Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Treaty of Mungi-Shevgaon

2023-10-05T04:22:01Z

Sushrutksingh: New article

{{Short description|18th century treaty between the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Maratha empire.}}

The '''Treaty of Mungi-Shevgaon''' was signed on March 6, 1728, between [[Bajirao I]] of the [[Maratha Empire]] and the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Asaf Jah I]], in what is present-day [[Shevgaon]]. According to the terms of the treaty, the Nizam granted the Marathas the authority to collect [[Chauth]], a type of tax, from the six [[Subah|Subahs]] located in the Deccan region. Additionally, the treaty recognized [[Shahu I]] as the Emperor of the Maratha Empire, and in return, the Maratha Emperor agreed not to apprehend [[Sambhaji II]], who had allied himself with the Nizam against the Emperor.

{{Infobox treaty|name=Treaty of Mungi-Shevgaon|context=Signed to protect Sambhaji II of Kolhapur from the Marathas under Bajirao I and for the safe retirement of the Nizam's army.|date_signed={{Start date|df=yes|1728|03|06}}|location_signed=[[Shevgaon]]|signatories=* {{flagicon|Hyderabad State}}[[Asaf Jah I]]

* [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]][[Shahu I]]|parties=* {{flagicon|Hyderabad State}}[[Nizam of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]]

* [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] [[Maratha Empire]]|wikisource=Treaty of Mungi-Shevgaon}}

==Background==
The seeds of this battle date back to the year 1713 when Maratha king [[Shahu]] appointed [[Balaji Vishwanath]] as his [[Peshwa]], or Prime Minister.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Irvine |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC |title=Later Mughal |date=1971 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |pages=163 |language=en}}</ref> In 1724, [[Mughal]] control waned, and Asaf Jah I, the first [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], proclaimed independence from Mughal rule, thus establishing his own kingdom, which came to be known as [[Hyderabad Deccan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Briggs |first=Henry George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXxDAAAAYAAJ |title=The Nizam: His History and Relations with the British Government |date=1861 |publisher=B. Quaritch |isbn=978-0-608-34769-1 |pages=16–32 |language=en}}</ref>

The Nizam aimed to strengthen his province by curbing the increasing influence of the Marathas. He took advantage of the growing division within the Maratha Empire, as both Shahu and [[Sambhaji I of Kolhapur|Sambhaji II]] of [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]] claimed the title of King. The Nizam chose to support the faction led by Sambhaji II, which angered Shahu, who had also declared himself King. Additionally, the Nizam decided to stop the payment of [[Chauth]], which had been agreed upon by many landowners in the Deccan province to the Marathas, as per the arrangement made by the [[Sayyid brothers|Syed Brothers]] in 1719.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadkarnia |first=Rajaram Vyankatesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hM9AAAAMAAJ |title=The Rise and Fall of the Maratha Empire |date=1966 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |pages=179–180 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Irvine |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5VEAQAAMAAJ |title=Later Mughals |date=1922 |publisher=M. C. Sarkar & sons |pages=5–7 |language=en}}</ref>

== Campaigns of Bajirao and Nizam ==
[[File:Peshwa Bajirao vs Nizam-ul-Mulk movements in Palkhed Campaign.png|thumb|alt=Colour-coded map|Troop movements of Baji Rao I and Nizam-ul-Mulk before the treaty of Mungi Shevgaon]]
The battle strategy unfolded as Baji Rao's army retreated from the southern regions of the Maratha empire in May 1727. Shortly afterward, Shahu ended negotiations with Nizam-ul-Mulk regarding the restoration of the Chauth.<ref name=":0" />

Over the course of approximately six months, the Nizam chased Baji Rao's army in the [[Pune]] area. During this time, Baji Rao employed a series of tactical maneuvers, leading to the eventual encirclement and cornering of the Nizam's forces at Palkhed.<ref name=":1" />

Baji Rao and the Maratha armies were summoned back from their campaign in Karnataka. In May 1727, Baji Rao requested Shahu to terminate negotiations with Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I, who had proposed arbitration regarding the payment of Chauth and sardeshmukhi. Baji Rao then began the process of mobilizing an army.<ref name=":2" />

With the monsoon season concluded and the terrain favorable for the upcoming campaign, Baji Rao's forces advanced towards [[Aurangabad]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Grover |first=Verinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LiDAAAAMAAJ |title=Political Thinkers of Modern India: V.D. Savarkar |date=1990 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-253-5 |pages=20 |language=en}}</ref>

Following a skirmish near [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]], where the Marathas continued their strategy of avoiding direct confrontation with the enemy, Baji Rao, as expected, withdrew from the battlefield and redirected his forces toward [[Burhanpur]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrzuyqW1aRwC |title=Hyderabad Affairs |date=1883 |publisher=Talbot Bros. |pages=509–512 |language=en}}</ref>

Nizam-ul-Mulk's army initially pursued Baji Rao, but Baji Rao changed his course and moved westward into [[Gujarat]] from North [[Khandesh]]. Surprisingly, the Nizam-ul-Mulk decided to abandon the pursuit and instead headed southward toward Pune. Sambhaji II accompanied the Nizam during this movement.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Yosuf Hussain Khan |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77281 |title=Nizam Ul Mulk Asaf Jahi Founder Of The Hyderabad State |date=1936 |pages=188–190}}</ref> Upon learning of the situation, Baji Rao quickly moved toward Pune and arrived at the Nizam's camp. The Marathas then encircled the camp, effectively cutting off the supply lines to the Nizam's forces. The shortage of food supplies, caused by the Marathas surrounding Nizam's camp, played a crucial role in his decision to sign a treaty with them.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=New Cambridge History of India |url=http://archive.org/details/the-marathas-1600-1818-cambridge-history-of-india-vol.-2-part-4 |title=The Marathas - Cambridge History of India (Vol. 2, Part 4)}}</ref>

==The treaty==
Baji Rao and the Nizam initiated negotiations, during which Baji Rao proposed the retirement of the Maratha army in exchange for Nizam handing over Sambhaji II to him. However, the Nizam declined this offer and instead, they forged a treaty that granted the Marathas the right to collect taxes (known as Chauth) from the six Subahs of Hyderabad. This arrangement was made in order to safeguard their ally, Shambaji II.<ref name=":0" /> The Nizam of Hyderabad and [[Baji Rao I]] signed a peace treaty on 6 March 1728 at the village of [[Paithan|Mungi-Paithan]]. According to the treaty:

By the treaty of Mungi-Shivagaon, the Nizam agreed to make certain concessions to the Peshwa.

# [[Chhatrapati]] Shahu was recognised as the sole Maratha ruler.
# Marathas were given the right to collect Chauth and Sardeshmukhi of Deccan Subahs.
#
# The Marathas agreed not to capture Shambhaji II and allowed him to remain free.
# The balance revenue was to be paid to Chhatrapati Shahu.<ref name="auto"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Montgomery, Bernard Law. ''A Concise History of Warfare'', Great Britain: William Collins Sons, 1968, {{ISBN|1-84022-223-9}}, pg. 132
* Palsolkar, Col. R. D., ''The life of an outstanding Indian Cavalry commander - 1720-1760 the Peshwa.'', India: Reliance Publishers, 248pp, 1995, {{ISBN|81-85972-93-1}}.
* Paul, E. Jaiwant. ''Baji Rao - The Warrior Peshwa'', India: Roli Books Pvt Ltd, 184pp, {{ISBN|81-7436-129-4}}.

==External links==
* [http://historytelling.wordpress.com/maratha-pages/the-events/the-palkhed-campaign-1728/ Atul Sabnis' excellent article on the battle]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711163924/http://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=pseudowar&FileName=mogulempire Wars of the Mogul Empire]

{{MarathaEmpire}}

[[:Category:Conflicts in 1728|Palkhed]]
[[Category: Maratha Empire]]
[[:Category:1728 in India]]

Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal

2023-09-16T13:41:59Z

Sushrutksingh:

{{Short description|Inter State Bus Terminal in Cuttack, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal
| name_lang = en
| native_name = କଟକ ନେଟାଜୀ ବସ୍ ଟର୍ମିନାଲ୍
| native_name_lang = or
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = [[Inter State Bus Terminals|ISBT]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| address = Khannagar, [[Cuttack]] 753012
| borough = [[Odisha]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|20|31|25|N|85|47|17|E}}
| owned = [[Government of Odisha]]
| operator =
| bus_stands = {{Unbulleted list|Bus Bays - 117|Idle Bus Bays - 72|Emergency Vehicle Parking - 2}}
| bus_operators = [[Odisha State Road Transport Corporation|OSRTC]]
| bus_routes =
| connections = {{Unbulleted list|[[Mo Bus]]}}
| structure =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| disabled =
| code =
| zone =
| website =
| opened =  {{Start date|2023|09|16|df=y}}
| rebuilt =
| closed = 
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| map_type = India Odisha#India
| map_caption = Location in Odisha##Location in India
| map_dot_label = Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal (CNBT)
}}

'''Cuttack Netaji Bus Terminal''' or '''CNBT''', is a hi-tech bus stand currently being built by the Odisha Bridge and Construction Corporation (OBCC) over 14.95 acres of land in Khannagar, [[Cuttack]] at a cost of {{INR}}90.2 crores. A three-storey bus terminal building has been constructed over two acre land with numerous facilities in offing. The bus terminal is named after the illustrious son of [[Odisha]], [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Netaji Bus Terminal set to be unveiled by CM Naveen Patnaik on Sep 16|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2023/sep/13/netaji-bus-terminal-set-to-be-unveiled-by-cm-naveen-patnaik-on-sep-16-2614422.html|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cuttack's new bus terminal gives users airport-like feel|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/cuttack/cuttacks-new-bus-terminal-gives-users-airport-like-feel/articleshow/103545753.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref>

==History==
Chief Minister of Odisha, [[Naveen Patnaik]], laid the foundation for CNBT on the occasion of the 125th birth anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose on 23 January 2021.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cuttack: Naveen Pays Tribute To Subhas Chandra Bose; Lays Foundation Stone Of Netaji Bus Terminal|url=https://pragativadi.com/cuttack-naveen-pays-tribute-to-subhas-chandra-bose-lays-foundation-stone-of-netaji-bus-terminal/|work=[[Pragativadi]]|access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cuttack: Naveen Patnaik lays foundation of bus terminus, names it after Netaji|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/cuttack/naveen-lays-foundation-of-bus-terminus-names-it-after-netaji-in-cuttack/articleshow/80433466.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref> Chief Minister of Odisha, [[Naveen Patnaik]], inaugurated the bus terminal on 16 September 2023.<ref>{{cite news|title=Odisha CM Inaugurates Netaji Bus Terminal In Cuttack
|url=https://sambadenglish.com/odisha-cm-inaugurates-netaji-bus-terminal-in-cuttack/|work=[[Sambad]]|access-date=14 September 2023|date=16 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik inaugurates Netaji Bus Terminal in Cuttack
|url=https://kalingatv.com/state/odisha-cm-naveen-patnaik-inaugurates-netaji-bus-terminal-in-cuttack/|work=[[Kalinga TV]]|access-date=14 September 2023|date=16 September 2023}}</ref>

==Amenities==
===Operational===
* 40 KW Solar Panel System
* ATMs
* CCTV Surveillance
* Cloakroom
* Integrated Bus Management System
* [[Odisha Police]] Outpost
* Sewage Treatment Plant

===Commercial===
* Food Court: State-of-the-Art Aahaar Centre, Mission Shakti Café, 3 Cafeterias, Restaurants<ref>{{cite news|title=CNBT to have state’s first ultra-modern Aahaar centre soon|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2023/aug/07/cnbt-to-have-states-first-ultra-modern-aahaar-centre-soon-2602751.html|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref>
* Seating Area: 1,695 Seats
* Shopping: 32 Shops
* 8 Private Rooms, AC Dormitories, Infant Care Rooms
* Waiting Lounges

[[Category:Transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Odisha]]
[[Category:Bus stations in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

East of Kailash

2023-09-10T04:22:19Z

Sushrutksingh:

East of Kailash is a residential neighborhood in [[South Delhi]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=EAST OF KAILASH PHASE I Pin Code - 110065, New Delhi All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search SOUTH DELHI Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/delhi/south-delhi/east-of-kailash-phase-i-pincode-110065.html |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>

== Neighborhoods ==
Its neighboring areas are [[Kailash Colony]], Kailash Hills, Mount Kailash Apartments, [[Greater Kailash]], Lajpat Nagar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=East Of Kailash, New Delhi {{!}} East Of Kailash Map, Pros & Cons, Photos, Reviews and Property Insights |url=https://housing.com/east-of-kailash-new-delhi-overview-P4rre67ye409qjrdr |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=Housing |language=en}}</ref>

== Attractions ==
[[File:A_photograph_from_ISKCON_Radha_Parthasarathi_Mandir,_New_Delhi.jpg|thumb|Image of a sculpture of Krishna dancing on Kaliya Demon installed at ISKCON Radha Parthasarathi Mandir, New Delhi]]
Famous [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISCON]] Radha Parthasarathi Mandir is situated in this locality. The temple complex holds both the biggest printed religious book in the world as well as the Glory of India Vedic Cultural centre, a collection of engaging educational exhibitions, known as the "Astounding Bhagavad Gita".<ref>{{Cite web |title=About ISKCON Delhi |url=https://www.iskcondelhi.com/about-us/ |access-date=2023-09-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Districts of Delhi]]
[[Category:South Delhi district]]

List of Rajyotsava Award recipients (1971–1976)

2023-07-15T03:08:33Z

Sushrutksingh: THOTAMALA SANTHOSH KUMAR moved page List of Rajyotsava award recipients (1971–1976) to List of Rajyotsava Award recipients (1971–1976)

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Karnataka Rajyotsava Prashasti
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = Civilian award
| awarded_for =
| sponsor = [[File: Seal of Karnataka.svg|30px]] [[Government of Karnataka]]
| firstawarded = 1966
| lastawarded = 2020
| reward = {{•}}[[₹]]100,000/- {{•}}[[Gold Medal]]
| former name = Mysore State Award (1966–1972)
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 2400 (Awardees including Individuals & Institutions)
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner =
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner =
| website =
| previous = [[Karnataka Ratna]]
| next =
}}
The '''Rajyotsava Prashasti''' or ''' Rajyotsava Awards''',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.karnataka.com/profile/rajyotsava/|title=Karnataka Rajyotsava | Karnataka Formation Day|access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/karnataka-harish-hande-among-50-state-awardees/197777-60-115.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104021016/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/karnataka-harish-hande-among-50-state-awardees/197777-60-115.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2011|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18|access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/109120/rajyotsava-awards-162.html|title=Rajyotsava awards for 162|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Archive |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/31/stories/2010103162631000.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125172642/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/31/stories/2010103162631000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-25 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=National : 159 chosen for Karnataka Rajyotsava Award |access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> the second highest civilian honor of the [[Karnataka]] state of India are conferred annually by the [[Government of Karnataka|Karnataka Government]] on the occasion of the establishment of the state on 1 November celebrated as the [[Kannada Rajyotsava]].<ref name="rajyotsava">{{cite web|url=http://www.mphasis.com/newsroom/RajyotsavaAward.htm|title=Rajyotsava Award for Jerry Rao|work=Online webpage of Mphasis|publisher=Mphasis|access-date=2007-07-08}}</ref>

The awards are presented in [[Bengaluru]] by the [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]] on 1 November of every year. Each award carries an amount of {{INR}}100,000, a 20-gram gold medal and a citation.<ref>{{cite news|title=60 persons to get Rajyotsava award|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/60-persons-to-get-rajyotsava-award/article7807734.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2 April 2017}}</ref> In addition to that, the government has in the past, allotted commercial land for eligible awardees.<ref name="award">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/10/24/stories/2004102406660400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004074651/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/10/24/stories/2004102406660400.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 October 2008|title= 1,000 applications received|work=Online webpage of The Hindu|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=2007-07-08}}</ref>

==Recipients==
Between 1971 and 1976 the award was given to—<ref name="ರಾಜ್ಯೋತ್ಸವ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ">{{cite web|URL=https://karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State%20Awards/Rajyotsava+Awards/kn|title=ರಾಜ್ಯೋತ್ಸವ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಪುರಸ್ಕೃತರ ವರ್ಷವಾರು ಪಟ್ಟಿ|work=[[ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಸರ್ಕಾರ]]ದ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಜಾಲತಾಣ|language=kn}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:33%"
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:23%" | Recipients
! scope="col" style="width:17%" | Field
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1971
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | B. L. S. Murthy
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1971
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" |B. V. Nagesha Shetty
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1971
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | D. Govinda Das
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1971
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Sheru N. Pillai
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1971
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | A. C. Devegowda
| Education
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1971
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | L. Monteiro
| Education
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1971
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | J. S. Jeergi
| Education
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1971
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Iftikhar Ahmed
| Engineering
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1971
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Mohammed Hayaz
| Engineering
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1971
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" |[[M. Chinnaswamy]]
| Sports
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1971
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | N. Channakeshavaiah
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1971
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Girish Karnad]]
| Drama / Cinema
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1971
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | N. Hanumaiah
| Fine Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1971
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Annappa Gomanna
| Agriculture
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1971
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | R. Narasimhaiah
| Agriculture
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1972
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | K. Shama Iyer
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1972
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | M. Siddalingaiah
| Education
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1972
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Thitte Krishna Iyengar
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1972
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | N. Srinivasa Murthy
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1972
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Y. Subramanya Raju]]
| Fine Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1972
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | H. T. Sasnur
| Home guards
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1972
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | K. S. Shadaksharappa
| Medicine
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1972
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[K. S. Narasimhaswamy]]
| Literature
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1972
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | G. Narayana
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1972
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Honnaiah
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1972
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | T. Linganna Gowda
| Agriculture
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1972
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | B. T. Lakshminarayana Shetty
| Religious Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1972
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | G. Raghunath
| Agriculture
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1972
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Lakshmi Balasubramaniam
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1972
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Masti Venkatesha Iyengar]]
| Literature
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | K. Ananthasubba Rao
| Research
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Yenagi Balappa
| Drama
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Kusthi Basappa
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Chikkahanumanthaiah
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Narendra Singh
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | V. R. Naidu
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | R. S. Naidu
| Fine Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | M. Nanjundaiah
| Fine Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | P. L. Bankapur
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Basavaraj Kattimani]]
| Literature
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Benjamin Isaac
| Medicine
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Manikyam
| Medicine
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | B. P. Mallaraj Urs
| Education
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | M. Muddubhyrappa
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]
| Cinema
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | M. G. Vijayasarathy
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | S. R. Ganiger
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | G. P. Shivaram
| Education
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | H. Srikantaiah
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Sattar Abbashet
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1973
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Neelamma Kadambi
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1974
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Agram Rangayya
| Journalism
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1974
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | M. R. Acharya
| Engineering
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1974
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | K. C. Nayak
| Agriculture
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1974
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | G. V. Narayana Reddy
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1974
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | S. V. Parameshwara Bhatta
| Education
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1974
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Bangalore Puttaiya Radhakrishna|B. P. Radhakrishna]]
| Geology
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1974
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | M. Shivaram
| Literature
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1974
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Padmavathi Bai
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1974
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Rahamat Baig
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1974
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | M. N. Varadarajulu
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1974
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Suleiman Quasim
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1975
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | T. Anantarama Shetty
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1975
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | B. N. Gupta
| Literature
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1975
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | M. Gopal
| Journalism
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1975
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | H. M. Gangadharaiah
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1975
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[P. R. Thippeswamy]]
| Fine Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1975
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | K. S. Narendran
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1975
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | N. Bhadraiah
| Education
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1975
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | B. S. Ramappa
| Medicine
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1975
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[U. R. Rao]]
| Science
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1975
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | V. L. D'souza
| Education
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1975
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | G. Channamma
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1975
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | N. Chokkamma
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1975
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Mirza S. Moghul
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1976
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | K. S. Ramaswamy
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1976
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | K. R. Lingappa
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1976
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | K. Balasubramaniam
| Education
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1976
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | V. Ambla
| Medicine
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1976
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Shankara Deva
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1976
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | Mir Iqbal Hussain
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1976
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | G. N. Reddy
| Social Work
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1976
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | [[Patil Puttappa]]
| Literature
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1976
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | A. S. Lakshman
| Journalism
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1976
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | S. S. Kukke
| Fine Arts
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1976
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | R. Muniratnam
| Music
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1976
! style="text-align:center;" scope="row" | R. K. Suryanarayana
| Music
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Rajyotsava award recipients (1971-1976)}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award|1971-1976]]

Syed Azizur Rahman

2023-07-13T12:05:56Z

Sushrutksingh: Created an inspiring work.

{{Short description|Bengali politician}}
{{Use dmy dates}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Syed Azizur Rahman
| native_name = সৈয়দ আজিজুর রহমান
| native_name_lang = bn
| office = [[Chief Whip]] of the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1946
| term_end1 = 1947
| constituency1 = [[Bhola Island|Bhola South]]
| predecessor1 = Tofayel Ahmed Chowdhury
| successor1 = ''Assembly disbanded''
| birth_date = 1901
| birth_place = [[Borhanuddin Upazila|Batamara]], [[Bhola Island]], [[Backergunge District]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1956|1901}}
| death_place =
| party = [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]
| relatives = [[Razia Banu]] (sister-in-law)
| mainwidth =
}}
'''Syed Azizur Rahman''' ({{lang-bn|সৈয়দ আজিজুর রহমান}}; 1901–1956), also known by his [[daak naam]] '''Nawab Mia''' ({{lang-bn|নওয়াব মিঞা}}), was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] politician and a former [[Whip (politics)|whip]] of the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]].

==Early life and education==
Azizur Rahman was born in 1901 to an aristocratic [[Bengali Muslim]] ''[[zamindar]]'' family known as the [[Syed]]s of [[Borhanuddin Upazila|Batamara]] in [[Bhola Island]], which was then a part of the [[Backergunge District]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]]. The ''zamindari'' was established by his grandfather, Syed Turab Ali, after initially being gifted 360 acres of land in Bhola by Kalaraja, a zamindar of [[Ulania]]. Ali was originally from [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]], India and associated with its [[Karamat Ali Jaunpuri|Pir family]] but was stationed as a police constable in the greater Barisal region. Azizur Rahman's father, Syed Altafur Rahman, died when Azizur Rahman was nine years old. He was then brought up at the Agarpur Miyan Bari in [[Wazirpur Upazila|Wazirpur]], which was the home of his maternal grandfather. On his mother's side, Azizur Rahman was a descendant of [[Pathans in India|Pathan]] general Shah Muhammad Ashraf Jahan Khan.<ref name=bor/> He completed his studies at the [[Brojomohun College]] in [[Barisal]].<ref name=ruseli/>

==Career==
Aged only eighteen, Azizur Rahman began his career at the Bakerganj District Board and served as a member of the local board for three consecutive decades. He contributed to developing the infrastructure of the district and particularly involved in social work. He contested for the Bhola South constituency as a [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] politician at the [[1937 Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], losing to Tofayel Ahmad Chowdhury of the [[Krishak Praja Party]]. Azizur Rahman was elected to the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]] as a [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] politician for Bhola South constituency after defeating his rival [[Khan Bahadur Hasem Ali Khan|Hashem Ali Khan]] of the Krishak Praja Party at the [[1946 Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1946 elections]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.11657/page/n139/mode/2up|title=The Indian Year Book|editor=[[Stanley Reed (British politician)|Reed, Sir Stanley]]|year=1947|page=92|chapter=Bengal Legislative Assembly}}</ref> In the same year, he opened a [[langar khana]] in his own home, the Batamara Darogah Bari, where he distributed food for one month. Seeing his initiative, the government later opened langar khanas in different parts of the region.<ref name=ruseli/>

After the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1947, he became a parliamentary secretary. He served as the [[Chief Whip]] of the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]] for seven years.<ref name=ruseli/>

==Personal life==
His younger brother, Syed Mahbubur Rahman, was a [[government of Bangladesh|Bangladesh government]] secretary and the husband of politician [[Razia Banu]].<ref name=bor>{{cite book|title=বরিশাল বিভাগের ইতিহাস|language=bn|year=2010|author=[[Siraj Uddin Ahmed|Ahmed, Siraj Uddin]]|volume=1|publisher=Bhaskar Prakashani|location=[[Dhaka]]|trans-title=History of the Barisal Division}}</ref> Azizur Rahman's elder daughter married Captain Kabiruddin Ahmad (former deputy director of ports and shipping, BIWTA), the third son of [[Khan Bahadur]] Hemayetuddin Ahmad.<ref name=ruseli>{{cite book|author=Chowdhury, Ruseli Rahman|title=বরিশালের প্রয়াত গুণীজন|chapter=সৈয়দ আজিজুর রহমান (নওয়াব মিয়া)|publisher=University Book Publishers|location=[[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]|year=2006}}</ref>

==Death==
Azizur Rahman died in 1956.<ref name=ruseli/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Syed Azizur}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1946–1947]]
[[Category:People from Bhola District]]
[[Category:People from Jaunpur district]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi people of Arab descent]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi people of Afghan descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengalis]]
[[Category:Politicians from British India]]

Nuclear physics

2023-05-18T07:24:59Z

Sushrutksingh: Wrote an in-depth manuscript.

{{Short description|Field of physics that studies atomic nuclei}}
{{About|the study of atomic nuclei}}
{{Nuclear physics}}
'''Nuclear physics''' is the field of [[physics]] that studies [[atomic nuclei]] and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of [[nuclear matter]].

Nuclear physics should not be confused with [[atomic physics]], which studies the [[atom]] as a whole, including its [[electron]]s.

Discoveries in nuclear physics have led to [[nuclear technology|applications]] in many fields. This includes [[nuclear power]], [[nuclear weapons]], [[nuclear medicine]] and [[magnetic resonance imaging]], industrial and agricultural isotopes, [[ion implantation]] in [[materials engineering]], and [[radiocarbon dating]] in [[geology]] and [[archaeology]]. Such applications are studied in the field of [[nuclear engineering]].

[[Particle physics]] evolved out of nuclear physics and the two fields are typically taught in close association. [[Nuclear astrophysics]], the application of nuclear physics to [[astrophysics]], is crucial in explaining the inner workings of [[stars]] and the [[nucleosynthesis|origin of the chemical elements]].

==History==
[[File:Paul Nadar - Henri Becquerel.jpg|thumb|[[Henri Becquerel]]]]
[[File:Cloud chambers played an important role of particle detectors.jpg|thumb|Since the 1920s, [[cloud chamber]]s played an important role of particle detectors and eventually lead to the discovery of [[positron]], [[muon]] and [[kaon]].]]

The history of nuclear physics as a discipline distinct from [[atomic physics]], starts with the discovery of [[radioactivity]] by [[Henri Becquerel]] in 1896,<ref name=brm>{{cite book
|title=Nuclear and Particle Physics
|author=B. R. Martin
|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
|year=2006
|isbn=978-0-470-01999-3
}}</ref> made while investigating [[phosphorescence]] in [[uranium]] salts.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=Henri Becquerel
|title =Sur les radiations émises par phosphorescence
|journal=Comptes Rendus
|volume = 122
|pages = 420–421
|year=1896
|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780/f422.chemindefer
}}</ref> The discovery of the [[electron]] by [[J. J. Thomson]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Thomson|first=Joseph John|author1-link=Joseph John Thomson|title=Cathode Rays|year=1897|journal=[[Royal Institution|Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain]]|volume=XV|pages=419–432|url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedings15roya#page/418/mode/2up}}</ref> a year later was an indication that the atom had internal structure. At the beginning of the 20th century the accepted model of the atom was J. J. Thomson's [[Plum pudding model|"plum pudding" model]] in which the atom was a positively charged ball with smaller negatively charged electrons embedded inside it.

In the years that followed, radioactivity was extensively investigated, notably by [[Marie Curie]], a Polish physicist whose maiden name was Sklodkowska, [[Pierre Curie]], [[Ernest Rutherford]] and others. By the turn of the century, physicists had also discovered three types of [[radiation]] emanating from atoms, which they named [[alpha decay|alpha]], [[beta decay|beta]], and [[gamma decay|gamma]] radiation. Experiments by [[Otto Hahn]] in 1911 and by [[James Chadwick]] in 1914 discovered that the beta decay [[spectrum]] was continuous rather than discrete. That is, [[electron]]s were ejected from the atom with a continuous range of energies, rather than the discrete amounts of energy that were observed in gamma and alpha decays. This was a problem for nuclear physics at the time, because it seemed to indicate that [[conservation of energy|energy was not conserved]] in these decays.

The 1903 [[Nobel Prize]] in Physics was awarded jointly to Becquerel, for his discovery and to Marie and Pierre Curie for their subsequent research into radioactivity. Rutherford was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 for his "investigations into the disintegration of the elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances".

In 1905, [[Albert Einstein]] formulated the idea of [[mass–energy equivalence]]. While the work on radioactivity by [[Henri Becquerel|Becquerel]] and [[Marie Curie]] predates this, an explanation of the source of the energy of radioactivity would have to wait for the discovery that the nucleus itself was composed of smaller constituents, the [[nucleon]]s.

=== Rutherford discovers the nucleus ===
In 1906, [[Ernest Rutherford]] published "Retardation of the α Particle from Radium in passing through matter."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rutherford|first=Ernest|author-link1=Ernest Rutherford|title=On the retardation of the α particle from radium in passing through matter|journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]]|year=1906|volume=12|number=68|pages=134–146|doi=10.1080/14786440609463525|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1430810}}</ref> [[Hans Geiger]] expanded on this work in a communication to the [[Royal Society]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Geiger|first=Hans|author-link1=Hans Geiger|title=On the scattering of α-particles by matter|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society A]]|year=1908|volume=81|number=546|pages=174–177|doi=10.1098/rspa.1908.0067 |bibcode=1908RSPSA..81..174G}}</ref> with experiments he and Rutherford had done, passing alpha particles through air, aluminum foil and gold leaf. More work was published in 1909 by Geiger and [[Ernest Marsden]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 =Geiger | first1 =Hans| author-link1=Hans Geiger|last2=Marsden|first2=Ernest|author-link2=Ernest Marsden| title=On the diffuse reflection of the α-particles | year =1909 | volume=82| pages =495|number=557|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society A]] | doi=10.1098/rspa.1909.0054 |bibcode=1909RSPSA..82..495G}}</ref> and [[Geiger–Marsden experiments|further greatly expanded work was published in 1910 by Geiger]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Geiger|first=Hans|author-link1=Hans Geiger|title=The scattering of the α-particles by matter|year=1910|volume=83|number=565|pages=492–504|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society A]]|doi=10.1098/rspa.1910.0038|bibcode=1910RSPSA..83..492G}}</ref> In 1911–1912 Rutherford went before the Royal Society to explain the experiments and propound the new theory of the atomic nucleus as we now understand it.

Published in 1909,<ref>
H. Geiger and E. Marsden, PM, 25, 604 1913, ''citing'', H. Geiger and E. Marsden, Roy. Soc. Proc. vol. LXXXII. p. 495 (1909), in, [http://www.physics.utah.edu/~lebohec/P5110/Material/geiger_marsden_1913.pdf The Laws of Deflexion of α Particles Through Large Angles \\ H. Geiger and E. Marsden] (1913), (published subsequently online by - physics.utah.edu ([[University of Utah]])) Retrieved June 13, 2021 (p.1):"..In an earlier paper, however, we pointed out that α particles are sometimes turned through very large angles..."(p.2):"..Professor Rutherford has recently developed a theory to account for the scattering of α particles through these large angles, the assumption being that the deflexions are the result of an intimate encounter of an α particle with a single atom of the matter traversed. In this theory an atom is supposed to consist of a strong positive or negative central charge concentrated within a sphere of less than about 3 × 10−12 cm. radius, and surrounded by electricity of the opposite sigh distributed throughout the remainder of the atom of about 10−8 cm. radius..."</ref> with the eventual classical analysis by Rutherford published May 1911,<ref name=Radvanyi>{{cite journal |last1=Radvanyi |first1=Pierre |year=2011 |title=Physics and Radioactivity after the Discovery of Polonium and Radium |url=http://publications.iupac.org/publications/ci/2011/3301/8_radvanyi.html |access-date=13 June 2021 |format=electronic|journal=Chemistry International |language=English|location=online |publisher=[[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]]|publication-date=January–February 2011 |volume=33 |issue=1 |quote="..Geiger and an English-New Zealand student, E. Marsden, to study their scattering through thin metallic foils. In 1909, the two physicists observe that some alpha-particles are scattered backwards by thin platinum or gold foils (Geiger 1909)...It takes Rutherford one and a half years to understand this result. In 1911, he concludes that the atom contains a very small 'nucleus'..." }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
| url = https://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-1911/Rutherford-1911.html
| last1 = Rutherford F.R.S.
|first1 = E.
| title = The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom
| date = May 1911
| journal = Philosophical Magazine
| series = 6
| volume = 21 May 1911
| pages = 669–688
|archive-url=
|archive-date=
| accessdate = 13 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rutherford |first1=E. |title=LXXIX. The scattering of α and β particles by matter and the structure of the atom |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |volume=21 |issue=125 |pages=669–688 |doi=10.1080/14786440508637080}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.fnal.gov/pub/inquiring/timeline/03.html
| title = 1911 John Ratcliffe and Ernest Rutherford (smoking) at the Cavendish Laboratory...
| publisher=[[Fermilab]]
|archive-url=
|archive-date=
| accessdate = 13 June 2021}}"..that would become a classic technique of particle physics..."</ref> the key preemptive experiment was performed during 1909,<ref name=Radvanyi/><ref>
*{{cite web
|url=https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/rutherford/
|last1=Davidson
|first1= Michael W
|department=micro.magnet.
|website=micro.magnet.fsu.edu
|publisher=[[Florida State University]]
|title=The Rutherford Experiment
|location=[[Florida State]]
|access-date=13 June 2021
|url-status=live
|archive-url=
|archive-date=
}} "experiment was conducted 1911"
*{{cite web
| url =https://cerncourier.com/a/rutherford-transmutation-and-the-proton/
| title = CULTURE AND HISTORY FEATURE Rutherford, transmutation and the proton 8 May 2019 The events leading to Ernest Rutherford's discovery of the proton, published in 1919.
| work =[[CERN Courier]]
| date = 8 May 2019
| publisher = [[IOP Publishing]]
|archive-url=
|archive-date=
| accessdate = 13 June 2021}}"...1909...a couple of years later..."
*{{cite journal
| url = https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200605/history.cfm
| title = This Month in Physics History: May, 1911: Rutherford and the Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus
|volume = 15
|issue = 5
| journal =[[APS News]]
|archive-url=
|archive-date=
| accessdate = 13 June 2021}}"..1909..published - 1911.."
*{{cite web
| url =http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/212_spring2005.web.dir/ashley_anderson/atomic_timeline.html
| author =Anderson, Ashley
| title = Timeline
| publisher= University of Alaska-Fairbanks
|archive-url=
|archive-date=
| accessdate = 13 June 2021}} "1911 performed "
*1911 discovers:
**Leonard, P. and Gehrels, N. (November 28, 2009) [https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/history/ A History of Gamma-Ray Astronomy Including Related Discoveries] [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] [[Goddard Space Flight Center]]: [[High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center]] (HEASARC), Retrieved 13 June 2021
**Rizvi, Eram - [http://pprc.qmul.ac.uk/~rizvi/Talks/Lecture1.pdf Quantum Mechanics and Particle Scattering Lecture 1], p.9, pprc.qmul.ac.uk [[Queen Mary University London]]: School of Physics and Astronomy - Particle Physics Research Centre, Retrieved 13 June 2021 "..by Rutherford.."
*[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1908/rutherford/biographical/ rutherford/biographical], [[Nobel Prize]], "..In 1910, his investigations into the scattering of alpha rays and the nature of the inner structure of the atom which caused such scattering led to the postulation of his concept of the 'nucleus'..."
*{{cite web
| url = https://spark.iop.org/collections/case-studies-history-physics
| title = Case studies from the history of physics
| publisher=[[Institute of Physics]]
|archive-url=
|archive-date=
|quote = "..It is suggested that, in 1910, the 'plum pudding model' was suddenly overturned by Rutherford's experiment. In fact, Rutherford had already formulated the nuclear model of the atom before the experiment was carried out.."
| accessdate = 13 June 2021}}</ref><ref name=Jariskog>{{cite web
| url = https://cds.cern.ch/record/1734171/files/vol48-issue10-p019-e.pdf
| title = ANNIVERSARY The nucleus and more
| last1= Jariskog
| first1 = Cecilia
| date = December 2008
| year = 2008
| magazine= [[CERN Courrier]]
| volume = 48
| issue = 10
| page = 21
|archive-url=
|archive-date=
| quote = ".. in 1911, Rutherford writes: "I have been working recently on scattering of alpha and beta particles and have devised a new atom to explain the results.."
| accessdate = 13 June 2021}}</ref><ref name=Godenko>{{cite book |last1=Godenko |first1=Lyudmila |title=The Making of the Atomic Bomb |url=https://cuny.manifoldapp.org/read/he-making-of-the-atomic-bomb/section/21c33a72-ee12-4198-a0cd-0b618a14b5ff#topic-4-the-nuclear-atom-1911-1920.-alpha-scattering-and-the-discovery-of-the-nucleus.-nuclear-sizes-vs-atomic-sizes.-niels-bohr-and-the-structure-of-the-nuclear-atom.-moseleys-work-with-x-rays-and-the-significance-of-the-atomic-number. |format=E-Book |publisher=cuny.manifoldapp.org CUNY's Manifold ([[City University of New York]])|archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=13 June 2021 |quote="The discovery for which Rutherford is most famous is that atoms have nuclei; ...had its beginnings in 1909...Geiger and Marsden published their anomalous result in July, 1909...The first public announcement of this new model of atomic structure seems to have been made on March 7, 1911, when Rutherford addressed the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society;..."}}</ref> at the [[University of Manchester]]. Ernest Rutherford's assistant, Professor <ref name=Godenko/> Johannes <ref name=Jariskog/> "Hans" Geiger, and an undergraduate, Marsden,<ref name=Godenko/> performed an [[Geiger–Marsden experiment|experiment in which Geiger and Marsden]] under Rutherford's supervision fired alpha particles ([[Helium-4 nucleus|helium 4 nuclei]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Watkins |first=Thayer |title=San José State University applet-magic.com Thayer Watkins Silicon Valley & Tornado Alley USA The Structure and Binding Energy of the Alpha Particle, the Helium 4 Nucleus |access-date=14 June 2021 |url=https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/He4.htm |publisher=[[San Jose University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130165819/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/He4.htm |archive-date=30 January 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) at a thin film of [[gold]] foil. The [[plum pudding model]] had predicted that the alpha particles should come out of the foil with their trajectories being at most slightly bent. But Rutherford instructed his team to look for something that shocked him to observe: a few particles were scattered through large angles, even completely backwards in some cases. He likened it to firing a [[bullet]] at tissue paper and having it bounce off. The discovery, with Rutherford's analysis of the data in 1911, led to the Rutherford model of the atom, in which the atom had a very small, very dense [[Atomic nucleus|nucleus]] containing most of its mass, and consisting of heavy positively charged particles with embedded electrons in order to balance out the charge (since the neutron was unknown). As an example, in this model (which is not the modern one) nitrogen-14 consisted of a nucleus with 14 protons and 7 electrons (21 total particles) and the nucleus was surrounded by 7 more orbiting electrons.

===Eddington and stellar nuclear fusion===
Around 1920, [[Arthur Eddington]] anticipated the discovery and mechanism of [[nuclear fusion]] processes in [[star]]s, in his paper ''The Internal Constitution of the Stars''.<ref name=eddington>{{cite journal |last=Eddington |first=A. S. |title=The Internal Constitution of the Stars |journal=The Scientific Monthly |volume=11 |issue=4 |year=1920 |pages=297–303 |jstor=6491|bibcode=1920SciMo..11..297E }}</ref><ref name=eddington2>{{cite journal|bibcode=1916MNRAS..77...16E|title=On the radiative equilibrium of the stars|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=77|pages=16–35|last1=Eddington|first1=A. S.|year=1916|doi=10.1093/mnras/77.1.16}}</ref> At that time, the source of stellar energy was a complete mystery; Eddington correctly speculated that the source was [[nuclear fusion|fusion]] of hydrogen into helium, liberating enormous energy according to Einstein's equation ''[[Mass–energy equivalence|E = mc2]]''. This was a particularly remarkable development since at that time fusion and thermonuclear energy, and even that stars are largely composed of [[hydrogen]] (see [[metallicity]]), had not yet been discovered.

===Studies of nuclear spin===
The Rutherford model worked quite well until studies of [[Spin (physics)|nuclear spin]] were carried out by [[Franco Rasetti]] at the [[California Institute of Technology]] in 1929. By 1925 it was known that protons{{citation needed}} and electrons each had a spin of {{frac|±|1|2}}. In the Rutherford model of nitrogen-14, 20 of the total 21 nuclear particles should have paired up to cancel each other's spin, and the final odd particle should have left the nucleus with a net spin of {{frac|1|2}}. Rasetti discovered, however, that nitrogen-14 had a spin of 1.

=== James Chadwick discovers the neutron ===
{{Main|Discovery of the neutron}}
In 1932 Chadwick realized that radiation that had been observed by [[Walther Bothe]], [[Herbert Becker (physicist)|Herbert Becker]], [[Irène Joliot-Curie|Irène]] and [[Frédéric Joliot-Curie]] was actually due to a neutral particle of about the same mass as the proton, that he called the [[neutron]] (following a suggestion from Rutherford about the need for such a particle).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chadwick|first=James|author-link1=James Chadwick|title=The existence of a neutron|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society A]]|year=1932|volume=136|number=830|pages=692–708|doi=10.1098/rspa.1932.0112 |bibcode=1932RSPSA.136..692C}}</ref> In the same year [[Dmitri Ivanenko]] suggested that there were no electrons in the nucleus — only protons and neutrons — and that neutrons were spin {{frac|1|2}} particles, which explained the mass not due to protons. The neutron spin immediately solved the problem of the spin of nitrogen-14, as the one unpaired proton and one unpaired neutron in this model each contributed a spin of {{frac|1|2}} in the same direction, giving a final total spin of 1.

With the discovery of the neutron, scientists could at last calculate what fraction of [[binding energy]] each nucleus had, by comparing the nuclear mass with that of the protons and neutrons which composed it. Differences between nuclear masses were calculated in this way. When nuclear reactions were measured, these were found to agree with Einstein's calculation of the equivalence of mass and energy to within 1% as of 1934.

=== Proca's equations of the massive vector boson field ===
[[Alexandru Proca]] was the first to develop and report the massive vector [[boson]] [[field equation]]s and a theory of the [[meson]]ic field of [[nuclear force]]s. Proca's equations were known to [[Wolfgang Pauli]]<ref>W. Pauli'', Nobel lecture'', December 13, 1946.</ref> who mentioned the equations in his Nobel address, and they were also known to Yukawa, Wentzel, Taketani, Sakata, Kemmer, Heitler, and Fröhlich who appreciated the content of Proca's equations for developing a theory of the atomic nuclei in Nuclear Physics.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1051/epn:2006504 |title=Alexandru Proca (1897–1955) and his equation of the massive vector boson field |first1=Dorin N. |last1=Poenaru |first2=Alexandru |last2=Calboreanu |journal=[[Europhysics News]] |volume=37|issue=5|pages=25–27 |bibcode = 2006ENews..37...24P |year=2006 |s2cid=123558823 }}</ref><ref>''G. A. Proca, Alexandre Proca.Oeuvre Scientifique Publiée'', S.I.A.G., Rome, 1988.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Vuille | first1 = C. | last2 = Ipser | first2 = J. | last3 = Gallagher | first3 = J. | year = 2002 | title = Einstein–Proca model, micro black holes, and naked singularities | journal = General Relativity and Gravitation | volume = 34 | issue = 5| page = 689 | doi=10.1023/a:1015942229041| arxiv = 1406.0497 | bibcode = 2002GReGr..34..689V | s2cid = 118221997 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Scipioni | first1 = R. | year = 1999 | title = Isomorphism between non-Riemannian gravity and Einstein–Proca–Weyl theories extended to a class of scalar gravity theories | journal = Class. Quantum Gravity | volume = 16 | issue = 7| pages = 2471–2478 | doi=10.1088/0264-9381/16/7/320|arxiv = gr-qc/9905022 |bibcode = 1999CQGra..16.2471S | s2cid = 6740644 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/s0920-5632(97)00399-x |bibcode = 1997NuPhS..57..259T |title = An Einstein–Proca-fluid model for dark matter gravitational interactions |journal = Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements |volume = 57 |issue = 1–3 |pages = 259–262 |last1 = Tucker |first1 = R. W |last2 = Wang |first2 = C |year = 1997 }}</ref>

===Yukawa's meson postulated to bind nuclei===
In 1935 [[Hideki Yukawa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yukawa |first1=Hideki |title=On the Interaction of Elementary Particles. I |journal=Proceedings of the Physico-Mathematical Society of Japan |series=3rd Series |volume=17 |pages=48–57 |doi=10.11429/ppmsj1919.17.0_48}}</ref> proposed the first significant theory of the [[strong force]] to explain how the nucleus holds together. In the [[Yukawa interaction]] a [[virtual particle]], later called a [[meson]], mediated a force between all nucleons, including protons and neutrons. This force explained why nuclei did not disintegrate under the influence of proton repulsion, and it also gave an explanation of why the attractive [[strong force]] had a more limited range than the electromagnetic repulsion between protons. Later, the discovery of the [[pi meson]] showed it to have the properties of Yukawa's particle.

With Yukawa's papers, the modern model of the atom was complete. The center of the atom contains a tight ball of neutrons and protons, which is held together by the strong nuclear force, unless it is too large. Unstable nuclei may undergo alpha decay, in which they emit an energetic helium nucleus, or beta decay, in which they eject an electron (or [[positron]]). After one of these decays the resultant nucleus may be left in an excited state, and in this case it decays to its ground state by emitting high-energy photons (gamma decay).

The study of the strong and weak nuclear forces (the latter explained by [[Enrico Fermi]] via [[Fermi's interaction]] in 1934) led physicists to collide nuclei and electrons at ever higher energies. This research became the science of [[particle physics]], the crown jewel of which is the [[Standard Model|standard model of particle physics]], which describes the strong, weak, and [[Electromagnetism|electromagnetic forces]].

==Modern nuclear physics==
{{Main|Liquid-drop model|Nuclear shell model|Nuclear structure}}
A heavy nucleus can contain hundreds of [[nucleon]]s. This means that with some approximation it can be treated as a [[Newtonian mechanics|classical system]], rather than a [[quantum mechanics|quantum-mechanical]] one. In the resulting [[liquid-drop model]],<ref>J.M.Blatt and V.F.Weisskopf, Theoretical Nuclear Physics, Springer, 1979, VII.5</ref> the nucleus has an energy that arises partly from [[surface tension]] and partly from electrical repulsion of the protons. The liquid-drop model is able to reproduce many features of nuclei, including the general trend of [[binding energy]] with respect to mass number, as well as the phenomenon of [[nuclear fission]].

Superimposed on this classical picture, however, are quantum-mechanical effects, which can be described using the [[nuclear shell model]], developed in large part by [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.75.1969|title = On Closed Shells in Nuclei. II|journal = Physical Review|volume = 75|issue = 12|pages = 1969–1970|year = 1949|last1 = Mayer|first1 = Maria Goeppert|bibcode = 1949PhRv...75.1969M}}</ref> and [[J. Hans D. Jensen]].<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.75.1766.2|title = On the "Magic Numbers" in Nuclear Structure|journal = Physical Review|volume = 75|issue = 11|pages = 1766|year = 1949|last1 = Haxel|first1 = Otto|last2 = Jensen|first2 = J. Hans D|last3 = Suess|first3 = Hans E|bibcode = 1949PhRv...75R1766H}}</ref> Nuclei with certain "[[Magic number (physics)|magic]]" numbers of neutrons and protons are particularly stable, because their [[Nuclear shell model|shells]] are filled.

Other more complicated models for the nucleus have also been proposed, such as the [[interacting boson model]], in which pairs of neutrons and protons interact as [[boson]]s.

[[ab initio methods (nuclear physics)|Ab initio methods]] try to solve the nuclear many-body problem from the ground up, starting from the nucleons and their interactions.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stephenson|first1=C.|last2=et.|first2=al.|title=Topological properties of a self-assembled electrical network via ab initio calculation|journal=Scientific Reports |volume=7|issue=1|pages=932|doi=10.1038/s41598-017-01007-9|pmid=28428625|pmc=5430567|bibcode=2017NatSR...7..932B}}</ref>

Much of current research in nuclear physics relates to the study of nuclei under extreme conditions such as high [[Spin (physics)|spin]] and excitation energy. Nuclei may also have extreme shapes (similar to that of [[Rugby ball]]s or even [[pear]]s) or extreme neutron-to-proton ratios. Experimenters can create such nuclei using artificially induced fusion or nucleon transfer reactions, employing ion beams from an [[particle accelerator|accelerator]]. Beams with even higher energies can be used to create nuclei at very high temperatures, and there are signs that these experiments have produced a [[phase transition]] from normal nuclear matter to a new state, the [[quark–gluon plasma]], in which the [[quark]]s mingle with one another, rather than being segregated in triplets as they are in neutrons and protons.

===Nuclear decay===
{{Main|Radioactivity|Valley of stability}}
Eighty elements have at least one [[stable isotope]] which is never observed to decay, amounting to a total of about 251 stable nuclides. However, thousands of [[isotope]]s have been characterized as unstable. These "radioisotopes" decay over time scales ranging from fractions of a second to trillions of years. Plotted on a chart as a function of atomic and neutron numbers, the binding energy of the nuclides forms what is known as the [[valley of stability]]. Stable nuclides lie along the bottom of this energy valley, while increasingly unstable nuclides lie up the valley walls, that is, have weaker binding energy.

The most stable nuclei fall within certain ranges or balances of composition of neutrons and protons: too few or too many neutrons (in relation to the number of protons) will cause it to decay. For example, in [[beta decay]], a [[nitrogen]]-16 atom (7 protons, 9 neutrons) is converted to an [[oxygen]]-16 atom (8 protons, 8 neutrons)<ref>Not a typical example as it results in a "doubly magic" nucleus</ref> within a few seconds of being created. In this decay a neutron in the nitrogen nucleus is converted by the [[weak interaction]] into a proton, an electron and an [[antineutrino]]. The element is transmuted to another element, with a different number of protons.

In [[alpha decay]], which typically occurs in the heaviest nuclei, the radioactive element decays by emitting a helium nucleus (2 protons and 2 neutrons), giving another element, plus [[helium-4]]. In many cases this process continues through [[decay chain|several steps]] of this kind, including other types of decays (usually beta decay) until a stable element is formed.

In [[gamma decay]], a nucleus decays from an excited state into a lower energy state, by emitting a [[gamma ray]]. The element is not changed to another element in the process (no [[nuclear transmutation]] is involved).

Other more exotic decays are possible (see the first main article). For example, in [[internal conversion]] decay, the energy from an excited nucleus may eject one of the inner orbital electrons from the atom, in a process which produces high speed electrons but is not beta decay and (unlike beta decay) does not transmute one element to another.

===Nuclear fusion===
In [[nuclear fusion]], two low-mass nuclei come into very close contact with each other so that the strong force fuses them. It requires a large amount of energy for the strong or [[nuclear force]]s to overcome the electrical repulsion between the nuclei in order to fuse them; therefore nuclear fusion can only take place at very high temperatures or high pressures. When nuclei fuse, a very large amount of energy is released and the combined nucleus assumes a lower energy level. The binding energy per nucleon increases with mass number up to [[nickel]]-62. [[Star]]s like the Sun are powered by the fusion of four protons into a helium nucleus, two [[positron]]s, and two [[neutrinos]]. The uncontrolled fusion of hydrogen into helium is known as thermonuclear runaway. A frontier in current research at various institutions, for example the [[Joint European Torus]] (JET) and [[ITER]], is the development of an economically viable method of using energy from a controlled fusion reaction. Nuclear fusion is the origin of the energy (including in the form of light and other electromagnetic radiation) produced by the core of all stars including our own Sun.

===Nuclear fission===
[[Nuclear fission]] is the reverse process to fusion. For nuclei heavier than nickel-62 the binding energy per nucleon decreases with the mass number. It is therefore possible for energy to be released if a heavy nucleus breaks apart into two lighter ones.

The process of [[alpha decay]] is in essence a special type of spontaneous [[nuclear fission]]. It is a highly asymmetrical fission because the four particles which make up the alpha particle are especially tightly bound to each other, making production of this nucleus in fission particularly likely.

From several of the heaviest nuclei whose fission produces free neutrons, and which also easily absorb neutrons to initiate fission, a self-igniting type of neutron-initiated fission can be obtained, in a [[chain reaction]]. Chain reactions were known in chemistry before physics, and in fact many familiar processes like fires and chemical explosions are chemical chain reactions. The fission or [[Nuclear chain reaction|"nuclear" chain-reaction]], using fission-produced neutrons, is the source of energy for [[nuclear power]] plants and fission-type nuclear bombs, such as those detonated in [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]], Japan, at the end of [[World War II]]. Heavy nuclei such as [[uranium]] and [[thorium]] may also undergo [[spontaneous fission]], but they are much more likely to undergo decay by alpha decay.

For a neutron-initiated chain reaction to occur, there must be a [[critical mass]] of the relevant isotope present in a certain space under certain conditions. The conditions for the smallest critical mass require the conservation of the emitted neutrons and also their slowing or [[neutron moderator|moderation]] so that there is a greater [[Neutron cross section|cross-section]] or probability of them initiating another fission. In two regions of [[Oklo]], Gabon, Africa, [[natural nuclear fission reactor]]s were active over 1.5 billion years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Meshik |first=A. P. |title=The Workings of an Ancient Nuclear Reactor |journal=Scientific American |volume= 293|issue= 5|pages= 82–91|url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=ancient-nuclear-reactor |access-date=2014-01-04 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1105-82|pmid=16318030 |bibcode=2005SciAm.293e..82M}}</ref> Measurements of natural neutrino emission have demonstrated that around half of the heat emanating from the Earth's core results from radioactive decay. However, it is not known if any of this results from fission chain reactions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Biello |first1=David |title=Nuclear Fission Confirmed as Source of More than Half of Earth's Heat |url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/nuclear-fission-confirmed-as-source-of-more-than-half-of-earths-heat/ |website=Scientific American |access-date=25 January 2023 }}</ref>

=== Production of "heavy" elements ===
{{main|nucleosynthesis}}
According to the theory, as the Universe cooled after the [[Big Bang]] it eventually became possible for common subatomic particles as we know them (neutrons, protons and electrons) to exist. The most common particles created in the Big Bang which are still easily observable to us today were protons and electrons (in equal numbers). The protons would eventually form hydrogen atoms. Almost all the neutrons created in the Big Bang were absorbed into [[helium-4]] in the first three minutes after the Big Bang, and this helium accounts for most of the helium in the universe today (see [[Big Bang nucleosynthesis]]).

Some relatively small quantities of elements beyond helium (lithium, beryllium, and perhaps some boron) were created in the Big Bang, as the protons and neutrons collided with each other, but all of the "heavier elements" (carbon, element number 6, and elements of greater [[atomic number]]) that we see today, were created inside stars during a series of fusion stages, such as the [[proton–proton chain]], the [[CNO cycle]] and the [[triple-alpha process]]. Progressively heavier elements are created during the [[stellar evolution|evolution]] of a star.

Energy is only released in fusion processes involving smaller atoms than iron because the binding energy per [[nucleon]] peaks around iron (56 nucleons). Since the creation of heavier nuclei by fusion requires energy, nature resorts to the process of neutron capture. Neutrons (due to their lack of charge) are readily absorbed by a nucleus. The heavy elements are created by either a ''slow'' neutron capture process (the so-called [[s-process|''s''-process]]) or the ''rapid'', or [[r-process|''r''-process]]. The ''s'' process occurs in thermally pulsing stars (called AGB, or asymptotic giant branch stars) and takes hundreds to thousands of years to reach the heaviest elements of lead and bismuth. The ''r''-process is thought to occur in [[supernova explosions]], which provide the necessary conditions of high temperature, high neutron flux and ejected matter. These stellar conditions make the successive neutron captures very fast, involving very neutron-rich species which then beta-decay to heavier elements, especially at the so-called waiting points that correspond to more stable nuclides with closed neutron shells (magic numbers).

==See also==
{{Portal|Physics|Nuclear technology}}
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Isomeric shift]]
*[[Neutron-degenerate matter]]
*[[Nuclear chemistry]]
*[[Nuclear matter]]
*[[Nuclear model]]
*[[Nuclear spectroscopy]]
*[[Nuclear structure]]
*[[Nucleonica]], web driven nuclear science portal
*[[QCD matter]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography==
* ''General Chemistry'' by Linus Pauling (Dover 1970) {{ISBN|0-486-65622-5}}
* ''Introductory Nuclear Physics'' by Kenneth S. Krane (3rd edition, 1987) {{ISBN|978-0471805533}} [Undergraduate textbook]
* ''Theoretical Nuclear And Subnuclear Physics'' by John D. Walecka (2nd edition, 2004) {{ISBN|9812388982}} [Graduate textbook]
* ''Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell'' by Carlos A. Bertulani (Princeton Press 2007) {{ISBN|978-0-691-12505-3}}

==External links==

*[http://www.aip.org/history/exhibits/rutherford/ Ernest Rutherford's biography at the American Institute of Physics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730205247/https://www.aip.org/history/exhibits/rutherford/ }}
*[http://dnp.aps.org American Physical Society Division of Nuclear Physics]
*[http://www.ans.org American Nuclear Society]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190526223700/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=science%2FNuclear+Physics Annotated bibliography on nuclear physics from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues]
*[http://www.nucleonica.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page Nuclear science wiki]
*[http://www-nds.iaea.org Nuclear Data Services – IAEA]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0054887 Nuclear Physics], BBC Radio 4 discussion with Jim Al-Khalili, John Gribbin and Catherine Sutton (''In Our Time'', Jan. 10, 2002)

{{Physics-footer}}
{{Particles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nuclear Physics}}
[[Category:Nuclear physics| ]]

USA Today

2022-10-01T20:37:43Z

Sushrutksingh: Developed an original article.

{{Short description|American national daily newspaper}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use American English}}
{{Use mdy dates}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = USA Today
| image = USA-Today-2-February-2017.jpeg
| logo = USA Today (2020-01-29).svg
| caption = Front page (February 2, 2017)
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founder = [[Al Neuharth]]
| publisher = [[Maribel Perez Wadsworth]]
| president = Maribel Perez Wadsworth<ref name="usatoday-about">{{cite web |title=About USA TODAY |url=https://marketing.usatoday.com/about |newspaper=USA Today |publisher=[[Gannett]]}}</ref>
| chiefeditor = Terence Samuel<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/2023/06/02/usa-today-gannett-editor-chief-terence-samuel/70282154007/ | title=USA TODAY names NPR executive editor Terence Samuel as editor-in-chief }}</ref>
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1982|9|15}}
| political = [[Centre-left politics|Left-leaning]]<ref>{{cite web |title=New Sources on the Political Spectrum |url=https://guides.lib.umich.edu/c.php?g=637508&p=4462444 |publisher=[[University of Michigan Library]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allsides.com/media-bias/media-bias-chart|title=AllSides Media Bias Chart|website=AllSides|accessdate=April 7, 2023}}</ref>
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| headquarters = 7950 Jones Branch Drive, [[McLean, Virginia]] 22108 (main) [[Geneva]], Switzerland (international edition)
| circulation = 159,233 daily
| circulation_date = 2022
| circulation_ref = <ref name="Gannet's 10-K annual filing">{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1579684/000157968423000014/gci-20221231.htm |title=Form 10-K|author=Gannett |website=Securities & Exchange Commission |access-date=March 10, 2023}}</ref>
| sister newspapers = ''[[USA Today Sports Weekly]]''
| ISSN = 0734-7456
| website = {{URL|https://www.usatoday.com/|usatoday.com}}
| dirinteractive =
| owner = [[Gannett]]
| generalmanager =
| publishing_city =
| publishing_country = United States
| readership =
}}

'''''USA Today''''' (stylized in [[all caps]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=About USA TODAY |url=https://marketing.usatoday.com/about |website=USA Today}}</ref>) is an American daily [[middle-market newspaper]] and [[news broadcasting]] company. Founded by [[Al Neuharth]] on September 15, 1982, the newspaper operates from [[Gannett]]'s corporate headquarters in [[Tysons, Virginia]].<ref name="TysonsMap">{{cite web |title=Tysons Corner CDP, Virginia |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/ |website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> Its newspaper is printed at 37 sites across the United States and at five additional sites internationally. The paper's dynamic design influenced the style of local, regional, and national newspapers worldwide through its use of concise reports, colorized images, [[Infographic|informational graphics]], and inclusion of [[popular culture]] stories, among other distinct features.<ref>{{cite news |title=Press Room: Press Kit |url=https://marketing.usatoday.com/about |newspaper=USA Today |publisher=[[Gannett]]}}</ref><ref name="garcia-usatoday1">{{cite web |last=García |first=Mario R. |title=USA TODAY turns 30: Part 1 |url=http://www.garciamedia.com/blog/usa_today_turns_30-part_1-looking_into_the_attic_for_those_early_sketches |website=García Media |access-date=January 10, 2022}}</ref>

With an average print circulation of 159,233 as of 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 25 US newspaper circulations in 2022: WSJ and NYT rank highest |url=https://pressgazette.co.uk/us-newspaper-circulations-2022/ |access-date=June 28, 2022 |website=Press Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref> a digital-only subscriber base of 504,000 as of 2019,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/02/20/gannett-fourth-quarter-earnings-beat-expectations/2916215002/ | title=Gannett 4Q print revenue declines but digital subscriptions spike | website=USA TODAY| date=February 20, 2019}}</ref> and an approximate daily readership of 2.6 million,<ref name="auto"/> ''USA Today'' has the [[list of newspapers in the United States|largest circulation of any newspaper in the United States]]. It has been shown to maintain a generally [[center-left]] audience, in regards to political [[persuasion]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://guides.lib.umich.edu/fakenews | title="Fake News," Lies and Propaganda: How to Sort Fact from Fiction | last=Desai | first=Shevon | date=March 30, 2018 | website=[[University of Michigan Library]]}}</ref> ''USA Today'' is distributed in all 50 [[U.S. state|states]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and [[Puerto Rico]], and an international edition is distributed in [[Asia]], [[Canada]], [[Europe]], and the [[Pacific Islands]].

==History==
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''USA Today'' was first conceived on February 29, 1980, when a company task force known as "Project NN" met with then-chairman of [[Gannett]], [[Al Neuharth]], in [[Cocoa Beach, Florida]]. Early regional prototypes of ''USA Today'' included ''East Bay Today'', an [[Oakland, California]]-based publication published in the late 1970s to serve as the morning edition of the ''[[Oakland Tribune]]'', an afternoon newspaper which Gannett owned at the time.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-09-29-9103140104-story.html | title=Paper Pursues Life After Debt | first=James | last=Warren | work=[[Chicago Tribune]] | date=September 29, 1991| url-access=subscription}}</ref> On June 11, 1981, Gannett printed the first prototypes of the proposed publication. The two proposed design layouts were mailed to newsmakers and prominent leaders in journalism for review and feedback.<ref name="garcia-usatoday1"/><ref name=timeline>{{cite news | title=USA TODAY Media Kit :: Press Room :: Press Kit :: Timeline | url=https://static.usatoday.com/about/timeline/ | newspaper=USA Today | publisher=Gannett}}</ref> Gannett's board of directors approved the launch of the national newspaper, titled ''USA Today'', on December 5, 1981. At launch, Neuharth was appointed president and publisher of the newspaper, adding those responsibilities to his existing position as Gannett's [[chief executive officer]].<ref name=timeline/><ref name="marking30">{{cite web|title=USA Today Is Turning 30, in Danger of 'Marking 30'|url=http://www.editorandpublisher.com/columns/usa-today-is-turning-30-in-danger-of-marking-30/|author=John K. Hartman|website=[[Editor and Publisher]]|access-date=October 24, 2016|archive-date=October 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050132/http://www.editorandpublisher.com/columns/usa-today-is-turning-30-in-danger-of-marking-30/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Gannett announced the launch of the paper on April 20, 1982. ''USA Today'' began publishing on September 15, 1982, initially in the [[Baltimore]] and [[Washington, D.C.]] metropolitan areas,<ref>{{cite web|title=HISTORY's Moments in Media: 38 Years of USA Today: What's Next for History's Most Successful National Newspaper?|url=https://www.mediavillage.com/article/historys-moments-in-media-38-years-of-usa-today-whats-next-for-historys-most-successful-national-newspaper/print/|access-date=September 10, 2021|website=www.mediavillage.com}}</ref> for a newsstand price of 25¢ (equivalent to {{Inflation|US|25|1982|fmt=c}}¢ in 2020). After selling out the first issue, Gannett gradually expanded the national distribution of the paper, reaching an estimated circulation of 362,879 copies by the end of 1982, double the amount of sales that Gannett projected.{{citation needed}}

[[File:USA Today Logo.svg|upright=0.8|thumb|left|Original logo, used from 1982 to 2012]]
The design uniquely incorporated color graphics and photographs. Initially, only its front news section pages were rendered in four-color, while the remaining pages were printed in a [[spot color]] format. The paper's overall style and elevated use of graphics – developed by Neuharth, in collaboration with staff graphics designers George Rorick, Sam Ward, Suzy Parker, John Sherlock and Web Bryant – was derided by critics, who referred to it as a "[[McWord|McPaper]]" or "television you can wrap fish in", because it opted to incorporate concise nuggets of information more akin to the style of [[television news]], rather than in-depth stories like traditional newspapers, which many in the newspaper industry considered to be a [[dumbing down]] of content.<ref name=timeline/><ref name="marking30"/><ref name="garcia-usatoday2">{{cite web|title=USA TODAY turns 30-Part 2—-A newspaper that influenced all of us|url=http://www.garciamedia.com/blog/usa_today_turns_30-part_2---a_newspaper_that_influenced_all_of_us|author=Mario R. García|website=García Media}}</ref> Although ''USA Today'' had been profitable for just ten years as of 1997, it changed the appearance and feel of newspapers around the world.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Psvlik|first1=John|last2=Mclntosh|first2=Shawn|title=Converging Media|year=2016|publisher=Oxford|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-027151-0|edition=fifth}}</ref>

On July 2, 1984, the newspaper switched from predominantly black-and-white to full-color photography and graphics in all four sections. The following week, on July 10, ''USA Today'' launched an international edition intended for U.S. readers abroad, followed four months later on October 8 with the rollout of the first transmission via satellite of its international version to [[Singapore]]. On April 8, 1985, the paper published its first special bonus section, a 12-page section called "Baseball '85", which previewed the [[1985 Major League Baseball season]].<ref name=timeline/>

By the fourth quarter of 1985, ''USA Today'' had become the second-largest newspaper in the United States, reaching a daily circulation of 1.4 million copies. Total daily readership of the paper by 1987 (according to Simmons Market Research Bureau statistics) had reached 5.5 million, the largest of any daily newspaper in the U.S. On May 6, 1986, ''USA Today'' began production of its international edition in [[Switzerland]]. ''USA Today'' operated at a loss for most of its first four years of operation, accumulating a total deficit of $233 million after taxes, according to figures released by Gannett in July 1987; the newspaper began turning its first profit in May 1987, six months ahead of Gannett corporate revenue projections.<ref name=timeline/>

On January 29, 1988, ''USA Today'' published the largest edition in its history, a 78-page weekend edition featuring a section previewing [[Super Bowl XXII]]; the edition included 44.38 pages of advertising and sold 2,114,055 copies, setting a single-day record for an American newspaper (and surpassed seven months later on September 2, when its [[Labor Day]] weekend edition sold 2,257,734 copies). On April 15, ''USA Today'' launched a third international printing site, based in [[Hong Kong]]. The international edition set circulation and advertising records during August 1988, with coverage of the [[1988 Summer Olympics]], selling more than 60,000 copies and 100 pages of advertising.<ref name=timeline/>

By July 1991, Simmons Market Research Bureau estimated that ''USA Today'' had a total daily readership of nearly 6.6 million, an all-time high and the largest readership of any daily newspaper in the United States. On September 1, 1991, ''USA Today'' launched a fourth printsite for its international edition in London for the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[British Isles]].<ref name=timeline/> The international edition's schedule was changed as of April 1, 1994, to Monday through Friday, rather than from Tuesday through Saturday, in order to accommodate business travelers; on February 1, 1995, ''USA Today'' opened its first editorial bureau outside the United States at its Hong Kong publishing facility; additional editorial bureaus were launched in London and [[Moscow]] in 1996.<ref name=timeline/>

On April 17, 1995, ''USA Today'' launched its website to provide real-time news coverage; in June 2002 the site expanded to include a section providing travel information and booking tools. On August 28, 1995, a fifth international publishing site was launched in [[Frankfurt, Germany]], to print and distribute the international edition throughout most of Europe.<ref name=timeline/>

On October 4, 1999, ''USA Today'' began running advertisements on its front page for the first time.<ref name=timeline/> In 2017, some pages of USA Today's website features [[Auto-Play]] functionality for video or audio-aided stories.

On February 8, 2000, Gannett launched ''USA Today Live'', a broadcast and Internet initiative designed to provide coverage from the newspaper to broadcast television stations nationwide for use in their local newscasts and their websites; the venture also provided integration with the ''USA Today'' website, which transitioned from a text-based format to feature audio and video clips of news content.<ref name=timeline/>

The paper launched a sixth printing site for its international edition on May 15, 2000, in [[Milan]], [[Italy]], followed on July 10 by the launch of an international printing facility in [[Charleroi, Belgium]].<ref name=timeline/>

In 2001, two interactive units were launched: on June 19, ''USA Today'' and Gannett Newspapers launched the USA Today Careers Network (now Careers.com), a website featuring localized employment listings, then on July 18, the USA Today News Center was launched as an interactive television news service developed through a joint venture with the On Command Corporation that was distributed to hotels around the United States. On September 12 of that year, the newspaper set an all-time single day circulation record, selling 3,638,600 copies for its edition covering the [[September 11 attacks]]. That November, ''USA Today'' migrated its operations from Gannett's previous corporate headquarters in [[Arlington, Virginia]], to the company's new headquarters in nearby [[McLean, Virginia|McLean]].<ref name=timeline/>

In 2004, [[Jack Kelley (journalist)|Jack Kelley]], a senior foreign correspondent for USA Today, was found to have fabricated foreign news reports over the past decade. Kelley resigned.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/20/us/usa-today-finds-top-writer-lied.html|title= USA TODAY FINDS TOP WRITER LIED|work=The New York Times|first=Jacques|last=Steinberg}}</ref>

On December 12, 2005, Gannett announced that it would combine the separate newsroom operations of the online and print entities of ''USA Today'', with USAToday.com's vice president and editor-in-chief Kinsey Wilson promoted to co-executive editor, alongside existing executive editor John Hillkirk.<ref name=timeline/>

In December 2010, ''USA Today'' launched the USA Today [[API]] for sharing data with partners of all types.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hamlin |first=Ethan |title=Introducing the Articles API |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/labs/post/2010/12/introducing-the-articles-api/1 |work=USA Today |access-date=January 10, 2022}}</ref>

===Newsroom restructuring and 2011 graphical tweaks===
On August 27, 2010, ''USA Today'' announced that it would undergo a reorganization of its newsroom, announcing the layoffs of 130 staffers. It also announced that the paper would shift its focus away from print and place more emphasis on its digital platforms (including USAToday.com and its related [[mobile app]]lications) and launch of a new publication called ''USA Today Sports''.{{citation needed}}

On January 24, 2011, to reverse a revenue slide, the paper introduced a tweaked format that modified the appearance of its front section pages, which included a larger logo at the top of each page; coloring tweaks to section front pages; a new [[sans-serif]] font, called Prelo, for certain headlines of main stories (replacing the Gulliver typeface that had been implemented for story headers in April 2000); an updated "Newsline" feature featuring larger, "newsier" headline entry points; and the increasing and decreasing of [[Nameplate (publishing)|mastheads]] and white space to present a cleaner style.<ref>{{cite news |last=Romenesko |first=Jim |title=USA Today tweaks include larger Page One logo | url=https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2011/usa-today-tweaks-include-larger-page-one-logo/ |publisher=[[Poynter Institute]] }}</ref>

===2012 redesign===
[[File:Miguel Vazquez from USA Today shows off their beautiful Metro App (6857362418).jpg|thumb|Miguel Vazquez from ''USA Today'' shows off the publication's Metro App, 2012.]]
On September 14, 2012, ''USA Today'' underwent the first major redesign in its history, in commemoration for the 30th anniversary of the paper's first edition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wolff Olins creates new USA Today branding | url=https://www.designweek.co.uk/issues/may-2012/wolff-olins-creates-new-usa-today-branding/ | first=Emily | last=Gosling | newspaper=DesignWeek | date=September 17, 2012}}</ref> Developed in conjunction with brand design firm [[Wolff Olins]], the print edition of ''USA Today'' added a page covering technology stories and expanded travel coverage within the Life section and increased the number of color pages included in each edition, while retaining longtime elements.<ref name="Hagey">{{cite news|title=USA Today Redesigns Paper, Website | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444709004577649682788312016| first=Keach | last=Hagey | newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=September 13, 2012 | url-access=subscription}}</ref> The "globe" logo used since the paper's inception was replaced with a new logo featuring a large circle rendered in colors corresponding to each of the sections, serving as an infographic that changes with news stories, containing images representing that day's top stories.<ref name="Hagey"/><ref name="garcia-usatoday5">{{cite web|title=USA TODAY turns 30-Part 5-Its First Major Visual Redesign |url=http://www.garciamedia.com/blog/usa_today_turns_30-part_5-its_a_new_look_for_usa_today--its_first_major_vis | first=Mario R. | last=García | website=García Media | date=September 14, 2012}}</ref>

The paper's website was also extensively overhauled using a new, in-house [[content management system]] known as Presto and a design created by Fantasy Interactive, that incorporates flipboard-style navigation to switch between individual stories (which obscure most of the main and section pages), clickable video advertising and a [[responsive design]] layout. The site was designed and developed to be more interactive, faster, provide "high impact" advertising units (known as Gravity), and provide the ability for Gannett to syndicate ''USA Today'' content to the websites of its local properties, and vice versa. To accomplish this goal, [[Gannett Digital]] migrated its newspaper and television station websites to the Presto platform. Developers built a separate platform to provide optimizations for [[mobile device|mobile]] and [[touchscreen]] devices. The Gravity ad won Digiday's Best Publishing Innovation in Advertising in 2016, thanks to an 80% full-watch user engagement rate on desktop, and 96% on mobile.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Atlantic is Publisher of the Year at the Digiday Publishing Awards |url=https://digiday.com/announcement/atlantic-publisher-year-digiday-publishing-awards/ |access-date=June 21, 2021 |publisher=Digiday }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rudy |first1=Melissa |title=Gannett Ramps Up Its Viewability Data as New 'Gravity' Ad Units Soar |url=https://www.adweek.com/performance-marketing/gannett-teams-moat-viewability-data-160048/ |access-date=June 21, 2021 |publisher=Adweek }}</ref>

Following the relaunch, the editorial team behind ''USA Today'' Investigations ramped up its "longread" article plans, following the success of the series ''Ghost Factories''. With differing platform requirements, ''USA Today's'' mobile website did not offer any specialized support for these multi-chapter stories. Nearing the end of 2012, more than one-third of ''USA Today''{{'s}} readership was browsing only using their mobile phones, and the majority of these users were accessing the mobile website (as opposed to the iOS and Android applications) with the newer, less-obtrusive advertising strategy. Gannet Digital designed, developed, and released the longread mobile experience to coincide with the launch of [[Brad Heath]]'s series ''Locked Up'', which won the [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]] Tom Renner Award in October 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=IRE Past Award Winners |url=https://www.ire.org/awards/past-award-winners/ |website=Investigative Reporters and Editors |access-date=June 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=USA TODAY Receives Top IRE Award, Three Gannett Sites Honored as Finalists |url=https://www.tegna.com/usa-today-receives-top-ire-award-three-gannett-sites-honored-as-finalists/ |access-date=June 21, 2021 |agency=Tegna }}</ref>

Gannett Digital's focus on its mobile content experience paid off in 2012 with multiple awards; including the Eppy for Best Mobile Application, the Mobile Excellence award for Best User Experience, the MOBI award for Editorial Content, and Mobile Publisher of the Year.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kats|first=Rima|title=Starbucks is 2012 Mobile Marketer of the Year|publisher=Marketing Dive|url=https://www.marketingdive.com/ex/mobilemarketer/cms/resources/mobilegends-awards/14499.html|access-date=June 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2012 Eppy Award Winners |url=https://www.eppyawards.com/stories/2012-eppy-award-winners,19 |website=Eppy Awards |access-date=June 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2012 Mobile Excellence Awards |url=https://mediaxawards.com/2012-mobile-excellence-awards/ |website=MediaX Awards |access-date=June 21, 2021 |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202237/https://mediaxawards.com/2012-mobile-excellence-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The ''USA Today'' site design was launched on desktop, mobile and TV throughout 2013 and 2014, although archive content accessible through [[search engines]] remains available through the pre-relaunch design.<ref name="poynter-gannettpresto">{{cite news| title=Case Study: Gannett's monumental task – A content management system for all |url=https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2014/case-study-gannetts-monumental-task-a-content-management-system-for-all/ | publisher=[[Poynter Institute]] | date=July 7, 2014}}</ref><ref name="garcia-usatoday6">{{cite web | title=It's a new website rethink for USA TODAY, too | url=http://www.garciamedia.com/blog/its_a_new_website_rethink_for_usa_today_too/ | first=Mario R. | last=García | website=García Media | date=September 17, 2012}}</ref>

===Mid-2010s expansion and restructuring===
On October 6, 2013, Gannett test launched a condensed daily edition of ''USA Today'' (part of what was internally known within Gannett as the "Butterfly" initiative) for distribution as an insert in four of its newspapers – ''[[The Indianapolis Star]]'', the ''[[Rochester Democrat & Chronicle]]'', the [[Fort Myers, Florida|Fort Myers]]-based ''[[The News-Press]]'' and the [[Appleton, Wisconsin]]-based ''[[The Post-Crescent]]''. The launch of the syndicated insert caused ''USA Today'' to restructure its operations to allow seven-day-a-week production to accommodate the packaging of its national and international news content and enterprise stories (comprising about 10 pages for the weekday and Saturday editions, and up to 22 pages for the Sunday edition) into the pilot insert. Gannett later announced on December 11, that it would formally launch the condensed daily edition of ''USA Today'' in 31 additional local newspapers nationwide through April 2014 (with the [[Palm Springs, California]]-based ''[[The Desert Sun]]'' and the [[Lafayette, Louisiana]]-based ''Advertiser'' being the first newspapers outside of the pilot program participants to add the supplement on December 15), citing "positive feedback" to the feature from readers and advertisers of the initial four papers. Gannett was given permission from the [[Alliance for Audited Media]] to count the circulation figures from the syndicated local insert with the total circulation count for the flagship national edition of ''USA Today''.<ref name="Gannett">{{cite news | title=Gannett to distribute USA TODAY edition to 35 papers | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/12/11/usa-today-butterfly-expansion/3965309/ | newspaper=USA Today | publisher=[[Gannett]] | date=December 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Placing a bet on USA Today | url=https://archives.cjr.org/reports/placing_a_bet_on_usa_today.php | first=David Cay | last=Johnston | work=[[Columbia Journalism Review]] }}</ref>

On January 4, 2014, ''USA Today'' acquired the consumer product review website [[Reviewed (website))|Reviewed]].<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/usa-today-acquires-reviewedcom-112863219.html | title=USA TODAY Acquires Reviewed.com | publisher=[[PR Newswire]] | date=January 4, 2014}}</ref><ref name=timeline/> In the first quarter of 2014, Gannett launched a condensed ''USA Today'' insert into 31 other newspapers in its network, thereby increasing the number of inserts to 35, in an effort to shore up circulation after it regained its position as the highest-circulated week daily newspaper in the United States in October 2013.<ref name="Gannett"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Haughney |first=Christine |title=Gannett to Add USA Today to Local Papers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/business/media/gannett-to-add-usa-today-to-local-papers.html |url-access=subscription |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> On September 3, 2014, ''USA Today'' announced that it would lay off roughly 70 employees in a restructuring of its newsroom and business operations.<ref>{{cite news | title=USA Today Cuts 70 Employees From Newsroom and Business Staff | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/04/business/media/usa-today-cuts-newsroom-and-business-side-staff.html| work=The New York Times | date=September 3, 2014 | url-access=subscription}}</ref> In October 2014, ''USA Today'' and OpenWager Inc. entered into a partnership to release a [[Online bingo#Mobile Bingo|Bingo]] [[mobile app]] called USA TODAY Bingo Cruise.<ref>{{cite news | title=OpenWager and USA TODAY Partner to Launch New Bingo App | url=http://www.bingoreviewer.co.uk/bingo_blog/openwager-and-usa-today-partner-to-launch-new-bingo-app/10339/ | website=BingoReviewer | date=October 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/openwager-partners-with-usa-today-to-unveil-usa-today-bingo-cruise-277859211.html | title=OpenWager Partners with USA TODAY to Unveil USA TODAY Bingo Cruise | publisher=[[PR Newswire]] | date=October 2, 2014}}</ref>

On December 3, 2015, Gannett formally launched the USA Today Network, a national digital newsgathering service providing shared content between ''USA Today'' and the company's 92 local newspapers throughout the United States as well as pooling advertising services on both a hyperlocal and national reach. The ''[[Louisville Courier-Journal]]'' had earlier soft-launched the service as part of a pilot program started on November 17, coinciding with an imaging rebrand for the [[Louisville, Kentucky]]-based newspaper; Gannett's other local newspaper properties, as well as those it acquired through its merger with the [[Journal Media Group]], gradually began identifying themselves as part of the USA Today Network (foregoing use of the Gannett name outside of requisite ownership references) through early January 2016.<ref>{{cite press release | title=Gannett Unites Largest Local to National Media Network under 'USA TODAY NETWORK' | url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20151203005219/en/Gannett-Unites-Largest-Local-National-Media-Network | publisher=[[Business Wire]] | date=December 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Gannett introduces USA TODAY NETWORK, uniting local, national properties | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2015/12/03/gannett-introduces-usa-today-network-uniting-local-national-properties/76716562/| first=Roger | last=Yu | newspaper=USA Today | publisher=[[Gannett]] | date=December 4, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Gannett rebrands its local papers as USA TODAY Network | url=https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2015/gannett-rebrands-its-local-papers-as-usa-today-network/ | first=Rick | last=Edmonds | work=[[Poynter Institute]] | date=December 3, 2015}}</ref>

In May 2021, USA Today introduced a [[paywall]] for some of its online stories.<ref>{{cite web|title=No longer a holdout for free, USA Today launches a paywall and digital-only subscription plan|url=https://www.poynter.org/business-work/2021/no-longer-a-holdout-for-free-usa-today-launches-a-paywall-and-digital-only-subscription-plan/|access-date=May 27, 2021|website=Poynter|language=en-US}}</ref>

On June 16, 2022, it was reported that USA Today removed 23 articles written by journalist Gabriela Miranda after an inquiry related to one of her articles triggered an internal investigation and found that Miranda had fabricated sources on articles pertaining to the [[Texas Heartbeat Act]], Ukrainian women's issues due to the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion]], and an article on sunscreen. Miranda resigned.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mullin |first1=Benjamin |last2=Robertson |first2=Katie |title=USA Today to Remove 23 Articles After Investigation Into Fabricated Sources |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/business/media/usa-today-fabricated-sources.html |access-date=June 17, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=USA Today removes 23 stories over 'fabricated' quotes |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/06/16/usa-today-removes-23-stories-over-fabricated-quotes |access-date=June 17, 2022 |website=The Mercury News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=USA Today removes 23 stories after probe finds reporter apparently 'fabricated' quotes |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/usa-today-removes-23-stories-after-probe-finds-reporter-apparently-fabricated-quotes-1.5950148 |access-date=June 17, 2022 |website=CTVNews |language=en}}</ref>

==Layout and format==
[[File:USA Today cover page.jpg|thumb|Cover page used for February 5, 2009]]
''USA Today'' is known for synthesizing news down to easy-to-read-and-comprehend stories. In the main edition circulated in the United States and [[Canada]], each edition consists of four sections: News (the oft-labeled "front page" section), Money, Sports, and Life. Since March 1998, the Friday edition of Life has been separated into two distinct sections: the regular Life focusing on entertainment (subtitled ''Weekend''; section E), which features television reviews and [[TV listings|listings]], a [[DVD]] column, [[Film criticism|film reviews]] and trends, and a travel supplement called ''Destinations & Diversions'' (section D). The international edition of the paper features two sections: News and Money in one; with Sports and Life in the other.

Atypical of most daily newspapers, the paper does not print on Saturdays and Sundays; the Friday edition serves as the weekend edition. ''USA Today'' has published special Saturday and Sunday editions in the past: the first issue released during the standard calendar weekend was published on January 19, 1991, when it released a Saturday "Extra" edition updating coverage of the [[Gulf War]] from the previous day; the paper published special seven-day-a-week editions for the first time on July 19, 1996, when it published special editions for exclusive distribution in the host city of [[Atlanta]] and surrounding areas for the two-week duration of the [[1996 Summer Olympics]].<ref name=timeline/> ''USA Today'' prints each complete story on the front page of the respective section with the exception of the cover story. The cover story is a longer story that requires a jump (readers must turn to another page in the paper to complete the story, usually the next page of that section). On certain days, the news or sports section will take up two paper sections, and there will be a second cover story within the second section.

Each section is denoted by a certain color to differentiate sections beyond lettering and is seen in a box the top-left corner of the first page; the principal section colors are blue for News (section A), green for Money (section B), red for Sports (section C), and purple for Life (section D); in the paper's early years, the Life and Money sections were also assigned blue nameplates and spot color, as the presses used at ''USA Today''{{'}} printing facilities did not yet accommodate the use of other colors to denote all four original sections.<ref name="garcia-usatoday4">{{cite web|title=USA TODAY turns 30-Part 4-The first newspaper to do that tango of the serious and the silly|url=http://www.garciamedia.com/blog/usa_today_turns_30-part_4-the_first_newspaper_to_do_that_tango_of_the_serio|author=Mario R. García|website=García Media}}</ref> Orange is used for bonus sections (section E or above), which are published occasionally such as for [[business travel]] trends and the [[Olympic Games|Olympics]]; other bonus sections for sports (such as for the [[PGA Tour]] preview, [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA basketball tournaments]], [[Memorial Day]] auto races ([[Indianapolis 500]] and [[Coca-Cola 600]]), [[National Football League|NFL]] opening weekend and the [[Super Bowl]]) previously used the orange color, but now use the red designated for sports in their bonus sections. To increase their ties to ''USA Today'', Gannett incorporated the ''USA Today'' coloring scheme into an internally created graphics package for news programming that the company began phasing in across its television station group – which were spun-off in July 2015 into the separate broadcast and digital media company [[Tegna, Inc.|Tegna]] – in late 2012 (the package utilizes the color scheme for a rundown graphic used on most stations – outside those that Gannett acquired in 2014 from London Broadcasting, which began implementing the package in late 2015 – that persists throughout its stations' newscasts, as well as bumpers for individual story topics). Gannett's television stations began to a new on-air appearance that uses a color-coding system identical to that of the paper.<ref name=tvnc-newgraphics>{{cite news | title=Gannett Stations Clean Up Their Graphics| url=https://tvnewscheck.com/article/64783/gannett-stations-clean-up-their-graphics/ | first=Diana | last=Marszalek | website=TVNewsCheck | date=January 15, 2013}}</ref>

In many ways, ''USA Today'' is set up to break the typical newspaper layout. Some examples of that divergence from tradition include using the left-hand quarter of each section as reefers (front-page paragraphs referring to stories on inside pages<ref>{{cite web |title=Reefer, noun 3 |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/reefer|website=Dictionary.com}}</ref>), sometimes using sentence-length [[blurb]]s to describe stories inside; the lead reefer is the cover page feature "Newsline", which shows summarized descriptions of headline stories featured in all four main sections and any special sections. As a national newspaper, ''USA Today'' cannot focus on the weather for any one city. Therefore, the entire back page of the News section is used for weather maps for the [[contiguous United States|continental United States]], [[Puerto Rico]] and the [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]], and temperature lists for many cities throughout the U.S. and the world (temperatures for individual cities on the primary forecast map and temperature lists are suffixed with a one- or two-letter code, such as "t" for [[thunderstorm]]s, referencing the expected weather conditions); the colorized forecast map, originally created by staff designer George Rorick (who left ''USA Today'' for a similar position at ''[[The Detroit News]]'' in 1986), was copied by newspapers around the world, breaking from the traditional style of using monochrome contouring or simplistic text to denote temperature ranges.<ref name="garcia-usatoday2"/><ref name="garcia-usatoday3">{{cite web|title=USA TODAY turns 30-Part 3—A weather map that created a global tsunami|url=http://www.garciamedia.com/blog/usa_today_turns_30-part_3--a_weather_map_that_created_a_global_tsunami | author=Mario R. García|website=García Media }}</ref> National precipitation maps for the next three days (previously five days until the 2012 redesign), and four-day forecasts and [[air quality index]]es for 36 major U.S. cities (originally 16 cities prior to 1999) – with individual cities color-coded by the temperature contour corresponding to the given area on the forecast map – are also featured. Weather data is provided by [[AccuWeather]], which has served as the forecast provider for ''USA Today'' for most of the paper's existence (with an exception from January 2002 to September 2012, during which forecast data was provided by [[The Weather Channel]] through a long-term multimedia content agreement with Gannett).<ref>{{cite press release |title=AccuWeather Announces New Partnership With USA Today |url=http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/usa-today-accuweather-partnership/73810 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917022217/http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/usa-today-accuweather-partnership/73810 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 17, 2012 |website=[[AccuWeather]] |publisher=AccuWeather, Inc. }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | title=AccuWeather Chosen by USA TODAY to Help Deliver the News of the Future | url=https://www.accuweather.com/en/press/73792 | publisher=[[AccuWeather]] | date=September 14, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=The Weather Channel is Named Premier Weather Provider for USA TODAY | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/press-releases/2002-01-14/the-weather-channel-is-named-premier-weather-provider-for-usa-ii7ptfu8 | publisher=[[Business Wire]] | via=[[Bloomberg News]] | date=January 14, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AccuWeather celebrates 50-year anniversary| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/post/accuweather-celebrates-50-year-anniversary/2012/11/15/8c03d930-2f49-11e2-9f50-0308e1e75445_blog.html | first=Jason | last=Samenow| newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=November 15, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.statecollege.com/news/local-news/accuweather-commemorates-50-years-with-yearlong-celebration,1183951/ | title=AccuWeather Commemorates 50 Years With Year-Long Celebration | first=Laura | last=Nichols | website=The State College | date=November 19, 2012 | access-date=October 24, 2016 | archive-date=October 25, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025061329/http://www.statecollege.com/news/local-news/accuweather-commemorates-50-years-with-yearlong-celebration,1183951/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> In the bottom left-hand corner of the weather page is "Weather Focus", a graphic which explains various meteorological phenomena. On some days, the Weather Focus could be a photo of a rare meteorological event.

On Mondays, the Money section uses its back page for "[[Stock market|Market]] Trends", a feature that launched in June 2002 and presents an unusual graphic depicting the performance of various industry groups as a function of quarterly, monthly, and weekly movements against the [[S&P 500]]. On business holidays or days when bonus sections are included in the issue, the Money and Life sections are usually combined into one section, while combinations of the Friday Life editions into one section are common during quiet weeks. Advertising coverage is seen in the Monday Money section, which often includes a review of a current television ad, and after [[Super Bowl Sunday]], a review of the ads aired during the broadcast with the results of the ''Ad Track'' live survey. Stock tables for individual stock exchanges (comprising one subsection for companies traded on the [[New York Stock Exchange]], and another for companies trading on [[NASDAQ]] and the [[American Stock Exchange]]) and [[Mutual fund|mutual indexes]] were discontinued with the 2012 redesign due to the myriad of electronic ways to check individual stock prices, in line with most newspapers.

Book coverage, including reviews and a national sales chart (the latter of which debuted on October 28, 1994), is seen on Thursdays in Life, with the official full [[A.C. Nielsen]] [[Nielsen ratings|television ratings]] chart printed on Wednesdays or Thursdays, depending on release. The paper also publishes the [[Mediabase]] survey for several genres of music, based on radio airplay spins on Tuesdays, along with their own chart of the top ten singles in general on Wednesdays. Because of the same limitations cited for its nationalized forecasts, the television page in Life – which provides [[prime time]] and [[late night television|late night]] listings (running from 8:00 p.m. to 12:30 a.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern Time]]) – incorporates boilerplate "[[Local news]]" or "[[Local programming]]" descriptions to denote time periods in which the five major English language broadcast networks ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], [[NBC]], [[CBS]], [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] and [[The CW]]) cede airtime to allow their [[owned-and-operated station|owned]] and [[network affiliate|affiliated]] stations to carry [[broadcast syndication|syndicated programs]] or local newscasts; the television page has never been accompanied by a weekly listings supplement with broader scheduling information similar to those featured in local newspapers. Like most national papers, ''USA Today'' does not carry [[comic strip]]s.

[[File:USA Today building.jpg|thumb|left|''USA Today'' is headquartered in [[Tysons Corner, Virginia]].]]
One of the staples of the News section is "Across the USA", a state-by-state roundup of headlines. The summaries consist of paragraph-length [[Associated Press]] reports highlighting one story of note in each state, the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]], and one [[Territories of the United States|U.S. territory]]. Similarly, the "For the Record" page of the Sports section (which features sports scores for both the previous four days of league play and individual non-league events, seasonal league statistics and wagering lines for the current day's games) previously featured a rundown of winning numbers from the previous deadline date for [[Lotteries in the United States|all participating state lotteries]] and individual multi-state lotteries.

Some traditions have been retained. The [[news style|lead story]] still appears on the upper-right hand of the front page. Commentary and political cartoons occupy the last few pages of the News section. Stock and mutual fund data are presented in the Money section. But ''USA Today'' is sufficiently different in aesthetics to be recognized on sight, even in a mix of other newspapers, such as at a [[newsstand]]. The overall design and layout of ''USA Today'' has been described as neo-Victorian.<ref>{{cite web | title=After Modernism | url=http://formofnews.pbworks.com/w/page/13852307/Chapter%201%20%28part%205%29 | first=Kevin G. | last=Barnhurst | work=American Media in the XX Century: Chapter 1 (part 5) | publisher=University of Illinois at Chicago | year=2006 | quote=The mélange of styles and practices in printed and now web-based newspapers, although postmodern in terms of scholarly and design thinking, might more meaningfully be understood as neo-Victorian. The new styles, embodied most famously in ''USA Today'' and its clones, mark a return to the mystifying abundance of facts and stories that newspapers of the industrial revolution made visually present to readers.}}</ref>

Also, in most of the sections' front pages, on the lower left-hand corner, are "USA Today Snapshots", which give statistics of various lifestyle interests according to the section it is in (for example, a snapshot in "Life" could show how many people tend to watch a certain genre of television show based upon the type of mood they are in at the time). These "Snapshots" are shown through graphs that are made up of various illustrations of objects that roughly pertain to the graphs subject matter (using the example above, the graph's bars could be made up of several TV sets, or ended by one). These are usually loosely based on research by a national institute (with the credited source mentioned in fine print in the box below the graph).

The newspaper also features an occasional magazine supplement called ''Open Air'', which launched on March 7, 2008, and appears several times a year. Various other [[advertorial]]s appear throughout the year, mainly on Fridays.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://redesign.adweek.com/digital/usa-today-launches-open-air/ | title=USA Today Launches "Open Air" | work=[[AdWeek]] | date=December 10, 2007 | url-access=subscription | access-date=March 27, 2020 | archive-date=March 27, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327151553/https://redesign.adweek.com/digital/usa-today-launches-open-air/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/72444/gannett-to-launch-open-air-mslo-shutters-bluep.html | title=Gannett To Launch 'Open Air', MSLO Shutters 'Blueprint' | first=Erik | last=Sass | work=[[MediaPost]] | date=December 11, 2007}}</ref>

===Opinion section===
The opinion section prints ''USA Today'' editorials, columns by guest writers and members of the editorial board of Contributors,<ref>{{cite news | title=USA Today's Opinion columnists | url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/USA-TODAY-board-of-contributors.htm | newspaper=USA Today | publisher=[[Gannett]] | date=August 29, 2011}}</ref> letters to the editor, and editorial cartoons. One unique feature of the ''USA Today'' editorial page is the publication of opposing points of view; alongside the editorial board's piece on the day's topic runs an opposing view by a guest writer, often an expert in the field. The opinion pieces featured in each edition are decided by the Board of Contributors, which are separate from the paper's news staff.<ref name=debate>{{cite news | title=About USA Today Editorials/Debate | url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/USATODAY-editorials-debate.htm | newspaper=USA Today | publisher=[[Gannett]] | date=April 6, 2010}}</ref>

From 1999-2002 and again from 2004-15, the editorial page editor was Brian Gallagher, who has worked for the newspaper since its founding in 1982.<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.cision.com/us/2015/05/changes-at-usa-today-editorial-board/ | title=Changes at USA Today Editorial Board | publisher=[[Cision]] | date=May 15, 2015}}</ref> Other members of the editorial board included deputy editorial page editor Bill Sternberg, executive forum editor John Siniff, op-ed/forum page editor Glen Nishimura, operations editor Thuan Le Elston, letters editor Michelle Poblete, web content editor Eileen Rivers, and editorial writers Dan Carney, George Hager, and Saundra Torry.<ref>{{cite news | title=USA Today's Editorial Board | url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/USATODAY-editorial-board.htm | newspaper=USA Today | publisher=[[Gannett]] | date=April 6, 2010}}</ref> The newspaper's website calls this group "demographically and ideologically diverse."<ref name=debate/>

Beginning with the [[1984 United States presidential election]]'', USA Today'' had traditionally maintained a policy not to endorse candidates for the [[President of the United States]] or any other state or federal political office, which has been since re-evaluated by the paper's Board of Contributors through an independent process during each four-year election cycle, with any decision to circumvent the policy based on a consensus vote in which fewer than two of the editorial board's members dissent or hold differing opinions.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2016/09/29/donald-trump-editorial-board-al-neuharth-editorials-debates/91294382/ | title=Why we're breaking tradition: Our view | newspaper=USA Today | publisher=[[Gannett]] | date=September 29, 2016}}</ref> For most of its history, the paper's political editorials (most of them linked to the then-current Presidential election cycle) had focused instead on providing opinion on major issues based on the differing concerns of voters, the vast amount of information on these themes, and the board's aim to provide a fair viewpoint through the diverse political ideologies of its members and avoid reader perceptions of bias.

Such avoidance of doing political editorials played a great part in ''USA Today''{{'s}} long-standing reputation for "fluff", but after its 30th anniversary revamp, the paper took a more active stance on political issues, calling for stronger gun laws after the [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]] in 2012. It heavily criticized the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] for both the [[2013 government shutdown]] and the 2015 revolts in the [[United States House of Representatives]] that ended with the resignation of [[John Boehner]] as House Speaker. It also called out then-[[President of the United States|President]] [[Barack Obama]] and other top members of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] for what they perceived as "inaction" over several issues during 2013–14, particularly over the [[NSA]] [[Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)|scandal]] and the [[ISIL beheading incidents]].

The editorial board broke from the "non-endorsement" policy for the first time on September 29, 2016, when it published an op-ed piece condemning the candidacy of [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee [[Donald Trump]], calling him "unfit for the presidency" due to his inflammatory campaign rhetoric (particularly that aimed at the press, with certain media organizations being openly targeted and even banned from campaign rallies, including ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', [[CNN]] and the [[BBC]], military veterans who had been prisoners of war, including 2008 Republican presidential candidate and Vietnam War veteran [[John McCain]], immigrants, and various ethnic and religious groups); his temperament and lack of financial transparency; his "checkered" business record; his use of false and hyperbolic statements; the inconsistency of his viewpoints and issues with his vision on domestic and foreign policy; and, based on comments he had made during his campaign and criticisms by both [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] and Republicans on these views, the potential risks to national security and constitutional ethics under a Trump administration, asking voters to "resist the siren song of a dangerous demagogue".<ref>{{cite news | title=USA TODAY's Editorial Board: Trump is 'unfit for the presidency' | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2016/09/29/dont-vote-for-donald-trump-editorial-board-editorials-debates/91295020/ | newspaper=USA Today | publisher=[[Gannett]] | date=September 29, 2016}}</ref> The board noted that the piece was not a "qualified endorsement" of Democratic nominee [[Hillary Clinton]], for whom the board was unable to reach a consensus for endorsing (some editorial board members expressed that Clinton's public service record would help her "serve the nation ably as its president", while others had "serious reservations about [her] sense of entitlement, [...] lack of candor and [...] [[Hillary Clinton email controversy|extreme carelessness in handling classified information]]"), endorsing instead [[tactical voting]] against Trump and GOP seats in swing states, advising voters to decide whether to vote for either Clinton, [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]] nominee [[Gary Johnson]], [[Green Party of the United States|Green Party]] nominee [[Jill Stein]] or a write-in candidate for president; or focus on Senate, House and other down-ballot political races.<ref>{{cite news | title=USA Today maroons readers with un-endorsement of Donald Trump | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2016/09/30/usa-today-maroons-readers-with-un-endorsement-of-donald-trump/| first=Erik | last=Wemple | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=USA Today breaks non-endorsement tradition | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/usa-today-breaks-non-endorsement-tradition-calls-donald-trump-unfit-for-the-presidency/ | first=Emily | last=Schultheis | work=[[CBS News]] | date=September 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title='Don't vote for Trump,' says USA Today in first presidential endorsement in its history | url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/trailguide/la-na-live-updates-trailguide-09292016-htmlstory.html#dont-vote-for-trump-says-usa-today-in-first-presidential-endorsement-in-its-history | first=Melanie | last=Mason | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In February 2018, ''USA Today'' published an [[op-ed]] by [[Jerome Corsi]], the DC bureau chief for the fringe conspiracy website [[InfoWars]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news | url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/02/28/media/usa-today-infowars-op-ed/index.html | title=USA Today publishes op-ed by InfoWars conspiracy theorist | last=Darcy | first=Oliver | work=[[CNN]] | date=February 28, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.salon.com/2018/02/28/usa-today-published-an-op-ed-from-a-conspiracy-theorist-who-works-for-alex-jones_partner/ | title=USA Today published an op-ed from a conspiracy theorist who works for Alex Jones | first=ERIC | last=HANANOKI | work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] | date=February 28, 2018}}</ref> Corsi, a prominent [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorist]], was described by ''USA Today'' as an "author" and "investigative journalist".<ref name=":0" /> Corsi was a prominent proponent of the [[Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories|false conspiracy theory]] that Barack Obama was not a US citizen, and Infowars has promoted conspiracy theories such as [[9/11 conspiracy theories|9/11 being an "inside job."]]<ref name=":0" />

In October 2018, ''USA Today'' was criticized by [[NBC News]] for publishing an editorial by President Trump that was replete with inaccuracies.<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/usa-today-criticized-printing-trump-op-ed-despite-inaccuracies-n918536 | title=USA Today criticized for printing Trump op-ed despite alleged inaccuracies | work=[[NBC News]] | date=October 10, 2018}}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' fact-checker said that "almost every sentence contained a misleading statement or a falsehood."<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/10/10/fact-checking-president-trumps-usa-today-op-ed-medicare-for-all/ | title=Analysis {{!}} Fact-checking President Trump's USA Today op-ed on 'Medicare-for-All' | first=Glenn | last=Kessler | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=October 10, 2018}}</ref>

In 2020, ''USA Today'' endorsed a specific presidential candidate for the first time, [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee [[Joe Biden]]. The newspaper also published an opposing editorial by Vice President [[Mike Pence]], which called for his and Trump's re-election.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fischer |first=Sara |title=USA Today breaks tradition by endorsing Joe Biden |url=https://www.axios.com/usa-today-endorsement-joe-biden-president-c61097f9-963d-4eac-a9c2-e3e865456f56.html |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |access-date=October 20, 2020}}</ref>

==Personnel==

In May 2012, Larry Kramer – a 40-year media industry veteran and former president of CBS Digital Media – was appointed president and publisher of ''USA Today'', replacing [[David Hunke]], who had been publisher of the newspaper since 2009.<ref>{{cite news | title=USA TODAY publisher to retire in September | url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/media/story/2012-04-10/usa-today-david-hunke-chairman-retire/54153046/1 | newspaper=USA Today | publisher=[[Gannett]] }}</ref> Kramer was tasked with developing a new strategy for the paper as it sought to increase revenue from its digital operations.<ref>{{cite news | title=USA Today Publisher Larry Kramer Looks to a Local Future | url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/usa-today-publisher-larry_b_2229443 | work=[[HuffPost]] | date=December 5, 2012}}</ref>

In July 2012, Kramer hired [[David Callaway (journalist)|David Callaway]] – whom the former had hired as lead editor of ''[[MarketWatch]]'' in 1999, two years after Kramer founded the website – as the paper's editor-in-chief. Callaway had previously worked at [[Bloomberg News]] covering the banking, investment-banking and asset-management businesses throughout Europe and at the ''[[Boston Herald]]'', where he co-wrote a daily financial column on "comings and goings in the Boston business district".<ref>{{cite news | title=Callaway to become top USA Today editor | url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/callaway-to-become-top-usa-today-editor-2012-07-10 | first=David B. | last=Wilkerson | work=[[MarketWatch]] | date=July 10, 2012}}</ref>

The current Editor-in-Chief is [[Nicole Carroll (journalist)|Nicole Carroll]], who has served since February 2018.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/pr/2018/02/14/nicole-carroll-named-usa-today-editor-chief/110407754/ | title=Nicole Carroll Named USA TODAY Editor in Chief | work=USA Today | date=February 14, 2018}}</ref>

==Related publications and services==

===''USA Weekend''===
{{main|USA Weekend}}
'''''USA Weekend''''' was a sister publication that launched in 1953 as ''Family Weekly'', a national [[Sunday magazine]] supplement intended for the Sunday editions of various U.S. newspapers; it adopted its final title following Gannett's purchase of the magazine in 1985.<ref name="Family">{{cite news | title=Gannett Gets Family Weekly | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/22/business/gannett-gets-family-weekly.html | work=The New York Times | date=February 22, 1985 | url-access=subscription}}</ref> The magazine – which was distributed to approximately 800 newspapers nationwide at its peak with most Gannett-owned local newspapers carrying it by default within their Sunday editions – focused primarily on social issues, entertainment, health, food and travel.<ref name="Family"/><ref name=portada>{{cite news | title=Gannett folds USA Weekend Magazine | url=https://www.portada-online.com/hispanic-media/hispanic-newspapers/gannett-folds-usa-weekend-magazine/ | website=Portada | date=December 7, 2014}}</ref> On December 5, 2014, Gannett announced that it would cease publishing ''USA Weekend'' after the December 26–28, 2014 edition, citing increasing operational costs and reduced advertising revenue, with most of its participating newspapers choosing to replace it with competing Sunday magazine ''[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]]''.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news | title=Consolidation Coming in Sunday Magazines | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/12/business/consolidation-coming-in-sunday-magazines.html | first=Stuart | last=Elliott | work=The New York Times | url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=parade>{{cite news|title=Star Tribune plans to dump USA Weekend, pick up Parade| url=https://www.minnpost.com/braublog/2009/08/star-tribune-plans-dump-usa-weekend-pick-parade/ | first=David | last=Brauer | work=[[MinnPost]]}}</ref><ref name=wrap>{{cite news| title=USA Today Shuttering USA Weekend Magazine |url=https://www.thewrap.com/usa-today-shuttering-usa-weekend-magazine/ | first=Jordan | last=Chariton | work=[[The Wrap]] | date=December 5, 2014}}</ref><ref name=adweek>{{cite news | title=USA Today Shutters Weekend Magazine – USA Weekend was the country's second-largest news mag | url=https://www.adweek.com/digital/usa-today-shutters-weekend-magazine-161806/ | first=Emma | last=Bazilian | work=[[Adweek]] | date=December 5, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2014/12/05/usa-weekend-shuts-down/19966253/ | title=USA TODAY to end publication of USA WEEKEND | first=Roger | last=Yu | work=USA Today | date=December 5, 2014}}</ref>

===''USA Today Sports Weekly''===
{{Main|USA Today Sports Weekly}}
'''''USA Today Sports Weekly''''' is a weekly magazine that covers news and statistics from [[Major League Baseball]], [[Minor League Baseball]] and [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] baseball, the [[National Football League]] (NFL) and [[NASCAR]]. It was first published on April 5, 1991, as ''USA Today Baseball Weekly'', a [[tabloid (paper size)|tabloid]]-sized baseball-focused publication released on Wednesdays, on a weekly basis during the baseball season and bi-weekly during the off-season; the magazine expanded its sports coverage on September 4, 2002, when it adopted its current title after added stories about the NFL. ''Sports Weekly'' added coverage of NASCAR on February 15, 2006, lasting only during that year's race season; and added coverage of NCAA college football on August 8, 2007. The editorial operations of ''Sports Weekly'' originally operated autonomously from ''USA Today'', before being integrated with the newspaper's sports department in late 2005.<ref name=timeline/><ref>{{cite news | first=Mark | last=Potts | title=Another Pitch for Baseball Fans; USA Today Plans Weekly Publication to Start on April 5 | url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1046769.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225045124/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1046769.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 25, 2016 | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=January 29, 1991 | via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}</ref>

===The Big Lead===
{{Main|The Big Lead}}
'''The Big Lead''' is a sports [[blog]] operated by ''USA Today'' that was launched in February 2006 by original owner Fantasy Sports Ventures (co-founded by Jason McIntyre and David Lessa), which was purchased by Gannett – which, beginning in April 2008, had maintained a strategic content and marketing partnership with the former company – in January 2012.<ref>{{cite news | title=Gannett Buys Big Lead Sports Owner Fantasy Sports Ventures | url=http://allthingsd.com/20120124/gannett-buys-big-lead-sports-owner-fantasy-sports-ventures/ | first=Peter | last=Kafka | work=[[AllThingsD]] | date=January 24, 2012}}</ref> The site – which is usually updated on a routine basis of 10 to 15 times per day between 8:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time – mainly covers sports, but also provides news and commentary on other news topics, ranging from politics to [[pop culture]].

===''USA Today: The Television Show''===
In 1987, Gannett and producer/former [[NBC]] CEO [[Grant Tinker]] began developing a [[news magazine]] series for [[broadcast syndication]] that attempted to bring the breezy style of ''USA Today'' to television.<ref>{{cite news | title=And Now, Folks... Here's Tomorrow's News New Show, New Concept – A Newspaper on TV | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8040929.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117083101/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8040929.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=January 17, 2013 | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | via=[[HighBeam Research]] | date=December 15, 1987}}</ref> The result was ''USA Today: The Television Show'' (later retitled ''USA Today on TV'',<ref>{{YouTube | id=YUo3Feeno2Q | title=USA Today On TV 1989 Intro And Outro}}</ref> then shortened to simply ''USA Today''), which premiered on September 12, 1988.<ref>{{cite news | title=Now, Here's the Good News...;USA Today's TV Spinoff, Focusing on 'the Journalism of Hope' | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1278475.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117083108/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1278475.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=January 17, 2013 | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | via=HighBeam Research | date=September 12, 1988}}</ref> Correspondents on the program included Edie Magnus, [[Robin Young]], [[Boyd Matson]], Kenneth Walker, Dale Harimoto, Ann Abernathy, [[Bill Macatee]] and Beth Ruyak. As with the newspaper itself, the show was divided into four "sections" corresponding to the different parts of the paper: News (focusing on the major headlines of the day), Money (focusing on financial news and consumer reports), Sports (focusing on sports news and scores) and Life (focusing on entertainment and lifestyle-related stories). The series was distributed to syndication by GTG Marketing, another subsidiary of GTG Entertainment, which sold it as a prime access magazine show, hoping most stations would air it in a prime access time slot for syndication.<ref>{{Cite news |title=GTG Signs 'Three' To Clear 'Today'; Checkerboard Out? |page=44 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

The series was plagued by low ratings and negative reviews from critics throughout its run. The program also suffered from being scheduled in undesirable timeslots in certain markets; this was a particular case in [[New York City]], the country's largest [[media market]], where CBS [[owned-and-operated station]] [[WCBS-TV]] (channel 2) aired the program in a pre-dawn early morning slot, before the program was picked up by NBC O&O [[WNBC]] five months into its run; after initially airing it in an equally undesirable 5:30 a.m. slot, the series was later moved to a more palatable 9:30 a.m. time period, but still did not fare any better on its new station<ref>{{cite news | title='USA Today on TV' Remains a Secret in NYC | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-156070337.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117083115/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-156070337.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=January 17, 2013 | newspaper=[[Albany Times Union]] | via=HighBeam Research | date=August 21, 1988}}</ref> (in contrast, [[CITY-DT]] in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] [now the [[flagship (broadcasting)|flagship]] of the [[Citytv]] television network], ran it at 5:00 p.m.).<ref>{{cite news | title=TV's USA Today served to viewers as a 'side dish' to network news | first=Christopher | last=Michaud | agency=[[Reuters]] | newspaper=[[Toronto Star]] | page=C6 | date=September 12, 1988}}</ref> Although the series was renewed for a second season, these setbacks led to the mid-season cancellation of the TV version of ''USA Today'' in November 1989, after one-and-a-half seasons; the final edition aired on January 7, 1990.<ref>{{cite news | title='USA Today on TV' Axed; Low Ratings Lead Gannett, Tinker to Cancel | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1224653.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117083054/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1224653.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=January 17, 2013 | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | via=HighBeam Research | date=November 23, 1989}}</ref>

Gannett announced plans to develop a ''USA Today''-branded weekly half-hour television program, to have been titled ''Sports Page'', as part of a renewed initiative to extend the brand into television; this program, which was tapped for a fall 2004 debut, ultimately never launched.<ref name=timeline/>

===''VRtually There''===
''VRtually There'' was a weekly [[virtual reality]] news program produced by the USA Today Network, which debuted on October 20, 2016. The program, which was available on the ''USA Today'' mobile app and is still available on [[YouTube]], showcased three original segments outlining news stories through a first-person perspective, recorded and produced by journalists from ''USA Today'' and its co-owned local newspapers. The program also incorporated "cubemercials", long-form advertisements created by Gannett's in-house creative studio GET Creative, which are designed to allow consumer engagement in fully immersive experiences through virtual reality.<ref>{{cite news | title=USA TODAY NETWORK Releases Its First Branded VR News Show 'VRtually There' | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/pr/2016/10/20/usa-today-network-releases-its-first-branded-vr-news-show-vrtually-there/92452296/ | newspaper=USA Today | publisher=[[Gannett]] | date=October 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/charliefink/2017/05/11/vrtually-there-season-two-makes-usa-today-the-leading-360-vr-news-producer/ | title='VRtually There' Season Two Makes USA Today The Leading 360 VR News Producer | first=Charlie | last=Fink | work=[[Forbes]] | date=May 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Guaglione|first=Sara|title=USA Today Network Debuts 'VRtually There'|work=MediaPost|url=https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/287289/usa-today-network-debuts-vrtually-there.html}}</ref> The last story was uploaded on August 1, 2017, less than a year after the creation of the series.<ref>{{cite web |title=Extreme wheelchair athlete shreds skate park in VR |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Ek-q5bXuqg |website=Youtube |access-date=August 16, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

===''For the Win''===
''USA Today'' also publishes a sports website called ''For the Win''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ftw.usatoday.com |title=For The Win | What fans are talking about |publisher=Ftw.usatoday.com |access-date=February 28, 2022}}</ref> The sports and sports organizations covered are the [[NFL]], [[NBA]], [[WNBA]], [[NHL]], [[MLB]], College [[american football|Football]], College [[Basketball]], [[Motorsports]], [[Soccer]], [[Golf]], Outdoors, and [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]]. A gateway to [[TicketSmarter]] to purchase sports and other event tickets is also hosted.

''For the Win'' also has sections covering pop culture and video games. Some articles for the latter are contributed by Good Luck Have Fun (GLHF), which describes itself as a gaming content agency that provides media publishers around the globe, such as ''USA Today'' and ''Sports Illustrated,''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://glhf.gg/publishers/ | title=Publishers | GLHF }}</ref> with written and video content.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ftw.usatoday.com/author/glhf | title=GLHF }}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[USA Today Minor League Player of the Year Award]] – First presented in 1988, this annual award has been given to a particular [[Minor league baseball]] player judged to have had the most outstanding season by a thirteen-person panel of baseball experts.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.mlb.com/press-release/alex-bregman-named-usa-today-minor-league-player-of-the-year-199850640 | title=Alex Bregman Named USA Today Minor League Player of the Year | work=[[Major League Baseball]] | date=September 6, 2016}}</ref>
* [[USA Today All-USA high school baseball team]] – First presented in 1998, the award honors between nine and eleven outstanding baseball players from high schools around the United States to be part on the team (separate awards honoring the High School Baseball Player of the Year and High School Baseball Coach of the Year have been given since 1989<ref>{{cite news | title=Baseball: Players and Coaches of the Year (1989–1998) | url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/preps/records/sbhs.htm | newspaper=USA Today | publisher=[[Gannett]] | date=March 8, 1999}}</ref><ref name="usatoday7">{{cite news |title=Super 25 and All-USA archive | url=https://usatodayhss.com/ | newspaper=USA Today | publisher=[[Gannett]]}}</ref>).
* [[USA Today All-USA high school basketball team]] – First presented in 1983, the award honors outstanding male and female basketball players from high schools around the United States with a place on the team, with one member of each team being named as the High School Basketball Player of the Year as well as coaches from a select boys' and girls' team as the High School Basketball Coach of the Year.<ref name="usatoday7"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Basketball: Boys' players and coaches of year (1982–2006) | url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/preps/basketball/boys-honors.htm | newspaper=USA Today | publisher=[[Gannett]] | date=June 20, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Basketball: Girls' players and coaches of year (1982–2006) | url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/preps/basketball/girls-honors.htm | newspaper=USA Today | publisher=[[Gannett]] | date=January 17, 2007}}</ref>
* USA Today All-Joe Team (NFL) – First presented in 1992 in tribute to [[Kansas City Chiefs]] veteran defensive lineman [[Joe Phillips (American football)|Joe Phillips]], the award honors 52 rookie players from throughout the NFL for their exemplary performance during the previous league season.<ref>{{cite news | title=All-Joe Team: The unheralded prime performers from NFL '10 | url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/2011-01-25-all-joe-team_N.htm | first=Nate | last=Davis | newspaper=USA Today | publisher=[[Gannett]] | date=January 26, 2011}}</ref>
* ''USA Today''/National Prep Poll [[High School Football National Championship]] – Predating the first publication of ''USA Today'' under the sole decision of the National Prep Poll, it is a national championship honor awarded to the best [[high school football]] team(s) in the United States, based on rankings decided by the newspaper's sports editorial department.
* [[USA Today All-USA high school football team]] – First presented in 1982, the award honors outstanding football players from high schools around the United States (includes ranks for the Super 25 teams in the U.S. and Top 10 teams in the East, South, Midwest and West, and [[USA Today High School Football Player of the Year]]).<ref>{{cite news | title=USA Today All-USA teams 1982–2001 | url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/preps/football/2001-12-26-allusa-team20.htm | newspaper=USA Today | publisher=[[Gannett]] | date=December 25, 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Recent All-USA teams | url=https://usatodayhss.com/ | newspaper=USA Today | publisher=[[Gannett]] Company}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Football: Players and Coaches of the Year (1982–2005)|newspaper=USA Today|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/preps/football/year-by-year-honors.htm#coaches}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Super 25 and All-USA archive|newspaper=USA Today|url=https://usatodayhss.com/}}</ref>
* [[USA Today High School Football Coach of the Year]] – First presented in 1982, the award awards a coach from one of the teams selected for the All-USA football team for the honor.
* USA TODAY Road Warrior of the Year first presented to Joyce Gioia in 2013; never presented again.

==In popular culture==
[[File:Wondercon 2014-7627 (14009701513).jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.75|''USA Today'' Hill Valley edition, at [[WonderCon]] 2014]]
* A futuristic 2015 edition of ''USA Today'' ([[Hill Valley (Back to the Future)|Hill Valley]] edition) is seen in the film ''[[Back to the Future Part II]]'' (1989). As a tribute to the movie, the newspaper ran a recreation of the front page, featuring the exact headlines portrayed in the movie (except for a piece mentioning a future [[state visit]] by "Queen [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Diana]]", the Princess having [[Death of Diana, Princess of Wales|died in 1997]]), on October 22, 2015, when the protagonist [[Marty McFly]] (played by [[Michael J. Fox]]) travels to October 21, 2015, and reads the following day's edition of the paper.<ref>{{cite news | title=Fans race to get 'Back to the Future' paper | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/10/22/back-to-the-future-newspaper-success/74418826/ | first=Lindsay | last=Deutsch | newspaper=USA Today | publisher=[[Gannett]] | date=October 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://qz.com/529772/this-is-the-cover-of-usa-today-on-back-to-the-future-day/ | title=This is the cover of USA Today for "Back to the Future" day | first=Adam | last=Epstein | work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] | date=October 21, 2015}}</ref>
* A 1991 episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' ("[[Homer Defined]]") featured a parody of the paper ("U.S. of A. News"), whose lead story was "#2 is #1", in reference to pencils. Lisa criticizes the paper's blandness, but Homer retorts that "Hey, this is the only paper in America that's not afraid to tell the truth, that everything is just fine."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2003-02-06-usatoday_x.htm | title=1 brush with fame for USA TODAY | work=USA Today | date=February 7, 2003}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Super Bowl Ad Meter|''USA Today'' Super Bowl Ad Meter]]
* [[Viewtron]]
* [[:Category:USA Today journalists]]
{{Portal bar|Virginia|Journalism}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Ernie |title=Way back in 1989, ''USA Today'' launched an online sports service. I found it at Goodwill |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2022/09/way-back-in-1989-usa-today-launched-an-online-sports-service-i-found-it-at-goodwill/ |publisher=Nieman Lab}}

==External links==
* {{official website}}

{{White House James S. Brady Press Briefing Room seating chart}}
{{Gannett}}
{{PulitzerPrize Explanatory Reporting}}
{{VirginiaDailyPapers}}

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Zee Bihar Jharkhand

2022-07-30T20:12:46Z

Sushrutksingh:

#REDIRECT [[Zee Media Corporation#Current channels]]
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New York Times

2022-04-01T03:29:52Z

Sushrutksingh:

#REDIRECT [[The New York Times]]

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Harimandir Sahib

2022-02-07T23:16:19Z

Sushrutksingh: Redirected Harimandir Sahib to Golden Temple: BP:RM

#REDIRECT [[Golden Temple]]
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