Indian Empire]] in 1945.

He also served as the trade adviser to the [[Government of Bihar]], a member of the Mica Enquiry Committee. He represented India as its special representative in the conference of [[International Chamber of Commerce]] held in England in 1945.

As a philanthropist, he was the founder president of [[Gaya College]], City School, and many other social and educational institutions. As a philanthropist, he, ˌkind-ˈheartedly extended donations in cash and kind to many other social organizations and educational institutions. He died in the year 1955.<ref name=f>{{cite book|title=Proceedings of the Committee, Volume 3|date=1956|publisher=Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJHGAAAAMAAJ&q=Lala+Gurusharan+died|accessdate=19 October 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhadani, Gurusharan Lal}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Gaya, India]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the coal industry]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in mining]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the textile industry]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the sugar industry]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the glass industry]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Bihar]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]

Jeddah

2026-03-22T22:31:38Z

SuzetteEql:

{{Short description|City in Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jeddah
| official_name =
| other_name =
| native_name = {{lang|ar|جِدَّة}}
| settlement_type = [[List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia|City]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| total_width = 290
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Jeddah Waterfront 2025 (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[Jeddah Corniche|Jeddah Waterfront]]
| image2 =
| caption2 = [[Jeddah Tower]]
| image3 = Jeddah Fahne.JPG
| caption3 = Skyline of Jeddah
| image4 = BSM 2571.jpg
| caption4 = [[King Fahd's Fountain]]
| image5 = Bayt_Nasif,_1872,_old_Jeddah,_Saudi_Arabia_(5)_(50703484406).jpg
| caption5 = [[Nasseef House]], [[Al-Balad, Jeddah|Al-Balad]]
}}
| image_flag =
| image_seal = Jeddah Municipality Logo.svg
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type =
| nickname = The Bride of the Red Sea
| motto = Jeddah Is Different
| pushpin_map = Saudi Arabia
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Jeddah within Saudi Arabia
| coordinates = {{coord|21|32|36|N|39|10|22|E|region:SA-02_type:city(4,000,000)|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = Saudi Arabia
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Saudi Arabia|Province]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mecca Province|Mecca]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 6th century BC
| leader_title = Governorate Mayor
| leader_name = Prince Saud bin Abdullah
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 1600
| area_urban_km2 = 1793
| area_metro_km2 = 2485
| elevation_m = 12
| population_total = 3,751,722
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_footnotes = <ref name=syb>{{cite web|title=Population|url=http://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/cdsi_data/yb50/Tabels/Chapter2/Table2-3.htm|work=Statistical Yearbook 50 (2014)|publisher=Central Department Of Statistics & Information|access-date=21 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221065527/http://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/cdsi_data/yb50/Tabels/Chapter2/Table2-3.htm|archive-date=21 February 2016}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = 
| demographics_type1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)]]
| demographics1_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Year
| demographics1_info1 = 2023
| demographics1_title2 = Total (Metro)
| demographics1_info2 = $235.6 billion<ref name="TelluBase">{{cite web |title=TelluBase—Saudi Arabia Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series) |url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_sau.pdf |publisher=Tellusant |access-date=31 March 2025 |archive-date=18 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618173957/https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_sau.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| demographics1_title3 = Per capita
| demographics1_info3 = $48,500
| postal_code_type = Postal Code
| postal_code = 5 digit codes beginning with 21 (e.g. 21577)
| area_code = +966 12
| blank3_name = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2021)
| blank3_info = 0.871<ref>{{cite web |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/SAU/?levels=1+4&years=2021&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |title=Sub-national HDI – Subnational HDI – Global Data Lab |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603142348/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/SAU/?levels=1+4&years=2021&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> – very high
| website = {{URL|jeddah.gov.sa}}
| footnotes = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
|child = yes
|Official_name = [[Al-Balad, Jeddah|Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Mecca]]
|ID = 1361
|Year = 2014
|Criteria = Cultural: ii, iv, vi
|Area = 17.92 ha
|Buffer_zone = 113.58 ha
}}
| utc_offset = +03:00
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| timezone1 = [[Saudi Arabia Standard Time|SAST]]
| native_name_lang = ar
}}

'''Jeddah'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|d|ə}} {{respell|JED|ə}}), ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɪ|d|ə}} {{respell|JID|ə}}; {{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|جِدَّة}}|Jidda}}, {{IPA|acw|ˈ(d)ʒɪd.da}}}} lies on the [[Red Sea]] coast in the [[Hijaz]] region of [[Saudi Arabia]]. It serves as a [[List of governorates of Saudi Arabia|governorate]], is the largest city in [[Mecca Province]], and, after the capital, [[Riyadh]], ranks as the country's [[List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia|second-largest city]]. Jeddah is the commercial center of the country. It is not known when Jeddah was founded, but Jeddah's prominence grew in 647 when the [[Caliphate|Caliph]] [[Uthman]] made it a travel hub serving [[Muslims|Muslim]] travelers going to the holy city of [[Mecca]] for [[Islamic pilgrimage]]. Since those times, Jeddah has served as a gateway for millions of pilgrims who have arrived in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Makkah Sharif |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1361/ |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113022047/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1361/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2006 |title=Jeddah Hooked on Fishing |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/281269 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref>

With a population of about 3,751,722 people as of 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Region (Saudi Arabia): Places in Governorates - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/ |access-date=3 February 2024 |website=www.citypopulation.de |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203224432/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Jeddah is the largest city in [[Hejaz]], and the [[List of largest metropolitan areas in the Middle East|ninth-largest]] in the [[Middle East]]. It also serves as the administrative centre of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]]. [[Jeddah Islamic Port]], on the [[Red Sea]], is the thirty-sixth largest seaport in the world<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 50 World Container Ports {{!}} World Shipping Council|url=https://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/top-50-world-container-ports|access-date=25 November 2020|website=www.worldshipping.org|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119000412/https://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/top-50-world-container-ports|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the second-largest and second-busiest seaport in the Middle East (after [[Dubai]]'s [[Port of Jebel Ali]]).

Jeddah is the principal gateway to [[Makkah|Mecca Sharif]], the [[holiest sites in Islam|holiest city in Islam]], {{convert|65|km|mi|sp=us}} to the east, while [[Medina]], the second-holiest city, is {{convert|360|km|mi|sp=us}} to the north. Economically, Jeddah is focusing on further developing capital investment in scientific and engineering leadership within Saudi Arabia, and the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ae.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20100727050049/comment |title='Jeddah has the potential to become a Knowledge City'Saudi Arabia - Zawya |access-date=28 July 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701183223/http://ae.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20100727050049/comment |archive-date=1 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jeddah was ranked fourth in the [[Africa]], MiddIe East, and '[[-stan#Countries|stan countries]] region in the Innovation Cities Index in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.innovation-cities.com/emerging-middle-east-africa-city-index/ |title=2thinknow Innovation Cities™ Emerging 11 Index 2009 - Middle East, Africa and Former USSR States | 2009 |publisher=Innovation-cities.com |date=12 November 2009 |access-date=17 April 2011 |archive-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412210457/http://www.innovation-cities.com/emerging-middle-east-africa-city-index/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jeddah is one of Saudi Arabia's primary resort cities and was named a [[Global city|Beta world city]] by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]] (GaWC). Given the city's close proximity to the Red Sea, fishing and seafood dominate the food culture unlike other parts of the country. In Arabic, the city motto is "Jeddah Ghair", which translates to "Jeddah is different".

==Etymology and spelling==
There are at least two [[etymology|etymologies]] of ''Jeddah'', according to Jeddah Ibn Al-Qudaa'iy, the chief of the Quda'a clan. The more common account has it that the name is derived from {{lang|ar|جدة}} ''Jaddah'', the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word for "grandmother". According to folk belief, the [[Tomb of Eve]], who is considered the grandmother of humanity, is located in Jeddah.<ref>Jayussi, Salma; Manṣūr Ibrāhīm Ḥāzimī; ʻIzzat ibn ʻAbd al-Majīd Khaṭṭāb ''Beyond the Dunes'' I B Tauris & Co Ltd (28 April 2006), p. 295. {{ISBN|978-1-85043-972-1}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=0aEnJNBD-QAC&pg=PA295]</ref>

The [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] traveler [[Ibn Battuta]] visited Jeddah during his world trip in around 1330. He wrote the name of the city into his diary as "Jiddah".<ref>{{cite book|date=1355|author=[[Ibn Battuta]]|editor=Darwīsh Al-Juwaydī|publisher=Al-Maktabah Al-ʿAṣriyyah|title=[[The Rihla|Ibn Battota's Safari: Tuhfat Al-Nothaar Fe Gharaa'ib Al-Amsaar]]|chapter=From Cairo to Hejaz to Tunisia again|isbn=9953-34-180-X|publication-date=2005|publication-place=Lebanon|page=253|volume=2}}</ref>

The British [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] and other branches of the British government formerly used the older spelling of "Jedda", contrary to other English-speaking usages, but in 2007, it changed to the spelling "Jeddah".<ref>[http://www.britishembassy.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1025870059850&a=KArticle&aid=1186674133138 British Embassy website] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

[[T. E. Lawrence]] felt that any transcription of Arabic names into English was arbitrary. In his book ''Revolt in the Desert'', Jeddah is spelled in three different ways on the first page alone.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/10/israel1 "Lost in translation."] Brian Whitaker. ''Guardian'' (UK). 10 June 2002.</ref>

On official Saudi maps and documents, the city name is transcribed "Jeddah", which is now the prevailing usage.

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Jeddah}}
[[File:Jeddah-1938.jpeg|thumb|Jeddah in 1938]]


===Pre-Islam===
Traces of early activity in the area are testified by some [[Thamudic]] inscriptions that were excavated in Wadi Briman<ref>{{Cite web |title=IT Solutions for Web, App, AI {{!}} Rev9 Solutions |url=https://rev9solutions.com/ |access-date=30 October 2024 |website=Rev9Solutions |language=en-US |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111024840/https://rev9solutions.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{lang|ar|وادي بريمان}}), east of the city, and [[Wadi Boweb]] ({{lang|ar|وادي بويب}}), northwest of the city. The oldest [[Mashrabiya]] found in Jeddah dates back to the [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic]] era.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Shikha |date=8 October 2022 |title=How a walk around Al Balad reveals Jeddah's rich architectural heritage |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/how-a-walk-around-al-balad-reveals-jeddahs-rich-architectural-heritage/ |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN |archive-date=28 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728120627/https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/how-a-walk-around-al-balad-reveals-jeddahs-rich-architectural-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some believe that Jeddah had been inhabited before [[Alexander the Great]], who had a naval expedition to the Red Sea, by fishermen in the Red Sea, who considered it a center from which they sailed out into the sea as well as a place for relaxation and well-being.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jeddah.gov.sa/english/JeddahCity/History/index.php |title=Jeddah History |access-date=8 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920125738/https://www.jeddah.gov.sa/english/JeddahCity/History/index.php |archive-date=20 September 2016 }}</ref> According to the Ministry of Hajj, Jeddah has been settled for more than 2500 years.<ref>[http://www.hajinformation.com/main/h301.htm History of Jeddah.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608161430/http://www.hajinformation.com/main/h301.htm |date=8 June 2023 }} Ministry of Hajj.</ref>

Excavations in the [[Al Balad, Jeddah|old city]] have been interpreted to give the fact that Jeddah was founded as a fishing hamlet by the Yemeni [[Quda'a|Quda'a tribe]] ({{langx|ar|links=no|بني قضاعة}}), who left to settle in Makkah after the collapse of [[Marib Dam]] in Yemen in 115 BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.okaz.com.sa/okaz/osf/20060510/Con2006051016179.htm |title=صحيفة عكاظ - جدة اليوم.. والعم وهيب |publisher=Okaz.com.sa |access-date=17 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234958/http://www.okaz.com.sa/okaz/osf/20060510/Con2006051016179.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Under the Caliphates===
Jeddah first achieved prominence around A.D. 647, when the third Muslim [[Caliph]], [[Uthman Ibn Affan]], turned it into a port making it the port of Makkah instead of Al Shoaib port, which was southwest of Makkah.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=10 March 2010 |title=Alamlam Online |url=http://www.alalamonline.net/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%85%D9%83%D9%87_%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201031/http://www.alalamonline.net/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%85%D9%83%D9%87_%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1.html |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=13 August 2013 |publisher=alalamonline.net}}</ref>

The [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]] inherited the entire [[Rashidun Caliphate]] including [[Hejaz]] and ruled from 661 to 750. In 702, Jeddah was briefly occupied by pirates from the [[Kingdom of Axum]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUbdCQAAQBAJ&q=axum+jeddah&pg=PA5 |title=Wings over Ogaden |date=19 April 2015 |publisher=Helion and Company |isbn=9781909982383 |page=5 |access-date=16 February 2016}}</ref> However, Jeddah remained a key civilian harbor, serving fishermen and pilgrims travelling by sea for the [[Hajj]]. It is also believed that the [[Sharif of Mecca|Sharifdom of Makkah]], an honorary Viceroy to the holy land, was first started in this period of the Islamic Caliphate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baker |first=Randall |title=King Husain and the Kingdom of Hejaz |date=1979 |publisher=Oleander Press |isbn=978-0-900891-48-9 |series=Arabia past and present |volume=10 |location=Cambridge}}</ref> Jeddah has been established as the main city of the historic Hijaz province and a historic port for pilgrims arriving by sea to perform their Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Makkah |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1361/ |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=whc.unesco.org |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113022047/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1361/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 750 in the [[Abbasid Revolution]], the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]] successfully took control of almost the whole Umayyad Empire, excluding [[Barghawata|Morocco (Maghrib)]] and [[Emirate of Córdoba|Spain (Al-Andalus)]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Latham |first=Derek J. |title=The Rise of the Umayyad dynasty in Spain |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000090306 |access-date=9 February 2025 |via=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> From 876, Jeddah and the surrounding area became the object of wars between the Abbasids and the [[Tulunids]] of Egypt, who at one point gained control of the emirates of [[Egypt]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]] and [[Hejaz]]. The power struggle between the Tulunid Governors and the Abbasids over Hejaz lasted for nearly twenty-five years, until the Tulunids finally withdrew from [[Arabia]] in 900.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Dodge, John Vilas |date=1 December 2007 |encyclopedia=Who Was Who |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u172122 |access-date=28 July 2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u172122 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127002907/https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u172122 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 930 AD, the main Hejazi cities of [[Medina]], [[Mecca]] and [[Taif]] were heavily sacked by the [[Qarmatians]]. It is probable, though not historically confirmed, that Jeddah itself was attacked.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Soon after, in early 935, the [[Ikhshidid dynasty|Ikhshidids]], the new power in Egypt, took control of the Hejaz region. There are no historical records that detail the Ikhshidid rule of Hejaz. At this point in time, Jeddah was still unfortified and without walls.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

===The Fatimids, Ayyubids, and Mamluks===
[[File:Tabula Rogeriana 1929 copy by Konrad Miller.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|''[[Tabula Rogeriana]]'', a reproduction of one of the most advanced [[early world maps]], by [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] produced in 1154 shows the location of Jeddah. This is a [[south-up map orientation]].]]

In 969 AD, the [[Fatimids]] from Algeria took control in Egypt from the [[Ikhshidid dynasty|Ikhshidid Governors of Abbasids]] and expanded their empire to the surrounding regions, including The Hijaz and Jeddah. The Fatimids developed an extensive trade network in both the [[Mediterranean]] and the [[Indian Ocean]] through the [[Red Sea]]. Their trade and diplomatic ties extended all the way to China and its [[Song dynasty]], which eventually determined the economic course of [[Tihamah]] during the [[High Middle Ages]].<ref name="EB-2024">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2024 |title=Jeddah {{!}} Saudi Arabia, Map, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jeddah-Saudi-Arabia |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911065648/https://www.britannica.com/place/Jeddah-Saudi-Arabia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Introduction: Why Jeddah |date=2020 |work=A History of Jeddah: The Gate to Mecca in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |pages=1–39 |editor-last=Freitag |editor-first=Ulrike |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-jeddah/introduction-why-jeddah/F8A76B1B2A4657802974A0A0EB925638 |access-date=28 July 2024 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108778831.002 |isbn=978-1-108-47879-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

After [[Saladin]]'s conquest of Jerusalem in 1171, he proclaimed himself sultan of Egypt, after dissolving the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] upon the death of [[al-Adid]], thus establishing the [[Ayyubid dynasty]]. Ayyubid conquests in Hejaz included Jeddah, which joined the Ayyubid dynasty in 1177 during the leadership of [[Sharif]] Ibn Abul-Hashim Al-Thalab (1094–1201). During their relatively short-lived tenure, the Ayyubids ushered in an era of economic prosperity in the lands they ruled and the facilities and patronage provided by the Ayyubids led to a resurgence in intellectual activity in the [[Islamic world]]. This period was also marked by an Ayyubid process of vigorously strengthening [[Sunni Muslim|Sunni]] dominance in the region by constructing numerous ''[[madrasas]]'' (Islamic schools) in their major cities. Jeddah attracted Muslim sailors and merchants from [[Sindh]], [[Southeast Asia]] and [[East Africa]], and other distant regions.<ref name="EB-2024" />

In the year 1258, after the fall of Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Empire, to the Mongols, [[Hejaz]] became a part of the [[Mamluk|Mamluk Sultanate]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Meloy |first=John L. |title=The Judges of Mecca and Mamluk Hegemony |date=29 May 2020 |work=Trajectories of State Formation across Fifteenth-Century Islamic West-Asia |pages=283–305 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004431317/BP000012.xml |access-date=28 July 2024 |publisher=Brill |language=en |isbn=978-90-04-43131-7 |archive-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105110045/https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004431317/BP000012.xml |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]], having found his way around the [[Cape of Good Hope|Cape]] and obtaining pilots from the coast of [[Zanzibar]] in AD 1497, pushed his way across the [[Indian Ocean]] to the shores of [[Zamorin|Malabar]] and [[History of Kozhikode|Calicut]], attacked fleets that carried freight and Muslim pilgrims from India to the [[Red Sea]], and struck terror into the surrounding potentates. The Princes of [[Gujarat]] and [[Yemen]] turned for help to [[Egypt]]. Sultan [[Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri]] accordingly fitted out a fleet of 50 vessels under the Governor of Jeddah, [[Amir Husain Al-Kurdi|Hussein the Kurd]] (aka. Mirocem). Jeddah was soon fortified with a wall, using forced labor, as a harbor of refuge from the [[Portugal|Portuguese]], allowing [[Arabia]] and the Red Sea to be protected.

===Ottoman Empire===
{{Main|Hejaz Vilayet|Attack on Jeddah (1541)}}

[[File:Portuguese attack on Jiddah 1517.jpg|thumb|[[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] attack in 1517 by Gaspar Correia (c. 1496–1563) - originally from ''Lendas da India'' by [[Gaspar Correia]].]]

In 1517, the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]] conquered the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt and Syria, during the reign of [[Selim I]].<ref name="History of Arabia">[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia "History of Arabia."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503091224/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia |date=3 May 2015 }} Britannica.com.</ref>

The Ottomans rebuilt the weak walls of Jeddah in 1525 following the defense of the city against the [[Lopo Soares de Albergaria|Lopo Soares de Albergaria's Armada]] at the [[Siege of Jeddah (1517)]]. The new stone wall included six [[watchtower]]s and six [[city gate]]s. They were constructed to defend against the Portuguese attack. Of the six gates, the Gate of Mecca was the eastern gate and the Gate of [[Maghreb|Al-Magharibah]], facing the port, was the western gate. The Gate of Sharif faces south. The other gates were the Gate of Al-Bunt, Gate of Al-Sham (also called Gate of Al-Sharaf), and Gate of [[Medina]], facing north.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927103812/http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/saudi-arabia/jeddah/jeddah-sightseeing/makkah-gate-in-jeddah.html Makkah Gate in Jeddah.] AsiaRooms.com.</ref> The Turks also built [[The Qishla of Jeddah]], a small castle for the city's soldiers. In the 19th century, these seven gates were minimized into four giant gates with four towers. These giant gates were the Gate of Sham to the north, the Gate of Mecca to the east, the Gate of Sharif to the south, and the Gate of Al-Magharibah on the seaside.

Jeddah became a direct Ottoman [[Eyalet]], while the remaining [[Hejaz]] under Sharif Barakat II became a vassal state to the Ottoman Empire eight years after the Siege of Jeddah in 1517. The Portuguese attempted to attack the port again in 1541, but were [[Attack on Jeddah (1541)|repelled]].

Parts of the city wall still survive today in the [[Al-Balad, Jeddah|old city]]. Even though the Portuguese were successfully repelled from the city, fleets in the [[Indian Ocean]] were at their mercy. This was evidenced by the [[Siege of Diu (1531)|Battle of Diu]]. The Portuguese soldiers' cemetery can still be found within the old city today and is referred to as the site of the [[Non–Muslim Cemetery|Christian Graves]].<ref>{{cite web |author=صحيفة عكاظ |url=http://www.okaz.com.sa/new/Issues/20110605/Con20110605424473.htm |title=صحيفة عكاظ - مقبرة النصارى |publisher=Okaz.com.sa |date=5 June 2012 |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429103135/http://www.okaz.com.sa/new/Issues/20110605/Con20110605424473.htm |archive-date=29 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Ahmed Al-Jazzar]], the Ottoman military man mainly known for his role in the [[Siege of Acre (1799)|Siege of Acre]], spent the earlier part of his career at Jeddah. In Jeddah in 1750, he killed some seventy rioting nomads in retaliation for the killing of his commander, Abdullah Beg, earning him the nickname "Jezzar" (butcher).

On 15 June 1858, rioting in the city, believed to have been instigated by a former police chief in reaction to British policy in the [[Red Sea]], led to the [[Jeddah massacre of 1858|massacre of 25 Christians]], including the British and French consuls, members of their families, and wealthy Greek merchants.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Caudill|first1=Mark A.|title=Twilight in the kingdom: understanding the Saudis|url=https://archive.org/details/twilightkingdomu00caud|url-access=limited|date=2006|publisher=Praeger Security International|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=9780275992521|page=[https://archive.org/details/twilightkingdomu00caud/page/n151 133]}}</ref> The British frigate {{HMS|Cyclops|1839|6}}, anchored at the port, bombarded the city for two days in retaliation.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bosworth|first1=C. Edmund|title=Historic cities of the Islamic world|date=2007|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9789004153882|page=223|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC|access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref>

===First Saudi State and Ottoman–Saudi War===
{{Main|Ottoman-Saudi War}}

In 1802, [[First Saudi State|Nejdi forces]] conquered both Mecca and Jeddah from the Ottomans. When Sharif [[Ghalib Efendi]] informed [[Sultan]] [[Mahmud II]] of this, the Sultan ordered his [[Egypt|Egyptian]] viceroy [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]] to retake the city. Muhammad Ali successfully regained the city in the [[Battle of Jeddah (1813)|Battle of Jeddah]] in 1813.

===World War I and the Hashemite Kingdom===
{{Main|Arab Revolt|Kingdom of Hejaz}}

[[File:Painting of Mohammed Abu Zenada.jpg|thumb|left|Mohammed Abu Zenada, one of the Chiefs of Jeddah and the advisor to the [[Ali of Hejaz|Sharif]] during the surrender to [[Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia|King Abdulaziz Ibn Saud]] in 1925.]]

During [[World War I]], Sharif [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|Hussein bin Ali]] declared a revolt against the [[Ottoman Empire]], seeking independence from the Ottoman Turks and the creation of a single unified [[Arab]] state spanning from [[Aleppo]] in [[Syria]] to [[Aden]] in [[Yemen]].

King Hussein declared the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]]. Later, Hussein was involved in a war with [[Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia|Ibn Saud]], who was the Sultan of [[Nejd]]. Hussein abdicated following the fall of [[Mecca]], in December 1924, and his son [[Ali of Hejaz|Ali bin Hussein]] became the new king.

===Kingdom of Saudi Arabia===
[[File:IbnSaudInJeddah.jpg|thumbnail|[[Ibn Saud|King Abdulaziz]] sitting with Abdullah Ali Reda on the day he entered Jeddah in 1925]]

A few months later, [[Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia|Ibn Saud]], whose clan originated in the central [[Nejd]] province, conquered [[Medina]] and Jeddah via an agreement with Jeddans following the [[Battle of Jeddah (1925)|Second Battle of Jeddah]]. He deposed [[Ali of Hejaz|Ali bin Hussein]], who fled to [[Baghdad]], eventually settling in [[Amman]], [[Jordan]], where his descendants became part of its [[Hashemite]] royalty.

As a result, Jeddah came under the sway of the [[House of Saud|Al-Saud dynasty]] in December 1925. In 1926, Ibn Saud added the title King of Hejaz to his position of Sultan of Nejd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steinberg |first=Guido |date=August 2003 |title=Madawi Al-Rasheed, ''A history of Saudi Arabia''. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.) Pages xvii+255. £40.00; £14.95 (paperback). |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416003214727 |journal=Continuity and Change |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=311–313 |doi=10.1017/s0268416003214727 |issn=0268-4160|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Today, Jeddah has lost its historical role in peninsular politics after it fell within the new province of [[Makkah Province|Makkah]], whose provincial capital is the city of [[Mecca]].

From 1928 to 1932, the new Khuzam Palace was built as the new residence of King Abdul Aziz in Jeddah. The palace lies south of the old walled city and was constructed under the supervision of the engineer [[Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden]]. After 1963, the palace was used as a royal guesthouse; since 1995, it has housed the Regional Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography.<ref>Leaflet for Khuzam Palace Jeddah, Deputy Ministry of Antiquities & Museums</ref>

The remaining walls and gates of the old city were demolished in 1947. In 1939, a [[Jiddah International Airport (1981)|military airstrip]] was built in Jeddah, serving as the first airport in Jeddah. It was upgraded into the headquarters of the RSAF by the 1950s. On 14 October 1952, Jeddah Airport was officially inaugurated and opened under the patronage of His Royal Highness Prince Saud Bin Abdulaziz.
A fire in 1982 destroyed some ancient buildings in the old town center, called [[Al-Balad, Jeddah|Al-Balad]], but much is still preserved. A house-by-house survey of the old districts was made in 1979, showing that some 1000 traditional buildings still existed, though the number of structures with great historic value was far less. In 1990, a Jeddah Historical Area Preservation Department was founded.<ref>[http://www.saudiembassy.net/files/PDF/Publications/Magazine/1999-Winter/preserving.htm "Preserving Jeddah's Historic Buildings."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129194756/http://www.saudiembassy.net/files/PDF/Publications/Magazine/1999-Winter/preserving.htm |date=29 January 2010 }} ''Saudi Arabia'', Winter 1999, Volume 15, Number 4. Information Office, Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia.</ref><ref>The [https://web.archive.org/web/20080923204449/http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/saudi-arabia/jeddah/jeddah-sightseeing/biet-nassif-in-jeddah.html Biet Nassif in Jeddah] at asiarooms.com</ref>

The modern city has expanded wildly beyond its old boundaries. The built-up area expanded mainly to the north along the Red Sea coastline, reaching the new airport during the 1990s and since edging its way around it toward the [[Obhur Creek]], some {{convert|27|km|0|abbr=on}} from the old city center.<ref>Maneval, Stefan. 2019. ''[http://www.uclpress.co.uk/newurbanism New Islamic Urbanism]''. London: UCL Press, 31–36.</ref>

{{Main|Demolitions in Jeddah}}

In October 2021, Saudi authorities, led by [[Mohammad bin Salman]], initiated a [[Demolitions in Jeddah|large-scale demolition]] and eviction plan in neighborhoods in the southern part of Jeddah to make way for the [[Jeddah Central |Jeddah Central Project]], a revitalization project under [[Saudi Vision 2030]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/09/13/1121317025/saudi-arabia-demolition-jeddah |title=Saudi Arabia is razing whole neighborhoods to make way for tourism and wealth |author=Tanis, Fatma |work=NPR |date=13 September 2022 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127171453/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/13/1121317025/saudi-arabia-demolition-jeddah |url-status=live }}</ref> The demolitions affected 558,000 people in more than 60 neighborhoods. [[Amnesty International]] confirmed through official documents that some of the residents were notified about evictions only 24 hours before, while others were between 1–6 weeks. In some cases "evacuate" was written on the buildings, while the state media and billboards informed others about the demolitions to others.<ref name=AI-22-06-2022>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/06/saudi-arabia-mass-demolitions-and-forced-evictions-marred-by-violations-and-discrimination/|title=Saudi Arabia: Mass Demolitions And Forced Evictions Marred By Violations And Discrimination|access-date=22 June 2022|publisher=Amnesty International|date=22 June 2022|archive-date=22 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622075231/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/06/saudi-arabia-mass-demolitions-and-forced-evictions-marred-by-violations-and-discrimination/|url-status=live}}</ref> Saudi state media claimed the majority of affected neighborhoods were "rife with diseases, crime, drugs and theft" and home to predominantly [[Illegal immigration|undocumented immigrants]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBn55fx6Zrs|title=Saudi Arabia... Continuing development of "Jeddah" slums|date=23 January 2022|access-date=23 January 2022|via=YouTube|archive-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128042047/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBn55fx6Zrs|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2022, Saudi authorities announced a compensation scheme that accounted for 47% of those evicted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/616529/SAUDI-ARABIA/Free-housing-among-services-for-citizens-whose-properties-being-razed-in-Jeddah-over-68000-services-rendered|title=Free housing among services for citizens whose properties being razed in Jeddah; over 68,000 services rendered|access-date=31 January 2022|website=Saudi Gazette|date=31 January 2022|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131161116/https://www.saudigazette.com.sa/article/616529/SAUDI-ARABIA/Free-housing-among-services-for-citizens-whose-properties-being-razed-in-Jeddah-over-68000-services-rendered|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Jeddah map.png|thumb|Map of Jeddah from OpenStreetMap]]

Jeddah is located in Saudi Arabia's Red Sea [[coastal plain]] (called [[Tihamah]]). Jeddah lies in the Hijazi Tihama ({{lang|ar|تهامة الحجاز}}) region which is in the lower [[Hijaz mountains]]. Historically, politically and culturally, Jeddah was a major city of [[Hejaz Vilayet]], the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]] and other regional political entities according to Hijazi history books. It is the 100th largest city in the world by land area.

===Climate===
Jeddah features an [[arid climate]] (''BWh'') under [[Köppen climate classification]], with a tropical temperature range. Unlike other Saudi Arabian cities, Jeddah retains its warm temperatures in winter, which can range from {{convert|15|C|F}} at dawn to {{convert|28|C|F}} in the afternoon. Summer temperatures are extremely hot, often breaking the {{convert|40|C|F}} mark in the afternoon. Summers are also quite steamy, with dew points often exceeding {{convert|80|F|order=flip}}, particularly in September.

Rainfall in Jeddah is generally sparse, and usually occurs in small amounts in November and December. Heavy thunderstorms are common in winter. The thunderstorm of December 2008 was the largest in recent memory, with rain reaching around {{convert|3|in|mm|abbr=on|-1|order=flip}}. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Jeddah was {{convert|9.8|C|F}} on 10 February 1993.<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web|title=Climate Normals for Jeddah|url=http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Jeddah.RTF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512182235/http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Jeddah.RTF|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 May 2012|publisher=Jeddah Regional Climate Center|access-date=1 February 2013}}</ref> The highest temperature ever recorded in Jeddah was {{convert|52.0|C|F}} on 22 June 2010,<ref name="NOAA"/> which is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Saudi Arabia.<ref name="wu">{{cite web|last=Masters|first=Jeff|title=Bolivia ties its all-time heat record|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1701|work=Weather Underground|publisher=Dr. Jeff Masters' WunderBlog|access-date=23 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124020718/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1701|archive-date=24 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2010062476182 |url-status=dead |title=saudigazette|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930232945/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2010062476182 |archive-date=30 September 2015 }}</ref>

[[Dust storm]]s happen in summer and sometimes in winter, coming from the [[Arabian Peninsula]]'s deserts or from [[North Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saudi Arabia Records Lowest Rate of Dust and Sand Storms in May for 20 Years |url=https://spa.gov.sa/ |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=spa.gov.sa |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251022035943/https://www.spa.gov.sa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Occasionally, the dust storms accompany thunderstorms.

{{Weather box|width = auto
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|location = Jeddah (1991–2020, extremes 1991-present)
|Jan record high C = 36.0
|Feb record high C = 37.4
|Mar record high C = 40.6
|Apr record high C = 44.5
|May record high C = 48.2
|Jun record high C = 52.0
|Jul record high C = 47.0
|Aug record high C = 49.4
|Sep record high C = 49.2
|Oct record high C = 46.4
|Nov record high C = 40.8
|Dec record high C = 37.0
|year record high C = 52.0
|Jan high C = 28.8
|Feb high C = 29.8
|Mar high C = 31.7
|Apr high C = 34.5
|May high C = 37.1
|Jun high C = 38.3
|Jul high C = 39.4
|Aug high C = 38.7
|Sep high C = 37.4
|Oct high C = 36.6
|Nov high C = 33.3
|Dec high C = 30.6
|year high C = 34.7
|Jan mean C = 23.4
|Feb mean C = 24.0
|Mar mean C = 25.5
|Apr mean C = 28.3
|May mean C = 30.7
|Jun mean C = 31.8
|Jul mean C = 33.2
|Aug mean C = 33.2
|Sep mean C = 31.9
|Oct mean C = 30.2
|Nov mean C = 27.6
|Dec mean C = 25.2
|year mean C = 28.7
|Jan low C = 18.8
|Feb low C = 19.0
|Mar low C = 20.2
|Apr low C = 22.8
|May low C = 25.0
|Jun low C = 25.8
|Jul low C = 27.6
|Aug low C = 28.6
|Sep low C = 27.3
|Oct low C = 25.0
|Nov low C = 22.9
|Dec low C = 20.6
|year low C = 23.6
|Jan record low C = 11.0
|Feb record low C = 9.8
|Mar record low C = 10.0
|Apr record low C = 12.0
|May record low C = 16.4
|Jun record low C = 20.0
|Jul record low C = 20.5
|Aug record low C = 22.0
|Sep record low C = 17.0
|Oct record low C = 15.6
|Nov record low C = 15.0
|Dec record low C = 11.4
|year record low C = 9.8
|Jan precipitation mm = 12.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 3.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 2.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 1.9
|May precipitation mm = 0.1
|Jun precipitation mm = 0.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 0.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 0.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 0.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 1.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 27.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 9.1
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 1.1
| Feb precipitation days = 0.3
| Mar precipitation days = 0.4
| Apr precipitation days = 0.2
| May precipitation days = 0.1
| Jun precipitation days = 0.0
| Jul precipitation days = 0.1
| Aug precipitation days = 0.2
| Sep precipitation days = 0.0
| Oct precipitation days = 0.4
| Nov precipitation days = 1.9
| Dec precipitation days = 0.7
| year precipitation days = 5.4
|Jan humidity = 60
|Feb humidity = 60
|Mar humidity = 60
|Apr humidity = 57
|May humidity = 56
|Jun humidity = 58
|Jul humidity = 53
|Aug humidity = 59
|Sep humidity = 67
|Oct humidity = 66
|Nov humidity = 65
|Dec humidity = 63
|year humidity = 60
| Jan sun = 236.0
| Feb sun = 232.2
| Mar sun = 261.0
| Apr sun = 273.7
| May sun = 300.8
| Jun sun = 295.8
| Jul sun = 300.3
| Aug sun = 278.3
| Sep sun = 252.7
| Oct sun = 265.5
| Nov sun = 246.1
| Dec sun = 236.2
| year sun =
|source 1 =[[NOAA]],<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/SaudiArabia/CSV/Jeddah_KAIA_41024.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Jeddah
| format = CSV
| publisher = [[National Centers for Environmental Information]]
| access-date = 2 August 2023
| archive-date = 27 February 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240227044242/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/SaudiArabia/CSV/Jeddah_KAIA_41024.csv
| url-status = live
}}</ref> Jeddah Regional Climate Center<ref name=JRCC>
{{cite web
|url = http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Jeddah.RTF
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120512182235/http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Jeddah.RTF
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 12 May 2012
|title = Climate Data for Saudi Arabia
|publisher = Jeddah Regional Climate Center
|access-date = 7 December 2015
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=41024&ano=2025&mes=9&day=17&hora=15&min=0&ndays=30 |title= 41024: Jeddah King Abdul Aziz International Airport (Saudi Arabia)|author= |date= 16 September 2025|website=ogimet.com |publisher=OGIMET |access-date= 20 September 2025|quote=}}</ref>, [[DWD]](sunshine 1994-2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=CDC Open Data: Monthly total sunshine for station code 41024 |url=https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/monthly/qc/sunshine_duration/historical/41024_199411_202212.txt |website=opendata.dwd.de |publisher=[[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] |access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref>
|date=December 2015
}}

{|class="wikitable"
|+Jeddah mean sea temperature<ref name="Seatemperature">{{cite web |url=http://www.seatemperature.org/middle-east/saudi-arabia/jeddah-december.htm |title=Monthly Jeddah water temperature chart |publisher=Seatemperatures.org |access-date=20 January 2014 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222105502/http://www.seatemperature.org/middle-east/saudi-arabia/jeddah-december.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
|-
|{{convert|26.3|°C}}
|{{convert|25.7|°C}}
|{{convert|25.8|°C}}
|{{convert|26.8|°C}}
|{{convert|28.1|°C}}
|{{convert|29.0|°C}}
|{{convert|30.6|°C}}
|{{convert|31.6|°C}}
|{{convert|31.1|°C}}
|{{convert|30.7|°C}}
|{{convert|29.1|°C}}
|{{convert|27.9|°C}}
|}

==Economy==
[[File:Jeddah Mall of Arabia.jpg|thumb|[[Jeddah Park Mall (Jeddah)|Jeddah Park Mall]] is the largest shopping mall in Jeddah.]]

Jeddah has long been a port city. Even before being designated the port city for Mecca, Jeddah was a trading hub for the region. In the 19th century, goods such as mother-of-pearl, tortoise shells, frankincense, and spices were routinely exported from the city. Apart from this, many imports into the city were destined for further transit to the Suez, Africa, or Europe. Many goods passing through Jeddah could not be normally found in the city or even in Arabia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Al-Sha'afi|first=Muhammad|title=Foreign Trade of Juddah: During the Ottoman Period 1840-1916|year=1990|publisher=King Saud University}}</ref>

All of the capitals of the [[Middle East]] and North Africa are within two hours flying distance of Jeddah, making it the second commercial center of the Middle East after Dubai.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070910215922/http://www.ksawpf.com/index.php?page=jeddah#commercial Commerce of Jeddah.] Saudi Arabian Water & Power Forum.</ref>

Also, Jeddah's industrial district is the fourth largest in Saudi Arabia after [[Riyadh]], [[Jubail]] and [[Yanbu]].

===King Abdullah Street===
[[File:King_Abdullah_Street,_Jeddah.jpg|thumb|King Abdullah Street]]

King Abdullah Street is one of the most important streets in Jeddah and runs from King Fahd Road by the waterfront in the west of Jeddah to the eastern end of the city. It is famous for hosting numerous corporate offices and commercial developments. It will be near the HSR Entrance in Jeddah central train station which connects Jeddah with Makkah, Al-Madinah, and King Abdullah Economic City (KAEC). It also has the second tallest flagpole in the world at a height of 170 m (558 ft). This road faced a catastrophe in 2011 when it was submerged in rainwater.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flooding in Saudi Arabia kills 10 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/01/29/saudia.arabia.flooding/index.html |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=www.cnn.com |language=en |archive-date=28 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728123502/http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/01/29/saudia.arabia.flooding/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Tahliyah Street===
{{Main|Tahliah Street (Jeddah)|l1 = Tahliya Street}}

[[File:Jeddah galleria.jpg|thumb|upright|Galleria, a hotel on Tahliyah Street]]

Tahliyah Street (EXT. Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz St) is an important fashion and shopping street in central Jeddah. It contains many upscale department and high fashion brands stores as well as boutiques. It has been renamed "Prince Mohammad bin Abdul Aziz Road" by the government, but this official name is not widely used. It also has many [[fine dining]] options.

===Madinah Road===
[[Medina|Madinah]] Road is a historically significant street in Jeddah. It links the Southern districts with the North and contains the main offices of several companies and showrooms. The northern end of the road links to the [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|King Abdul Aziz Int'l Airport]], which is a contributing factor to heavy traffic on this road at most times during the day.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

[[File:Medina Road - Jeddah - Saudi Arabia.jpg|alt="Needs Updating"|thumb|center|800px|A view of the Madinah Road in 2007]]

==Culture==
===Religious significance===
[[File:A Lady from Jeddah 1873.JPG|thumb|upright|A woman from Jeddah in traditional clothing, 1873]]

Most citizens are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]]. The government, courts, and civil and criminal laws enforce a moral code established by Shari'ah. A very small minority of Saudi citizens are [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]], and there is also a large foreign workforce, mainly from countries like the Philippines and Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

The city has over 1,300 [[mosque]]s.<ref>[http://www.asharqalawsat.com/details.asp?section=43&issue=10110&article=376124 Report about number of mosques.]{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Al-Sharq Al-Awsat Newspaper.</ref> The law does not allow other religions' buildings, books, icons, and expressions of faith. However, private religious observance not involving Muslims nor offending public order and morality is tolerated.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

Since the 7th century, Jeddah has hosted millions of Muslim pilgrims from all over the world on their way to the [[Hajj]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2023 |title=9 reasons to visit Jeddah |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/north-africa-middle-east/reasons-visit-jeddah-saudi-arabia-b2395486.html |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> This merge with pilgrims has a major impact on the society, religion, and economy of Jeddah.

===Cuisine===
[[File:The_Hijazi_Saleeg.jpg|thumb|Hejazi [[Saleeg]]]]
Jeddah's multi-ethnic citizenry has influenced Jeddah's traditional cuisine.

Some dishes are native to the Hejaz, like [[Saleeg]]. Mabshūr ({{lang|acw|مَبْشُور}}) is a white-rice dish, cooked in broth, often made with chicken instead of lamb meat. Jeddah cuisine is popular as well, with dishes like Foul, Shorabah Hareira (Hareira soup), Mugalgal, Madhbi (chicken grilled on stone), Madfun (literally meaning "buried"), Magloobah, Kibdah, Manzalah (usually eaten at [[Eid ul-Fitr]]), Magliya (a local version of [[falafel]]) and Saiyadyia able to be acquired in many traditional restaurants around the city.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

Some dishes popular in the city were imported from other Saudi regions, like [[Kabsa]] from Najd and Arīka ({{lang|acw|عَريكة}}) and Ma'sūb ({{lang|acw|مَعْصُوب}}) from the southern Saudi region. Other dishes were imported from other cultures through Saudis of different origins, like [[Manti (food)|Mantu]], Yaghmush ({{lang|acw|يَغْمُش}}) and [[Pilaf|Ruz Bukhāri]] ({{lang|acw|رُز بُخاري}}) from Central Asia, [[Börek|Burēk]], [[Tsoureki|Šurēk]], and Kabab Almīru ({{lang|acw|كباب الميرو}}) from Turkey and the Balkans, [[Mandi (food)|Mandi]] from Yemen, [[Murtabak|Mutabbag]] ({{lang|acw|مُطَبَّق}}) from Yemen-Malaysia, [[Biryāni]] and Kābli ({{lang|acw|كابلي}}) rice dishes from [[South Asia]].

The most popular local fast-food chain, begun in 1974, is [[Albaik|Al Baik]], with branches in Jeddah and the neighboring cities of Makkah, Madinah and Yanbu. Their main dish is broasted (broiled and roasted) chicken, commonly known by Jeddawis as "Broast", and a variety of [[seafood]]. The popular fast food chain recently started opening branches internationally including Bahrain, and Dubai in the UAE.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Al Baik to open its second Dubai branch in Mall of the Emirates |work=[[The National UAE]] |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/food/2022/04/18/al-baik-is-opening-a-second-dubai-branch-in-mall-of-the-emirates/ |archive-date=1 May 2022 |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501151414/https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/food/2022/04/18/al-baik-is-opening-a-second-dubai-branch-in-mall-of-the-emirates/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Open-air art===
[[File: Cycle Roundabout, Jeddah.jpg|thumb|The bicycle roundabout is one of the most iconic open-air art installations in Jeddah.]]
[[File:Hope for the right path.jpg|thumb|Copper statue ''Hope for the Right Path'' from Belgian artist [[Hubert Minnebo]] at the Sword Roundabout ([[Tahlia Street]])]]

During the oil boom in the late 1970s and 1980s, there was a focused civic effort led by Mohamed Said Farsi, who was then the city's mayor,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/jun/01/sun-sand-sculpture-in-jeddah-saudi-arabia-joan-miro-jean-arp|title=Sculptural oasis: why the giants of art made for Jeddah|last=Jones|first=Jonathan|date=1 June 2015|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sculpturesofjeddah.com/about/jeddah-city-of-sculpture|title=Sculptures of Jeddah|last=Park|first=Jeddah Sculpture|website=www.sculpturesofjeddah.com|language=en|access-date=25 May 2018|archive-date=24 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524110139/http://www.sculpturesofjeddah.com/about/jeddah-city-of-sculpture|url-status=live}}</ref> to bring art to Jeddah's [[Public space|public areas]]. As a result, Jeddah contains a large number of modern open-air sculptures and works of art, typically situated in [[roundabout]]s. Sculptures include works by [[Jean/Hans Arp]], [[César Baldaccini]], [[Alexander Calder]], [[Henry Moore]], [[Joan Miró]], [[Hubert Minnebo]] and [[Victor Vasarely]]. They often depict traditional Saudi items such as coffee pots, incense burners, palm trees, etc. Islamic tradition prohibits the depiction of living creatures, especially the human form, and this has affected the art. Other statues include a giant geometry set, a giant bicycle, a huge block of concrete with several cars protruding from it at odd angles, and a monumental sculpture by [[Aref Rayess]] called "Swords of God (Soyuf Allah)". At the interchange between Al-Madinah Road, King Abdulaziz Road, and Prince Abullah Al-Faisal Road, there are large sculptures of camels that are the center of a roundabout. The roundabout is commonly known as 'The Camel Roundabout'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Camel Roundabout |url=http://www.sculpturesofjeddah.com/sculptures/detail/the-camel-roundabout |website=Sculptures of Jeddah |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206043401/http://www.sculpturesofjeddah.com/sculptures/detail/the-camel-roundabout |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Museums and collections===
There are about a dozen museums or collections in Jeddah, with varied educational aims and professionalism.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080102174931/http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/saudi-arabia/jeddah/jeddah-museums/index.html Museums in Jeddah] at asiarooms.com</ref> These include the [[Jeddah Regional Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography]] run by the Deputy Ministry of Antiquities and Museums, the Jeddah Municipal Museum, the [[Nasseef House]], the [[Humane Heritage Museum]], the private Abdul Rauf Hasan Khalil Museum and the private Arts Heritage Museum.

===Events and festivals===
====Red Sea International Film Festival====
Jeddah was selected as the place for the annual [[Red Sea International Film Festival]] that was held in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/red-sea-international-film-festival-saudi-arabia-announces-new-jeddah-event-1.842144|title=Red Sea International Film Festival: Saudi Arabia announces new Jeddah event|website=The National|date=27 March 2019|language=en|access-date=23 April 2019|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729163919/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/film/red-sea-international-film-festival-saudi-arabia-announces-new-jeddah-event-1.842144|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Jeddah International Book Fair====
Jeddah hosts an annual international book fair called [[Jeddah International Book Fair]].<ref name="JIBF-2019">{{Cite web|url=http://jeddahbookfair.com/en_US/|title=Jeddah international book fair|website=Jeddah International Book Fair|language=en-US|access-date=8 May 2019|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505200913/http://www.jeddahbookfair.com/en_US/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the second largest book fair in Saudi Arabia,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenewpublishingstandard.com/saudi-arabias-4th-jeddah-international-book-fair-set-13-days-western-christmas-new-year/|title=Saudi Arabia's 4th Jeddah International Book Fair set for 13 days over western Christmas and New Year|date=17 December 2018|website=The New Publishing Standard|language=en-US|access-date=8 May 2019|archive-date=8 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508171454/https://thenewpublishingstandard.com/saudi-arabias-4th-jeddah-international-book-fair-set-13-days-western-christmas-new-year/|url-status=live}}</ref> and it was first held in 2015. The book fair is held annually in early December.<ref name="JIBF-2019" />

====Jeddah Season====
Jeddah Season is a part of the Saudi government's Saudi Seasons initiative that aims at launching high-level tourism activities in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whatsupksa.com/saudi-seasons-2019-initiative-mapping-the-way-for-tourism/|title='Saudi Seasons 2019' Initiative: Mapping the Way for Tourism|last=K|first=Yara|date=1 March 2019|website=WHATSUP KSA|language=en-US|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-date=23 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623120004/https://whatsupksa.com/saudi-seasons-2019-initiative-mapping-the-way-for-tourism/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first version of the season was held in June–July 2019.<ref name="Fareed-2019">{{Cite web|url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/567948/SAUDI-ARABIA/Jeddah-Season-announces-fun-filled-calendar|title=Jeddah Season announces fun-filled calendar|date=2 June 2019|website=Saudigazette|language=en|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-date=11 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611223905/http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/567948/SAUDI-ARABIA/Jeddah-Season-announces-fun-filled-calendar|url-status=live}}</ref> Around 150 activities and events were organized in five destinations in Jeddah.<ref name="Fareed-2019" /> Saudi Seasons 2019 aimed at shedding light on the diverse Saudi culture and heritage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scth.gov.sa/en/MediaCenter/News/MainNews/Pages/a-m-1-27-2-19.aspx|title=Launching the "Saudi Seasons 2019" Program|website=scth.gov.sa|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217230526/https://scth.gov.sa/en/mediaCenter/News/MainNews/Pages/a-m-1-27-2-19.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jeddah was chosen because it is one of the most culturally-rich Saudi cities, with a history that spans over 3,000 years.<ref name="Fareed-2019" /> Most of Jeddah Season's events and activities were held at [[King Abdullah Sports City]], Jeddah's historical area, Al-Hamra Corniche, and the Jeddah Waterfront.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1511316/saudi-arabia|title=Jeddah's Kanz Al-Balad, Al-Ozwa Street Performance enthrall visitors|date=16 June 2019|website=Arab News|language=en|access-date=18 June 2019|archive-date=6 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106135012/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1511316/saudi-arabia|url-status=live}}</ref>
Jeddah Season aims to make Jeddah the most preferred tourist destination in the world and the best season of all the Saudi Seasons.<ref name="Seasons-2019">{{Cite web|url=https://saudiseasons.com/jeddah-season|title=Jeddah Season - Saudi Seasons|date=1 April 2019|website=Saudi Seasons|language=en|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019220326/https://saudiseasons.com/jeddah-season|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Media===
Jeddah is served by four major Arabic-language newspapers, ''[[Asharq Al-Awsat]]'', ''[[Al Madina Press|Al Madina]]'', ''[[Okaz]]'', and ''[[Al-Bilad (Saudi newspaper)|Al Bilad]]'', as well as two major English-language newspapers, the ''[[Saudi Gazette]]'' and ''[[Arab News]]'' (which also covers other Middle Eastern events). ''Okaz'' and ''Al-Madina'' are the primary newspapers of Jeddah and some other Saudi cities, with over a million readers; their focus is mainly local.

Internet blogs specifically informative of the locality are abundant in Jeddah, catering mostly to the widespread expatriate population. Of these are constituted websites that have garnered international acclaim for informativeness, such as Jeddah Blog, the recipient of the Bronze Expat Blog Award in 2012 and the Gold Award in 2013 and among Feedspot's Top 100 Middle East blogs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jeddah-blog.com/2013/12/17/expat-blog-awards-2013/|title=Expat Blog Awards 2013|work=Jeddah Blog|access-date=24 May 2015|archive-date=13 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013065847/https://jeddah-blog.com/2013/12/17/expat-blog-awards-2013/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://blog.feedspot.com/middle_east_blogs/|title = Top 100 Middle East Blogs & Websites to Follow in 2020 | Mideast Blogs|date = September 2017|access-date = 19 January 2018|archive-date = 19 January 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119121819/https://blog.feedspot.com/middle_east_blogs/|url-status = live}}</ref> Other amateur websites relating to specific topics in the region exist as well.

Jeddah represents the largest radio and television market in [[Saudi Arabia]]. Television stations serving the city area include Saudi TV1, [[Saudi T.V. Channel II|Saudi TV2]], [[Saudi TV Sports]], [[Al Ekhbariya]], the [[Arab Radio and Television Network|ART channels network]] and hundreds of cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers.

The [[Jeddah TV Tower]] is a {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on}} high television tower with an observation deck.

===Accent===
{{Main|Hejazi Arabic}}

The Jeddah region's distinctive speech pattern is called the [[Hejazi Arabic|Hejazi]] dialect. It is among the most recognizable of all accents in the Arabic language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alzaidi |first1=Muhammad Swaileh |last2=Xu |first2=Yi |last3=Xu |first3=Anqi |date=January 2019 |title=Prosodic encoding of focus in Hijazi Arabic |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2018.12.006 |journal=Speech Communication |volume=106 |pages=127–149 |doi=10.1016/j.specom.2018.12.006 |issn=0167-6393}}</ref>

==Cityscape==
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| Official_name = Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Makkah
| image = [[File:Market street in old Jeddah with al-Mimar Mosque in the background, Saudi Arabia (1) (50703470911).jpg|220px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption = A market street in [[Al-Balad, Jeddah|Old Jeddah]] with the al-Mimar Mosque in the background.
| location =
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (iv), (vi)}}(ii), (iv), (vi)
| ID = 1361bis
| coordinates =
| year = 2014
| extension =
| area = 17.92 ha
| map_caption =
}}
[[File:Jeddah Seafront.jpg|thumb|Skyline of Al-Balad (Jeddah Downtown)]]

===Old Jeddah===
{{Main|Al-Balad, Jeddah}}

[[File:Jeddah historic (3278312442).jpg|thumb|upright|The architecture of buildings in Jeddah's historic Al-Balad area]]

The Old City known as [[Al-Balad, Jeddah|Al-Balad]], with its traditional multistory buildings and merchant houses that often still belong to the families that inhabited them before the oil-era, has lost ground to more modern developments.<ref>Maneval, Stefan. 2019. [https://www.uclpress.co.uk/newurbanism New Islamic Urbanism]. London: UCL Press, 38–9.</ref> Nonetheless, the Old City contributes to the cultural identity of Jeddah and the Hijaz more generally. Since it was granted UNESCO World Heritage status, in 2014, several traditional buildings have been restored and made open to the public. In 2019, the Saudi crown prince, [[Mohammad bin Salman|Muhammad bin Salman]], issued a royal decree ordering the [[Ministry of Culture (Saudi Arabia)|Ministry of Culture]] to restore 50 historical buildings in Jeddah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whatsupksa.com/crown-prince-orders-restoration-processes-of-historical-buildings/|title=Crown Prince Orders Restoration Processes Of Historical Buildings|last=K|first=Yara|date=13 May 2019|website=WHATSUP KSA|language=en-US|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918155250/https://whatsupksa.com/crown-prince-orders-restoration-processes-of-historical-buildings/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Several historic mosques from different eras are located in al-Balad, as well as one of the oldest museums in the city, called Bayt Naseef (the House of Naseef), which displays local furniture and interior design from the past 150 years, approximately.


===Resorts and hotels===
The city has many popular resorts, including [[Durrat Al-Arus]], Al-Nawras Mövenpick resort at the Red Sea Corniche, Crystal Resort, Radisson Blu, The Signature Al Murjan Beach Resort, Al Nakheel Village, Sands, and Sheraton Abhur. Many are renowned for their preserved Red Sea marine life and offshore coral reefs.

===Consulates===
One of the two [[Consul (representative)|consulates]] of the United States of America in [[Saudi Arabia]] is located in Jeddah, along with the consulates for 67 other countries such as [[Afghanistan]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Indonesia]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Turkey]], [[Philippines]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Italy]], [[Russia]] and [[China|Mainland China]]. Some of the other consulates present include countries of the [[Organization of Islamic Cooperation]] and the [[Arab League]] states.

== Historical Jeddah ==
{{Main|Al-Balad, Jeddah}}

[[File:Jeddah (6573541511).jpg|thumb|upright|The historic center]]
[[File:F41A7208.jpg|thumb|Saloom's house in historical Jeddah]]
[[File:Old Dutch Christian Church Ruins, Jeddah.jpg|thumb|Old Dutch Christian church ruins in Jeddah]]
Historical Jeddah is situated on the eastern shore of the [[Red Sea]]. From the 7th century AD, it was established as a major port for Indian Ocean trade routes, channeling goods to Mecca. It was also the gateway for Muslim pilgrims to Mecca who arrived by sea. These twin roles saw the city develop into a thriving multicultural center, characterized by a distinctive architectural tradition, including tower houses built in the late 19th century by the city's mercantile elites, and combining Red Sea coastal coral building traditions with influences and crafts from along the trade routes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1361|title=Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Makkah|last=Center|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017215731/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1361|url-status=live}}</ref>

Within a defensive wall that was built during Ottoman rule, the old city of Jeddah, Al-Balad, was divided into districts, or ''Haras'', where business and trade centered around traditional ''souks'', or market places, and ''khans'', covered markets that were generally connected to shops.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Stadtgeographische Untersuchungen in der Altstadt von Djidda|last=Krause|first=Rolf Friedrich|journal=Colloquium Geographicum: Vorträge des Bonner Geographischen Kolloquiums zum Gedächtnis an Ferdinand von Richthofen|publisher=F. Dümmler|year=1991|issn=0373-0468|location=Bonn|pages=53–6}}</ref>

===Harrat Al-Mathloum (District of the Wronged)===
Located in the northeast of Jeddah, this district was named after Abdulkarim Al-Barzangi, a Hijazi rebel who was crucified by the Ottomans. Some of its landmarks are:
* Dar Al-Qabil
* Dar Al-Ba'ashin
* Dar Al-Sheikh
* The Al-Shafi'i mosque
The oldest mosque in town, its [[minaret]] was built in the 13th century, and its pillars date back to Ottoman rule.
* Mosque of Uthman bin Affan
Also called the Ebony Mosque because of its two ebony pillars, it was mentioned in the writings of [[Ibn Battuta]] and [[Ibn Jubayr]].
* Al-Mia'mar Mosque
An old mosque built in the 17th century.
* Souq Al-Jama
One of the oldest markets in town.

===Harrat Al-Sham (The Levantine District)===
Located in the north and named after its orientation, some of its landmarks are:
* Dar Al-Sadat
* Dar Al-Serti
* Dar Al-Zahid
* Dar Al-Banajah
* Al-Basha Mosque

Built by Bakr Basha, the governor of Jeddah in 1735.

===Harrat Al-Yemen (The Yemeni District)===
[[File:Beit Bajanaid.jpg|thumb|Bait Bajanaid]]

Located in the south and also named after its orientation, its landmarks include:
* Bait Nasseef
By far the most famous site in the old town, it was built in 1881 for Omar Nasseef Efendi, governor of Jeddah at the time, and served as the royal residence of [[Ibn Saud|King Abdulaziz]] after he conquered the city.
* Dar Al-Jamjoom
* Dar Al-Sha'araoui
* Dar Al-Abdulsamad
* Dar Al-Kayal
* Bait Al-Matbouli
* Bait Al-Joghadar

===Harrat Al-Bahar (The Seafront District)===
Located in the southwest, some of its landmarks are:
* Dar Al-Nas
* Dar Al-Radwan
* Dar Al-Nimr

==Main sights==
{{Too many sections|section|date=March 2021}}
===Abdul Raouf Khalil Museum===
Founded by Sheikh Abdul Raouf Khalil in 1996, this museum not only presents the rich Islamic cultural heritage of the city, but also its pre-Islamic history that goes back 2500 years; it traces the various civilizations that inhabited the region. Located in the downtown district, it boasts a large collection of items and artifacts that belonged to the Ottoman Turks and the fishermen tribes who were the first inhabitants of the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/abdul-raouf-khalil-museum-jeddah|title=Abdul Raouf Khalil Museum of Jeddah {{!}} SILK ROAD|website=en.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=5 September 2017|archive-date=5 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905095010/http://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/abdul-raouf-khalil-museum-jeddah|url-status=live}}</ref>

===King Fahd's Fountain===
{{Main|King Fahd's Fountain}}

[[File:King Fahd's Fountain.jpg|thumb|[[King Fahd's Fountain]] in Jeddah]]

[[King Fahd's Fountain]] was built in the 1980s and can be seen from a great distance. At {{convert|312|m|ft|sp=us}}, the Fahd Fountain is the highest water jet in the world, according to the [[Guinness World Records]].<ref name="King Fahd Fountain - treklens.com">[http://www.treklens.com/gallery/Middle_East/Saudi_Arabia/photo271783.htm Photograph of King Fahd Fountain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153918/https://www.treklens.com/gallery/Middle_East/Saudi_Arabia/photo271783.htm |date=3 December 2017 }} at treklens.com</ref> The fountain was donated to the City of Jeddah by the late [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz]], after whom it was named.

===Al-Rahmah Mosque===
[[File:Al-Rahmah Mosque 7.jpg|thumb|Al-Rahmah Mosque]]
{{Main|Al-Rahmah Mosque}}

Sometimes referred to as the floating mosque because of its being built above water, this fascinating mix of old and new architecture was built in 1985. It is a popular spot among tourists and natives looking to lounge by the seaside

===King Saud Mosque===
{{Main|King Saud Mosque}}

Built in 1987 by Egyptian architect Abdel Wahed El Wakil, King Saud Mosque is the largest mosque in the city, displaying beautiful Islamic architecture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Egyptian Architect Who Has Designed Saudi Arabia's Most Famous Mosques|url=https://destinationksa.com/the-egyptian-architect-who-has-designed-saudi-arabias-most-famous-mosques/|last=Mirza|first=Mohammed|date=15 June 2017|language=en-US|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=16 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516185903/https://destinationksa.com/the-egyptian-architect-who-has-designed-saudi-arabias-most-famous-mosques/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===King Abdullah Sports City===
{{Main|King Abdullah Sports City}}

King Abdullah Sports City is a multi-use stadium used mostly for association football. It opened in 2014 north of Jeddah and has a full capacity of 62,241 spectators. It is the largest stadium in Jeddah, and the second-largest in Saudi Arabia.

===NCB Tower===
{{Main|National Commercial Bank (Saudi Arabia)}}

Built in 1983 and believed to be the highest tower in Saudi Arabia during the 1980s, with a height of over {{convert|235|m|ft|abbr=on}}, the National Commercial Bank was Saudi Arabia's first bank.

===IDB Tower===
{{Main|Islamic Development Bank}}

[[File:Islamicbankjeddah2.jpg|thumb|The IDB Jeddah tower can be seen in the background of this mosque]]

The Islamic Development Bank is a multilateral development financing institution. It was founded by the first conference of Finance Ministers of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC, now the [[Organization of Islamic Cooperation]]), first convened on 18 December 1973. The bank officially began its activities on 20 October 1975.

===Jeddah Municipality Tower===
{{Main|Jeddah Tower}}

This is the headquarters of the [[metropolitan area]] of Jeddah. The municipality's new building is going to be not only Jeddah's tallest but is also going to dethrone the [[Burj Khalifa]].

This proposed tower, formerly known as the [[Kingdom Tower]], is being built in Jeddah by Prince [[Al-Waleed bin Talal]] and will stand {{convert|1|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} tall. Upon its completion, it will be the tallest skyscraper in the world. The building has been scaled down from its initial {{convert|1.6|km|0|abbr=on}} proposal, since the ground proved unsuitable for a building that tall, to a height of at least {{convert|1000|m|ft|2|sp=us}} (the exact height is being kept private while in development, similar to the Burj Khalifa),<ref name="arabnewsaugust2">{{cite news|url=http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article481836.ece |title=Kingdom Holding to build world's tallest tower in Jeddah |work=Arab News |date=3 August 2011 |access-date=10 August 2011 |author=Khan, Ghazanfar Ali |author2=Abbas, Maher |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809135618/http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article481836.ece |archive-date=9 August 2011}}</ref> which, at about one kilometer ({{convert|1|km|abbr=off|disp=output only}}), would still make it by far the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|tallest building or structure in the world]] to date,<ref>{{cite news |author=AFP |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23363844-25658,00.html |title=Saudi mile-high tower plan raises bar |work=The Australian |date=13 March 2008 |access-date=3 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307043204/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23363844-25658,00.html |archive-date=7 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> standing at least {{convert|568|ft|m|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} taller than the [[Burj Khalifa]] in [[Dubai]]. Construction began in April 2013 and there was steady progress, but in January 2018, building owner JEC halted structural concrete work with the tower about one-third completed due to labor issues with a contractor following the [[2017–19 Saudi Arabian purge]]. JEC had said they planned to restart construction in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Owner May Ramp Up Construction of Jeddah Tower, Planned to Be Over 1 km|url=https://www.enr.com/articles/48077-owner-may-ramp-up-construction-of-jeddah-tower-planned-to-be-over-1-km?v=preview|access-date=11 February 2021|website=Engineering News-Record|language=en|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506012418/https://www.enr.com/articles/48077-owner-may-ramp-up-construction-of-jeddah-tower-planned-to-be-over-1-km?v=preview|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Kingdom Holding CEO: Saudi Arabia is full of potential investments |website=CNN |date=21 January 2019 |url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/business/2019/01/21/saudi-arabia-kingdom-holding.cnn-business |access-date=11 February 2021 |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006175215/https://www.cnn.com/videos/business/2019/01/21/saudi-arabia-kingdom-holding.cnn-business |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2023 [[MEED]] reported that the construction of the tower had restarted.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeddah developer restarts world's tallest tower |url=https://www.meed.com/jeddah-developer-restarts-worlds-tallest-tower |date=13 September 2023 |first1=Colin |last1=Foreman |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=MEED |language=en |archive-date=14 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914022512/https://www.meed.com/jeddah-developer-restarts-worlds-tallest-tower |url-status=live }}</ref> Completion is expected in 2029.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeddah Tower: world's tallest building construction resumes |url=https://www.fox29.com/news/jeddah-tower-construction-tallest-building-world.amp |access-date=27 May 2024 |website=www.fox29.com |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527053202/https://www.fox29.com/news/jeddah-tower-construction-tallest-building-world.amp |url-status=live }}</ref>

===King Road Tower===
{{Main|King Road Tower}}

King Road Tower is a commercial and office building, the external walls of which are used to show commercials. The building also has a [[helipad]] on its roof. King Road Tower has the largest [[Light-emitting diode|LED]] display in the world on its walls.

===Al Jawharah Tower===
{{Main|Al Jawharah Tower}}

Al Jawharah Tower is a residential high-rise; it became the third-tallest structure in Jeddah when completed in 2014.

===Jeddah Flagpole===
{{see also|Jeddah Flagpole}}
[[File:Jeddah Fahne.JPG|thumb|Jeddah's flagpole]]

The [[King Abdullah Square]] on the intersection of [[Andalus Road]] with [[King Abdullah Road]] had the world's tallest flagpole. It is {{convert|171|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} high and the [[Saudi flag]] atop it weighs {{convert|570|kg|abbr=off}}. On the 84th [[Saudi Arabia National Day]], on 23 September 2014, a huge Saudi flag was hoisted on the flagpole before a crowd of thousands. The flagpole succeeded [[Dushanbe Flagpole]] as the tallest flagpole in the world until 26 December 2021, when the [[Cairo Flagpole]] in Cairo, Egypt was erected at a height of 201.952 m (662.57 ft).<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |website=Saudi Gazette |url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20140501203622 |title=Saudi flag flies high on world's tallest flagpole |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908180055/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20140501203622 |archive-date=8 September 2014 |date=1 June 2014 |first1=Saleh |last1=Fareed }}</ref>

===Entrance of Mecca===
Bab Makkah, also known as Makkah Gate, is a limestone coral gateway that leads into the historic Al-Balad district of Jeddah.

The [[Mecca Gate|Makkah Gate]], named the "Quran Gate", is located 60 km outside Jeddah on the [[Mecca|Makkah Mukkarram]] road of the [[Highway 40 (Saudi Arabia)|Jeddah–Makkah Highway]]. It is the entrance to Mecca and the birthplace of [[Muhammad]]. The gate signifies the boundary of the [[Haram (site)|Haram]] area of the city of Makkah, where non-Muslims are prohibited to enter. The gate was designed in 1979 by Egyptian architect [[Samir Elabd]] for the architectural firm IDEA Center. The structure is that of a book, representing the [[Quran]], sitting on a ''[[Rehal (book rest)|rehal]]'', or book stand.<ref name="Makkah Gate Design - elabdarchitecture.com">"[http://elabdarchitecture.com/resume.htm Samir Elabd] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208203337/http://elabdarchitecture.com/resume.htm |date=8 February 2015 }}" – Elabd Architectural Illustration.</ref>[[File:Bab makkah.jpg|thumb|Bab Makkah]]

===Jeddah Waterfront===
{{see also|Jeddah Corniche}}

The new waterfront was inaugurated in November 2017, by Makkah Governor, [[Prince Khaled Al-Faisal]].<ref name="Arab news - arabnews.com">{{Cite web |last=Al-Sulami |first=Mohammed |date=30 November 2017 |title=Makkah governor opens Jeddah's new waterfront |url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1201346/saudi-arabia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011173459/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1201346/saudi-arabia |archive-date=11 October 2023 |website=Arab News}}</ref>[[File:Mecca Gate Jeddah.jpg|thumb|Quran Gate, Entrance to Makkah, Makkah Gate]] It spans an area of {{convert|30|km2|sp=us}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeddah Corniche, Jeddah - Location, How to Reach, Opening & Closing Timings |url=https://www.rehlat.com/en/explore/jeddah/jeddah-corniche-jeddah-saudi-z0m0l30j |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=Rehlat |language=en |archive-date=28 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728130510/https://www.rehlat.com/en/explore/jeddah/jeddah-corniche-jeddah-saudi-z0m0l30j |url-status=live }}</ref> on the Red Sea, and has many facilities, including swimming beaches, huts, a floating marina dock, washrooms, restaurants, parks, dancing fountains, playgrounds, and access to Wi-fi.<ref name="Gulf news - gulfnews.com">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2017 |title=New Jeddah Waterfront open for visitors |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudi-arabia/new-jeddah-waterfront-open-for-visitors-1.2133433 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011172454/https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/new-jeddah-waterfront-open-for-visitors-1.2133433 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |website=Gulf News}}</ref>

This project of developing the Jeddah Waterfront has been awarded the Jeddah Innovation Award of the year 1439 in the field of government innovation, by the Jeddah Governorate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jeddah.gov.sa/Projects/JW/index.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125173319/https://www.jeddah.gov.sa/Projects/JW/index.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2021|title=Jeddah}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://islesgilian.com/jeddah-waterfront-corniche/|title=Jeddah Waterfront (Corniche)|last=Gilian|date=10 December 2017|website=Words and Wonders|language=en-US|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128042758/http://islesgilian.com/jeddah-waterfront-corniche/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Education==
===Schools, colleges and universities===
{{See also|List of universities and colleges in Saudi Arabia}}
[[File:KAUST laboratory buildings and town mosque.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Laboratories at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)]]

{{As of|2005}}, Jeddah had 849 [[Public school (government-funded)|public]] and [[private school]]s for male students and another 1,179 public and private schools for female students.<ref>[http://www.moe.gov.sa/statscenter/tawzee.rar Statistical summary of education in Saudi Arabia.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091009/http://www.moe.gov.sa/statscenter/tawzee.rar |date=22 December 2015 }} Statistical Information Department of the Ministry of Education.</ref> The medium of instruction in both public and private schools is typically [[Arabic]], with an emphasis on [[English language|English]] as a [[second language]]. However, some private schools administered by foreign entities conduct classes in English. These include 10+ Indian schools following the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] board of education system, and several Pakistani and Bangladeshi schools as well. {{As of|2005}}, Jeddah also had four Philippine international schools, with two more scheduled to open shortly afterward.<ref name="Salud">Salud, Francis R. "[http://www.arabnews.com/node/263863 2 More Filipino Schools to Open in Jeddah]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150920013331/http://www.arabnews.com/node/263863 Archive]). ''[[Arab News]]''. Thursday 7 March 2005. Retrieved on 5 November 2015.</ref>

Jeddah's universities and colleges include the following:
{{Div col}}
* [[King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences]]
* [[King Abdulaziz University]]
* [[King Abdullah University of Science and Technology]]
* [[University of Jeddah]]
* [[Arab Open University]]
* [[Dar Al-Hekma College]]
* [[Effat University]]
* [[University of Business and Technology (UBT)]]
* Teacher's College
* Jeddah College of Technology
* Jeddah Private College
* College of Health Care
* College of Telecom & Electronics
* College of Community
* Private College of Business
* [[Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies]]
* [[Batterjee Medical College]]
* Prince Sultan College of Tourism
* [[Prince Sultan Aviation Academy]]
* [[International Islamic Fiqh Academy, Jeddah|Islamic Fiqh Academy]]
* Jeddah Institute for Speech and Hearing
* Saudi German Institute for Nursing
{{Div col end}}

[[File:PISJ Uniform.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Pakistan International School Jeddah (PISJ)]]

Jeddah is also home to several primary, intermediate and secondary schools such as:

{{Div col}}
* [[Jeddah Knowledge International School]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jks.edu.sa/ |title=Jeddah Knowledge International School |access-date=22 March 2015 |archive-date=17 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317183736/http://www.jks.edu.sa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[American International School of Jeddah]]
* Italian international school
* Jeddah International School
* Zahrat Al-Sahraa International school (ZSIS)
* [[British International School of Jeddah]] (Continental, BISJ)
* [[German International School Jeddah]]
* [[Al-Thager Model School]]
* [[International Indian School Jeddah]] (IISJ)
* Pakistan International School Jeddah (PISJ)
* [[Talal International School Jeddah]] (TISJ)
* [[DPS Jeddah Al-Falah International School]]
* [[International Philippine School in Jeddah]]
* Jeddah Japanese School{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}
* [[Korean International School of Jeddah]] (KISJ; 젯다한국국제학교)<ref>"[http://homepy.korean.net/~ksj/www/news/photo/read.htm?code=AS1316615750&num=205 Home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017215732/http://homepy.korean.net/~ksj/www/news/photo/read.htm?code=AS1316615750&num=205 |date=17 October 2015 }}." Korean International School of Jeddah (젯다한국국제학교). Retrieved on 21 September 2015. "주소: P.O.BOX 4322, Jeddah 21491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia."</ref>
* Al-Waha International School
* Beladi International School Jeddah
* Al-Afaq International School
* Manarat Jeddah Schools
* Gharnatah International School
* New Al Wurood International School Jeddah [NAWIS]
* Bangladesh International School Jeddah (BISESJ)
* Bader International School
* Arab international school <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://arabschools.edu.sa/ |title=Arab international school a very well received school located in the south side of al basateen |access-date=5 July 2024 |archive-date=7 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707114320/https://arabschools.edu.sa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Nobles International School (NIS)
* Dauha Al Uloom International School (DAUISJ)
* Al-Fath Schools
* Al-Aqsa Private Schools
* Dar Al-Fikr Schools (DAF)
* Al-Fanar School Jeddah
* Dar Al-Thikr Schools
* Hala International School (HIS)
* Jeddah International Turkish School (JITS)
* Jeddah Prep and Grammar School (JPGS)
* Al Hamraa Girls' School
* Building Blocks (private school)
* Dar Jana International School (DJIS)
* Al Mawarid International School Jeddah [AMIS]
* Pioneer International School
* Duaa International School Jeddah (DISJ)
* Jeddah Private School (JPS)
* Nhaond School
* Number 18 High School
* Number 25 Secondary School
* Tuletelah High School
* Bangladesh International School And College (Bangla Section) Jeddah (BISCJ)
* Al-Afkar International School
* Waad Academy School
* Al Kon International School
{{Div col end}}

===Libraries===
The central library at King Abdulaziz University (main branch) is a five-story building that has a large collection of Arabic and English language books, rare books, and documents as well as access to several online databases. It is open for public access and allows the borrowing of books after requesting a library card. Saturdays are dedicated to female visitors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://library.kau.edu.sa/Default.aspx?Site_ID=212&Lng=EN|title=Deanship of Library Affairs|access-date=3 August 2016|archive-date=4 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804155217/http://library.kau.edu.sa/Default.aspx?Site_ID=212&lng=EN|url-status=live}}</ref>

King Abdul Aziz Public Library is a philanthropic institution that was founded and supported by the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz, chairman of its board of directors. Established in 1985, the library was officially opened by the King on 27 February 1987. It emphasizes Islamic and Arabic heritage and history of the Kingdom. The library is divided into three branches (men's, women's, and children's).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kapl.org.sa/epart.php?partid=17 |title=King Abdul Aziz Library |publisher=Kapl.org.sa |date=27 February 1987 |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917054257/http://www.kapl.org.sa/epart.php?partid=17 |archive-date=17 September 2013 }}</ref>

The limited number of libraries is criticized by the public. As a result, King Abdullah, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, has approved the King Abdullah Project for the Development of Public Libraries, and approximately SAR150 million is budgeted to be spent.<ref>{{cite web |author=Saudi Gazette |url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=20110729106277 |title=King gives the go-ahead to develop public libraries |publisher=Saudi Gazette |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728152219/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=20110729106277 |archive-date=28 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In April 2014, Prince Mishaal Ibn Abdullah Abdulaziz opened a new public library in Jeddah by Makkah Governor, under the name of King Fahd Public Library.<ref name="kau.edu.sa">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kau.edu.sa/Pages-library.aspx|title=King Fahd Public Library inaugurated|website=www.kau.edu.sa|language=EN|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129235846/https://www.kau.edu.sa/Pages-library.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

King Fahd Public Library was built over an area of {{convert|17000|m2|sp=us}} within the main Campus of [[King Abdulaziz University]] (KAU) in Jeddah. It includes a diverse collection of books and reference material classified into three sections to meet the needs and wants of a wide range of readership. Spaces have been set apart for youths, children and women.<ref name="kau.edu.sa"/>

==Sports==
[[File:Jawhara Stadium.jpg|thumb|[[King Abdullah Sports City|King Abdullah International Stadium]]]]

Jeddah is the home of two large and well-known football clubs, [[Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]] and [[Al-Ahli Saudi FC|Al-Ahli]]. Both teams play their league matches at King Abdullah Stadium, which is located in the northern part of Jeddah near King Abdulaziz Airport. It was the host city for the [[2023 FIFA Club World Cup]].

The city is also home to the Saudi Arabian basketball Giants [[Al-Ittihad Jeddah (basketball)|Al-Ittihad]] its the basketball section of the football club, which plays its home games in the Prince Abdullah Al-Faisal Basketball Arena.<ref>[http://saudigazette.com.sa/sports/ittihad-captures-saudi-basketball-crown/ "Ittihad captures Saudi basketball crown"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610022136/http://saudigazette.com.sa/sports/ittihad-captures-saudi-basketball-crown/ |date=10 June 2016 }}. ''Saudi Gazette'', 1 June 2016. Accessed 9 June 2016</ref>

On 5 November 2020, it was announced that Jeddah would host the [[Saudi Arabian Grand Prix|21st round]] of the [[2021 FIA Formula 1 World Championship]]. The [[Jeddah Corniche Circuit]] is a street circuit, winding through the [[Jeddah Corniche]] along the Red Sea, north of the main part of the city. The race debuted on 5 December 2021, and is scheduled to be held in the city until 2030.<ref>[https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/f1-circuit-contracts-how-long-each-race-will-remain-on-the-formula-1-calendar/10330733/ F1 circuit contracts: How long each race will remain on the Formula 1 calendar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205081915/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/f1-circuit-contracts-how-long-each-race-will-remain-on-the-formula-1-calendar/10330733/ |date=5 December 2023 }}. ''Autosport'', 4 November 2023. Accessed 10 November 2023</ref> In the [[2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix|2022 edition]] of the race, Mexican driver [[Sergio Pérez]] achieved his maiden pole position in his 215th race, becoming the driver with most races before pole position.

==Transport==
===Airport===
{{Main|King Abdulaziz International Airport}}

[[File:King Abdulaziz International Airport - North Terminal 1.jpg|thumb|[[King Abdulaziz International Airport]]]]

Jeddah is served by King Abdulaziz International Airport. The airport has four passenger terminals. One is the Hajj Terminal, a special outdoor terminal covered by large white tents, which was constructed to handle the more than two million pilgrims who pass through the airport during the [[Hajj]] season. The Southern Terminal is used by [[Saudia]] and [[Flynas]] (both based in Saudi Arabia), while the Northern Terminal serves foreign airlines. A plan for the extension of the airport is being developed. The Royal Terminal is a special terminal reserved for VIPs, foreign kings and presidents, and the [[Saudi royal family]]. A portion of the airport, King Abdullah Air Base, was used by [[Coalition of the Gulf War|Coalition]] [[B-52 Stratofortress|B-52 heavy bombers]] during [[Operation Desert Storm]] in 1991.

{{anchor|Kandara Airport}}
Before King Abdulaziz Airport opened in 1981, [[Kandara Airport]] served Jeddah. It was at Kandara, a neighborhood very near the town center. However, the old Jeddah airport experienced heavy congestions, especially during Hajj seasons.<ref>{{cite book|title=Airways: A Global Review of Commercial Flight|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LkYtAQAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Airways International|quote= Jeddah's first airport at Kandara, located very close to the city center, used to handle all Hajj traffic in addition to normal scheduled operations. But the airport's limited capacity and infrastructure tended to cause tremendous congestion problems, notably when, by 1978, daily aircraft movements during the Hajj season reached a critical level of 600 per day. In May 1981 Kandara was ...}}</ref> After the airport became defunct, the area was redeveloped for housing.<ref>{{cite book|title=Weekly Bulletin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogU-AQAAIAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Institut du transport aérien|page=683|quote= the new airport replaces that of Kandara which had undergone many transformation operations in recent years and is to be converted into a real estate development zone.}}</ref>

===Seaport===
{{Main|Jeddah Seaport}}

[[File:Jeddah-seaport-saudiarabia.PNG|thumb|[[Jeddah Seaport]]]]

[[Jeddah Seaport]] is the [[List of busiest container ports|40th busiest]] seaport in the world {{as of|2022|lc=on}}. It handles the majority of Saudi Arabia's commercial movement.

In 2017, Jeddah Seaport handled 4,309,765 [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEU]]s and in the year 2018 handled 4,215,248 TEUs.

Jeddah is part of the [[21st Century Maritime Silk Road]] that runs from the Chinese coast to the Upper Adriatic region with its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe.<ref>[https://www.redanalysis.org/2019/03/11/saudi-arabia-chinese-belt-and-road-great-convergence/ Saudi Arabia and the Chinese Belt and Road: the Great Convergence]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2017/03/22/saudi-arabia-the-next-stop-on-chinas-maritime-silk-road/ |title=Saudi Arabia the next stop on China’s Maritime Silk Road |access-date=20 January 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214357/https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2017/03/22/saudi-arabia-the-next-stop-on-chinas-maritime-silk-road/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Jean-Marc F. Blanchard "China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative and South Asia" (2018) pp 55.</ref><ref>Further information: James Reardon-Anderson "The Red Star and the Crescent: China and the Middle East" 2016.</ref>

===Road and rail===
[[File:Talgo 350 SRO.jpg|thumb|The high-speed locomotive that operates the Haramain train line between Makkah, Madinah, and Jeddah. It is manufactured by Spanish trainset manufacturer Talgo.]]

[[Highway 40 (Saudi Arabia)|Highway 40]], which begins in Jeddah, connects the city to [[Mecca]], [[Riyadh]] and [[Dammam]] on the east coast. Jeddah does not have any [[rapid transit]] system, but the [[Haramain High Speed Railway]] provides a connection to Mecca and [[Medina]].<ref name=arwmmcc>{{cite news |title =Al Rajhi wins Makkah - Madinah civils contract |url =http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//al-rajhi-wins-makkah-madinah-civils-contract.html |work =[[Railway Gazette International]] |date =9 February 2009 |access-date =10 August 2009 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120415005126/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/al-rajhi-wins-makkah-madinah-civils-contract.html |archive-date =15 April 2012 |url-status =dead }}</ref>

{{Collapsible list
| expand =
| framestyle =
| titlestyle =
| title = Services at Jeddah station
| liststyle =
| hlist =
| bullets =
| 1 = {{anchor|station}}
{{adjacent stations|system=Saudi Arabia Railways
|line=Haramain High Speed Railway|left=King Abdulaziz International Airport|right=Mecca}}
}}

There is a contracted plan to build an extensive light metro system known as the [[Jeddah Metro]], throughout the city,<ref name="saudigazette2020">{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/aviation-and-transport/2014/08/10/Jeddah-Metro-project-will-be-ready-by-2020.html|title=Jeddah Metro project will be ready by 2020|work=[[Saudi Gazette]]|date=10 August 2014|access-date=6 April 2015|via=[[Al Arabiya]]|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923023059/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/aviation-and-transport/2014/08/10/Jeddah-Metro-project-will-be-ready-by-2020.html|url-status=live}}</ref> originally by 2020. Jeddah's main highways run parallel to each other.

==Issues and challenges==
The city is challenged by pollution, weak [[Sewage|sewage systems]], and a weak storm drain system that has led to massive flooding, heavy traffic, epidemics, and water shortages.

===Pollution and environment===
[[Air pollution]] is a problem for Jeddah, particularly on hot summer days. The city has experienced bush fires, [[landfill]] fires, and pollution from the two industrial zones in the north and the south of the metropolitan area. A water treatment factory and the [[Jeddah Seaport|seaport]] also contribute to water pollution. Much of the seafront, however, is considered to be safe and clean. [[Ramboll]] has acted as Environmental Consultant on the Jeddah [[Environmental Impact Assessment]] as well as the Jeddah Environmental Social Masterplan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Urban liveability calls for urgent action|url=http://www.ramboll.com/projects/rme/jeddah-environmentasis |website=Ramboll Group |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227232054/http://www.ramboll.com/projects/rme/jeddah-environmentasis |archive-date=27 February 2017 |access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref>

===Terrorism===
At mid-day on 6 December 2004, militants loyal to [[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula|the regional affiliate]] of the terrorist group [[Al-Qaeda]] launched an attack on the U.S. Consulate, killing five employees. The group was led by Fayez ibn Awwad Al-Jeheni, a former member of the [[Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)|religious police]]. Two of the other assailants were subsequently identified by Saudi authorities as residents of Jeddah's Al-Jamia suburb and other slums on Saudi Arabia's increasingly urbanized west coast. Buildings were attacked, hostages taken and used as human shields, targeting both Americans and non-Americans alike. Despite enduring a protracted siege, the chancery/consular section of the building was never penetrated.<ref name="briefing underscores">{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/jtic-briefing-jeddah-attack-underscores-fall-in-capabilities-of-saudi-milit |title=JTIC Briefing: Jeddah Attack Underscores Fall in Capabilities of Saudi Militants |first1=Michael |last1=Knights |date=1 January 2005 |website=The Washington Institute |access-date=24 May 2015 |archive-date=17 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017215731/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/jtic-briefing-jeddah-attack-underscores-fall-in-capabilities-of-saudi-milit |url-status=live }}</ref> Closed-circuit video feeds documented that the Saudi security personnel assigned to protect the facility fled when the vehicle holding the terrorists pulled up to the front gate and ran past the Delta barrier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://diplopundit.net/2013/04/16/2005-jeddah-arb-recommended-remote-safe-areas-for-embassies-upgrades-coming-or-maybe-not/|title=2005 Jeddah ARB Recommended "Remote Safe Areas" for Embassies – Upgrades Coming … Or Maybe Not |author=domani spero |work=Diplopundit|date=16 April 2013|access-date=24 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531031032/http://diplopundit.net/2013/04/16/2005-jeddah-arb-recommended-remote-safe-areas-for-embassies-upgrades-coming-or-maybe-not/ |archive-date=31 May 2015 }}</ref> Inside the compound, however, an armed Saudi security guard employed by the embassy shot and killed one of the five terrorists before being fatally shot himself.

The attackers spread and ignited a flammable liquid on the front of the chancery building, and opened fire on the front doors, both of which actions did not have any penetrating effect. The Consulate's U.S. Marines released tear gas in front of the chancery building, but the terrorists had already left that location. More than an hour later, Saudi special forces made it through traffic and, along with others from their unit who arrived in a helicopter, fought to retake the compound. In the final shootout, two of the terrorists were killed, with another dying later in hospital, and one militant was captured alive. Four Saudi special forces and a further ten hostages were wounded in the crossfire.<ref name="briefing underscores"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rasheedsworld.com/posts/1st-anniversary-of-attack-on-us-consulate |title=1st Anniversary of Attack on US Consulate |website=Rasheed's World |date=6 December 2005 |first1=Rasheed |last1=Abou-Alsamh |access-date=24 May 2015 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528042648/https://www.rasheedsworld.com/posts/1st-anniversary-of-attack-on-us-consulate |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6657943|title=Saudi cleric condemns U.S. consulate attack|work=NBC News|date=8 December 2004|access-date=24 May 2015|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202115347/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6657943|url-status=live}}</ref>

The five U.S. Foreign Service employees killed in the terrorist attack were Ali Yaslem Bin Talib, Imad e-Deen Musa Ali, Romeo de la Rosa, Mohammed Baheer Uddin, and Jaufar Sadik, nationals of Yemen, Sudan, Philippines, India and Sri Lanka, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://diplopundit.net/tag/terror-attack-on-u-s-consulate-jeddah/|title=Terror Attack on U.S. Consulate Jeddah |website=Diplopundit |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915135119/http://diplopundit.net/tag/terror-attack-on-u-s-consulate-jeddah/ |archive-date=15 September 2015 |access-date=24 May 2015}}</ref>

The attack underscored the ongoing vulnerabilities of Westerners to threats, terrorist actions, and the environs. In a communiqué posted in online publications such as ''[[Voice of Jihad|Sawt al-Jihad]]'' (Voice of Jihad) and ''Mu'askar al-Battar'' (Al-Battar Training Camp), Al-Qaeda hinted at the symbolic nature of the U.S. Consulate attack, stating: "Know that the Mujahideen are determined to continue on their path, and they will not be weakened by what has happened to them."<ref name="briefing underscores"/>

Terrorist activities have persisted from 2004 to the present day. In 2004, there was an unsuccessful shooting attack on a U.S. Marine visiting the Saudi American Bank and an attempt to simultaneously explode car bombs at Saudi American Bank and Saudi British Bank branches in Jeddah on the anniversary of the 2001 "9-11" terrorist attacks on the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://susris.com/timelines/terrorism-saudi-arabia/|title=Terrorism – Saudi Arabia |website= SUSRIS|access-date=24 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702155946/http://susris.com/timelines/terrorism-saudi-arabia/|archive-date=2 July 2015|url-status=usurped}}</ref> On 26 August 2012, a spokesman for the [[Ministry of home affairs|Interior Ministry]] announced that terrorists were arrested in Jeddah who had been preparing explosives for attacks within the kingdom.<ref>"LexisNexis News". LexisNexis. Retrieved 29 August 2012.</ref>

In 2022, the [[Houthis]] launched a missile attack against an Aramco facility near the [[Jeddah Corniche Circuit]], where the [[Formula One]] [[2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix|Saudi Arabian Grand Prix]] was held.

===Traffic===
[[File:Medina Road - Jeddah - Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|Traffic on Medina Road in Jeddah]]
Roads and highways within and exiting the city are frequently clogged with traffic. Mass transit is rare and planning is nascent; most Jeddawi adults have at least one car. Days immediately preceding and following the holy days are particularly noisome and cost hundreds of thousands of person-hours because of traffic jams.

The ''Saudi Gazette'' reports that there is a plan in the works to tackle the traffic issue. A reported three billion Saudi Riyals will be put into constructing flyovers and underpasses in an effort to expedite traffic. The plan is scheduled to take about five years from its start to finish.<ref>{{cite web|last=Al-Siqqiqui|first=Saoud|title=SR3b to tackle Jeddah traffic over five years|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2010072078614|publisher=Saudi Gazette|access-date=11 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913144602/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2010072078614|archive-date=13 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Sewage===
{{see also|Al-Musk Lake}}
[[File:Musk Lake 1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Al-Musk Lake]], located east of the city, is a sewage lake serving Jeddah.]]
Prior to the construction of a waste treatment plant, Jeddah's wastewater was disposed of by either discharge into the sea or via absorption into deep underground pits. However, even with the ever-increasing population, the original sewer system has hardly been expanded. The original plant cannot cope with the amount of waste inundating it daily. As a result, some untreated sewage is discharged directly into the sea and the entire northern part of the city remains completely unconnected to the sewage system{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}, instead relying on septic tanks. This has been responsible for a large number of sewage tankers.

In late 2011, a storm drainage system was built in the south Jeddah area (similar to that of the Los Angeles storm drain) to reduce the risk of floods.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vincent|first=Peter|title=Jeddah's Environmental Problems|journal=Geographical Review|volume=93|issue=3|pages=394–412|doi=10.1111/j.1931-0846.2003.tb00039.x|publisher=The Geographical Review|year=2003|bibcode=2003GeoRv..93..394V |s2cid=159293161}}</ref>

===Floods===
[[File:Jeddah Flood - King Abdullah Street.jpg|upright|thumb|A tunnel in King Abdullah St. was filled with water during the 2009 floods.]]

On [[2009 Jeddah floods|25 November 2009, heavy floods affected the city]] and other areas of [[Makkah Province]].<ref name="AFP">{{cite news |title = Saudi Arabian floods kill 77, leave scores missing |url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iXnnwi-QAtxEShlY_jrXNHDQdIsQ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140221091045/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iXnnwi-QAtxEShlY_jrXNHDQdIsQ |url-status = dead |archive-date = 21 February 2014 |publisher = Agence France Presse |date = 26 November 2009 |access-date = 26 November 2009}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news |title = Saudi Arabia floods leave 48 dead |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8380501.stm |work = BBC News |date = 26 November 2009 |access-date = 26 November 2009 |archive-date = 29 November 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091129033854/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8380501.stm |url-status = live }}</ref> The floods were described by civil defence officials as the worst in 27 years.<ref name="Gazette1126">{{Cite news |first = Ayman |last = Anqawi |title = Flooding kills 77 in Jeddah, Thousands of pilgrims stranded on highway |url = http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009112655554 |newspaper = Saudi Gazette |date = 26 November 2009 |access-date = 26 November 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091130010910/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009112655554 |archive-date = 30 November 2009 }}</ref> {{As of|2009|November|26}}, 77 people were reported to have been killed,<ref name="SGaid">{{Cite news |title = King orders aid for victims, Death toll in Jeddah flooding hits 77 |url = http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009112755615 |first1 = Ibrahim |last1 = Alawi |first2 = Eid |last2 = Al-Harthi |newspaper = Saudi Gazette |date = 27 November 2009 |access-date = 27 November 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120302075732/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009112755615 |archive-date = 2 March 2012 }}</ref> and more than 350 were missing.<ref name="AFP"/> Some roads were under a meter (three feet) of water on 26 November, and many of the victims were believed to have drowned in their cars. At least 3,000 vehicles were swept away or damaged.<ref name="AFP"/><ref name="SGaid"/><ref name="SGdamage">{{Cite news |title = Damage may top SR1 billion |url = http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009112755625 |first = Saleh |last = Al-Zahrani |newspaper = Saudi Gazette |date = 26 November 2009 |access-date = 27 November 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100520000059/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2009112755625 |archive-date = 20 May 2010 }}</ref> The death toll was expected to rise as [[flood]] waters receded, allowing rescuers to reach stranded vehicles.<ref name="ANdeaths">{{Cite news |title = Jeddah flood death toll reaches 77 |url = http://www.arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=128861&d=27&m=11&y=2009&pix=kingdom.jpg&category=Kingdom |first = Muhammad |last = Humaidan |newspaper = Arab News |date = 27 November 2009 |access-date = 27 November 2009 |archive-date = 28 December 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091228162737/http://arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=128861&d=27&m=11&y=2009&pix=kingdom.jpg&category=Kingdom |url-status = live }}</ref>

On 26 January 2011, again, heavy floods affected the city and other areas of [[Makkah Province]]. The cumulative rainfall exceeded the {{convert|90|mm|1|abbr=on}} recorded in four hours during the 25 November 2009 flash floods. Streets including Palestine Street, Madinah Road, and Wali Al-Ahad Street were either flooded or jammed with traffic. Cars were seen floating in some places. Meanwhile, eyewitnesses told local newspaper ''Arab News'' that East Jeddah was swamped and floodwater was rushing west towards the Red Sea, turning streets into rivers once again.

[[File:2011 Jeddah floods - 1.jpg|upright|thumb|left|A tunnel in King Abdullah St. was filled with water during the 2011 floods.]]

On 17 November 2015, heavy floods affected the city. Streets affected by the flood include Palestine Street, Madinah Road, and many others. Cars were seen burning, and many trees fell as a result of the violent flood.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/11/17/Saudi-crisis-center-urges-all-Jeddah-residents-to-remain-indoors-.html|title = Saudi Arabia urges all Jeddah residents to remain indoors|date = 16 November 2015|access-date = 17 November 2015|archive-date = 18 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151118001622/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/11/17/Saudi-crisis-center-urges-all-Jeddah-residents-to-remain-indoors-.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Three deaths were also reported. Two of the fatalities (including a child) were hit by [[lightning]] while crossing a street.

On 21 November 2017, heavy floods affected the city once more and Jeddah Islamic Port stopped operations for about three hours. Jeddah police received 11,000 phone calls on 911 from people enquiring about alternative roads and weather conditions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/522358/SAUDI-ARABIA/Jeddah-rains-flood-streets-met-office-near-airport-hit-by-lightning|title=Jeddah rains flood streets, met office near airport hit by lightning|last=Muhammad|first=Fatima|date=21 November 2017|work=Saudigazette|access-date=21 November 2017|language=en-GB|archive-date=21 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121122300/http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/522358/SAUDI-ARABIA/Jeddah-rains-flood-streets-met-office-near-airport-hit-by-lightning|url-status=live}}</ref> There were 250 reports of electrocution. Five people were electrocuted, two died.

On [[2022 Jeddah floods|24 November 2022, heavy floods affected Jeddah]]. Jeddah was heavily damaged from the flood and caused more than thousands of cars to be damaged by the flood and caused power outages to most of the city and the flood was approximately 1-2 meters high. As a result, flights were delayed, schools were closed, and two people were killed.

==Districts==
Metropolitan Jeddah comprises 141 districts (transliterated from Arabic):
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
# Al-Murjan (The Coral)
# Al-Basateen (The Orchards)
# Al-Mohamadiya (Of Mohammed)
# Ash-Shati (The Beach)
# An-Nahda (The Renaissance)
# An-Naeem (The Bliss)
# An-Nuzha (The Excursion)
# Az-Zahraa (from Fatima Az-Zahraa)
# As-Salamah (The Safety)
# Al-Bawadi
# Ar-Rabwa (The Hill)
# Al-Safa
# Al-Khalidiya (Of Khalid)
# Ar-Rawdha (The Medow)
# Al-Faysaliya (Of Faisal)
# Al-Andalus (Andalucia)
# Al-Aziziya (Of Aziz "Abdulaziz")
# Ar-Rihab (The Vast Expanse)
# Al-Hamraa (The Red or Alhambra)
# Mosharafa
# Ar-Ruwais
# Ash-Sharafiya (Of The Shareef)
# Bani Malik
# Al-Woroud (The Flowers)
# An-Naseem (The Breeze)
# Al-Baghdadiya Ash-Sharqiya (Of East Baghdad)
# Al-Amariya (Of Ammar)
# Al-Hindawiya
# As-Saheifa
# Al-Kandra
# As-Sulaimaniya (Of Sulaiman/Solomon)
# Al-Thaalba (The Foxes)
# As-Sabeel (The Path)
# Al-Qurayat
# Gholail
# An-Nozla Al-Yamaniya
# Al-Nozla Ash-Sharqiya
# Al-Taghr (The Stoma)
# Al-Jamaa (The University; due to its proximity to King Abdulaziz University)
# Madayin Al-Fahad (The Cities of Fahad)
# Ar-Rawabi
# Al-Wazeeriya (The Ministerial)
# Petromin
# Al-Mahjar (The Stone Pit)
# Prince Abdel Majeed
# Obhour Al-Janobiya (South of the Obhur Bay)
# Al-Marwa
# AL-Fayhaa
# King Abdul Al-Aziz University
# Al-Baghdadiya Al-Gharbiya (Of West Baghdad)
# Al-Balad (The City)
# Al-Ajwad
# Al-Manar
# As-Samer
# Abruq Ar-Roghama
# Madinat As-Sultan
# Um Hablain
# Al-Hamdaniya
# Al-Salhiya
# Mokhatat Al-Aziziya
# Mokhatat Shamal Al-Matar
# Mokhatat Ar-Riyadh
# Mokhatat Al-Huda
# Braiman
# Al-Salam
# Al-Mostawdaat
# Al-Montazahat
# Kilo 14
# Al-Harazat
# Um As-Salam
# Mokhtat Zahrat Ash-Shamal
# Al-Majid
# Gowieza
# Al-Gozain
# Al-Kuwait
# Al-Mahrogat
# Al-Masfa
# Al-Matar Al-Gadeem (old airport)
# Al-Bokhariya
# An-Nour
# Bab Shareif
# Bab Makkah
# Bahra
# Al-Amir Fawaz
# Wadi Fatma
# Obhour Shamaliya
# At-Tarhil (deportation)
# Al-Iskan Al-janoubi
# At-Tawfeeq
# Al-Goaid
# Al-Jawhara
# Al-Jamoum
# Al-Khumra
# Ad-Difaa Al-Jawi (Air Defense)
# Ad-Dageeg
# Ar-Robou
# Ar-Rabie
# Ar-Rehaily
# As-Salmiya
# As-Sanabil
# As-Sinaiya (Bawadi)
# Industrial City (Mahjar)
# Al-Adl
# Al-Olayia
# Al-Faihaa
# Al-Karanteena
# Al-Ajaweed
# Al-Ahmadiya
# Al-Mosadiya
# East Al-Khat As-Sarei
# Kilo 10
# King Faisal Navy Base
# Kilo 7
# Kilo 45
# King Faisal Guard City
# Kilo 11
# Thowal
# Kilo 13
# Al-Makarona
# Al-Layth
# Al-Gonfoda
# Rabegh
# Kilo 8
# Kilo 5
# Kilo 2
# Al-Mokhwa
# National Guard Residence
# As-Showag
# Air Defense Residence
# Al-Morsalat
# Ash-Shoola
# Al-Corniche
# Al-Waha
# Mokhatat Al-Haramain
# Kholais
# Al-Rhmanya
# Wadi al batin
# AL MADINAH
# JUDAYYIADAT ARAR
# AS SALWA
# al huda
{{div col end}}

==Twin towns – sister cities==
Jeddah is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Adana]], Turkey
* {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Alexandria]], Egypt
* {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan<ref name=almaty>{{cite web|title=Есть ли побратимы у Актау и других городов Казахстана|url=https://tumba.kz/zhizn-regiona/11-zhizn-regiona/43012-Est_li_pobratimy_u_Aktau_i_drugih_gorodov_Kazahstan.html|website=tumba.kz|publisher=Tumba|language=ru|date=4 May 2019|access-date=17 December 2020|archive-date=12 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212082104/https://tumba.kz/zhizn-regiona/11-zhizn-regiona/43012-Est_li_pobratimy_u_Aktau_i_drugih_gorodov_Kazahstan.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|JOR}} [[Amman]], Jordan
* {{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Baku]], Azerbaijan<ref>{{cite web|title=Bakının qardaşlaşdığı şəhərlər - SİYAHI|url=https://modern.az/az/news/96318|website=modern.az|language=az|date=16 February 2016|access-date=17 December 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205184915/https://modern.az/az/news/96318|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
* {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey<ref>{{cite web|title=Kardeş Şehirler|url=https://www.ibb.istanbul/SitePage/Index/151|website=ibb.istanbul|publisher=Istanbul|language=tr|access-date=17 December 2020|archive-date=1 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301180559/https://www.ibb.istanbul/SitePage/Index/151|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Karachi]], Pakistan<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamabad to get new sister city|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1230842|website=dawn.com|publisher=Dawn|date=5 January 2016|access-date=17 December 2020|archive-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318182531/https://www.dawn.com/news/1230842|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kuching]], Malaysia<ref>{{cite web|title=Kuching bags one of only two coveted 'Tourist City Award' in Asia|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2011/08/27/kuching-bags-one-of-only-two-coveted-tourist-city-award-in-asia|website=thestar.com.my|publisher=The Star|date=27 August 2011|access-date=17 December 2020|archive-date=18 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718134810/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2011/08/27/kuching-bags-one-of-only-two-coveted-tourist-city-award-in-asia|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marbella]], Spain<ref>{{cite web|title=Marbella, hermana de destinos turísticos premium|url=http://www.marbelladirecto.com/noticia/marbella-hermana-de-destinos-turisticos-premium/3463#.X5_ssOdCeUk|website=marbelladirecto.com|publisher=Marbella Directo|language=es|date=17 June 2015|access-date=17 December 2020|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223130637/http://www.marbelladirecto.com/noticia/marbella-hermana-de-destinos-turisticos-premium/3463#.X5_ssOdCeUk|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Turkmenistan}} [[Mary, Turkmenistan|Mary]], Turkmenistan
* {{flagicon|ALG}} [[Oran]], Algeria<ref>{{cite web|title=Historique de la Mairie d'Oran|url=https://apc-oran.dz/organisation-de-la-p-c/|website=apc-oran.dz|publisher=Oran|language=fr|access-date=17 December 2020|archive-date=5 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405103311/https://apc-oran.dz/organisation-de-la-p-c/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Osh]], Kyrgyzstan
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Plovdiv]], Bulgaria<ref>{{cite web|title=Twin towns|url=https://www.plovdiv.bg/en/about-plovdiv/%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5/|website=plovdiv.bg|publisher=Plovdiv|access-date=17 December 2020|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323130759/https://www.plovdiv.bg/en/about-plovdiv/%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Surabaya]], Indonesia
* {{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Taipei]], Taiwan<ref>{{cite web|title=International Sister Cities|url=http://www.tcc.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=81569D74DD82C7DB|website=tcc.gov.tw|publisher=Taipei City Council|access-date=17 December 2020|archive-date=23 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023112126/http://www.tcc.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=81569D74DD82C7DB|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|TUN}} [[Tunis]], Tunisia<ref>{{cite web|title=Coopération internationale|url=http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=771|website=commune-tunis.gov.tn|publisher=Tunis|language=fr|access-date=17 December 2020|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140222092512/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=771|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Saudi Arabia}}
* [[Abha]]
* [[Karantina, Jeddah|Karantina]]
* [[Khobar]]
* [[List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia]]
* [[List of World Heritage Sites in Saudi Arabia]]

== Note ==
{{notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== General and cited sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* Didier, Charles. ''Séjour Chez Le Grand-Cherif De La Mekke''. Librairie De L. Hachette et, Rue Pierre.
* Didier, Charles. ''Rehla Ela Al-Hejaz: A Trip to Hejaz''. Translated from ''Séjour Chez Le Grand-Cherif De La Mekke'' into Arabic. Paris, 1854. {{ISBN|9960-677-14-1}}.
* Facey, William & Grant, Gillian. ''Saudi Arabia by the First Photographers''. {{ISBN|0-905743-74-1}}
* Farsi, Hani M.S. (Mohamed Said). ''Jeddah: city of art: the sculptures and monuments.'' London: Stacey International, 1991. {{ISBN|0-905743-66-0}}.
* ''From Bullard to Mr Chamberlain''. Jeddah, 1925 Feb. (No.# secrets) - Archived Post.
* Froster, Captain G. S. ''A trip Across the Peninsula - Rehla Abr Al-Jazeera''. Mombai, India, 1866.
* El-Hage, Badr. ''Saudi Arabia: caught in time 1861-1939''. Published by Garnet, Reading, 1997. {{ISBN|1-85964-090-7}}.
* Al-Harbi, Dalal. ''King Abdulaziz and his Strategies to deal with events: Events of Jeddah''. King Abdulaziz National Library, 2003. {{ISBN|9960-624-88-9}}.
* Keane, John F. ''Six months in the Hejaz: journeys to Makkah and Madinah 1877-1989''. Manchester: Barzan Publishing, 2006. {{ISBN|0-9549701-1-X}}.
* Al-Khaldi, Ibrahim. ''The Bedouin Photographer'' - ''Al-Mosawwir Al-Badawi''. Kuwait, 2004.
* Maneval, Stefan. 2019. [https://www.uclpress.co.uk/products/126117 New Islamic Urbanism: The Architecture of Public and Private Space in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116105356/https://www.uclpress.co.uk/products/126117 |date=16 January 2020 }}. London: UCL Press. {{ISBN|9781787356429}}.
* Al-Rehani. ''Nejd and Its Followers''.
* Tarabulsi, Mohammed Yosuf. ''Jeddah: A Story of a City''. Riyadh: King Fahd National Library, 2006. {{ISBN|9960-52-413-2}}.
* Al-Turki, Thuraya. ''Jeddah: Um Al-Rakha wal Sheddah''. Published by Dar Al-Shrooq.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Jeddah|voy = Jeddah}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070531224917/http://www.jeddah.gov.sa/ Municipality of Jeddah] Official municipality website {{In lang|ar}} (archived 31 May 2007)
* [http://www.jed.gov.sa/ Principality of Jeddah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111072641/http://www.jed.gov.sa/ |date=11 January 2011 }} Official Jeddah principality website {{In lang|ar}}
* [https://destinationksa.com/ Destination KSA] Saudi Arabia Citation website {{In lang|ar}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090717005415/http://www.jeddah.gov.sa/english/ City of Jeddah] Official website {{In lang|en}} (archived 17 July 2009)

{{Jeddah}}
{{Saudi cities}}
{{Saudi Arabia topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jeddah| ]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 6th century BC]]
[[Category:Populated places in Mecca Province]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in the Arabian Peninsula]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the Red Sea]]
[[Category:Underwater diving sites in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Cities in Saudi Arabia]]

Pokhila Lekthepi

2026-03-22T12:55:56Z

SuzetteEql:

{{Short description|Indian musician (born 1962)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Pokhila Lekthepi
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_date =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_place = Timung Village, Dokmoka, [[Karbi Anglong district]]
| genre = [[Karbi people|Karbi]] folksong, Karbi modern song
| occupation = Vocalist, composer, lyricist
| instrument =
| label =
| years_active = 1964–present
| awards = [[Padma Shri]], 2026]] Shilpi Award, 2023 [[Assam Gaurav]], 2024
| spouse =
| website =
}}

'''Pokhila Lekthepi''' is an Indian singer from Assam. She has been involved in [[Karbi people|Karbi]] music for more than four decades.<ref name="AN">{{cite web |url= https://assam.news18.com/news/assam/melody-queen-pokhila-lekthepi-subham-g-local18-308404.html |title= কাৰ্বি সমাজত আধুনিক গীতৰ ধাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা শিল্পীগৰাকী |website= assam.news18.com |date=3 July 2023 |access-date= 18 February 2024}}</ref> She has sung more than 300 songs to date. In 2011, ''Hills Idol'' awarded her the title of Queen of Melody for her contribution to Karbi music. In 2009, she was awarded the Swabha Shilpi Amulya Kakati Memorial Award by the All Guwahati Students Union. In 2018, she was awarded the Luit Gaurav award by the [[Guwahati Refinery]] for the first time. She was awarded the Shilpi Award and Shilpi Pension by the [[Government of Assam]] on 17 January 2023 in recognition of her contribution to the field of Karbi music.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://thehillstimes.in/assam/silpi-award-for-karbi-folk-singer-pokhila-lekthepi |title= Silpi award for Karbi folk singer Pokhila Lekthepi |website= thehillstimes.in |date=18 January 2023 |access-date= 18 February 2024}}</ref> In 2024, she was awarded the [[Assam Gaurav]] Award, the third highest civilian honor in Assam.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-gaurav-award-bestowed-to-17-personalities-in-various-fields-884284-2024-02-13 |title= Assam Gaurav award bestowed to 17 personalities in various fields |website= indiatodayne.in |date=13 February 2024 |access-date= 18 February 2024}}</ref>

She was awarded with the [[Padma Shri]] by Government of India in 2026, the fourth highest civilian award of India, in Art category.<ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2218547&reg=3&lang=2</ref>

==Early life==
Pokhila Lekethepi was born in Dupar Timung village near Dakmoka main market in [[Karbi Anglong district]]. She was born in 1962, according to educational documents. However, she stated that she was born around 1952 as she enrolled in school too late. Her father was Mukhim Lekthe and her mother was Basday Timupi. The parents of Pokhila were also interested in singing.<ref name="AN"/>

Pokhila's father played music in plays performed in villages at that time. Therefore, Pokhila was naturally attracted to music at a very young age. The primary school where she began her academic career used to have a song competition every Saturday. The teachers saw that her voice was good and asked her to enter the competition. She told her parents about it and her father gladly taught her the songs she sang in the plays.<ref name="AN"/>

==Career==
In 1964, she participated in the music competition during the first Karbi Youth Festival held at [[Diphu]] Karbi Club. Lekthepi won first prize in several competitions and later composed her own songs.<ref name="AN"/>

In 1976, she received the first Karbi Kungripi Award at the Karbi Youth Festival held in Diphu. She won the title for the second time in 1978 when the event was held in Dongkamokam. She then got the opportunity to sing on the radio. She was given the opportunity to sing on the radio by the Director of the Karbi Branch of Aakashbani Guwahati after hearing her voice in Dongkamokam.।<ref name="AN"/>

There were no modern songs in Karbi at that time. Lekthepi created a new genre of Karbi modern songs. At that time, Joysing Rangpi wrote the lyrics and Lekthepi composed the melodies. The first cassette of Lekthepi in Karbi language was "Kanghon". Vidyasingh Rangpi also sang along with Lekthepi in this audio cassette. She has sung with several artists from Assam including [[Zubeen Garg]].<ref name="AN"/>

==Discography==
i) Dampo Ne,
ii) Aei Mayar Dhorat,
iii) Joi joi pen,
iv) Malong Aphuchong,

==Awards and honors==
Lekthepi has made an outstanding contribution to the field of Karbi folk music and modern songs. She was credited with promoting and disseminating Karbi folk music. She has also contributed to the widespread popularity of Karbi songs through the creation of Karbi modern songs. In 2011, Hills Idol awarded her the title of Queen of Melody for her contribution to Karbi music. In 2009, she was awarded the Swabha Shilpi Amulya Kakati Memorial Award by the All Guwahati Students' Union. In 2018, the [[Guwahati Refinery]] awarded her the Luit Gaurav Award for the first time.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-today/guwahati-refinery-institutes-luit-gaurab-award/?amp |title= Guwahati Refinery institutes Luit Gaurab Award |website= sentinelassam.com |date=18 April 2018 |access-date= 18 February 2024}}</ref> On 17 January 2023, the Government of Assam awarded her the Shilpi Award and Shilpi Pension in recognition of her contribution to Karbi music<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/silpi-divas-significance-history-celebration |title= Silpi Divas 2023: Significance, History, Celebration |website= pratidintime.com |date=17 January 2023 |access-date= 18 February 2024}}</ref> In 2024, the Government of Assam awarded her the Assam Gaurav Award, the third highest civilian honor in Assam for the year.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/assam-cm-announces-names-of-recipients-for-states-highest-civilian-awards |title= Assam CM Announces Names of Recipients for State's Highest Civilian Awards |website= pratidintime.com |date=16 January 2024 |access-date= 18 February 2024}}</ref>

She was awarded with the [[Padma Shri]] by Government of India in 2026, the fourth highest civilian award of India, in Art category.<ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2218547&reg=3&lang=2</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lekthepi, Pokhila}}
[[Category:Assamese singers]]
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]
[[Category:Indian composers]]
[[Category:Assamese-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Assamese-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Singers from Assam]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri]]

Tolong Siki

2026-03-20T22:07:03Z

SuzetteEql: Made New Pg More To Come

{{Short description|Abugida writing system of the Brahmic family}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=March 2026}}
{{infobox writing system
| name = Tolong Siki 𑶻𑶳𑷑𑶳𑷎 𑷔𑶰𑷊𑶰
| languages = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]
| type = [[Alphabet]]
| time = 1999 to present
| direction = Left to Right
| creator = Dr Narayan Oraon
| date = 1999
| region = [[India]]
*[[Jharkhand]]
*[[Odisha]]
*[[West Bengal]]
*[[Chhattisgarh]]
*[[Assam]]
*[[Bihar]]
*[[Tripura]]
| official script = [[India]]
*[[Jharkhand]] (additional)<ref name="JH_Official_Language_2018">{{cite web |title=Jharkhand Gazette (Extraordinary) - Ordinance No. 6 of 2018 |url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/jharkhand/2018/Ord6of2018JH.pdf |website=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |publisher=Government of Jharkhand |access-date=March 4, 2026 |date=2018}}</ref>
*[[West Bengal]] (additional)<ref name="WB_Official_Language_2018">{{cite web |title=The West Bengal Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2018 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in |website=[[India Code]] |publisher=Government of West Bengal |access-date=March 4, 2026 |date=April 5, 2018}}</ref>
| fam1 = Original invention (''Influenced by Dravidian scripts'')
| sample = Tolong-siki.svg
| caption = The word ''Tolong Siki'' written in Tolong Siki
| imagesize =
| iso15924 = Tols
| unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11DB0.pdf U+11DB0–U+11DEF] Tolong Siki
| ipa-note= IPA
}}
{{Contains special characters
| special = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] text
| fix = Help:Multilingual support
| characters = Tolong Siki (script)
}}
{{Writing systems in India}}
'''Tolong Siki''' ({{IPA|kru|t̪oːɽan siki|lang}}, {{lang|kru|{{Script|Tols|𑶻𑶳𑷑𑶳𑷎 𑷔𑶰𑷊𑶰}}}} ) is an [[alphabet]]ic script made specifically for [[Kurukh language|Kurux]] language in 1999 by Narayan Oraon, a doctor. Many books and magazines have been published in Tolong Siki, and it was officially recognised by the state of [[Jharkhand]] in 2007.<ref name="JH_Official_Language_2018"/><ref name="Kurukh_Script_Recognition">{{cite news |last=Xalxo |first=RC |title=Demand renewed for official language status to Kurukh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/Apr/15/demand-renewed-for-official-language-status-to-kurukh-2442261.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=April 15, 2022 |access-date=March 4, 2026}}</ref> The Kurukh Literary Society of India has been instrumental in spreading the Tolong Siki script for Kurukh literature.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ager |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Ager |title=Tolong Siki alphabet and the Kurukh language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tolongsiki.htm |website=[[Omniglot]] |access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref><ref name="Pandey2010">{{cite web |last=Pandey |first=Anshuman |title=Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Tolong Siki Script in the UCS |url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10106-n3811-tolongsiki.pdf |access-date=2019-12-19 |date=2010-04-08}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name ''Tolong Siki'' is derived from two [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] terms:<ref>{{cite web |last=Minj |first=Nolina |title=The doctor and priest who gave life to an Adivasi script |url=https://scroll.in/article/1043816/the-doctor-and-priest-who-gave-life-to-a-script-for-an-adivasi-language |website=Scroll.in|date=2023-02-15|access-date=2026-03-04|language=en-IN}}</ref>
* ''Tolong'': Refers to a traditional garment (loincloth) worn by men in the [[Kurukh people|Kurukh community]]. The script's creator, Dr. Narayan Oraon, used the styles of wrapping this garment as inspiration for the shapes of the letters.
*''Siki'': A modified version of the word ''Sika'', which refers to the traditional practice of branding marks on the arms or skin, often used to denote identity or endurance. In this context, it simply means "script" or "symbol."

== Vowels ==
Tolong Siki contains 6 basic vowel letters:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Tolong Siki Vowels ({{Script|Tols|𑷔𑶴𑷐𑶴𑷕𑶻𑶳𑷙𑶳}}, ''Sarahtoṛ'')<ref name="Pandey2010"/>
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑶰|iso=i|ipa=/i/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑶱|iso=e|ipa=/e/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑶲|iso=u|ipa=/u/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑶳|iso=o|ipa=/o/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑶴|iso=a|ipa=/a/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑶵|iso=ā|ipa=/ɑ/}}
|}
== Consonants ==
Tolong Siki represents native consonant sounds using a basic inventory of 36 letters:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Tolong Siki Consonants ({{Script|Tols|𑷕𑶴𑷐𑶴𑷕𑶻𑶳𑶳}}, ''Harahtoṛ'')<ref name="Pandey2010"/>
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑶶|iso=p|ipa=/p/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑶷|iso=ph|ipa=/pʰ/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑶸|iso=b|ipa=/b/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑶹|iso=bh|ipa=/bʱ/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑶺|iso=m|ipa=/m/}}
|-
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑶻|iso=t|ipa=/t̪/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑶼|iso=th|ipa=/t̪ʰ/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑶽|iso=d|ipa=/d̪/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑶾|iso=dh|ipa=/d̪ʱ/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑶿|iso=n|ipa=/n/}}
|-
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷀|iso=ṭ|ipa=/ʈ/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷁|iso=ṭh|ipa=/ʈʰ/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷂|iso=ḍ|ipa=/ɖ/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷃|iso=ḍh|ipa=/ɖʱ/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷄|iso=ṇ|ipa=/ɳ/}}
|-
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷅|iso=c|ipa=/c/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷆|iso=ch|ipa=/tʃʰ/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷇|iso=j|ipa=/ɟ/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷈|iso=jh|ipa=/dʒʱ/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷉|iso=ñ|ipa=/ɲ/}}
|-
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷊|iso=k|ipa=/k/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷋|iso=kh|ipa=/kʰ/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷌|iso=g|ipa=/ɡ/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷍|iso=gh|ipa=/ɡʱ/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷎|iso=ṅ|ipa=/ŋ/}}
|-
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷏|iso=y|ipa=/j/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷐|iso=r|ipa=/ɾ/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷑|iso=l|ipa=/l/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷒|iso=v|ipa=/ʋ/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷓|iso=ñ|ipa=/ɲ/}}
|-
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷔|iso=s|ipa=/s/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷕|iso=h|ipa=/ɦ/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷖|iso=x|ipa=/x/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷗|iso=ṛ|ipa=/ɽ/}}
| {{letter|l=kru|s=Tols|ch=𑷘|iso=ṛh|ipa=/ɽʰ/}}
|}

== Numerals ==
Tolong Siki has its own set of decimal digits (0–9) that function identically to standard Western numerals.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tolong Siki Digits ( {{lang|kru-Tols|𑷑𑶱𑷊𑷋𑶵}}, {{transliteration|kru|Lenkakha}} ) <ref name="Pandey2010"/>
|-
|{{letter|l=Tols|top=0|ch=𑷠|iso=Nidi|ipa=/nid̪i/}}
|{{letter|l=Tols|top=1|ch=𑷡|iso=Oṅdu|ipa=/oŋd̪u/}}
|{{letter|l=Tols|top=2|ch=𑷢|iso=Eṅṛe|ipa=/eŋɽe/}}
|{{letter|l=Tols|top=3|ch=𑷢|iso=Mundu|ipa=/muŋd̪u/}}
|{{letter|l=Tols|top=4|ch=𑷤|iso=Nāx|ipa=/naːx/}}
|{{letter|l=Tols|top=5|ch=𑷥|iso=Paṅce|ipa=/paŋtʃe/}}
|{{letter|l=Tols|top=6|ch=𑷦|iso=Soyi|ipa=/soji/}}
|{{letter|l=Tols|top=7|ch=𑷧|iso=Saye|ipa=/saje/}}
|{{letter|l=Tols|top=8|ch=𑷨|iso=Ax|ipa=/akh/}}
|{{letter|l=Tols|top=9|ch=𑷩|iso=Naye|ipa=/naje/}}
|{{letter|l=Tols|top=10|ch=𑷡𑷠|iso=Doyi|ipa=/d̪oji/}}
|}
 
==Sample text==
The following text is Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], written in Tolong Siki:{{efn|a suitable Unicode font may be required for proper viewing}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tolongsiki.htm |title=Tolong Siki Alphabet|website=Omniglot.com|access-date=2026-03-04}}</ref> 
=== [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] in Tolong Siki ===
{{Block indent|{{lang|kru-Tols|𑷕𑶳𑷐𑶺𑶵 𑶵𑷑𑶵𑷐𑶰𑶿 𑷕𑶴𑷊 𑷌𑶴𑷕𑶰 𑶸𑶵𑷐𑶱 𑶿𑶲 𑶺𑶴𑷑𑷑𑶰𑶿𑶻𑶵 𑶴𑷗𑶵𑷂𑶰 𑶴𑷐𑶵 𑶴𑷓𑷀𑶱𑶺 𑶺𑶴𑶿𑶿𑶵 𑷌𑶴𑷕𑶰 𑷕𑶴𑶻 𑷖𑶴𑷋𑶴𑷐𑷊𑶰 𑷐𑶴𑶰. 𑶵𑷐𑶰𑶿 𑷑𑶲𑷐 𑶴𑷐𑶵 𑷇𑶰𑷏𑶵 𑷌𑶴𑷕𑶰 𑷂𑶴𑶽 𑶸𑶴𑶲𑷔𑶵 𑷖𑶴𑷋𑶴𑷊𑶰𑷙 𑷐𑶴𑶰𑷙 𑶴𑷐𑶵 𑶻𑶲𑶺𑷕𑶱𑷙𑷓 𑶺𑶴𑷈𑶰 𑶿𑶲𑷙 𑶺𑶱𑷑-𑶶̰𑶱𑶺 𑷌𑶴𑷕𑶰 𑶸𑶱𑶽𑷕𑶵𑷐 𑶿𑶴𑶿𑶿𑶵 𑷅𑶴𑷕𑶰𑷙}}}}
=== Romanisation ===
{{Block indent|Hormā ālārin hak gahi bāre nū mallintā azādi arā aṅṭem mannā gahi haq xakharki raī. Ārin lur arā jiyā gahi dav bausā xakhakī raī arā tumhēṅ majhī nū mel-prem gahi bevhār nannā cahī.}}
=== Translation ===
{{Block indent|'''Article 1:''' All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.}}
== Unicode ==
{{Main|Tolong Siki (Unicode block)}}
Tolong Siki was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in September 2025 with the release of version 17.0.

The Unicode block for Tolong Siki is U+11DB0–U+11DEF:
{{Unicode chart Tolong Siki}}
== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200" heights="300" perrow="7">
File:TolongSikiNumerials&Signs.jpg|Tolong Siki Numerials & Signs [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23024-tolong-siki.pdf <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>]
File:Tolong_Siki.jpg|Tolong Siki Script [https://kurukhtimes.com/index.php/node/311 <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>] [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tolongsiki.htm <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>]
File:Tolong Siki Narayan Oraon.jpg|Tolong Siki alphabet
</gallery>
== See also ==
* [[Kurukh language]]
* [[Kurukh Banna]]
* [[Kurukh people]]
* [[Dravidian Languages]]
* [[Languages of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last1=Kobayashi |first1=Masato |last2=Tirkey |first2=Bablu |title=The Kurux Language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9BCDwAAQBAJ |publisher=Brill |publication-place=Boston |date=2017 |isbn=978-90-04-34766-3}}

{{list of writing systems}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Writing systems of Asia]]
[[Category:Writing systems introduced in the 1990s]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in India]]

Krishna Nagar metro station (Lucknow)

2026-03-20T02:18:04Z

SuzetteEql: improve structure to improve readability for accuracy

{{Short description|Metro station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{about|the station situated on the Red Line of Lucknow Metro|the metro station with same name situated on Pink Line of Delhi Metro|Krishna Nagar metro station (Delhi)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = {{ric|Lucknow Metro|size=40}} Krishna Nagar
| other_name =
| architectural_style = Lucknow Metro
| type = {{Lucknow Metro Infobox station line|line=Red}}
| image = Krishna Nagar metro station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Baldi Khera, Vijay Nagar Colony, [[Krishna Nagar, Lucknow|Krishna Nagar]], Alambagh, [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] 226023
| coordinates = {{coord|26.794386|N|80.891721|E|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Lucknow Metro]]
| operator = [[Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation]]
| line = {{rcb|Lucknow Metro|Red|croute}}
| platform = [[Side platform]] 
Platform-1 → [[Munshi Pulia metro station|Munshi Pulia]] Platform-2 → [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport metro station|CCS International Airport]]
| tracks = 2
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| depth =
| levels = 2
| parking = Two and Four Wheeler - Yes
| bicycle =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Staffed
| code =
| zone =
| opened_date = {{start date and age|df=y|2017|09|06}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Single-phase {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| former =
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Lucknow Metro|line=Red|left=Transport Nagar|right=Singar Nagar}}
| map_locator =
| image_size =
| baggage_check =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| route_map = {{Red Line (Lucknow Metro)}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Lucknow Metro|Red}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Krishna Nagar''' is an important elevated metro station on the North-South Corridor of the [[Red Line (Lucknow Metro)|Red Line]] of [[Lucknow Metro]] in the city of [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, which is used for commuting hub for the residential areas of [[Krishna Nagar, Lucknow|Krishna Nagar]], LDA and Aashiyana.

Krishna Nagar is on the west side of Kanpur Highway and LDA and Aashiyana are on the east side of Kanpur road. It serves as a main mode of commute for the students studying in several educational institutions such as CMS-LDA branch and St.Thomas College-Sarojini Nagar, as it is the fastest and safest mode to commute for children . The parking space beside the station is a very well managed and busy parking lot .

==History==
Krishna Nagar Metro Station was built in 2017.
== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Krishna Nagar track layout
| title-color = white
| title-bg = #{{rcr|Lucknow Metro|Red}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Singar Nagar metro station|Singar Nagar]]
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Transport Nagar metro station|Transport Nagar]]
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" table
| architectural_style ="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |'''G'''
| architectural_style ="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="100" valign="top" |Street level
| architectural_style ="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" valign="top" |Exit/Entrance
|-
| valign="top" |'''L1'''
| valign="top" |Mezzanine
| valign="top" |Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
| rowspan="4" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| architectural_style ="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="100" |'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
| architectural_style ="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards → [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport metro station|CCS International Airport]] '''Next Station:''' [[Transport Nagar metro station|Transport Nagar]]
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← [[Munshi Pulia metro station|Munshi Pulia]] '''Next Station:''' [[Singar Nagar metro station|Singar Nagar]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| architectural_style ="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="100" |
| architectural_style ="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |
|-
|}
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==Connections==
The metro line connects Krishna Nagar to downtown, Alambagh, Alambagh Bus Station, Charbagh Railway Station, Hussain Ganj, Hazrat Ganj, IT College, Lucknow University, Indira Nagar, Badhshah Nagar, Mahanagar and Munshipuliya on the west and within a twenty-minute ride to the east, Transport Nagar, Amausi and CCS Airport.

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Lucknow]]
*[[List of Lucknow Metro stations]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]]
*[[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid Transit in India]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
}}

{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Lucknow Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Lucknow}}
* [http://www.lmrcl.com/Official website]
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Krishna+Nagar/@26.7943078,80.8914007,20z/data=!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x399bfeaee09c8b29:0x4fab18d49f6b33c0!2sKrishna+Nagar!8m2!3d26.794342!4d80.8917191!3m4!1s0x399bfeaee09c8b29:0x4fab18d49f6b33c0!8m2!3d26.794342!4d80.8917191|title=Krishna Nagar metro station}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Lucknow Metro Stations}}

[[Category:Lucknow Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2017]]

{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Bhawani Singh

2026-03-17T06:54:03Z

SuzetteEql: typo fix

{{Short description|Maharaja of Jaipur state 1970 to 1971}}
{{For|the Indian judge and politician|Bhawani Singh (politician)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Bhawani Singh
| title =
| image = Jaipur_rulers2.jpg
| caption =
| succession = [[Jaipur State#Rulers|Titular Maharaja of Jaipur]]
| reign = 24 June 1970 – 28 December 1971
| predecessor = [[Man Singh II]]
| successor = [[Padmanabh Singh]]
| suc-type = Successor
| spouse = [[Padmini Devi]]
| issue = [[Diya Kumari]]
| full name =
| house =
| father = [[Man Singh II]]
| mother = Princess Marudhar Kunwar of Marwar
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1931|10|22}}
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], [[Jaipur State]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2011|04|17|1931|10|22}}
| death_place = [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], India
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| name =
| image =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| rank = [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
| unit = Presidents Bodyguards, 9th Battalion Para (Special Forces), 10th Battalion Para (Special Forces)
| serviceyears = 1951–1975 (active service)
| battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] and
Srilanka[LTT War 1989]
| awards = [[Maha Vir Chakra]]
}}
}}

[[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] [[Maharaja]] [[Sawai (title)|Sawai]] '''Bhawani Singh''' [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]] (22 October 1931 – 17 April 2011) was an officer in the [[Indian Army]] and an [[entrepreneur]]. He was last official Maharaja of Jaipur from 1970-1971.

Singh served in the Indian army from 1951 to 1975. In the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], he was decorated with the [[Maha Vir Chakra]] and also he captured Pakistan district [[Chachro]], which remained under India's control for eleven months. The country's second-highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy. He later served as an advisor to the [[Indian Peacekeeping Force|Indian forces in Sri Lanka]]. After retirement, he served as India's [[High Commissioner]] to [[Brunei]]. He oversaw the management of [[Rambagh Palace]] which had been converted into a hotel.

Singh was the son of [[Man Singh II]], the last ruling [[Maharaja]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]] during the [[British Raj]]. Upon the death of his father on 24 June 1970, Bhawani Singh succeeded him in receiving an annual payment (the [[Privy purse in India|privy purse]]), certain privileges, and the use of the title "Maharaja of Jaipur" under terms accepted earlier when princely states were [[political integration of India|absorbed]] into independent India.<ref name=ramusack-pol-integration>{{cite book|last=Ramusack|first=Barbara N.|authorlink=Barbara Ramusack|title=The Indian princes and their states|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA273|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26727-4|page=273|quote=The crucial document was the Instrument of Accession by which rulers ceded to the legislatures of India or Pakistan control over defence, external affairs, and communications. In return for these concessions, the princes were to be guaranteed a privy purse in perpetuity and certain financial and symbolic privileges such as exemption from customs duties, the use of their titles, the right to fly their state flags on their cars, and to have police protection. ... By December 1947 Patel began to pressure the princes into signing Merger Agreements that integrated their states into adjacent British Indian provinces, soon to be called states or new units of erstwhile princely states, most notably Rajasthan, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, and Matsya Union (Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur and Karaulli).}}</ref> However, all were ended on 28 December 1971 by the [[Privy Purse in India#Abolition|26th Amendment to the Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-twenty-sixth-amendment-act-1971|title=The Constitution (26 Amendment) Act, 1971|publisher=Government of India|work=indiacode.nic.in|year = 1971|access-date=9 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Schmidt|first=Karl J.|title=An atlas and survey of South Asian history|url=https://archive.org/details/atlassurveyofsou0000schm|url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-334-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/atlassurveyofsou0000schm/page/78 78]|quote=Although the Indian states were alternately requested or forced into union with either India or Pakistan, the real death of princely India came when the Twenty-sixth Amendment Act (1971) abolished the princes' '''titles''', privileges, and privy purses.}}</ref>

Bhawani Singh married Princess [[Padmini Devi]] of [[Sirmur State|Sirmur]] in 1966. Their only child, a daughter, [[Diya Kumari]], is an Indian politician and a [[Member of Parliament]]. Bhawani Singh died at age 79 of multi-organ failure.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Maharaja-of-Jaipur-Bhawani-Singh-passes-away/articleshow/8005091.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606143649/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-17/jaipur/29427553_1_maharaja-city-palace-diya-kumari | url-status=live | archive-date=6 June 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Maharaja of Jaipur Bhawani Singh passes away | date=17 April 2011}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born to [[Maharaja]] [[Sir]] [[Sawai Man Singh II]] and his first wife, Marudhar Kanwar of [[Jaipur]], Bhawani Singh was educated at Sheshbagh School, [[Srinagar]], [[The Doon School]], [[Dehradun]], and later [[Harrow School]] in the United Kingdom.<ref name=IT>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/maharaja-of-jaipur-bhawani-singh-passes-away-132325-2011-04-17 Maharaja of Jaipur Bhawani Singh passes away]</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/royalty-obituaries/8459319/Brigadier-Sawai-Bhawani-Singh.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Brigadier Sawai Bhawani Singh | date=18 April 2011}}</ref> As the first male heir born to a reigning maharaja of Jaipur for generations (all others, including his father, who was originally a minor noble, were adopted), his birth was a celebrated event in [[Jaipur]]. It is said that so much champagne flowed in celebration of his birth that the new heir was nicknamed "Bubbles".<ref name=hindu>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080920010616/http://www.hinduonnet.com/mag/2002/10/20/stories/2002102000230800.htm Royal vignettes: Jaipur: In touch with reality ]}} The Hindu – 20 October 2002</ref>

==Military career==
Singh was commissioned into Indian Army in the [[3rd Cavalry Regiment (India)|3rd Cavalry]] as a [[second Lieutenant]] holding a short-service commission in 1951 and was selected for the [[President's Bodyguard (India)|President's Bodyguards]] in 1954. On 31 July 1957, he received a regular commission as a [[lieutenant]] (seniority from 22 October 1954, and seniority as a second lieutenant from 22 October 1952) with the service number IC-9015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=270 |date=26 October 1957 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> Promoted to the rank of [[captain (armed forces)|captain]] on 22 October 1958, he served in the President's Bodyguard till 1963.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=3 |date=3 January 1959 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref name=tt>{{cite news|title=Bubbles, the 'king' who tasted life in the trenches|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130123/jsp/nation/story_16474875.jsp#.UwWPuOx4pr4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225001510/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130123/jsp/nation/story_16474875.jsp#.UwWPuOx4pr4|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2014|access-date=20 February 2014|newspaper=The Telegraph, Calcutta|date=23 January 2013}}</ref>

Singh was posted to [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50th Parachute Brigade]] in 1963.<ref name=tt/><ref name=toi>{{cite news|title=A decorated soldier of the 1971 Indo-Pak war|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/A-decorated-soldier-of-the-1971-Indo-Pak-war/articleshow/8009664.cms?referral=PM|access-date=20 February 2014|newspaper=Times of Indiatoi|date=18 April 2011}}</ref> Later, he was posted as Adjutant of the [[Indian Military Academy]] at [[Dehradun]] from January 1964 to 1967, during which time he was promoted to major on 22 October 1965.<ref name=tt/><ref name=toi/><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=272 |date=18 December 1965 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

In 1967, Singh was appointed [[second-in-command]] of the 10th battalion, [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment (Commando)]] (10 Para Cdo), one of the two elite [[Special Forces]] battalions. He was appointed the [[Commanding Officer]] (CO) in 1968.<ref name=tt/><ref name=toi/>

===Indo-Pakistani War of 1971===
In 1970, Singh helped train the [[Mukti Bahini]] before the commencement of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name=tt/><ref name=toi/> During the war, as an acting [[lieutenant-colonel]], he commanded [[Para Commandos (India)|10 Para (Commando)]]. The battalion, led by Singh, was responsible for the [[Chachro Raid|capture of Chachro]] in [[Sindh]], for which he was decorated with the [[Maha Vir Chakra]] (MVC):<ref name=toi/><ref name=pr>{{cite web|title=Heroes. The Parachute Regiment, Indian Army|url=http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/heroes.htm|publisher=The Parachute Regiment, Indian Army|access-date=20 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608081808/http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/heroes.htm|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The citation for his MVC reads as follows:<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 1 |page=183 |date=12 February 1972 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|Gazette Notification: 18 Pres/2000,15-8-99
Operation: -
Date of Award: 15 Aug 1999

{{center|'''CITATION''' 
'''LIEUTENANT COLONEL SAWAI BHAWANI SINGH (IC-9015)''' 
'''THE PARACHUTE REGIMENT'''}}
On the night of 5 December 1971, Lieutenant Colonel Sawai Bhawani Singh, who was commanding a battalion of the Parachute Regiment (commandos), led his men deep into the enemy territory and for four days and nights, with complete disregard for his personal comfort and safety, made skilful and relentless raids on the strongly held enemy posts at Chachro and Virawah. His inspired leadership and personal courage led to the capture of large areas of the enemy territory and created panic and confusion among the enemy, forcing them to retreat leaving large number of prisoners and equipment.

In this operation, Lieutenant Colonel Sawai Bhawani Singh set an example of personal courage, exceptional qualities of leadership and devotion to duty in the highest traditions of the Indian Army.|sign=|source=}}

===Post-war career===
Promoted to substantive lieutenant-colonel on 17 June 1973, Singh took early retirement from the army with effect from 23 May 1975.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=905 |date=10 August 1974 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=981 |date=26 July 1975 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> While the Indian Army was in action in [[Sri Lanka]] under [[Operation Pawan]], the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]] requested him to go to Sri Lanka and boost the low morale of his old unit (10 Para Cdo).<ref name=toi/> He was successful in this venture and, for this, the President bestowed upon him the honorary rank of [[Brigadier]] on 29 November 1991.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hony. Brigadier Rank to Maharaj Kumar ''(sic)'' Bhawani Singh|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1991-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1991-12-15_347.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=15 December 1991|access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref> A promotion after retirement was considered a rare honour.<ref name=toi/>

==Diplomatic career==
After his retirement from Indian Army, Singh served as [[High Commissioner]] of India to [[Brunei]] from 1994 to 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msbsschool.com/our_patrons.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916153523/http://www.msbsschool.com/our_patrons.html |archive-date=16 September 2010 |df=dmy-all }}{{cite web |url=http://msmsmuseum.com/frmGallery.aspx?ID=4&cms=29 |title= Welcome to the City Palace |access-date=2010-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714123423/http://msmsmuseum.com/frmGallery.aspx?ID=4&cms=29 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=tl/>

==Royal life==
[[File:Their Highnesses the Maharaja and Maharani of Jaipur.jpg|thumb|Bhawani Singh of Jaipur with his wife]]
[[File:Bhawani Singh of Jaipur with his wife.jpg|thumb|The Maharaja and Maharani of Jaipur]]
Bhawani Singh ascended the throne of [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]] on 24 June 1970 following the death of his father, and held the title of [[Maharaja]] until the abolition of the princely order, his [[Privy Purse]] and other royal entitlements by [[Indira Gandhi]] in 1971, although he remained generally honoured like most other erstwhile rulers.<ref name=tl/>

He married Princess [[Padmini Devi]] of [[Sirmur]] on 10 March 1966 in a ceremony held at [[Delhi]].<ref>Date and place of marriage taken from two pages "Bhawani Singh" and [http://www.royalfamilyjaipur.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18 "Padmini Devi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123044234/http://royalfamilyjaipur.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18 |date=23 January 2009 }} on the Durga Diya website. Retrieved 22 November 2009.</ref> She was the daughter of his father's polo-playing friend [[Highness|HH]] Maharaja [[Rajendra Prakash]] of Sirmur by his wife Maharani Indira Devi.<ref>[http://www.royalfamilyjaipur.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18 Maharani Padmini Devi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123044234/http://royalfamilyjaipur.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18 |date=23 January 2009 }}, from the Durga Diya website. Retrieved 23 November 2009</ref> The couple had one daughter, [[Diya Kumari]] (b. 30 January 1971).{{fact|date=February 2026}}

Having half-brothers but no son, in November 2002 he adopted his daughter's elder son, [[Padmanabh Singh]], who succeeded him as head of the erstwhile royal family of Jaipur upon his death.<ref name=tl/>

==Other==
In the same vein as his father, the first hotelier prince in India, Bhawani Singh ran many palaces as hotels, including the [[Rambagh Palace]], Raj Mahal Palace, or other former royal residences. He was the first Indian prince to turn his Rambagh Palace in to luxury hotel in 1958. He conducted certain ceremonies and customs from the traditional seat of royal power, the sprawling [[City Palace, Jaipur]], part of which remains under the control of his family. He became one of the richest maharajas of post-independent India.<ref name=tl/>

==Political career==
He was also involved in local politics, as was his late stepmother, [[Gayatri Devi]], his father's third wife. In 1975 he was arrested and imprisoned for a short period during [[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency]] by Congress government at center, due to political vendetta along-with Gayatri Devi but was released after protests from various people including Indian Army and [[Lord Mountbatten]], who spoke to [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name=tl>{{cite news|title=Brigadier Sawai Bhawani Singh|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/royalty-obituaries/8459319/Brigadier-Sawai-Bhawani-Singh.html|access-date=20 February 2014|newspaper=The Telegraph, London|date=18 April 2011}}</ref>

Sawai Bhawani Singh contested the [[Lok Sabha]] elections in the year 1989 for the [[Indian National Congress]] Party but lost to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leader [[Girdhari Lal Bhargava]].<ref name=tl/>

He then retired from active politics and devoted his time to his family and the protection and continuation of Jaipur's traditional arts and heritage.

==Death==
Bhawani Singh was admitted to a private hospital in Gurgaon, Haryana on 29 March and died on 17 April 2011 following multi-organ failure.<ref name=tt/><ref name=toi/><ref name=tl/>

[[Ashok Gehlot]], then [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]] announced two days of state mourning. His body was flown to Jaipur and kept at the City Palace for people to pay their last respect before being cremated.<ref name=toi2011>{{cite news|title=Maharaja of Jaipur Bhawani Singh passes away|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Maharaja-of-Jaipur-Bhawani-Singh-passes-away/articleshow/8005091.cms|access-date=18 April 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 April 2011}}</ref>

He was cremated on 18 April 2011 at [[Gaitore Ki Chhatriya]], the royal crematorium in Jaipur with full state honours.<ref name=toicremation>{{cite news|title=Maharaja of Jaipur Bhawani Singh cremated|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Maharaja-of-Jaipur-Bhawani-Singh-cremated/articleshow/8017043.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055434/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-18/jaipur/29443040_1_full-state-honours-cremation-ground-sindh|url-status=live|archive-date=5 November 2012|access-date=18 April 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 April 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Kachwaha|House of Kachwaha]]|22 October|1931|17 April|2011|}}
|-
{{s-pre}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Man Singh II]]}}
{{s-tul|title=Maharaja of Jaipur|years=24 June 1970 – 28 December 1971|reason=Title abolished by [[Republic of India]]}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Padmanabh Singh]]}}
{{end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bhawani}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Maha Vir Chakra]]
[[Category:Indian amateur radio people]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Jaipur]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People educated at Harrow School]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Brunei]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian military personnel]]

Chenchu Lakshmi (1958 film)

2026-03-14T04:46:39Z

SuzetteEql: New - done

{{short description|1958 film}}
{{Other uses|Chenchu Lakshmi (disambiguation){{!}}Chenchu Lakshmi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Chenchu Lakshmi 1958 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[B. A. Subba Rao]]
| writer = [[Vempati Sadasivabrahmam]] {{small|(Telugu dialogues)}} Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass M. S. Subramaniam {{small|(Tamil dialogues)}}
| screenplay = B. A. Subba Rao
| story = Vempati Sadasivabrahmam
| producer = B. A. Subba Rao
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Anjali Devi]]
| cinematography = C. Nageswara Rao
| editing = K. Marthandam
| music = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| studio = B.A.S. Productions
| distributor = Navayuga Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1958|4|9}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu Tamil
}}

'''''Chenchu Lakshmi''''' is a 1958 Indian [[Hindu mythological film]] produced and directed by [[B. A. Subba Rao]]. The film stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Anjali Devi]], with music composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]. It was [[Multiple-language version|simultaneously shot]] in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages, with most of the actors and scenes being the same in both versions. Another [[Chenchu Lakshmi (1943 film)|''Chenchu Lakshmi'']] was earlier made in 1943 with a different cast and crew.<ref name="BFTP">{{Cite news |last=Narasimhan |first=M. L. |date=28 May 2015 |title=Chenchulakshmi (1958) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-chenchulakshmi-1958/article7255694.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923095716/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/blast-from-the-past-chenchulakshmi-1958/article7255694.ece |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=15 November 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1958 – செஞ்சுலஷ்மி – பி.எ.எஸ். புரொடக்சன்ஸ் (த-தெ) |trans-title=1958 – Chenchu Lakshmi – B.A.S. Productions (ta-te) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1958-cinedetails13.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125032434/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1958-cinedetails13.asp |archive-date=25 January 2020 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=354 |orig-date=1994}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film is based on the Hindu mythological story, which begins with the weddings of [[Vishnu]] & [[Lakshmi]]. During this, [[Durvasa]] is furious as he is uninvited and curses Mahalakshmi's parents, Samudra & his wife, to be born as tribals. After a while, Vishnu kills [[Hiranyaksha]], donning a [[Varaha]] avatar. Learning it, his brother [[Hiranyakashipu]], a ferocious, performs a vast penance. Exploiting it, Indra kidnaps his pregnant wife, Leelavathi, to destroy his heir. [[Narada]] safeguards her and sculpts [[Prahlada]] in her womb as an ardent devotee of Vishnu.

Meanwhile, Hiranyakasipa triumphs and gets a boon from [[Brahma]]: the absence of death of any weapon, human, animal, demon, or divinity. Now, he trounces the universe and moves in search of Vishnu, who absconds with Lakshmi. He transforms Lakshmi's glow into fruit and plants it on a tree. Samudra & his wife take birth as the tribals but are perturbed as childless. So, Narada tricks by bestowing the fruit to them and the couple is blessed with a baby girl, Chenchita. Besides, Prahlada's worship of Vishnu reaches esteem, and Hiranyakasipa makes several attempts to bar him but in vain. He challenges to show his God when Vishnu appears from the pillar as [[Narasimha]], half man & half lion and slays Hiranyakasipa.

Narasimha is still raging with fury here, and no one can make him calm, including Lakshmi, because she does not obtain the glow. During that plight, Narasimha is acquainted with fearless Chenchita, who subsides his anger and turns into the handsome Narahari, and they knit. Being aware of it, Lakshmi displays grievance, and the two wives squabble. At last, Narada affirms Chenchita is her glows when they conjoin, and Samudra & his wife are also relieved from the curse. The film ends with the reunion of Vishnu & Lakshmi at [[Vaikuntha]].

== Cast ==

{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Character !! Telugu !! Tamil
|-
| Lord [[Vishnu]] || style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| Goddess [[Lakshmi]] and Chenchita (Dual role) || style="text-align:center" colspan="2"|[[Anjali Devi]]
|-
| [[Hiranyakashipu]] || style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]
|-
| [[Durvasa]] || style="text-align:center"|[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] || style="text-align:center"|C. V. V. Panthulu
|-
| [[Narada]] Maharshi || style="text-align:center"| [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] || style="text-align:center"| [[K. A. Thangavelu]]
|-
| Samudrudu || style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| E. R. Sahadevan
|-
| Lord [[Shiva]] || style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]]
|-
| Chandamarkula || style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| [[Vangara Venkata Subbaiah]]
|-
| Leelavathi || style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| [[Pushpavalli]]
|-
| Queen of the Chenchus || style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| Sandhya
|-
| || style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| [[Rushyendramani]]
|-
| [[Prahlada]] || style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| Master Babji
|-
| Dancer || style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| [[E. V. Saroja]]
|-
| || style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| A. V. Subba Rao
|-
| || style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| Nalla Rama Murthy
|-
| || style="text-align:center" colspan="2"| K. S. Angamuthu
|}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]. All the tunes for all the songs for both languages are the same.

;Telugu songs
Lyrics by [[Arudra]], [[Tapi Dharma Rao]], [[Kosaraju]], [[Vempati Sadasivabrahmam]], Samudrala Sr. & [[Pothana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chenchu Lakshmi (1958)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CEV/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240923095932/https://indiancine.ma/documents/CEV/info |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
| "Aanandamaye Ali Neelaveni"|| [[Arudra]] ||[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[Jikki]] || 4:18
|-
| "Chettulekkagalava O Narahari" || Arudra || Ghantasala & Jikki || 3:07
|-
| "Chilaka Gorinka" || Vempati Sadasivabrahmam || Ghantasala & Jikki || 2:54
|-
| "Paala Kadalipai" || Arudra || [[P. Susheela]] || 3:23
|-
| "Adhigo Kanalera Kamala" || [[Samudrala Sr.]] || P. Susheela || 3:10
|-
| "Neelagagana Ghana Shyama" || Arudra || Ghantasala || 4:32
|-
| "Kaanaga Raavaa" || Vempati Sadasivabrahmam || Ghantasala & Jikki || 3:26
|-
| "Cheyi Cheyi" || [[Kosaraju Raghavaiah|Kosaraju]] || Jikki & T. Sathyavathi || 3:15
|-
| "Ambari Lambaarihori" || Kosaraju || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]] & [[A. P. Komala]] || 2:58
|-
| "Ma Chinni Papayi" || Samudrala Sr || P. Susheela || 2:04
|-
| "Marapuraani Manchi Roju" || Vempati Sadasivabrahmam || Ghantasala & Jikki || 5:33
|-
| "Karunaala Vaalaa" || Kosaraju || Ghantasala || 7:14
|-
| "Sri Nadhuni" || Samudrala Sr. || P. Susheela || 2:36
|-
| "Chenchu Lakshmi Slokam" || Vempati Sadasivabrahmam || P. Susheela || 10:03
|-
| "Dimbhaka Sarva Sthalamula" || Arudra || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]] ||
|-
| "Srihariye Natana Sutradari" || Arudra || Ghantasala ||
|-
| "Yevadura Vishnundu Yevadiraa Jishnundu" || Arudra || Madhavapeddi Satyam ||
|-
| "Parabhavammunu Sahintuna" || Arudra || Madhavapeddi Satyam ||
|-
| "Yededu Lokala Elikaa Neepaina" || Arudra || Ghantasala ||
|-
| "Maa Chinni Papayi" || Vempati Sadasiva Brahmam || Jikki ||
|-
| "Maha Saktimantulaina Nijam Teliyalerayyo" || Arudra || Ghantasala ||
|-
| "Brahma Ichina Varamulu" || Arudra || Ghantasala ||
|-
| "Nadu Hiranyakasipudanargala" || Tapi Dharma Rao || Ghantasala ||
|-
| "Akhila Jagamulakunu" || Arudra || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] ||
|-
| "Chilaka Gorinka Kulike Paka Paka" || Arudra || P. B. Sreenivas & P. Susheela ||
|-
| "Patutara Neeti Sastrachaya" || || Madhavapeddi Satyam ||
|-
| "Srinathuni Pada Sarasija Bhajane" || Samudrala Sr. || P. Susheela ||
|-
| "Chettulekka Galava O Narahari" || Vempati Sadasivabrahmam || P. B. Sreenivas & P. Susheela || 2:43
|-
| "Hey Deva Divyaprabhava" || Vempati Sadasiva Brahmam || P. Susheela ||
|-
| "Chadhivinchiri Nanu Guruvulu" || Pothana || P. Susheela ||
|-
| "Kanjakshunakugani Kayambu" || Pothana || P. Susheela ||
|-
| "Kantha Cheti Lopala" || Arudra || Ghantasala ||
|-
| "Neelagagana Ghanasyama Deva" || Arudra || Ghantasala ||
|-
| "Adhinadhuni Patnikuda" || Arudra || Ghantasala ||
|}

;Tamil songs
Lyrics by [[Papanasam Sivan]], [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] & M. S. Subramaniam.
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Lyrics !! Singers !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| Aanandham Eedhe Alidula Veni || || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[Jikki]] || 04:13
|-
| Maratthil Eruvaayaa Ye Singga Manadhil || || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[Jikki]] || 02:17
|-
| Anbe En Raaja Assai Kannaalane || || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[Jikki]] || 02:38
|-
| Naaraayanaa Hari Naaraayanaa Sriman || Papanasam Sivan || [[P. Susheela]] || 03:23
|-
| Naaraayanan Thiru Adi Malar Panindhu || || [[P. Susheela]] || 02:47
|-
| Vidhiyai Vellum Valimai Amma Unakku Illaiye || || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || 01:00
|-
| Sri Hari Dheva Jegame Pugazh Jeeva || || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[Jikki]] || 03:09
|-
| Oyilu Kummi Podalaam Ullaasamaai || || [[Jikki]] & T. Sathyavathi || 03:22
|-
| Lambaadi Lambaadi Hoi Lambaadi || || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam|M. Sathyam]] & P. S. Vaidhehi || 02:58
|-
| Paal Kadal Thanile Sesha Sayanatthil || || [[P. Susheela]] || 02:54
|-
| Mangai Endhan Manadhil Inbam || || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[Jikki]] || 05:01
|-
| Uyar Karunaamoorthi Perumai Avar Kanndaar || || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || 02:44
|-
| Dhargamudan Viyaagaranam Sangeetham || || [[P. Susheela]] || 04:00
|-
| Undhanai Pol Dheivam Undo Dhevaa || || [[P. Susheela]] || 01:54
|-
| Paarkadal Thanile Palli Konde Endrum || || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] || 00:51
|-
| Sri Hariye Sagala Soothradhaari || || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || 00:40
|-
| Alitthidum Avamadhippaiyai Naan Nasukkuven || || [[V. N. Sundaram]] || 02:32
|-
| Vidha Vidhamaagave Vedanggal Aniyum || || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] || 00:45
|-
| Eerezhu Loganggal Koorume Un Perai || || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || 01:13
|-
| Chandhrodhayam Pole Indha Jegam Meedhile || || [[Jikki]] || 01:59
|-
| Gaandha Sakthi Enavo Kai Padave || || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || 00:44
|-
| Bramma Sittha Niyaayatthilum Unnmai Purivadhedhu || || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || 01:01
|-
| Andha Naal Arakkan Iraniyan Arundhava Palanil || || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || 00:26
|-
| Agila Jegamadhil Aadhi Naadhan || || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || 01:26
|-
| Inngiruppaano Anggiruppaano Endra Iyame || || [[V. N. Sundaram]] & [[P. Susheela]] || 02:58
|}

== Critical reception ==
{{empty section|date=February 2025}}
<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 1958 |title=செஞ்சுலஷ்மி |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_9_14_147/6.jp2/full/1000,1551/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/OtBrP |archive-date=24 February 2025 |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=Janasakthi |pages=6 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1958 Indian films]]
[[Category:1958 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1958 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1958 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1958 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. A. Subba Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. Rajeswara Rao]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:1950s musical drama films]]

Al-Hilal (newspaper)

2026-03-12T02:10:12Z

SuzetteEql: Creating Initial Details V1

{{Short description|Weekly language in India (1912–1914)}}
{{For|the Egyptian magazine|Al-Hilal (magazine)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Al-Hilal
| type = Weekly newspaper
| editor = Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
| founder = [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]]
| founded = 1912
| ceased_publication = 1914 (shut down by the then British government)
| political_position = Indian nationalism
| language = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
}}
'''''Al-Hilal''''' (Urdu: هلال "The Crescent") was a weekly Urdu language newspaper established by the [[Islam in India|Indian Muslim]] independence activist and first education minister of India [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]]. The paper was notable for its criticism of the [[British Raj]] in India and its exhortation to Indian Muslims to join the growing [[Indian independence movement]]. ''Al-Hilal'' ran from 1912 to 1914, when it was shut down under the [[Indian Press Act, 1910|Press Act]].

== Background ==
''Al-Hilal'' followed several earlier forays into publishing by Azad. His earliest attempt was ''Nairang-e-Alam'', a poetry periodical published in 1899 when he was 11 years old, followed by ''Al-Misbah'', a current events periodical published in 1900, and ''Lisan-us Sidq'' ("The Voice of Truth") in 1904.<ref name=":102">{{Cite journal|last=Pant|first=Vijay Prakash|date=2010|title=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: A Critical Analysis Life and Work|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42748956|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|volume=71|issue=4|pages=1311–1323|jstor=42748956|issn=0019-5510}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Faruqi|first=Khwaja Ahmad|date=1958|title=Maulana Azad as a Man of Letters|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23329285|journal=Indian Literature|volume=1|issue=2|pages=6–13|jstor=23329285|issn=0019-5804}}</ref> Azad also contributed to journals like ''Khadang-i-Nazar'', ''Makhzan'', and ''Al-Nadva''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Suroor|first=A.A.|date=1988|title=The Literary Contribution of Maulana Azad|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24159313|journal=Indian Literature|volume=31|issue=4|pages=7–16|jstor=24159313|issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

In 1908, Azad embarked on travels through several Muslim countries in Asia and Africa and was exposed to [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperial]] movements in [[Iraq]], [[Turkey]], and [[Egypt]]. He became particularly close with Egyptian activist [[Mustafa Kamil Pasha]] and was inspired by his active and explicit dissent against [[History of Egypt under the British|British authorities in Egypt]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|date=2007|title=Striking a Just Balance: Maulana Azad as a Theorist of Trans-National Jihad|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/217351796|journal=Modern Intellectual History|volume=4|issue=1|pages=95–107|doi=10.1017/S1479244306001065|s2cid=146697647 |id={{ProQuest|217351796}} |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ''Al-Hilal'' was named after the [[Al-Hilal (magazine)|publication with the same title]] published in Egypt, pointing to the influence of Egyptian anti-imperial activists on Azad's thinking.<ref name=":1" />

== 1912 to 1914 ==
The first edition of ''Al-Hilal'' was published in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in 1912.<ref name=":1" /> According to British authorities at the time, ''Al-Hilal'' was at odds with the majority of the Muslim press in India, which they claimed was largely pro-government.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1914|title=Report on Indian Papers for the Week ending 5th December 1914|url=https://jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25636885|journal=India Office Library and Records|location=Bombay|publisher=South Asia Open Archives|jstor=saoa.crl.25636885}}</ref> ''Al-Hilal'' was often mentioned in British reports alongside ''[[The Comrade]]'', a newspaper established by the Indian Muslim scholar [[Muhammad Ali (writer)|Muhammad Ali]]. While ''The Comrade'' and ''Al-Hilal'' shared a critical view of British imperialism, ''The Comrade'' was an English-language publication targeted at British-educated Muslims, while ''Al-Hilal'' was an [[Urdu]]-language publication.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Khurshid|first=Abdus Salam|date=August 14, 1978|title=The Role of the Muslim Press in the Pakistan Movement|volume=31|work=Pakistan Affairs|issue=16|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1UdAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>

Along with critical coverage of the British government, ''Al-Hilal'' also covered issues related to theology, war, and science.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|last=Sikdar|first=Shubhomoy|date=July 13, 2012|title=More than just a chronicle|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/more-than-just-a-chronicle/article3633850.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Its politics centered around [[Purna Swaraj|complete freedom from British rule]], with a notable emphasis on the importance of [[Hindu–Muslim unity|Hindu-Muslim unity]].<ref name=":102" /> It was only openly disapproving of the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], which Azad claimed had "betrayed the people."<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Qaiyoom|first=Nishat|date=2012|title=Maulana Azad's Journalistic Crusade Against Colonialism|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156263|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=73|pages=678–685|jstor=44156263|issn=2249-1937}}</ref> Additionally, ''Al-Hilal'' reflected Azad's pan-Islamic approach to anti-imperialism and often included news about anti-imperial struggles among Muslim populations in other parts of Asia and Africa. For example, during the [[Balkan Wars|Balkan War]], ''Al-Hilal'' published photos of Turkish independence activists and compared British activities in Turkey with British attitudes towards the destruction of the [[Meston Road, Kanpur|Kanpur mosque]] in India.<ref name=":1" /> In his writing, Azad drew from Islamic theology and the ''[[Quran]]'' in order to contextualize the Indian independence struggle for his Muslim readership.<ref name=":0" />

Over the course of its two-year run, ''Al-Hilal'' established itself as an extremely popular newspaper in the Indian Muslim community. Its readership spanned [[Bengal]], the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], and [[Punjab]].<ref name=":1" /> By Azad's own account, the newspaper had devoted readers in [[Afghanistan]] as well.<ref name=":0" /> At the time, ''Al-Hilal'''s peak circulation of over 25,000 marked a record for Urdu journalism,<ref name=":13" /> and back issues were regularly republished due to high demand.<ref name=":102" />

== Shutdown in 1914 ==
British authorities regularly expressed concerns about ''Al-Hilal'<nowiki/>''s hostile attitude towards the colonial government, and monitored it closely throughout its run.<ref name=":1" /> The newspaper was notorious enough that it was mentioned at a 1915 meeting of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], where British leaders specifically drew attention to ''Al-Hilal'''s apparent "anti-British and pro-German" stance and its publication of an article that stated that the British Army "prefer[red] retreating to fighting."<ref>{{Cite book|last=House of Commons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yUM6AQAAMAAJ|title=The Parliamentary Debates (Official Report): Fifth Session of the Thirtieth Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland|publisher=Jas. Truscott and Son, Ltd.|year=1915|volume=69|location=London|pages=218}}</ref>

In 1914, Azad was fined Rs. 2000 under the Press Act, which allowed for the [[censorship]] of Indian publications promoting nationalist views. Once he had paid the initial fine, he was fined a further Rs. 10,000.<ref name=":102" /> ''Al-Hilal'' was finally forcibly shut down by British authorities in November 1914.<ref name=":1" />

Azad attempted to revive ''Al-Hilal'' as ''Al-Balagh'' ("The Message") in 1915, but the new newspaper only lasted five months.<ref name=":1" /> He tried again to establish a new newspaper with ''Paigham'' in 1921, but the paper was banned by December 1921 and Azad was arrested for his continued refusal to comply with the Press Act.<ref name=":102" />

== Impact and legacy ==
''Al-Hilal'' is widely considered to be a major turning point in Muslim engagement with the independence movement, inspiring a new community resistance to the British Raj.<ref name=":2" /> Several prominent independence activists acknowledged the importance of Azad's work with the newspaper, even after its shutdown. In a 1920 edition of his publication ''[[Young India]]'', [[Mahatma Gandhi]] highlighted the importance of ''Al-Hilal'''s critique of the British government.<ref name=":13" /> Similarly, in his 1944 book ''[[The Discovery of India]]'', [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] praised Azad for the political and literary innovations he pioneered with ''Al-Hilal'', stating that:<blockquote>Abul Kalam Azad spoke in a new language to them [the Indian Muslim population] in his weekly ''Al-Hilal''. It was not only a new language in thought and approach, even its texture was different, for Azad's style was tense and virile, though a little difficult because of its [[Persian language|Persian]] background. He used new phrases for new ideas and was a definite influence in giving shape to the Urdu language, as it is today. The older conservative leaders among the Muslims did not react favourably to all this and criticized Azad's opinions and approach. Yet not even the most learned of them could easily meet Azad in debate and argument, even on the basis of scripture and old tradition, for Azad's knowledge of the happened to be greater than theirs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nehru|first=Jawaharlal|title=The Discovery of India|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2004}}</ref></blockquote>In 1921, Mufti Shaukat Ali Fehmi purchased the press that Azad had used to publish ''Al-Hilal'' to establish his own Urdu-language magazine, ''[[Din Dunia]]''. The press continued to be used for almost five decades to publish Urdu publications. While the Fehmi family attempted to have the press preserved in recognition of its historical significance, they received little interest from any universities, museums, or government agencies, and it was eventually sold for scrap.<ref name=":13" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.cis-ca.org/voices/a/azad-mn.htm Biography of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030419025158/http://www.cis-ca.org/voices/a/azad-mn.htm |date=2003-04-19 }} California Center for Islamic Sciences, Retrieved 3 Nov 2016
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_dawn_of_hope.html?id=6EluAAAAMAAJ The dawn of hope: selections from the Al-Hilal of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad] books.google.com.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hilal}}
[[Category:1912 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1914 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Weekly newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Banned newspapers]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1912]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1914]]
[[Category:Defunct weekly newspapers]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in India]]

Baigoman

2026-03-11T13:32:00Z

SuzetteEql: Creating Basic Data First Draft - done

{{Short description|Village in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baigoman
| image_skyline =
| image_shield =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Divisions of Bihar|Division]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Sub- divisions of India|Sub District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Magadha]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Magadh Division]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Gaya district|Gaya]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Paraiya]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Kachhwahas
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj]]
| population_total = 1554<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Bihar - District Gaya - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/40915 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 824209
| area_code = 91-631
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| registration_plate = BR-02
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Magadhi]]
| blank3_name = Hospital
| blank3_info = [http://www.anmmc.ac.in/ ANMMCH, Gaya]
| blank1_name = Railway Station
| blank1_info = [[Gaya Junction]]
| blank2_name = Airport
| blank2_info = [[Gaya International Airport]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|24|45|52.6|N|84|53|54.1|E|display=it}}
| pushpin_map = India#Bihar
}}

'''Baigoman''' is a village in [[Gaya district]], [[Bihar]], India.<ref name=":0" /> It is part of the Punakala panchayat in the Paraiya subdivision.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subdivision and Blocks {{!}} District Election Officer, Gaya {{!}} India |url=https://gaya.nic.in/subdivision-and-blocks/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
The Zamindars of Baigoman and Galimapur belong to the [[Kachhwaha|Kachhwaha Rajput]] clan, originally from [[Rajasthan]]. They migrated to Galimapur, where they overthrew the ruling [[Muslims|Muslim]] Zamindar and established their own [[Zamindar|Zamindari]]. Known for their valor and governance, they ruled the region with [[Rajput]] traditions of justice and honor. Their legacy continues through their descendants, who remain influential in social and philanthropic affairs.

Babu Raghunath Singh Ji was last zamindar of Baigoman who succeeded his father Babu Rajpati Singh Ji after his demise in 1962. He was a philanthropist and later sarpanch in Poonakala Panchayat. He was known for his lavish lifestyle.
Babu Raghunath Singh of Baigoman was widely admired for his philanthropy and regal lifestyle. Known as Babu Sahab, he dedicated much of his wealth to helping the poor, funding marriages of underprivileged girls, supporting education, and providing aid to farmers in distress. His residence, Baigoman Kachahari, was a center of generosity where no one seeking help left empty-handed. Despite financial decline after the abolition of zamindari, he maintained his tradition of hospitality. His fondness for horses and elephants reflected his royal stature, while his open-door policy and kindness earned him the love and respect of generations in [[Gaya, India|Gaya]].

As Zamindar of Baigoman (1962–1970), he was accompanied by Shri Shlok Singh Ji, manager of Baigoman Estate during the reign of Babu Rajpati Singh Ji and Babu Raghunath Singh Ji. Babu Raghunath Singh ensured smooth land management, fair sharecropping, and justice for tenants through Baigoman Kachahari. He promoted local culture, hosted fairs, and resolved disputes within the community. After being elected [[Sarpanch]] of [[Paraiya]] (1977–1995), he shifted focus to grassroots governance. He initiated road construction, irrigation canals, and rural electrification, which improved farming and connectivity. His mediation skills prevented long court battles, strengthening village unity. Practical in approach, he combined authority with compassion, ensuring both development and harmony. His tenure remains remembered as a blend of traditional leadership and progressive rural administration.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baigoman Population 2022/2023, Village in Paraiya Block |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Bihar/Gaya/Paraiya/Baigoman |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20221227045049/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Bihar/Gaya/Paraiya/Baigoman |archive-date=2022-12-27 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=www.indiagrowing.com |language=en}}</ref>

After 18 years of hold on Gram Panchayat Election due to legal issues with Zamindars and other political policies, Government of Bihar started panchayat election in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2021-09-11 |title=क्या आपको पता है बिहार में अबतक कितनी बार हुए पंचायत चुनाव, 24 साल तक इलेक्शन पर क्यों रही रोक? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/city/patna/panchayat-elections-have-been-held-10-times-in-bihar-before-2021/bh20210911174741674 |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Gaya district]]

India–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations

2026-03-10T10:02:42Z

SuzetteEql: Starting the details & citations - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|India–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|India|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|map=India_Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic_Locator.png}}
[[India]] and [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)]] had formal diplomatic relations from 1985 till 2000.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/19851031-india-recognises-sadr-diplomatic-links-with-moracco-breaks-802081-2014-01-14|title=India recognises SADR, diplomatic links with Moracco breaks|first=Dilip|last=Bobb|date=15 January 2014|website=India Today}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4409617|title=Derecognition of Western Sahara: Foreign Policy Volte-Face|author=Punyapriya Dasgupta|year=2000|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=35|issue=33|pages=2914-2917|via=JSTOR}}</ref>

==Background==
During the [[Cold War]], despite its [[non-aligned movement|non-aligned position]], India was closely
linked to the [[Soviet Union]]. In 1985, when the then [[prime minister of India]], [[Rajiv Gandhi]], visited [[Algeria]] on his way to meet [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] of the [[United States of America]] to meet [[President of Algeria|Algerian president]], [[Chadli Bendjedid]], who was also a great friend of the Soviet Union, Rajiv Gandhi was convinced about the need to recognise [[Polisario Front|Polisario]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=NAQVI |first=SAEED |date=2021-11-20 |title=Decisions By A Prime Minister Which An Ambassador Reversed |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/4/21137/Decisions-By-A-Prime-Minister-Which-An-Ambassador-Reversed |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=www.thecitizen.in |language=en}}</ref> [[Mohamed Abdelaziz (Sahrawi politician)|Mohammad Abdelaziz]], the Polisario leader, was a friend of [[Cuban Revolution|Cuban revolutionist]] [[Fidel Castro]] and had Soviet backing. Upon his meeting with Bendjedid, the Indian prime minister agreed to recognise the [[sovereignty]] of [[Western Sahara]]. The decision got diluted only 24 hours later when the prime minister was persuaded in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] that the decision to recognise the Polisario should be delayed if not cancelled.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naqvi |first=Saeed |date=2021-11-29 |title=Saeed Naqvi {{!}} When Indian diplomacy left both Moscow & US annoyed {{!}} Saeed Naqvi {{!}} When Indian diplomacy left both Moscow & US annoyed |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/columnists/281121/saeed-naqvi-when-indian-diplomacy-left-both-moscow-us-annoyed.html |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Diplomatic Relations==
India recognised the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] on 1 October 1985, nine years after the proclamation of independence of [[Western Sahara]] by the [[Polisario Front]], which led to the sudden collapse of ties between [[New Delhi]] and [[Rabat]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://rsdebate.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/277757/2/IQ_147_01091988_U4324_p71_p73.pdf | title=Written answers to questions | website=rsdebate.nic.in}}</ref>

Subsequently, on 26 June 2000, New Delhi withdrew its recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2000/33/commentary/derecognition-western-sahara.html|title=Derecognition of Western Sahara|first=Punyapriya|last=Dasgupta|date=12 August 2000|journal=Economic and political weekly|volume=35|issue=2000|via=www.epw.in}}</ref>

==Visits==
Rajiv Gandhi, the then prime minister of India visited Algeria in 1985 where he met Algerian president, Chadli Bendjedid, after which he made the decision to recognise [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]].<ref name=":0" />

In 1985, [[Katyayani Shankar Bajpai|K. S. Bajpai]] (former [[diplomat]]) visited the [[De facto|de-facto]] [[Capital city|capital]] of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) in [[Rabouni refugee camp|Rabouni camp]],[[Tindouf Province|Tindouf]].<ref name=":0" />

Smt. Prashawati Gupte, [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], visited [[Algeria]] from 24 February to 2 March 1986 to participate in the tenth anniversary commemoration of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-Algeria-Relation-May-2025.pdf | title=India-Algeria Relations | website=www.mea.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India-Algeria Relations {{!}} Embassy of India Algiers, Algeria |url=https://www.indianembassyalgiers.gov.in/page/india-algeria-relations/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=www.indianembassyalgiers.gov.in |language=english}}</ref>

[[Malainine Sadik]], [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) visited India in September 1996 and held talks on matters of mutual interest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Issue No. 28 : Occassional Paper |url=http://www.mei.org.in/archives-occassional-paper/india-and-the-arab-spring--regime-changes-in-north-africa-/issue-no-28/introduction |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=MEI.ORG.IN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Fadel - On Line Opinion Author |url=https://www.onlineopinion.com.au/author.asp?id=570 |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=On Line Opinion}}</ref>

==Diplomatic Missions==
[[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] opened a full-fledged [[embassy]] in G-53, [[Nizamuddin West]], [[New Delhi]].<ref name=":1" /> However, within a month, it was realised that apart from having an embassy in the national capital, there was no real engagement with the [[Government of India|Indian government]]. Consequently, the embassy was temporarily shut down the following year due to inactivity.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/files/Western-Sahara-The-North-African-Gordian-Knot.pdf#:~:text=The%20Polisario%20Front%20holds%20the,Sahrawi%20Arab%20Democratic%20Republic%20(SADR).&text=However%2C%20over%20the%20years%2C%20the,has%20bolstered%20several%20notches | title=Western Sahara The North African Gordian Knot | page=10 | author=Samir Bhattacharya}}</ref>

The Indian ambassador in [[Algiers]] was concurrently accredited to Sahrawi Arab Democaratic Republic (SADR).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sachdev |first=Ambassador Mahesh |date=2025-11-28 |title=Ananta Insights {{!}} UNSCR 2797 Nudges Western Sahara Dispute Towards a Solution{{!}} {{!}} Ambassador Mahesh Sachdev {{!}} November 2025 |url=https://anantacentre.in/ananta-insights-unscr-2797-nudges-western-sahara-dispute-towards-a-solution-ambassador-mahesh-sachdev-november-2025/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=ANANTA CENTRE |language=en-US}}</ref>

Since 1994 till 2000, the [[List of diplomatic missions of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|mission of Sahrawi Arab Democaratic Republic (SADR) at New Delhi]] has been headed by a [[chargé d'affaires]] rather than an [[ambassador]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://eparlib.sansad.in/bitstream/123456789/460162/1/72577.pdf | title=Will the Minister of EXTERNAL AFFAIRS be pleased to state... Answer | website=eparlib.sansad.in}}</ref>

In June 2000, India withdrawn from recognising Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) terminating the diplomatic status of the embassy. Though, India conveyed to the [[List of diplomatic missions of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|mission of Sahrawi Arab Democaratic Republic (SADR) at New Delhi]], that they could continue as a office if they so desired without diplomatic status and amenities. The then Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)'s chargé d'affaires, completely closed down his office, after receiving instructions from his concerned authorities.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Q. 1902 PERMISSION TO POLISARIO TO OPEN EMBASSY IN DELHI |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/rajya-sabha.htm?dtl/21378/Q+1902+PERMISSION+TO+POLISARIO+TO+OPEN+EMBASSY+IN+DELHI |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241201222132/https://www.mea.gov.in/rajya-sabha.htm?dtl/21378/Q+1902+PERMISSION+TO+POLISARIO+TO+OPEN+EMBASSY+IN+DELHI |archive-date=2024-12-01 |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |language=en-US}}</ref>

The former embassy currently works as a representation office.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=embassies in india {{!}} honorary consulates |url=https://www.india-travelinfo.com/embassies-india.html |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=www.india-travelinfo.com}}</ref>

[[Mohamed Kamal Fadel]] and Haiba Abbas has previously served as the ambassador at large to India, for Sahrawi Republic.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Rudroneel |title=Moroccan Sahara Issue: Information relayed by Embassy of Algeria in New Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/talkingturkey/moroccan-sahara-issue-information-relayed-by-embassy-of-algeria-in-new-delhi/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Trade ==
In 2026, the Indian company Paradeep Phosphates Limited is the biggest importer of [[Phosphate|Western Saharan Phosphate]]. As a matter of fact, it is the only one of the three companies that continue to buy phosphate rock from the disputed land. Paradeep is also a subsidiary of [[Morocco|Moroccan]] state-owned [[OCP Group]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations}}
[[Category:India–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India]]
[[Category:India–Africa relations]]

Hora Hori

2026-03-03T21:50:43Z

SuzetteEql: updated content per standard format for consistency

{{short description|2016 film by Teja}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hora Hori
| image = Hora Hori.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Teja (director)|Teja]]
| producer = K. L. Damodara Prasad
| writer = Teja
| starring = Dileep Reddy [[Daksha Nagarkar]] Chaswa Aberaam Varma
| music = [[Kalyani Malik]]
| cinematography = Deepak Bhagavanth
| distributor = Suresh Productions
| released = {{Film date|2015|9|11|df=yes}}
| runtime = 123 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Hora Hori''''' (''Fight for Love'') is a 2016 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by [[Teja (film director)|Teja]], featuring Dileep, [[Daksha Nagarkar]], Chaswa, and Aberaam Varma in the lead roles.

It was released on 11 September 2015 and received negative critical reception.

== Cast ==
*Dileep Reddy as Skanda
*[[Daksha Nagarkar]] as Mythili
*Chaswa as Basawa
*Aberaam Varma as Abhiram

== Production ==
Theatre actor Chaswa made his debut through this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre-trained-actor-chaswa-to-make-his-debut-in-hora-hori/article7507783.ece|title=All set for Telugu cinema|date=6 August 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Kalyani Malik]]. In an audio review, a critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2/5.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-hora-hori/articleshow/48373423.cms|title=Music Review: Hora Hori|date=16 January 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> [[Karthik Srinivasan]] of ''[[Milliblog!]]'' wrote that "Dependably likeable and interesting music from Kalyan!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://milliblog.com/2015/07/30/hora-hori-music-review-telugu-kalyan-koduri/|title=Hora Hori (Music review), Telugu – Kalyan Koduri – Milliblog!}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "''Hora Hori'' would make for a reasonable watch if you haven’t watched Teja’s superhit ''Jayam''".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Hora-Hori-Old-wine-in-an-old-bottle/article10370137.ece|title=Hora Hori: Old wine in an old bottle|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2015-09-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-11-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305175624/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Hora-Hori-Old-wine-in-an-old-bottle/article10370137.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=5628296}}

{{Teja (film director)}}

[[Category:2016 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Teja (film director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anoop Rubens]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]

{{2010s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Aanachandam

2026-03-03T21:34:23Z

SuzetteEql: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aanachandam
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Jayaraj]]
| producer =
| writer = Satheesh-John
| narrator =
| starring = [[Jayaram]] [[Remya Nambeesan]] [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] [[Cochin Haneefa]] [[Salim Kumar]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
| music =[[Jaison J. Nair]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|08|25}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 

}}
'''''Aanachandam''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Malayalam language]] film directed by [[Jayaraj]] and starring [[Jayaram]], [[Remya Nambeesan]] (in her lead role debut), [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Cochin Haneefa]], [[Salim Kumar]] and [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]. It was released in 2006. The film was a commercial success and critically acclaimed. It ran for about 100 days in the central [[Kerala]] regions of [[Thrissur]], [[Thripunithura]] and [[Ottappalam]]. It was released along with the movie [[Classmates (2006 film)|''Classmates'']] during [[Onam]] holidays that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/aanachandam-malayalam-movie-8693|title = Aanachandam review. Aanachandam Malayalam movie review, story, rating}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/june/june212.htm|title = Kerala's first digital movie to release in 80 theatres|date = 15 June 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kumki-777-charlie-six-moving-films-explore-human-animal-bond-155531 | title=From Kumki to 777 Charlie: Six moving films that explore the human-animal bond | date=20 September 2021 }}</ref>

==Plot==
''Aanachandam'' is about Krishna Prasad who is crazy about elephants. When he was a ten-year-old, his father had taken him to the village temple to attend a festival. An elephant which ran amok during the festival knocked the boy over, placed its front foot on the lad's chest, but then spared him.

His love for elephants started on that day. He started studying about elephants and their habits. Due to his preoccupation with learning about elephants, his regular education suffers, upsetting his family. He failed in several jobs in which elephants had a role to play. Debts began to mount. It is at this juncture that Gowri and her mother come to stay with him. He gives them shelter.

Anirudhan is the very opposite of what Krishna Prasad is. An owner of seven elephants, he has hardly any love for the animals and uses them only as a means to earn income.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Jayaram]] as Krishna Prasad
*[[Remya Nambeesan]] as Gouri
*[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Anirudan
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Kochuraman
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Inspector Minnal Babu Shahith
*[[Cochin Haneefa]] as Pulikkathara
*[[Salim Kumar]] as [[Mahout|Aana Paappan]] Manikandan
*[[Jagadeesh]] as Santhosh, Krishna Prasad's brother in law
*[[KPAC Lalitha]] as Unniyamma
*[[Machan Varghese]] as Blade Vasu
*[[Ramu (actor)|Ramu]] as Bharathan
*[[Balachandran Chullikadu]] as Vishwanathan, Krishnaprasad's elder brother
*[[Madampu Kunjukuttan]] as Nattu Vaidhyan Chandanakkadan
*Nedumbram Gopi as Chandrappan
*Poornima Anand
*Vijayan Peringode as Nadeshan Muthalalli
*[[Mangalamkunnu Ganapathy]] as Mambully Arjunan / Vadakkepaattu Arjunan (Krishna Prasad's [[Indian elephant|elephant]])
*Mangalamkunnu Ayyappan as Vadakkethala Balaraman (Anirudhan's [[Indian elephant|elephant]])
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack contains 8 songs, all composed by Jaison J. Nair. Lyrics by Kanesh Punoor and P. C. Aravindan.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Arikil Varoo"
| Rakesh Brahmanandan, Nasnin
|-
| 2
| "Dhikidu Dhikidu"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Jayakrishnan
|-
| 3
| "Ganeshaarchana"
|Bhavya Lakshmi
|-
| 4
| "Guruvayoor Unnikkannanu"
| [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|-
| 5
| "Shyaamavaaniletho Kanikkonna [F]"
| Akhila Anand
|-
| 6
| "Shyaamavaaniletho Kanikkonna [M]"
| [[G. Venugopal]]
|-
| 7
| "Thakida Thakida"
| [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
|-
| 8
| "Venalvanikayiln"
| V. Devanand
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt1102158}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:2006 Malayalam-language films]]
{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Sirai (1984 film)

2026-03-03T05:16:02Z

SuzetteEql: Made First Pg W/ Refs

{{short description|1984 film by R. C. Sakthi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sirai (1984).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[R. C. Sakthi]]
| screenplay = R. C. Sakthi
| based_on = {{Based on|''Sirai''|[[Anuradha Ramanan]]}}
| producer = Mohan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]|[[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]]}}
| cinematography = Vishwam–Nataraj
| editing = G. Radhakrishnan
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Anandhi Films
| distributor = Anandhi Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1984|11|22}}
| runtime = 143 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=464}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Sirai''''' ({{translation|Prison}}; also spelt '''''Chirai''''') is a 1984 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[R. C. Sakthi]]. The film stars [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] and [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]], with [[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]], [[Ilavarasi]], Prasanna, [[S. S. Chandran]], [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] and [[Isari Velan]] in supporting roles. It follows a [[Brahmin]] woman who, after being raped by an alcoholic man, is disowned by her husband. After being encouraged by a police constable, she moves in with the rapist and develops an attachment for him.

''Sirai'' is based on [[Anuradha Ramanan]]'s 1980 [[short story]] of the same name. The film was produced by Mohan of Anandhi Films, photographed by the duo Vishwam–Nataraj, and edited by G. Radhakrishnan. It shot on actual locales, with minimal use of sets, although shooting also took place at [[Vauhini Studios]]. This movie marked the Cinematic debut of lyricist [[Piraisoodan]]

''Sirai'' was released on 22 November 1984. Despite receiving criticism from Brahmin organisations who demanded it be banned, the film received critical acclaim, particularly for Lakshmi's performance, and became a commercial success, with a theatrical run of over 100 days. The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Siksha (film)|Siksha]]'' (1985).<ref>{{cite web |title=Siksha (1985) |url=http://www.aptalkies.com/movie.php?id=6785&title=Siksha%20(1985) |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724062620/http://www.aptalkies.com/movie.php?id=6785&title=Siksha%20(1985) |archive-date=24 July 2014 |access-date=6 January 2025 |website=AP Talkies}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Anthony is a wealthy, immoral landlord and drunkard who indulges in several atrocities. The village chief Ondriyam and the police inspector are his supporters. Irudhayasami, an honest and soon-to-retire senior police constable, arrests a man who attempted to rape a woman, but due to Anthony's clout, the accused is exonerated. Irudhayasami curses that one day Anthony would repent for his sins.

Raghupathi and Bhagirathi, a [[Brahmin]] couple, move into the village and settle in the house next to Anthony's. Anthony lusts after Bhagirathi and one night when Raghupathi is not home, a drunk Anthony rapes Bhagirathi. When Raghupathi notices Anthony walking away from his home and Bhagirathi crying, he disowns her as she is maligned. When she refuses, he leaves the home after locking it without informing her and does not return. Left outside the locked house, Bhagirathi searches for him but fails. When no one supports her in the village and she is helpless and alone, Irudhayasami advises her to move into Anthony's house as he is the root cause of all her troubles.

Bhagirathi goes to Anthony's house and declares that he should take responsibility for her as he is the cause of her hardship and confines herself to a room in his house, warning him that he should not enter it at any cost in the name of [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mother Mary]]. She states that as she is unable to punish him for his sin, she is punishing herself by being in his home and living in a room like a prison. His punishment is watching her suffer before his eyes for the sin he committed.

Anthony's servant Marudhu takes care of Bhagirathi's needs. Soon, Anthony realises his mistakes and his attitude and behaviour change. He helps his worker Muthu marry his lover Jilla, daughter of Ondriyam, by gifting his lands to him. Anthony helps Bhagirathi's father financially to get her three sisters married on the same day. Gradually, he advises everyone to hand over his financial matters to Bhagirathi and people start gossiping about their relationship. He stops drinking, smoking, womanising, and his house is converted into a proper living place. Though Bhagirathi is happy that he is a changed person, she frequently reminds him of his sins which caused harm to many.

One day, Anthony suffers a paralytic attack and becomes bedridden. He regrets all his sins, particularly to Bhagirathi, who now takes care of him. She even nurses him in the absence of his servant. Anthony requests Marudhu to locate Raghupathi and bring him. Raghupathi is found and agrees to come the next day. On the same night, Anthony becomes weak. He requests Bhagirathi to sing the song which she sang when she was happily married and which tempted him to molest her. Listening to her song, Anthony dies. When Anthony's coffin leaves, Bhagirathi realises how he took care of her and cries that she has no one to take care of her now.

Raghupathi comes after the coffin has left and asks Bhagirathi to join him the next day. She refuses and tells him that a couple should be together in good and bad times. When she needed him the most, he deserted her; though Anthony molested her for his momentary pleasure, he regretted his mistake and took great care of her, treating her with respect till his end. So she would be proud to be Anthony's widow rather than the wife of a self-centered husband who did not take care of his life partner. She removes her ''[[Mangala sutra|tali]]'', the symbol of their marriage, and continues to live in Anthony's house.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Bhagirathi{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=464}}
* [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Anthony
* [[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]] as Muthu{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=88}}
* [[Ilavarasi]] as Jilla{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=88}}
* Prasanna as Raghupathi{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=88}}
* [[S. S. Chandran]] as Ondriyam{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=88}}
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Irudhayasami{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=88}}
* [[Isari Velan]] as Marudhu{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=88}}
* [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] (special appearance in the song "Paathuko")
}}

== Production ==

''Sirai'' was a [[short story]] written by [[Anuradha Ramanan]] and published in 1980.{{sfn|Sunder Rajan|1994|p=61}} The story, which was published in the Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', won a gold medal for the best short story.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 May 2010 |title=Anuradha Ramanan dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Anuradha-Ramanan-dead/article16036473.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180710062059/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Anuradha-Ramanan-dead/article16036473.ece |archive-date=10 July 2018 |access-date=10 July 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], who liked the story, suggested [[R. C. Sakthi]] to adapt it for the screen, and promised to act if he did.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 August 2017 |title=அனுராதா ரமணன் நினைவலைகள் |trans-title=Reminiscences of Anuradha Ramanan |url=https://www.dinakaran.com/ladies_Detail.asp?Nid=5382 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817205409/https://www.dinakaran.com/ladies_Detail.asp?Nid=5382 |archive-date=17 August 2017 |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=[[Dinakaran]] |language=Ta}}</ref> When Anandhi Films approached Sakthi to direct a film for them, he pitched ''Sirai'', and they agreed despite initial hesitance.<ref name="Kalyanamalai" /> The film was produced by Mohan of Anandhi,{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=464}} cinematography was handled by the duo Vishwam–Nataraj,{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=159}} and editing by G. Radhakrishnan.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=88}} Sakthi chose [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] for the character of Anthony as he felt his physique suited the character very well.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ப்ரியன் |date=3 February 1985 |title=சிறை தந்த சிறந்த நடிகர் |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1985-02-03/kalki1985-02-03.pdf |access-date=18 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=24–27 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film was launched at Prasad Studios.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 May 1984 |title=கண்ணில் தெரியுது நடனம் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_215/4.jp2/full/1000,1341/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623150732/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_215/4.jp2/full/1000,1341/0/default.jpg |archive-date=23 June 2025 |access-date=23 June 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> Most of the film was shot on actual locales, with minimal use of sets,{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=160}} although shooting also took place at [[Vauhini Studios]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=சுரா |date=27 February 2015 |title=அஞ்சலி: ஆர்.சி.சக்தி {{!}} பெண்களை வாழ வைப்பவன் நான்! |trans-title=Obituary: R. C. Sakthi {{!}} I'm the one who makes women live! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/31573-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921043553/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/31573-.html |archive-date=21 September 2019 |access-date=21 September 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> It was made as a [[CinemaScope]] film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2017 |title=Did You Know? |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=DID-YOU-KNOW-18092017110010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180517164835/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=DID-YOU-KNOW-18092017110010 |archive-date=17 May 2018 |access-date=17 May 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Chennai}}</ref>

== Themes ==
''Sirai'', like many of Sakthi's films, is a women-centric film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=18 June 1993 |title=Thought-provoking |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=539lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fZ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=909%2C2593288 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418134434/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=539lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fZ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=909%2C2593288 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> Journalist Kumuthan Maderya, writing for ''[[PopMatters]]'', described it as following the [[stockholm syndrome]] trope, and as an early "''[[Beauty and the Beast]]''"-type story in Tamil cinema.<ref name="PopMatters" /> In the book ''Women in Films: An Incisive Study Into the Issues and Trends'' (2000), R. Kannan wrote that ''Sirai'' "boldly attempted to express the view that by merely tying ''Tali'' ([[Mangalasutra]]) a man cannot become a husband." He also felt it was the inverse of most Tamil films which used to exalt the ''tali'' sentiment.{{sfn|Kannan|2000|p=25}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 1984 |title=Sirai |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sirai/WrtOIKSzQOE_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818152307/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sirai/WrtOIKSzQOE_ |archive-date=18 August 2022 |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sirai Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/sirai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302161931/https://macsendisk.com/product/sirai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=2 March 2022 |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref> The film marked lyricist [[Piraisoodan]]'s cinematic debut.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=15 July 2015 |title=A darling of lyricists |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-darling-of-lyricists/article7423848.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417112940/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-darling-of-lyricists/article7423848.ece |archive-date=17 April 2019 |access-date=17 April 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2018 |title=தமிழுக்கு அமுதென்று பேர்! – கவிஞர் முத்துலிங்கம் |url=http://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2018/may/20/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D---%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-2922896--1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522155404/http://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2018/may/20/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D---%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-2922896--1.html |archive-date=22 May 2018 |access-date=22 May 2018 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> The song "Naan Paadikkonde Iruppen" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as Shyama.{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=146}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=15 July 2015 |title=The world was his music |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=THE-WORLD-WAS-HIS-MUSIC-15072015006005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110093217/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=THE-WORLD-WAS-HIS-MUSIC-15072015006005 |archive-date=10 January 2018 |access-date=23 September 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Naan Paadikkonde Iruppen
| lyrics1 = [[Pulamaipithan]]
| extra1 = [[Vani Jairam]]
| length1 = 4:34
| title2 = Paathukko
| lyrics2 = [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
| extra2 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 = 4:44
| title3 = Rasathi Rosapoo Vektam Eno Innum
| lyrics3 = [[Piraisoodan]]
| extra3 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], Vani Jairam
| length3 = 4:17
| title4 = Vidhi Enum Karangalil
| lyrics4 = Pulamaipithan
| extra4 = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| length4 = 4:28
| total_length = 18:03 
}}

== Release ==
''Sirai'' was released on 22 November 1984.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=88}} The film received an [[A certificate|"A" (adults only) certificate]] from the Censor Board after 10 cuts.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2 April 1988 |title=Chirai (35 mm.) (Colour) (India) |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1988.319/page/n70/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230302054513/https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1988.319/page/n70/mode/2up |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |magazine=[[The Gazette of India]] |page=963 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Distributors objected to the climax; they told Sakthi they would buy the film if he change the climax into one where Bhagirathi reunites with her husband or commits suicide, but Sakthi adamantly refused. 60 preview shows took place, but no distributor was willing to buy the film. As a result, Anandhi Films had to distribute the film themselves.<ref name="Kalyanamalai" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2017 |title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: 60 முறை பிரிவியூஷோ திரையிடப்பட்ட சிறை |trans-title=Flashback: ''Sirai'', the film which had 60 preview shows |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/55461/cinema/Kollywood/Flashback-:-Sirai-movie-screened-60-times-in-preview-show.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180524073849/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/55461/cinema/Kollywood/Flashback-:-Sirai-movie-screened-60-times-in-preview-show.htm |archive-date=24 May 2018 |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> Although criticised by Brahmin organisations who demanded for it to be banned,{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=159}}{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=89}} the film received critical acclaim (particularly for Lakshmi's performance)<ref name="PopMatters" /> and became a commercial success, with a 100-day theatrical run.<ref name="Kalyanamalai" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 May 2010 |title=Writer Anuradha Ramanan dies |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2010/05/17&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar00502 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180517160943/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2010/05/17&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar00502 |archive-date=17 May 2018 |access-date=17 May 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |pages=5}}</ref> It was released on DVD in 2002 by [[Pyramid Saimira|Pyramid Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sirai (1984) |url=http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/vcat/3511410 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411045245/http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/vcat/record.html?id=VCAT_3511410& |archive-date=11 April 2018 |access-date=11 April 2018 |website=[[University of Pennsylvania#Libraries|Penn Libraries]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
In their issue dated 23 December 1984, ''Ananda Vikatan'' published the reviews of readers rather than their own. The review board wrote that the screenplay was more engaging and intense than the short story, praised the performance of Lakshmi but criticised the item number featuring [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]], and rated the film 56 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=23 December 1984 |title=சிறை |trans-title=Sirai |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/37682--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200526152324/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/37682--2 |archive-date=26 May 2020 |access-date=26 May 2020 |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> On 6 January 1985, [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that while the film as a whole could not be appreciated, individual aspects could, such as the bold theme.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=6 January 1985 |title=சிறை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-01-06/page/n31/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230221085534/https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-01-06/page/n31/mode/2up |archive-date=21 February 2023 |access-date=5 January 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

Film historian [[S. Theodore Baskaran]], in his 1996 book ''The eye of the serpent'', felt that much of the film's impact was diluted by elements like the cabaret dance, duets and a fight sequence along with clichéd devices like using obesity for comic effect, all of which he described as the "trappings of a run-of-the-mill commercial movie".{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|pp=159–160}} ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema'' by Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen concurred, feeling they were inserted for "box-office reasons".{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=464}} Baskaran said that the passage of years that Bhagirathi spends in Anthony's house had not been depicted "visually at all", but described Lakshmi's performance as the "high point" of the film.{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=160}} Rajadhyaksha and Willemen stated that Lakshmi gave an "accomplished repeat performance of a rape victim" after ''[[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (1977 film)|Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal]]'' (1977).{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=464}}

== Impact ==
''Sirai'' was one of the earliest Tamil films to explore the relationship between the rapist and the victim.<ref name="PopMatters" /> It also emerged a "landmark" in Rajesh's career.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=18 March 2005 |title=Veteran on a rewind |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/03/18/stories/2005031800540400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180517162436/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/03/18/stories/2005031800540400.htm |archive-date=17 May 2018 |access-date=17 May 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]] compared ''[[Pudhea Paadhai]]'' (1989) to ''Sirai'' as "both revolve around a rapist who is reformed by the rape survivor".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=24 June 2016 |title=Crime does pay |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Crime-does-pay/article14401230.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180420160128/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Crime-does-pay/article14401230.ece |archive-date=20 April 2018 |access-date=20 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Maderya felt that both the films "advance an atavistic moral solution to the problem of rape."<ref name="PopMatters" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Kalyanamalai">{{Cite web |last=Majordasan |title=Potpourri of tidbits about Tamil cinema – Director R. C. Sakthi |url=http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Jan12_1_15/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_Director_RC_Sakthi_page1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409071507/http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Jan12_1_15/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_Director_RC_Sakthi_page1.html |archive-date=9 April 2018 |access-date=9 April 2018 |website=Kalyanamalai}}</ref>
<ref name="PopMatters">{{Cite news |last=Maderya |first=Kumuthan |date=9 May 2017 |title=Performing Bestiality: Beauties and Beasts in Tamil Cinema |url=https://www.popmatters.com/performing-bestiality-beauties-and-beasts-in-tamil-cinema-2495395331.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409071805/https://www.popmatters.com/performing-bestiality-beauties-and-beasts-in-tamil-cinema-2495395331.html |archive-date=9 April 2018 |access-date=9 April 2018 |work=[[PopMatters]]}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |title=The eye of the serpent: an introduction to Tamil cinema |publisher=East West Books |year=1996 |location=Chennai |oclc=645890539}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-hkAAAAMAAJ&q=sirai+1984 |title=Women in Films: An Incisive Study Into the Issues and Trends |publisher=Publications Division, [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] |year=2000 |oclc=52929453}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |location=Chennai |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sunder Rajan |first=Rajeswari |author-link=Rajeswari Sunder Rajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IoLhSFGbu5UC&q=sirai+movie+anuradha+ramanan&pg=PA61 |title=Borderwork: Feminist Engagements with Comparative Literature |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=0-8014-8107-4 |editor-last=Higonnet |editor-first=Margaret R.}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{R. C. Sakthi}}

[[Category:1984 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1984 drama films]]
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about landlords]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. C. Sakthi]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Indian CinemaScope films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Neengal Kettavai

2026-03-03T05:15:29Z

SuzetteEql: made details

{{Short description|1984 film by Balu Mahendra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Neengal Kettavai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Balu Mahendra]]
| story = Akila Mahendra
| starring = {{ubl|[[Thiagarajan]]|[[Bhanu Chander]]||[[Archana (actress)|Archana]]|[[Silk Smitha]]}}
| cinematography = Balu Mahendra
| editing = D. Vasu
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Filmco
| released = {{film date|1984|6|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Neengal Kettavai''''' ({{IPA|ta|n̪iːŋɡaɭ keːʈʈaʋaɪ|pron}} {{Translation|What you asked for}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[masala film]]<ref name="Kalki" /> written and directed by [[Balu Mahendra]]. It stars [[Thiagarajan]], [[Bhanu Chander]], [[Archana (actress)|Archana]] and [[Silk Smitha]] in major roles, while [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] had an extended cameo. The film was released on 28 June 1984 and was commercially successful.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2022}}
A widow living in [[Ooty]], leads a peaceful life with her two sons. Muthulingam, a tourist who visits the place rapes her. In the act, she dies leaving her two sons who witness the murder. The older son Ramu is raised by his maternal uncle while the younger brother Arun joins a blind music teacher as he has great interest in music. Years later, he becomes a great singer. Meanwhile, Ramu is trained effectively by his uncle learning martial arts with the intention of avenging the death of his mother as he very well remembers the culprit's face. With a turn of events leading to both sons joining and taking revenge for their mother's death forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Thiagarajan]] as Arun
*[[Bhanu Chander]] as Ramu
*[[Archana (actress)|Archana]] as Radha
*[[Silk Smitha|Smitha]] as Arun's girlfriend
*[[Poornima Bhagyaraj]] as Ramu and Arun's mother
*[[Y. G. Mahendran]] as James

*[[J. V. Somayajulu|Somayajulu]] as the music teacher
*[[Balan K. Nair]] as the stunt master's friend and uncle of Ramu and Arun
*[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as the stunt master and Radha's father
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]] as the director
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Muthulingam
*[[Madhan Bob]] as the keyboardist in "Adiye Manam" sequence
}}

== Production ==
Archana made her [[Tamil cinema]] debut with the film.<ref name="Ashok">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S.R. Ashok |date=3 May 2007 |title=Good roles are hard to come by, says actor Archana |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/03/stories/2007050302680200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505045047/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/03/stories/2007050302680200.htm |archive-date=5 May 2007 |access-date=11 June 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film, unlike Balu Mahendra's previous offbeat ventures, was an "outright commercial picture". He claimed that he made the film to prove his critics that he could make such films.<ref name="Prasad">{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=G. |date=18 August 2007 |title=Off the beaten track |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/18/stories/2007081850530100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123170735/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/18/stories/2007081850530100.htm |archive-date=23 November 2007 |access-date=11 June 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Hence he titled the film ''Neengal Kettavai'' ({{Translation|What you asked for}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2014 |title=Why Balu Mahendra made Neengal Kettavai? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/why-balu-mahendra-made-neengal-kettavai/articleshow/32422699.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218170310/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/why-balu-mahendra-made-neengal-kettavai/articleshow/32422699.cms |archive-date=18 February 2022 |access-date=18 February 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was launched at Prasad Studios. [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] were reported to be initial cast members.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 June 1983 |title=பிலிம்கோவின் நீங்கள் கேட்டவை |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_7_233/4.jp2/full/1000%2C1369/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250618005614/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_7_233/4.jp2/full/1000,1369/0/default.jpg |archive-date=18 June 2025 |access-date=18 June 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> The filming began at Mysore.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 November 1983 |title=பாலு மகேந்திராவின் 'நீங்கள் கேட்டவை' |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_21/3.jp2/full/1000,1405/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621012414/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_21/3.jp2/full/1000,1405/0/default.jpg |archive-date=21 June 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> A few scenes were shot at the [[VGP Golden Beach]].<ref name="Ashok" /> The song "Oh Vasantha Raja" was shot at various locations including the [[Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram|Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=29 April 2024 |title=Vasantha Kala Ninaivugal: A musical ode to yesterday |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/vasantha-kala-ninaivugal-a-musical-ode-to-yesterday/article68120285.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250623064151/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/vasantha-kala-ninaivugal-a-musical-ode-to-yesterday/article68120285.ece |archive-date=23 June 2025 |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> It took nine days to finish filming the song.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 May 1984 |title=நீங்கள் கேட்டவை |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_215/4.jp2/full/1000,1341/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250623063741/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_215/4.jp2/full/1000,1341/0/default.jpg |archive-date=23 June 2025 |access-date=23 June 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> This film marked the debut of [[Madhan Bob]], who was not credited.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Aug 3, 2025 |title=Veteran Tamil Actor And Music Composer Madan Bob Passes Away |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/veteran-tamil-actor-and-music-composer-madan-bob-passes-away-2940665.html |website=[[Zee News]] |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821195835/https://zeenews.india.com/people/veteran-tamil-actor-and-music-composer-madan-bob-passes-away-2940665.html|archive-date=Aug 21, 2025}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neengal Kettavai Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/neengal-kettavai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526092833/https://mossymart.com/product/neengal-kettavai-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |archive-date=26 May 2022 |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Neengal Kettavai (1984) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000212 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217073342/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000212 |archive-date=17 December 2013 |access-date=28 November 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Kanavu Kaanum" is based on "Kasme Vaade" from the Hindi film ''[[Upkar]]'' (1967).<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |title=Ilayaraja [Tamil] |url=https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-ir.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703091646/http://www.itwofs.com/tamil-ir.html |archive-date=3 July 2020 |access-date=25 June 2020 |website=[[ItwoFS]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |year=2020 |isbn=9788193848227 |pages=301}}</ref> For the dubbed Telugu version ''Kodama Simhalu'', the lyrics were written by L. Aathma Rao and [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kodama Simhalu |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/1qMyHQ2HxgN12eLiBUgTps |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109060536/https://open.spotify.com/album/1qMyHQ2HxgN12eLiBUgTps |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref> The song "Adiye Manam Nilluna" was later interpolated by Ilaiyaraaja's son [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] for ''[[Daas (2005 film)|Daas]]'' (2005) as "Vaa Vaa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja [Tamil] |url=https://itwofs.com/tamil-yuvan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125080445/https://itwofs.com/tamil-yuvan.html |archive-date=25 January 2025 |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=[[ItwoFS]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Adiye Manam Nilluna
| lyrics1 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 = 5:14
| title2 = Kanavu Kaanum
| lyrics2 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra2 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length2 = 5:18
| title3 = Naane Raja
| lyrics3 = [[Na. Kamarasan]]
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length3 = 4:25
| title4 = Oh Vasantha Raaja
| lyrics4 = [[Pulamaipithan]]
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length4 = 4:23
| title5 = Pillai Nila
| note5 = female
| lyrics5 = Vairamuthu
| extra5 = S. Janaki
| length5 = 4:20
| title6 = Pillai Nila
| note6 = male
| lyrics6 = Vairamuthu
| extra6 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length6 = 4:51
| total_length = 28:31
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nene Raja
| lyrics1 = L. Aathma Rao
| extra1 = Ravichandra
| length1 = 3:53
| title2 = Edhi Paapam Edhi Shaapam
| lyrics2 = [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]]
| extra2 = Ramakrishna
| length2 = 4:25
| title3 = Edhi Bomma Muddula Gumma
| lyrics3 = L. Aathma Rao
| extra3 = Chinna, Padma
| length3 = 4:58
| title4 = Poochendulo Viruyu
| lyrics4 = Rajasri
| extra4 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length4 = 4:13
| title5 = O Vasantha Raagam
| lyrics5 = L. Aathma Rao
| extra5 = P. Susheela, Radha Mohan
| length5 = 4:06
| title6 = Poochendulo Viruyu
| note6 = Sad
| lyrics6 = Rajasri
| extra6 = Ramakrishna
| length6 = 4:39
| total_length = 26:14 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Neengal Kettavai'' was released on 28 June 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |last=யுவராஜ் |first=லாவண்யா |date=28 June 2023 |title=39 years Neengal Kettavai : இது தானே நீங்க கேட்டீங்க இந்தாங்க கேட்ச் இட்... பாலு மகேந்திராவின் கமர்ஷியல் ஹிட் 'நீங்கள் கேட்டவை' வந்த கதை |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/39-years-of-neengal-kettavai-balu-mahendra-super-duper-hit-film-125622 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230914110230/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/39-years-of-neengal-kettavai-balu-mahendra-super-duper-hit-film-125622 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=14 September 2023 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' caustically commented, "Balu Mahendra, idhaiyaa kettom?" (Balu Mahendra, is {{em|this}} what we asked for?).<ref name="Kalki">{{Cite magazine |date=22 July 1984 |title=நீங்கள் கேட்டவை |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1984/jul/22-07-1984/p60.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220813100805/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1984/jul/22-07-1984/p60.jpg |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=19 March 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=60 |language=ta}}</ref> Despite the film's box-office success, Mahendra opted to continue making offbeat films.<ref name="Prasad" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Balu Mahendra}}

[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s masala films]]
[[Category:1984 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 martial arts films]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films about singers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Balu Mahendra]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian martial arts films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Unnudan

2026-03-03T04:46:54Z

SuzetteEql: correct layout per sources and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Unnudan.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[R. Balu]]
| writer = R. Balu
| producer = Aroma Mani
| starring = {{ubl|[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]]|[[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]]}}
| cinematography = [[Thangar Bachan]]
| editing = {{ubl|[[B. Lenin]]|[[V. T. Vijayan]]}}
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Sunitha Productions
| released = {{Film date|1998|10|18|df=y}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Unnudan''''' ({{translation|''With you''}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[R. Balu]]. The film stars [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] and [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]], while [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] and [[Manivannan]] play supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=17 October 1998 |title=Southern bonanza |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/oct/17diw.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230705125632/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/oct/17diw.htm |archive-date=5 July 2023 |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> It was released on 18 October 1998.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=July 2023}}
Santhosh runs a medical store along with his uncle and he lives with his mother. Gowri is a medical student in a government hospital living with her grandfather. The two become friends and they love to be in the company of each other. Santhosh falls for gowri but is unable to express his feelings for her. Likewise, gowri falls for him but fails to reach him out through her letter. gowri's grandfather is supportive of her love and tells her that he will help her out and he promises to tell santhosh about this but unfortunately he passes away. As gowri complets her final exam, her parents are ready to take her back to [[cochin]] which is her home town. A letter she sends before reaches Santhosh's hands and he rushes to railway station to meet her. The train moves but a patient in the train gets abdominal pain due to pregnancy and gowri is called in for treatment, she treats the girl and a boy child is born and she names him 'santhosh'. As santhosh reaches her and they both join and get permission from her parents to be united forever.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] as Santhosh
*[[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]] as Gowri
*[[Manivannan]] as Santhosh's uncle
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Santhosh's friend
*[[Chinni Jayanth]] as Madhesh
*[[Charle]] as Azhagu Sundaram
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Venkatesh
*[[Madhan Bob]]
*[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Santhosh"s mother
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Thayamma
*[[Bindu Panicker]]
*[[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]] as Special appearance
*[[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]] as Guest appearance
}}

== Production ==
Filming took place in areas including [[Ooty]] and [[Mamallapuram]] (both [[Tamil Nadu]]), [[Alappuzha]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kochi]] (all [[Kerala]]) and [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kummar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=16 October 1998 |title=Varied fare for Deepavali |pages=27 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981016/09/09160224.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010818150157/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981016/09/09160224.htm |archive-date=18 August 2001}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Deva, with lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unnudan (1998) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/unnudan-songs-T0000879 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230705125407/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/unnudan-songs-T0000879 |archive-date=5 July 2023 |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Bul Bul Dhara" || [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 05:11
|-
| "Cochin Madapura" || [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Swarnalatha]] || 05:48
|-
| "Kandupidi" || [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 06:13
|-
| "Kobama Enmel" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] || 05:44
|-
| "Paalaaru" || [[Sabesh–Murali|Sabesh]] || 05:34
|-
| "Vaanam Tharaiyil" || Hariharan || 05:57
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Dinakaran]]'' noted "the one great highlight among all the plus points in the film is the excellent cinematography of [[Thangar Bachan]]n! Especially the natural sceneries of Kerala and the songs' scenic backgrounds fill our eyes with aesthetic extravaganza!".<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 1998 |title=Film Review: "Unnudan" |url=http://dinakaran.com/cinema/english/reviews/13-11-98/unnudan.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990505062357/http://dinakaran.com/cinema/english/reviews/13-11-98/unnudan.htm |archive-date=5 May 1999 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "This is one Cupid's arrow that loses steam before reaching its target, so laborious is the narration of director, R. Balu". He added, "If the amount of care and attention the director has paid in selecting the locations to enact the drama as well as the song sequences had been bestowed on the story content the movie would have been something different, for the production values are rich like the cinematography of Thankar Bachchan".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=23 October 1998 |title=Film Reviews:En Uyir Neethanae / Unnudan / Chandralekha / Bade Miyan Chote Miyan |pages=27 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981023/09/09230224.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010605184827/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/981023/09/09230224.htm |archive-date=5 June 2001}}</ref> K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times|New Sunday Times]]'' wrote, "If not for the numerous songs, this movie would have been even more enjoyable".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=23 November 1998 |title=Love story marred by deluge of songs |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=J5oWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uBQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5153%2C3724168 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617043857/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=J5oWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uBQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5153%2C3724168 |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times|New Sunday Times]] |pages=Arts 3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1998 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

John Dewar (RAF officer)

2026-02-24T23:09:42Z

SuzetteEql: further improved section based on references and fixed typos based on references

{{EngvarB|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox military person
|name=John Scatliff Dewar
|image=John Scatliff Dewar.jpg
|caption=Exeter Airfield, summer 1940
|birth_date=10 August 1907
|death_date=11 September 1940 (aged 33)
|placeofburial_label=
|placeofburial=
|birth_place=[[Lahore]], British India
|death_place=[[English Channel]], off [[Selsey Bill]], [[Sussex]], England
|placeofburial_coordinates=
|nickname=
|birth_name=
|allegiance={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|branch={{air force|United Kingdom}}
|serviceyears=1926–1941
|rank=[[Wing Commander (rank)|Wing Commander]]
|servicenumber=
|unit=
|commands=[[No. 87 Squadron RAF]], Exeter Wing
|battles=[[World War II]]
*[[Battle of France]]
*[[Battle of Britain]]
|battles_label=
|awards=[[Distinguished Service Order]] [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]]
|relations=
|laterwork=[[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]]
}}

[[Wing Commander (rank)|Wing Commander]] '''John Scatliff Dewar''', [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]], [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|DFC]] (1907 – 1940) was a World War II [[Royal Air Force]] fighter pilot, who was killed in action during the [[Battle of Britain]].

== Early life ==
Dewar was born in [[Lahore]], [[British India]], the second son of Douglas Dewar who was working for the [[Indian Civil Service]] at the time but originally came from [[Camberley]] in Surrey. John was named for his great uncle, John Milton Elborough Scatliff. He was educated at [[The King's School, Canterbury]] where he was a School Monitor and played in the Cricket XI and the Rugby XV. Dewar was a member of the school [[Officer Training Corps]], attaining the rank of Sergeant. He was also Editor of the school magazine, ''The Cantuarian''.

== Royal Air Force ==
Dewar attended the [[Royal Air Force College Cranwell]] from 1926 and 1927 and on graduation was commissioned as a [[Pilot Officer]]. His first posting was to No. 13 Army Co-operation Squadron at Andover. Dewar was promoted to [[Flying Officer]] on 17 June 1929. He became a [[Qualified Flying Instructor]] at the School of Naval Cooperation. In 1933 he was posted to No. 822 Fleet Spotter/Reconnaissance (an attached RAF flight that later became part of the [[Fleet Air Arm]]) and joined [[HMS Furious (47)|HMS Furious]]. He served as part of the Home Fleet and in the [[Mediterranean]]. On one occasion he was washed overboard in the [[Bay of Biscay]] but was rescued.

He was promoted to the rank of [[Flight Lieutenant]] on 1 February 1934 while at sea in the Caribbean. In 1934 he was transferred to No. 801 Fleet Fighter Squadron. From 1936 to 1938 Dewar served in the Armament Testing Section at the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE) at RAF [[Martlesham Heath]], and participated in the early development of both the Hurricane and Spitfire prototypes. He was promoted to [[Squadron Leader]] on 1 February 1938 and posted to [[Thorney Island (West Sussex)|Thorney Island]] as Senior Operations Officer.

On 10 November 1939, he was posted to RAF's No. 11 Group pilot pool for reassignment to a fighter squadron. He was by that time one of the most senior active duty pilots in the RAF.

== Family life ==
On 10 July 1937, he married Kathleen "Kay" Bowyer, daughter of Southampton politician P. V. Bowyer.

== World War II ==
[[File:Hawker Hurricanes at Lille-Seclin - Royal Air Force 1939-1945 Fighter Command F2344A.jpg|thumb|right|Dewar shakes hands with [[King George VI]] during the King's visit to 87 Squadron at its base near Lille, France, December 1939]]
Dewar was given command of [[No. 87 Squadron RAF]] on 29 November 1939 and led the Squadron during operations during the [[Battle of France]], distinguishing himself by his superb piloting and leadership skills. On 7 May 1940, returning from a sortie in bad weather and low on fuel, Dewar had to force land his Hurricane at an unserviceable airfield at Villefranche. As he touched down his wheels dug into the mud and the aircraft overturned, severely injuring his right shoulder.

In spite of his injury, he refused to ground himself and continued to fly. He claimed a Dornier Do 17 shared and two Junker Ju 87s of I./[[StG 2]] on 11 May, and another Ju 87 the next day. For this and his leadership of 87 Squadron he was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO). On 20 May 1940, in the face of the advancing German Army, Dewar ordered his squadron to return to England .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://battleofbritain1940.net/bobhsoc/index.html|title=Welcome to the Official Website of The Battle of Britain Historical Society|website=Battleofbritain1940.net|accessdate=3 November 2018|archive-date=29 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429003736/http://www.battleofbritain1940.net/bobhsoc/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He was awarded the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] which appeared in the London Gazette of 31 May 1940. The citation reads:

<blockquote>''Air Ministry, 31 May 1940.'' 
ROYAL AIR FORCE. 
The KING has been graciously pleased to approve the undermentioned awards, in recognition of gallantry displayed in flying operations against the enemy:— 
''Awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.'' 
[...] 
Squadron Leader John Scatliff DEWAR (26029) 
This officer has shot down five enemy aircraft and led many patrols with courage and skill.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/34860/supplements/3252|title=The London Gazette|date=28 May 1940|quotation=Supplement:34860|page=3252|website=London-gazette.co.uk|accessdate=3 November 2018}}</ref></blockquote>

In the same edition of the Gazette he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order with the following citation:

<blockquote>''Air Ministry, 31 May 1940.'' 
ROYAL AIR FORCE. 
The KING has been graciously pleased to approve the undermentioned appointments and awards in recognition of gallantry displayed in flying operations against the enemy:— 
''Appointed Companions of the Distinguished Service Order.'' 
Squadron Leader John Scatliff DEWAR, D.F.C. (26029) 
Before intensive operations started this officer injured his right shoulder in a severe flying accident. Despite this, he flew regularly and led his squadron with skill and dash, more than 60 enemy aircraft being destroyed by them. He remained in command of the squadron throughout the operations, in spite of the injured shoulder, trained his new pilots well and continued throughout to be a very efficient commander, inculcating an excellent spirit in his squadron.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/34860/supplements/3251|title=The London Gazette|date=28 May 1940|quotation=Supplement:34860|page=3251|website=London-gazette.co.uk|accessdate=3 November 2018}}</ref></blockquote>

He continued to fly operationally from RAF Exeter with No. 87 Squadron during the [[Battle of Britain]], claiming two Bf 110 fighters on 11 July, a share in a Ju 88 on 13 August, and a Ju 88 destroyed on 25 August.<ref>'Aces High', Shores & Williams, page 221</ref>

On 1 September 1940, he was promoted to the rank of [[Wing Commander (rank)|Wing Commander]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/34949/pages/5580|title=The London Gazette|date=20 September 1940|quotation=Supplement:34949|page=5580|website=London-gazette.co.uk|accessdate=3 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/35029/supplements/34|title=The London Gazette|date=31 December 1940|quotation=Supplement:35029|page=34|website=London-gazette.co.uk|accessdate=3 November 2018}}</ref> and became the Officer Commanding [[RAF Exeter]].

On 11 September<ref name="DOD">Some RAF records record this as 12 September. However S/L R.S. Mills who investigated the incident reported to the Undersecretary for Air on October 23rd, among other things confirming that W/C Dewar took off from Exeter shortly after 15:00 on September 11.</ref> 1940 Dewar took off on a routine flight from RAF Exeter for [[RAF Tangmere]] in Hurricane V7306 of 213 Squadron to attend a conference the following day and pay a surprise visit to his wife, but he failed to arrive. Dewar was the highest RAF ranking officer to be lost during the battle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2439033|title=Casualty|website=Cwgc.org|accessdate=3 November 2018}}</ref> 87 Squadron ORB stated on 12 September: "Wing Commander Dewar set out from Exeter for a visit to Tangmere and was not heard of again. He had been informed of enemy activity on the route over which he was to pass, and no doubt must have run into more trouble than he could cope with by himself. A very set loss to 87 Squadron."<ref>{{cite book|author=Dilip Sarkar|title=The Final Few|page=235|publisher=Amberley Publishing|date=15 September 2015|isbn=978-1445642369}}</ref> On that day he was listed with 213 Squadron, not 87 Squadron. 213 Squadron made combat claim both on 11 September and 12 September at 11.10.<ref>Foreman: RAF Fighter Command Victory Claims of World War two, pp.219-223.</ref> He took off during late afternoon.

W/C Dewar's flight plan was direct to Winchester, avoiding Southampton's balloon barrage, and thence to Tangmere. He would have just passed Southampton shortly after 16:00. That is the precise time that a raid on Southampton's Cunliffe-Owen Works by Me109s of Erprobungsgruppe 210 was intercepted near Selsey Bill by Hurricanes of 213 Squadron scrambled from Tangmere. As he was flying a 213 Squadron aircraft with the R/T (radio) tuned to 213's combat frequency, he certainly would have heard the combat chatter, and given his love of action most likely decided to join the combat. That dogfight probably lasted from approximately 16:15 to 16:30, the time interval that Dewar was likely shot down.

His body was washed ashore on 30 September 1940<ref name="DOD"/> at [[Kingston Gorse]] in Sussex. There is some mystery surrounding his death as some reports suggest that he had taken to his parachute and that his body "was riddled with bullets" when it was found, implying that he had been shot and killed during his parachute descent. In reality there was no evidence at all. He could be hit in the cockpit, of course. From S/Ldr Randolph Stuart Mills letter we know: "a body clothed in a shirt was washed up on the beach at Kingston Gorse, Sussex, and subsequently identified as Wing Commander J. S. Dewar by means of laundry marks... a tunic was also found nearby the body, market ʽJSDʼ and had the ribbons of DSO and DFC. It was established that this officer was killed by machine-gun fire, there being bullet wounds in the back of the head, and the left leg was practically shot off."<ref>{{cite book|author=Dilip Sarkar|title=The Final Few|page=239|publisher=Amberley Publishing|date=15 September 2015|isbn=978-1445642369}}</ref> It looks like he was surprised and killed from behind at very close range both by machine-gun bullets in the head and cannon shell in leg. This suit to a sudden and deadly attack without knowing anything about the possible danger.

John Scatliff Dewar is buried at St John the Baptist church in North Baddesley, Hampshire. He and his wife Kay had no children. Kay died on 16 September 2001 at Blatchington Court, Seaford.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Find a Grave|62212720}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dewar, John Scatliff}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Lahore]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Air Force College Cranwell]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force pilots of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force wing commanders]]
[[Category:The Few]]
[[Category:British World War II flying aces]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force personnel killed in World War II]]
[[Category:Aviators killed by being shot down]]

Mulugu Ramalingeswara Varaprasad Siddhanti

2026-02-22T21:00:04Z

SuzetteEql: made a biography

{{Short description|Indian astrologer (1957–2022)}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Mulugu Siddhanti.jpg
| image_size =
| name = Mulugu Ramalingeswara Varaprasad Siddhanti
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1957}}
| birth_place = [[Guntur]]
| death_date = 23 January 2022
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]]
| occupation = Astrologer
| notable_works = Subhatithi Panchangam
Subhatithi Calendar
| children =
| honours = Sri Kalahastiswara Asthana Jyotisha Pandita
Jyotisha Brahma
Jyotisha Vignana Vidya Visarada
| website =
}}

'''Mulugu Ramalingeswara Varaprasad Siddhanti''' (1957 – 23 January 2022), also known as '''Mulugu Siddhanti''', was is an [[Astrology|astrologer]] from [[Hyderabad]], India. He was known for narrating weekly horoscopes, astrology, and [[panchangam]] on various [[Telugu language]] TV channels in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, India.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-05-22/Ramalingeswara-Siddhantis-predictions-come-true/229712 |title=Ramalingeswara Siddhanti's predictions come true |author=|date=2016-05-22|website= Hans India Newspaper|accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref>

== Life and work ==

He was born in 1957 in [[Guntur]]. His grandfather Mulugu Naga Lingaiah, who was an [[Astrology|astrologer]] himself, is said to have established “Shaiva Peetham” in Guntur in 1889 which was later managed by Mulugu’s father, Mulugu Viswanatham. After Mulugu Siddhanti's death, his only daughter Smt. Mulugu Sivajyothi took on the reins of the management of Peetham.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.gulte.com/trends/149419/noted-astrologer-mulugu-sidhanti-passes-away |title=Astrologer Mulugu Sidhanti passes away |author=|date=2022-01-24|website= Gulte|accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://subhatithi.com/mulugu-siddhanti |title= Mulugu Sidhanti|author=|date=2025-02-21|website= Subhatithi|accessdate=2025-02-21}}</ref>

Mulugu's astrology on TV was widely viewed by [[Telugu language|Telugu]] speakers across the world. Because of his successful [[zodiac]]-based predictions, he had a good following in politics, business and the film industry.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://10tv.in/telugu-news/telangana/mulugu-ramalingeswara-varaprasad-siddhanti-died-357656.html |title= Mulugu Ramalingeswara Varaprasad Sidhanti died |author=|date=2022-01-23|website= 10TV News |accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref>

[[Vellampalli Srinivas]], Endowments Minister said: "Through the astrology of noted astrologer Mulugu Ramalingeswara Varaprasad many people have prospered." L V Subramanyam, Ex-Andhra Pradesh Chief Secretary, said that with vast astrological knowledge, Mulugu Siddhanti was working for the benefit of the community. Mulugu was honored with the title '''Jyothishya Sastra Vignana Visarada'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=
https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/mulugu-siddhanti-honoured-with-title-577876 |title= Mulugu Sidhanti honored with title |author=|date=2019-11-03|website= Hans India Newspaper |accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://telugu.asianetnews.com/telangana/famous-astrology-expert-mulugu-ramalingeswara-siddhanti-passed-away-r66713 |title=Famous astrology expert mulugu ramalingeswara siddhanti passed away | author=|date=2022-01-23|website=Asia Net News |accessdate=2025-02-21}}</ref>

==Death==
Mulugu died on 23 January 2022. The [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]], [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy|Y S Jagan Mohan Reddy]], expressed condolences regarding his death.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/noted-astrologer-passes-away/article38315842.ece |title=Noted astrologer passes away |author=|date=2022-01-24|website= The Hindu|accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/telangana/mulugu-ramalingeswara-vara-prasad-passed-away-hyderabad-1429339 |title=Mulugu Ramalingeswara Sidhanti Passes Away |author=|date=2022-01-23|website=Sakshi TV News Channel |accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.tv5news.in/devotional/mulugu-ramalingeswara-siddhanti-passess-away-799733 |title=Mulugu Ramalingeswara Sidhanti passes away |author=|date=2022-01-24|website= TV5 News|accessdate=2025-02-18}}</ref>

== Books ==

Books written by him include the following:

* Angara Kudu
* Rahu Kethu Samstha Prabhavalu
* Sarpa Grahalu

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeGPvsJCKgPOJW_TeHeGvew Mulugu Ramalingeswara Varaprasad Siddhanti] on [[YouTube]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmphZYSHuF0 Mulugu's Death News] on [[TV5 News]] Channel
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbe6_cYDwGA Sri Mulugu Siddhanthi] on [[HMTV|HMTV News]] Live

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varaprasad Siddhanti, Mulugu Ramalingeswara}}
[[Category:Indian astrologers]]
[[Category:Indian astrological writers]]
[[Category:Hindu astrologers]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]

Kendriya Vidyalaya, Rohtak

2026-02-22T16:57:27Z

SuzetteEql: added new post nd citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Kendriya Vidyalaya, Rohtak
| native_name =
| image = File:KV RTK CAMPUS.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption = Kendriya Vidyalaya Rohtak Campus
| logo =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.8762|76.6275|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| motto =
| established = June 1995<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kvsangathan.info/kendriya-vidyalaya-rohtak/ |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya Rohtak, 2021-22: Admission, Fee, Recruitment, Etc |date=18 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/website-kendriya-vidyalaya-rohtak-haryana|title=Kendriya Vidyalaya, Rohtak|work=india.gov.in|access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref>
| closed =
| type =
| status =
| category_label =
| category = Senior Secondary School
| gender_label =
| gender = Mixed, co-education
| affiliation = CBSE
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| rector =
| principal = Paramjeet Kaur<ref name= "Staff Details">{{Cite web|url=https://rohtak.kvs.ac.in/administration/staff-member|title=Staff Details | KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA ROHTAK|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201045136/https://rohtak.kvs.ac.in/administration/staff-member|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| asst principal =
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| headmaster = Sandeep Kumar<ref name= "Staff Details"/>
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| teaching_staff = 38
| enrollment = 1400 (approx.)
| grades_label =
| grades = 1-12
| address = Near Delhi Byepass, Jhajjar Road
| city = [[Rohtak]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| district = Rohtak
| oversight = [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]], [[New Delhi]]
| accreditation =
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| colors =
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| athletics =
| houses = Four (Ashoka, Shivaji, Tagore, Raman)
| student_union =
| nickname = KVian
| mascot =
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| website = {{URL|https://rohtak.kvs.ac.in/}}
| footnotes =
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}}

'''Kendriya Vidyalaya, Rohtak''' is a Senior Secondary School (Std 1-12) affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://infopool.in/kvs/kv-rohtak/ |title = Kendriya Vidyalaya Rohtak |date = 14 September 2021}}</ref> [[New Delhi]] and functions under the purview of [[Kendriya Vidyalaya|Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS)]], an autonomous government body.<ref name="Kendriya Vidyalaya Rohtak Becomes Skill Hub Center">{{cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/rohtak/kendriya-vidyalaya-rohtak-becomes-skill-hub-center-rohtak-news-rtk633233430 |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya Rohtak Becomes Skill Hub Center |work=Amar Ujala |access-date=2022-01-17}}</ref> The Vidyalaya imparts school education up to class XII in the streams [[Science]], [[Commerce]] and [[Arts]]. The school is divided into Primary section (Class I to V) and Secondary section (sub-divided into Junior Group – Class VI to VIII and Senior Group – Class IX to XII). The school conducts co-curricular activities by grouping students into four school houses: Shivaji, Tagore, Ashok and Raman.

== Establishment ==
School was established in 1995 and former chief minister of Haryana [[Om Prakash Chautala]] inaugurated it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.edudwar.com/kendriya-vidyalaya-rohtak/ |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya, Rohtak |work=eduwar.com |access-date=2021-11-23}}</ref>

== Infrastructure Facilities ==

=== Multipurpose hall ===
A new multipurpose hall was built in the year 2017 for organizing special programmes and conducting various activities.

=== Classrooms ===
The Vidyalaya has 26 classrooms equipped with [[Interactive whiteboard|interactive board]] and [[Video projector|multimedia projectors]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rohtak.kvs.ac.in/about-us/ict-infrastructure |title=ICT infrastructure |work=rohtak.kvs.in |access-date=2021-12-01 |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201045841/https://rohtak.kvs.ac.in/about-us/ict-infrastructure |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Skill hub center==
Kendriya Vidyalaya Rohtak is one of 500 schools of India, that are made skill-hub centers, under the [[Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana]], by [[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]].<ref name="Kendriya Vidyalaya Rohtak Becomes Skill Hub Center"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://granthshala.in/courses-will-be-able-to-dropout-in-skill-hub-center-ministry-of-skill-development-and-entrepreneurship-made-kendriya-vidyalaya-a-center/ |title=Courses will be able to dropout in Skill-Hub Center: Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship made Kendriya Vidyalaya a center |work=granthshala.in |access-date=2022-01-17}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Kendriya Vidyalayas]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1995]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalayas]]
[[Category:Government schools in India]]
[[Category:Co-educational schools in India]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Haryana]]

Tripura High Court

2026-02-21T17:03:52Z

SuzetteEql: small cleaned up layout further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|High Court for the Indian State Tripura}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Tripura High Court
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|2013|03|23}}
| jurisdiction = [[Tripura]]
| location = [[Agartala]], Tripura
| coordinates =
| type = [[President of India|Presidential]] with [[advice and consent|confirmation]] of [[Chief Justice of India]] and [[Governors of states of India|Governor of respective state]].
| authority = [[Constitution of India]]
| appealsto = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| terms = Mandatory retirement by age of 62
| positions = 4
| website = {{URL|https://thc.nic.in/}}
| chiefjudgetitle = [[Chief Justice]]
| chiefjudgename = [[M. S. Ramachandra Rao (judge)|M. S. Ramachandra Rao]]
| termstart = 22 July 2025
| termend =
}}

The '''Tripura High Court''' is the [[High Courts of India|High Court]] of the [[Indian state|state]] of [[Tripura]].<ref>{{cite news|title=New Chief Justices for Manipur, Meghalaya & Tripura high courts|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/New-Chief-Justices-for-Manipur-Meghalaya-Tripura-high-courts/articleshow/19163853.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421034623/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-24/guwahati/37981032_1_chief-justice-gauhati-high-court-gauhati-hc|url-status=live|archive-date=21 April 2013|access-date=24 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 March 2013}}</ref> It was established on {{date|23 March 2013|DMY}}, after making suitable amendments in the [[Constitution of India]] and [[North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971]]. The seat of the High Court is at [[Agartala]], the capital of Tripura. The first Chief Justice was Justice [[Deepak Gupta (judge)|Deepak Gupta]] ({{date|23-3-2013|DMY}} to {{date|16-5-2016|DMY}})<ref>{{cite news|title=Tripura, Manipur CJs take oath|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar2413/oth06|accessdate=24 March 2013|newspaper=Assam Tribune|date=23 March 2013}}</ref> Earlier, the state of Tripura along with the other six states of the North - East of India was under the [[Gauhati High Court|Guwahati High Court]], a permanent bench of the Guwahati High Court was established in Agartala in the year 1992 having territorial jurisdiction of the state of [[Tripura]].

The current chief justice is [[M. S. Ramachandra Rao (judge)|M.S. Ramachandra Rao]]. He took oath on 22 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-22 |title=Justice M S Ratna Sri Ramachandra Rao sworn in as Tripura High Court Chief Justice |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/justice-m-s-ratna-sri-ramachandra-rao-sworn-in-tripura-high-court-chief-10142693/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Chief Justices ==
{|class="wikitable"
! #
! Chief Justice
! Parent high court
! Assumed office
! Left office
! Term length
! Appointer
|-
| 1
| Justice [[Deepak Gupta (judge)|Deepak Gupta]]
| [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]]
| 23 March 2013
| 15 May 2016
| {{ayd|23 Mar 2013|15 May 2016}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|-
| {{ndash}}
| Justice [[T. Vaiphei]] ''(acting)''
| rowspan="2"| [[Gauhati High Court]]
| 16 May 2016
| 20 September 2016
| {{ayd|16 May 2016|20 Sep 2016}}
|-
| 2
| Justice [[T. Vaiphei]]
| 21 September 2016
| 28 February 2018
| {{ayd|21 Sep 2016|28 Feb 2018}}
|-
| 3
| Justice [[Ajay Rastogi]]
| [[Rajasthan High Court]]
| 1 March 2018
| 1 November 2018
| {{ayd|1 Mar 2018|1 Nov 2018}}
| rowspan="6"| [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|-
| {{ndash}}
| Justice [[Subhasis Talapatra]] ''(acting)''
| [[Gauhati High Court]]
| 2 November 2018
| 13 November 2018
| {{ayd|2 Nov 2018|13 Nov 2018}}
|-
| 4
| Justice [[Sanjay Karol]]
| [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]]
| 14 November 2018
| 10 November 2019
| {{ayd|14 Nov 2018|10 Nov 2019}}
|-
| {{ndash}}
| Justice [[Subhasis Talapatra]] ''(acting)''
| [[Gauhati High Court]]
| 11 November 2019
| 15 November 2019
| {{ayd|11 Nov 2019|15 Nov 2019}}
|-
| 5
| Justice [[Akil Kureshi]]
| [[Gujarat High Court]]
| 16 November 2019
| 11 October 2021
| {{ayd|16 Nov 2019|11 Oct 2021}}
|-
| 6
| Justice [[Indrajit Mahanty]]
| [[Orissa High Court]]
| 12 October 2021
| 10 November 2022
| {{ayd|12 Oct 2021|10 Nov 2022}}
|-
| {{ndash}}
| Justice [[T. Amarnath Goud]] ''(acting)''
| [[Telangana High Court]]
| 11 November 2022
| 14 February 2023
| {{ayd|11 Nov 2022|14 Feb 2023}}
| rowspan="6" | [[Droupadi Murmu]]
|-
| 7
| Justice [[Jaswant Singh (judge)|Jaswant Singh]]
| [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
| 15 February 2023
| 22 February 2023
| {{ayd|15 Feb 2023|22 Feb 2023}}
|-
| {{ndash}}
| Justice [[T. Amarnath Goud]] ''(acting)''
| [[Telangana High Court]]
| 23 February 2023
| 16 April 2023
| {{ayd|23 Feb 2023|16 Apr 2023}}
|-
| 8
| Justice [[Aparesh Kumar Singh]]
| [[Jharkhand High Court]]
| 17 April 2023
| 15 July 2025
| {{ayd|17 Apr 2023|15 July 2025}}
|-
|9
|Justice [[M. S. Ramachandra Rao (judge)|M. S. Ramachandra Rao]]
|Telangana High Court
|22 July 2025
|Incumbent
|
|-
|}
== Judges elevated as Chief Justice ==
This sections contains list of only those judges elevated as chief justices whose parent high court is Tripura. This includes those judges who, at the time of appointment as chief justice, may not be serving in Tripura High Court but this list does not include judges who at the time of appointment as chief justice were serving in Tripura High Court but does not have Tripura as their Parent High Court.{{Col-begin}}{{Col-2}}
;Symbol Key
* {{Note label|‡|‡|‡}}Elevated to [[Supreme Court of India]]
*{{Note label|RES|RES|RES}} Resigned
* {{Note label|†|†|†}}Died in office{{Note label}}{{Col-end}}{{Static-row-numbers}}
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter static-row-numbers static-row-header" style="font-size: 90%"
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Image
! rowspan="2" |Appointed as CJ in HC of
! colspan="2" |Date of appointment
! rowspan="2" |Date of retirement{{Efn|this inlcudes date of resignation, death and Elevation to supreme court|name=date}}
! colspan="2" |Tenure
|-
!As Judge
!As Chief Justice
!As Chief Justice
!As Judge{{Efn|also includes tenure as Chief Justice|name=tenure}}
|-
|[[Subhasis Talapatra]]
|
|[[Orissa High Court|Orissa]]
|{{dts|2011|11|15|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2023|8|8|format=dmy}}
|{{dts|2023|10|3|format=dmy}}
|{{ayd|2023|8|8|2023|10|3|duration=on}}
|{{ayd|2011|11|15|2023|10|3|duration=on}}
|}
{{Notelist}}
==Notable people==


*[[Satya Gopal Chattopadhyay]] (born 1963), High Court judge (2020–2022)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{High courts of India}}

==External links ==
* [http://thc.nic.in/ Tripura High Court]
* [https://adeptcareer.in/tripura-high-court-grade-1-2015-admit-card/ Tripura High Court Exam's Call Letter]
*

[[Category:Government of Tripura]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Courts and tribunals established in 2013]]

Mohammad Amir Khan

2026-02-13T20:56:01Z

SuzetteEql: updated page

'''Mohammad Amir Khan''' may refer to:
* [[Mohammad Amir Khan (cricketer)]] (born 2001), Pakistani cricketer
* [[Mohammad Amir Khan (field hockey)]] (born 1993), Indian field hockey player
*[[Mohammad Amir Hasan Khan]] (1849–1903), ruler of Mahmudabad in India
*[[Mohammad Amir Ahmad Khan]] (1914–1973), last ruler of Mahmudabad
*[[Aamir Khan]] or Mohammed Aamir Hussain Khan (born 1965), Indian actor
* [[Amir Khan (Tonk State)]]

==See also==
* [[Mohammad Khan (disambiguation)]]
* [[Amir Khan (disambiguation)]]

{{hndis|Amir Khan, Mohammad}}

Ravinder Goswami

2026-02-10T02:59:09Z

SuzetteEql: Started a info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ravinder Goswami
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|9|3}}
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Endocrinology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[AIIMS Delhi]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Maulana Azad Medical College]] | [[AIIMS Delhi]] | [[University of Newcastle (Australia)|University of Newcastle]] | [[Harvard Medical School]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | [[Narayana Panicker Kochupillai|N. Kochupillai]] | Patricia Crock | Edward M. Brown }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[hypoparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency]]
| awards = {{ublist| 2008 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}
'''Ravinder Goswami''' (born 3 September 1963) is an Indian [[Endocrinology|endocrinologist]] and professor at the department of [[endocrinology]] and [[metabolism]] at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]]. Known for his research on [[vitamin D deficiency]], Goswami is an elected fellow of [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] and [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Medical Sciences in 2008.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
Ravinder Goswami, after earning his bachelor's degree in medicine from [[Maulana Azad Medical College]], continued at the institution to complete his MD and secured a DM in endocrinology from the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]].<ref name="About the Author">{{Cite web |url=http://press.endocrine.org/page/jcem/focusbone/rgoswami |title=About the Author |date=2017 |publisher=Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He did his post-doctoral work by joining AIIMS in 1992, working under [[Narayana Panicker Kochupillai]] and has since been associated with the institution. In between, he had two sabbaticals; first at the [[University of Newcastle (Australia)|University of Newcastle]] under Patricia Crock and later, at [[Harvard Medical School]] at the laboratory of Edward M. Brown. At AIIMS, he served as the sub-dean of research during 2011–13 and is a professor at the department of endocrinology and metabolism.<ref name="List of faculty">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/hospital%20zone/faculty_LIst_upto_10_10_14_15_11_14.pdf |title=List of faculty |date=2017 |publisher=AIMS, Delhi}}</ref><ref name="OPD Schedule clinics schedule">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aiims.edu/en/news/awards-honours/79-about-aiims/184-endocrinology-metabolism-diabetes.html |title=OPD Schedule clinics schedule |date=2017 |publisher=AIIMS, Delhi}}</ref>

Goswami lives in East AIIMS campus, in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=G |title=NASI fellows |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=3 April 2017 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021102942/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=G |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Goswami's studies have been focusing focused on clinical endocrinology and he has carried out research on diseases such as [[hypocalcemia]] and [[idiopathic]] [[hypoparathyroidism]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=370 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize}}</ref> His studies on [[vitamin D deficiency]] covered ''etiopathogenesis'' and gravity of the disorder across the population and his work was the first of its kind in India.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" /> His research revealed that vitamin D deficiency among Indian population is due to their dark skin (which prevented formation of vitamin D by blocking ultra violet rays) as well as inhibition of over-expression of [[Calcitriol receptor]] gene,<ref name="Face the heat to stay fit: AIIMS study">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/face-the-heat-to-stay-fit-aiims-study/story-8DUG3ccEZilaE5UiLfK0SN.html | title=Face the heat to stay fit: AIIMS study |date=18 November 2008 | first=Jaya | last=Shroff Bhalla | newspaper=Hindustan Times | accessdate=13 June 2018 }}</ref> resulting in inadequate bio-adaptation.<ref name="Lau2016">{{cite book|author=Dr Kevin Lau|title=Your Plan for Natural Scoliosis Prevention and Treatment (4th Edition): The Ultimate Program and Workbook to a Stronger and Straighter Spine.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tM7xDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA169|date=18 July 2016|publisher=Health In Your Hands|isbn=978-981-09-9457-0|pages=169–}}</ref> He advocated against treating the nutritional deficiency through supplements and advised exposure to sunlight as a remedial measure.<ref name="10-year-old dies of vitamin D overdose in Delhi">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-times-of-india-mumbai-edition/20160430/281964606914345 |title=10-year-old dies of vitamin D overdose in Delhi |date=30 April 2016 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Sunlight enough, no need of vitamin-D drive">{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sunlight-enough-no-need-of-vitamin-D-drive/articleshow/51624685.cms |title=Sunlight enough, no need of vitamin-D drive |date=31 March 2016 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> His work on idiopathic hypoparathyroidism assisted in widening the understanding of the disease with regard to its clinical signs such as [[parathyroid]] [[spondyloarthropathy]], [[basal ganglia]] [[calcification]] and development of [[hyperphosphatemia]].<ref name="About the Author" /> His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Rangarajan=3APundi_Narasimhan=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} of which many have been listed by online article repositories such as [[Google Scholar]]<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=CbjFDxEAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2017 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref> and [[ResearchGate]].<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ravinder_Goswami |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017 }}</ref> Besides, he has contributed chapters to books published by others<ref name="Holick2010">{{cite book|author=Michael F. Holick|title=Vitamin D: Physiology, Molecular Biology, and Clinical Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyK2iDVWxfwC&pg=PR23|date=27 June 2010|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-60327-303-9|pages=23–}}</ref><ref name="KumarGupta2014">{{cite book|author1=Bhushan Kumar|author2=Somesh Gupta|title=Sexually Transmitted Infections|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQ9tAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14|date=10 February 2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences APAC|isbn=978-81-312-2978-1|pages=14–}}</ref> and his work has drawn citations from other authors.<ref>{{cite book|title=Down to Earth: Science and Environment Fortnightly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruoJAQAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Society for Environmental Communications}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Postgraduate Medical Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCwVAQAAMAAJ|date=July 1993|publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications}}</ref> He has also presented his research at medical forums including the ''National Symposium on Nutrition and Bone Health'' of Nutrition Foundation of India held in 2007.<ref name="Potential significance of Vitamin D deficiency in apparently healthy subjects in Delhi">{{Cite web |url=http://nutritionfoundationofindia.org/workshop_symposia/Nutrition%20and%20Bone%20Health%20Symposium/Day2/Dr.%20Goswami.pdf |title=Potential significance of Vitamin D deficiency in apparently healthy subjects in Delhi |date=2017 |publisher=Nutrition Foundation of India |access-date=3 April 2017 |archive-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404043602/http://nutritionfoundationofindia.org/workshop_symposia/Nutrition%20and%20Bone%20Health%20Symposium/Day2/Dr.%20Goswami.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and serves as an editorial associate for the ''Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India)''.<ref name="Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India)">{{Cite web |url=http://nams-india.in/anams/2015/6-3-PB.pdf |title=Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded Goswami the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2008.<ref name="Medical Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |title=Medical Sciences |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224074105/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |archivedate=2013-02-24 }}</ref> The [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] elected him as a fellow the same year<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Goswami,_Prof._Ravinder |title=Fellow profile |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and he became an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] in 2010.<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=3 April 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Chandan Jyoti Das, Ashu Seith, Shivanand Gamanagatti, Ravinder Goswami |title=Ectopic Pituitary Adenoma with an Empty Sella |journal=American Journal of Roentgenology |date=2006 |volume=186 |issue=5 |pages=1468–1469 |doi=10.2214/AJR.05.0329|pmid=16632746 }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Goswami R, Mishra SK, Kochupillai N|title=Prevalence & potential significance of vitamin D deficiency in Asian Indians |journal=Indian J Med Res |date=2008 |volume=127 |issue=3 |pages=229–38 |pmid=18497436}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ariachery C. Ammini, Saptarshi Bhattacharya, Jaya Praksh Sahoo, Jim Philip, Nikhil Tandon, Ravinder Goswami, Viveka P. Jyotsna, Rajesh Khadgawat, Sunil Chumber, Aashu Seth, Asis K. Karak, Bhawani S. Sharma, Poodipedi Sarat Chandra, Ashish Suri, Manish S. Sharma, Shashank S. Kale, Manmohan Singh |title=Cushing's disease: Results of treatment and factors affecting outcome |journal=Hormones |date=2011 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=222–229 |pmid=22001133|doi=10.14310/horm.2002.1312 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ravinder Goswami, Tabin Millo, Shruti Mishra, Madhuchhanda Das, Mansi Kapoor, Neeraj Tomar, Soma Saha, Tara Shankar Roy, Vishnubhatla Sreenivas |title=Expression of Osteogenic Molecules in the Caudate Nucleus and Gray Matter and Their Potential Relevance for Basal Ganglia Calcification in Hypoparathyroidism |journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab |date=2014 |volume=99 |issue=5 |pages=1741–1748 |doi=10.1210/jc.2013-3863|pmid=24552219 |pmc=5393477 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sagar Modi, Majari Tripathy, Soma Saha, Ravinder Goswami |title=Seizures in patients with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism: Effect of antiepileptic drug withdrawal on recurrence of seizures and serum calcium control |journal=Eur J Endocrinol |date=2014 |volume=170 |issue=5 |pages=777–83 |doi=10.1530/EJE-14-0075|pmid=24648439 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Abilash Nair, Randeep Guleria, Devasenathipathy Kandasamy, Raju Sharma, Nikhil Tandon, Urvashi B. Singh, Ravinder Goswami |title=Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in young adult patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus in India |journal=Multidiscip Respir Med |date=2016 |volume=11 |issue=22 |page=22 |doi=10.1186/s40248-016-0058-z|pmid=27168934 |pmc=4862037 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Soma Saha, Savita Saini, Govind K. Makharia, Siddhartha Datta Gupta, Ravinder Goswami |title=Prevalence of coeliac disease in idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and effect of gluten-free diet on calcaemic control |journal=Clinical Endocrinology |date=2016 |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=578–586 |doi=10.1111/cen.12850|pmid=26147910 |s2cid=8985003 }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Diabetes mellitus type 1]]
* [[Cushing's disease]]
* [[Fahr's syndrome]]
* [[Coeliac disease]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.labome.org/expert/goswami/ravinder-goswami-327225.html |title=Ravinder Goswami on Labome |date=2017 |publisher=Labome |work=List of articles |access-date=3 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404043346/https://www.labome.org/expert/goswami/ravinder-goswami-327225.html |archive-date=4 April 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://pubget.com/author/ravinder-goswami |title=Ravinder Goswami on PubGet |date=2017 |publisher=PubGet |work=List of articles}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://annals-nams.in/index.php/annals/article/download/8/5 |title=Endocrine and Metabolic Aspects of OSA |last=Ravinder Goswami |year=2013 |publisher=Ann Natl Acad Med Sci (India) |work=Article (full text)}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goswami, Ravinder}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian endocrinologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Maulana Azad College alumni]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
[[Category:University of Newcastle (Australia) alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Medical School alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Harvard Medical School people]]

Lakshadweep football team

2026-02-08T23:15:35Z

SuzetteEql: brief correct lead based on references also and updated info based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Lakshadweep
| current =
| image = Lakshadweep Football Association logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| fullname = Lakshadweep football team
| nickname =
| founded = {{start date and age|2017}}
| ground = Various
| capacity =
| owntitle = Owner
| owner = [[Lakshadweep Football Association]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Sreekumar Radha
| league = [[Santosh Trophy]]
| season = [[2024–25 Santosh Trophy|2024–25]]
| position = Group stage
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = FF7538
| body1 = FF7538
| rightarm1 = FF7538
| shorts1 = 000000
| socks1 = 000000
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
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| pattern_so2 =
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| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = 120A8F
| socks2 = FFFFFF
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}}

The '''Lakshadweep football team''' is an Indian [[association football|football]] team which represents the [[union territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]], [[India]]. The team participates in Indian state football competitions including the [[Santosh Trophy]] (since the [[2016–17 Santosh Trophy|2016–17 edition]]).

==History==
During the [[All India Football Federation]] general body meeting on 21 December 2016, it was confirmed that the [[Lakshadweep Football Association]] would gain affiliation with India's national football association.<ref name="Debut">{{cite news|title=Debutants Lakshadweep hoping to make presence felt on national stage|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2017/jan/06/debutants-lakshadweep-hoping-to-make-presence-felt-on-national-stage-1556684.html|access-date=13 January 2018|work=New Indian Express|date=6 January 2017}}</ref> After gaining affiliation, the federation began preparations for the [[2016–17 Santosh Trophy qualification|2016–17 Santosh Trophy qualifiers]]. Majority of the players come from the local [[Kavaratti League]].<ref name="Debut"/> Their first match occurred on 6 January 2017 when Lakshadweep took on [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]. Despite being resilient in defense, Lakshadweep succumbed to a 2–0 defeat.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lakshadweep tests TN|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/Lakshadweep-tests-TN/article17001901.ece|accessdate=13 January 2018|work=The Hindu|date=7 January 2017}}</ref> Four days later, on 10 January, Lakshadweep made history by earning their first ever victory in the Santosh Trophy, a 1–0 victory over [[Telangana football team|Telangana]]. K.P. Ummer was the goalscorer for Lakshadweep.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=PK Ajith|title=Services qualifies; historic win for Lakshadweep|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/Services-qualifies-historic-win-for-Lakshadweep/article17020472.ece|accessdate=13 January 2018|work=The Hindu|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

Despite not qualifying the previous tournament, Lakshadweep returned for the [[2017–18 Santosh Trophy qualification|2017–18 qualifiers]]. In their first match against [[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]] the side won 5–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=DOMINATING SHOW: MAHARASHTRA, LAKSHADWEEP REGISTER THUMPING WINS IN SANTOSH TROPHY|url=http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/sports/local-sports/dominating-show/articleshow/62434577.cms|website=13 January 2018|ref=10 January 2018}}</ref>

==Statistics and records==
===Season-by-season===
{{updated|17 April 2025}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! colspan=8 class="unsortable" | [[Santosh Trophy]]
! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | '''Finals'''
! scope="col" colspan=3 class="unsortable" | Top Scorer
|-
!{{tooltip|P|Games played}}
!{{tooltip|W|Games won}}
!{{tooltip|D|Games drawn}}
!{{tooltip|L|Games lossed}}
!{{tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!{{tooltip|Pts|Points}}
!{{tooltip|Position|Position}}
! class="unsortable" | Player
! class="unsortable" | Goals
|-
|[[2016–17 Santosh Trophy|2016–17]]
|3
|1
|0
|2
|1
|6
|3
|3rd
|DNQ
|{{flagicon|IND}} K.P. Ummer
|1
|-
|[[2017–18 Santosh Trophy|2017–18]]
|3
|2
|0
|1
|10
|5
|6
|2nd
|DNQ
|{{flagicon|IND}} Shafeeq TD
|3
|-
|[[2018–19 Santosh Trophy|2018–19]]
|3
|0
|1
|2
|0
|5
|1
|4th
|DNQ
|
|
|-
|[[2019–20 Santosh Trophy|2019–20]]
|4
|1
|0
|3
|5
|9
|3
|4th
|DNQ
|{{flagicon|IND}} Abdul Nazar & Savad TI
|2
|-
|[[2021–22 Santosh Trophy|2021–22]]
|3
|1
|1
|1
|6
|7
|4
|3rd
|DNQ
|{{flagicon|IND}} Abdul Ameen & Abdul Hashim
|2
|-
|[[2022–23 Santosh Trophy|2022–23]]
|5
|1
|0
|4
|7
|13
|3
|5th
|DNQ
|{{flagicon|IND}} Muhammed Shareef
|4
|-
|[[2023–24 Santosh Trophy|2023–24]]
|5
|2
|2
|1
|7
|6
|8
|3rd
|DNQ
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|
|-
|[[2024–25 Santosh Trophy|2024–25]]
|3
|0
|0
|3
|2
|14
|0
|4th
|DNQ
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|
|}

===Head coaches record===
{{updated|13 January 2018}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Name!!Nationality!!From!!class="unsortable"|To!!P!!W!!D!!L!!GF!!GA!!Win%
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|Deepak CM
|align=left|{{IND}}
|align=left|January 2017
|align=left|''Present''
{{WDL|6|3|0|3|for=11|against=11}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Santosh Trophy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==


{{Santosh Trophy}}
{{Indian state football teams}}

[[Category:Football in Lakshadweep]]
[[Category:Santosh Trophy teams]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Lakshadweep]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2017]]

Chhatarpur tehsil

2026-02-06T13:49:18Z

SuzetteEql: Stub - done

{{Short description|Location in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{One source|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chhatarpur tehsil
|native_name =
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|settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
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|pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
|pushpin_label_position = right
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|pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|coordinates = {{coord|24.5500|N|79.3527|E|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes = 
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = Madhya Pradesh
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Singrauli district]]
|government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Janpad Panchayat]]
|governing_body = [[Council]]

|area_footnotes =
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

|postal_code_type = Postal code (PIN)
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| website = 
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chhatarpur tehsil''' is a tehsil in [[chhatarpur district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is also a subdivision of the administrative and revenue division of sagar district of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2022-09-14|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chhatarpur district]]

{{Sagar-geo-stub}}

Hridayapoorvam (soundtrack)

2026-01-31T20:22:05Z

SuzetteEql: added a info basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Hridayapoorvam
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Justin Prabhakaran]]
| cover =Hridayapoorvam (soundtrack).jpg
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=y|2025|9|7}}
| recorded = 2024–2025
| venue =
| studio = {{Hlist|2 BarQ Studios, [[Chennai]]|20db Sound Studios, Chennai|Studio Uno Records, Chennai|Studio 504, [[Mumbai]]}}
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:49
| language = {{Hlist|[[Malayalam]]|[[Hindi]]}}
| label = [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Aap Jaisa Koi (film)|Aap Jaisa Koi]]
| prev_year = 2025
| next_title = [[Thandakaaranyam]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Hridayapoorvam
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Venmathi
| single1date = 17 August 2025
}}
}}
'''''Hridayapoorvam''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2025 [[Malayalam]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy-drama film]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2025 |title=Hridayapoorvam {{!}} BBFC |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/hridayapoorvam-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmymzm3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907220617/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/hridayapoorvam-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmymzm3 |archive-date=7 September 2025 |access-date=27 August 2025 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |quote=[...] Malayalam-language romantic drama.}}</ref> [[Hridayapoorvam|of the same name]] directed by [[Sathyan Anthikad]] and produced by [[Aashirvad Cinemas]], starring [[Mohanlal]], [[Malavika Mohanan]], [[Sangita Madhavan Nair]] and [[Sangeeth Prathap]]. The film's soundtrack and score were composed by [[Justin Prabhakaran]] and featured four songs written by [[Manu Manjith]] and [[Raj Shekhar]]. The album was released by the production company itself on 7 September 2025.

== Background ==
The film's music was composed by [[Justin Prabhakaran]], in his first collaboration with Mohanlal and Anthikad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Puthukkudi |first=Raji |date=2025-08-28 |title='Mohanlal embraced me and Sreenivasan; I saw his eyes well up with tears': Sathyan Anthikad recalls emotional 'Hridayapoorvam' moment |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/mohanlal-embraced-me-and-sreenivasan-i-saw-his-eyes-well-up-with-tears-sathyan-anthikad-recalls-emotional-hridayapoorvam-moment-fthcdsjo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921133319/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/mohanlal-embraced-me-and-sreenivasan-i-saw-his-eyes-well-up-with-tears-sathyan-anthikad-recalls-emotional-hridayapoorvam-moment-fthcdsjo |archive-date=2025-09-21 |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2025-08-26 |title=Sathyan Anthikad interview: On 'Hridayapoorvam', Mohanlal's unwavering dedication and making a feel-good drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hridayapoorvam-trailer-sathyan-anthikad-mohanlal-fazil-malavika-mohanan-onam-release-malayalam-movie/article69978868.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905235316/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hridayapoorvam-trailer-sathyan-anthikad-mohanlal-fazil-malavika-mohanan-onam-release-malayalam-movie/article69978868.ece |archive-date=2025-09-05 |access-date=2025-09-21 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The latter liked the songs composed by Prabhakaran for his son Akhil Sathyan's directorial debut film ''[[Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum]]'' (2023). When Anthikad approached Prabhakaran regarding his involvement in the film during October 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2024 |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi and Sangita onboard Mohanlal-Sathyan Anthikkad's Hridayapoorvam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Oct/03/aishwarya-lekshmi-and-sangita-onboard-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikkads-hridayapoorvam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004083852/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Oct/03/aishwarya-lekshmi-and-sangita-onboard-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikkads-hridayapoorvam |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2024 |title=Aishwarya Lekshmi to star in Mohanlal-Sathyan Anthikad's movie 'Hridayapoorvam' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/10/05/aishwarya-lekshmi-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikad-movie-hridayapoorvam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904212132/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/10/05/aishwarya-lekshmi-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikad-movie-hridayapoorvam.html |archive-date=4 September 2025 |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref> he came to Kerala and composed all the songs within a week itself. In the film, "music plays a vital role, as even deeply emotional moments need to be handled lightly or pleasantly."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-08-29 |title=Sathyan Anthikad Interview: Mohanlal burst out laughing when he read the Fahadh Faasil reference in Hridayapoorvam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Aug/29/malayalaminterviews2025aug27sathyan-anthikad-mohanlal-burst-out-laughing-when-he-read-the-fahadh-faasil-reference-in-hridayapoorvam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921142025/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Aug/29/malayalaminterviews2025aug27sathyan-anthikad-mohanlal-burst-out-laughing-when-he-read-the-fahadh-faasil-reference-in-hridayapoorvam |archive-date=2025-09-21 |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Anthikad noted that Prabhakaran combined the qualities of [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]], [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], whom he had often collaborated with, in terms of melody, soul and novelty and appreciated his working style enhancing the mood of each scene that often exceeded his expectations.<ref name=":0" /> The songs were performed by Sid Sriram, S. P. Charan, Navaneeth Unnikrishnan and Madhushree.<ref name="Manorama Online-2025a2">{{Cite web |date=10 February 2025 |title=സത്യൻ അന്തിക്കാട് ചിത്രത്തിൽ സന്ദീപ് ബാലകൃഷ്ണൻ ആയി മോഹൻലാൽ; ചിത്രങ്ങൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/02/10/hridayapurvam-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikad-film-begins-kochi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414153401/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/02/10/hridayapurvam-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikad-film-begins-kochi.html |archive-date=14 April 2025 |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=[[Manorama Online]] |language=ml}}</ref> Singer [[Balram]] had recorded one song for the film during August 2025.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=DNPY3NMPNMr |user=prabhakaranjustin |title=A decade after #onakkaagaporanthaenae song, I met this beautiful human being, singer #balram sir once again for my next film #hridayapoorvam. He believed in me and encouraged me during my earliest days, even before I stepped into films, lending his voice to my short film. Years may have passed, but he remains as young as the timeless beauty of his voice. |author=Justin Prabhakaran |author-link=Justin Prabhakaran |date=12 August 2025 |access-date=21 September 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250921144841/https://www.instagram.com/p/DNPY3NMPNMr/ |archive-date=21 September 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> The recording and mixing of the film's background score was completed by 22 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-22 |title='Hridayapoorvam' completes final mix; Mohanlal–Sathyan Anthikad reunite after a decade; set for Onam release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/hridayapoorvam-completes-final-mix-mohanlalsathyan-anthikad-reunite-after-a-decade-set-for-onam-release/articleshow/123451452.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831193025/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/hridayapoorvam-completes-final-mix-mohanlalsathyan-anthikad-reunite-after-a-decade-set-for-onam-release/articleshow/123451452.cms |archive-date=2025-08-31 |access-date=2025-09-21 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film's first single "Venmathi" was released as the lead single from the album on 17 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-17 |title=Mohanlal and Malavika Mohanan share a warm bond in Hridayapoorvam's first single 'Venmathi' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Aug/17/mohanlal-and-malavika-mohanan-share-a-warm-bond-in-hridayapoorvams-first-single-venmathi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830031521/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Aug/17/mohanlal-and-malavika-mohanan-share-a-warm-bond-in-hridayapoorvams-first-single-venmathi |archive-date=2025-08-30 |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-17 |title=Mohanlal's 'Hridayapoorvam' drops soulful 'Venmathi'; Onam release hype peaks - WATCH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-hridayapoorvam-drops-soulful-venmathi-onam-release-hype-peaks-watch/articleshow/123343663.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915150058/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-hridayapoorvam-drops-soulful-venmathi-onam-release-hype-peaks-watch/articleshow/123343663.cms |archive-date=2025-09-15 |access-date=2025-09-21 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The soundtrack album was released through the production company itself on 7 September.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-07 |title=Hridayapoorvam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/hridayapoorvam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1835483711 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907230145/https://music.apple.com/in/album/hridayapoorvam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1835483711 |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Justin Prabhakaran's soundtrack, is how the film answers a lot of questions about Sandeep, some of which we didn't even think of asking".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=2025-08-29 |title=Hridayapoorvam Movie Review: A fantastic Mohanlal powers this warm hug of a film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Aug/29/malayalamreview2025aug28hridayapoorvam-movie-review-a-fantastic-mohanlal-powers-this-warm-hug-of-a-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831011632/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Aug/29/malayalamreview2025aug28hridayapoorvam-movie-review-a-fantastic-mohanlal-powers-this-warm-hug-of-a-film |archive-date=2025-08-31 |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Sia Viju of ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' wrote "Justin Prabhakaran's songs and background score enrich the emotional beats while keeping the energy consistent."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Viju |first=Sia |date=2025-08-28 |title='Hridayapoorvam' review: Mohanlal revives old-school warmth in a fresh family tale |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/hridayapoorvam-review-mohanlal-revives-old-school-warmth-in-a-fresh-family-tale-y3jyob3t |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921151450/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/hridayapoorvam-review-mohanlal-revives-old-school-warmth-in-a-fresh-family-tale-y3jyob3t |archive-date=2025-09-21 |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en}}</ref> A reviewer based at ''[[Moneycontrol]]'' wrote "Justin Prabhakaran's music complements the mood".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-28 |title=Hridayapoorvam movie review: Mohanlal shines in Sathyan Anthikad's heartfelt family drama |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/hridayapoorvam-movie-review-mohanlal-shines-in-sathyan-anthikad-s-heartfelt-family-drama-article-13496934.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828113622/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/hridayapoorvam-movie-review-mohanlal-shines-in-sathyan-anthikad-s-heartfelt-family-drama-article-13496934.html |archive-date=2025-08-28 |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref> Anna Mathews of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "Justin Prabhakaran's music is just right, with very hummable tracks."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matthews |first=Anna |date=2025-08-28 |title=Hridayapoorvam Movie Review: A feel good film resting firmly on Mohanlal's charm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/hridayapoorvam/movie-review/123561769.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915052512/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/hridayapoorvam/movie-review/123561769.cms |archive-date=2025-09-15 |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 20:49
| title1 = Venmathi
| lyrics1 = [[Manu Manjith]]
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| length1 = 3:37
| title2 = Hridayavathil
| lyrics2 = Manu Manjith
| extra2 = [[S. P. Charan]]
| length2 = 3:38
| title3 = Vida Parayaam
| lyrics3 = Manu Manjith
| extra3 = Navaneeth Unnikrishnan
| length3 = 4:00
| title4 = Karayathe
| lyrics4 = Manu Manjith
| extra4 = Balram
| title5 = Hridayame
| length5 = 1:43
| lyrics5 = Manu Manjith
| extra5 = Yadu Krishnan K, Kiran Biju, Gopikrishna, Suroor Musthafa, Aishwarya Kumar, Narmada KS, Indu Sanath, Feji
| title6 = Tuk Tuk Tuk Tu
| length6 = 3:50
| lyrics6 = [[Raj Shekhar]]
| extra6 = [[Madhushree]]
| length4 = 4:00
}}

== Personnel ==
Credits adapted from Aashirvad Cinemas:<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6YUxgHO90mY |title=Hridayapoorvam Audio Jukebox {{!}} Mohanlal {{!}} Sathyan Anthikad {{!}} Justin Prabhakaran {{!}} Aashirvad Cinemas |date=2025-09-07 |last= |publisher=[[Aashirvad Cinemas]] |access-date=2025-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908200609/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6YUxgHO90mY |archive-date=2025-09-08 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>
{{div col}}
* Music composer, producer and arranger – Justin Prabhakaran
* Additional programming – Sebastian Sathish, Beven Elankumaran, Dishon Prince, Barath Dhanasekar
* Additional rhythm arrangements – Barath Dhanasekar
* Backing vocals – Feji, Indu Sanath, Devu Mathew, Gayathry Rajiv, Yadu Krishnan K, Kiran Biju, Gopikrishna, Suroor Musthafa, Aishwarya Kumar, Umesh Joshi, Janardan Dhatrak, Vijay Dhuri, Siddhant Karawde, Yashad Ghanekar, Pragati Joshi, Aditi Prabhudesai, Madhura Paranjape, Sharmishtha Bhatkar, Rajeshwari Gaikwad, Sridhar Ramesh, Shenbagaraj, Sreenathan Kattungal, Renjith Unni, Padmaja Sreenivasan, Aparna Harikumar
* A cappella vocals – Shibi Srinivasan
* Electric guitar and cavaquinho – Abinandan R David
* Acoustic guitar, mandolin and oud – Abinandan R David, Subhani S M
* Bass guitar – Naveen Napier
* Sitar – L. Kishore Kumar
* Dhol, bass dhol and dholak – Kaviraj, Ramana, Barath Dhanasekar, Karthik Vamsi
* Drum tech – Mariyappan
* Flute – P Vijay Ananth
* Banjo, ruan, saz and ukulele – Subhani S M
* Tabla and percussions – Shruthiraj
* Strings – Budapest Scoring Orchestra
* String conductor – Abel
* Session producer – Bálint Sapszon
* Orchestra representative – Balasubramanian G.
* Orchestra recording engineer – Bence Bobak
* Studio assistant – Marcell Rokosz
* Librarian – Ágnes Sapszon, Kati Reti
* Orchestrator – Beven Elankumaran
* Vocals editor – Shree Shankar (Pitch Worxx, Kochi)
* Music coordinators – Antony Raj (The Station Inn, Chennai), Nirmal Raj (Hymn Studio, Kochi)
* Recording engineers – Vishnu Raj MR (2 BarQ Studios, Chennai), Hariharan (20db Sound Studios, Chennai), Thanushree N (Studio Uno Records, Chennai), Rahul M Sharma (Studio 504, Mumbai)
* Mixing – Balu Thankachan (20db Black, Chennai)
* Session assistance – Paul Daniel J, Sreenivasa Sharma, Iker Subu, Priyank Tayal
* Mastering – Shadab Rayeen (New Edge Studios, Mumbai)
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2025 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Malayalam film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Romance film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Comedy film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]
[[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums]]

Rajagolla Ramesh Yadav

2026-01-11T06:53:40Z

SuzetteEql: Started a details!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajagolla Ramesh Yadav
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| parents = R. Venkata Subbaiah,Ramasubbamma
| term_start = 2023
| term_end = 2029
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1982|6|1}}
}}

'''Rajagolla Ramesh Yadav''' (born 4 June 1982) is an Indian politician who is member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] through nomination by [[Governor (India)|Governor]] representing [[YSR Congress Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |title= Rajagolla Ramesh Yadav(YSRCP):(ELECTED BY Nomination of Governor) |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-four-mlcs-elected-under-governor-quota-took-oath-today-in-the-assembly-691841 |website=The Hans India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kumbha Ravi Babu MLC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/council-chaos-erupts-over-arrests-of-social-media-activists-in-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/115308022.cms |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MLC |url=https://www.ysrcongress.com/en/mlc |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=YSR Congress Party |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SRI Rajagolla Ramesh Yadav, Member of Legislative Council |url=https://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/member-s-information?p_p_id=CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_h4pQxGtq77FK&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_h4pQxGtq77FK_javax.portlet.action=getPartyMemberDetails&_CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_h4pQxGtq77FK_mem_id=190&p_auth=x98RfU1d |website=Andhra Pradesh State Legislature, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajagolla, Ramesh, Yadav}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]

{{AndhraPradesh-YSRCP-politician-stub}}

Durgukondal

2025-12-31T21:46:07Z

SuzetteEql: Details

{{Short description|Village in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{onesource|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
'''Durgukondal''' is a village in the [[Kanker district]] (North Bastar) of [[Chhattisgarh]] state, central [[India]]. It is the administrative headquarters of its eponymous [[Community development block|development block]], [[tehsil]] and [[forest range]]. The [[2011 Census of India]] recorded 1,609 inhabitants in this village.<ref>"[https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/22/2214_DCHB_A_UTTAR%20BASTAR%20KANKER.pdf District Census Handbook: Uttar Bastar Kanker]," Census of India 2011, Government of India</ref>

==Geography==
Durgukondal is situated on Chhattisgarh State Highway 25, approximately {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of [[Bhanupratappur]], {{convert|67|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of the district headquarters [[Kanker, Chhattisgarh|Kanker]] and {{convert|175|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of the state capital [[Raipur]]. Its distance from [[Antagarh]] is {{convert|34|km|mi|abbr=on}}, [[Kapsi]] is {{convert|36|km|mi|abbr=on}}, [[Manpur, Chhattisgarh|Manpur]] is {{convert|42|km|mi|abbr=on}} and [[Pakhanjur]] is {{convert|47|km|mi|abbr=on}}.

== See also ==
* [[Kanker district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|20.033|N|80.983|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Kanker district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Chhattisgarh]]

{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Felicio Cardozo

2025-12-22T21:39:21Z

SuzetteEql: Done

{{Short description|Indian journalist and author (1932–2004)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Felicio Cardozo
| image = Felicio Cardozo.png
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Felicio Xavier Esperdiao Caetano de Rosa Cardozo
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1932|8|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = Seraulim, [[Salcete taluka]], [[Portuguese Goa]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2004|5|17|1932|8|30|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Haveri]], [[Karnataka]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = Journalist
| years_active =
| known_for =
| movement = {{hlist|[[Goa Liberation Movement]]|[[Konkani language agitation]]}}
| alma_mater =
| party =
| otherparty =
| notable_works =
| awards = Tamra Patra
}}

'''Felicio Xavier Esperdiao Caetano de Rosa Cardozo'''<ref name="ShirodkarWho86">{{Cite book |last=Shirodkar |first=Pandurang Purushottam |author-link=Pandurang Purushottam Shirodkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISScyAEACAAJ |title=Who's Who of Freedom Fighters, Goa, Daman, and Diu |date=1986 |publisher=Goa Gazetteer Department, Government of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu |volume=1 |pages=38}}</ref> (30 August 1932 – 17 May 2004) was an Indian freedom fighter, author, journalist, and educator from [[Goa]]. He actively participated in the [[Goa liberation movement]] and later contributed significantly to [[Konkani literature]] and journalism.

==Early life and education==

Cardozo was born on 30 August 1932 in Seraulim, [[Salcete]], to a farming family. His parents were Inocencio Sebastiao Cardozo and Maria Ida de Piedade Mergulhao. He completed his primary education in the Portuguese medium in Suravali. He subsequently attended the Portuguese Lyceum, studying at institutions such as the Instituto José Vaz, completing five years of Lyceum education.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |last1=Nagvekar |first1=Dr. Harishchandra |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Viswakosh Vol1.pdf/442 |type= |edition= |series= |volume=1 |pages=442–443 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref>

His education was interrupted by his involvement in the struggle for Goa's independence. He resumed his academic pursuits much later in life, passing his Secondary School Certificate (S.S.C.) examination in 1976. He went on to graduate with a [[Bachelor of Science]] (B.Sc.) degree in 1980.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Career==
===Teaching and administration===
Cardozo held various professional roles throughout his life. He worked as a translator at the Dabelian office and taught at a private primary school. He also served as a Portuguese teacher at Sri Damodar Vidyabhuvan. Following 1975, he joined Rosary High School in [[Navelim]] as a teacher and later served as a higher secondary educator at the same institution. Additionally, he served as a member of the Board of Studies in [[Konkani language|Konkani]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

===Journalism and writing===
Cardozo made significant contributions to Konkani journalism, particularly in the [[Roman script for Konkani|Roman script]]. On 15 August 1962, he launched the weekly magazine ''Goan Saad'', acting as its editor and publisher. On 15 August 1963, this publication was converted into a daily newspaper named ''Sat'', which holds the distinction of being the first daily newspaper in Konkani. It remained in circulation until 15 August 1968.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

He later established ''Divati'', a Roman script newspaper that combined the publications ''A Vida'' and ''Sat''. Although he did not hold the title of editor-in-chief, he managed the editorial responsibilities. Following his tenure at ''Divati'', he launched another weekly titled ''Loksaad'', which ran for one year. Through his various publications, Cardozo sought to reduce the influence of Portuguese syntax on the Konkani language, introducing vocabulary from [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and "Niz Konkani" (original Konkani).<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

Cardozo was also an author and translator. He translated several classic stories into Konkani, including ''[[Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves]]'', ''Taravati Sindbad'', and ''[[Aladdin|Alauddin and Adbhut Divo]]''. His original literary works include the poetry collections ''Fulchi Bag'', ''Tuphan'', and ''Nemani Desire''. Some of his poetry was recorded for radio broadcast.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Activism==
===Goa liberation movement===
During his student years, Cardozo was inspired to join the freedom struggle by the broadcasts of freedom fighter [[Janardan Shinkre]]'s ''Jwala''. He utilized creative mediums such as theater and magic shows to raise political awareness among the public. He also wrote articles for Konkani magazines such as ''Goa'', ''Konkan Times'', ''Golden Goa'', and ''Santos''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

In May 1954, Cardozo participated in protests against the visit of a Portuguese minister to Goa. He was arrested on 16 June 1954 and subjected to severe beatings while in custody, resulting in the permanent loss of hearing in one ear. He was imprisoned for three and a half years at [[Margao]] and [[Fort Aguada|Aguada]]. During his incarceration, he learned the [[Devanagari]] script and studied literature. He was released on 30 January 1958.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

===Post-liberation activism===
After the [[Liberation of Goa]], Cardozo remained active in social and political movements. He campaigned for the preservation of Goa's distinct identity and was involved in the [[Goa Opinion Poll]] movement through his writings and speeches. He was an active participant in the official language agitation organized by Konkani Projecho Awaz. Politically, he served two terms as an elected member of the Suravali panchayat.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Death==
Cardozo and Freddy J Da Costa, another Konkani language promoter, died in a car accident near [[Haveri]] on 17 May 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-02 |title=Gulab: Goan Konkani Monthly of Fr. Freddy J Da Costa Begins its 40th Year |url=https://www.indiancatholicmatters.org/gulab-goan-konkani-monthly-of-fr-freddy-j-da-costa-begins-its-40th-year/ |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=Indian Catholic Matters |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=[Goanet-news]UPDATE: Demise of fr Freddy & Felicio Cardozo |url=https://goanet-news.goanet.narkive.com/yvfALoZD/update-demise-of-fr-freddy-felicio-cardozo |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=goanet-news.goanet.narkive.com}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Cardozo was awarded the [[Tamra Patra]] by the [[Government of India]] in recognition of his services to the Indian independence movement. He served as the President of the [[Konkani Bhasha Mandal]] from 1984 to 1986. In 1969, he visited [[Russia]] as a journalist, and returned in 1977 to study the [[Russian language]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Legacy==
Awards for journalists<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-18 |title=Gulab Awards 2021 on July 20 |work=Herald Goa |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/gulab-awards-2021-on-july-20/395413/ |access-date=2025-12-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> and educationists<ref>{{Cite web |title='Goans must protect their mother tongue' |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=418004 |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> are distributed in Cardozo's honour every year.

A road in Seraulim was named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-12 |title=Varca church road named after Fr Freddy - Herald Goa |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/varca-church-road-named-after-fr-freddy/400607/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cardozo, Felicio}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Goa liberation activists]]
[[Category:Konkani-language writers]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]

Aditya Modak

2025-12-20T12:30:29Z

SuzetteEql: Creating The Page Initial Version - done

{{Short description|Indian classical singer and film actor (born 1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aditya Modak
| native_name_lang =
| image = Aditya Modak Venice.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1988|10|28}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Singer, actor
| education =
}}
[[File:Aditya Modak - Indian Classical Vocalist.jpg|thumb|Aditya Modak performing in a concert in Maharashtra (Oct 2022)]]
'''Aditya Modak''' is a [[Hindustani classical music]] artiste and the lead actor of [[Chaitanya Tamhane|Chaitanya Tamhane's]] ''[[The Disciple (2020 film)|The Disciple]]'', which premiered at the [[Venice Film Festival|Venice International Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Ide |first=Wendy |date=2020-09-04 |title='The Disciple': Venice Review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-disciple-venice-review/5152648.article |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Screen }}</ref> and was later picked up by Netflix.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-27 |title=The Disciple to premiere on Netflix |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/chaitanya-tamhanes-the-disciple-to-premiere-on-netflix-7163679/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-30 |title=The Disciple trailer: Chaitanya Tamhane's award-winning film gets a release date on Netflix |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/the-disciple-trailer-chaitanya-tamhane-s-award-winning-film-gets-a-release-date-on-netflix-101617085117930.html |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Modak was entrusted with the role of the protagonist because Chaitanya preferred an experienced musician rather than a trainer actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-31 |title=The Disciple — a Love Story of the Artist and his Art |url=https://filmcriticscircle.com/journal/the-disciple-a-love-story-of-the-artist-and-his-art/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Journal of Indian Cinema |language=en-GB |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122014906/https://filmcriticscircle.com/journal/the-disciple-a-love-story-of-the-artist-and-his-art/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-09 |title=How Hindustani classical singer Aditya Modak trained to play the lead in The Disciple |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/how-hindustani-classical-singer-aditya-modak-trained-to-play-the-lead-in-the-disciple-730748/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-27 |title="I get a lot of weird dreams, but I barely remember them," says Aditya Modak |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/i-get-a-lot-of-weird-dreams-but-i-barely-remember-them-says-aditya-modak-101624759625600.html |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pardiwalla |first=Tanzim |date=2021-04-29 |title=Exclusive: Chaitanya Tamhane And Aditya Modak On Award-Winning Film 'The Disciple', "Our Stories Do Matter" |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/21919/exclusive-chaitanya-tamhane-and-aditya-modak-on-award-winning-film-the-disciple-our-stories-do-matte |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Mashable India |language=en-in}}</ref> Critics of [[The New York Times]] and [[The Christian Science Monitor]] named Modak as one of their top choices for an Oscar nomination.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dargis |first=Manohla |last2=Scott |first2=A. O. |date=2022-01-14 |title=And the 2022 Oscar Nominees Should Be … |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/01/14/movies/critics-oscar-nominees.html |access-date=2022-04-03 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='The Disciple' actor Aditya Modak among NYT critics' picks for 2022 Oscar nominees |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/the-disciple-actor-aditya-modak-among-nyt-critics-picks-for-2022-oscar-nominees/ar-AASQFY5 |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=MSN |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-24 |title=Oscar is only a start: A world of best performances from the past year |work=Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Movies/2022/0324/Oscar-is-only-a-start-A-world-of-best-performances-from-the-past-year |access-date=2022-04-03 |issn=0882-7729}}</ref>

== Early life and education==
A child prodigy, Modak was initiated into classical music under the tutelage of Pt. Chandrakant Parkar when he was 5 years old. He later became the disciple of Pt. Pradeep Dhond and then Pt. Ram Deshpande of the [[Gwalior gharana|Gwalior Gharana]]. He received several music scholarships, including the National Scholarship awarded by the [[Government of India]]; the [[Sawai Gandharva]] Scholarship awarded by the Sawai Gandharva Association, Pune; and the [[Bhimsen Joshi]] Scholarship awarded by the [[University of Mumbai]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Biography|url=https://meetkalakar.com/Artist/958-Aditya-Modak |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=meetkalakar.com}}</ref> Additionally, he is a [[chartered accountant]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

== Career ==
Modak performed at The Vedic Heritage, Hempstead, USA, organised by [[Jasraj|Pt. Jasraj]], in addition to several other prestigious classical music conferences, events,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-13 |title=IndianOil Now Hear Us, Episode 1: The Disciple actor, singer Aditya Modak takes centre stage|url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/indianoil-now-hear-us-episode-1-the-disciple-actor-singer-aditya-modak-takes-centre-stage-9106151.html |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> and musical festivals, such as the [[Vasantrao Deshpande|Dr. Vasantrao Deshpande]] Samaroha, the Kashi Sangeet Mahotsav, the Dadar Matunga Cultural Centre, the [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for Performing Arts]] and the Gwalior Sangeet Samaroha. In 2010, he played the role of Pt. D. V. Paluskar in the documentary 'Gaan Yogi'. In 2015, he did the background score of the film 'Nilkanth Master. And in 2018, he did the [[playback singer|playback singing]] (Hindustani Classical) in the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] serial ''[[Saare Tujhyachsathi]]''.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

== Reviews ==
His role in The Disciple received rave reviews universally. Jay Weissberg of [[Variety (magazine)]] says, "It’s hard to imagine the film succeeding so well without lead actor Modak’s quiet concentration (not to mention vocal skills), capturing his character’s all-consuming hunger while generally projecting a never-dull placidity."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weissberg |first=Jay |date=2020-09-04 |title='The Disciple' Review: A Nuanced Look at a Determined Hindustani Musician, Exec Produced by Alfonso Cuarón |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/reviews/the-disciple-review-1234759537/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Justin Chang of the [[Los Angeles Times]] says that Modak makes a "quietly magnetic screen debut."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Justin |date=2021-05-05 |title=Review: 'The Disciple' is already one of the year's best movies. Does Netflix know — or care? |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2021-05-05/the-disciple-review-netflix-chaitanya-tamhane |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Nick Allen of Roger Ebert says, "Modak creates an emotional desperation that is as organic as Tamhane’s static camera."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Nick |date=30 April 2021 |title=The Disciple |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-disciple-movie-review-2021 |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Roger Ebert |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !!Result !!Ref
|-
| 2003||Pt. Vishnu Digambar Paluskar Award organised by Sharda Sangeet Vidyalaya||{{won}}||<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Aditya Modak |url=https://performanch.com/artists/artist-detail/89 |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=performanch.com |archive-date=21 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121053342/http://performanch.com/artists/artist-detail/89 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2004||Pt. Vishnu Digambar Paluskar Award organised by Sharda Sangeet Vidyalaya||{{won}}||
|-
|2007 ||Gold Medal in Youth Festival ||{{won}}||
|-
|2009 ||Gold Medal in Youth Festival ||{{won}}||
|-
|2011 ||Gold Medal in Youth Festival ||{{won}}||
|-
| || Award for Best Outgoing Student, M.L. Dahanukar College of Commerce||{{won}}||
|-
| 2011|| Chaturang Foundation Award||{{won}}||<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ||Dr. [[Vasantrao Deshpande]] Award from SCZCC, Ministry of Culture, Govt. of India. ||{{won}}||<ref name=":1" />
|-
| || Dr. Shrirang Sangoram Award ||{{won}}||
|-
| || Yuva Sangeet Puraskar, Hempstead, USA||{{won}}||
|-
|2021 || [[International Cinephile Society]] Award for Best Actor (The Disciple)||{{won}}||<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stevens|first=Beth|date=2021-02-20|title=2021 ICS Award Winners|url=https://icsfilm.org/our-yearly-awards/2021-ics-award-winners/|access-date=2022-02-18|website=International Cinephile Society|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2022|| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] (The Disciple)||{{won}}||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winner List Of Filmfare Awards Marathi 2021 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2021/winners |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhurala, The Disciple sweep 6th Planet Marathi Filmfare Awards |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/apr/1/33895/dhurala-the-disciple-sweep-6th-planet-marathi-filmfare-awards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811154439/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/apr/1/33895/dhurala-the-disciple-sweep-6th-planet-marathi-filmfare-awards |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2022 |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=6th Planet Filmfare Marathi Awards 2021: Complete winners' list - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/6th-planet-filmfare-marathi-awards-2021-complete-winners-list/articleshow/90561300.cms |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{official website|https://www.adityamodak.com}}
*{{IMDb name|11201462}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Modak, Aditya}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian classical musicians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]

Philautus microdiscus

2025-12-18T04:12:35Z

SuzetteEql: Started a data

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 9 December 2022">{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2022 |title=''Philautus microdiscus'' |volume=2022 |article-number= e.T58873A166107375|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/58873/166107375 |access-date=24 December 2022}}</ref>
| taxon = Philautus microdiscus
| authority = ([[Nelson Annandale|Annandale]], 1912)
| synonyms = ''Rhacophorus microdiscus'' Annandale, 1912<ref name="Annandale 1912"/>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=Frost/>
}}

'''''Philautus microdiscus''''' ('''Kobo bubble-nest frog''') is a species of [[frog]] in the family [[Rhacophoridae]]. It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[India]], only known from [[Abor Hills]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (in the region also claimed by China).<ref name=Frost/> This little-known species inhabits tropical moist lowland [[forest]]s.<ref name="iucn status 9 December 2022" />

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Annandale 1912">{{Cite journal |last=Annandale |first=Nelson |date=1912 |title=Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911–1912. I. Batrachia |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/1186 |journal=Records of the Indian Museum |language=English |volume=8 |pages=7–36 |doi=10.5962/bhl.part.1186|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/index.php//Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Philautus/Philautus-microdiscus |title=''Philautus microdiscus'' (Annandale, 1912) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2018 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2701149}}

[[Category:Philautus|microdiscus]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 1912]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Nelson Annandale]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]

{{Rhacophoridae-stub}}

K. R. Sambandam

2025-11-27T17:31:33Z

SuzetteEql: added basic details from scratch

{{Short description|Indian landlord and politician}}
{{No footnotes|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
'''Kidangal R Sambandam''', usually referred to as K.R.S was a landlord and prominent politician from Tamil Nadu, India. He has been elected as a Member of Parliament from the constituency of Nagapattinam belonging to [[Indian National Congress]]. He is a founder of Sambandam Higher Secondary School at [[Sembanarkoil]], [[Mayiladuthurai]]. Sambandam Higher Secondary School is located around 17 km from its district headquarters [[Mayiladuthurai]]. His school is a government-aided school providing education for village boys and girls in and around Sembanarkoil.

His residency is located at Poonthalai which is near to Thalaichangadu. His residence is situated around 19 km away from Mayiladuthurai.

He died a few decades ago.

==References==
{{reflist}}
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikiedit.org/India/Kidangal/228920/|title=Kidangal}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikiedit.org/India/Nagapattinam/-527/|title=Villages in Nagapattinam district}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://distancebetween2.com/nagapattinam/sembanarkoil|title=Distance between Nagapattinam and Sembanarkoil}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://distance4.com/distance/Nagapattinam/Thalachangadu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518083425/http://distance4.com/distance/Nagapattinam/Thalachangadu|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 May 2015|title=Nagapattinam to Thalachangadu distance}}</ref>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sambandam, K.R.}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:People from Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian landlords]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

E. N. Rammohan

2025-11-16T06:29:50Z

SuzetteEql: Creating

{{short description|Indian Police Officer}}
[[File:ENR-2000.jpg|thumb|E.N. Rammohan as DG BSF, 2000]]
'''Edavelath Nalamveetil Rammohan''' (20 November 1940 – 8 April 2018) was an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer of the 1965 batch. He retired as the Director General (DG) of India's [[Border Security Force]] (BSF).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/former-bsf-dg-rammohan-passes-away/article23474328.ece|title=Former BSF DG Rammohan passes away|newspaper=The Hindu |date=April 8, 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Rammohan was born in [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], to an educated Malayali family from [[Mahé, India|Mahe]] in the [[Malabar District|Malabar]] region of [[Kerala]]. His parents, N.P. Laxmanan and E.K. Radha, moved to [[Chennai|Madras]] (now Chennai) when he was three years old. His early school years were at Church Park Convent, Chennai, and he then moved to Christian College High School, Chennai. He finished school at 14 and went on to study a Bachelors in Science and a Masters in Zoology at Presidency College, Chennai. At college he played cricket and hockey, sports that he also enjoyed playing later at the National Police Academy. He also started practicing weightlifting, using the large grinding stones at home, typically found in South Indian kitchens.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/india/rambo-rammohan-no-more.html|title='Rambo' Rammohan no more|website=The Pioneer}}</ref>

== Career ==
While Rammohan was always keen to join the Indian Army, his father wouldn’t allow it and so he took up a job as a teacher and housemaster at Sainik School, Bhubaneshwar, in [[Odisha]] (then Orissa), where he worked for two years. Several of his students at this Sainik School went on to become senior Indian Army officers. While he was there he took the Indian civil services exam and qualified for the IPS (1965 batch). He chose to join the Assam cadre as he wanted a life of adventure and India’s north-east was a lesser-known region to him at the time. He began his career as SDPO (Sub Divisional Police Officer) Sibsagar and as Additional Superintendent of Police (ASP) Guwahati. In 1970 he went on deputation as the second-in-command of a battalion in the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] (ITBP).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Rammohan |first=E. N. |title=Simply khaki |date=2005 |publisher=Indialog Publications |isbn=978-81-87981-78-7 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Over the next couple of years he commanded an ITBP training centre. His stint also included doing courses on guerrilla warfare. He then came to ITBP headquarters in New Delhi. In 1976 he went to [[Meghalaya]] state as Superintendent of Police (SP) – [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]], based in [[Shillong]].<ref name=":0" /> In 1978 he went on deputation as SP, at the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] for the North East and in 1979 he had a second tenure as SP, Shillong.<ref name=":0" /> In 1981 he was posted as Deputy Inspector General (DIG), Northern Range (Assam), based in Tezpur. He held charge during a tense time of ethnic riots and during the 1983 Assam elections.<ref name=":0" /> In 1984 he went on deputation as DIG heading a [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] (SSB) training centre in Halflong, Assam, and later that year moved to Delhi as a founding member of the [[National Security Guard]] (NSG).<ref name=":0" /> From 1987-1990 he served as DIG at the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) for Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, based in Hyderabad, and returned to CBI headquarters in Delhi in June 1990 as Inspector General (IG).<ref name=":0" /> In November 1990 he went to Assam as IG Operations when President’s rule was imposed in the state. He worked closely with the Indian Army in counter-insurgency operations, including Operation Rhino.<ref name=":0" /> In February 1993 he went on deputation as IG [[Central Reserve Police Force]] for the North East and later that year, in June 1993, the government sought his services in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]], as IG BSF based at Srinagar.<ref name=":0" /> In 1995 he came to BSF headquarters in Delhi as IG Operations and Personnel and in December 1997 he was appointed DG BSF, a tenure he held for three years until his retirement in November 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/former-bsf-chief-en-rammohan-passes-away-at-77-legend-was-known-for-counter-insurgency-operations-4423187.html|title=Former BSF chief EN Rammohan passes away at 77; 'legend' was known for counter-insurgency operations|date=April 8, 2018|website=Firstpost}}</ref> During his tenure as DG BSF, the force also contributed during the [[Kargil War]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiasentinels.com/opinion/kargil-unrecognised-contribution-of-bsf-4452|title=Kargil War: Unrecognized contribution of BSF|first=India|last=Sentinels|website=www.indiasentinels.com}}</ref> Rammohan also led the BSF in its bi-annual border talks with Pakistan and Bangladesh during these years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/former-dg-bsf-e-n-rammohan-dies-at-77-1207686-2018-04-08|title=Former DG BSF E N Rammohan dies at 77|first=Manjeet|last=Negi|website=India Today}}</ref>

Post-retirement, he was advisor to the Governor of [[Manipur]] from June 2001 to March 2002. He advised the government of Manipur in various capacities on counter-insurgency and border management issues.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kaul |first=Guatam |date=13 April 2018 |title=He Led From The Front |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/he-led-from-the-front-e-n-rammohan-5135191/ |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2010 he was appointed by the Union Home Ministry to investigate the events leading to the attack and killing of [[April 2010 Maoist attack in Dantewada|76 CRPF jawans in Dantewada]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-former-chief-of-bsf-en-rammohan-dies-2602566|title=Former chief of BSF EN Rammohan dies|date=April 9, 2018|website=DNA India}}</ref> His report submitted to the Union Home Ministry has not been made public. He also traveled with a fact-finding mission of civil society organisations to Gujarat in the aftermath of the [[2002 Gujarat riots|Godhra Riots]].<ref name=":1" />

He wrote numerous articles and research papers on border management and counter-insurgency and spoke extensively at seminars and symposiums. He was outspoken in his views about the root causes of insurgency and how it could not have only a police or military solution. He spoke strongly in favor of the [[Scheduled Areas|Fifth Schedule]] of the Indian Constitution that protects the rights of tribal people in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SINGH |first=NATASHA |date=2017-04-28 |title="Sukma Repeat of Dantewada Mistakes, Solution Lies in the 5th Schedule For Tribal Rights": Former BSF Chief Rammohan |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/11/10546/Sukma-Repeat-of-Dantewada-Mistakes-Solution-Lies-in-the-5th-Schedule-For-Tribal-Rights:-Former-BSF-Chief-Rammohan |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=www.thecitizen.in |language=en}}</ref> He believed the denial of land rights and non-implementation of land-ceiling laws was one of the root causes of insurgency. Another reason he mentioned was the exploitation of tribal people, when it came to accessing forest produce or mineral rights to their land.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/farewell-rammohan-the-ex-bsf-chief-who-supported-tribal-rights-in-insurgency-hit-areas/47917/|title=Farewell, Rammohan: The tough top cop who supported tribal rights in insurgency-hit areas|first=Ananya|last=Bhardwaj|date=April 8, 2018}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
E.N. Rammohan was married in 1969 to K.M. Prema (Kalandi Maroli Prema). They had two children. Their son, Major K.E. Padmanabhan, was a pilot in the Indian Army Aviation Corps, who died in a helicopter crash during a casualty evacuation mission in Ladakh, on 15 August 2008. He was awarded a Sena Medal (Gallantry) for this mission.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=16 August 2008|title=Two army majors, jawan killed in helicopter crash|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/two-army-majors-jawan-killed-in-helicopter-crash/articleshow/3371185.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-12-06}}</ref> Their daughter, K.E. Priyamvada, is a publishing professional, based in New Delhi. She was the winner of [[Mastermind India]] in the year 2000, and is the author of several books.

== Publications ==
* ''Simply Khakhi'' (2005)
* ''Insurgent Frontiers: Essays From the Troubled Northeast'' (2006)
* ''South Asia and the Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism'' (2007)
* ''The Implacable Taliban, Repeating History in Afghanistan'' (2010)
* ''Countering Insurgencies in India: An Insider's View'' (2011)

== Awards ==
*President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service (1991)[https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/the-anti-muslim-hindutva-approach-of-the-bjp-in-kashmir-is-damaging/cid/1315530]
*ZEE TV – Ananya Samman for Lifetime Achievement (2010)[https://www.afaqs.com/media-briefs/47270_ananya-samman-2010]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rammohan, E.N.}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]

Dawkinsia exclamatio

2025-10-06T12:51:00Z

SuzetteEql: Stub - done

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = D exclamatio- Rahul Gautam.jpg
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{Cite journal | author = Abraham, R. | title = ''Dawkinsia exclamatio'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2015 | page = e.T172488A70084836 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2015 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/172488/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-1.RLTS.T172488A70084836.en| doi-access = free }}</ref>
| taxon = Dawkinsia exclamatio
| display_parents = 3
| authority = ([[Rohan Pethiyagoda|Pethiyagoda]] & [[Maurice Kottelat|Kottelat]], 2005)
| synonyms = *''Puntius exclamatio'' Pethiyagoda & Kottelat, 2005
}}

'''''Dawkinsia exclamatio''''' is a species of [[cyprinid]] [[fish]] found in [[Kallada River]], [[Kerala]], India where it occurs in areas with clear water with pebble and rock substrates. This species can reach a length of {{convert|8.3|cm|in}} [[fish measurement|SL]].<ref>{{FishBase |genus= Dawkinsia|species= exclamatio| month = April | year = 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3595137}}

[[Category:Dawkinsia|exclamatio]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Rohan Pethiyagoda]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Maurice Kottelat]]
[[Category:Fish described in 2005]]

{{Barbinae-stub}}

Vaartha Bhaarathi

2025-09-04T20:55:58Z

SuzetteEql: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Vartha Bharati]]

Pattanaje

2025-08-20T13:37:07Z

SuzetteEql: Started a pg!

{{Short description|Tulu celebration}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
'''Pattanaje''' (Tulu: ''ಪತ್ತನಾಜೆ/Pattanāje'') is a one-day celebration of the end of the festival season in [[Tulunadu]], India. The people of Tulunadu have their own religious and social deadlines for all kinds of festivals.<ref>Tulu Janapadada Acharaneglu, Bannanje Babu Amin, Kemmalaje Janapada Prakashana, 2015</ref> It is a fixed-day celebration which falls on the tenth day of the second solar month called Besha (Besha Patth) in the [[Tulu calendar|regional calendar of Tuluva]], generally on 24 or 25 May of each year.

==About==
[[File:Pattanaje.jpg|thumb|Pattanaje]]

As per the Tulu culture, annual chariot festivals, Nemotsava, folk ritual dances, [[Kambala]], [[Yakshagana]] and various other rituals are across Tulunadu resume in ‘Jarde’ month of the Tulu calendar and conclude in Pattanaje.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/lavalavk/languages/tulu/articleshow/35025902.cms|title=ತುಳು ಚಾವಡಿ- ಪತ್ತ್ ದಿನ ಕರಿಂಡ ಬರ್ಪುಂಡು ಪತ್ತನಾಜೆ!|website=Vijaya Karnataka}}</ref> Pattanaje is setting a deadline for celebration in Tulunadu. Pattanaje Rule is practiced in [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Udupi]] and [[Kasaragod]] and parts of Madikeri districts of state Karnataka. The annual festivals, special Parvas and festivals held in the Divine Temples are concluded on this day. The next three months is a break and there will be no Korikatta (Cock Fight), Boothakola, Car festivals, No special festivals are held in Tulunadu temples but only regular worship and everlasting sacrifice are held as usual.<ref>https://puttur.suddinews.com/archives/429049 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925044145/https://puttur.suddinews.com/archives/429049 |date=25 September 2022 }}, suddinews1, 24 May 2019</ref>

There are more than thirty folktales in Tulunadu. Some of them are run by different castes. These looms continue to run differently from Ati to Patanaje. {{lang|tcy|[[Ati kalenja|Ati kalanja]], Sonada jogi, sonada madimal, kaveri puruse, madira, mayita purse, mankali, marve, kanyapu, polsondi popini, moorle nalike, [[Siddavesa]], karaga nalike, kandakori nalike, [[Keddaso|Keddaso leppu]]|italic=no}}, etc. Out of there the role of women participation is includes {{lang|tcy|Madira, Sona Madimamal, Polsodi Pope, Moorle Nalike|italic=no}} etc.<ref>https://kannada.oneindia.com/news/mangaluru/today-is-the-pattanaje-for-tulu-custodians-last-day-of-the-year-religious-activities-118486.html, 24 May 2017</ref>

==Custom==
On the day of {{lang|tcy|Pattanaje, Guliga, Bairava|italic=no}}, and all other place of worship of a deity, Shrine of Bhuta, Serving rice and other edibles on a plantain leaf for appeasing special spirits. Most rituals of pattanaje are held outside of house mostly in {{lang|tcy|daivasthana, guligana katte|italic=no}},<ref>https://sullia.suddinews.com/archives/456303 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925044145/https://sullia.suddinews.com/archives/456303 |date=25 September 2022 }}, Pattanaje, Suddi Bidugade, 24 May 2020, Bharathesha Alasandemajalu</ref> bairavaa katte or just in front of spirit stone.<ref>https://bantwalnews.com/2017/05/24/pattanaje/, Thammayya, 24 May 2017</ref>

==Mugera Ritual==
On this day they offer {{lang|tcy|tambila|italic=no}} to the family deities. All the family gathered at their home. Married ladies must attend the event. They should bring one young hen which has not yet laid eggs and one kilo rice, spices and pepper should be brought. The eldest person called Kapada doing all the rituals and prayed to {{lang|tcy|kutumba daiva|italic=no}} that the daughters should not get into trouble.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==Gejje Bicchapuna==
All {{lang|tcy|yakshagana mela|italic=no}} around Tulunadu region take off their costume and keep safe aside for next term it will begin on Parbo ([[Deepavali]] Generally) it is called {{lang|tcy|Gejje Bicchapuna|italic=no}}.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Festivals of Tulunadu}}

[[Category:Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Culture of Tulu Nadu]]
[[Category:Culture of Mangalore]]