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Adbi Markaz Kamraz

2026-05-07T15:21:34Z

SusannahParish: started!

{{short description|Literary, cultural organization of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Adbi Markaz Kamraz
| full_name = Adbi Markaz Kamraz Jammu and Kashmir
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| logo = Adbee Markaz Kamraz (AMK).jpg
| logo_size = 150
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption = Official patch of the AMK
| image =
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| abbreviation = AMK
| nickname =
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| predecessor =
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| formation = 
| founder = [[Rashid Nazki]]<ref name="Rising Kashmir 2016">{{cite web | title=Prof Abdul Rashid Nazki passes away | website=Rising Kashmir | date=2016-01-07 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/prof-abdul-rashid-nazki-passes-away-new | access-date=2021-01-07 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{efn|He was one of the founders}} 
| founding_location =
| dissolved = 
| merger = 
| type = Nonprofit [[Cultural institution|cultural]] and [[Literary society|literary organization]]
| tax_id = 
| registration_id = 
| status = Foundation
| purpose = Activism
| professional_title = 
| headquarters = [[Baramulla]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| location = {{ubl
| [[Srinagar]], India
| [[New York (state)|New York]], United States
| [[Delhi]], India
}}
| coordinates = 
| origins = [[Kashmir]]
| region_served = Jammu and Kashmir
| products = 
| services =
| methods = 
| fields = Art, Culture, Literature, Languages 
| num_members = 
| num_members_year = 
| languages = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], English
| owner = 
| secretary_general = 
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Mohmmad Amin Bhat
| leader_title2 = Secretary
| leader_name2 = Shabnum Tailgami
| leader_title3 = Treasurer
| leader_name3 = [[Abdul Ahad Hajini]]
| leader_title4 = Media Secretary
| leader_name4 = Aadil Ismail
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
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| affiliations = [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages]]
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| awards =
| website = {{URL|https://www.adbimarkazkamraz.org/}}
| remarks =
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| footnotes =
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}}

'''Adbi Markaz Kamraz''' ('''AMK'''), also known as '''Adbee Markaz Kamraz Jammu and Kashmir''' ('''AMKJK'''), is the oldest and largest [[Cultural institution|cultural]] and [[Literary society|literary organisation]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is focused on promoting and preserving [[Culture of Kashmir|Kashmiri culture]], [[Literature of Kashmir|literature]], art, and [[Kashmiri language|language]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mehbooba-becomes-first-mp-to-take-oath-in-kashmiri-wins-praise-of-cultural-groups-in-valley/story-2OXQh02PBJedRH9KYp6efP.html|title=Mehbooba becomes first MP to take oath in Kashmiri, wins praise of cultural groups in Valley|date=June 6, 2014|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/who-was-shujaat-bukhari-veteran-journalist-killed-a-day-before-eid-in-kashmir/1206620/|title=Who was Shujaat Bukhari? Veteran journalist killed a day before Eid in Kashmir|date=June 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-finally-a-lit-fest-for-kashmir-1677382|title=Finally, a lit fest for Kashmir|first=|last=|date=April 18, 2012|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref>

Sponsored by the [[government of Jammu and Kashmir]], it is headquartered in the [[Baramullah district]] of the [[Kashmir Valley]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/dc-baramulla-inaugurates-head-office-building-of-adbee-markaz-kamraz/|title=DC Baramulla inaugurates head office building of Adbee Markaz Kamraz|work=India Education Diary|date=27 December 2020 }}</ref> It comprises 22 to 24 registered literary and cultural organizations in the valley responsible for literary activities such as promoting research, arranging meetings, and publishing books by Kashmiri writers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirlife.net/dr-hajini-takes-over-as-secretary-cultural-academy-81438/|title=Dr Hajini Takes Over as Secretary Cultural Academy|date=June 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/hajini-is-new-secy-jkaacl|title=Hajini is new Secy JKAACL|website=Rising Kashmir|access-date=7 January 2021|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108155346/http://risingkashmir.com/news/hajini-is-new-secy-jkaacl|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/shahnaz-rashids-book-of-poems-released-489756|title=Shahnaz Rashid's book of poems released|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/kashmir-to-have-first-international-lit-fest/story-G6FUwsyrMAs8PSTSHooXjO.html|title=Kashmir to have first international lit fest|date=April 17, 2012|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In 2012, it organised the [[Kashmir Literature Festival]], the first-ever [[literary festival]] focused on internationalizing the Kashmiri language and addressing the issues responsible for its decline in the state. It was inspired by similar events in [[Jaipur Literature Festival|Jaipur]] and [[Karachi Literature Festival|Karachi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bookworm/bookworm-s-trail/kashmir-to-have-first-ever-international-literary-fest_2278.htm|title=Kashmir to have first ever international literary fest|date=April 17, 2012|website=Zee News}}</ref> Later that year, it established one of its [[branch office]]s for literary activities in [[Delhi]] aimed at highlighting and promoting the Kashmiri language for [[Kashmiris]] in the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirlife.net/amk-establishes-unit-in-delhi-13568/|title=AMK Establishes Unit In Delhi|date=December 13, 2012}}</ref>

== Base units ==
In 2015, the organisation proposed establishing its headquarters in [[London]] and [[New York City]] to promote and safeguard the Kashmiri language abroad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.knskashmir.com/news.aspx?news=AMK-to-go-global--to-set-up-units-in-London-and-New-York-------1443|title=AMK to go global, to set up units in London and New York : Bukhari|date=September 2, 2015|website=KNS}}</ref> It has also been engaged with the state government to introduce regional languages in the curriculum recognised by the [[Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.5dariyanews.com/news/3437-Adbee-Markaz-Kamraz-discusses-growth-of-Kashmiri-language-with-CM|title=Adbee Markaz Kamraz discusses growth of Kashmiri language with CM|website=5 Dariya News}}</ref>

== Journals ==
Adbi Markaz Kamraz publishes a biannual academic journal called Praave, also spelled Prav or Prave, which highlights the work of the organization and the associated individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/amk-releases-special-issue-of-prav/|title=AMK releases special issue of "Prav"|date=December 7, 2015|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref>

== Composition ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Designation
! Term
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Amin Bhat
| President
| 2021–present
|<ref>https://kashmirlife.net/amin-bhat-is-adbi-markaz-president-258162/</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Farooq Shaheen
| Secretary
|2021–present
|<ref>https://kashmirlife.net/amin-bhat-is-adbi-markaz-president-258162/</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Majeed Majaz]]
| Treasurer
| {{n/a}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref>https://kashmirlife.net/amin-bhat-is-adbi-markaz-president-258162/</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Jameel Ansari
| Media Secretary
| 2021–present
|}

== Awards established ==
It has established various literary awards such as Shehjar-e-Adab Lolab, Khilat-e-Hanfi Sopori, and Sharaf-e-Kamraz, which, according to the organisation, is one of the most prestigious awards in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/adbee-markaz-kamraz-announces-annual-awards/|title=Adbee Markaz Kamraz announces annual awards|website=Greater Kashmir|access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref> These awards are presented to writers and educationists in recognition of their contribution to the Kashmiri language and literature annually.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130507/kashmir.htm#5|title=Srinagar DC, Mirwaiz to get award for promoting Kashmiri language|website=The Tribune India|access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2day Kashmiri conference concludes - Scoop News Jammu Kashmir |url=http://www.scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=40457 |website=Scoop News |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>

==Digitalisation initiatives==
In 2023, Adbi Markaz Kamraz launched an online campaign advocating for the inclusion of the Kashmiri language in Google and Android translation tools, as well as the development of a dedicated keyboard. While Microsoft already offers this option, it remains in its early stages and requires further improvement.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|amkamraz.org}}

[[Category:Culture of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Cultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Writers' organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Poetry organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]

Ardhkuwari

2026-05-05T15:30:31Z

SusannahParish: stub

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Ardhkuwari
| image = Ardhkuwari temple at night.jpg
| location = Katra, [[Reasi district]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| country = India
| coordinates =
| deity = [[Vaishno Devi]]
| elevation_ft = 4800
| festival = [[Navaratri]]
}}'''Ardhkuwari''' (also spelled '''Adhkwari''' or '''Adi Kumari''') is a major holy site and the main resting point on the walk to the [[Vaishno Devi Temple|Mata Vaishno Devi shrine]]. It is located in the [[Trikuta]] Mountains of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir ]], [[India]]. The name means "eternal virgin," "first maiden," or "half married." These names are tied to Hindu stories about the goddess [[Vaishno Devi]].<ref name="Chauhan2011">{{cite book |last=Chauhan |first=Abha |year=2011 |chapter=Sacred landscape and pilgrimage: a study of Mata Vaishno Devi |title=Holy Places and Pilgrimages: Essays on India |pages=105–126 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/38486908/08_PeCu_Holy_Places_India__Bk_FINl_cor_23_Nov_10.pdf#page=121}}</ref>

==Geography and accessibility==
Situated at an altitude of 4,800 feet above sea level, Ardhkuwari is located exactly 6 kilometers away from the base camp town of Katra, marking the halfway point of the 12-kilometer pilgrimage.<ref name="Tomer2011">{{cite thesis |last=Tomer |first=Padmini |year=2011 |title=Pilgrimage tourism in North Indian evaluation |type=Thesis |publisher=Punjabi University |hdl=10603/4267 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/4267}}</ref>

At Ardhkuwari, the walking path splits into two different routes that go to the main Bhawan (temple). The first is the older, steeper path that goes through Sanjichhat. The second is a newer, flatter 5.5-kilometer path that goes through Himkoti.<ref name="Singh2017">{{cite thesis |last=Singh |first=Ravinder |year=2017 |title=Pilgrimage and the Emerging Challenges in India: A Comparative Study of Vaishno Devi Shrine and Amarnath Shrine in Jammu and Kashmir |type=Thesis |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |hdl=10603/407459 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/407459}}</ref> To help pilgrims travel easier, battery-powered cars run on the new path between Ardhkuwari and the Bhawan.<ref name="Tomer2011" />

==Garbh Joon cave and mythology==
The focal point of worship at Ardhkuwari is a highly congested, tunnel-like natural cave known as Garbh Joon (translating to "the womb" or "womb-vagina")<ref name="Chauhan2011" /> According to Hindu legend, the goddess Vaishno Devi was running away from an evil demon named [[Bhairav (tantrik)|Bhaironath]] and hid inside this narrow cave. She meditated inside the dark cavern for exactly nine months the same duration a fetus spends in a mother's womb which gave the cave its name, Garbh Joon, and reinforced her vow to remain an eternal virgin.<ref name="Pintchman2001">{{cite book |editor-last=Pintchman |editor-first=T. |year=2001 |title=Seeking Mahādevī: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess |publisher=State University of New York Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXdGInecRIC}}</ref><ref name="Tomer2011" /><ref name="Chauhan2011" />

Pilgrims believe that crawling through the tiny cave is a deep test of faith. They believe that going through it washes away past sins and gives them a spiritual rebirth. However, owing to the extremely narrow space, claustrophobia, and heavy overcrowding, many pilgrims experience fear and ultimately choose not to cross through the Garbh Joon cave.<ref name="Tomer2011" />

==Infrastructure and pilgrim facilities==
Because Ardhkuwari is the main resting spot, the [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board]] has built many facilities to help manage the large crowds and keep people safe.<ref name="Kour2017">{{cite thesis |last=Kour |first=Sanmeet |year=2017 |title=An Economic Analysis of Religious Tourism: A case Study of Tourist Influx to Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine |type=Thesis |publisher=University of Jammu |hdl=10603/361460 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/361460}}</ref><ref name="Tomer2011" /> The site has many helpful services:

* '''Accommodation and shelter:''' The Shrine Board offers free large halls where pilgrims can sleep overnight. They also have stores that give out free blankets (pilgrims just leave a small security deposit that they get back later). Recently, they built special resting areas that can hold 2,000 pilgrims at once, giving them a quiet place to rest in any weather.<ref name="Tomer2011" /><ref name="Statesman">{{cite web |title=Upgraded facilities launched for pilgrims visiting Vaishnodevi shrine |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/upgraded-facilities-launched-for-pilgrims-visiting-vaishnodevi-shrine-during-navratras-1503413703.html |website=The Statesman}}</ref>
* '''Food and dining:''' To keep food clean and cheap, the Shrine Board runs several food shops without trying to make a profit. This includes a large dining hall called Inderprasth Bhojanalaya, which was recently made bigger to feed 200 people at a time. There is also a Langar (a free community kitchen) that serves food that is safe to eat during religious fasting.<ref name="Tomer2011" /><ref name="Statesman" />
* '''Safety and utilities:''' The area is kept safe by a base camp of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF). If the power goes out, large diesel generators keep the site fully lit. It also has clean bathrooms and a medical clinic for sick or injured travelers.<ref name="Singh2017" />
* '''Banking:''' Pilgrims can use banks right on the mountain, including branches of the Oriental Bank of Commerce and the Jammu and Kashmir Bank.<ref name="Tomer2011" />

==See also==
* [[Vaishno Devi]]
* [[Deva Mai]]
* [[Charan paduka]]
* [[Trikuta]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|Hinduism}}

{{coord|33.00805|74.94500|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Caves of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Religious tourism in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism]]

Crew (film)

2026-04-30T19:51:22Z

SusannahParish: Adding Stub...

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Rajesh A Krishnan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Crew
| image = Crew 2024 film poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rajesh A Krishnan]]
| writer = {{plainlist|
*Nidhi Mehra
*Mehul Suri
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[Shobha Kapoor]]
*[[Anil Kapoor]]
*[[Ekta Kapoor]]
*[[Rhea Kapoor]]
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Kareena Kapoor Khan]]
*[[Kriti Sanon]]
*[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
*[[Diljit Dosanjh]]
*[[Kapil Sharma]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Anuj Rakesh Dhawan
| editing = Manan Sagar
| music = {{ubl
| '''Songs:'''
| Diljit Dosanjh
| [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
| Raj Ranjodh
| [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| Akshay–IP
| Bharg–Rohit
| '''Score:'''
| John Stewart Eduri
}}
| studio = {{Plainlist|
*[[Balaji Motion Pictures]]
*Anil Kapoor Films & Communication Network}}
| distributor = [[Pen Studios|Pen Marudhar Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|03|29}}
| runtime = 118 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2024 |title=''Crew'' (12A) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/crew-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiwmtg0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323060542/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/crew-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiwmtg0 |archive-date=23 March 2024 |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|157.08}} crore<ref name="bo" />
}}

'''''Crew''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[heist film|heist]] [[comedy film]] directed by [[Rajesh A Krishnan]] and written by Nidhi Mehra and Mehul Suri. Produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]], [[Rhea Kapoor]], [[Anil Kapoor]], and Digvijay Purohit under [[Balaji Motion Pictures]] and Anil Kapoor Films & Communication Network, it stars [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]], [[Kriti Sanon]], and [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] with [[Diljit Dosanjh]] and [[Kapil Sharma]] in supporting roles. In the film, three air hostesses become involved in a gold smuggling operation.

''Crew'' was announced in November 2022. [[Principal photography]] took place from March 2023 to February 2024. ''Crew'' was theatrically released on 29 March 2024 to mostly positive reviews from critics.<ref name="review2" /> It became a commercial success, grossing over {{INRConvert|157.08|c}} globally,<ref name="bo" /> making it the [[List of Hindi films of 2024|sixth highest-grossing Hindi film of 2024]].
It received three nominations at the [[70th Filmfare Awards]] including [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] for (Kapoor) and (Tabu).<ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations for The 70th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2025 With Gujarat Tourism: Full List Out
|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-78037.html|date=26 September 2025|website=Filmfare}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Geeta Sethi, Jasmine Kohli, and Divya Rana are [[Flight attendant|flight attendants]] with Kohinoor Airlines in [[Mumbai]], which is on the verge of bankruptcy. The staff have not been paid their salaries in months, and are still hoping that things will change. Geeta is a former [[Beauty pageant|beauty queen]] married to Arun, both of whom are wealthy until a spat in his family resulted in her having to work as a flight attendant to make ends meet. Arun now runs a struggling food business from home and aspires to own a restaurant in [[Goa]]. Geeta has to financially support her unemployed troublemaking brother, Punnu, and his wife, Sapna, as well. Jasmine was raised by her maternal grandfather, Nanu, after her parents divorced and has been hustling to earn money since her school years. She does not believe in relationships, is fond of expensive things, and flaunts a fake and flashy lifestyle on social media while trying to start up her own cosmetics business. Divya is trained to be a pilot but was forced to take up the job of a flight attendant due to a lack of openings and keeps this hidden from her family, while struggling to repay her school loan.

The death of senior flight attendant Rajvanshi, while on duty, leads Geeta, Jasmine, and Divya to a clandestine operation to smuggle gold out of India to the Middle Eastern country, Al Burj. Manoj Mittal, the HR Head of Kohinoor Airlines, is the kingpin of the operation. At Jasmine's insistence after Geeta learns the flight attendants have lost their [[Employees' Provident Fund Organisation|Provident Fund]], the three of them eventually take over for Rajvanshi in the gold smuggling operation by disguising the loot as chocolates, and their financial situations improve: Geeta funds Arun's food business, along with Punnu and Sapna (eventually helping her sister-in-law get a job as a chef and leave her brother); Jasmine buys back Nanu’s gold ring from the pawn shop and splurges on herself; Divya pays off her school loan and buys her parents a new car. Meanwhile, the other employees are still struggling.

Someone tips off the customs officials that the three flight attendants are smuggling gold; and even though they hide the stash, the detention that follows makes them feel humiliated and rethink their choice. After Nanu passes away, the friends reconcile as Geeta and Divya comfort Jasmine. The enraged customs official, [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Mala, mentions that her tip is accurate because she received it from an air hostess within Kohinoor, and cannot come to terms with the fact that she could not recover any gold.

The plane in which the three had hidden the stash is exposed one day when turbulence causes damage to the fuselage and the gold falls out. Vijay Walia, the Chairman of Kohinoor Airlines, and Mittal abscond with their gold and flee the country as the news comes out. Initially, Geeta, Jasmine, and Divya accuse their fellow flight attendant, Komal, of tipping off the customs officer, but after an emotional outburst by her, they realise that neither Komal nor their other colleagues were responsible. Geetu remembers that Mittal's wife, Sudha, was also an air hostess and Mala had referred that the tip came from an ex-air hostess; she was the only person who knew about the gold smuggling. They confront Sudha, who reveals that Mittal is cheating on her and to exact revenge, she tipped the customs so that their arrest would also lead to Mittal's arrest. She further reveals that the real kingpin is Walia, who had stolen the airline's money, converted it into gold, and stashed it in Al Burj.

From Sudha, they get the address of Mittal in Al Burj, where they tail him and eventually find Walia at a luxury hotel where his daughter is getting married. Geeta manages to secure a job in the hotel as a housekeeper with Sapna's help and gets information about the gold. After a lot of hard work (and the help of Divya's hacker brother Chintu) the night of the wedding, they come to know that Walia and his family are taking the gold in a private jet to the [[Cayman Islands]]. Geeta and Jasmine manage to get the role of air hostesses on the jet, while Divya becomes the pilot. They spike the drinks of the passengers with sleeping pills and land the plane in Divya's native town, Nanheri, where the police and customs officials are already waiting for them. However, the trio manage to keep some gold for themselves and distribute it amongst their friends, colleagues, and loved ones. Mittal also returns to Sudha, along with some of the gold he had stashed for himself.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Geeta 'Geetu' Sethi, a flight supervisor and Arun's wife
* [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] as Jasmine Kohli, a senior flight attendant{{efn|Despite her last name being revealed, she is listed in the credits as "Jasmine".}}
* [[Kriti Sanon]] as Divya Rana, a junior flight attendant and Jai's love interest{{efn|Despite her last name being revealed, she is listed in the credits as "Divya".}}
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]] as [[Customs Inspector]] Jaiveer Singh, Divya's love interest
* [[Kapil Sharma]] as Arun Sethi, Geeta's husband, a bankrupt and jobless person
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]] as Vijay Walia, Chairman & MD of Kohinoor Airlines Pvt. Ltd
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Munish Paritosh Mittal, H. R. Head of Kohinoor Airlines
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Sadanand Gowda aka Nanu, Jasmine's maternal grandfather
* Trupti Khamkar as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Mala, an official of the [[Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai Airport Customs Department]]
* Charu Shankar as Sudha Mittal, Munish's wife
* Garima Yajnik as Ayesha Walia, Vijay's daughter
* [[Ivan Sylvester Rodrigues|Ivan Rodrigues]] as Mr. Rana, Divya's father
* [[Suparna Marwah]] as Divya's mom
* Ramakant Dayama as Mr. Rajvanshi, Geeta's senior
* Pooja Bhamrah as Komal, a junior flight attendant
* Maeha Sharma as Sheetal
* Rahul Gilani as Punnu Baikal, Geeta's brother
* [[Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala|Myra Singh]] as Child Jasmine
* Hetal A. Puniwala as [[Group Captain]] Akil Wadhera
* [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] as himself in the song "Naina" (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In November 2022, producers [[Ekta Kapoor]] and [[Rhea Kapoor]] announced ''The Crew'', a heist comedy starring [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]], and Kriti Sanon in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2022 |title=Kareena Kapoor, Tabu, Kriti Sanon to star in Rhea Kapoor's The Crew |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-tabu-kriti-sanon-to-star-in-the-crew-8256972/ |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The screenplay was penned by Nidhi Mehra and [[Mehul Surti|Mehul Suri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2024 |title=Crew Movie Netflix: Cast and Plot |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/crew-release-date-news |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=Netflix Tudum |language=en}}</ref> [[Rajesh A Krishnan|Rajesh A. Krishnan]] directed the film, which was produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]], [[Rhea Kapoor]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Shobha Kapoor]], and Digvijay Purohit under the banners of [[Balaji Motion Pictures]] and Anil Kapoor Films & Communication Network.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Crew Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/crew/cast/ |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography commenced on 25 March 2023 and wrapped in February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2023 |title=Kriti Sanon, Kareena Kapoor Khan and Tabu starrer The Crew begins shoot |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kriti-sanon-kareena-kapoor-khan-tabu-starrer-crew-begins-shoot/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225112032/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kriti-sanon-kareena-kapoor-khan-tabu-starrer-crew-begins-shoot/ |archive-date=25 February 2024 |access-date=25 February 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2024 |title=It's a wrap! Tabu concludes shooting for Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/wrap-tabu-concludes-shooting-crew/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225111828/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/wrap-tabu-concludes-shooting-crew/ |archive-date=25 February 2024 |access-date=25 February 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> Shooting took place primarily in [[Mumbai]] and [[Goa]] with additional sequences filmed in [[Abu Dhabi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2023 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Kareena Kapoor Khan, Tabu, Kriti Sanon will head to THESE locations next for The Crew, Read Deets |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-kareena-kapoor-khan-tabu-kriti-sanon-will-head-to-these-locations-next-for-the-crew-read-deets-1220362 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225060712/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-kareena-kapoor-khan-tabu-kriti-sanon-will-head-to-these-locations-next-for-the-crew-read-deets-1220362 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |access-date=25 February 2024 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> The production team used [[Deloitte]]'s Hyderabad office to depict the Kohinoor Airlines Mumbai headquarters, while aircraft visuals were digitally altered to feature the fictional airline's branding.

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Crew
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], Raj Ranjodh, [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], Akshay–IP and Bharg–Rohit
| released = 28 March 2024
| recorded = 2023
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:25
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Tips Industries|Tips Music]]
}}

The music of the film was composed by [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], Raj Ranjodh, [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], Akshay–IP, Bharg–Rohit while the background score is composed by John Stewart Eduri.

The first single titled "Naina" was released on 5 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2024 |title='Crew' song 'Naina': Tabu, Kareena Kapoor, Kriti Sanon get groovy with Diljit Dosanjh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/crew-song-naina-tabu-kareena-kapoor-kriti-sanon-get-groovy-with-diljit-dosanjh-badshah-2510775-2024-03-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307210130/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/crew-song-naina-tabu-kareena-kapoor-kriti-sanon-get-groovy-with-diljit-dosanjh-badshah-2510775-2024-03-05 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=India Today}}</ref> The second single, a remake version of Rajasthani track "Delhi Shahar Mein Maro Ghagro Jo Ghumyo" by [[Ila Arun]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2024 |title=Kareena Kapoor, Kriti Sanon, Tabu put on their dancing shoes for Crew's latest dance number Ghagra |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-kriti-sanon-tabu-dance-number-crew-ghagra-watch-9210581/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318095556/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-kriti-sanon-tabu-dance-number-crew-ghagra-watch-9210581/ |archive-date=18 March 2024 |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2024 |title=Crew song Ghagra: Kareena Kapoor, Kriti Sanon and Tabu dance up a storm |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/crew-song-ghagra-kareena-kapoor-kriti-sanon-and-tabu-dance-up-a-storm-watch-101710247357908.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318095554/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/crew-song-ghagra-kareena-kapoor-kriti-sanon-and-tabu-dance-up-a-storm-watch-101710247357908.html |archive-date=18 March 2024 |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> titled "Ghagra" was released on 12 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2024 |title="Tabu, Kareena Kapoor Khan and Kriti Sanon added their own element to 'Ghagra' song in Crew", say writer-duo Mehul Suri and Nidhi Mehra |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/tabu-kareena-kapoor-khan-kriti-sanon-added-element-ghagra-song-crew-say-writer-duo-mehul-suri-nidhi-mehra/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318094718/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/tabu-kareena-kapoor-khan-kriti-sanon-added-element-ghagra-song-crew-say-writer-duo-mehul-suri-nidhi-mehra/ |archive-date=18 March 2024 |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> A remake of the song "Choli Ke Peeche Kya Hai" from the 1993 film ''[[Khal Nayak]]'' is sung by [[Alka Yagnik]] and Arun, composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] and written by [[Anand Bakshi]]. The third single titled "Choli Ke Peeche" was released on 20 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2024 |title=Crew song 'Choli' out Diljit Dosanjh gives a twist to Alka Yagnik and Ila Arun's classic track |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/crew-song-choli-diljit-dosanjh-gives-twist-alka-yagnik-ila-aruns-classic-track-watch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320220806/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/crew-song-choli-diljit-dosanjh-gives-twist-alka-yagnik-ila-aruns-classic-track-watch/ |archive-date=20 March 2024 |access-date=21 March 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2024 |title=Crew song Choli Ke Peeche: Kareena Kapoor grooves on the remix of Madhuri Dixit's iconic number from Khal Nayak |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/crew-song-choli-ke-peeche-kareena-kapoor-grooves-on-remix-of-madhuri-dixit-iconic-number-khal-nayak-watch-101710942880348.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321035254/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/crew-song-choli-ke-peeche-kareena-kapoor-grooves-on-remix-of-madhuri-dixit-iconic-number-khal-nayak-watch-101710942880348.html |archive-date=21 March 2024 |access-date=21 March 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The fourth song "Sona Kitna Sona Hai" is a remake of the same name song from the 1997 film ''[[Hero No. 1]]'' sung by [[Udit Narayan]] and [[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]], composed by [[Anand–Milind]] and written by [[Sameer Anjaan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: 'Sona Kitna Sona Hai' song from Crew is about gold smuggling; say composers Akshay & IP, "It's completely in Punjabi" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-sona-kitna-sona-hai-song-crew-gold-smuggling-say-composers-akshay-ip-completely-punjabi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331192911/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-sona-kitna-sona-hai-song-crew-gold-smuggling-say-composers-akshay-ip-completely-punjabi/ |archive-date=31 March 2024 |access-date=31 March 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 25:25
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Naina
| extra1 = [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
| lyrics1 = Raj Ranjodh, [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
| music1 = Raj Ranjodh
| length1 = 3:00
| title2 = Ghagra
| extra2 = [[Ila Arun]], Romy, Srushti Tawade
| lyrics2 = Juno, Srushti Tawade
| music2 = Bharg–Rohit
| length2 = 3:01
| title3 = Choli Ke Peeche
| extra3 = Diljit Dosanjh, IP Singh, [[Alka Yagnik]], Ila Arun
| lyrics3 = IP Singh, [[Anand Bakshi]]
| music3 = Akshay-IP, [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal|Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
| length3 = 2:53
| title4 = Kiddan Zaalima
| extra4 = Vishal Mishra
| lyrics4 = Raj Shekhar
| music4 = Vishal Mishra
| length4 = 2:54
| title5 = Darbadar
| extra5 = [[B Praak]], [[Asees Kaur]]
| lyrics5 = IP Singh
| music5 = Akshay-IP
| length5 = 3:34
| title6 = Khwabida
| extra6 = Badshah, rohh
| lyrics6 = Bharg
| music6 = Bharg–Rohit
| length6 = 3:12
| title7 = Sona Kitna Sona Hai
| extra7 = IP Singh, Nupoor Khedkar
| lyrics7 = IP Singh
| music7 = Akshay-IP
| length7 = 3:24
| title8 = Sona Kitna Sona Hai
| note8 = Reprise
| extra8 = IP Singh
| lyrics8 = IP Singh
| music8 = Akshay-IP
| length8 = 3:28
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
Initially planned for a 22 March 2024 release, the film was theatrically released on 29 March 2024 coinciding with [[Good Friday]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=24 February 2024 |title='Crew' teaser: Tabu, Kareena Kapoor, Kriti Sanon are badass, sassy air hostesses |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/crew-teaser-tabu-kareena-kapoor-kriti-sanon-diljit-dosanjh-kapil-sharma-sassy-air-hostesses-2506623-2024-02-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224190943/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/crew-teaser-tabu-kareena-kapoor-kriti-sanon-diljit-dosanjh-kapil-sharma-sassy-air-hostesses-2506623-2024-02-24 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |access-date=25 February 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
=== Home media ===
The film began streaming on [[Netflix]] from 24 May 2024.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
As of 22 May 2024, ''Crew'' has grossed {{INRConvert|107.05|c}} in India, with a further {{INRConvert|50.03|c}} overseas, for a worldwide total of {{INRConvert|157.08|c}} against {{INRConvert|75|c}} budget.<ref name="bo">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2024 |title=Crew Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/crew/box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405114327/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/crew/box-office/ |archive-date=5 April 2024 |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

On its opening day, ''Crew'' earned {{INRConvert|10.28|c}} at the domestic box office,<ref name="bo" /> marking the third biggest opening day collection for a female-led film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2024 |title=Top Ten Female Lead Driven Opening Days - Kareena Alia Dominate |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8408 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330184740/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8408 |archive-date=30 March 2024 |access-date=30 March 2024 |work=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> Furthermore, the film opened with a global box office gross of {{INRConvert|20.07|c}}, making it the highest opening day grosser for a Hindi female-led film globally.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2024 |title=Crew worldwide box office day 1: Kareena Kapoor, Kriti Sanon, Tabu-starrer has highest opening day for a female-led film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/crew-worldwide-box-office-day-1-kareena-kapoor-kriti-sanon-tabu-starrer-has-highest-opening-day-for-a-female-led-film-101711784947710.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330091019/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/crew-worldwide-box-office-day-1-kareena-kapoor-kriti-sanon-tabu-starrer-has-highest-opening-day-for-a-female-led-film-101711784947710.html |archive-date=30 March 2024 |access-date=30 March 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''Crew'' received mostly positive reviews from critics.<ref name="review2">{{Cite news |last=Chimah |first=Hesha |date=6 April 2024 |title=Kareena Kapoor: Proud to be part of two successful women-centric films I Exclusive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kareena-kapoor-proud-to-be-part-of-two-successful-women-centric-films-exclusive-2524033-2024-04-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419055810/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kareena-kapoor-proud-to-be-part-of-two-successful-women-centric-films-exclusive-2524033-2024-04-06 |archive-date=19 April 2024 |access-date=19 April 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |quote=Crew has received mostly positive reviews from critics and has minted an impressive Rs 50 crore at the ticket counter till now.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=67|count=15|average=6.8|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=2 April 2024}}

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' praised the lead actresses, writing, "Tabu, so comfortable in her older woman avatar as the senior-most of the crew, and Khan, treading the thin line between greed and need with ease, are a riot; Sanon, in their company, is boosted and manages to hold her own." Gupta gave the movie 3.5 stars out of 5 and described it as an "easy-breezy" comedy that washes away the stench of recent Bollywood duds.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=29 March 2024 |title=Crew movie review: Kareena Kapoor, Tabu, Kriti Sanon's easy-breezy comedy washes away stench of recent Bollywood duds |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/crew-movie-review-kareena-kapoor-tabu-kriti-sanon-easy-breezy-comedy-9239358/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329045115/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/crew-movie-review-kareena-kapoor-tabu-kriti-sanon-easy-breezy-comedy-9239358/ |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Tabu-Kareena Kapoor-Kriti Sanon-starrer ''Crew'' totally smashes through stereotypes. It's an honest-to-goodness rollercoaster ride".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=29 March 2024 |title=Crew Movie Review |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/crew-movie-review-65141.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329141545/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/crew-movie-review-65141.html |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> Titas Chowdhury of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and particularly praised Kapoor Khan's performance, adding that she elevates the narrative several notches with a character that is tailor-made for her.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Titas |date=29 March 2024 |title=Crew Review: Kareena Kapoor Khan Steals the Show; Kriti Sanon And Tabu Add to the Fun |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/crew-movie-review-kareena-kapoor-steals-the-show-kriti-sanon-and-tabu-add-fun-to-sloppy-screenplay-8831671.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329033655/https://www.news18.com/movies/crew-movie-review-kareena-kapoor-steals-the-show-kriti-sanon-and-tabu-add-fun-to-sloppy-screenplay-8831671.html |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref> Zinia Bandyopadhyay of ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "In times when political dramas are trying to make a statement abound, ''Crew'' is a welcome change. It’s light, easy-breezy and stays true to being a masala entertainer."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Zinia |date=29 March 2024 |title='Crew' Review: Tabu, Kareena and Kriti's film flies high, lands safely |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/crew-movie-review-tabu-kareena-kapoor-kriti-sanon-con-comedy-2520637-2024-03-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329062844/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/crew-movie-review-tabu-kareena-kapoor-kriti-sanon-con-comedy-2520637-2024-03-29 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The critic based at ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' awarded the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Crew'' is a fun entertainer and rests on the fine performances of Tabu, Kareena Kapoor Khan and Kriti Sanon."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=29 March 2024 |title=Crew Movie Review: CREW is a fun entertainer and rests on fine performances. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/crew/critic-review/crew-movie-review/crew-is-a-fun-entertainer-and-rests-on-fine-performances/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328162606/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/crew/critic-review/crew-movie-review/crew-is-a-fun-entertainer-and-rests-on-fine-performances/ |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 3.5 stars (out of 5), describing it as a crime comedy that is funny, frivolous, and delectable.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vyavahare |first=Renuka |date=29 March 2024 |title=Crew Movie Review: A funny, frivolous, and delectable crime comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/crew/movie-review/108860472.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401210411/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/crew/movie-review/108860472.cms |archive-date=1 April 2024 |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> In a more critical review, [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave the film 2 stars out of 5 and noted that the film's screenplay lacks sheen.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=29 March 2024 |title=Crew Review: A Heist Film Out To Deliver Some Harmless Fun |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/crew-review-a-heist-film-out-to-deliver-some-harmless-fun-2-stars-5331730 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329042835/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/crew-review-a-heist-film-out-to-deliver-some-harmless-fun-2-stars-5331730 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' deemed it a feel-good film and particularly praised Kapoor Khan's performance, adding that she is the ''tour de force'' of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=29 March 2024 |title='Crew' movie review: The charming trio of Tabu, Kareena, and Kriti keeps this airy caper afloat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/crew-movie-review-the-charming-trio-of-tabu-kareena-and-kriti-keeps-this-airy-caper-afloat/article68005750.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329201708/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/crew-movie-review-the-charming-trio-of-tabu-kareena-and-kriti-keeps-this-airy-caper-afloat/article68005750.ece |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Monika Rawal Kukreja of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, "''Crew'' makes you laugh, and have fun while serving some cheesy and cocky humour, and manages to stay afloat despite a lot of turbulence, all thanks to the threesome that you wish lasted a little longer."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rawal Kukreja |first=Monika |date=29 March 2024 |title=Crew review: Kareena Kapoor, Tabu, Kriti Sanon's turbulent threesome should've lasted a little longer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/crew-review-kareena-kapoor-tabu-kriti-sanons-turbulent-threesome-shouldve-lasted-a-little-longer-101711692308313-amp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329073832/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/crew-review-kareena-kapoor-tabu-kriti-sanons-turbulent-threesome-shouldve-lasted-a-little-longer-101711692308313-amp.html |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]'' gave the film a positive review, calling it funny, sexy, and honest—all without being overly mushy or judgemental.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=29 March 2024 |title='Crew' review: A sexy, funny and honest airline heist movie |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1065906/crew-review-a-sexy-funny-and-honest-airline-heist-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402063338/https://scroll.in/reel/1065906/crew-review-a-sexy-funny-and-honest-airline-heist-movie |archive-date=2 April 2024 |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]}}</ref>
== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominee/Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
| rowspan="3" |[[70th Filmfare Awards]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Kareena Kapoor Khan]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations for The 70th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2025 With Gujarat Tourism: Full List Out
|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-78037.html|date=26 September 2025|website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|Manisha Melwani, Chandini Whabi, Meagan Concessio, Abhilasha Devnani Baweja
|{{nom}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{Noteslist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|21383812}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | crew_2024 }}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|crew}}

[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Abu Dhabi]]
[[Category:Films about flight attendants]]
[[Category:2020s heist films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Three girls movie]]

Anirban Chakrabarti

2026-04-30T17:30:39Z

SusannahParish: stub

{{Short description|Indian Bengali actor}}
{{distinguish|Anirban Chakraborty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| alt = Anirban Chakraborty
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active =
| known_for = Eken Babu, Jatayu
| notable_works = * ''[[Eken Babu (TV series)|Eken Babu]]''
* [[Khadaan]]
* ''[[Kakababur Protyaborton]]''
* ''[[The Eken]]''
* ''[[The Eken: Ruddhaswas Rajasthan]]''
* ''[[The Eken: Benaras e Bibhishika]]''
}}

'''Anirban Chakrabarti''' is an Indian [[Bengalis|Bengali]] film actor best known for portrayal of the character of ''[[Ekenbabu]]'' in a film franchise and separate web series under the same name.<ref name="Dhaka Tribune">{{cite news |title=Anirban Chakrabarti: If actors do their work well and honestly, then people will definitely watch |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2019/11/30/anirban-chakrabarti-if-actors-do-their-work-well-and-honestly-then-people-will-definitely-watch |access-date=12 January 2022 |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=30 November 2019 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921173431/https://archive.dhakatribune.com/showtime/2019/11/30/anirban-chakrabarti-if-actors-do-their-work-well-and-honestly-then-people-will-definitely-watch |url-status=live }}</ref> He has acted in several other thriller films including ''[[Kakababur Protyaborton]]'' (2022), ''[[Khadaan]]'' and ''[[Chaalchitro: The Frame Fatale]]'' (2024).<ref>{{cite news |last1=ঘোষ |first1=দেবত্রী |title=চলচ্চিত্রের চালচিত্রে টানটান থ্রিলার! খুনির খোঁজ কী ভাবে মনস্তাত্ত্বিক হতে পারে তা দেখাল এই ছবি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-new-bengali-film-chaalchitra-the-frame-fatale-starring-tota-roy-chowdhury-dgtl/cid/1568843 |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=21 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

He has played the character of [[Jatayu (Lal Mohan Ganguly)|Jatayu]] in a web series directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]] and also acted in the internationally multiple award winner film ''[[Once Upon a Time in Calcutta]]'' directed by [[Aditya Vikram Sengupta]].<ref name="ছবির পোস্টারে অবিকল সন্তোষ দত্ত! 'জটায়ু হওয়ার স্পর্ধা নেই', বললেন 'একেন বাবু' অনির্বাণ চক্রবর্তী">{{cite news |title=ছবির পোস্টারে অবিকল সন্তোষ দত্ত! 'জটায়ু হওয়ার স্পর্ধা নেই', বললেন 'একেন বাবু' অনির্বাণ চক্রবর্তী |url=https://banglahunt.com/anirban-chakraborty-aka-eken-babu-is-coming-to-theatres/ |access-date=12 January 2022 |work=Bangla Hunt |date=19 November 2021 |language=bn |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921173441/https://banglahunt.com/anirban-chakraborty-aka-eken-babu-is-coming-to-theatres/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Anirban Chakraborti gears up for another challenging role">{{cite news |title=Anirban Chakraborti gears up for another challenging role |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/anirban-chakraborti-gears-up-for-another-challenging-role/articleshow/80670017.cms |access-date=12 January 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> He is popular for his portrayal of the role of "[[Ekenbabu]]" in the films ''[[The Eken]]'' (2022), ''[[The Eken: Ruddhaswas Rajasthan]]'' (2023) and ''The Eken: Benaras e Bibhishika'' (2025).

== Career ==
In 2021, Chakrabarti acted in the internationally multiple award winner film ''[[Once Upon a Time in Calcutta]]''. Between 2018 and 2021, Chakrabarti played the lead character [[Ekenbabu]] in the ''[[Eken Babu web series]]''. His portrayal of the character received positive reception. He also acted in another web series ''[[Robindronath Ekhane Kawkhono Khete Aashenni]]'' (2021). After the success of ''Ekenbabu'' web-series, a film titled ''[[The Eken]]'' was released in 2022, in which he played the role of ''Ekenbabu''.<ref name="Eken Babu Anirban Chakrabarti: ওয়েব থেকে এবার বড় পর্দায় 'একেন বাবু'! শৈল শহরে রহস্যভেদ করবেন বাঙালি গোয়েন্দা অনির্বাণ">{{cite news |title=Eken Babu Anirban Chakrabarti: ওয়েব থেকে এবার বড় পর্দায় 'একেন বাবু'! শৈল শহরে রহস্যভেদ করবেন বাঙালি গোয়েন্দা অনির্বাণ |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/anirban-chakrabarti-play-fictional-detective-character-eken-babu-coming-bengali-feature-film-eken-joydeep-mukherjee-soc-315375-2021-11-19 |access-date=12 January 2022 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=2021-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119125117/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/anirban-chakrabarti-play-fictional-detective-character-eken-babu-coming-bengali-feature-film-eken-joydeep-mukherjee-soc-315375-2021-11-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive Interview of 'Ekenbabu' Anirban Chakraborty dgtl|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-ekenbabu-anirban-chakraborty-dgtl-1.1238602|access-date=2022-01-14|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn|archive-date=2022-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114101121/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-ekenbabu-anirban-chakraborty-dgtl-1.1238602|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bangla|first=TV9|date=2021-11-20|title=Eken Babu-Anirban: 'একেন বাবু'র নামের তলায় আমার আসল নাম হারিয়ে যাওয়ায় কষ্ট পাই না: অনির্বাণ চক্রবর্তী|url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/tollywood/eken-babu-coming-on-big-screens-459180.html|access-date=2022-01-14|website=TV9 Bangla|language=bn|archive-date=2022-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114101131/https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/tollywood/eken-babu-coming-on-big-screens-459180.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=পি কে বন্দ্যোপাধ্য়ায়ের ভূমিকায় দেখা যাবে অনির্বাণকে|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/anirban-chakrabarti-will-play-p-k-banerjee-in-krishanu-dey-biopic-113388/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Indian Express Bangla|language=bn}}</ref> Following its success, he reprised his role of ''Ekenbabu'' in ''[[The Eken: Ruddhaswas Rajasthan]]'' (2023), which also became a box-office success.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Eken Babu is set to return to the big screen with The Eken, Ruddhaswas Rajasthan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/eken-babu-is-set-to-return-to-the-big-screen-with-the-eken-ruddhaswas-rajasthan/articleshow/95207381.cms |access-date=18 October 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=31 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Superhit film The Eken – Ruddhaswas Rajasthan surpasses Rs 3 crore at the box office |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/superhit-film-the-eken-ruddhaswas-rajasthan-surpasses-rs-3-crore-at-the-box-office/cid/1935668 |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=10 May 2023}}</ref> In 2023, he also played the lead negative role in ''[[Pradhan (2023 film)|Pradhan]]''.<ref name="htm"></ref> In 2024, he acted in a number of films including [[Shastri (2024 film)|''Shastri'']] and ''[[Khadaan]]'', among which the latter went on to become one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian Bengali films|highest grossing Bengali films of all time]].

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Director
!Ref.
|-
|2017|| ''[[Meri Pyaari Bindu]]''|| Abhi's prospective father-in-law||Akshay Roy
|
|-
|2019|| ''[[Mitin Mashi]]''||Police Officer Anishchay||[[Arindam Sil]]
|
|-
|2020|| ''[[Love Aaj Kal Porshu]]''||Ganesh||[[Pratim D. Gupta]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021 || ''[[Psycho (2021 film)|Mukhosh]]''||Adrish Burman || [[Birsa Dasgupta]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Basu|first1=Satarupa |title=Mukhosh movie review: A tight, pacy thriller that keeps you invested |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mukhosh-movie-review-a-tight-pacy-thriller-that-keeps-you-invested-7461586/ |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=[[Indian Express]] |date=19 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[F.I.R No. 339/07/06 (film)|FIR]]'' || Inspector Paritosh Bairagi|| [[Joydip Mukherjee]]
|''<ref>{{Cite web |last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first=অভিরূপ |title=অঙ্কুশের সাবলীল অভিনয়েই ভর করল 'এফআইআর' |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-bengali-film-fir-starring-ritabhari-chakraborty-and-ankush-hazra-dgtl/cid/1308559 |access-date=2022-01-14 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn |archive-date=2022-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114100459/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-bengali-film-fir-starring-ritabhari-chakraborty-and-ankush-hazra-dgtl/cid/1308559 |url-status=live }}</ref>''
|-
|''[[Once Upon a Time in Calcutta]]'' || Pradipta ||[[Aditya Vikram Sengupta]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saibal |title=Once Upon A Time In Calcutta Review: A Portrait Of A City As A Giant Living Organism |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/once-upon-a-time-in-calcutta-review-a-portrait-of-a-city-as-a-giant-living-organism-4-stars-2533641 |access-date=18 October 2024 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=8 September 2021|quote=Pradipto (Anirban Chakrabarti), the brain behind a chit fund company that is into property development, plies her with gifts.}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022 || ''[[Kakababur Protyaborton]]'' || Amal De|| [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Kakababur Protyaborton Movie Review : A visually grand comeback of Kakababu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/kakababur-protyaborton/movie-review/89384123.cms |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=6 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Eken]]''|| [[Ekenbabu]]|| [[Joydip Mukherjee]]
|<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=আনন্দ |first=ওয়েব ডেস্ক, এবিপি |date=2022-02-01 |title='দ্য একেন'-এ অনির্বাণের সঙ্গী পায়েল, দার্জিলিংয়ে জোরকদমে চলছে শ্যুটিং |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/the-eken-paayel-sarkar-starts-shooting-of-the-film-the-eken-864202 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|''Bhotbhoti''
|
|[[Tathagata Mukherjee]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Tathagata Mukherjee's debut film Bhotbhoti will stream on this platform |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/tathagata-mukherjees-debut-film-bhotbhoti-will-stream-on-this-platform/d3a90be122689 |access-date=18 October 2024 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=4 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kolkata Chalantika]]'' || Shibaji || [[Pavel (film director)|Pavel]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata Chalantika: প্রকাশ্যে 'কলকাতা চলন্তিকা'র লুক, পোস্তা ব্রিজ ভাঙার ৬ বছর পরে শহর স্বাভাবিক? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/pavels-upcoming-movie-kolkata-chalantika-all-look-have-been-revealed-on-5th-years-of-posta-bridge-scam-dgtl/cid/1336441 |access-date=18 October 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=31 March 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|''Jai Kali Kalkattawali''
|
|[[Sudeshna Roy]] & [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=চৌধুরী |first1=সৌমিতা |title=Jai Kali Kalkattawali: অনীশ -রাকার প্রেমের অনুঘটক মা কালী? দেখুন 'জয়কালী কলকত্তায়ালি'-র শ্যুটিংয়ের PHOTOS |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/photo/nusrat-jahan-soham-chakraborty-starrer-bengali-movie-jai-kali-kalkattawali-abhijit-guha-sudeshna-roy-casts-and-shooting-pictures-kolkata-soc-311252-2021-11-05-1 |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=5 November 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Eken: Ruddhaswas Rajasthan]]''
|[[Ekenbabu]]
|[[Joydip Mukherjee]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=The Eken: Ruddhaswas Rajasthan banks on Eken Babu's quirks and a visual treat of 'Sonar Kella' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-eken-ruddhaswas-rajasthan-banks-on-eken-babus-quirks-and-a-visual-treat-of-sonar-kella/cid/1931344 |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=21 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Cheeni 2]]''
|
|[[Mainak Bhaumik]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Mainak Bhaumik's Cheeni 2 is about a Journey of Self-Discovery |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/mainak-bhaumiks-cheeni-2-is-about-a-journey-of-self-discovery/cid/1939268 |access-date=18 October 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=24 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pradhan (film)|Pradhan]]''
|Jatileshwar Mukherjee
|Avijit Sen
|<ref name="htm">{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Pradhan review: Anirban Chakrabarti is a showstopper in Dev-Paran Bandyopadhyay's drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/pradhan-review-anirban-chakrabarti-is-a-showstopper-in-dev-paran-bandyopadhyays-drama/050c554675118 |access-date=18 October 2024 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=11 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''[[Shastri (2024 film)|Shastri]]''
|Dipu
|Pathikrit Basu
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first1=দেবর্ষি |title=জ্যোতিষ বনাম যুক্তির মল্লযুদ্ধ, 'শাস্ত্রী' ছবিতে মিঠুন কেমন? জানাচ্ছে আনন্দবাজার অনলাইন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/movie-review-of-the-bengali-film-shastri-starring-mithun-chakraborty-dgtl/cid/1551803 |access-date=18 October 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=8 October 2024 |language=bn |quote=ভাল লাগে অনির্বাণ চক্রবর্তীর গরিব শ্রমিকের চরিত্রও।}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Khadaan]]''
|Balai Mandi
|Soojit Dutta
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=রবিবার দিনও কাজে বিরাম নেই! কোন ছবির শ্যুটিং পুনরায় শুরু করলেন দেব? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-an-update-about-khadan-movie-31720430582304.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710085334/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-an-update-about-khadan-movie-31720430582304.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2024 |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 July 2024 |language=bn |quote=থাকবেন অনির্বাণ চক্রবর্তীও।}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chaalchitro: The Frame Fatale]]''
|Naseer
|[[Pratim D. Gupta]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poorna |title=Chaalchitro: The Frame Fatale Movie Review : A new slick story about serial killers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/chaalchitro-the-frame-fatale/movie-review/116603947.cms |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=23 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" |2025
|''Oporichito''
|[[Inspector]] Avik Dutta
|[[Joydip Mukherjee]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=ঘোষ |first1=দেবত্রী |title=জোরালো গল্পে আলগা রহস্য! 'অপরিচিত'র শেষ চমক কি দর্শক মনে রাখবে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-bengali-film-oporichito-directed-by-joydeep-mukherjee-dgtl/cid/1573818 |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=11 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Shotyi Bole Shotyi Kichhu Nei]]''
|Gaurang Aggarwal
|[[Srijit Mukherjee]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandra |first1=Jayita |title=টলিপাড়ার ১২ জন অভিনেতার মুখ ও মুখোশের লড়াই, নেপথ্যে সৃজিত |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherjee-upcoming-movie-sotti-bole-sotti-kichu-nei-trailer-grab-everyone-attention-1154576.html |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh|TV9 Bangla]] |date=15 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Eken: Benaras e Bibhishika]]''
| [[Ekenbabu]]
| [[Joydip Mukherjee]]
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title='The Eken: Benaras E Bibhishika' is a whimsical Eken adventure paying homage to Satyajit Ray |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/this-anirban-chakrabarti-starrer-is-a-whimsical-adventure-paying-homage-to-satyajit-ray/cid/2100340 |access-date=18 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=17 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mrigaya: The Hunt]]''
| Rudra
|Abhirup Ghosh
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-18 |title=Abhirup Ghosh's 'Mrigaya: The Hunt' teaser sets the tone for a gritty cop thriller |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/abhirup-ghoshs-latest-film-sets-the-tone-for-a-gritty-cop-thriller/cid/2100491 |access-date=2025-05-29 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chandrabindoo (film)|Chandrabindoo]]''
| Uncle Paw
|[[Raja Chanda]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Swati Das |date=2025-04-29 |title=রোমান্স-অ্যাকশনের পর হরর মুভিতে ঐন্দ্রিলা-অঙ্কুশ, কোন ছবিতে জুটি বাঁধলেন? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ankush-hazra-and-oindrila-sen-act-a-horror-movie-releasing-very-soon-31745928358905.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524014552/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ankush-hazra-and-oindrila-sen-act-a-horror-movie-releasing-very-soon-31745928358905.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sharthopor (film)|Sharthopor]]''
|Lawyer Tarak Halder
|Annapurna Basu
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=সমাজের চিরাচরিত পুরুষতান্ত্রিক ভাবনার সুতোয় টান দিল কোয়েল-কৌশিকের 'স্বার্থপর', পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/koel-mallick-kaushik-sen-starrer-sharthopor-film-review/ |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=24 October 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ranna Baati]]''
|Godot
|[[Pratim D. Gupta]]
|
|-
| ''[[Projapati 2]]''
| Shakibul Hassan Jhontu
| Avijit Sen
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2026
|{{pending film|italic=no|''Santa''}}
| TBA
|Anshuman Pratyush
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Abar Hawa Bodol to Rabindra Kabya Rahasya: Eskay Movies to release 18 Bengali films in 2025 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/abar-hawa-bodol-to-rabindra-kabya-rahasya-eskay-movies-to-release-18-bengali-films-in-2025/cid/2062520 |access-date=14 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=12 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Bibi Payra
|TBA
|Arjun Dutta
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Director
!Ref.
|-
| 2018–2025 || ''[[Eken Babu web series]]'' (Season 1–8)|| [[Ekenbabu]]|| Anirban Mallik, Anupam Hari, [[Abhijit Chowdhury]], [[Joydip Mukherjee]], [[Surojit Chatterjee|Surajit Chatterjee]]
|
|-
| 2019 || ''Water Bottle'' || || [[Joydip Mukherjee]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2020
|''Lalbazaar''
|
|[[Sayantan Ghosal]]
|
|-
|| ''[[Feludar Goyendagiri (TV series)|Feluda Pherot]]'' (Season 1) || [[Lalmohan Ganguly|Jatayu]]|| Srijit Mukherji
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
|''Maradonar Juto''
|
|[[Mainak Bhaumik]]
|
|-
|| ''[[Robindronath Ekhane Kawkhono Khete Aashenni]]''|| OC Tapan Sikder|| [[Srijit Mukherji]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2022 || ''[[Byadh]]'' ||Bishu || Abhirup Ghosh
|
|-
|''[[Shob Choritro]]''
|Abinash Mitra
|Debasish Sen Sharma
|
|-
||''[[Feludar Goyendagiri]]'' (Season 1) || [[Lalmohan Ganguly|Jatayu]]|| Srijit Mukherji||
|-
|2023 ||''Dugdugi''|| ||Joydeep Mukherjee
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024 ||''Feludar Goyendagiri'' (Season 2) || [[Lalmohan Ganguly|Jatayu]]|| [[Srijit Mukherji]]||
|-
|| ''Fasco'' || Sujit Bose || [[Anjana Basu]]
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Kaalipotka]]''
|Rana
|Abhirup Ghosh
|<ref name="TOI2">{{cite news |last1=Staff|date=21 January 2026|title=Kaalipotka brings stories of power and survival to the fore|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kaalipotka-brings-stories-of-power-and-survival-to-the-fore/articleshow/126961798.cms|access-date=21 January 2026|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Awards ==
* ''[[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]- Best Performance In A Negative Role'' for ''[[F.I.R No. 339/07/06|FIR]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Award 2022 - WBFJA: Welcome to the official website of West Bengal Film Journalists' Association |url=https://wbfja.com/award-2022.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120125457/https://wbfja.com/award-2022.php |archive-date=2022-11-20 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=wbfja.com}}</ref>
* ''OTTplay Award Best Actor in a Comic Role –Series'' for ''[[Eken Babu (TV series)|Eken Babu -Season 6]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ottplay-awards-2023-kajol-kartik-aaryan-anil-kapoor-rakshit-shetty-win-check-out-full-winners-list/f59ec77f6b333|title=OTTplay Awards 2023: Kajol, Kartik Aaryan, Anil Kapoor, Rakshit Shetty win, check out full winners' list|website=www.ottplay.com|access-date=2024-08-16|archive-date=2023-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204172213/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/ottplay-awards-2023-kajol-kartik-aaryan-anil-kapoor-rakshit-shetty-win-check-out-full-winners-list/f59ec77f6b333|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|10372617}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakrabarti, Anirban}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]

Sports Academy Tirur

2026-04-28T10:39:09Z

SusannahParish:

{{Short description|Indian professional association football club based in Tirur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{infobox football club
| clubname = SAT
| image = Sports Academy Tirur.png
| fullname = Sports Academy Tirur Football Club
| upright = 0.9
| short name = SAT
| nickname =
| founded = {{Start date and age|2011}}
| ground = Rajiv Gandhi Municipal Stadium Tirur [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
| capacity = 5,000 30,000
| chrtitle = President
| chairman = Latheef VP
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager =
| league =
| season =
| position =
| current =
| pattern_la1 = _redborder
| pattern_b1 = _whitecollar
| pattern_ra1 = _redborder
| pattern_sh1 = _redsides
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = FFFFFF
| body1 = E60026
| rightarm1 = FFFFFF
| shorts1 = FFFFFF
| socks1 = FFFFFF
| pattern_la2 = _skyblueborder
| pattern_b2 = _whitecollar
| pattern_ra2 = _skyblueborder
| pattern_sh2 = _skysides
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = ADD8E6
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = 0070B8
| pattern_la3 =
| pattern_b3 =
| pattern_ra3 =
| pattern_sh3 = _whitesides2
| pattern_so3 =
| leftarm3 = FFFFFF
| body3 = 563C5C
| rightarm3 = FFFFFF
| shorts3 = 563C5C
| socks3 = 563C5C
| website =
}}

'''Sports Academy Tirur''', commonly known as '''SAT''' or '''SAT FC Kerala''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/sports-academy-tirur-sat-making-giant-strides-in-kpl-kerala-premier-league-news-updates/article67833539.ece|title=Sports Academy Tirur - a little club making giant strides in Kerala Premier League|first=Stan|last=Rayan|date=10 February 2024|website=Sportstar}}</ref> is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Tirur]], [[Kerala]]. They last played in the [[Kerala Premier League]], the top division of [[football in Kerala]], and the [[I-League 3]], the third level of the [[Indian football league system]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/kerala-premier-league-football/article66157240.ece|title=Kerala Premier League to begin on November 24|website=thehindu.com|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|location=Kochi|first=Stan|last=Rayan|date=19 November 2022|access-date=19 March 2023|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215033910/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/kerala-premier-league-football/article66157240.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/i-league-two-klasa-fc-qualifies-50004|title=Diamond Harbour FC, Klasa FC, Chanmari FC, and SAT Tirur promoted to I-League 2|first=The Bridge|last=Desk|date=4 October 2024|website=The Bridge - Home of Indian Sports}}</ref><ref>https://theawayend.co/kerala-premier-league/</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rayan |first=Stan |date=2024-02-10 |title=Sports Academy Tirur - a little club making giant strides in Kerala Premier League |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/sports-academy-tirur-sat-making-giant-strides-in-kpl-kerala-premier-league-news-updates/article67833539.ece |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Sports Academy Tirur vs Kerala United FC.jpg|thumb|Sports Academy Tirur vs Kerala United]]
SAT was founded in 2011 and began playing in the Kerala Premier League for the [[2016–17 Kerala Premier League|2016–17]] season.<ref>{{cite web|last1=|first1=|title=KPL to have a home-and-away format|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/KPL-to-have-a-home-and-away-format/article17091767.ece#|website=The Hindu|accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=|first1=|title=Kerala Premier League to kick off on April 8|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/kerala-premier-league-to-kick-off-on-april-8/article17836429.ece|website=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=13 April 2017}}</ref> In July 2024, it was announced that SAT would participate in the [[2024–25 I-League 3]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IndianFootball/comments/1e0v4sl/teams_for_ileague_3/|title=Teams for I-League 3|access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C9W70vFTEAJ|title=The teams for the 2024-25 I-League 3 season are confirmed! The season kicks off in September.|access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref><ref>"https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/sports-academy-tirur-sat-making-giant-strides-in-kpl-kerala-premier-league-news-updates/article67833539.ece</ref> The club was placed in group A, alongside [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]], [[Sports Odisha]], [[Lakecity FC|Lakecity]] and Ghaziabad City. Their first match was on September 3 against Sports Odisha at the [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]. Goals from Rifhath Ramzan and Hasanul Hadi gave SAT a 2–0 victory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=36976|title=Match Details | I-League}}</ref> Win against Ghaziabad City<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=37001|title=Match Details | I-League}}</ref> and draw against Lakecity<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=36981|title=Match Details | I-League}}</ref> earned them a spot in the playoffs.
In the play offs they secured their spot in the [[2024–25 I-League 2]].

==Stadium==
[[File:Manjeri_Stadium_2014.jpg|alt=Stadium During Federation Cup 2014|center|frameless]]

Sports Academy Tirur plays its home matches at the Rajiv Gandhi Municipal Stadium located in Tirur. They also use the [[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]] for selected matches.

[[File:Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium.jpg|center|thumb]]

==Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
!Period
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor
|-
|2020—2023
|
|AB Bismi
|-
|2023—2024
|
|SAT Qatar
|-
|2024—2025
|Fly High
|E-Logic Global
|-
|2025—
|Fly High
|Fossil Petroleum
|}

==Players==
===First-team squad===
{{Updated|January 2025}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Mohanraj K}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Muhammed Thasleem}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Tony A}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Saivin Ericson}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Hasanul Hadi}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Unise K|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Muhammed Basheer}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Senthamil S}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Muhammed Nihal}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Shafeeq Thekkumpat}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Anittan A}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Aswin P}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Niketh N}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Lijo K}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Abdul Hannan}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Arshad}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Shanu}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Kalid Roshan}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Sabarin Bush}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Muhammed Habeel}}
{{Fs player|no=34|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Najeeb }}
{{Fs player|no=36|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Aquib Nawab}}
{{Fs player|no=38|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Muhammed Musharaf}}
{{Fs player|no=41|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Muhammed Fayiz}}
{{Fs end}}

==Statistics and records==
{{updated|25 March 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! colspan=8 class="unsortable" | League
! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | '''Finals'''
! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | Cup
! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
! scope="col" colspan=3 class="unsortable" | Top Scorer
|-
! class="unsortable" | Division
!{{tooltip|P|Games played}}
!{{tooltip|W|Games won}}
!{{tooltip|D|Games drawn}}
!{{tooltip|L|Games lossed}}
!{{tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!{{tooltip|Position|Position}}
! class="unsortable" | Player
! class="unsortable" | Goals
|-
|[[2016–17 Kerala Premier League|2016–17]]
|[[Kerala Premier League|KPL]]
|11
|6
|3
|2
|15
|8
|Semi-final
|—
|—
|—
|align=left |{{flagicon|IND}} Shaheed
|6
|-
|[[2017–18 Kerala Premier League|2017–18]]
|[[Kerala Premier League|KPL]]
|9
|5
|1
|3
|16
|12
|Semi-final
|—
|—
|—
|align=left |{{flagicon|IND}} Thabseer/Faslurahman/Shaheed
|3
|-
|[[2018–19 Kerala Premier League|2018–19]]
|[[Kerala Premier League|KPL]]
|6
|2
|0
|4
|6
|8
|Group stage
|—
|—
|—
|align=left |{{flagicon|IND}} Mohamed Nisham
|3
|-
|[[2019–20 Kerala Premier League|2019–20]]
|[[Kerala Premier League|KPL]]
|7
|4
|2
|1
|12
|3
|Semi-final
|—
|—
|—
|align=left |{{flagicon|SEN}} E. Kamara
|8
|-
|[[2020–21 Kerala Premier League|2020–21]]
|[[Kerala Premier League|KPL]]
|5
|1
|3
|1
|7
|5
|Group stage
|—
|—
|—
|align=left |{{flagicon|IND}} Nasar
|3
|-
|[[2021–22 Kerala Premier League|2021–22]]
|[[Kerala Premier League|KPL]]
|11
|7
|2
|2
|21
|5
|Semi-final
|—
|—
|—
|align=left |{{flagicon|IND}} Arshad
|4
|-
|[[2022–23 Kerala Premier League|2022–23]]
|[[Kerala Premier League|KPL]]
|7
|4
|3
|0
|11
|5
|Group stage
|—
|—
|—
|colspan=2 align=center|—
|-
|[[2023–24 Kerala Premier League|2023–24]]
|[[Kerala Premier League|KPL]]
|16
|10
|2
|4
|37
|23
|Runners-up
|—
|—
|—
|align=left |{{flagicon|IND}} Rahul KP
|7
|-
|[[2024–25 I-League 3|2024–25]]
|[[I-League 3]]
|8
|4
|2
|2
|15
|12
|3rd
|—
|—
|—
|align=left |{{flagicon|IND}} Adheeb Basheer
|3
|-
|[[2024–25 I-League 2|2024–25]]
|[[I-League 2]]
|11
|4
|3
|4
|13
|15
|5th
|—
|—
|—
|align=left |{{flagicon|IND}} Senthamil S
|5
|-
|}

==Honours==
===League===
*'''[[I-League 3]]'''
**Third place (1): [[2024–25 I-League 3|2024–25]]
*'''[[Kerala Premier League]]'''
**Runners-up (1): [[2023–24 Kerala Premier League|2023–24]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2024/02/11/kerala-united-retain-kpl-crown-with-three-goals-in-injury-time.html|date=11 February 2024|access-date=12 February 2024|website=|title=Kerala United retain KPL crown with three goals in injury time|archive-date=12 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212183052/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2024/02/11/kerala-united-retain-kpl-crown-with-three-goals-in-injury-time.html|publisher=ON Manorama News|location=Kannur}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2024/02/08/sat-tirur-to-meet-kerala-united-in-final-of-kerala-premier-league-football.html KPL: SAT Tirur to meet Kerala United in final]
* [https://thebridge.in/football/kpl-2021-22-live-real-malabar-fc-vs-sports-academy-tirur-goals-updates-results-blog-28110 KPL 2021-22 LIVE: Real Malabar FC vs Sports Academy Tirur Goals, Updates, Results and Blog]
* [https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/sports-academy-tirur-sat-making-giant-strides-in-kpl-kerala-premier-league-news-updates/article67833539.ece Sports Academy Tirur - a little club making giant strides in Kerala Premier League]

[[Category:I-League 3 clubs]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2011]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Kerala]]

Flowers TV

2026-04-26T07:18:19Z

SusannahParish: Adding New Entry...

{{short description|Indian-Malayalam language TV channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television channel
| logo = Flowers TV 2023 logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2015
| name = Flowers TV
| headquarters = [[Kochi, Kerala]]
| type = [[Television channel]]
| country = India
| slogan =
| area = [[Indian sub-continent]], [[Middle East]], North America
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| owner = Insight Media City
| key_people = {{ubl|Gokulam Gopalan {{small|(Chairman)}}|[[Sreekandan Nair]] {{small|(Managing Director)}}}}
| picture_format = [[576i]] for [[SDTV]] feed) '''SD''' feed available only
| sister_channels = [[24 News]]
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2015|04|12}}
| online_serv_1 = [[YouTube]] (Paid only)
| online_chan_1 = (India)
| online_serv_2 = [[YuppTV]]
| online_chan_2 = (Worldwide)
| website = {{URL|https://www.flowerstv.in|Flowers TV}}
| online_serv_3 = [[Jio TV]]
| online_chan_3 = (India)
}}

'''Flowers TV''' is an Indian [[Malayalam|Malayalam-language]], general-entertainment, [[pay television]] channel owned by Insight Media City. The channel was launched on 12 April 2015. Flowers TV [[HD feed]] is only available through their [[YouTube]] channel.

== History ==
The channel was originally promoted by [[Sreekandan Nair]] who is also the managing director of Flowers TV. Gokulam Gopalan is the chairman and Dr. Vidhya Vinod is the Vice Chairperson of Flowers TV.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insightmediacity.com/flowerstv.html|title= FLOWERS - HERALDING TOMORROW'S WORLD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insightmediacity.com/team.html|title= Meet the Team}}</ref>

Flowers TV broadcasts from [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India. As per the statistical analysis of [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] data for the first eight weeks of 2017, Flowers TV is ranked in the top-five lists.<ref>[http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/viewership/large-networks-lead-regional-channels-programme-ratings-in-weeks-1-to-8-of-2017-170314 BARC Analysis 2017]</ref>

Flowers TV is available in the [[United States]] through [[YuppTV]] and also other [[Asia]]n regions. Flowers once broadcast ''[[I-League]]'' matches with Malayalam Commentary. On 12 April 2017, Flowers TV, Rays3D, [[Mulakuppadam Films]] and [[Mohanlal]] set a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the largest attendance at a [[3D film]] screening, 12,526 spectators watched the screening of the Malayalam film ''[[Pulimurugan]]'' (2016) at Adlux International Convention Centre in [[Angamaly]], Kerala.<ref>[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-attendance-at-a-3d-film-screening/ Guinness record for the largest attendance for a 3D fim screening]</ref>

==Channel==
{|class="wikitable"
! Channel
! Category
|-
|''[[24 News]]''
|News
|}

== Current broadcast ==
=== Drama series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Premiere date
!Name
!Notes
|-
|2 June 2025
|''[[Vighnaharta Ganesh|Unni Ganapathi]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Malayalam TV Serial Unni Ganapathi|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/malayalam/tv-serials/unni-ganapathi}}</ref>
|-
|24 June 2024
|''[[Uppum Mulakum|Uppum Mulakum 3]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/uppum-mulakum-season-3-nandhootty-and-social-media-star-isdan-s-new-entry/articleshow/111127071.cms|title=പാറുവല്ല ഇത്തവണ നന്ദൂട്ടിയും രണ്ടുവയസ്സുകാരൻ ഇസ്ദാനുമാണ് താരങ്ങൾ; ഗൾഫിൽ പോയ കുട്ടുമാമനും മടങ്ങിയെത്തും|work=Samayam Malayalam}}</ref>
|-
|8 May 2023
|''[[Sukhamo Devi (TV series)|Sukhamo Devi]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/mounaragam-to-aniyathipravu-malayalam-tv-serials-that-copied-their-titles-from-classic-movies/photostory/102363085.cms|title=Mounaragam to Aniyathipravu: Malayalam soaps that copied their titles from classic movies|website=The Times Of India|date=2 August 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|3 February 2025
|''Mahalekshmi''
|<ref>{{citation
|title=Mahalakshmi|url=https://www.sunnxt.com/malayalam-shorts-mahalakshmi-2025/detail/213849/0|website=Sun NXT|access-date=20 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Reality shows ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Airing
!Name
! Notes
|-
|2025–present
| ''[[Top Singer (TV series)|Top Singer 6]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Flowers Top Singer Season 6 Audition Date, Venue – Malayalam Musical Reality show on Flowers TV|url=https://www.keralatv.in/flowers-top-singer-season-6-audition-date-venue-malayalam-musical-reality-show-on-flowers-tv/|website=Kerala TV|access-date=31 January 2026|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024–present
| ''Ithu Item Vere''
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Flowers Comedy Ithu Item Vere|url=https://www.sunnxt.com/malayalam-shorts-flowers-comedy-ithu-item-vere-2024/detail/202213/0|website=Sun NXT|access-date=20 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Former broadcast ==
=== Original series ===
==== Drama series ====
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
|-
|2015–2017
|''Eeran Nilavu''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/new-serial-on-flowers-tv/articleshow/50106785.cms|title=New serial on Flowers TV|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=9 December 2015 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''Ishwaran Sakshiyayi''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/eswaran-sakshiyayi-wins-five-state-awards/articleshow/52701545.cms|title=Eswaran Sakshiyayi' wins five State Awards|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=11 June 2016 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2015–2017
|''Moonnumani''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kuttimani-is-the-best-role-i-have-played-so-far-sreelaya/articleshow/68151527.cms|title=Kuttimani is the best role I have played so far: Sreelaya|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=25 February 2019 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''Vishwaroopam''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/new-fantasy-fiction-show-viswaroopam-on-flowers-tv-launched-on-22nd-june-730pm/|title=New Fantasy Fiction show Viswaroopam on Flowers TV launched on 22nd June @ 7:30PM|work=Medianews4u|date=25 June 2015 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''Shesham''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Crime-in-focus/article14380273.ece|title='Shesham', new crime-based show on Flowers channel|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 June 2016 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''Shesham 2''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/shesham-the-truththereafter-on-flowers-tv/articleshow/52618095.cms|title='Shesham-The Truth…Thereafter' on Flowers TV|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=6 June 2016 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Manjal Prasadam]]''
|-
|2016
|''[[Pokkuveyil (TV series)|Pokkuveyil]]''
|-
|2016–2018
|''[[Rathri Mazha (TV series)|Rathri Mazha]]''
|-
|2017–2019
|''[[Seetha (TV series)|Seetha]]''
|-
|2017
|''Sakudumbam Shyamala''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.keralatv.in/sakudumbam-shyamala-flowers-serial/|title=Sakudumbam Shyamala Serial On Flowers TV – Launching on 7th August at 7.00 P.M|work=Kerala TV|date=7 August 2017 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Mamangam (TV series)|Mamangam]]''
|-
|2017
|''Maamattikutty''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.keralatv.in/mamattikutti-tv-serial-flowers-tv/|title=Mamattikutti tv serial on flowers tv starting from 5th june at 7.00 p.m|work=Kerala TV|date=31 May 2017 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''Parisudhan''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/parishudhan-a-new-serial/articleshow/62326301.cms|title=Parishudhan, a new serial!|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=January 2018 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2018–2019
|''Arundhathi''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/arundhathi-a-new-serial-on-flowers-tv/articleshow/62255010.cms|title=Arundhathi, a new serial on Flowers TV|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=26 December 2017 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2019–2020
|''Kathayariyathe''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.keralatv.in/kadhayariyathe-flowers-serial/|title=Kadhayariyathe Flowers TV Serial Launched On 2nd December At 7.00 P.M|work=Kerala TV|date=December 2019 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Arayannangalude Veedu''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.keralatv.in/classmates-flowers-serial/|title=Classmates flowers tv serial launching on 18th November at 6.30 P.M|work=Kerala TV|date=11 November 2019 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Classmates''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.keralatv.in/classmates-flowers-serial/|title=Classmates flowers tv serial launching on 18th November at 6.30 P.M|work=Kerala TV|date=11 November 2019 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Malarvadi''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.keralatv.in/malarvadi-tv-serial/|title=Malarvadi Malayalam TV Serial On Flowers TV – Starts 25th September at 7.00 P.M|work=Kerala TV|date=23 September 2017 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Koodathayi''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/serials/koodathayi-serial-mallika-sukumaran-plays-an-important-role-in-koodathayi-serial-on-flowers-tv/articleshow/77441915.cms|title=കൂടത്തായി പരമ്പര; ശ്രദ്ധേയമായ വേഷത്തിൽ ഞാനും; മല്ലിക സുകുമാരൻ വീണ്ടും സീരിയലിലേക്ക്!|work=[[The Times Of India|Samayam Malayalam]]|access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2020–2021
|''Anna Kareena''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/anna-kareena-from-ranjin-rajs-composition-to-nithya-mammens-soulful-rendition-heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-title-song/articleshow/78236357.cms|title=Anna Kareena: From Ranjin Raj's composition to Nithya Mammen's soulful rendition, here's everything you|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=21 September 2020 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2020–2022
|''[[Nandanam (film)#Sequel series|Nandanam]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/photo-gallery/bigg-boss-fame-naveen-arakkal-act-as-gandharvan-in-nandanam-serial-photos-goes-viral-on-social-media-96331/-96333|title=Naveen Arakkal: 'ഇനി ഞാൻ ഗന്ധർവ്വൻ'! പുത്തൻ മേക്കോവറിൽ നവീൻ അറക്കൽ, ഞെട്ടിത്തരിച്ച് ആരാധകരും|work=[[Zee News]]|access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Moodalmanju''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/varada-is-all-excited-about-her-comeback-venture-moodal-manju/articleshow/81410540.cms|title=Varada is all excited about her comeback venture 'Moodal Manju'|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=9 March 2021 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Ente Bharya''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/autograph-stars-ranjith-and-ambarish-reunite-in-ente-bharya/articleshow/81649504.cms|title=Autograph stars Ranjith and Ambarish reunite in 'Ente Bharya'|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=23 March 2021 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2021–2022
|''Priyankari''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/priyankari-actor-daveed-pens-a-heart-touching-tribute-to-late-actress-kozhikode-sharada-says-her-laugh-still-resonates-in-my-ears/articleshow/87606353.cms|title=Priyankari actor Daveed pens a heart-touching tribute to late actress Kozhikode Sharada, says 'Her laugh|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=9 November 2021 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Seetha (TV series)|Seethapennu]]''
|-
|2023
|''Kunkumacheppu''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.keralatv.in/kumkumacheppu-serial-on-flowers-tv/|title=Kumkumacheppu, Latest Malayalam Television Serial on Flowers TV Launching on Sunday, 20 August Everyday at 07:00 PM|work=Kerala TV|date=16 August 2023 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2023–2024
|''Amme Bhagavathi'' / ''Attukal Amma''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.keralatv.in/amme-bhagavathy-serial-flowers/|title=Amme Bhagavathy Malayalam Devotional Serial on Flowers TV Starring Samskruthy Shenoy, From 27 November|work=Kerala TV|date=24 November 2023 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2024–2025
|''[[Panchagni (TV series)|Panchagni]]''<ref>{{cite web |title='ഇത് പുത്തൻ അദ്ധ്യായം'; വൈഷ്‌ണവി സായ്‌കുമാർ ഇനി പഞ്ചാഗ്നിയിൽ!|url=https://flowersoriginals.com/2024/07/vaishnavi-saikumar-to-star-in-upcoming-serial-panchagni/|website=Flowers Originals|date=25 July 2024|language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
|''Veettile Vilakku''<ref>{{cite web |title=Veettile Vilakku|url=https://www.sunnxt.com/malayalam-shorts-veettile-vilakku-2025/detail/213848/0|website=Sun NXT|access-date=20 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==== Comedy series ====
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
|-
|2015–2024
|''[[Uppum Mulakum|Uppum Mulakum Season 1,2]]''
|-
|2020–2024
|''[[Chakkappazham|Chakkappazham Season 1,2]]''
|-
|2022–2025
|''[[Surabhiyum Suhasiniyum|Surabhiyum Suhasiniyum Season 1,2]]''
|-
|}

==== Sports ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Year
!Name
|-
|rowspan="2" |2023
|[[Celebrity Cricket League]]
|-
|[[I-League]]
|}

==== Reality/Non-scripted programming ====
{{div col}}
*''[[Enga Veetu Mapillai|Aryakku Parinayam]]''<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/aryaycku-parinayam-a-new-reality-show-on-flowers-tv/articleshow/62998175.cms ‘Aryaycku Parinayam', a new reality show on Flowers TV]</ref> (2018) (Dubbed)
*''[[Katturumbu]]''<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Katturumbu-on-Flowers-TV-from-December-3/articleshow/55749103.cms Children's show on Flowers television]</ref> (2016–2018)
*''[[Katturumbu|Katturumbu 2]]'' (2023)
*''Malayali Veettamma''<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Malayali-veettamma-on-Flowers-TV/articleshow/55492372.cms Program for homemakers]</ref> (2017)
*''[[Top Singer|Top Singer 1-5]]'' (2018-2025)
*''Voice of Kerala'' (2024-2025)<ref>[https://www.keralatv.in/flowers-tv-today-programs/ Flowers TV Today Programs – Voice of Kerala is The Latest Show, Airing Sunday at 09:30 PM]</ref>
*''Comedy Utsavam season 1-3'' (2018-2024)<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/comedy-utsavam-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/62636337.cms Comedy Utsavam completes 100 episodes]</ref>
*''Oru Kodi season 1,2'' (2021-2024)<ref>[https://www.keralatv.in/flowers-oru-kodi-season-2-registration/ Flowers Oru Kodi Season 2 Registration Details, How Can You Participate in The Malayalam Television Game Show]</ref>
*''Oru Kodi with Comedy'' (2024)<ref>[https://www.twentyfournews.com/2024/07/03/flowers-oru-kodi-with-comedy-from-tomorrow.html ഇനി കളി മാറും ഫുൾ കോമഡി; ഫ്‌ളവേഴ്‌സ് ഒരുകോടി വിത്ത് കോമഡി നാളെ മുതൽ; ആദ്യ അതിഥിയായി ധ്യാൻ ശ്രീനിവാസൻ‌]</ref>
*''Smart Show'' (2015-2016)<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/eva-pavithran-on-smart-show/articleshow/50135934.cms Eva Pavithran on 'Smart Show']</ref>
*''Smart Show 60'' (2016)<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/rimi-replaces-sreekandan-nair-on-smart-show/articleshow/51807694.cms Rimi replaces Sreekandan Nair on Smart Show]</ref>
* ''Smart Show (2025)''<ref>{{cite web |title=Smart Show|url=https://www.sunnxt.com/malayalam-shorts-smart-show-2025/detail/215144/0|website=Sun NXT|access-date=20 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>
*'' Star Magic'' (2016-2024)<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/star-magic-to-go-off-air-after-7-years-lakshmi-nakshathra-pens-a-thank-you-note/articleshow/116251305.cms Star Magic to go off air after 7 years; Lakshmi Nakshathra pens a thank you note]</ref>
*''Musical Wife 1,2'' (2023–2026)<ref>{{cite web |title=Musical Wife Audition Alert , Flowers TV Inviting entries for the New Season of It’s Reality Show|url=https://www.keralatv.in/musical-wife-reality-show-new-season-audition/|website=Kerala TV|access-date=31 January 2026|language=en}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.flowerstv.in/}}
{{Malayalam journalism}}

[[Category:2015 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television channels]]
[[Category:Television stations in Kochi]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2015]]

Jagannath Temple, Bengaluru

2026-04-25T09:47:52Z

SusannahParish: Adding New Location W/ Infobox - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Jagannath Temple, Bangalore
| image = Puri Jagannath Temple at Agara.JPG
| alt =
| caption = Jagannath temple in Bangalore
| map_type = India Bangalore
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}
| country = India
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bangalore]]
| location = Sarjapur Road in [[Agara, Bangalore|Agara]]
| functional_status = Open from 6:00 AM to 01:00 PM and 3:30 PM to 8:30 PM.
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lord [[Jagannath]], his brother [[Balabhadra]], and sister [[Subhadra]]
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 16
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}

'''Jagannath Temple''' is dedicated to the [[Hindu]] god [[Jagannath]], his brother [[Balabhadra]], and sister [[Subhadra]]. The temple is located on Sarjapur Road in [[Agara, Bangalore|Agara]] in [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India. Its main festival is the annual [[Rath Yatra]], which sees more than fifteen thousand devotees.<ref>{{cite web|last=Das|first=Biswaranjan|title=Odias in Bangalore celebrated Rath Yatra|url=http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowEvents.asp?id=34709|publisher=Orissa Diary|access-date=24 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307134300/http://orissadiary.com/ShowEvents.asp?id=34709|archive-date=7 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The temple is maintained by the Shree Jagannath Temple Trust of Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|title=Official site of temple trust|url=http://www.sjttbangalore.org/|publisher=Shree Jagannath Temple Trust, Bangalore|access-date=24 August 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Ratha Ratha Jatara2011.JPG|thumb|250px|left|The Rath Yatra festival]]
{{clear left}}

==See also==
* [[List of Jagannath Temples outside Puri]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Jagannath|state=expanded}}
{{Hindu temples in Bangalore}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Jagannath temples]]

Falaq Naaz

2026-04-24T15:20:56Z

SusannahParish:

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Falaq Naaz
| image =
| birth_name = Falaq Khan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|12|02|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-ott-2s-falaq-naaz-celebrates-her-birthday-with-shaurya-aur-anokhi-team-pooja-bhatt-pens-a-heartfelt-note/articleshow/105701040.cms |title=Bigg Boss OTT fame Falaq Naaz celebrates her birthday with Shaurya aur Anokhi team; Pooja Bhatt pens a heartfelt note |website=Times of India |accessdate=3 December 2023}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| years_active = 2010{{endash}}present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|model}}
| nationality =
| spouse =
| known_for = ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'' ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)|Bigg Boss OTT 2]]''
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Shafaq Naaz]] (sister) | [[Sheezan Mohammed Khan|Sheezan Khan]] (brother)}}
| website =
}}

'''Falaq Naaz''' (born 2 December 1991) is an Indian actress who predominantly works in Hindi television. Falaq is best known for her role, Jhanvi Bhardwaj on [[Colors TV]]'s soap opera ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Falaq-Naaz-in-Pratigya/articleshow/14315879.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019051719/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-21/tv/32351706_1_abhimanyu-pooja-gor-murder-case |url-status=live |archive-date=19 October 2013 |title=Falaq Naaz in Pratigya? |date=21 June 2012 |work=Times of India|access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref> She is also known for her participation in the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)|Bigg Boss OTT 2]]'' as a contestant in which she was evicted at 10th place.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-11 |title=Bigg Boss OTT 2: Falaq Naaz opens up about how Saroj Khan sent her to Amritsar to handle her academy, "She knew I was in dire need of money" |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-ott-2-falaq-naaz-opens-up-about-how-saroj-khan-sent-her-to-amritsar-to-handle-her-academy-she-knew-i-was-in-dire-need-of-money/articleshow/101671929.cms |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2025 Falaq became the team owner of team Shuttle Snipers in Indian Pro Badminton League [https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/yuva-badminton-league-unveils-teams-official-jersey-trophy-for-inaugural-season/amp]

Falaq is also known for her roles in the television shows ''[[Mahakali — Anth Hi Aarambh Hai]]'', ''[[Roop - Mard Ka Naya Swaroop]]'', ''[[Vish Ya Amrit: Sitara]]'', ''[[Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush]]'' and ''[[Pandya Store]]''.

==Early life==
Falaq was born on 2 December 1991 in [[Meerut]] and brought up in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/sheezan-and-falaq-give-sibling-goals-80193 |title=Sheezan and Falaq give sibling goals |first=Tribune News |last=Service |website=Tribuneindia News Service |access-date=3 May 2024 |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026135623/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/sheezan-and-falaq-give-sibling-goals-80193 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is the elder sister of actors [[Shafaq Naaz]] and [[Sheezan Khan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiawest.com/dont-treat-our-silence-as-weakness-sheezans-sisters/ | title=Don't Treat Our Silence as Weakness: Sheezan's Sisters | date=26 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dont-ask-me-about-shafaq-ive-broken-all-ties-with-her-says-sister-falaq-naaz/articleshow/64235872.cms|title=Don't ask me about Shafaq, I've broken all ties with her, says sister Falaq Naaz – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=19 May 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sheezan-mohd-and-falaq-naazz-break-their-ramadan-fast-together-share-pictures-on-social-media/articleshow/75511443.cms |title=Sheezan Mohd and Falaq Naazz break their Ramadan fast together, share pictures on social media - Times of India |website=The Times of India|last1=Purkayastha |first1=Pallabi Dey }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 2023, Falaq revealed that she has a close bond with rumoured boyfriend actor [[Avinash Sachdev]], but did not confirm being romantically involved with him.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive - Falaq Naaz on her bond with Avinash Sachdev: We have a great understanding; 'Mujhe nahi lagta main Kabhi Avinash se alag hongi' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-falaq-naaz-on-her-bond-with-avinash-sachdev-we-have-a-great-understanding-mujhe-nahi-lagta-main-kabhi-avinash-se-alag-hongi/articleshow/103715851.cms |access-date=2024-11-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Hardika |title=Avinash Sachdev Reveals Why He Unfollowed Rumoured Girlfriend Falaq Naaz On Instagram: "I Felt Somebody..." |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/avinash-sachdev-reveals-why-he-unfollowed-rumoured-girlfriend-falaq-naaz-on-instagram-i-felt-somebody-5333061 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Title !! Role
! Ref.
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Chote Nawab]]''|| Nafeesa
|<ref>{{cite news |date=3 March 2024 |title=Akshay Oberoi and Rajshree Deshpande's 'Chote Nawab' movie review |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/akshay-oberoi-and-rajshree-deshpandes-chote-nawab-movie-review-13744524.html/amp |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Title !! Role
! Ref.
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
| Mukti Maa's sidekick
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Rehana Hussain
|
|-
|
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Naina
|
|-
| 2010–2011
| ''[[Gunahon Ka Devta (TV series)|Gunahon Ka Devta]]''
| Shikha Singh Thakur
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
| Rubia / Maya
|
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Dekha Ek Khwaab]]''
| Tara
|
|-
| 2012–2013
| ''[[Mujhse Kuchh Kehti...Yeh Khamoshiyaan]]''
| Archana
|
|-
| 2013–2017
| ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'' || Jhanvi Bharadwaj Malhotra
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sasural-simar-ka-goes-off-air-some-achievments-of-the-show/photostory/60367758.cms|title=Sasural Simar Ka goes off air, some {{as written|achi|evments [sic]}} of the show|website=The Times of India|date=4 September 2017|access-date=24 February 2021|archive-date=18 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718064324/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sasural-simar-ka-goes-off-air-some-achievments-of-the-show/photostory/60367758.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'' || [[Ruqaiya Sultan Begum|Ruqaiya Sultan]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Vijaya |date=14 October 2014 |title=Maharana Pratap: Krip Suri and Falaq Naaz as grown-up Akbar-Rukaiya in the show |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Maharana-Pratap-Krip-Suri-and-Falak-Naaz-as-grown-up-Akbar-Rukaiya-in-the-show/articleshow/44813499.cms |access-date=19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2015
| ''[[Doli Armaano Ki]]''
| Pooja Sinha
|
|-
| 2017
|''[[Shankar Jaikishan 3 in 1]]''
| Dr. Twinkle Kapoor
|
|-
| 2018
| ''Box Cricket League''
| Contestant
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Roop – Mard Ka Naya Swaroop]]''
| Minal
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
| Kamini
|
|-
| 2018–2022
| ''[[RadhaKrishn]]''
| [[Devaki]]
|
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Vish Ya Amrit: Sitara]]''
| Chhabili
|
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush]]''
| [[Mandodari]]
|
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani]]''|| Babli Bhalla Bhatia
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fire breaks out on the set of 'Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/fire-breaks-out-on-the-set-of-shaurya-ek-anokhi-kahaani/articleshow/79826816.cms|website=The Times of India|accessdate=20 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki (2021 TV series)|Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki]]''
| [[Devaki]]
|
|-
|2023
| ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)|Bigg Boss OTT 2]]''
| Contestant
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
| ''[[Pandya Store]]''
| Hetal Makwana
|<ref>{{cite news |date=2 May 2024 |title=Exclusive - Falaq Naaz replaces Piyali Munshi in Pandya Store |work=Pinkvilla |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/rohit-chandel-priyanshi-yadav-starrer-pandya-store-likely-to-undergo-leap-falaq-naazz-to-enter-show-1301082%3famp |access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''Jubilee Talkies – Shohrat Shiddat Mohabbat''
| Dimple Goldie Chopra
|
|-
|2024–2025
|''[[Megha Barsenge]]''
|Mandeep "Mandy" Talwar
|
|-
|2026 –
|''Pati Anaadi''
|Manjari
|
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of Indian television actresses]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.instagram.com/falaqnaazz Falaq Naaz on Instagram]
* {{IMDb name|4823483}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naaz, Falaq}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Meerut]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Shanta Gandhi

2026-04-23T10:21:15Z

SusannahParish: Created new data!

{{Short description|Indian dancer and theatre director}}
{{cleanup reorganize|date=March 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shanta Gandhi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1917|12|20}}
| birth_place = [[Nashik]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2002|05|06|1917|12|20}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]]
| other_names =
| known_for = ''Jasma Odan'' (play)
| occupation = Dancer, theatre director, playwright
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Victor Kiernan]]|1938|1946|end=div}}
| relatives = [[Dina Pathak]] (sister)
}}

'''Shanta Kalidas Gandhi''' (20 December 1917 – 6 May 2002) was an Indian theatre director, dancer and playwright who was closely associated with [[Indian People's Theatre Association|IPTA]], the cultural wing of the [[Communist Party of India]]. She studied with [[Indira Gandhi]] at a residential school in the early 1930s, and remained close to the prime minister in later life. She received many government awards and sinecures under the [[Indira Gandhi]] administration, including the [[Padma Shri]] (1984) and being made chairperson of the [[National School of Drama]] (1982–84).

She was the sister of actress [[Dina Pathak]] (née Gandhi) and Tarla Gandhi, also a stage performer.

==Background==
She was a founder-member of the central ballet troupe of the [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA), and toured the country widely through the 1950s. As a playwright she is remembered as an early pioneer in reviving ancient Indian drama especially [[Sanskrit drama]] and folk theatre to modern [[Indian theatre]] and amongst her most noted plays are ''Razia Sultan''<ref name=ou/> and ''[[Jasma Odan]]'' based on a Gujarati legend on the practice of [[suttee]], her own production of the play in Gujarati [[Bhavai]] style, became a landmark in contemporary [[Indian theatre]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/05/10/stories/2002051006670400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106231914/http://www.hindu.com/2002/05/10/stories/2002051006670400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2012|title=Shanta Gandhi dead |date=10 May 2002|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and along with 'Maina Gurjari' by her sister [[Deena Gandhi]] (later [[Dina Pathak|Pathak]]), it is one of the most popular [[Bhavai]]s today.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060611/spectrum/main2.htm|title=From Gujarat with grace |date=11 June 2006|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>

She was a founder-member of ''Avehi'', an education resource centre established in 1981, and also remained Chairperson of [[National School of Drama]], 1982–1984.<ref>[http://www.nsd.gov.in/nsd_pchairperson.htm NSD chairperson] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206232923/http://nsd.gov.in/nsd_pchairperson.htm |date=6 December 2010 }} [[National School of Drama]] website.</ref> She was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 1984 by [[Government of India]] and the 2001 [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award#Direction|Direction]], given by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India's National Academy of Music, Dance and Drama.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm|title=SNA: List of Akademi Awardees|publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Official website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185616/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm|archive-date=17 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
She joined Pupil's Own School, an experimental residential school in [[Pune]] in 1932, where she became friends with classmate [[Indira Nehru]].<ref>[[#Ka|Frank, p. 76]]</ref> She later moved to Bombay, when her engineer father found her becoming too involved in the left-wing student movement in the 1930s and sent her to England to study medicine.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} In London she stayed at a Fairfax Road boarding house across the hallway from Indira. [[Feroze Gandhi]] lived nearby, and the three of them would go out on the town together.<ref>[[#Ka|Frank, p. 118]]</ref> When Indira and Feroze secretly became engaged in 1936, Shanta was the only other person to know about it.<ref>[[#Ka|Frank, p. 130]]</ref> Soon she started frequenting [[India House]], meeting up with [[Krishna Menon]] and his young 'Free India' associates, and even joined a dance troupe to raise funds for the [[Spanish Civil War]]. But before long her father called her back, as the [[World War II]] in Europe was starting, thus ending a possible medical career.

==Career==
She joined [[Uday Shankar]]'s 'Uday Shankar India Cultural Centre', at Simtola, 3 km from [[Almora]], in Uttarakhand, and studied [[Bharata Muni]]'s ''[[Natyasastra]]'' from one of the teachers. She stayed there till it closed down in 1942.<ref>[[#Si|Sinha, p. 145-6]]</ref> Soon after, she became a full-time member of the Little Ballet Troupe, the dance wing of the [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] in Bombay (now Mumbai), here along with her young sisters [[Dina Pathak]] ''née'' Gandhi (1922–2002) and Tarla Gandhi. The ballet troupe created ''India, Immortal'', ''Man and Machine'' and the numerous legendary ballets that travelled India in 1950s with Ravi Shankar, Shanti Bardhan and many other performers and artists who later became famous on their own in modern Indian dance theatre and music. The sisters were also involved several years in the revival of [[Gujarati theatre]] in Bombay.<ref name=exp>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=32202 Veteran actress Dina Pathak passes away] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040712135350/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=32202 |date=12 July 2004 }} ''[[Indian Express]]'', 12 October 2002.</ref>

In 1952, she started working with a group of children in the village Nikora, on the banks of the [[Narmada River]], in [[South Gujarat]] with an informal curriculum. Later, an experimental school attached to the B.M. Institute of Child Psychology and Development, [[Ahmedabad]], adopted this format and in the 1970s at the Bal Bhavan, Delhi took it as well, eventual Avehi was formed in 1981 and in 1990 when AVEHI took up the programme, and named it ABACUS with Shanta Gandhi as Director.<ref>[http://www.avehiabacus.org/about.html About us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100728003515/http://www.avehiabacus.org/about.html |date=28 July 2010 }} Avehi-Abacus.</ref>

In 1958, Shanta Gandhi was called to Delhi as Asian Theatre Institute was being set up, she joined a Professor of Ancient Indian Drama, in the following year when it merged with the [[National School of Drama]], she continued teaching and in the coming years revived ancient Indian plays starting with [[Sanskrit drama]] masters, [[Kalidasa]], [[Bhasa]], [[Vishakhadatta]] and [[Bhavabhuti]]. She was first to revive 4th century BC, Sanskrit playwright, [[Bhasa]]'s through her productions of ''[[Madhyamavyayoga]]'' (1966) (The Middle One) and ''[[Urubhanga]]'' (The Broken Thigh), a decade before [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker|Pannikar]] and [[Ratan Thiyam]] began working with them.<ref name=dh/> She later directed [[Vishakhadatta]]'s ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'', Virkam Varman's ''[[Bhagavadajjukam]]'' (1967) all in Hindi.<ref name=dh>[[#Da|Dharwadker, p. 167]]</ref> In 1967, she wrote ''Jasma Odan'' in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] based on a folk tale, subsequently she translated it in Malavi Hindi with Dr. Shyam Parmar, the result was her most noted production of the [[Bhavai]]-based musical ''Jasma Odhan'' in 1968, with [[National School of Drama#Repertory Company|NSD Repertory Company]] featuring actors like [[Manohar Singh]] and [[Uttara Baokar]]. She also did the design for the play, and it resurrected the [[Bhavai]] folk theatre from Gujarat. Jasma Odhan remains an integral part of Bhavai repertoire to date<ref>[[#Su|Subramanyam, p. 24]]</ref> and ran successfully in cities like Mumbai, Ahmedabad and Delhi for many years<ref>[[#Br|Brandon, p. 83]]</ref> and was also performed in London, Poland and GDR.<ref>[http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/12/8I/AW/8IAW0K02.htm National School of Drama, New Delhi: Fifty years] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417032451/http://education.nic.in/cd50years/12/8I/AW/8IAW0K02.htm |date=17 April 2009 }} education.nic.in.</ref> It was later revived by [[Nadira Babbar]]'s group Ek jute, which is now performing it for several years now.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bombay-times/Stagecraft/articleshow/68292.cms|title=Stagecraft |date=10 July 2003|work=The Times of India}}</ref> She also wrote historical play, ''Razia Sultan'' which was quite popular<ref name=ou>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?202714|title=Profile: "I Was Recognised For My Genius"|date=18 December 1996|publisher=The Outlook}}</ref> and used [[Nautanki]] folk theatre style from [[Uttar Pradesh]] choreographing her production, ''Amar Singh Rathor'', which she also wrote. She revived interest in [[Jaishankar Prasad]]'s plays, which though appreciated for literary content were deemed un-stagable by scholars, by successfully staging his 1928 historical play ''Skanda Gupta'', with little changes to the original script.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/article40398.ece|title=Re-discovering Dhruvaswamini|date=29 October 2009|work=The Hindu}}</ref> She remained its Chairperson, 1982–1984. She also remained Director, Bal Bhavan, Delhi and National Children's Museum.

==Literary career==
Apart from plays, she wrote a short story collection ''Ugata Chhod'' (1951) and a novel ''Avinash'' (1952) in Gujarati. Her ''Gujaratan ne Pagale Pagale'' (1948) includes sketches of ancient and modern women.<ref name=":20GW">{{Cite book|title=વીસમી સદીનું ગુજરાતી નારીલેખન|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|year=2005|isbn=8126020350|editor-last=Chaudhari|editor-first=Raghuveer|editor-link=Raghuveer Chaudhari|edition=1st|location=New Delhi|pages=353|language=gu|trans-title=20 Century Women's Writings in Gujarati|chapter=લેખિકા-પરિચય|trans-chapter=Introduction of Women Writers|oclc=70200087|editor-last2=Dalal|editor-first2=Anila|editor-link2=Anila Dalal}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She was married to Marxist historian [[Victor Kiernan]] in 1938 in Bombay (now Mumbai), but the couple divorced in 1946 before Kiernan left India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/victor-kiernan-marxist-historian-writer-and-linguist-who-challenged-the-tenets-of-imperialism-1627101.html|title=Victor Kiernan: Marxist historian, writer and linguist ..|date=20 February 2009|work=The Independent}}</ref>

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last= Baumer|first=Rachel Van M.|author2=James R. Brandon|title=Sanskrit drama in performance|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|year=1993|volume=2|chapter=A Sanskrit Play in Performance: The Vision of Vasavadatta, by Shanta Gandhi|isbn=81-208-0772-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ix-RShGgZUAC&q=Shanta+Gandhi&pg=PA110|pages=110–140}}

==Works==
* ''Ekalavya''. Publisher Bhartiya Sahakari Prakashan Society, 1964.

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Brandon|first=James R. |author2=Martin Banham |title=The Cambridge guide to Asian theatre|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|isbn=0-521-58822-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttnH5W9qoBAC&q=Shanta+Gandhi&pg=PA83|ref=Br}}
* {{cite book|last=Subramanyam|first=Lakshmi |title=Muffled voices: women in modern Indian theatre|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TigigoI5jl4C&q=Shanta+Gandhi&pg=PA25 |year=2002|isbn=81-241-0870-6|ref=Su}}
* {{cite book|last=Frank|first=Katherine |title=Indira: the life of Indira Nehru Gandhi|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2002|isbn=0-395-73097-X|url=https://archive.org/details/indiralifeofindi00fran|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiralifeofindi00fran/page/118 118]|quote=Shanta Gandhi.|ref=Ka}}
* {{cite book|last=Sinha|first=Biswajit |title=Folk theatre, Volume 1 Volume 6 of Encyclopaedia of Indian theatre|publisher=Raj Publications|year=2004|isbn=81-86208-35-6|ref=Si}}
* {{cite book|last=Dharwadker|first=Aparna Bhargava |title=Theatres of independence: drama, theory, and urban performance in India since 1947|publisher=University of Iowa Press|year=2005|isbn=0-87745-961-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQaz-12Eo8C&q=Shanta+Gandhi&pg=PA314|ref=Da}}

==External links==
* [http://www.india-seminar.com/2005/549/549%20in%20memoriam.htm The vanishing Indian (Memoriam)] ''Indian Seminar''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100701191637/http://www.ekjute.com/jasma.html Jasma Odhan play]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Shanta}}
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:National School of Drama]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian drama teachers]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Hindi theatre]]
[[Category:Hindi dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Gujarati theatre]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Dancers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian women theatre directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]

Shilpi-Gautam Murder

2026-04-22T02:12:16Z

SusannahParish: Created new entry

{{Short description|Controversial double suicide case}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox news event
| title = Shilpi-Gautam Murder
| image =
| image_upright =
| caption =
| also_known_as = Shilpi Jain Murder Case Fraser Road Double Murder Bungalow No.12 Murder
| type = Unsolved death, Alleged [[double murder]]
| arrests = Birendra Prakash Singh, Dipak Singh (later released)
| inquest = Postmortem revealed poisoning and rape
| inquiries = [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] investigation, [[Bihar Police]] preliminary inquiry
| trial = No formal trial; case closed as suicide
| motive = Alleged [[sexual exploitation]]; [[political suppression]]
| theme = Political [[cover-up]], [[Violence against women]]
| date = 3 July 1999
| time = ~ late night / early hours (exact time uncertain)
| place = [[Frazer Road]], [[Patna]], [[India]]
| verdict = Double suicide (as per CBI)
| reported injuries = Evidence of sexual assault (multiple rapes alleged)
| suspects = [[Sadhu Yadav]]<ref>[https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/suicide-pact-rocks-patna/cid/918826 suicide pact rocks patna]</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/couple-died-of-asphyxiation/cid/918056 couple died of asphyxiation]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/shilpis-kin-reject-cbi-report/articleshow/117714.cms shilpis kin reject cbi report]</ref>
| notes = Remains controversial; multiple appeals for reinvestigation citing political interference and unanswered questions.
}}

The '''Shilpi-Gautam murder''' is the infamous case of death of two individuals, '''Shilpi Jain''' and '''Gautam Singh''', which shook the [[Bihar]] government of the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/126556/bihar-netas-flirt-sex-aur.html|title=Bihar netas flirt with 'sex aur dhoka'|date=5 January 2011|access-date=27 April 2022|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402121941/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/126556/bihar-netas-flirt-sex-aur.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/shilpi-soul-denied-peace-as-cbi-sits-on-case-file/articleshow/47813620.cms|title=Shilpi soul denied peace as CBI sits on case file|newspaper=The Times of India|date=29 May 2003|access-date=29 August 2022|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829064747/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/shilpi-soul-denied-peace-as-cbi-sits-on-case-file/articleshow/47813620.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The case was finally closed as [[suicide pact|double suicide]], although many remain unconvinced with the investigation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=जब पटना के एक गराज में मिली दो लाशें और हिल गई थी बिहार की सरकार |url=https://www.jansatta.com/crime-news-hindi/bihar-shilpi-jain-and-gautam-singh-case-which-shook-bihar-government/2084830/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Jansatta |language=hi |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314060755/https://www.jansatta.com/crime-news-hindi/bihar-shilpi-jain-and-gautam-singh-case-which-shook-bihar-government/2084830/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=MLA की गाड़ी से मिली थी दो लाशें, Semen को बताया गया था पसीना! आत्महत्या या मर्डर? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/patna/bihar-know-about-the-full-story-of-shipli-and-gautam-case/901417 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Zee News |language=hi |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427171832/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/patna/bihar-know-about-the-full-story-of-shipli-and-gautam-case/901417 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=सिंह |first=अरुण |date=2022-02-13 |title=जंगल राज का वो क्राइम, जिसे बिहार नहीं भूला |url=http://www.navbharatgold.com/day-today/shilpi-jain-murder-case-bihars-crime-story/story/89527047.cms |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Navbharat Gold |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2013-01-10 |title=The Memory of Rape |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/the-memory-of-rape/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701173140/https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/the-memory-of-rape/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SUICIDE PACT ROCKS PATNA |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/suicide-pact-rocks-patna/cid/918826 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402121941/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/suicide-pact-rocks-patna/cid/918826 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shilpi was the daughter of Ujjwal Kumar Jain, a clothes store (Kamla Stores) owner and Gautam was the son of a London based doctor, B.N Singh. He was associated with the youth wing of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Shilpi-Gautam Murder Case |url=http://criminalsinpoliticsinindia.weebly.com/2/post/2019/03/shilpi-gautam-murder-case.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=INDIAN CRIMINAL SCANDALS |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The two were believed to be in a relationship.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2011-01-05 |title=Bihar netas flirt with 'sex aur dhoka' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/126556/bihar-netas-flirt-sex-aur.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402121941/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/126556/bihar-netas-flirt-sex-aur.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Discovery of bodies ==
On 3 July 1999 two bodies of a boy and a girl were discovered in a semi nude state inside a car in a parking near quarter number 12, [[Frazer Road]], Patna. This quarter belonged to [[Sadhu Yadav]], the [[brother-in-law]] of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] and a [[Bihar Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council]] for the ruling party [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]].The bodies were identified as Shilpi and Gautam.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Both of them were missing since 2 July 1999.{{fact|date=February 2023}}

== Police investigation ==
The police investigation and handling in this case came under serious questioning. Even before the police could secure the crime scene, the supporters of the MLC reached the scene and created a lot of ruckus. Even the vehicle was driven to the police station by a constable instead of being towed, which rendered getting any fingerprint information from the steering wheel impossible. Police initially declared this a case of suicide even before the [[Viscera]] report. Then later they reported possibility of poisoning. The body of Gautam was cremated in a hurry without taking permission from his family members. Another inconsistency found in the police report was that the garage was locked from inside and the key was missing, so the person who called police must have been aware of the bodies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== CBI investigation ==
Six days after the discovery of bodies, Shilpi's family came forward and claimed it was a murder and not suicide. There was also huge political uproar over the case due to involvement of political personalities. All this combined with the botched up investigation done by police till then, the state government was forced to hand over the case to [[Central Bureau of Investigation]]. The [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] sent off the vaginal fluid of Shilpi for DNA testing in [[Hyderabad]]. The test report suggested that multiple people had raped Shilpi before her death. The CBI asked for the DNA sample of a MLC, who refused to provide the sample. It is believed that the MLC who refused was [[Sadhu Yadav]]. Four years later, CBI close the case. In its report submitted to the court, CBI declared it to be a case of suicide.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lalu Prasad Yadav led Bihar to its darkest days, the journalists supporting him don't seem to remember that |url=https://www.myind.net/Home/viewArticle/lalu-prasad-yadav-led-bihar-to-its-darkest-days-the-journalists-supporting-him-dont-seem-to-remember-that |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=MyIndMakers |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402121935/https://www.myind.net/Home/viewArticle/lalu-prasad-yadav-led-bihar-to-its-darkest-days-the-journalists-supporting-him-dont-seem-to-remember-that |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Women soft target of flamboyant politicians - Shwetnisha, Shilpi and many other victims keep alive accusations against leaders from their graves |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/women-soft-target-of-flamboyant-politicians-shwetnisha-shilpi-and-many-other-victims-keep-alive-accusations-against-leaders-from-their-graves/cid/435772 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427202824/https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/women-soft-target-of-flamboyant-politicians-shwetnisha-shilpi-and-many-other-victims-keep-alive-accusations-against-leaders-from-their-graves/cid/435772 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-19 |title=सेक्स, क्राइम और सीबीआई: बिहार की राजनीति को हिला देने वाले हत्याकांड • Marginalised |url=http://marginalised.in/2018/08/02/sex-crime-and-cbi-murder-cases-which-rocked-bihar-politics/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819122149/http://marginalised.in/2018/08/02/sex-crime-and-cbi-murder-cases-which-rocked-bihar-politics/ |archive-date=19 August 2018 }}</ref>

Although the parents of Shilpi rejected the CBI report and still feel it to be a case of Murder and want a fresh investigation to be done.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Sanjay K. Ojha |date=7 Aug 2003 |title=Shilpi's kin reject CBI report {{!}} Patna News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/shilpis-kin-reject-cbi-report/articleshow/117714.cms |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427202825/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/shilpis-kin-reject-cbi-report/articleshow/117714.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Recently Prashant Jain, the brother of Shilpi Jain was kidnapped from outside his home and later freed.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN |date=6 Jan 2006 |title=Shilpi Jain's brother kidnapped {{!}} Patna News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/shilpi-jains-brother-kidnapped/articleshow/1360917.cms |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427202824/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/shilpi-jains-brother-kidnapped/articleshow/1360917.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prashant Jain freed by abductors |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/jan/17jain.htm |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.rediff.com |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427202824/https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/jan/17jain.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Crime in Bihar]]
[[Category:Suicide in India]]
[[Category:History of Patna]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against women]]
[[Category:People murdered in Bihar]]
[[Category:People murdered in India]]
[[Category:1999 murders in India]]
[[Category:Femicide in India]]
[[Category:Political sex scandals in India]]
[[Category:1990s in Bihar]]
[[Category:July 1999 in India]]
[[Category:July 1999 crimes]]
[[Category:1999 scandals]]
[[Category:Sexual abuse cover-ups]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Police misconduct in India]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal]]

Prem Tapasya

2026-04-21T14:19:07Z

SusannahParish:

{{short description|1983 film by Dasari Narayana Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prem Tapasya
| image = Prem Tapasya.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Rahi Masoom Reza {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Dasari Narayana Rao
| screenplay = Dasari Narayana Rao
| producer = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]
| director = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| starring = [[Jeetendra]] [[Reena Roy]] [[Rekha]]
| music = [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = M. Kannappa
| editing = B. Krishnam Raju
| based_on = ''[[Premabhishekam (1981 film)|Premabhishekam]]'' (1981)
| studio = [[Annapurna Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1983|1|15}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Prem Tapasya''''' ({{Translation|Love Penance}}) is a 1983 [[Hindi]]-language [[romance film]], produced by [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] under the [[Annapurna Studios]] banner and directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]. It stars [[Jeetendra]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Rekha]] with music composed by [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]].<ref name="Heading">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0262703/ |title=Heading-2 |publisher=IMDb}}</ref><ref name="Heading-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/prem-tapasya-movie/5600 |title=Heading |publisher=gomolo}}</ref><ref name="Heading-3">{{cite web|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/pre/prem-tapasya/mid_8122/ |title=Heading-3 |publisher=apunkachoice}}</ref> The film is a remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] blockbuster movie ''[[Premabhishekam (1981 film)|Premabhishekam]]'' (1981), starring Akkineni Nageswara Rao and [[Sridevi]], [[Jayasudha]]. Both the movies were made under the same banner, by the same director.<ref name="Heading-4">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514073924/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540223 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 May 2012 |title=Heading-4 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref name="Heading-5">{{cite web|url=http://ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Prem+Tapasya |title=Heading-5 |publisher=IBOS}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with Mohan Kumar Verma squabbling and falling for a charming Devi. Devi initially rejects his love but changes his heart on seeing his wholeheartedness and starts to adore him. The elders decide to have them marry. Just before the wedding, Devi's brother, Dr. Nandalal Kumar Singh, finds out Mohan is terminally ill with cancer and cancels the wedding. Mohan and Devi marry secretly, and then Mohan learns of his illness from Dr. Chowdary. Mohan discovers that his close friend Ashok is also in love with Devi. To estrange Devi, Mohan starts frequenting the house of nautch girl Bela. A furious Devi decides to marry Ashok and teach Mohan a lesson. Aspiring to live as a faithful wife, Bela requests Mohan to marry her for a fee. Mohan accepts her proposal. His health deteriorates rapidly. Soon after her wedding, Devi learns the truth and rushes with Ashok to meet Mohan. The film ends with Mohan blessing the newly wedded couple and breathing his last.

==Cast==
*[[Jeetendra]] as Mohan Kumar Verma
*[[Rekha]] as Bela
*[[Reena Roy]] as Devi Singh
*[[Vinod Mehra]] as Ashok
*[[Anita Raj]] as Anita
*[[Ashok Kumar]] as Dr. Chowdhary
*[[Prem Chopra]] as Dr. Nandlal Kumar Singh
*[[Om Shivpuri]] as Ram Kumar Verma
*[[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Lachhu
*[[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]] as Mrs. Pratibha Kumar Verma
*[[Dina Pathak]] as Naniji
*[[Agha (actor)|Agha]] as Pandit
*[[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish Kumar]]

== Soundtrack ==
Lyrics: [[Anand Bakshi]]

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Song !! Singer
|-
| 1
| "Devi Kuch To Bol"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 2
| "Mere Chand Ko Chand Ne Dekha"
| Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle
|-
| 3
| "Raqqasa Raqs Kar"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Shabbir Kumar]]
|-
| 4
| "Shaam Hai Kuch Khoyi Khoyi"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], Shabbir Kumar
|-
| 5
| "Aadmi Deewana Hai"
| Shabbir Kumar
|-
| 6
| "Shukriya Shukriya"
| Shabbir Kumar
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dasari Narayana Rao}}

[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:1983 Indian films]]
[[Category:1983 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1983 romance films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romance films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dasari Narayana Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Indian films about cancer]]
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]

Malaiyarasan D

2026-04-19T18:31:36Z

SusannahParish: added new post basic info!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Malaiyarasan D
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 2024
| constituency = [[Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency|Kallakurichi]]
| predecessor = [[Gautham Sigamani]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| source=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5817?from=members
}}
'''Malaiyarasan D''' is an Indian politician. He is a member of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Kallakurichi Election Result 2024 Vs 2019: Kallakurichi Winner, Vote Share; Check Party-wise Performance |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/kallakurichi-election-result-2024-vs-2019-kallakurichi-winner-vote-share-check-party-wise-performance-article-110740667 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> He has been elected to Lok Sabha from [[Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kallakurichi election results 2024 live updates: DMK's Malaiyarasan D ahead of NTK's Jagadesan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kallakurichi-election-results-2024-tamil-nadu-kallakurichi-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-malaiyarasan-d-dmk-jagadesan-a-ntk-kumaraguru-r-aiadmk/articleshow/110675004.cms |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-07 |title=மாவட்டத்தில் மரியாதை இல்லை.. வருத்தத்தில் கள்ளக்குறிச்சி எம்பி |url= |website= YouTube |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaiyarasan D, DMK Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Malaiyarasan D, Lok Sabha Constituency Seat - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-candidates-2024/malaiyarasan-d-22014-6 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kallakurichi Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kallakurichi-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8918472.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ex-local body heads {{!}} High jumpers">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Ex-local body heads {{!}} High jumpers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-local-body-heads-high-jumpers-2565844-2024-07-13|accessdate=31 July 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731162655/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-local-body-heads-high-jumpers-2565844-2024-07-13|archivedate=31 July 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:D, Malaiyarasan}}
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}

Srigufwara–Bijbehara Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:51:47Z

SusannahParish: Created new article!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Srigufwara]]–[[Bijbehara]]
| mla = [[Bashir Ahmad Shah Veeri]]
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Anantnag district|Anantnag]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anantnag–Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag–Rajouri]]
| established = 1967
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 45
}}

'''Srigufwara–Bijbehara Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], located in the northern state of [[India]]. Srigufwara–Bijbehara is also a part of the [[Anantnag–Rajouri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantnag–Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Bijbehara Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/bijbehara.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Saif Ud Din Dar
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=3 | Abdul Gani Shah || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || [[Mehbooba Mufti]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1999 elections in India#Jammu and Kashmir|1999 By-election]] || rowspan=4 | [[Abdul Rehman Veeri|Abdul Rehman Bhat]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Bashir Ahmad Shah Veeri]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Srigufwara–Bijbehara<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bashir Ahmad Shah Veeri]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=33,299 |percentage=53.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Iltija Mufti]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=23,529 |percentage=37.89% |change={{decrease}}10.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sofi Yousif |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,716 |percentage=5.98% |change={{increase}}2.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,552 |percentage=2.50% |change={{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,770 |percentage=15.73% |change= {{increase}}9.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,096 |percentage=60.83% |change= {{increase}}5.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,02,081 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}4.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Srigufwara–Bijbehara<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Rehman Veeri|Abdul Rehman Bhat]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=23,581 |percentage=48.79% |change={{decrease}}1.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bashir Ahmad Shah Veeri]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=20,713 |percentage=42.85% |change={{increase}}14.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pushkar Nath Pandita |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,591 |percentage=3.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manzoor Ahmad Ganie |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,294 |percentage=2.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mushtaq Ahmad Sheikh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=580 |percentage=1.20% |change={{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=575 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,868 |percentage=5.93% |change= {{decrease}}16.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,334 |percentage=55.60% |change= {{decrease}}5.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,929 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Srigufwara–Bijbehara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Rehman Veeri|Abdul Rehman Bhat]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=23,320 |percentage=49.88% |change={{decrease}}8.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bashir Ahmad Shah Veeri]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=13,046 |percentage=27.90% |change={{increase}}7.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Qadir Tak |party=Independent politician |votes=4,612 |percentage=9.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani Bhat |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,553 |percentage=3.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulzar Ahmad Mir |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=1,189 |percentage=2.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mushtaq Ahmad Sheikh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=703 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fayaz Ahmad Ganie |party=People's Democratic Front (Jammu and Kashmir) |votes=599 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,274 |percentage=21.98% |change= {{decrease}}15.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,752 |percentage=60.75% |change= {{increase}}44.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,954 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Srigufwara–Bijbehara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Rehman Veeri|Abdul Rehman Bhat]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=5,961 |percentage=58.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani Shah |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=2,084 |percentage=20.39% |change={{decrease}}8.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ashraf Thakroo |party=Independent politician |votes=552 |percentage=5.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yousuf Sofi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=550 |percentage=5.38% |change={{increase}}3.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Abdullah Nadaf |party=Indian National Congress |votes=365 |percentage=3.57% |change={{decrease}}2.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ashraf Beg |party=Independent politician |votes=275 |percentage=2.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmad Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=242 |percentage=2.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,877 |percentage=37.93% |change= {{increase}}23.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,221 |percentage=16.67% |change= {{increase}}0.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,322 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}14.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 elections in India#Jammu and Kashmir|1999 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Srigufwara–Bijbehara<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeSept1999/index.htm |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date = 1 January 2025 |title=Key Statistics - Bye Elections - Sept. - Oct. 1999 |publisher=Election Commission Of India |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Rehman Veeri|Abdul Rehman Bhat]] |party=Independent politician |votes=3,756 |percentage=43.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rafi Ahmad Mir |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=2,506 |percentage=29.07% |change={{decrease}}5.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Ashraf |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami League |votes=1,168 |percentage=13.55% |change={{increase}}9.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Abdullah Nadaf |party=Indian National Congress |votes=542 |percentage=6.29% |change={{decrease}}39.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulam Nabi Shah |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=310 |percentage=3.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramzan Malik |party=AJKPPF |votes=205 |percentage=2.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Yousf Sofi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=123 |percentage=1.43% |change={{decrease}}1.52 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,250 |percentage=14.50% |change= {{increase}}4.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,620 |percentage=15.80% |change= {{decrease}}18.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,547 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}15.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Srigufwara–Bijbehara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mehbooba Mufti]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,051 |percentage=45.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani Shah |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=7,780 |percentage=35.05% |change={{decrease}}12.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yusuf |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=1,405 |percentage=6.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Abdullah Nadaf |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,203 |percentage=5.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Srinath |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami League |votes=965 |percentage=4.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vidya Sagar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=655 |percentage=2.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dwarkanath Raina |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=137 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,271 |percentage=10.23% |change= {{increase}}9.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,196 |percentage=36.26% |change= {{decrease}}46.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,626 |ref = |change= {{increase}}47.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}2.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Srigufwara–Bijbehara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani Shah |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=16,818 |percentage=47.72% |change={{decrease}}6.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sultan |party=Independent politician |votes=16,718 |percentage=47.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Loan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,580 |percentage=4.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=100 |percentage=0.28% |change= {{decrease}}9.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,242 |percentage=83.06% |change= {{decrease}}2.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,845 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Srigufwara–Bijbehara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani Shah |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=17,303 |percentage=53.90% |change={{decrease}}10.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mufti Mahd. Syed |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,214 |percentage=44.28% |change={{increase}}12.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Mir |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=454 |percentage=1.41% |change={{decrease}}62.50 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,089 |percentage=9.62% |change= {{decrease}}22.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,100 |percentage=86.09% |change= {{increase}}2.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,546 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Srigufwara–Bijbehara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani Shah |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=16,059 |percentage=63.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mufti Mohammed Sayeed]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,081 |percentage=32.16% |change={{decrease}}40.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ali Mohammed Majid |party=Janata Party |votes=984 |percentage=3.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,978 |percentage=31.75% |change= {{decrease}}14.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,124 |percentage=84.62% |change= {{increase}}13.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,048 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Srigufwara–Bijbehara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Saif Ud Din Dar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,300 |percentage=73.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sultan |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=5,285 |percentage=26.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,015 |percentage=46.03% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,585 |percentage=69.81% |change= {{increase}}67.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,879 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Srigufwara–Bijbehara<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,412 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,412 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Bijbehara]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{coord|33.794|75.103|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Anantnag district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Nitesh Kumar Singh

2026-04-11T11:26:13Z

SusannahParish: added some bio w/ sources

{{short description|Member of Indian Bihar Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nitesh Kumar Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 31 December 1984
| birth_place =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1 December 2025
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| 2blankname = [[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| 2namedata = [[Samrat Choudhary]],[[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
| constituency1 = [[Kasba, Purnia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kasba]]
| term_start1 = 2025
| predecessor1 = [[Md Afaque Alam]]
| party = [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
}}

'''Nitesh Kumar Singh''' is an Indian politician belonging to [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]. He is a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. He won from [[Kasba, Bihar Assembly constituency|Kasba, Purnia]] in the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0458.htm |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results November-2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=1957 |title=NITESH KUMAR SINGH (Winner)}}</ref> The results for the Kasba Assembly seat have been declared. LJPRV candidate Nitesh Kumar Singh has won the election, securing a total of 86877 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/kasba-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-vote-counting-bihar-jdu-nda-mahagathbandhan-rjd-baelb-2819006-2025-11-14 |title=Kasba Election Result 2025 Highlights: LJPRV's Nitesh Kumar Singh wins Kasba with 86877 votes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/purnea-kasba-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2025-afaque-alam-vs-congress-irfan-alam-vs-lok-janshakti-party-ram-vilas-nitesh-kumar-singh-winner-loser-and-latest-update-40038297.html |title=Kasba vidhan sabha Chunav Result: कसबा सीट पर LJP के नितेश ने दर्ज की जीत, कांग्रेस के इरफान आलम हारे}}</ref> he defeated irfan alam

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar Singh, Nitesh}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Purnia district]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

Paper leak in India

2026-04-06T13:30:07Z

SusannahParish:

{{Short description|Unauthorised disclosure of examination papers in India}}
In [[India]], a paper leak refers to the criminal act of leaking a government [[recruitment]] or academic examination paper before the scheduled date and time of the [[Examination board|examination]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Biswas | first=Soutik | title=NEET: How exam scandals are tainting India's most competitive tests | website=BBC Home | date=2024-06-24 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c511j589npyo | access-date=2025-08-02}}</ref> It is a form of [[organised crime]] that involves the unauthorised disclosure, access, and distribution of question papers, often for monetary gain. This phenomenon has become a recurring crisis, undermining the integrity of the country's education and public employment systems, affecting millions of aspirants annually.<ref>{{cite web | title=Exam Paper Leak: Understanding the Causes and Responsible Parties | website=Future Faujis | date=2023-06-26 | url=https://www.futurefaujis.com/exam-paper-leak-lecturette-topic | access-date=2025-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Rising cases of paper leak in competitive examinations : challenges and the way through | website=SCAR | date=1970-01-01 | url=https://www.scar.org.in/news-1-1/rising-cases-of-paper-leak-in-competitive-examinations-%3A-challenges-and-the-way-through | access-date=2025-08-02}}</ref>

== Mode of operation ==
The execution of a paper leak is often a sophisticated operation involving a nexus of corrupt officials, coaching centre owners, printing press staff, and middlemen. The chain of events typically follows a pattern.<ref>{{cite web | first=
Devendra Pratap | last = Singh Shekhawat | title=Rajasthan: Cheating, Paper Leaks in Govt Exams Put Aspirants' Lives at Stake | website=LiveWire | date=2021-10-08 | url=https://livewire.thewire.in/livewire/rajasthan-cheating-paper-leaks-in-govt-exams-put-aspirants-lives-at-stake/ | access-date=2025-08-02}}</ref> The leak can originate at multiple points in the examination supply chain, such as from staff at the printing press with access to master copies, during the transportation and storage of papers, or from bribed officials at the examination centres who open sealed packets prematurely. Once the paper is obtained, it is rapidly distributed through a clandestine network. Unscrupulous coaching institutes often play a pivotal role in selling the paper to their students for exorbitant sums, ranging from a few lakh to tens of lakh rupees.<ref>{{cite web | title=Investigations point to racket of leaked papers in Group D, C recruitment in railways | website=The Times of India | date=2014-12-05 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/investigations-point-to-racket-of-leaked-papers-in-group-d-c-recruitment-in-railways/articleshow/45379922.cms | access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref> Digital channels like [[WhatsApp]] and [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] are used for mass distribution.<ref>{{cite web | title=Testing agency flags 120 social media handles over false NEET-UG paper leak claims | website=India Today | date=2025-05-01 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/neet-ug-2025-over-120-fake-accounts-flagged-by-nta-on-instagram-telegram-2718037-2025-05-01 | access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Over 100 channels with 'false' information on NEET found | website=The Hindu | date=2025-05-01 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nta-identifies-106-telegram-16-instagram-channels-spreading-false-information-on-neet/article69521440.ece | access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref> Finally, the aspirants who buy the paper are often gathered at a secret location a day before the exam, where they are made to memorise the answers before being released just hours before the examination begins.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ojha | first=Srishti | title=How NEET paper leak happened: Detailed breakdown of what CBI told Supreme Court | website=India Today | date=2024-07-24 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/supreme-court/story/neet-ug-examination-paper-leak-patna-hazaribagh-cbi-enquiry-solved-paper-supreme-court-2570974-2024-07-24 | access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=NEET paper leak prime accused Sanjeev Mukhiya arrested | website=ddnews.gov.in | date=2025-08-03 | url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/neet-paper-leak-prime-accused-sanjeev-mukhiya-arrested/ | access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref>

==Causes and contributing factors==
The persistence of paper leaks in India is attributed to a combination of interconnected socio-economic, systemic, and legal factors. A primary driver is the high-stakes competition for a limited number of seats in prestigious courses and coveted government jobs.<ref>{{cite web| title=Meritocracy to Moneyocracy: Unseen Costs of Exam Fraud | date=2024-06-22 | url=https://www.newsclick.in/meritocracy-moneyocracy-unseen-costs-exam-fraud | access-date=2025-08-03 | page=}}</ref> For instance, in 2024, over 2.4 million students appeared for the NEET-UG exam for approximately 100,000 MBBS seats.<ref>{{cite web | last=Acharjee | first=Sonali | title=How NEET got messy | website=India Today | date=2024-06-22 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-neet-got-messy-2556661-2024-06-22 | access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=NEET scam: India's 'NEET' medical exam scandal drives students abroad | website=The Economic Times | date=2024-07-23 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/study/indias-neet-medical-exam-scandal-drives-students-abroad/articleshow/111964573.cms?from=mdr | access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref> This desperation makes aspirants and parents vulnerable and is exploited by a well-entrenched "education mafia". Furthermore, the system itself has logistical vulnerabilities in the large-scale process of conducting pen-and-paper examinations.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sinha | first=Tuhin A. | title=NEET row exposes nexus between education mafia and political parties: BJP spokesperson | website=The Week | date=2024-07-07 | url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/specials/2024/06/29/neet-controversy-has-exposed-the-nexus-between-the-education-mafia-and-certain-political-parties.html | access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Yadav | first=J.P. | title=PM Modi helpless before the paper leak racket and education mafia: Gandhis | website=Telegraph India | date=2024-06-24 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/pm-modi-helpless-before-the-paper-leak-racket-and-education-mafia-gandhis/cid/2029132 | access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref>Historically, weak legal deterrents and low conviction rates failed to create fear of the law. Lastly, modern technology has become an enabler, as smartphones and encrypted messaging have made the rapid distribution of leaked papers easier than ever.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

==Impact on soceity==
Paper leaks weaken the very principle of meritocracy. They create inequality, allowing privilege and dishonesty to triumph over hard work. When undeserving candidates secure jobs or admissions, the quality of professionals declines, affecting industries and governance alike.
Students and families suffer psychological stress, leading to frustration and cynicism among the youth. Economically, re-examinations drain public funds and delay academic timelines. Trust in institutions erodes, and corruption becomes normalized, embedding itself into the social fabric. On a global scale, nations plagued by exam leaks face reputational damage, with their degrees and qualifications viewed with suspicion abroad. Thus, the ripple effects of paper leaks extend far beyond classrooms, weakening society’s ethical, economic, and professional foundations.

==Notable incidents==
===All India examinations===
Examinations conducted by central agencies for nationwide admissions or recruitment are frequent targets of paper leaks due to their immense scale and high stakes. Bodies like the [[National Testing Agency]] (NTA), the [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC), the [[Staff Selection Commission]] (SSC), and the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) have all faced challenges in securing their examination processes.<ref>{{cite web | title=7 recent examination paper leaks in India | website=The Times of India | date=2024-06-22 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/7-recent-examination-paper-leaks-in-india/photostory/111195052.cms | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref> Several major incidents have highlighted these vulnerabilities.<ref>{{cite web | last=Tiwari | first=Subham | title=India saw 65 exam paper leaks since 2019: Data analysis | website=India Today | date=2024-06-26 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/paper-leak-2019-to-2024-analysis-neet-net-nta-exam-cancelled-2558404-2024-06-26 | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref> The NEET-UG 2024 leak became a significant national issue, with investigations revealing a widespread nexus in states like [[Bihar]] and [[Gujarat]], prompting a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] probe and [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] intervention.<ref>{{cite web | title=Paper leak in NEET UG 2024 is an undisputed fact, says Supreme Court; directs NTA to disclose exam details by 10 July | website=Supreme Court Observer | date=2024-09-27 | url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/paper-leak-in-neet-ug-2024-is-an-undisputed-fact-says-supreme-court-directs-nta-to-disclose-exam-details-by-10-july/ | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Explainers | first=FP | title=Inflated marks, paper leak and more: The NEET-UG results row | website=Firstpost | date=2024-06-08 | url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/inflated-marks-neet-ug-results-row-13780228.html | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref> In 2018, the CBSE faced embarrassment when the Class 12 Economics and Class 10 Mathematics papers were leaked.<ref>{{cite web | last=Marwaha | first=Nonika | title=CBSE Board Paper Leak Highlights: Students In Delhi Protest Against Decision To Hold Re-Examination | website=www.ndtv.com | date=2018-03-29 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cbse-paper-leak-live-updates-cbse-to-announce-fresh-dates-soon-1830088#:~:text=CBSE%20has%20scrapped%20both%20Class,access%20the%20handwritten%20question%20papers.&text=New%20Delhi%3A%20Delhi%20police%20has,of%20two%20CBSE%20question%20papers. | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=CBSE paper leak: PM unhappy; re-exam for Class 10 Maths, Class 12 Economics | website=Deccan Chronicle | date=2018-03-28 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/280318/cbse-to-conduct-re-exam-for-class-10-maths-class-12-economics.html | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref> Similarly, the SSC [[Combined Graduate Level Examination|Combined Graduate Level]] (CGL) examination in 2017 was marred by leak allegations, sparking massive protests and a CBI inquiry.<ref>{{cite web | author=From our online archive | title=SSC paper leak case: Supreme Court allows declaration of re-examination's result | website=The New Indian Express | date=2019-04-01 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/Apr/01/ssc-paper-leak-case-supreme-court-allows-declaration-of-re-examinations-result-1958850.html | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=SSC CGL News: SC favours scrapping of SSC CGL exam 2017, asks Centre for its views | website=The Times of India | date=2018-10-29 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/sc-favours-scrapping-of-ssc-cgl-exam-2017-asks-centre-for-its-views/articleshow/66411712.cms | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref> An earlier instance was the [[All India Pre Medical Test|All India Pre-Medical Test]] (AIPMT) in 2015, which the Supreme Court cancelled entirely due to a large-scale leak.<ref>{{cite web | last=Pandey | first=Puniti | title=How Paper Leak In 2015 Led To Cancellation Of Medical Entrance Exam | website=NDTV | date=2024-06-21 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/how-paper-leak-in-2015-led-to-cancellation-of-medical-entrance-exam-5936989 | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=AIPMT 2015 cancelled, CBSE asked to reconduct exam in 4 weeks | website=India Today | date=2015-06-15 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aipmt-2015-cancelled-cbse-asked-to-reconduct-exam-in-4-weeks-supreme-court-257564-2015-06-15 | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>

===State examinations===
In 2024, the [[Uttar Pradesh]] government had to cancel the police constable recruitment exam, affecting nearly 4.8 million applicants, after the paper was widely circulated.<ref>{{cite web | title=पैसे का लेनदेन, फिर 1000 परीक्षार्थियों से रिजार्ट में मीटिंग, गिरफ्तार आरोपी ने खोले यूपी पुलिस भर्ती परीक्षा लीक के राज | website=आज तक | date=2024-03-13 | url=https://www.aajtak.in/education/news/story/up-police-constable-exam-paper-leak-2024-accused-arrest-from-haryana-told-paper-leak-planning-1897892-2024-03-13 | language=hi | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Kumari | first=Ruchika | title=UP Police Paper Leak 2024: Company Conducting UP Police Constable Exam Blacklisted | website=Times Now | date=2024-06-20 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/up-police-paper-leak-2024-company-conducting-up-police-constable-exam-blacklisted-article-111135167 | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref> The same state's RO/ARO exam was also cancelled that year for similar reasons.<ref>{{cite web | title=UPPSC RO/ARO Exam 2023 paper leak: Mastermind under investigation for money laundering | website=Hindustan Times | date=2024-08-09 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/uppscroaro-exam-2023-paper-leak-mastermind-under-investigation-for-money-laundering-101723223351673.html | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=UP govt cancels RO/ARO exam after paper leak | website=Deccan Herald | date=2024-03-02 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/up-govt-cancels-roaro-exam-after-paper-leak-2919376 | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref> In Bihar, the 67th BPSC Combined Competitive Exam in 2022 was cancelled after the question paper went viral on [[social media]].<ref>{{cite web | title=BPSC cancels 67th CCE Prelims exam following question paper leak | website=The Indian Express | date=2022-05-09 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/jobs/bihar-public-service-commission-cancels-exam-following-question-paper-leak-7907005/ | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref> Rajasthan witnessed the REET 2021 scandal, where the exam for teachers was nullified due to a massive leak involving state officials.<ref>{{cite web | title=REET 2021 paper leak case: Top R'than education official removed | website=Daijiworld.com | date=2022-01-29 | url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=920683 | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=REET paper leak, court upholds Gehlot-Raj investigation: Rules out further probe, and dismisses ABVP's petition | website=Bhaskar English | date=2025-03-27 | url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/rajasthan/jaipur/news/reet-paper-leak-court-upholds-gehlot-raj-investigation-134720907.html | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref> Perhaps the most infamous is the Vyapam Scam in [[Madhya Pradesh]], a long-running scandal uncovered around 2013 involving dozens of exams and the mysterious deaths of several individuals linked to the investigation.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sethi | first=Aman | title=The mystery of India's deadly exam scam | website=the Guardian | date=2015-12-17 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/17/the-mystery-of-indias-deadly-exam-scam | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=The Hindu Net Desk | title=Vyapam scam: A chronology of events | website=The Hindu | date=2019-07-28 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vyapam-scam-a-chronology-of-events/article28739911.ece | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref> Similarly, West Bengal has been embroiled in the School Service Commission (SSC) recruitment scam, where teaching jobs were allegedly sold for money, involving manipulation of results and OMR sheets, leading to a major political controversy and investigations by central agencies.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Shwenk | first1=Martin | last2=Murthy | first2=Narayana | last3=Poonawalla | first3=Adar | last4=Jain | first4=Manu | last5=Kamath | first5=Nitin | title=Explained: SSC Scam in WB – The case behind nearly 26,000 school teachers losing jobs | website=The Economic Times | date=2025-04-11 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/explained-ssc-scam-in-wb-the-case-behind-the-nearly-26000-school-teachers-job-cancellation/articleshow/120196501.cms?from=mdr | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Shiv Sahay | title=What is the controversy over Bengal school scam? | website=The Hindu | date=2025-04-30 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/what-is-the-controversy-over-bengal-school-scam-explained/article69506597.ece | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>

==Legal framework and government response==
In response to the escalating crisis, the Indian government enacted a dedicated central law in 2024.
[[Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024|The Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024]]<ref>{{cite web | title=THE PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS (PREVENTION OF UNFAIR MEANS) BILL, 2024 | url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2024/Public_Examinations_(Prevention_of_Unfair_Means)_Bill,_2024.pdf | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=THE PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS (PREVENTION OF UNFAIR MEANS) ACT, 2024 | url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/20100/1/a2024-01.pdf | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>
This Act was passed by the [[Parliament of India]] to serve as a comprehensive legal framework to curb malpractice in public examinations.<ref>{{cite web | title=What is the Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024? | website=SabrangIndia | date=2024-09-02 | url=https://sabrangindia.in/what-is-the-public-examinations-prevention-of-unfair-means-act-2024/ | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref> Its scope covers public examinations conducted by central bodies like the [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC), the [[Staff Selection Commission]] (SSC), the [[National Testing Agency]] (NTA), and various central ministries. The law stipulates severe penalties; for instance, any individual resorting to unfair means can face imprisonment of three to five years and a fine up to ₹10 lakh.<ref name="f363">{{cite web | title=₹10 Lakh Fine, 5 Years Jail: New Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024. Targets Testing Agencies with ₹1 Crore Fines, 4-Year Bans, Amid NEET Paper Leak Scandal | website=Policy Times Chamber | date=2024-06-26 | url=https://policytimeschamber.com/%E2%82%B910-lakh-fine-5-years-jail-new-public-examinations-prevention-of-unfair-means-act-2024-targets-testing-agencies-with-%E2%82%B91-crore-fines-4-year-bans-amid-neet-paper-leak-scandal/ | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref> For those involved in organised paper leak crimes, the punishment is far more stringent, mandating a minimum of five to ten years' imprisonment and a mandatory minimum fine of ₹1 [[crore]].<ref name="f363"/> The Act also holds examination service providers accountable, with provisions for fines up to ₹1 crore and the recovery of the examination's cost. Importantly, all offences under this act are cognizable, non-bailable, and non-compoundable.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

==Proposed solutions and reforms==
Beyond punitive legal measures, experts and committees have recommended a series of systemic reforms. These include technological interventions such as distributing question papers to centres in an end-to-end encrypted digital format and printing unique, watermarked QR codes on each paper to trace the source of a leak.<ref>{{cite web | title=HSC exam from February 21, dynamic QR codes to check question paper leak in Odisha | website=The New Indian Express | date=2025-02-07 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2025/Feb/07/hsc-exam-from-february-21-dynamic-qr-codes-to-check-question-paper-leak-in-odisha | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref> In addition to technology, procedural reforms are considered crucial, such as reducing the number of people with access to papers, using GPS tracking for transport vehicles, and conducting robust background checks on all staff.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ahmed | first=Sarfaraz | title=GPS-enabled vans with CCTVs to carry MBBS question papers | website=The Times of India | date=2025-01-31 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/gps-enabled-vans-with-cctvs-to-carry-mbbs-question-papers/articleshow/117754274.cms | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref> Structural reforms are also suggested, like moving away from single high-stakes exams towards a system of multiple attempts to reduce desperation and conducting more examinations in the more secure computer-based test (CBT) format.<ref>{{cite web | title=Edu Law | website=Edu Law | url=https://www.theedulaw.in/content/news/186/Decoding-the-Staff-Selection-Commission-Controversy---From-Paper-Leaks-to-Systemic-Failures | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Staff Selection Commission exam controversies]]
* [[2024 NEET controversy]]
* [[West Bengal School Service Commission recruitment scam]]
* [[Vyapam scam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Education in India]]
[[Category:Examinations in India]]
[[Category:Standardised tests in India]]
[[Category:Corruption in India]]
[[Category:Organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Fraud in India]]
[[Category:Education controversies in India]]

Tamgha-e-Bahaduron

2026-04-04T17:06:06Z

SusannahParish: Created data

{{short description|Military decoration awarded by the Azad Hind Government}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox military award
|name= Tamgha-e-Bahaduron
|image= Tamgha-e-Bahaduro medal.jpg
|image_size= 100px
|caption= The Tamgha-e-Bahaduron medal.
|presenter= [[Azad Hind]]
|status= Currently not existent.
|type= Medal
|eligibility= Soldiers of the [[Indische Legion]], [[Indian National Army]], and the [[Wehrmacht]].
|awarded_for= Soldiers Medal
|firstawarded= [[Second World War]]
|lastawarded= [[Second World War]]
|total_awarded= Unknown
|total_awarded_posthumously= Unknown
|total_recipients=
|higher= [[Shahid-e-Bharat]]
|lower= ''None''
}}
The '''Tamgha-e-Bahaduron''' (Medal of Soldiers) was a military decoration awarded by the [[Azad Hind Government]]. First instituted by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] in Germany, it was later also awarded to troops of the [[Indian National Army]] in [[South East Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collector Prithwish Dasgupta Wins Vermeil Award at Bongopex 2025 for Extraordinary Netaji & Azad Hind Collection |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/collector-prithwish-dasgupta-wins-vermeil-award-at-bongopex-2025-for-extraordinary-netaji-amp-azad-hind-collection20251119141235/ |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> The award could be conferred with swords for valour in combat, and without swords for non-combat awards.

==See also==
*[[Indian National Army]]
*[[Indische Legion]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian National Army}}

[[Category:Military awards and decorations of Azad Hind]]

{{odm-stub}}
{{india-mil-stub}}

Bhavasimha

2026-03-26T15:58:09Z

SusannahParish: started

{{Short description|King of Mithila}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Bhavasimha
| title = King of Mithila
| reign = 1353 CE - 1386 CE
| coronation = 1353 CE
| predecessor = Kirtisimha
| successor = Devasimha
| suc-type =
| birth_name = Bhavesa
| birth_place = Mithila
| house = Mithila Kingdom
| house-type = Royal house
| father = Kameshwar Thakur
| occupation = Ruler of Mithila Kingdom
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty = [[Oiniwar Dynasty]]
}}

'''Bhavasimha''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: भव सिंह) was a king of the [[Videha|Mithila Kingdom]] during the period of [[Oiniwar dynasty|Oiniwar Dynasty]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He was a great warrior. He ruled the kingdom for thirty six years, from 1353 CE to 1386 CE.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Vijayakanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FBuAAAAMAAJ |title=Cultural Heritage of Mithila |date=1979 |publisher=Mithila Prakasana |pages=84, 86, 87 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Radhakrishna Choudhary |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfMuslimRuleInTirhut |title=History Of Muslim Rule In Tirhut |date=1970 |pages=26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=शर्म्मा |first=रामप्रकाश |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7sBAAAAMAAJ |title=मिथिला का इतिहास |date=1979 |publisher=Kāmeśvarasiṃhadarabhaṅgāsaṃskr̥taviśvavidyālaya |pages=268 |language=hi}}</ref> He was the grandfather of King [[Shiva Simha Singh|Shivasimha]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Majumdar |first=Bimanbehari |date=1962 |title=Political Thought of Chandesvara (a Fourteenth Century Philosopher—Diplomat) |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41853940 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=23 |issue=1/4 |pages=295–301 |jstor=41853940 |issn=0019-5510}}</ref> He was the fifth king in the Oiniwar Dynasty of the Mithila Kingdom.<ref name=":0" />

== Early life ==
Bhavasimha was born in the royal family of the Oiniwar Dynasty in Mithila. He was a [[Maithil Brahmin]]. He belonged to the [[Kashyapa]] [[Gotra]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mishra |first=Vijayakanta |date=1953 |title=Chronology of the Oiniwara Dynasty of Mithila |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44303873 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=16 |pages=200–210 |jstor=44303873 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> He was a younger son of King ''[[Kameshwar Thakur]]'' in the Oiniwar Dynasty.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sircar |first=D. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1JYwP5tVQUC&q=bhavasimha |title=Studies in Indian Coins |date=December 2005 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher |isbn=978-81-208-2973-2 |pages=265–269 |language=en}}</ref> His childhood name was ''Bhavesa''. He is also called ''Bhavesvara Thakkura''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=झा |first=गोविन्द |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83q7AAAAIAAJ |title=भनहि विद्यापति: महाकवि विद्यापति के जीवन पर केन्द्रित आत्मकथात्मक उपन्यास |date=1995 |publisher=Ādhāra Prakāśana |isbn=978-81-85469-52-2 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLyIHwoxPDoC&q=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0 |title=Aacharya Ramanath Jha Rachnawali-2 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref> He was the younger brother of ''Bhogisvara Thakkura''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdYNAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of Political Science |date=1962 |publisher=Indian Political Science Association |pages=296 |language=en}}</ref>

== Later life ==
Later in life, Bhavasimha became the father of three children. His eldest son was Devasimha. His other sons were Tripurasimha and Udayasimha.<ref name=":0" />

== Rule ==
Bhavasimha succeeded ''King Kirtisimha'' as ruler of the [[Oiniwar dynasty|Oiniwar Dynasty]] in the Mithila Kingdom. He ascended the throne of the kingdom in 1356 CE. He ruled the kingdom for 36 years.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Maithils|Maithil]] scholar [[Vidyapati]], in his literary works, described and praised King Bhavasimha as a brave warrior king.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Upendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xVHRAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mithila: (circa 3000 B.C.-1556 A.D.) |date=1956 |publisher=Mithila Institute |pages=304 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:14th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Mithila]]

Marakkar

2026-03-20T16:28:28Z

SusannahParish:

{{short description|Indian Muslim community}}
{{For|the Indian film|Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea}}
{{Infobox religious group
|religions=[[File:Allah-green.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]|scriptures=[[Quran]] & [[Hadith]]
|languages=[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] • [[Tamil language|Tamil]] • [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] • [[Malay language|Malay]] • [[Arwi language|Arwi]] • [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
|population=~5 million
|image=Sri Lankan Marakkars of Pettah.jpg
|caption=Sri Lankan Marakkars in the business district of Colombo (Pettah), 1891
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
The '''Marakkars''' or '''Chonaka Mappila''' or '''Chonakar'''{{efn|Marakkar is the [[Malayalam]] spelling. Other spellings include Maricar, Marecar, Marikkar, Markiyar, Marican, Marecan, [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''Marrakayar'' and [[Sinhala language|Sinhalese]] ''Marakkala''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tschacher |first=Torsten |date=2006|title=The Impact of Being Tamil on Religious Life Among Tamil Muslins in Singapore |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48631039.pdf|journal=Degree of Doctor of Philosophy PhD|page=79|via=National University of Singapore }}</ref><ref name=":2" />}} ({{langx|ta|சோனகர்|translit=Cōṉakar}}; [[Arwi]]: {{script/Arabic|چٗونَكَرْ}}) are a mercantile, [[Panethnicity|panethnic]] group inhabiting the southwestern coast of [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=V. |first=Kunhali |date=1986 |title=Muslim Communities in Kerala to 1798 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/607699527/MUSLIM-COMMUNITIES-IN-KERALA-TO-1798 |journal=Aligarh Muslim University Journal}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Eusoff |first1=Datin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJtuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Merican Clan: A Story of Courage and Destiny |publisher=Times Books International |year=1997 |isbn=978-981-204-805-9}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=McGilvray |first=Dennis |date=1998 |title=Arabs, Moors and Muslims: Sri Lankan Muslim ethnicity in regional perspective |url=http://cis.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/2/433 |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |volume=199 |pages=439 to 449}}</ref>

Today, Marakkars are found across South Asia (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maldives, Sri Lanka) and Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore).<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> They are a multilingual [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]] community, speaking [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], [[Dhivehi language|Dhivehi]], or [[Malay language|Malay]] depending on their country of origin.<ref name=":6" />

The Marakkars were prominent medieval traders who controlled significant Indian Ocean commerce.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malekandathil |first=Pius |date=2013 |title=Sectional President's Address: INDIAN OCEAN IN THE SHAPING OF LATE MEDIEVAL INDIA |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158814?seq=2 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=74 |pages=178–195|jstor=44158814 }}</ref> They are historically notable for mounting the first sustained Indian resistance against European colonialism, fighting the [[Portuguese India Armadas|Portuguese Armada]] for a hundred-years from [[Battle of Cochin|1520 to 1619]] under leaders including Admiral Kunjali Marakkar IV.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=STEPHEN |first=DALE |date= 1977|title=The Islamic Frontier in Southwest India: The Shahid as a Cultural Ideal among the Mappillas of Malabar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/311885?seq=1 |journal=Modern Asian Studies Journal |volume=II |issue=1 |pages=41–55|jstor=311885 }}</ref> Earlier waves of Marakkar migration to Southeast Asia contributed to the [[Spread of Islam in Indonesia|spread of Islam]] throughout the Indonesian Archipelago.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kenneth |title=Economic Exchange and Social Interaction in Southeast Asia: Perspectives from Prehistory, History, and Ethnography; The Coming of Islam to the Archipelago: A Reassessment. |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/166/oa_edited_volume/chapter/2701204 |journal=University of Michigan Press |pages=213–231}}</ref> In the early modern period, they became the first Indian community to settle in British Malaya, later forming the [[Jawi Peranakan]] ethnic group.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=Patrick |title=Yearning to Belong. Ch. 1: "Mamak" and Malaysian: The Indian Muslim Quest for Identity |date=October 14, 2015 |publisher=ISEAS Publishing |isbn=9789814519687}}</ref>

== Kilai / Branches ==
There are at least four known branches of Marakkars: (i) Pandyamandala Marakkars of coastal Tamil Nadu, (ii) Eezhamandala Marakkars of Sri Lanka, (iii) Cholamandala Marakkars of southeast asia, and (iv) Malabar Marakkars of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohammed |first=SV |title=Charithratile Marakkar Sannidhyam |date=2008 |publisher=Vachanam Books |location=Calicut}}</ref>

=== Marakkars of Sri Lanka ===
[[File:Lanka moors.jpg|thumb|Sri Lankan Marakkars (Sapphire Merchants) ]]
In present day, the Marakkars of Sri Lanka are called [[Sri Lankan Moors]], compromising 10.5% of the Sri Lankan population with an aggregate population of 2,283,246.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Department of Census and Statistics |url=https://www.statistics.gov.lk/Population/StaticalInformation/CPH2024 |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=www.statistics.gov.lk |language=en}}</ref> They were historically called ''Chonakar'' or Eezhamandala Marakkar.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Mahroof |first=M. M. M. |date=1995 |title=Spoken Tamil Dialects of the Muslims of Sri Lanka: Language as Identity-Classifier |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20836916 |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=407–426 |jstor=20836916 |issn=0578-8072}}</ref> They have over a thousand-year history in the [[Geography of Sri Lanka|western coast]] of Sri Lanka, tracing their origin to the Sabaen and Dilmun traders pre-dating Islam. They are disproportionately urban, constituting 42.9% of the capital city of [[Colombo]], and are known on the island for being a "[[market-dominant minority]]" inhabiting urban centers.<ref name=":8" /> They are native [[Tamil language|Tamil]] speakers with high degrees of [[Sinhala language|Sinhalese]] bilingualism.<ref name=":8" />

Today, Chonaka Moors remain politically and economically influential on the island. Politically, they are represented in every national party and have held all major ministerial portfolios, including [[Ali Sabry (Sri Lankan politician)|finance]], [[Rauff Hakeem|justice]], [[Badi-ud-din Mahmud|education]], and [[Rishad Bathiudeen|trade]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Mohan |first=Vasundhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C322g0fCcMkC |title=Identity Crisis of Sri Lankan Muslims |date=1987 |publisher=Mittal Publications |language=en}}</ref> They have also produced [[List of justices of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka|five]] Supreme Court Justices since independence.

Economically, though their sectoral monopolies diminished following [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike|Sirimavo]] Bandaranaike's [[Nationalisation in Sri Lanka|nationalization]] policies and socialist reforms, they remain influential in textiles, precious metals, pharmaceuticals, commercial real estate, import-export trade, and retail.<ref name=":10" /> Eastern Moor landlords, or Sonaha Poddiyar, also hold substantial tracts of the most arable paddy land in the eastern provinces.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rameez |first=A. |date=2018 |title=Sociology of Sri Lankan Muslims: dealing with different dimensions of Muslim society |url=http://ir.lib.seu.ac.lk/handle/123456789/3073 |language=en-US |issn=1816-949X|journal=Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences|volume=13|issue=7 |pages=1782–1793}}</ref>

=== Marakkars of Southeast Asia (Chulias) ===
[[File:Chulia of Penang (1910).png|thumb|350x350px|Chulia Marakkars of Penang (Early 20th Century)]]
The '''Chulia Marakkars''' of Southeast Asia, known historically as '''Chulias''' or '''Klings''', are Tamil-speaking Muslim Marakkar merchants from the Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka, and Kerala, who established permanent communities across the Malay Peninsula, Singapore, and the Indonesian archipelago.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Arasaratnam |first=Sinnappah |url=http://archive.org/details/indiansinmalaysi0000aras |title=Indians in Malaysia and Singapore. -- |date=1970 |publisher=Bombay : Published for the Institute of Race Relations, London, by Oxford University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-19-218184-8}}</ref>

==== Before 1786 ====
Chulia Marakkars were present in Southeast Asian ports from at least the 14th century, forming one of the principal trading communities at Malacca by the time of Portuguese conquest in 1511.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Sundara Sreenivasa Rao. |first=Valarmudi |date=2016 |title=Merchants in Transition: Maritime Trade and Society of Tamil Muslims in the Indian Ocean World, c. 1780–1840 |journal=University of Texas at Austin}}</ref> They maintained their own settlement called ''Kampong Palli'' and were noted by Italian traveller Nicolas Conti as being "very rich, so much so that some will carry on their business in forty of their own ships."<ref name=":12" />

In the Malacca Sultanate, Tamil Muslims attained the highest offices of state.<ref name=":12" /> '''Bendahara Tun Ali''' served as the fourth prime minister, while his son '''Tun Mutahir''' became the seventh Bendahara, whose efficient administration attracted foreign traders and brought Malacca to its commercial zenith around 1500.<ref name=":12" /> Sultan Muhammad Syah married Tun Ali's sister, Tun Wati, producing the future Sultan Muzaffar Syah.<ref name=":12" />

Following Malacca's fall, Chulia merchants dispersed to friendlier ports in Aceh, Kedah, Perak, and the Tenasserim coast.<ref name=":12" /> By the 17th century, they dominated trade between India and the Malay Peninsula, with Malay rulers of Kedah, Perak, Terengganu, and Johor appointing them as ''saudagar raja'' (king's merchants) to manage royal trading activities. Prominent ''saudagar raja'' included Sidi Lebbe and Tambi Kecil (titled Raja Mutabar Khan) in Perak, and Syed Nina, Piro Mohamed, and Raja Jamal in Kedah.<ref name=":12" /> Their appointment reflected Chulia strengths: connection to complex commercial networks, negotiating competence, accounting skills, shared Islamic faith with Malay rulers, and multilingual fluency.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhattacharya |first=B. |title=Merchants, Companies and Commerce on the Coromandel Coast, 1650–1740. Arasaratnam Sinnappah. xii, 407 pp. Rupees 190/-. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/itinerario/article/abs/merchants-companies-and-commerce-on-the-coromandel-coast-16501740-arasaratnam-sinnappah-delhi-oxford-university-press-1986-xii-407-pp-rupees-190/75795EA1CA1F99267F0F7C624E7E586F |journal=Itinerario |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=123–128 |doi=10.1017/S0165115300004368 |issn=2041-2827|location=Delhi|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1986|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==== After 1786 ====
The British establishment of Penang (1786) and Singapore (1819) drew large-scale Chulia migration from the Coromandel Coast.<ref name=":11" /> Captain Francis Light estimated 1,000 Chulias in early Penang, with annual arrivals of 1,500–2,000 more.<ref name=":11" /> By the 1833 census, there were 7,886 Chulias in Penang and 510 in Province Wellesley. '''Cauder Mohideen Merican''' was appointed the first Kapitan Kling in 1801 and founded the Kapitan Keling Mosque, which holds one of Malaysia's largest ''waqf'' endowments.<ref name=":11" />

Economically, Chulia Marakkars virtually monopolised Penang's shipping and stewarding industry, providing lighters (''tongkangs'') for loading and unloading cargo, earning them the nickname "Mamak Tongkang." <ref name=":11" /> They dominated the textile trade with Southeast Asia, exporting blue cloths, chintz, ginghams, and long cloths from Coromandel ports.<ref name=":11" /> When British cotton manufactures began competing from the 1820s, Chulia merchants adapted by diversifying into provision stores, jewellery, money-changing, and publishing.<ref name=":11" />

Today, Chulia Marakkars remain influential in the restaurant trade (approximately 12,000 ''mamak'' establishments nationwide), jewellery, textiles, pharmaceuticals, and retail.<ref name=":11" /> The ''nasi kandar'' trade, originating with Chulia rice sellers in colonial Penang, has evolved into a multi-million ringgit franchise industry.<ref name=":11" /> Replicas of the Nagore Dargah in Penang and Singapore commemorate the community's enduring transoceanic Sufi networks.<ref name=":11" />

=== Jawi Peranakan ===
[[File:A.O. Merican and his family.png|thumb|350x350px|Merican Clan of the Jawi Peranakan]]
The '''[[Jawi Peranakan]]''' (also called ''Jawi Pekan'', meaning "town Muslim") emerged from intermarriage between Chulia merchants and local Malay women, forming a distinct Indo-Malay community concentrated in Penang and Singapore.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Fujimoto |first=Helen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9uPctgAACAAJ |title=The South Indian Muslim Community and the Evolution of the Jawi Peranakan in Penang Up to 1948 |date=1988 |publisher=ILCAA, Tokyo Gaikokugo Daigaku |language=en}}</ref> By the late 19th century, they had accumulated considerable wealth and status, ranking "next to the Arabs in leadership and authority within the Malay-Muslim community."<ref name=":13" /> Their English education facilitated employment in the colonial government as clerks, translators, and teachers.<ref name=":13" />

The Jawi Peranakan population in Penang grew from 3,491 in 1871 to 5,462 in 1881. Prominent families such as the Angullias and Maricans left lasting marks on the urban landscape, Angullia Park near Singapore's Orchard Road still bears the family name.<ref name=":13" /> Through intermarriage with Malay and Arab families, many descendants inherited titles such as Syed, Tengku, or Wan, while others adopted Malay patronymic naming conventions.<ref name=":13" />

The Jawi Peranakan pioneered Malay-language journalism and publishing.<ref name=":13" /> According to historian William Roff, "Malay journalism, like book publication in Malay, owes its origins very largely" to this community.<ref name=":13" /> The ''Jawi Peranakkan'' ("The Local Born Muslim"), launched in Singapore in 1876, was the first Malay newspaper in the region and the longest-running before World War I.<ref name=":13" /> Its founding editor, '''Munsyi Mohd Said Dada Mohiddin''', a Penang-born Tamil Muslim, served for twelve years until his death in 1888. The newspaper identified entirely with Malay interests, speaking always of "we Malays" and reporting Malay affairs.<ref name=":13" />

Over the following three decades, Jawi Peranakan established at least twelve Malay-language newspapers: five in Singapore (''Jawi Peranakkan'', ''Sekola Melayu'', ''Nujumul-Fajar'', ''Shamsul-Kamar'', ''Taman Pengetahuan''), five in Penang (''Tanjung Penegeri'', ''Pemimpin Warta'', ''Lengkongan Bulan'', ''Bintang Timor'', ''Chahaya Pulau Pinang''), and two in Perak (''Sri Perak'', ''Jajahan Melayu'').<ref name=":13" /><blockquote>'''[[Abdullah Abdul Kadir|Munshi Abdullah]]''' (1796–1854), of Tamil and Yemeni descent, is widely regarded as the "father of modern Malay literature." Born in Malacca and fluent in Arabic, Tamil, Hindi, and Malay, he served as scribe to Sir Stamford Raffles and translator for the London Missionary Society. His autobiography ''Hikayat Abdullah'' (1849) marked a radical departure from court literature, offering vivid, colloquial descriptions of everyday life. He is also considered the first Malayan journalist, taking Malay literature beyond folk-stories into historical description.<ref name=":13" /></blockquote>By the early 20th century, as Malay nationalism emerged, the Jawi Peranakan increasingly identified as Malays. They established the '''Penang Malay Association''' (1927) to promote Malay interests vis-à-vis the British government. In 1946, they played a major role in founding UMNO's Penang branch, with '''S.M. Aidid''' as founder president.<ref name=":13" /> Second and third generation Jawi Peranakan received scholarships as Malays, entered the civil service, and served with distinction.<ref name=":13" /> Today, most register simply as Malays, their distinct identity having merged into the broader Malay community through social amalgamation and shared Islamic practice.<ref name=":13" />

=== Marakkars of Kerala ===
In Kerala, Marakkar, known as '''Marikkars''', are primarily concentrated in and around Malabar.

According to tradition, Marakkars were originally marine merchants of Kochi who left for Ponnani in the Samoothiri Raja's dominion when the Portuguese came to Kochi. They offered their men, ships and wealth in defence of their motherland to the Samoothiri of Kozhikode – The Raja, who took them into his service and eventually became the Admirals of his fleet. They served as the naval chiefs in the Zamorin's army. Kunjali Marakkar, one of the first Keralites to rebel against the Portuguese, hailed from the Marikkar community.<ref>{{Cite news|last=The Hindu|title=The Hindu|work=thehindu.com |url=https://www.thehindu.com/archive/print/2005/03/01/}}</ref>

== Religion ==
[[File:Vasco da Gama's voyage on the West coast of India.jpg|thumb|West Coast of India]]
In contrast to the [[Hanafi school|Hanafis]] of Northern India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, the Marakkars are part of a distinct South Indian Muslim community that follows the Shafi'i school of Islamic jurisprudence.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Hoogervorst |first=Tom G. |date=2015 |title=Tracing the linguistic crossroads between Malay and Tamil |journal=Wacana |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=249–283 |doi=10.17510/wacana.v16i2.378 |via=Brill |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Prashant More |first=Jean-Baptiste |date=1991 |title=The Marakkayar Muslims of Karikal, South India |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=2 |pages=25–44 |doi=10.1093/jis/2.1.25 |pmc=355923 |pmid=15455059 |via=Oxford Academic Journals}}</ref><ref name=":1">Cf. Bayly 1989: 73–103; Bjerrum 1920: 172–173; Fanselow 1989: 274–281; Kamāl 1990: 37–55; More 2004: 3–27</ref> They are one of several interconnected cultural groups along India's southwestern coast, including the [[Nawayath|Nawayaths]] of Konkan, [[Kodava Maaple]] of Coorg, [[Beary|Bearys]] of Tulu Nadu, and the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappillas]] of Malabar. These communities share common religious practices and cultural traditions shaped by their coastal heritage and historical trade connections.

== Role in regional history ==
[[File:Bust of Kunhali Marakkar III at Visakha Museum.jpg|thumb|Admiral Kunjali Marakkar]]
Some time in the 11th century, Marakkars become a prominent community in the city of Kochi. In Tamil Nadu, Marakkars are found in Kayalpattinam, Kilakarai, Adirampattinam, Thoothukudi, Nagore and Karaikal. Whether Marakkars are a community that moved from Tamil Nadu to Kerala, or from Kerala to Tamil Nadu remains an unsettled question. Some time later, they migrate to [[Ponnani]] in the [[Samoothiri|Zamorin]]'s dominion, where they worked as the admirals of the Zamorin's fleet. There is some evidence that Marakkars cooperated and conducted business with the Portuguese Armada. Soon after, the Marakkar fleet and the Portuguese Armada made war for a hundred years under the leadership of Admiral Kunjali [[Kunjali Marakkar|Marakkar]].<ref name="KunhaliV2">Kunhali, V. "Muslim Communities in Kerala to 1798" Ph.D. Dissertation Aligarh Muslim University (1986) [http://ir.amu.ac.in/2736/1/T%205242.pdf]</ref>

== Language ==
The [[Arabic language]] brought by the early merchants is no longer spoken, though many Arabic words and phrases are still commonly used. Until recently, the [[Mappila Muslims|Mappila]] Muslims employed [[Arabi Malayalam]], and the Tamil Muslims employed [[Arwi language|Arwi]] as their native language, though this is also extinct as a spoken language. Today, they use Malayalam and Tamil as their primary language, with influence from Arabic. Many Arabic and Arabized words exist in Malayalam and Tamil, spoken by Marakkars. Among many examples, greetings and blessings are exchanged in Arabic instead of Malayalam/Tamil, such as ''Assalamu Alaikum'' instead of ''Shaanthiyum Samadanavum'', ''Jazakallah'' instead of Nanni/Nandri and ''Pinjhan/Finjan/Pinjaanam'' for Bowl/Cup.

There are also words which are unique to Marakkars and [[Sri Lankan Moors]], such as ''Laatha'' for elder-sister, ''Kaka'' for elder-brother, ''Umma'' for mother and ''Vappa'' for father, suggesting a close relationship between Marakkars of India and Marrakkar and Moors of Sri Lanka.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Mahroof |first=M. M. M.|title=Spoken Tamil Dialects of the Muslims of Sri Lanka: Language as Identity-Classifier |date=1995|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20836916|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=34|issue=4|pages=407–426|jstor=20836916 |issn=0578-8072}}</ref> The Marakkars of Sri Lanka falls under the '[[Sri Lankan Moors]] group, defined by the Sri Lankan government as a separate ethnic group.<ref name=":3" /> There are also words derived from [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], such as ''Mattapa'' for the terrace. There are also words from [[Purananuru|the Purananuru]] era, such as ''Aanam'' for Kulambu and ''Puliaanam'' for rasam or soup.
{| class="wikitable"
|'''English'''
|'''Malayalam/Tamil'''
|'''Marakkar Malayalam/Tamil'''
|-
|Father
|Appan/Appa
|Uppa/Vaapa
|-
|Mother
|Amma
|Umma
|-
|Brother
|Chetan/Annan
|Kaaka/Naana
|-
|Sister
|Chechi/Akka
|Thaatha/Laatha
|-
|Son
|makan
|mon/mavan
|-
|Daughter
|makal
|mol/maval
|}

==See also==
* [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
* [[Tamil Muslim]]s
* [[Mappila Muslims]]
* [[Sri Lankan Moors]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Medieval Seafarers of India'' – Lakshmi Subramaniam
* ''The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama'' – Sanjay Subrahmanyam
* ''The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History'' – Sanjay Subrahmanyam
* ''Portuguese Cochin and the Maritime Trade of India'' – [[Pius Malekandathil]]
* ''India and the Indian Ocean World'' – Ashin Das Gupta
* ''Kerala Muslim History'' – P. A. Syed Mohammed
* ''Muslim Identity, Print Culture, and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu – '' J. B. Prashant More
* ''Saints Goddesses and Kings'' – Susan Bayly
* ''Political Evolution of Muslims in Tamil Nadu and Madras'' – J. B. Prashant More
* ''Charithrathile Marakkar Sannidhyam'' – S. V. Mohammed
* ''Kunjali Marakkar – Kerala Calling Malabar & the Portuguese'' – K. M. Panikkar
{{Indian Muslim}}
{{Islam in Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maricar}}
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Moors]]
[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Kerala]]
[[Category:Social groups of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]
[[Category:Arabs in Sri Lanka]]

History of Thrissur

2026-03-11T09:59:32Z

SusannahParish: general enhanced content as per guidelines and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|History of Thrissur, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{| class="wikitable" width="250" style="font-size: 0.85em; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #DEE8F1;"
|bgcolor="#A1C2CF" colspan="2" style="color: white;" align="center"|'''Timeline of Thrissur'''
|-
|colspan="2"|[[Image:JJP 112.jpg|250px]]
|-
|bgcolor="#B0BFD5" width="20%" align="center"|'''Year'''
|bgcolor="#B0BFD5" width="80%" align="center"|'''Event'''
|-
|1200 BCE – 200 CE
|Iron Age Megalithic Culture
|-
|2nd–1st century BCE
|Rise of [[Muziris]] as a port
|-
|1st–3rd centuries CE
|[[Roman Empire|Roman]] coins of the period found
|-
|800–1124
|Rule of Perumals of [[Mahodayapuram]]
|-
|855
|Sthanu Ravi inscription at [[Koodalmanikyam Temple]] at [[Irinjalakuda]]
|-
|930
|Kota Ravi inscriptions at Avittathur
|-
|1000
|Jewish Copper plate issued at [[Mahodayapuram]]
|-
|1024
|Rajasimha inscription at Thazhekad
|-
|1036
|Rajasimha inscription at [[Thiruvanchikulam Temple]]
|-
|11th century
|Inscription at [[Vadakkumnathan Temple]], [[Thrissur]]
|-
|1225
|[[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] copper plate issued by Vira Raghava of [[Perumpadapu Swaroopam]]
|-
|1523
|[[Portugal|Portuguese]] Fort at [[Cranganore]]
|-
|1599
|[[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] priests from [[Palayoor]] and Mattom take part in the [[Synod of Diamper]]
|-
|1606, 1677, 1681
|Inscriptions at [[Palayoor]]
|-
|1710
|[[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] control over Chettuva
|-
|1750–1762
|[[Zamorin]]'s occupation of [[Thrissur]]
|-
|1789
|[[Tipu Sultan]]'s occupation of [[Thrissur]]
|-
|1790–1805
|Rule of Rama Varma, [[Sakthan Thampuran]]
|-
|1791
|Treaty between [[Kochi|Cochin]] and the [[East India Company]] by which [[Kingdom of Cochin]] became a vassal of the company
|-
|1794
|Fortifications around the [[Thrissur]] town by [[Sakthan Thampuran]]
|-
|1800
|[[Kochi|Cochin]] State placed under the [[Madras]] Government
|-
|1814
|Construction of the [[Mart Mariam Big Church]] at [[Thrissur]]

|-
|1816
|The first known map of [[Thrissur]] prepared by John Gould
|-
|1889
|[[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]] founded
|-
|1921
|[[Thrissur]] made a municipality
|-
|1925
| [[Cochin Legislative Council]] with elected members from [[Thrissur]]
|-
|1925, 1927
|[[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] visits [[Thrissur]]
|-
|1935
|Labour Brotherhood in [[Thrissur]]
|-
|1936
|[[Kochi|Cochin]] State Congress founded
|-
|1936
|Electricity agitation
|-
|1940
|[[Kochi|Cochin]] Karshakasabha founded
|-
|1941
|[[Kochi|Cochin]] State Prajamandal
|-
|1947
|Temple entry allowed in [[Kochi|Cochin]]
|-
|1949
|[[Travancore]]-[[Cochin]] State comes into existence
|-
|1 July 1949
|[[Thrissur district]] was formed
|-
|1956
|Formation of [[Kerala]] State
|}

'''Thrissur''' is the administrative capital of [[Thrissur district|Thrissur District]], in the central part of [[Kerala]] state, India. Thrissur district was formed on 1 July 1949. It is an important cultural centre, and is known as the Cultural Capital of Kerala. It is famous for the [[Thrissur Pooram]] festival, one of the most colourful and spectacular temple festival of Kerala. From ancient times, [[Thrissur]] has been politically, economically and culturally significant to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It has opened the gates for [[Arabs]], [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], [[Portugal|Portuguese]], [[Netherlands|Dutch]] and English. According to tradition, Thrissur is where [[Christianity]], [[Islam]] and [[Judaism]] entered the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Local Christian tradition holds that [[Thomas the Apostle]] arrived in 52 CE, and Muslim tradition states that [[Methala]] is the location of country's first mosque.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://business.in.com/article/boardroom/catholic-syrian-gods-own-bank/12582/1
|title=Catholic Syrian: God's Own Bank
|work=Forbes India
|access-date=27 April 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430140709/http://business.in.com/article/boardroom/catholic-syrian-gods-own-bank/12582/1
|archive-date=30 April 2010
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==Pre-history==
[[File:Megalithic Menhir at Ramavarmapuram Kerala (DSC 9208).JPG|thumb|Megalithic Menhir at Ramavarmapuram Kerala|left]]
Starting from the [[Stone Age]], Thrissur must have been the site of human settlement. This is evidenced by the presence of a megalithic monuments at [[Ramavarmapuram]], [[Kuttur Census Town|Kuttoor]], Cherur and Villadam.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news
|url=http://hindu.com/2009/12/04/stories/2009120450620200.htm
|title=A tour of heritage sites in Thrissur
|access-date=9 July 2010
|location=Chennai, India
|date=4 December 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208143112/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/04/stories/2009120450620200.htm
|archive-date=8 December 2009
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> The Ramavarmapuram monument is in granite and is of [[Menhir]] type. The monument in Ramavarmapuram is 15 feet height and 12 feet 4 inches broad. From 1944, it is under the protection of Department of Archaeology. The monument is locally known as 'Padakkallu' or 'Pulachikkallu'. These menhirs are memorials for the departed souls put up at burial sites. They belong to the Megalithic Age of Kerala, which is roughly estimated between 1000 BCE and 500 CE.<ref>S Hemachandran, [http://www.kerala.gov.in/keralacalljuly_07/pg30-31.pdf "Monuments Embossing History"]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Kerala Calling'', July 2007. (Retrieved on 24 January 2009)</ref> All such monuments have not been dated exactly. Some experts are of the view that these are the remnants of the Neolithic Age in the development of human technology. The Ramavarmapuram Menhir is also believed to be a monument belonging to the Sangam period in the South Indian history.<ref>V V K Valath (1992). ''Keralathile Sthalacharithrangal: Thrissur Jilla'',(Malayalam: കേരളത്തിലെ സ്ഥലചരിത്രങ്ങള്‍: തൃശൂർ ജില്ല) p.217. Kerala Sahithya Akadamy, Thrissur.</ref>

Other monolithic monuments like [[dolmen]]s and rock-cut caves are at Porkulam, Chiramanengad, Eyyal, Kattakambal and Kakkad. The monument excavated under Archaeologist BK Thapar, between 1949 and 1950, was under the Department of Archaeology.<ref name="The Hindu"/> Another megalithic monument is situated at Ariyannur in Thrissur.<ref name="Students prepare manual on flora">{{cite news|date=4 March 2005|title=Students prepare manual on flora|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/04/stories/2005030410860300.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=9 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013173158/http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/04/stories/2005030410860300.htm|archive-date=13 October 2011}}</ref>

==Chera Dynasty==
===Muziris===

[[Muziris]] (1st century BCE), is a lost port city in Kodungallur and was a major center of trade in Kerala between the [[Chera Empire]] and the [[Roman Empire]].<ref name="Search for India's ancient city">{{cite news
|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4970452.stm
|title=Search for India's ancient city
|work=BBC
|access-date=5 September 2010
|date=11 June 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925152525/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4970452.stm
|archive-date=25 September 2010
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Muziris (Cranganore) was destroyed by massive [[flood]]ing of the river [[Periyar River|Periyar]] in 1341, opening a new port called Kochi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centreforheritagestudies.com/html/history.htm |title=History of Kochi |publisher=Centre For Heritage Studies, India |access-date=5 September 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915105257/http://www.centreforheritagestudies.com/html/history.htm |archive-date=15 September 2015 }}</ref> Muziris was also known as Mahodayapuram, Shinkli, Muchiri (anglicised to Muziris) and Muyirikkodu. It is known as 'Vanchi' to locals.<ref name="Search for India's ancient city"/> Muziris opened the gates for Arabs, Romans, Portuguese, Dutch and English to [[Indian sub continent]] and [[South East Asia]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.kerala360.net/muziris.html
|title=Kerala Tourism
|publisher=Muziris, A cultural tourist destination in kerala
|access-date=5 September 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101035830/http://kerala360.net/muziris.html
|archive-date=1 November 2010
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> It was famous as a major port for trade and commerce for more than 2,500 years.

There has always been a lot of confusion about the exact location of the port, as also about other aspects of it. For long it was considered to be [[Kodungalloor]]. However, in 1983, a large hoard of Roman coins was found at a site around 10 km from a place called [[Pattanam]], some distance away from [[Kodungalloor]]. Excavations carried out from 2004 to 2009 at [[Pattanam]] has revealed evidence that may point out the exact position of Muziris.<ref name="Search for India's ancient city"/><ref name="hindu.com">{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/01/stories/2007040106021000.htm
|title=Excavations highlight Malabar maritime heritage
|access-date=5 September 2010
|location=Chennai, India
|date=1 April 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430182720/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/01/stories/2007040106021000.htm
|archive-date=30 April 2011
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref name="Hunting for Muziris">{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/03/28/stories/2004032800050200.htm
|title=Hunting for Muziris
|access-date=5 September 2010
|location=Chennai, India
|date=28 March 2004
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119145846/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/03/28/stories/2004032800050200.htm
|archive-date=19 November 2010
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref name="hinduonnet.com">{{cite web
|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/03/23/stories/2004032303340500.htm
|title=Archaeologists stumble upon Muziris
|work=The Hindu
|access-date=5 September 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809101723/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/03/23/stories/2004032303340500.htm
|archive-date=9 August 2010
|url-status=usurped
}}</ref>

This suggests that Muziris was a port of great international fame and that [[South India]] was involved in active trade with several civilizations of [[West Asia]], the [[Near East]] and [[Europe]] with the port as a means to do so.

While there is a consensus on that both the port and the city ceased to exist around the middle of the 13th century, possibly following an earthquake (or the great flood of 1341 recorded in history, which caused the change of course of [[Periyar river]]), there does not seem to be clear evidence as to when the port might have first come into being. Presently, researchers seem to be agreed on that the port was already a bustling center of trade by 500 BCE, and there is some evidence that suggests that Muziris was a city, even if not certainly a port as well, from before 1500 BCE.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.samachaar.in/Delhi/Trade_links_of_Kerala_city_date_back_to_500_BC_19220/ | title=Samachaar.in }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/09/stories/2008010956451300.htm | location=Chennai, India | title=Study points to 500 BC Kerala maritime activity | date=9 January 2008 | access-date=11 September 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113050246/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/09/stories/2008010956451300.htm | archive-date=13 November 2010 | work=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.orientalthane.com/archaeology/news_2008_01_30_4.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=11 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507021807/http://www.orientalthane.com/archaeology/news_2008_01_30_4.htm |archive-date=7 May 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?issueid=&id=3689&option=com_content&task=view&sectionid=21|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713043013/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?issueid=&id=3689&option=com_content&task=view&sectionid=21|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 July 2012|title = Iron Man's country}}</ref>

It is called 'Murachipatanam' in Sanskrit and Muchiri in Tamil. Later it was also called as Makothai, Mahodayapuram, Mahodayapattanam. The port was familiar to the author of the [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] who described it as being situated on ''Pseudostomos'' river (Ψευδόστομος: [[Greek language|Greek]] for "false mouth" – a precise translation of the [[Malayalam]] description of the mouth of the Periyar, ''Alimukam'') 3 km from its mouth. According to the Periplus, numerous Greek seamen managed an intense trade with Muziris:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html
|title=Ancient History Sourcebook: The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century
|publisher=Paul Halsall
|access-date=5 September 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814160845/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html
|archive-date=14 August 2014
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

{{cquote|"Then come Naura and Tyndis, the first markets of [[Damirica]] (Limyrike), and then Muziris and Nelcynda, which are now of leading importance. Tyndis is of the [[Chera Dynasty|Kingdom of Cerobothra]]; it is a village in plain sight by the sea. Muziris, of the same Kingdom, abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Arabia, and by the Greeks; it is located on a river, distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia" – The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 53–54}}

===Arrival of Christianity (51–52)===
The [[St Thomas Christians|indigenous church of Kerala]] has a tradition that St. Thomas sailed there to spread the Christian faith. He landed at the ancient port of [[Muziris]]. He then went to [[Palayoor]] (near present-day [[Guruvayoor]]), which was a Hindu priestly community at that time. He left Palayoor in 52 for the southern part of what is now [[Kerala]] State, where he established the ''Ezharappallikal'', or "[[Seven and Half Churches]]". These churches are at [[Kodungallur]], [[Kollam]], [[Niranam]], Nilackal ([[Chayal]]), [[Kokkamangalam]], [[Kottakkavu Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Pilgrim Church, North Paravur|Kottakkavu]], [[Palayoor]] (Chattukulangara) and [[Thiruvithancode]] Arappally – the half church.<ref>{{cite book | title = Six St. Thomases of South India | author = T.K. Joseph | publisher = University of California | year = 1955 | page = 27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kuzhippallil.com/nsc.html |title=Nasrani Syrian Christians |publisher=Kuzhippallil.com |access-date=17 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704083022/http://kuzhippallil.com/nsc.html |archive-date=4 July 2009 }}</ref>

=== Arrival of Islam (7th century) ===
According to [[Malabar Muslims|Kerala Muslim]] tradition, the town of [[Methala]] (now a part of modern-day [[Kodungallur|Kodungallur municipality]], [[Thrissur district]]) was the location of the [[Islam in India|first mosque in India]], the [[Cheraman Juma Mosque]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book|author=Ron Geaves|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1s1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|title=Islam and Britain: Muslim Mission in an Age of Empire|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4742-7175-2|pages=6}}</ref><ref name="lamp">{{cite news|title=Cheraman Juma Masjid: A 1,000-year-old lamp burns in this mosque|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 May 2015 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cheraman-Juma-Masjid-A-1000-year-old-lamp-burns-in-this-mosque/articleshow/47486911.cms}}</ref><ref name="solomon">{{cite web|title=Solomon To Cheraman|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/solomon-to-cheraman/279886}}</ref> The [[legend of Cheraman Perumals]] states that the last ruler of the Chera dynasty mandated its construction after converting to [[Islam]] sometime during the lifetime of the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] (c. 570–632).<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Goldstein|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC|title=The Jews of China|publisher=M. E. Sharpe|year=1999|isbn=9780765601049|page=123}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book|author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|publisher=Brill|year=1987|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8|pages=458–459|access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref> According to legend, it was built by [[Malik Deenar]] with the help of the native king who was in throne that time, Persian [[Tabiun|tābiʿūn]] of Muhammad.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="lamp" /><ref name="solomon" /> Its construction date is said to be sometime between 624 and 629 CE.<ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">{{cite book|author1=Edward Simpson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333|title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean|author2=Kai Kresse|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-231-70024-5|pages=333|access-date=24 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">{{cite book|author=Husain Raṇṭattāṇi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles|publisher=Other Books|year=2007|isbn=978-81-903887-8-8|pages=179–|access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref> This construction date would make it the oldest [[mosque]] on the [[Indian subcontinent]] which is still in use,<ref>{{cite news|title=Mosque in Kerala dates back to the Prophet's time|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2015 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Mosque-in-Kerala-dates-back-to-the-Prophets-time/articleshow/48138989.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tinkering with the past|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 July 2015|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/tinkering-with-the-past/article7442583.ece|last1=Anandan|first1=S.}}</ref> as well as the second-oldest mosque in the world to offer [[Jumu'ah]] prayers.<ref name="BT">{{cite web|title=World's second oldest mosque is in India|url=http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=4&ArticleId=49332|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706220818/http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=4&ArticleId=49332|archive-date=6 July 2006|access-date=9 August 2006|publisher=Bahrain tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cheraman Juma Masjid A Secular Heritage|url=http://www.islamicvoice.com/june.2004/miscellany.htm#cjm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726021445/http://www.islamicvoice.com/june.2004/miscellany.htm#cjm|archive-date=26 July 2017|access-date=10 September 2010}}</ref> The bodies of some of his Muhammad's original followers are said to be buried here.<ref>{{cite web|title=A mosque from a Hindu king|url=http://www.indiatraveltimes.com/travelogue/mosque.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202727/http://www.indiatraveltimes.com/travelogue/mosque.html|archive-date=5 November 2018|access-date=9 August 2006|publisher=indiatravels}}</ref> However, historical research has cast doubt on these claims, suggesting that the origin story may be fictitious or legendary rather than factual.<ref name="CAMBR">{{Cite book |last=Prange |first=Sebastian R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OM5TDwAAQBAJ |title=Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast |date=2018-05-03 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-42438-7 |language=en |pages=94–5, 100}}</ref>

According to the Arabic manuscript ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', several more mosques were built in the Thrissur area during the era of [[Malik Dinar]], which would make them among the oldest on the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref>

<gallery>
File:TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg|Muziris, as shown in the [[Tabula Peutingeriana]]
File:Palayoor boat jetty.jpg|Statue of St. Thomas at [[Palayoor]] in [[Thrissur district]]
File:Cheraman juma masjid Old.jpg|A model of the original [[Cheraman Juma Mosque]]
</gallery>

==Arrival of the Portuguese (16th century)==
===Raid on Cranganore===
[[File:Kerala cities at time of Cabral (1500).gif|thumb|250px|India [[Malabar Coast]] c. 1500]]
Converging on Cranganore, the Portuguese-Cochinese fleet quickly disperses the Zamorin's forces on the beach with cannon fire, and then lands an amphibian assault force – some 1,000 Portuguese and 1,000 Cochinese [[Nairs]], who take on the rest of the Zamorin's forces in close combat. The Zamorin's forces are defeated and driven away from the city.<ref>Castanheda, p.272</ref>

In the meantime, the Calicut fleet of some five ships and 80 ''[[parau]]s'' that had been dispatched to save the city are intercepted by the idling Portuguese ships near [[Pallippuram, Ernakulam|Palliport]] and defeated in a naval encounter.<ref>Mathew (1997: p.14)</ref>

==Sakthan Thampuran (1790–1805)==

In 1790, Raja Rama Varma, known as [[Sakthan Thampuran]], became the ruler of the [[Kingdom of Cochin]]; his ascension is seen as the beginning of the modern period in the history of [[Kochi]] and [[Thrissur]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Education|first1=Kerala (India) Department of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzFuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22hereditary+Prime+Ministership+of+Cochin%22|title=Kerala District Gazetteers: Ernakulam|last2=Menon|first2=A. Sreedhara|date=1965|publisher=Superintendent of Government Presses|language=en}}</ref> His punishment of criminals and wrongdoers was considered harsh but helped restore peace to the country. Sakthan Thampuran had been at the helm of affairs since 1769 when all administrative authority in the [[Kochi|Cochin]] State was delegated to him by the then reigning sovereign on the initiative of the Travancore Raja and the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] Governor. This Raja was a strong ruler and his reign was characterised by firm and vigorous administration. By the end of the 18th century, the power of the feudal chieftains had been crushed and royal authority had become supreme. Sakthan Thampuran was mainly responsible for the destruction of the power of the feudal chieftains and increase of royal power.

Another potent force in the public life of [[Thrissur]] and its suburbs was the [[Namboothiri]] community and the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian community]]. A large part of the [[Thrissur]] taluk was for long under the domination of the Yogiatiripppads, the ecclesiastical heads of the Vadakkunnathan and Perumanam Devaswoms. The Yogiatirippads were elected and consecrated by the [[Namboothiri]] Yogams of the respective places. Under their leadership the [[Namboothiri]] families of Thrissur and Perumanam were playing in active part against the ruler of [[Cochin]] in his wars against the [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]. Hence after the expulsion of the [[Zamorin]] from [[Thrissur]] in 1761, drastic action was taken against these families by the Raja of Cochin. The institution of Yogiatirippads was discontinued and the management of [[Thrissur]] and Perumanam Devaswoms were taken over by the Government. The [[Namboothiri]] Yogams were reduced to impotence. Thus the anti-feudal measures of Sakthan Thampuran coupled with the several administrative reforms introduced by him marked the end of the medieval period in the history of Cochin and ushered in the modern epoch of progress.

It may be interesting in this connection to know something about the institution of the Yogatirippad. The Yogatirippad of the Vadakkunnathan Devaswom was elected by the [[Namboothiri]] illams of [[Thrissur]] and its suburbs. The Yogatirippad was elected for life in the presence of the ruler of Cochin, local chieftains and prominent [[Namboothiri]] from places outside [[Thrissur]]. The Yogatirippad was a very powerful and influential dignitary. The last Yogatirippad was banished from Thrissur in 1763 for having joined the side of the [[Zamorin]] against Cochin. Sakthan Thampuran put an end to the institution of the Yogatirippad. Since then the numerous [[Namboothiri]] illams situated in [[Thrissur]] gradually became extinct. But even today there are a few Namboothiri illams in [[Thrissur]] and its suburbs reminding one of those old days when the Namboothiri Yogam of [[Thrissur]] along with the Perumanam Yogam exercised jurisdiction over a large portion of the present [[Thrissur]] taluk.

[[Sakthan Thampuran]] enjoyed good relations with the British authorities and was also a personal friend of [[Dharma Raja]] of [[Travancore]]. [[Sakthan Thampuran]] married twice. His first wife was a [[Nair]] lady from the reputed Vadakke Kuruppath family of [[Thrissur]] (several members of the [[Cochin Royal Family]] later took spouses from this family) whom he married when he was 30 years old. He is said to have had a daughter from this first wife. However, this Nethyar Amma (title of the consort of the Cochin Rajah) died soon after an unhappy marriage. Thereafter the [[Sakthan Thampuran]] remained single for a few decades, marrying again at the age of 52. The second wife of the [[Sakthan Thampuran]] was Chummukutty Nethyar Amma of the Karimpatta family and was a talented musician and dancer of ''Kaikottikalli''. She was 17 at the time of her marriage with the [[Sakthan Thampuran]]. The marriage was without issue and within four years, [[Sakthan Thampuran]] died. In those days the widowed Nethyar Ammas did not have any special provisions from the state and hence Chummukutty, at the age of 21, returned to her ancestral home. His palace, [[Shakthan Thampuran Palace]], in [[Thrissur]] is preserved as a monument and he was responsible for developing the [[Thrissur]] city and also making it the Cultural Capital of [[Kerala]].

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Histories of Kerala cities}}
{{Thrissur topics}}
{{Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Thrissur}}
[[Category:History of Thrissur| ]]

Fibre-optic Link Around the Globe

2026-03-11T04:34:53Z

SusannahParish: Adding New Post...

{{Short description|RCOM-run US-Europe-Japan telecommunications network}}{{Too specialized|date=May 2024}}

{{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox company
|logo = FLAG Telecom logo 2003.gif
|logo_caption = Logo from 2003
|foundation = 1999
|industry = [[Telecommunication]]
|owner = [[Global Cloud Xchange]]
}}
'''Fibre-optic Link Around the Globe''' ('''FLAG''') is a {{convert|28000|km|mi nmi|0|adj=mid|-long|lk=out}} [[optical fibre|fibre optic]] mostly-[[submarine communications cable]] that connects the [[United Kingdom]], [[Japan]], [[India]], and many places in between. The cable is operated by [[Global Cloud Xchange]], a former subsidiary of [[RCOM]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telecomreviewasia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=589:global-cloud-xchange-plans-new-india-singapore-cable&catid=3:newsflash&Itemid=232 |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219183139/http://www.telecomreviewasia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=589:global-cloud-xchange-plans-new-india-singapore-cable&catid=3:newsflash&Itemid=232 |archive-date=19 December 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> currently owned by [[3i Infrastructure]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Acquisition of Global Cloud Xchange Successfully Completed by 3i Infrastructure plc |url=https://gcxworld.com/acquisition-of-global-cloud-xchange-successfully-completed-by-3i-infrastructure-plc/ |access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref> The system runs from the eastern coast of [[North America]] to Japan.<ref name=Wired>{{Cite magazine|title=Mother Earth Mother Board|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=December 1996|author=Neal Stephenson|author-link=Neal Stephenson|volume=4|issue=12|url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.12/ffglass.html|access-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> Its Europe–Asia segment was the fourth longest cable in the world in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The internet's undersea world|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=1 February 2008|url=http://image.Guardian.co.uk/sys-images/Technology/Pix/pictures/2008/02/01/SeaCableHi.jpg|access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref>

The Europe–Asia segment was laid by [[Cable & Wireless Marine]] in the mid-1990s, and was the subject of an article in ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' magazine in December 1996 by [[Neal Stephenson]].<ref name=Wired/>

==Description==
The FLAG cable system was first placed into commercial service in late 1997.<ref name="bonds">{{Cite web|title=Prospectus|author=FLAG Telecom Holdings|date=16 May 2000|publisher=[[US Securities and Exchange Commission]]|url=https://www.SEC.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1102752/000091205700024976/0000912057-00-024976.txt|access-date=6 October 2013}}</ref> FLAG offered a speed of 10 Gbit/s, and uses [[synchronous digital hierarchy]] technology. It carries over 120,000 voice channels via {{convert|27000|km|mi nmi|0|abbr=off}} of mostly undersea cable. FLAG uses [[erbium-doped fibre amplifier]]s, and was jointly supplied by AT&T Submarine Systems and KDD-Submarine Cable Systems. Its design, development, installation, and service conformed to [[ISO 9000]] quality standards. FLAG provided a link between the European end of high-density transatlantic crossings and the Asian end of the transpacific crossings.<ref name=IEEE>{{Cite journal|last1=Welsh|first1=Thomas|last2=Smith|first2=Roger|last3=Azami|first3=Haruo|last4=Chrisner|first4=Raymond|title=The FLAG cable system|journal=[[IEEE Communications Magazine]]|volume=34|issue=2|pages=30–35|date=February 1996|doi=10.1109/35.481241}}</ref>

FLAG includes undersea cable segments, and two terrestrial crossings. The segments can be either direct point-to-point links, or multi-point links, which are attained through branching units. At each [[cable landing point]], a FLAG cable station is located. The total route length exceeds {{convert|27000|km|mi nmi|0|abbr=off}}, and comprises {{convert|1020|km|0|abbr=off}} of terrestrial crossings. Approximately {{convert|6600|km|mi nmi|0|abbr=off}} of the submerged cable is buried {{convert|1|m|0|abbr=off}} below the sea bed. Cable burial was performed by either a submersible plough as the cable was laid, or jetting the laid cable into the sea bed via [[remotely operated vehicle]]s (ROVs).<ref name=IEEE/>

Over several years, the route evolved as new branches and feeder systems were considered and realized. FLAG includes two terrestrial crossings, one in Egypt, and the other in Thailand. Each of these land crossings is totally duplicated on fully different routes. As a result, any fault within one route will cause automatic protection switching to the other route within a time period of less than 50 ms.<ref name=IEEE/>

Like other global undersea networks, FLAG uses erbium-doped fibre amplifiers (EDFAs). EDFAs boost the optical signals instead of the optical/electrical conversion, which is generally used in regenerative technology. These [[optical amplifiers]] use short, gain-specific lengths of fibre which are doped with erbium ions, and spliced in-line with the transmission fibre. The signal power is amplified by pumping the erbium-doped fibre (EDF) with 1,480 nm laser light which is attached through an optical coupler. The majority of the repeater components are passive. These include EDF, fused-fibre optical couplers and optical isolators. Active components include laser pump assemblies, and associated controls. The total number of components within the repeater is less than that of regenerative systems.<ref name=IEEE/>

The FLAG terrestrial crossings do not contain repeaters for reliability reasons. The terminal stations in land crossings use optical amplifiers, high performance transmitter / receivers, and [[forward error correction]] to cross the large distances without repeaters. Amplification at the terminal output provides output signal power as high as +17 dBm, and optical amplification at the receiver improves the receiver sensitivity as much as 8 dB.<ref name=IEEE/>{{Clarify|date=March 2014|reason=Exactly what does this mean? Noise floor at +8, no errors at +8, or what? Seems 'deaf'. "As high as" is awkward for a receiver.}}

The route between Alexandria and Cairo is {{convert|223|km|0|abbr=off}} long, and hence requires remote pumping in order to meet performance requirements. Remotely pumped amplifiers can be regarded as repeaters without active modules. This technology comprises short lengths of EDF spliced into the land cable. The erbium-doped sections are situated within the cable span, and are pumped by 1,480 nm pump lasers which are based at the station.<ref name=IEEE/>

An upgrade to the network was announced in 2006, when the acronym was expanded to "Fibre Loop Across Globe" (FLAG).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fibre Loop Across Globe|work=Promotional slides|date=28 December 2006|publisher=[[FLAG Telecom]]|url=http://www.FlagTelecom.com/media/Network%20Files/Flag_Final_Dec28.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317035922/http://www.flagtelecom.com/media/Network%20Files/Flag_Final_Dec28.pdf|archive-date=17 March 2007|access-date=5 October 2013}}</ref>{{Clarify|date=March 2014|reason=This doesn't make sense. Expanded from what? It was already FLAG.}}

==Segments and landing points==
[[Cable landing point]]s are:

===Europe Asia===
[[File:FLAG FEA map.svg|thumb|Map of FLAG Europe Asia|480px]]
FLAG Europe Asia (FEA) was the first segment opened for commercial use on 22 November 1997.<ref name="bonds"/><ref name=reliance-map-FEA>[http://www.RelianceGlobalcom.com//RGCOM_CoverageMap.html Coverage map > cable systems > FEA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322132108/http://www.relianceglobalcom.com/RGCOM_CoverageMap.html |date=22 March 2014 }}, Reliance Globalcom. Retrieved 15 March 2014.</ref>

*[[Porthcurno]] / [[Skewjack]], [[Cornwall]], England, United Kingdom
*[[Estepona]], [[Málaga (province)|Málaga]], [[Andalusia]], Spain
*[[Palermo]], [[Province of Palermo]], [[Sicily]], Italy
*[[Alexandria]], [[Al Iskandariyah Governorate]], [[Egypt]]
*[[Cairo]], Egypt
*[[Suez]], [[As Suways Governorate]], Egypt
*[[Aqaba]], [[Aqaba Governorate]], [[Jordan]]
*[[Jeddah]], [[Makkah Province]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
*[[Fujairah]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
*[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
*[[Penang]], [[Malaysia]], meeting [[SAFE (cable system)|SAFE]] and [[SEA-ME-WE 3 (cable system)|SEA-ME-WE 3]]
*[[Satun]], [[Satun Province]], [[Thailand]]
*[[Songkhla]], [[Songkhla province]], Thailand
*[[Silvermine Bay]], [[Lantau Island]], [[Hong Kong]]
*[[Nanhui District|Nanhui]], [[Shanghai]], China
*[[Geoje|Keoje]], [[Gyeongsangnam-do|South Gyeongsang Province]], [[South Korea]]
*[[Ninomiya, Kanagawa|Ninomiya]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture]], Japan
*[[Miura, Kanagawa]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture]], Japan

===Atlantic===
The FLAG Atlantic 1 (FA-1) segment became operational in June 2001.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140316195033/http://sdc.flagtelecom.com/newsroom/NewsItem.asp?iNewsID=90 "FLAG Atlantic-1 enters commercial service"]}}, FLAG Telecom, 15 June 2001. Retrieved 15 March 2014.</ref> It was constructed as a [[joint venture]] between a FLAG Atlantic subsidiary of the parent company FLAG Telecom Holdings, and GTS Transatlantic. Alcatel Submarine Networks laid the undersea portion, and the entire cost was estimated at $1.1 billion.<ref name="bonds"/><ref name=reliance-map-FA-1>[http://www.RelianceGlobalcom.com//RGCOM_CoverageMap.html "Coverage map > cable systems > FA-1"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322132108/http://www.relianceglobalcom.com/RGCOM_CoverageMap.html |date=22 March 2014 }}, Reliance Globalcom. Retrieved 15 March 2014.</ref>

*[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], United States
*[[Northport, New York|Northport]], [[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk County]], New York, United States
*[[Island Park, New York|Island Park]], [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]], New York, United States
*[[Porthcurno]] / [[Skewjack]], [[Cornwall]], England, United Kingdom
*[[London]], England, UK
*[[Plérin]], [[Côtes-d'Armor]], [[Brittany (administrative region)|Brittany]], France
*[[Paris]], France

In March 2013, an upgrade for the southerly link was announced to up to 100 Gbit/s, with equipment from [[Ciena]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Reliance Globalcom upgrades Trans-Atlantic FA-1 south submarine network to 100G with Ciena's GeoMesh|work=Press release|date=14 March 2013|publisher=Ciena|url=http://www.ciena.com/about/newsroom/press-releases/Reliance-Globalcom-Upgrades-Trans-Atlantic-FA-1-South-Submarine-Network-to-100G-with-Cienas-GeoMesh.html|access-date=6 October 2013|archive-date=2 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502181505/http://www.ciena.com/about/newsroom/press-releases/Reliance-Globalcom-Upgrades-Trans-Atlantic-FA-1-South-Submarine-Network-to-100G-with-Cienas-GeoMesh.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===FLAG Alcatel-Lucent Optical Network===
The FLAG Alcatel-Lucent Optical Network (FALCON) cable system, connecting India and several countries in the [[Persian Gulf]], became operational in September 2006.<ref>[http://www.RelianceGlobalcom.com/history.html "History: 2006"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326143049/http://www.relianceglobalcom.com/history.html |date=26 March 2014 }}, Reliance Globalcom. Retrieved 15 March 2014.</ref> It has landing points in:<ref name=reliance-map-FALCON>[http://www.RelianceGlobalcom.com/RGCOM_CoverageMap.html "Coverage map > cable systems > FALCON"], Reliance Globalcom. Retrieved 15 March 2014.</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140203042441/http://sdc.flagtelecom.com/network/falcon.html "FALCON"]}}, FLAG Telecom. Retrieved 15 March 2014.</ref>
*[[Suez]], [[As Suways Governorate]], [[Egypt]]
*[[Aqaba]], [[Jordan]]
*[[Jeddah]], [[Makkah Province]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
*[[Port Sudan]], [[Sudan]]
*[[Al Hudaydah]], [[Yemen]]
*[[Al Ghaydah]], Yemen
*Al Seeb, [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], [[Oman]]
*[[Khasab]], Oman
*[[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
*Sumaisma, [[Doha]], [[Qatar]]
*[[Manama]], [[Bahrain]]
*[[Al Khobar]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
*Al-Safat, [[Kuwait City]], [[Kuwait]]
*[[Al-Faw]], [[Iraq]]
*[[Bandar Abbas]], [[Iran]]
*[[Chabahar]], Iran
*[[Mumbai]], India

There is an additional segment, listed as part of FALCON, but not directly connected. It has landing points in:<ref name=reliance-map-FALCON/>
*[[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[India]]
*[[Hulhumalé|Hulumale]], [[Malé]], the [[Maldives]]
*[[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]]

In 2006, [[Kenya Data Networks]] announced plans for a spur from Yemen to [[Mombasa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=KDN pips EASSY to the post|website=MyBroadband.co.za|date=25 June 2006|url=http://MyBroadband.co.za/nephp/3304.html|access-date=5 October 2013}}</ref>

===FLAG North Asia Loop / Tiger===
FLAG North Asia Loop (FNAL) / Tiger became operational in stages, with the final stages completed in 2002.<ref>[http://SubmarineNetworks.com/systems/intra-asia/fnal-rnal/flag-north-asian-loop-extends-service-into-korea-and-japan "Flag North Asian Loop extends service into Korea and Japan"], Submarine Cable Networks, 21 May 2002. Retrieved 15 March 2014.</ref> The FNAL landing points are:<ref name=reliance-map-FNAL>[http://www.RelianceGlobalcom.com//RGCOM_CoverageMap.html "Coverage map > cable systems > FNAL"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322132108/http://www.relianceglobalcom.com/RGCOM_CoverageMap.html |date=22 March 2014 }}, Reliance Globalcom. Retrieved 15 March 2014.</ref>
*[[Tong Fuk]], [[Lantau Island]], [[Hong Kong]]
*[[Toucheng]], [[Yilan County, Taiwan|Yilan County]], [[Taiwan]]
*[[Busan]], [[Yeongnam]], [[South Korea]]
*[[Wada, Chiba|Wada]], [[Awa District, Chiba|Awa District]], [[Chiba Prefecture]], [[Japan]]

West of Mumbai, FLAG has a capacity of 80 [[gigabit|Gbit]]/s.

The segment between Lantau, Hong Kong, and Busan, South Korea was broken by the [[2006 Hengchun earthquake]].

==Disruptions==
===December 2006 and January 2007===
The [[2006 Hengchun earthquake]] on 26 December 2006, off the southwest coast of [[Taiwan]], disrupted [[internet]] services in [[Asia]], affecting many Asian countries. Financial transactions, particularly financial transactions in foreign currencies were seriously affected as well.<ref name="ST20061230">{{cite web|title=網上銀行服務仍「斷纜」|url=http://www.singtao.com.hk/archive/fullstory.asp?andor=or&year1=2006&month1=12&day1=30&year2=2006&month2=12&day2=30&category=all&id=20061230a08|work=Singtao Daily (星島日報)|access-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105021016/http://www.singtao.com.hk/archive/fullstory.asp?andor=or&year1=2006&month1=12&day1=30&year2=2006&month2=12&day2=30&category=all&id=20061230a08|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://hk.news.yahoo.com/061227/12/1yxbr.html 韓股匯市受挫港交易無礙星洲期貨受影響「彭博」電訊一度中斷] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518152250/http://hk.news.yahoo.com/061227/12/1yxbr.html |date=18 May 2007 }}, ''[[Ming Pao]]'', 28 December 2006 {{in lang|zh}} </ref> The disruption was caused by damage to several [[submarine communications cable]]s.<ref>[http://www.IntegratedNetworkCable.com/communications/the-unexpected-communications-snag "Quakes disrupt Asia communications"] Integrated Network Cable</ref>

===January and February 2008===
{{see also|2008 submarine cable disruption}}
On 30 January 2008, internet services were widely disrupted in the [[Middle East]] and in the [[Indian subcontinent]] following damage to the [[SEA-ME-WE 4]] and FLAG cables in the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.CNN.com/2008/WORLD/meast/01/31/dubai.outage/index.html|title=Internet failure hits two continents|website=CNN.com|publisher=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203141349/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/01/31/dubai.outage/index.html|archive-date=3 February 2008|access-date=1 February 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> [[BBC News Online]] reported 70% disruption in Egypt and 60% disruption in India.<ref name="BBC_News">{{cite news|title=Severed cables disrupt internet|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7218008.stm|website=news.BBC.co.uk|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=31 January 2008|access-date=31 January 2008}}</ref> Problems were reported in [[Bahrain]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Kuwait]], [[Pakistan]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Cable break causes wide internet outage|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/technology/AP-Internet-Outages.html|date=1 February 2008|author=The [[Associated Press]] via nytimes.com|access-date=1 February 2008|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> The respective contributions of the two cable systems to this [[Internet blackout|blackout]] is unclear. Network outage graphs suggest that the two breaks occurred at 04:30 and 08:00 [[UTC]].<ref name="Renesys">{{cite web|url=http://www.Renesys.com/blog/2008/01/mediterranean_cable_break_1.shtml#more|title=Mediterranean cable break|access-date=31 January 2008|last=Zmijewski|first=Earl|date=30 January 2008|work=Renesys blog|publisher=Renesys|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203133228/http://www.renesys.com/blog/2008/01/mediterranean_cable_break_1.shtml#more|archive-date=3 February 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The cause of the damage was not declared by either cable operator, but news sources speculated the damage was caused by a ship's [[anchor]] near [[Alexandria]].<ref name="BBC_News"/><ref name="TOI">{{Cite news|title=Cable damage hits internet connectivity|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 January 2008|date=31 January 2008|website=TimesOfIndia.IndiaTimes.com|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cable-damage-hits-Internet-connectivity/articleshow/2745082.cms|archive-date=23 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023061533/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-31/india/27757001_1_cable-damage-hits-internet-undersea-cables-internet-users|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[Agence France-Presse]], the [[Politics of Kuwait|Kuwaiti government]] attributed the breaks to "weather conditions and maritime traffic".<ref name="AFP">{{Cite news|title=Indian outsourcing sector hit by internet disruption|work=AFP|access-date=31 January 2008|date=31 January 2008|url=https://afp.Google.com/article/ALeqM5gadarOY4frbM-XSyXS0_wMfxpHig|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203184552/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gadarOY4frbM-XSyXS0_wMfxpHig|archive-date=3 February 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that the damage occurred to the two systems separately near Alexandria and near [[Marseille]].<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news|issn=0362-4331|last=Timmons|first=Heather|title=2 communication cables in the mediterranean are cut|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=31 January 2008|date=31 January 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/31/business/worldbusiness/31cable.html?ref=business}}</ref> Egypt knew of "no passing ships" near Alexandria which has restricted waters.<ref name=Brauer>{{cite news|author=Brauer, David|title=High-tech mystery: are terrorists behind recent internet disruptions?|url=http://www.MinnPost.com/stories/2008/02/04/771/high-tech_mystery_are_terrorists_behind_recent_internet_disruptions|website=MinnPost.com|publisher=MinnPost|date=4 February 2008|access-date=4 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207074247/http://www.minnpost.com/stories/2008/02/04/771/high-tech_mystery_are_terrorists_behind_recent_internet_disruptions|archive-date=7 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

One day later, on 1 February 2008, the FALCON cable was also reported cut {{convert|56|km|mi nmi|0|abbr=off}} off Dubai.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Update on submarine cable cut|work=Daily Bulletin|publisher=Flag Telecom|date=6 February 2008|url=http://www.FlagTelecom.com/index.cfm?channel=4328&NewsID=27492|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219061824/http://www.flagtelecom.com/index.cfm?channel=4328&NewsID=27492|archive-date=19 February 2008|access-date=5 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.CNN.com/2008/WORLD/meast/02/01/internet.outage/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|title=Third undersea internet cable cut in mideast|date=1 February 2008|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> The first of two repair ships was in place by 5 February.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Work begins to repair severed net|date=5 February 2008|website=news.BBC.co.uk|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7228315.stm|access-date=5 October 2013}}</ref>

===December 2008===
On 19 December 2008, internet services were widely disrupted in the [[Middle East]], and in the [[Indian subcontinent]], following damage to the [[SEA-ME-WE 4]], [[SEA-ME-WE 3]], and FLAG FEA cables in the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref name=BBC20081219>{{cite news|title=Severed cable disrupts net access|website=news.BBC.co.uk|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=19 December 2008|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7792688.stm|access-date=21 December 2008}}</ref>

It is not known what caused these multiple breaks, however, there was seismic activity in the Malta area shortly before the breaks were identified,<ref name=BBC20081219/> although it is thought that the damage may have been caused by a ship's anchor or trawler net.<ref name=BBC20081223>{{cite news|title=Third subsea cable repairs begin|website=news.BBC.co.uk|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=23 December 2008|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7797162.stm|access-date=27 December 2008}}</ref>

According to FEA Cable System of Reliance Globalcom, the failure lay between [[Alexandria]] and [[Palermo]]. Reliance Globalcom completed the repair on the FLAG EUROPE ASIA (FEA) cable on 29 December 2008, at 14:15 GMT. Customer services that were affected due to the cable cut have been restored back normal with the completion of repairs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iglobalcom.relianceglobalcom.com/iglobalcom/cableupdate.html |title=Reliance Globalcom cable update page |access-date=30 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103005834/http://www.iglobalcom.relianceglobalcom.com/iglobalcom/cableupdate.html |archive-date=3 January 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===August 2009===
Damage to FNAL caused by [[Typhoon Morakot (2009)|Typhoon Morakot]] was reported as affecting internet traffic to China on 18 August 2009.<ref>{{cite news|title=Damage to undersea cables disrupts int'l telecom services|publisher=Xinhua|date=18 August 2009|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/18/content_11904208.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826140635/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/18/content_11904208.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 August 2009|access-date=5 October 2013}}</ref>

===January 2020===
On 9 January 2020, [[Yemen]]’s FALCON connection was cut, causing an 80% drop in that nation’s capacity. [[Kuwait]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Sudan]], [[Ethiopia]] all felt major effects from the same cut, and to a lesser extent [[Comoros]] and [[Tanzania]].<ref name="2020-01-13_Wired">[https://www.wired.com/story/yemen-internet-blackout-undersea-cable/ Cut Undersea Cable Plunges Yemen Into Days-Long Internet Outage: The fragility of global internet infrastructure has left the entire Red Sea region struggling to connect.], Lily Hay Newman, [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]], 2020-01-13</ref>

==GCHQ interception==
In [[2014 in the United Kingdom|2014]], it was revealed that [[Skewjack]] was the location of the [[Government Communications Headquarters]] (GCHQ) interception point on the Reliance Communications international fibre link, copying data to [[GCHQ Bude]], as part of GCHQ's [[Mastering the Internet]] project.<ref name=c4n-20141120>{{cite news|url=http://www.Channel4.com/news/spy-cable-revealed-how-telecoms-firm-worked-with-gchq|title=Spy cable revealed: how telecoms firm worked with GCHQ|author=Geoff white|website=Channel4.com|publisher=[[Channel 4 News]]|location=London|date=20 November 2014|access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=electrospaces-20141130>{{cite web|url=http://electrospaces.blogspot.com/2014/11/incenser-or-how-nsa-and-gchq-are.html|title=INCENSER, or how NSA and GCHQ are tapping internet cables|publisher=Top Level Communications|location=The Netherlands|date=30 November 2014|access-date=30 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=thereg-20141121>{{cite news|url=https://www.TheRegister.co.uk/2014/11/21/mastering_the_internet_snowden_disclosure/|title=GCHQ and Cable and Wireless teamed as Masters of the Internet|author=Darren Pauli|website=TheRegister.co.uk|publisher=[[The Register]]|date=21 November 2014|access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Telecommunications}}
*[[RNAL|Reach North Asia Loop]] (RNAL), cable network developed jointly by [[Reach Limited|Reach]] and FLAG Telecom
*[[List of international submarine communications cables]]

Other cable systems following a substantially similar route to FLAG Europe-Asia (FEA) are:
*[[Europe India Gateway]] (EIG)
*[[I-ME-WE]]
*[[SEA-ME-WE 3]]
*[[SEA-ME-WE 4]]

==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}

==External links==
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20051013062230/http://www.flagtelecom.com/ FlagTelecom.com]}} — official FLAG website

{{Transatlantic telecommunications cables}}
{{Submarine communications cables in the Atlantic Ocean}}
{{Submarine communications cables in the Indian Ocean}}
{{Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean}}
{{Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fibre-optic Link Around the Globe}}
[[Category:Submarine communications cables in the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Submarine communications cables in the Red Sea]]
[[Category:Submarine communications cables in the Arabian Sea]]
[[Category:Reliance Group]]
[[Category:Submarine communications cables in the Mediterranean Sea]]
[[Category:Submarine communications cables in the North Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Telecommunications in India]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Kerala]]

Sino-Tibetan languages

2026-03-10T17:16:48Z

SusannahParish: quick added intro and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|Language family native to Asia}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Sino-Tibetan
| altname = Trans-Himalayan
| region = {{hlist|[[Central Asia]]|[[East Asia]]|[[South Asia]]|[[Southeast Asia]]}}
| family = One of the world's primary [[language family|language families]]
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| protoname = [[Proto-Sino-Tibetan language|Proto-Sino-Tibetan]]
| children = Some 40 well-established subgroups, of which those with the most speakers are:
| child1 = [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]] ([[Varieties of Chinese|Chinese]])
| child2 = [[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese]]
| child3 = [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]]
| child4 = [[Sal languages|Sal]]
| child5 = [[Karenic languages|Karenic]]
| child6 = [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]]
| child7 = [[Meitei language|Meitei]]
| child8 = [[Tamangic languages|Tamangic]]
| child9 = [[Bai language|Bai]]
| child10 = [[Tani languages|Tani]]
| listclass = hlist
| iso2 = sit
| iso5 = sit
| glotto = sino1245
| glottorefname = Sino-Tibetan
| lingua = 79- (phylozone)
| map = Sino-Tibetan Languages Map.png
| mapcaption = Groupings of Sino-Tibetan languages
| speakers = 1.4 billion
| date = no date
}}

'''Sino-Tibetan''' (also referred to as '''Trans-Himalayan'''){{sfnp|van Driem|2014|p=16}}{{sfnp|List|Lai|Starostin|2019|p=1}} is a [[language family|family]] of more than 400 languages, second only to [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] in number of native speakers.{{sfnp|Handel|2008|p=422}} Around 1.4{{nbsp}}billion people speak a Sino-Tibetan language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/sino-tibetan-languages-history-distribution-classification.html|title=Sino Tibetan Languages|access-date=December 30, 2023}}</ref> The vast majority of these are the 1.3{{nbsp}}billion native speakers of [[Sinitic languages]]. Other Sino-Tibetan languages with large numbers of speakers include [[Burmese language|Burmese]] (33{{nbsp}}million) and the [[Tibetic languages]] (6{{nbsp}}million). Other languages of the family are spoken in the [[Himalayas]], the [[Southeast Asian Massif]], and the eastern edge of the [[Tibetan Plateau]]. Most of these have small speech communities in remote mountain areas, and as such are poorly documented.

Several low-level subgroups have been securely [[linguistic reconstruction|reconstructed]], but reconstruction of a [[proto-language]] for the family as a whole is still at an early stage, so the higher-level structure of Sino-Tibetan remains unclear. Although the family is traditionally presented as divided into Sinitic (i.e. Chinese languages) and [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] branches, a common origin of the non-Sinitic languages has never been demonstrated.

Early classifications included the [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra–Dai]] and [[Hmong–Mien languages]] in the Sino-Tibetan language family. This grouping continues to be supported by Chinese linguists,<ref>{{cite book | title = Zhōngguó yǔyán dìtú jí: shǎoshù mínzú yǔyán juǎn | script-title = zh:中国语言地图集:少数民族语言卷 | language = zh | trans-title = Language Atlas of China: Minority languages | title-link = Language Atlas of China | publisher = The Commercial Press | location = Beijing | year = 2012 | edition = 2nd | isbn = 978-7-10-007053-9 | pages=20–21 }}</ref> but has been rejected by the international community since the 1940s, who instead attribute the similarities to [[sprachbund]] effects of [[language convergence|areal convergence]] and early borrowing.{{sfnp|Handel|2008|p=424}} Several [[Classification of Southeast Asian languages|links to other Southeast Asian language families]] have been proposed, but none have broad acceptance.{{sfnp|Handel|2008|pp=432–434}}

==History==
A [[Genetic relationship (linguistics)|genetic relationship]] between Chinese, Tibetan, Burmese, and other languages was first proposed in the early 19th century and is now broadly accepted. The initial focus on languages of civilizations with long literary traditions has been broadened to include less widely spoken languages, some of which have only recently, or never, been written. However, the reconstruction of the family is much less developed than for families such as [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] or [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]. Difficulties have included the great diversity of the languages, the lack of inflection in many of them, and the effects of language contact. In addition, many of the smaller languages are spoken in mountainous areas that are difficult to reach and are often also sensitive border zones.{{sfnp|Handel|2008|pp=422, 434–436}} There is no consensus regarding the date and location of their origin.{{sfnp|Sagart|Jacques|Lai|Ryder|2019|p=10317}}

===Early work===
During the 18th century, several scholars noticed parallels between Tibetan and Burmese, both languages with extensive literary traditions. Early in the following century, [[Brian Houghton Hodgson]] and others noted that many non-literary languages of the highlands of northeast India and Southeast Asia were also related to these. The name "Tibeto–Burman" was first applied to this group in 1856 by [[James Richardson Logan]], who added [[Karen languages|Karen]] in 1858.{{sfnp|Logan|1856|p=31}}{{sfnp|Logan|1858}} The third volume of the ''[[Linguistic Survey of India]]'', edited by [[Sten Konow]], was devoted to the Tibeto–Burman languages of [[British India]].{{sfnp|Hale|1982|p=4}}

Studies of the "Indo-Chinese" languages of Southeast Asia from the mid-19th century by Logan and others revealed that they comprised four families: Tibeto-Burman, [[Tai languages|Tai]], [[Mon–Khmer languages|Mon–Khmer]] and [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]. [[Julius Klaproth]] had noted in 1823 that Burmese, Tibetan, and Chinese all shared common basic [[vocabulary]] but that [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Mon language|Mon]], and [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] were quite different.{{sfnp|van Driem|2001|p=334}}{{sfnp|Klaproth|1823|pp=346, 363–365}} [[Ernst Kuhn]] envisaged a group with two branches, Chinese–Siamese and Tibeto-Burman.{{efn|{{harvp|Kuhn|1889|p=189}}: "wir das Tibetisch-Barmanische einerseits, das Chinesisch-Siamesische anderseits als deutlich geschiedene und doch wieder verwandte Gruppen einer einheitlichen Sprachfamilie anzuerkennen haben." (also quoted in {{harvp|van Driem|2001|p=264}}.)}} [[August Conrady]] called this group Indo-Chinese in his influential 1896 classification, though he had doubts about Karen. Conrady's terminology was widely used, but there was uncertainty regarding his exclusion of Vietnamese. [[Franz Nikolaus Finck]] in 1909 placed Karen as a third branch of Chinese–Siamese.{{sfnp|van Driem|2001|p=344}}{{sfnp|Finck|1909|p=57}}

[[Jean Przyluski]] introduced the French term ''sino-tibétain'' as the title of his chapter on the group in [[Antoine Meillet|Meillet]] and [[Marcel Cohen|Cohen]]'s ''Les langues du monde'' in 1924.{{sfnp|Przyluski|1924|p=361}}{{sfnp|Sapir|1925|p=373}} He divided them into three groups: Tibeto-Burman, Chinese and Tai,{{sfnp|Przyluski|1924|p=361}} and was uncertain about the affinity of Karen and [[Hmong–Mien]].{{sfnp|Przyluski|1924|p=380}} The English translation "Sino-Tibetan" first appeared in a short note by Przyluski and [[Gordon Luce|Luce]] in 1931.{{sfnp|Przyluski|Luce|1931}}

===Shafer and Benedict===
In 1935, the anthropologist [[Alfred Kroeber]] started the Sino-Tibetan Philology Project, funded by the [[Works Project Administration]] and based at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].{{sfnp|van Driem|2014|p=15}} The project was supervised by Robert Shafer until late 1938, and then by [[Paul K. Benedict]]. Under their direction, the staff of 30 non-linguists collated all the available documentation of Sino-Tibetan languages. The result was eight copies of a 15-volume typescript entitled ''Sino-Tibetan Linguistics''.{{sfnp|Hale|1982|p=4}}{{efn|The volumes were: 1. Introduction and bibliography, 2. Bhotish, 3. West Himalayish, 4. West Central Himalayish, 5. East Himalayish, 6. Digarish, 7. Nungish, 8. Dzorgaish, 9. Hruso, 10. Dhimalish, 11. Baric, 12. Burmish–Lolish, 13. Kachinish, 14. Kukish, 15. Mruish.{{sfnp|Miller|1974|p=195}}}} This work was never published but furnished the data for a series of papers by Shafer, as well as Shafer's five-volume ''Introduction to Sino-Tibetan'' and Benedict's ''Sino-Tibetan, a Conspectus''.{{sfnp|Miller|1974|pp=195–196}}{{sfnp|Benedict|1972|p=v}}

Benedict completed the manuscript of his work in 1941, but it was not published until 1972.{{sfnp|Matisoff|1991|p=473}} Instead of building the entire family tree, he set out to reconstruct a [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman language]] by comparing five major languages, with occasional comparisons with other languages.{{sfnp|Handel|2008|p=434}} He reconstructed a two-way distinction on initial consonants based on voicing, with aspiration conditioned by pre-initial consonants that had been retained in Tibetic but lost in many other languages.{{sfnp|Benedict|1972|pp=20–21}} Thus, Benedict reconstructed the following initials:{{sfnp|Benedict|1972|pp=17–18, 133–139, 164–171}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! TB
! [[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]]
! [[Jingpho language|Jingpho]]
! [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
! [[Garo language|Garo]]
! [[Mizo language|Mizo]]
! [[S'gaw Karen language|S'gaw Karen]]
! [[Old Chinese]]{{efn|Karlgren's reconstruction, with aspiration as 'h' and 'i̯' as 'j' to aid comparison.}}
|-
| *k || k(h) || k(h) ~ g || k(h) || k(h) ~ g || k(h) || k(h) || *k(h)
|-
| *g || g || g ~ k(h) || k || g ~ k(h) || k || k(h) || *gh
|-
| *ŋ || ŋ || ŋ || ŋ || ŋ || ŋ || y || *ŋ
|-
| *t || t(h) || t(h) ~ d || t(h) || t(h) ~ d || t(h) || t(h) || *t(h)
|-
| *d || d || d ~ t(h) || t || d ~ t(h) || d || d || *dh
|-
| *n || n || n || n || n || n || n || *n ~ *ń
|-
| *p || p(h) || p(h) ~ b || p(h) || p(h) ~ b || p(h) || p(h) || *p(h)
|-
| *b || b || b ~ p(h) || p || b ~ p(h) || b || b || *bh
|-
| *m || m || m || m || m || m || m || *m
|-
| *ts || ts(h) || ts ~ dz || ts(h) || s ~ tś(h) || s || s(h) || *ts(h)
|-
| *dz || dz || dz ~ ts ~ ś || ts || tś(h) || f || s(h) || ?
|-
| *s || s || s || s || th || th || θ || *s
|-
| *z || z || z ~ ś || s || s || f || θ || ?
|-
| *r || r || r || r || r || r || γ || *l
|-
| *l || l || l || l || l || l || l || *l
|-
| *h || h || ∅ || h || ∅ || h || h || *x
|-
| *w || ∅ || w || w || w || w || w || *gjw
|-
| *y || y || y || y || tś ~ dź || z || y || *dj ~ *zj
|}
Although the initial consonants of cognates tend to have the same [[place of articulation|place]] and [[manner of articulation]], voicing and aspiration are often unpredictable.{{sfnp|Handel|2008|pp=425–426}} This irregularity was attacked by [[Roy Andrew Miller]],{{sfnp|Miller|1974|p=197}} though Benedict's supporters attribute it to the effects of prefixes that have been lost and are often unrecoverable.{{sfnp|Matisoff|2003|p=16}} The issue remains unsolved today.{{sfnp|Handel|2008|pp=425–426}} It was cited together with the lack of reconstructable shared morphology, and evidence that much shared lexical material has been borrowed from [[Chinese language|Chinese]] into [[Tibeto-Burman]], by [[Christopher Beckwith]], one of the few scholars still arguing that Chinese is not related to Tibeto-Burman.{{sfnp|Beckwith|1996}}{{sfnp|Beckwith|2002b}}

Benedict also reconstructed, at least for Tibeto-Burman, prefixes such as the [[causative]] ''s-'', the [[intransitive]] ''m-'', and ''r-'', ''b-'' ''g-'' and ''d-'' of uncertain function, as well as suffixes ''-s'', ''-t'' and ''-n''.{{sfnp|Benedict|1972|pp=98–123}}

===Study of literary languages===
[[File:Kǒngzǐ Shīlùn Manuscript from Shanghai Museum 1.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Ancient Chinese text on [[bamboo strips]]]]
[[Old Chinese]] is by far the oldest recorded Sino-Tibetan language, with inscriptions dating from around 1250 BC and a huge body of literature from the first millennium BC. However, the Chinese script is logographic and does not represent sounds systematically; it is therefore difficult to reconstruct the phonology of the language from the written records. Scholars have sought to reconstruct the [[phonology of Old Chinese]] by comparing the obscure descriptions of the sounds of [[Middle Chinese]] in medieval dictionaries with phonetic elements in [[Chinese characters]] and the rhyming patterns of early poetry. The first complete reconstruction, the ''[[Grammata Serica Recensa]]'' of [[Bernard Karlgren]], was used by Benedict and Shafer.{{sfnp|Matisoff|1991|pp=471–472}}

Karlgren's reconstruction was somewhat unwieldy, with many sounds having a highly non-uniform distribution. Later scholars have revised it by drawing on a range of other sources.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=45}} Some proposals were based on cognates in other Sino-Tibetan languages, though workers have also found solely Chinese evidence for them.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=25–26}} For example, recent [[reconstructions of Old Chinese]] have reduced Karlgren's 15 vowels to a six-vowel system originally suggested by [[Nicholas Bodman]].{{sfnp|Bodman|1980|p=47}} Similarly, Karlgren's *l has been recast as *r, with a different initial interpreted as *l, matching Tibeto-Burman cognates, but also supported by Chinese transcriptions of foreign names.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=197, 199–202}} A growing number of scholars believe that Old Chinese did not use tones and that the tones of Middle Chinese developed from final consonants. One of these, *-s, is believed to be a suffix, with cognates in other Sino-Tibetan languages.{{sfnp|Baxter|1992|pp=315–317}}

[[File:Turfan fragment tibt.jpg|thumb|left|[[Old Tibetan]] text found at [[Turfan]]]]
[[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]] has extensive written records from the adoption of writing by the [[Tibetan Empire]] in the mid-7th century. The earliest records of [[Burmese language|Burmese]] (such as the 12th-century [[Myazedi inscription]]) are more limited, but later an extensive literature developed<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yoshio |first=Nishi |date=1999 |title=Old Burmese : Toward the History of Burmese |url=https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/4127/files/KH_023_3_003.pdf |journal=国立民族学博物館研究報告 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=660}}</ref>. Both languages are recorded in [[abugida]] scripts ultimately derived from the [[Brahmi script]] of Ancient India. Most comparative work has used the conservative written forms of these languages, following the dictionaries of [[Heinrich August Jäschke|Jäschke]] (Tibetan) and [[Adoniram Judson|Judson]] (Burmese), though both contain entries from a wide range of periods.{{sfnp|Beckwith|2002a|pp=xiii–xiv}}

There are also extensive records in [[Tangut language|Tangut]], the language of the [[Western Xia]] (1038–1227). Tangut is recorded in a Chinese-inspired logographic script, whose interpretation presents many difficulties, even though multilingual dictionaries have been found.{{sfnp|Thurgood|2003|p=17}}{{sfnp|Hill|2015}}

[[Gong Hwang-cherng]] has compared Old Chinese, Written Tibetan, Burmese, and Tangut to establish sound correspondences between those languages{{sfnp|Handel|2008|p=434}}{{sfnp|Gong|1980}}, as he identifies these four languages as the most influencial literary languages within the family for their abundance in textual evidence<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gong |first=Hwang-Cherng |date=2007 |title=西夏語在漢藏語言比較研究中的地位 |url=https://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/item/en?act=journal&code=download&article_id=230 |journal=Languages and Linguistics |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=447 |via=Academia Sinica}}</ref>. He found that Tibetic and Burmese {{IPA|/a/}} correspond to two Old Chinese vowels, *a and *ə.{{sfnp|Handel|2008|p=431}} While this has been considered evidence for a separate Tibeto-Burman subgroup, Hill (2014) finds that Burmese has distinct correspondences for Old Chinese rhymes ''-ay'' : *-aj and ''-i'' : *-əj, and hence argues that the development *ə > *a occurred independently in Tibetan and Burmese.{{sfnp|Hill|2014|pp=97–104}}

Other languages with historical texts have also come to the attention of linguists more recently, such as [[Classical Newar]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kansākār |first=Tej Ratna |date=2005 |title=Classical Newar verbal morphology and grammaticalization in Classical and modern Newar |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/354845b1 |journal=Himalayan Linguistics |language=en |volume=3 |issue=0 |doi=10.5070/H93022916}}</ref>, [[Loloish languages]] written in the [[Yi script]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Iwasa |first=Kazue |url=https://geolinguistics.sakura.ne.jp/Monograph/SIG-mono8-ebook.pdf |title=中国语言历史地理研究 |date=Nov 2024 |publisher=日本地理言語学会 |pages=423–453 |chapter=《华夷译语》中彝文的地理语言学分析及其有效性 |eissn=2436-6471}}</ref>, [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Plaisier |first=Heleen |url=https://books.openedition.org/obp/2226#anchor-toc-1-1 |title=From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme |publisher=Open Book Publishers |year=2016 |isbn=978-2-8218-7626-2 |pages=67–88}}</ref>, and [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Medin |first=Josiah |date=2025 |title=Historical Sound Change in Meiteilon: from Early Texts to the Present |url=https://www.academia.edu/129708420/Historical_Sound_Change_in_Meiteilon_from_Early_Texts_to_the_Present}}</ref>. But higher-grade reconstructions for these languages and their subbranches are yet to be established.

===Fieldwork===
The descriptions of non-literary languages used by Shafer and Benedict were often produced by missionaries and colonial administrators of varying linguistic skills.{{sfnp|Matisoff|1991|pp=472–473}}{{sfnp|Hale|1982|pp=4–5}} Most of the smaller Sino-Tibetan languages are spoken in inaccessible mountainous areas, many of which are politically or militarily sensitive and thus closed to investigators. Until the 1980s, the best-studied areas were [[Nepal]] and northern [[Thailand]].{{sfnp|Matisoff|1991|pp=470, 476–478}} In the 1980s and 1990s, new surveys were published from the Himalayas and southwestern China. Of particular interest was the increasing literature on the [[Qiangic languages]] of western [[Sichuan]] and adjacent areas.{{sfnp|Handel|2008|p=435}}{{sfnp|Matisoff|1991|p=482}}

==Distribution==
[[File:Sino-Tibetan language groups.svg|thumb|upright=2|Distribution of the larger branches of Sino-Tibetan, with proportion of first-language speakers:{{sfnp|Eberhard|Simons|Fennig|2019}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{legend|#e8c49a|Sinitic (94.3%)}}
{{legend|#a6a6f3|Lolo–Burmese (3.4%)}}
{{legend|#79c0c0|Tibetic (0.4%)}}
{{col-2}}
{{legend|#9ad69a|Karenic (0.3%)}}
{{legend|#dd8484|others (1.6%)}}
{{col-end}}]]
Most of the current spread of Sino-Tibetan languages is the result of historical expansions of the three groups with the most speakers – Chinese, Burmese and Tibetic – replacing an unknown number of earlier languages. These groups also have the longest literary traditions of the family. The remaining languages are spoken in mountainous areas, along the southern slopes of the [[Himalayas]], the [[Southeast Asian Massif]] and the eastern edge of the [[Tibetan Plateau]].

===Contemporary languages===
The branch with the largest number of speakers by far is the [[Sinitic languages]], with 1.3 billion speakers, most of whom live in the eastern half of China.{{sfnp|Eberhard|Simons|Fennig|2019|loc="Chinese"}} The first records of Chinese are [[oracle bone]] inscriptions from {{Circa|1250 BC}}, when [[Old Chinese]] was spoken around the middle reaches of the [[Yellow River]].{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=4}} Chinese has since expanded throughout China, forming a family whose diversity has been compared with the [[Romance languages]]. Diversity is greater in the rugged terrain of southeast China than in the [[North China Plain]].{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=187–188}}

[[Burmese language|Burmese]] is the national language of [[Myanmar]], and the first language of some 33 million people.{{sfnp|Eberhard|Simons|Fennig|2019|loc="Burmese"}} Burmese speakers first entered the northern [[Irrawaddy River|Irrawaddy]] basin from what is now western [[Yunnan]] in the early ninth century, in conjunction with an invasion by [[Nanzhao]] that shattered the [[Pyu city-states]].{{sfnp|Taylor|1992|p=165}} Other [[Burmish languages]] are still spoken in [[Dehong Prefecture]] in the far west of Yunnan.{{sfnp|Wheatley|2003|p=195}} By the 11th century, their [[Pagan Kingdom]] had expanded over the whole basin.{{sfnp|Taylor|1992|p=165}} The oldest texts, such as the [[Myazedi inscription]], date from the early 12th century.{{sfnp|Wheatley|2003|p=195}} The closely related [[Loloish languages]] are spoken by 9 million people in the mountains of western Sichuan, Yunnan, and nearby areas in northern Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam.{{sfnp|Thurgood|2003|pp=8–9}}{{sfnp|Eberhard|Simons|Fennig|2019}}

The [[Tibetic languages]] are spoken by some 6 million people on the [[Tibetan Plateau]] and neighbouring areas in the [[Himalayas]] and western [[Sichuan]].{{sfnp|Tournadre|2014|p=117}} They are descended from [[Old Tibetan]], which was originally spoken in the [[Yarlung Valley]] before it was spread by the expansion of the [[Tibetan Empire]] in the seventh century.{{sfnp|Tournadre|2014|p=107}} Although the empire collapsed in the ninth century, [[Classical Tibetan]] remained influential as the liturgical language of [[Tibetan Buddhism]].{{sfnp|Tournadre|2014|p=120}}

The remaining languages are spoken in upland areas. Southernmost are the [[Karen languages]], spoken by 4 million people in the hill country along the Myanmar–Thailand border, with the greatest diversity in the [[Karen Hills]], which are believed to be the homeland of the group.{{sfnp|Thurgood|2003|p=18}} The highlands stretching from northeast India to northern Myanmar contain over 100 highly diverse Sino-Tibetan languages. Other Sino-Tibetan languages are found along the southern slopes of the [[Himalayas]] and the eastern edge of the Tibetan plateau.{{sfnp|Handel|2008|pp=424–425}}
The 22 official languages listed in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]] include only two Sino-Tibetan languages, namely [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (officially called Manipuri) and [[Bodo language|Bodo]].

===Homeland===
There has been a range of proposals for the Sino-Tibetan [[urheimat]], reflecting the uncertainty about the classification of the family and its time depth.{{sfnp|Handel|2008|p=423}} Three major hypotheses for the place and time of Sino-Tibetan unity have been presented:{{sfnp|Zhang|Yan|Pan|Jin|2019|p=112}}
* The most commonly cited hypothesis associates the family with the Neolithic [[Yangshao culture]] (7000–5000 years BP) of the [[Yellow River]] basin, with an expansion driven by [[millet]] agriculture.<ref>Archaeological evidence for initial migration of Neolithic Proto Sino-Tibetan speakers from Yellow River valley to Tibetan Plateau. Li Liua,, Jian Chen, Jiajing Wang, Yanan Zhao, and Xingcan Chen. Edited by Melinda Zeder, Smithsonian Institution, Frederick, MD; received July 12, 2022; accepted October 22, 2022. PNAS. https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.2212006119</ref> This scenario is associated with a proposed primary split between [[Varieties of Chinese|Sinitic]] in the east and the [[Tibeto-Burman languages]], often assigned to the [[Majiayao culture]] (5300–4000 years BP) in the upper reaches of the Yellow River on the northeast edge of the [[Tibetan Plateau]].{{sfnp|Zhang|Yan|Pan|Jin|2019|p=112}} For example, [[James Matisoff]] proposes a split around 6000 years BP, with Chinese-speakers settling along the Yellow River and other groups migrating south down the [[Yangtze]], [[Mekong]], [[Salween River|Salween]] and [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] rivers.{{sfnp|Matisoff|1991|pp=470–471}}
* [[George van Driem]] proposes a Sino-Tibetan homeland in the [[Sichuan Basin]] before 9000 years BP, with an associated taxonomy reflecting various outward migrations over time, first into northeast India, and later north (the predecessors of Chinese and Tibetic) and south (Karen and Lolo–Burmese).{{sfnp|van Driem|2005|pp=91–95}}
* [[Roger Blench]] argues that agriculture cannot be reconstructed for Proto-Sino-Tibetan.{{sfnp|Blench|2009}} Blench and Mark Post have proposed that the earliest speakers of Sino-Tibetan were not farmers but highly diverse foragers in the eastern foothills of the [[Himalayas]] in [[Northeast India]], the area of greatest diversity, around 9000 years BP.{{sfnp|Blench|Post|2014|p=89}} They then envisage a series of migrations over the following millennia, with Sinitic representing one of the groups that migrated into China.{{sfnp|Blench|Post|2014|pp=90, 92}}
Zhang et al. (2019) performed a computational phylogenetic analysis of 109 Sino-Tibetan languages to suggest a Sino-Tibetan homeland in northern China near the Yellow River basin. The study further suggests that there was an initial major split between the Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman languages approximately 4,200 to 7,800 years ago (with an average of 5,900 years ago), associated with the Yangshao and/or Majiayao cultures.{{sfnp|Zhang|Yan|Pan|Jin|2019|p=112}} Sagart et al. (2019) performed another phylogenetic analysis based on different data and methods to arrive at the same conclusions to the homeland and divergence model but proposed an earlier root age of approximately 7,200 years ago, associating its origin with millet farmers of the late [[Cishan culture]] and early Yangshao culture.{{sfnp|Sagart|Jacques|Lai|Ryder|2019|pp=10319–10320}}
Both of these studies have been criticized by Georg Orlandi (2021) for their reliance on lexical items, which are not seen as robust indicators of language ancestry.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Orlandi |first=Georg |date=2021 |title=Once again on the history and validity of the Sino-Tibetan bifurcate model |url=https://jolr.ru/index.php?article=310 |journal=[[Journal of Language Relationship]] |volume=19 |issue=3–4 |pages=263–292}}</ref> Another study, seeking to identify horizontal diffusion rather than phylogenetic descent, also suggested dispersal from the upper Yellow River area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Sizhe |last2=Sun |first2=Xiaoru |last3=Jin |first3=Li |last4=Zhang |first4=Menghan |date=2024-01-02 |title=Inferring language dispersal patterns with velocity field estimation |journal=Nature Communications |volume=15 |article-number=190 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-44430-5 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

{| align = center
|{{Multiple image
| image1 = The origin and spread of the Sino-Tibetan language family.png
| caption1 = Hypothesised homeland and dispersal according to Sagart et al. (2019){{sfnp|Sagart|Jacques|Lai|Ryder|2019|pp=10319–10320}}
| image2 = Homeland and dispersal of the Sino-Tibetan languages (2).svg
| caption2 = Hypothesised homeland and dispersal according to van Driem (2005){{sfnp|van Driem|2005|pp=94–97}}
| image3 = Homeland and dispersal of the Sino-Tibetan languages.svg
| caption3 = Hypothesised homeland and dispersal according to Blench (2009){{sfnp|Blench|2009|p=14}}<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Blench|first1=Roger|last2=Post|first2=Mark|date=2010|title=NE Indian languages and NE Indian languages and the origin of Sino the origin of Sino-Tibetan|url=https://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Sino-Tibetan/Blench%20ICSTLL42%20Chiang%20Mai%20paper.pdf |access-date=2021-10-28|website=rogerblench.info|page=20}}</ref>
| alt1 = Map of the hypothesised homeland and dispersal according to Sagart et al. (2019)
| alt2 = Map of the hypothesised homeland and dispersal according to van Driem (2005)
| alt3 = Map of the hypothesised homeland and dispersal according to Blench (2009)
| width1 = 280
| width2 = 294
| width3 = 294
}}
|}

==Classification==
Several low-level branches of the family, particularly [[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo–Burmese]], have been securely reconstructed, but in the absence of a secure reconstruction of a Sino-Tibetan [[proto-language]], the higher-level structure of the family remains unclear.{{sfnp|Handel|2008|p=426}}{{sfnp|DeLancey|2009|p=695}} Thus, a conservative classification of Sino-Tibetan/Tibeto-Burman would posit several dozen small coordinate families and [[language isolate|isolates]]; attempts at subgrouping are either geographic conveniences or hypotheses for further research.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

===Li (1937)===
In a survey in the 1937 ''Chinese Yearbook'', [[Li Fang-Kuei]] described the family as consisting of four branches:{{sfnp|Li|1937|pp=60–63}}{{sfnp|Handel|2008|p=424}}

{{tree list}}
* Indo-Chinese (Sino-Tibetan)
** Chinese
** [[Tai languages|Tai]] (later expanded to [[Kam–Tai languages|Kam–Tai]])
** [[Hmong–Mien languages|Miao–Yao]] (Hmong–Mien)
** [[Tibeto-Burman]]
{{tree list/end}}

Tai and Miao–Yao were included because they shared [[isolating language|isolating]] typology, [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] systems and some vocabulary with Chinese. At the time, tone was considered so fundamental to language that tonal typology could be used as the basis for classification. In the Western scholarly community, these languages are no longer included in Sino-Tibetan, with the similarities attributed to diffusion across the [[Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area]], especially since {{harvtxt|Benedict|1942}}.{{sfnp|Handel|2008|p=424}} The exclusions of Vietnamese by Kuhn and of Tai and Miao–Yao by Benedict were vindicated in 1954 when [[André-Georges Haudricourt]] demonstrated that the tones of Vietnamese were reflexes of final consonants from [[Proto-Mon–Khmer language|Proto-Mon-Khmer]].{{sfnp|Matisoff|1991|p=487}}

Many Chinese linguists continue to follow Li's classification.{{efn|See, for example, the "Sino-Tibetan" (汉藏语系 ''Hàn-Zàng yǔxì'') entry in the "languages" (語言文字, ''Yǔyán-Wénzì'') volume of the ''[[Encyclopedia of China]]'' (1988).}}{{sfnp|Handel|2008|p=424}} However, this arrangement remains problematic. For example, there is disagreement over whether to include the entire [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra–Dai]] family or just [[Kam–Tai languages|Kam–Tai]] (Zhuang–Dong excludes the [[Kra languages]]), because the Chinese cognates that form the basis of the putative relationship are not found in all branches of the family and have not been reconstructed for the family as a whole. In addition, Kam–Tai itself no longer appears to be a valid node within Kra–Dai.

===Benedict (1942)===
Benedict overtly excluded Vietnamese (placing it in Mon–Khmer) as well as [[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]] and [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra–Dai]] (placing them in [[Austro-Tai languages|Austro-Tai]]). He otherwise retained the outlines of Conrady's Indo-Chinese classification, though putting [[Karen languages|Karen]] in an intermediate position:{{sfnp|Benedict|1942|p=600}}{{sfnp|Benedict|1972|pp=2–4}}

{{tree list}}
* Sino-Tibetan
** Chinese
** Tibeto-Karen
*** Karen
*** Tibeto-Burman
{{tree list/end}}

===Shafer (1955)===
Shafer criticized the division of the family into [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] and Sino-Daic branches, which he attributed to the different groups of languages studied by Konow and other scholars in [[British India]] on the one hand and by [[Henri Maspero]] and other French linguists on the other.{{sfnp|Shafer|1955|pp=94–96}} He proposed a detailed classification, with six top-level divisions:{{sfnp|Shafer|1955|pp=99–108}}{{sfnp|Shafer|1966|p=1}}{{efn|For Shafer, the suffix "-ic" denoted a primary division of the family, whereas the suffix "-ish" denoted a sub-division of one of those.}}

{{tree list}}
* Sino-Tibetan
** Sinitic
** Daic
** Bodic
** Burmic
** [[Bodo–Garo languages|Baric]]
** Karenic
{{tree list/end}}

Shafer was sceptical of the inclusion of Daic, but after meeting Maspero in Paris decided to retain it pending a definitive resolution of the question.{{sfnp|Shafer|1955|pp=97–99}}{{sfnp|van Driem|2001|pp=343–344}}

===Matisoff (1978, 2015)===
[[James Matisoff]] abandoned Benedict's Tibeto-Karen hypothesis:

{{tree list}}
* Sino-Tibetan
** Chinese
** Tibeto-Burman
{{tree list/end}}

Some more-recent Western scholars, such as Bradley (1997) and La Polla (2003), have retained Matisoff's two primary branches, though differing in the details of Tibeto-Burman. However, Jacques (2006) notes, "comparative work has never been able to put forth evidence for common innovations to all the Tibeto-Burman languages (the Sino-Tibetan languages to the exclusion of Chinese)"{{efn|les travaux de comparatisme n'ont jamais pu mettre en évidence l'existence d'innovations communes à toutes les langues « tibéto-birmanes » (les langues sino-tibétaines à l'exclusion du chinois)}} and that "it no longer seems justified to treat Chinese as the first branching of the Sino-Tibetan family,"{{efn|il ne semble plus justifié de traiter le chinois comme le premier embranchement primaire de la famille sino-tibétaine}} because the morphological divide between Chinese and Tibeto-Burman has been bridged by recent reconstructions of [[Old Chinese]].

The internal structure of Sino-Tibetan has been tentatively revised as the following [[Stammbaum]] by Matisoff in the final print release of the ''[[Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus]]'' (STEDT) in 2015.{{sfnp|Matisoff|2015|pp=xxxii, 1123–1127}} Matisoff acknowledges that the position of Chinese within the family remains an open question.{{sfnp|Matisoff|2015|p=xxxi}}

{{tree list}}
*Sino-Tibetan
**Chinese
**Tibeto-Burman
***Northeast Indian areal group
****"North Assam"
*****[[Tani languages|Tani]]
*****[[Digaro languages|Deng]]
****[[Kukish languages|Kuki-Chin]]
****"[[Naga languages|Naga]]" areal group
*****Central Naga ([[Ao languages|Ao]] group)
*****[[Angami–Pochuri languages|Angami–Pochuri]] group
*****[[Zeme languages|Zeme]] group
*****[[Tangkhul languages|Tangkhulic]]
****[[Meitei language|Meitei]]
****Mikir / [[Karbi language|Karbi]]
****[[Mruic languages|Mru]]
****[[Sal languages|Sal]]
*****[[Bodo–Garo languages|Bodo–Garo]]
*****Northern Naga / [[Konyak languages|Konyakian]]
*****[[Kachin–Luic languages|Jingpho–Asakian]]
***Himalayish
****[[Tibeto-Kanauri languages|Tibeto-Kanauri]]
*****[[West Himalayish languages|Western Himalayish]]
*****[[Bodish languages|Bodic]]
*****[[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]
*****[[Tamangic languages|Tamangish]]
*****[[Dhimal languages|Dhimal]]
****[[Newar language|Newar]]
****[[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]]
****[[Kham language|Kham]]-[[Magaric languages|Magar]]-[[Chepangic languages|Chepang]]
***Tangut-Qiang
****[[Tangut language|Tangut]]
****[[Qiangic languages|Qiangic]]
****[[Rgyalrongic languages|Rgyalrongic]]
***[[Nungish languages|Nungic]]
***[[Tujia language|Tujia]]
***Lolo–Burmese–Naxi
****[[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese]]
****[[Naic languages|Naxi]]
***[[Karenic languages|Karenic]]
***[[Bai language|Bai]]
{{tree list/end}}

===Starostin (1996)===
Sergei Starostin proposed that both the [[Kiranti languages]] and Chinese are divergent from a "core" Tibeto-Burman of at least Bodish, Lolo–Burmese, Tamangic, Jinghpaw, Kukish, and Karen (other families were not analysed) in a hypothesis called ''Sino-Kiranti''. The proposal takes two forms: that Sinitic and Kiranti are themselves a valid node or that the two are not demonstrably close so that Sino-Tibetan has three primary branches:

{{tree list}}
* Sino-Tibetan (version 1)
** Sino-Kiranti
** Tibeto-Burman
* Sino-Tibetan (version 2)
** Chinese
** Kiranti
** Tibeto-Burman
{{tree list/end}}

===Van Driem (1997, 2001)===
[[George van Driem]], like Shafer, rejects a primary split between Chinese and the rest, suggesting that Chinese owes its traditional privileged place in Sino-Tibetan to historical, typological, and cultural, rather than linguistic, criteria. He calls the entire family "Tibeto-Burman", a name he says has historical primacy,{{sfnp|van Driem|2001|p=383}} but other linguists who reject a privileged position for Chinese nevertheless continue to call the resulting family "Sino-Tibetan".

Like Matisoff, van Driem acknowledges that the relationships of the [[Kuki-Naga languages]] ([[Kukish languages|Kuki]], [[Mizo language|Mizo]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]], etc.), both amongst each other and to the other languages of the family, remain unclear. However, rather than placing them in a geographic grouping, as Matisoff does, van Driem leaves them unclassified. He has proposed several hypotheses, including the reclassification of Chinese to a Sino-Bodic subgroup:

{{tree list}}
*Tibeto-Burman
** Western (Baric, Brahmaputran, or [[Sal languages|Sal]]): [[Dhimal languages|Dhimal]], [[Bodo–Garo languages|Bodo–Garo]], [[Konyak languages|Konyak]], [[Kachin–Luic languages|Kachin–Luic]]
** Eastern
*** Northern (Sino-Bodic)
**** Northwestern (Bodic): [[Bodish languages|Bodish]], [[Kiranti languages|Kirantic]], [[West Himalayish languages|West Himalayish]], [[Tamangic languages|Tamangic]] and several isolates
**** Northeastern ([[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]])
*** Southern
**** Southwestern: [[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese]], [[Karen languages|Karenic]]
**** Southeastern: [[Qiangic languages|Qiangic]], [[Jiarongic languages|Jiarongic]]
**Some other small families and isolates as primary branches ([[Newar language|Newar]], [[Nungish languages|Nungish]], [[Magaric languages|Magaric]], ''etc.'')
{{tree end}}

Van Driem points to two main pieces of evidence establishing a special relationship between Sinitic and Bodic and thus placing Chinese within the Tibeto-Burman family. First, there are some parallels between the morphology of [[Old Chinese]] and the modern Bodic languages. Second, there is a body of lexical cognates between the Chinese and Bodic languages, represented by the Kirantic language [[Limbu language|Limbu]].{{sfnp|van Driem|1997}}

In response, Matisoff notes that the existence of shared lexical material only serves to establish an absolute relationship between two language families, not their relative relationship to one another. Although some cognate sets presented by van Driem are confined to Chinese and Bodic, many others are found in Sino-Tibetan languages generally and thus do not serve as evidence for a special relationship between Chinese and Bodic.{{sfnp|Matisoff|2000}}

===Van Driem's "fallen leaves" model (2001, 2014)===
Van Driem has also proposed a "fallen leaves" model that lists dozens of well-established low-level groups while remaining agnostic about intermediate groupings of these.{{sfnp|van Driem|2001|p=403}} In the most recent version (van Driem 2014), 42 groups are identified (with individual languages highlighted in ''italics''):{{sfnp|van Driem|2014|p=19}}

{{div col|colwidth=11em}}
*[[Bodish languages|Bodish]]
*''[[Tshangla language|Tshangla]]''
*[[West Himalayish languages|West Himalayish]]
*[[Tamangic languages|Tamangic]]
*[[Newaric languages|Newaric]]
*[[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]]
*''[[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]''
*[[Magaric languages|Magaric]]
*[[Chepangic languages|Chepangic]]
*[[Raji–Raute languages|Raji–Raute]]
*''[[Dura language|Dura]]''
*''[['Ole language|'Ole]]''
*''[[Gongduk language|Gongduk]]''
*''[[Lhokpu language|Lhokpu]]''
*[[Siangic languages|Siangic]]
*[[Kho-Bwa languages|Kho-Bwa]]
*[[Hrusish languages|Hrusish]]
*[[Digaro languages|Digarish]]
*[[Miju languages|Midžuish]]
*[[Tani languages|Tani]]
*[[Dhimalish languages|Dhimalish]]
*[[Brahmaputran languages|Brahmaputran]] (Sal)
*''[[Pyu language (Burma)|Pyu]]''
*[[Ao languages|Ao]]
*[[Angami–Pochuri languages|Angami–Pochuri]]
*[[Tangkhul languages|Tangkhul]]
*[[Zeme languages|Zeme]]
*''[[Meithei language|Meithei]]''
*[[Kukish languages|Kukish]]
*''[[Karbi language|Karbi]]''
*[[Mruic languages|Mru]]
*[[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]
*[[Bai languages|Bai]]
*[[Tujia language|Tujia]]
*[[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese]]
*[[Qiangic languages|Qiangic]]
*[[Ersu languages|Ersuish]]
*[[Naic languages|Naic]]
*[[Rgyalrongic languages|Rgyalrongic]]
*[[Kachin–Luic languages|Kachinic]]
*[[Nungish languages|Nungish]]
*[[Karenic languages|Karenic]]
{{div col end}}

He also suggested (van Driem 2007) that the Sino-Tibetan language family be renamed "Trans-Himalayan", which he considers to be more neutral.{{sfnp|van Driem|2007|p=226}}

Orlandi (2021) also considers the van Driem's Trans-Himalayan fallen leaves model to be more plausible than the bifurcate classification of Sino-Tibetan being split into Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Orlandi |first=Georg |date=2021 |title=Once again on the history and validity of the Sino-Tibetan bifurcate model |url=https://jolr.ru/index.php?article=310 |journal=[[Journal of Language Relationship]] |volume=19 |issue=3–4 |pages=263–292}}</ref>

===Blench and Post (2014)===
[[Roger Blench]] and Mark W. Post have criticized the applicability of conventional Sino-Tibetan classification schemes to minor languages lacking an extensive written history (unlike Chinese, Tibetic, and Burmese). They find that the evidence for the subclassification or even ST affiliation in all of several minor languages of northeastern India, in particular, is either poor or absent altogether.
{{blockquote|While relatively little has been known about the languages of this region up to and including the present time, this has not stopped scholars from proposing that these languages either constitute or fall within some other Tibeto-Burman subgroup. However, in the absence of any sort of systematic comparison – whether the data are thought reliable or not – such "subgroupings" are essentially vacuous. The use of pseudo-genetic labels such as "Himalayish" and "Kamarupan" inevitably gives an impression of coherence which is at best misleading.|{{harvtxt|Blench|Post|2014}}, p. 3}}
In their view, many such languages would for now be best considered unclassified, or "internal isolates" within the family. They propose a provisional classification of the remaining languages:

{{tree list}}
*Sino-Tibetan
**[[Karbi language|Karbi]] (Mikir)
**[[Mruic languages|Mruish]]
**{{tree list/branching}}
***{{tree list/branching}}
****[[Tani languages|Tani]]
****Nagish: [[Ao languages|Ao]], [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]], [[Tangkhul languages|Tangkhul]], [[Zeme languages|Zeme]], [[Angami–Pochuri languages|Angami–Pochuri]] and [[Meitei language|Meitei]]
***{{tree list/branching}}
****Western: [[Gongduk language|Gongduk]], [['Ole language|'Ole]], [[Mahakiranti languages|Mahakiranti]], [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], [[Magaric languages|Kham–Magaric–Chepang]], [[Tamangic languages|Tamangic]], and [[Lhokpu language|Lhokpu]]
****[[Karen languages|Karenic]]
****[[Sal languages|Jingpho–Konyak–Bodo]]
****Eastern
*****[[Tujia language|Tujia]]
*****[[Macro-Bai languages|Bai]]
*****[[Northern Qiang language|Northern Qiangic]]
*****[[Southern Qiang language|Southern Qiangic]]
*****{{tree list/branching}}
******[[Varieties of Chinese|Chinese]] (Sinitic)
******[[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese]]–[[Naic languages|Naic]]
******[[Bodish languages|Bodish]]
*****[[Nungish languages|Nungish]]
{{tree list/end}}

Following that, because they propose that the three best-known branches may be much closer related to each other than they are to "minor" Sino-Tibetan languages, Blench and Post argue that "Sino-Tibetan" or "Tibeto-Burman" are inappropriate names for a family whose earliest divergences led to different languages altogether. They support the proposed name "Trans-Himalayan".

===Menghan Zhang, Shi Yan, et al. (2019)===
A team of researchers led by [[Pan Wuyun]] and [[Jin Li]] proposed the following [[phylogenetic tree]] in 2019, based on lexical items:{{sfnp|Zhang|Yan|Pan|Jin|2019|p=113}}

{{tree list}}
*Sino-Tibetan
**Sinitic
**Tibeto-Burman
***{{tree list/branching}}
****Karenic
****Kuki-Chin–Naga
***{{tree list/branching}}
****Sal
****{{tree list/branching}}
*****{{tree list/branching}}
******Digarish
******Tani
*****{{tree list/branching}}
******{{tree list/branching}}
*******Himalayish
*******Nungish
******{{tree list/branching}}
*******Kinauri
*******{{tree list/branching}}
********{{tree list/branching}}
*********Gurung-Tamang
*********Bodish
********{{tree list/branching}}
*********{{tree list/branching}}
**********Naic
**********Ersuish, Qiangic, Rgyalrongic
*********Lolo-Burmese
{{tree list/end}}

==Typology==
===Word order===
Except for the Chinese, [[Macro-Bai languages|Bai]], [[Karenic languages|Karenic]], and [[Mruic languages|Mruic]] languages, the usual word order in Sino-Tibetan languages is [[subject–object–verb|object–verb]].{{sfnp|Dryer|2003|p=43}} However, Chinese and Bai differ from almost all other [[subject–verb–object]] languages in the world in placing relative clauses before the nouns they modify.{{sfnp|Dryer|2003|pp=50}} Most scholars believe SOV to be the original order, with Chinese, Karen, and Bai having acquired SVO order due to the influence of neighbouring languages in the [[Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area]].{{sfnp|Dryer|2003|pp=43–45}}<ref>{{cite journal|author=Charles N. Li & Sandra A. Thompson|title=An explanation of word order change SVO > SOV|year=1974|journal=Foundations of Language|volume=12|pages=201–214}}</ref> This has been criticized as being insufficiently corroborated by Djamouri et al. 2007, who instead reconstruct a VO order for Proto-Sino-Tibetan.<ref>{{cite journal |given1=Redouane |surname1=Djamouri |given2=Wautraud |surname2=Paul |given3=John |surname3=Whitman |year=2007 |title=Reconstructing VO constituent order for proto-Sino-Tibetan |journal=8th International Conference on Historical Linguistics}}</ref>

===Phonology===
Contrastive [[Tone (linguistics)|tones]] are a feature found across the family although absent in some languages like [[Purgi language|Purik]].{{sfnp|Benedict|1972|p=85}} [[Phonation]] contrasts are also present among many, notably in the [[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese]] group.{{sfnp|Matisoff|2003|p=241}} While Benedict contended that [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman language|Proto-Tibeto-Burman]] would have a two-tone system, Matisoff refrained from reconstructing it since tones in individual languages may have developed independently through the process of [[Tone (linguistics)#Origin and developmen|tonogenesis]].{{sfnp|Matisoff|2003|p=12}}

===Morphology===
====The structure of words====
Sino-Tibetan is structurally one of the most diverse language families in the world, including all of the gradation of morphological complexity from isolating ([[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese]], [[Tujia language|Tujia]]) to polysynthetic ([[Gyalrongic languages|Gyalrongic]], [[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]]) languages.{{sfnp|Sagart|Jacques|Lai|Ryder|2019|pp=10319–10320}} While [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]] languages are normally taken to be a prototypical example of the [[Isolating language|isolating]] morphological type, southern Chinese languages express this trait far more strongly than northern Chinese languages do.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Arcodia|first1=Giorgio Francesco|last2=Basciano|first2=Bianca|date=2020-01-30|title=Morphology in Sino-Tibetan Languages|url=https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/oso/viewentry/10.1093$002facrefore$002f9780199384655.001.0001$002facrefore-9780199384655-e-530|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.530|isbn=978-0-19-938465-5|language=en}}</ref>

====Voice and Voicing alternation====
Initial consonant [[Alternation (linguistics)|alternations]] related to [[Transitivity (grammar)|transitivity]] are pervasive in Sino-Tibetan; while devoicing (or aspiration) of the initial is associated with a transitive/[[causative]] verb, voicing is linked to its intransitive/[[anticausative]] counterpart.{{sfnp|LaPolla|2003|pp=23}}{{sfnp|Zhang|Jacques|Lai|2019|p=74}} This is argued to reflect [[morphological derivation]]s that existed in earlier stages of the family. Even in Chinese, one would find semantically-related pairs of verbs such as 見 'to see' ([[Middle Chinese|MC]]: ''kenH'') and 現 'to appear' (''ɣenH''), which are respectively reconstructed as ''*[k]ˤen-s'' and ''*N-[k]ˤen-s'' in the Baxter-Sagart system of [[Old Chinese]].{{sfnp|Zhang|Jacques|Lai|2019|p=74}}{{sfnp|Baxter|Sagart|2014|p=54}}

====Ergativity====
In [[morphosyntactic alignment]], many Tibeto-Burman languages have [[ergative case|ergative]] and/or [[anti-ergative]] (an argument that is not an actor) case marking. However, the anti-ergative case markings can not be reconstructed at higher levels in the family and are thought to be innovations.{{sfnp|LaPolla|2003|pp=34–35}}

====Person indexation====
Many Sino-Tibetan languages exhibit a system of person indexation.{{sfnp|Jacques|Pellard|2021|p=2}} Notably, [[Gyalrongic languages|Gyalrongic]] and [[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]] have an [[Direct–inverse alignment|inverse]] marker prefixed to a transitive verb when the agent is lower than the patient in a certain person hierarchy.{{sfnp|Jacques|Pellard|2021|pp=3–4}}

Hodgson had in 1849 noted a dichotomy between "pronominalized" ([[Synthetic language|inflecting]]) languages, stretching across the [[Himalaya]]s from [[Himachal Pradesh]] to eastern [[Nepal]], and "non-pronominalized" ([[isolating language|isolating]]) languages. Konow (1909) explained the pronominalized languages as due to a [[Munda languages|Munda]] [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratum]], with the idea that Indo-Chinese languages were essentially isolating as well as tonal. Maspero later attributed the putative substratum to [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]. It was not until Benedict that the inflectional systems of these languages were recognized as (partially) native to the family. Scholars disagree over the extent to which the agreement system in the various languages can be reconstructed for the [[proto-language]].{{sfnp|Handel|2008|p=430}}{{sfnp|LaPolla|2003|pp=29–32}}

===Evidentiality, mirativity, and egophoricity===
Although not very common in some families and [[Sprachbund|linguistic areas]] like [[Standard Average European]], fairly complex systems of [[evidentiality]] (grammatical marking of information source) are found in many [[Tibeto-Burman languages]].{{sfnp|Aikhenvald|LaPolla|2007|p=3}} The family has also contributed to the study of [[mirativity]]{{sfnp|DeLancey|1997}}{{sfnp|Aikhenvald|LaPolla|2007|p=11}} and [[egophoricity]],{{sfnp|San Roque|Floyd|Norcliffe|2018|pp=5–6}} which are relatively new concepts in [[linguistic typology]].

==Vocabulary==
{{See also|Old Chinese#Classification}}
{{See also|Proto-Sino-Tibetan language#Vocabulary}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Sino-Tibetan numerals
|-
! gloss
! [[Old Chinese]]{{sfnp|Baxter|Sagart|2014}}
! [[Old Tibetan]]{{sfnp|Hill|2012}}
! [[Old Burmese]]{{sfnp|Hill|2012}}
! [[Jingpho language|Jingpho]]{{sfnp|Burling|1983|p=28}}
! [[Garo language|Garo]]{{sfnp|Burling|1983|p=28}}
! [[Limbu language|Limbu]]{{sfnp|van Driem|1987|pp=32–33}}
! [[Kanauri language|Kanauri]]{{sfnp|Sharma|1988|p=116}}
![[Tujia language|Tujia]]<ref>Tian Desheng and He Tianzhen, et al., eds. 1986. . Beijing: Nationalities Press. Accessed via STEDT database https://stedt.berkeley.edu/search/ on 2021-04-05.</ref>
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | "one"
| {{linktext|一}} *ʔi[t] || – || ac || – || sa || – || id
|–
|-
| {{linktext|隻}} *tek "single" || gcig || tac || – || || thik || –
|–
|-
| "two" || {{linktext|二}} *ni[j]-s || gnyis || nhac || – || gini || nɛtchi || niš
|ne⁵⁵
|-
| "three" || {{linktext|三}} *s.rum || gsum || sumḥ || mə̀sūm || gittam || sumsi || sum
|so⁵⁵
|-
| "four" || {{linktext|四}} *s.li[t]-s<ref name="Lee 2024">{{cite journal |year=2024 |title=Bai and Old Western Chinese |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=87 |pages=533–555 |jstor=23756693 |given=Man Hei |surname=Lee |number=3}}</ref> || bzhi || liy || mə̀lī || bri || lisi || pə:
|ze⁵⁵
|-
| "five" || {{linktext|五}} *C.ŋˤaʔ || lnga || ṅāḥ || mə̀ŋā || boŋa || nasi || ṅa
|ũ⁵⁵
|-
| "six" || {{linktext|六}} *k.ruk || drug || khrok || krúʔ || dok || tuksi || țuk
|wo²¹
|-
| "seven" || {{linktext|七}} *[tsʰ]i[t] || – || khu-nac || sə̀nìt || sini || nusi || štiš
|ne²¹
|-
| "eight" || {{linktext|八}} *pˤret || brgyad || rhac || mə̀tshát || chet || yɛtchi || rəy
|je²¹
|-
| "nine" || {{linktext|九}} *[k]uʔ || dgu || kuiḥ || cə̀khù || sku<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gutman |first1=Alejandro |title=Garo |url=https://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Garo.html |website=Languages Gulper |access-date=2020-12-18}}</ref> || sku || sgui
|kɨe⁵⁵
|-
| rowspan="2" | "ten"
| {{linktext|十}} *t.[g]əp || – || kip{{sfnp|Yanson|2006|p=106}} || – || – || gip || –
|–
|-
| – || bcu || chay || shī || chikuŋ || – || səy
|–
|}

==Proposed external relationships==
Beyond the traditionally recognized families of Southeast Asia, some [[Classification schemes for Southeast Asian languages|possible broader relationships]] have been suggested.

===Austronesian===
{{main|Sino-Austronesian languages}}

Laurent Sagart proposes a "Sino-Austronesian" family with Sino-Tibetan and [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] (including [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra–Dai]] as a [[Austro-Tai languages|subbranch]]) as primary branches. [[Stanley Starosta]] has extended this proposal with a further branch called "Yangzian" joining Hmong–Mien and Austroasiatic. The proposal has been largely rejected by other linguists who argue that the similarities between Austronesian and Sino-Tibetan more likely arose from contact rather than being genetic.<ref name="Li 1995">{{cite book |surname=Li |given=Paul Jenkuei |title=The Ancestry of the Chinese Language |publisher=Chinese University Press |year=1995 |editor-surname=Wang |editor-given=William S-Y. |series=''Journal of Chinese Linguistics'' Monograph Series |volume=8 |pages=92–112 |chapter=Is Chinese genetically related to Austronesian? |jstor=23826144 |issue=8}}</ref><ref name="Blust 2009">{{cite book |surname=Blust |given=Robert |title=The Ancestry of the Chinese Language |publisher=Chinese University Press |year=1995 |editor-surname=Wang |editor-given=William S-Y. |series=''Journal of Chinese Linguistics'' Monograph Series |volume=8 |pages=283–298 |chapter=An Austronesianist looks at Sino-Austronesian |jstor=23826144 |issue=8}}</ref><ref name="Vovin 1997">{{cite journal |year=1997 |title=The comparative method and ventures beyond Sino-Tibetan |journal=Journal of Chinese Linguistics |volume=25 |pages=308–336 |jstor=23756693 |given=Alexander |surname=Vovin |number=2}}</ref>

===Dene–Yeniseian===
{{Further|Dene–Yeniseian languages}}

The "[[Sino-Caucasian]]" hypothesis of [[Sergei Starostin]] posits that the [[Yeniseian languages]] form a [[clade]] with Sino-Tibetan, which he called '''Sino-Yeniseian'''. The Sino–Caucasian hypothesis has been expanded by others to "[[Dene–Caucasian languages|Dene–Caucasian]]" to include the [[Na-Dene languages]] of North America, [[Burushaski language|Burushaski]], [[Basque language|Basque]] and, occasionally, [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]]. A narrower binary [[Dene–Yeniseian]] family has recently been well received. The validity of the rest of the family, however, is viewed as doubtful or rejected by nearly all [[Historical linguistics|historical linguists]].<ref>[[Ives Goddard|Goddard, Ives]] (1996). "The Classification of the Native Languages of North America". In Ives Goddard, ed., "Languages". Vol. 17 of William Sturtevant, ed., ''Handbook of North American Indians''. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pg. 318</ref><ref>[[Larry Trask|Trask, R. L.]] (2000). ''The Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics''. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pg. 85</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sanchez-Mazas |first1=Alicia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gKF9iWqt0gC&q=%22sino-austronesian%22+%22sino-caucasian%22&pg=RA1-PT151 |title=Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics |last2=Blench |first2=Roger |last3=Ross |first3=Malcolm D. |last4=Peiros |first4=Ilia |last5=Lin |first5=Marie |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134149629 |language=en}}</ref> An updated tree by [[Georgiy Starostin]] now groups Na-Dene with Sino-Tibetan and Yeniseian with [[Burushaski]] ([[Karasuk languages|Karasuk]] hypothesis).<ref>[https://starlingdb.org/new100/eurasia_short.jpg The Preliminary Genealogical Tree For Eurasia (short variant)]</ref>

[[George van Driem]] does not believe that Sino-Tibetan (which he calls "Trans-Himalayan") and Yeniseian are related language families. However, he argues that Yeniseian speakers once populated the [[North China Plain]] and that Proto-Sinitic speakers assimilated them when they migrated to the region. As a result, Sinitic acquired creoloid characteristics when it came to be used as a lingua franca among ethnolinguistically diverse populations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Driem |first=George van |title=Ethnolinguistic prehistory: the peopling of the world from the perspective of language, genes and material culture |date=2021 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-44837-7 |series=Brill's Tibetan studies library |location=Leiden Boston}}</ref>

A link between the Na-Dene languages and Sino-Tibetan languages, known as '''Sino-Dene''' was first proposed by [[Edward Sapir]]. Around 1920, Sapir became convinced that Na-Dene was more closely related to Sino-Tibetan than to other American families.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ruhlen |first=Merritt |date=1998-11-10 |title=The origin of the Na-Dene |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=95 |issue=23 |pages=13994–13996 |bibcode=1998PNAS...9513994R |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.23.13994 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=25007 |pmid=9811914 |doi-access=free}}</ref> He wrote a series of letters to [[Alfred Kroeber]] where he enthusiastically spoke of a connection between Na-Dene and "Indo-Chinese". In 1925, a supporting article summarizing his thoughts, albeit not written by him, entitled "The Similarities of Chinese and Indian Languages", was published in Science Supplements. The Sino-Dene hypothesis never gained foothold outside of Sapir’s circle, though it was later revitalized by Robert Shafer and [[Morris Swadesh]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orlandi |first=Georg |date=2021-12-01 |title=Once again on the history and validity of the Sino-Tibetan bifurcate model / Еще раз к вопросу об истории и степени обоснованности бинарной модели классификации сино-тибетских языков |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jlr-2021-193-409/html?lang=en |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Language Relationship |language=en |volume=19 |issue=3–4 |pages=263–292 |doi=10.1515/jlr-2021-193-409 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |issn=2219-4029 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109035601/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jlr-2021-193-409/html?lang=en |archive-date=2024-01-09 |access-date=2024-01-09 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Indo-European===
{{Further|Indo-European languages}}

August Conrad proposed the Sino-Tibetan–Indo-European language family.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} This hypothesis holds that there is a genetic relationship between the Sino-Tibetan language family and the Indo-European language family. The earliest comparative linguistic study of Chinese and Indo-European languages was by the 18th-century Nordic scholar [[Olaus Rudbeck]]. He compared the vocabulary of Gothic and Chinese and guessed that the two may be of the same origin. In the second half of the 19th century, [[Kong Haogu]], [[Shigude]], [[Ijosser]], etc.{{who?|date=March 2025}} successively proposed that Chinese and European languages are homologous. Among them, Kong Haogu, through the comparison of Chinese and Indo-European domestic animal vocabulary, first proposed an Indo-Chinese language macrofamily (including Chinese, Tibetan, Burmese, and Indo-European languages).{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

In the 20th century, R. Shafer put forward the conjecture of a Eurasial language super-family and listed hundreds of similar words between Tibeto-Burman and Indo-European languages.<ref>R. Shafer. Eurasial. Orbis. 1963, 12: 19–14.</ref><ref>R. Shafer. The Eurasial Linguistic Superfamily. Anthropos. 1965, 60: 1965.</ref> However, neither of these theories have been widely accepted by mainstream linguists.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|20em}}

===Works cited===
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* {{citation
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| postscript = .
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* {{citation
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| postscript = .
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* {{citation
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| year = 1972
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| postscript = .
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* {{citation
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| location = Chiang Mai
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| postscript = .
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* {{citation | title = The Sal Languages | given = Robbins | surname = Burling | author-link = Robbins Burling | journal = Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area | year = 1983 | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–32 | url = http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/burling1982sal.pdf | postscript = . }}
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* {{citation
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* {{citation
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**{{cite press release |date=May 6, 2019 |title=Origin of Sino-Tibetan language family revealed by new research |website=ScienceDaily |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/05/190506151822.htm }}
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| title = Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages II
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{{refend}}

===General===
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |given=James |surname=Bauman |title=Pronominal Verb Morphology in Tibeto-Burman |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |volume=1 |issue=1 |year=1974 |pages=108–155 |doi=10.32655/LTBA.1.1.05 |hdl=10356/178642 |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bauman1974pronominal.pdf |ref=none |postscript=.}}
* {{citation |given=William H. |surname=Baxter |author-link=William H. Baxter |chapter='A Stronger Affinity ... Than Could Have Been Produced by Accident': A Probabilistic Comparison of Old Chinese and Tibeto-Burman |pages=1–39 |editor-given=William S.-Y. |editor-surname=Wang |title=The Ancestry of the Chinese Language |series=Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series |volume=8 |location=Berkeley |publisher=Project on Linguistic Analysis |year=1995 |issue=8 |jstor=23826142 |ref=none |postscript=.}}
* {{citation |given=Paul K. |surname=Benedict |author-link=Paul K. Benedict |title=Sino-Tibetan: Another Look |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |year=1976 |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=167–197 |jstor=599822 |ref=none |postscript=. |doi=10.2307/599822}}
* {{citation |given1=Roger |surname1=Blench |author-link1=Roger Blench |given2=Mark |surname2=Post |title=(De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence |url=https://www.rogerblench.info/Language/NEI/Lingres/Declassifying%20Arunachal.pdf |year=2011 |ref=none |postscript=.}}
* {{citation |title=A Sinologist's Handlist of Sino-Tibetan Lexical Comparisons |given=W. South |surname=Coblin |author-link=Weldon South Coblin |series=''Monumenta Serica'' monograph series |volume=18 |location=Nettetal |publisher=Steyler Verlag |year=1986 |isbn=978-3-87787-208-6 |ref=none |postscript=.}}
* {{citation |given=George |surname=van Driem |author-link=George van Driem |title=Black Mountain Conjugational Morphology, Proto-Tibeto-Burman Morphosyntax, and the Linguistic Position of Chinese |journal=Senri Ethnological Studies |volume=41 |year=1995 |pages=229–259 |url=http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/1995BMConjMorph.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070437/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/1995BMConjMorph.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 7, 2014 |ref=none |postscript=.}}
* {{citation |given=George |surname=van Driem |author-mask=3 |chapter=Tibeto-Burman vs. Sino-Tibetan |pages=101–119 |title=Language in time and space: a Festschrift for Werner Winter on the occasion of his 80th birthday |editor-given1=Werner |editor-surname1=Winter |editor-given2=Brigitte L. M. |editor-surname2=Bauer |editor-given3=Georges-Jean |editor-surname3=Pinault |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-11-017648-3 |ref=none |postscript=.}}
* {{citation |surname=Gong |given=Hwang-cherng |author-link=Gong Hwang-cherng |title=Hàn Zàng yǔ yánjiū lùnwén jí |script-title=zh:漢藏語硏究論文集 |trans-title=Collected papers on Sino-Tibetan linguistics |location=Taipei |publisher=Academia Sinica |year=2002 |isbn=978-957-671-872-4 |ref=none |postscript=.}}
* {{citation |given=Guillaume |surname=Jacques |author-link=Guillaume Jacques |title=La morphologie du sino-tibétain |journal=La Linguistique Comparative en France Aujourd'hui |year=2006 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2261533 |ref=none |postscript=.}}
* {{citation |given=Ernst |surname=Kuhn |title=Über Herkunft und Sprache der transgangetischen Völker |location=Munich |publisher=Verlag der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie |year=1883 |url=https://dds.crl.edu/item/17471 |format=PDF |ref=none |postscript=.}}
* {{citation |given1=Sergei |surname1=Starostin |author-link=Sergei Starostin |given2=Ilia |surname2=Peiros |title=A Comparative Vocabulary of Five Sino-Tibetan Languages |publisher=[[Melbourne University Press]] |year=1996 |oclc=53387435 |ref=none |postscript=.}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[[James Matisoff]], [https://stedt.berkeley.edu/html/STfamily.html#TBlg "Tibeto-Burman languages and their subgrouping"]
*{{citation |surname1=Bruhn |given1=Daniel |surname2=Lowe |given2=John |surname3=Mortensen |given3=David |surname4=Yu |given4=Dominic |year=2015 |title=Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Database Software |publisher=Software, UC Berkeley Dash |doi=10.6078/D1159Q |doi-access=free |ref=none |postscript=. }}
*[https://sites.google.com/site/sinotibetanbranches/ Sino-Tibetan Branches Project (STBP)]
*[https://calc.hypotheses.org/1882 Behind the Sino-Tibetan Database of Lexical Cognates: Introductory remarks]
*[https://dighl.github.io/sinotibetan/ Sinotibetan Lexical Homology Database]
*[[Guillaume Jacques]], [https://www.academia.edu/969608/The_genetic_position_of_Chinese "The Genetic Position of Chinese"]
*[[Marc Miyake]] (2014), [http://www.amritas.com/141213.htm#12112301 "Why Sino-Tibetan reconstruction is not like Indo-European reconstruction (yet)"]
*Andrew Hsiu (2018), [https://sites.google.com/site/msealangs/home/blog/fallen-leaves "Linking the Sino-Tibetan fallen leaves"]

{{Sino-Tibetan branches}}
{{Language families}}
{{Eurasian languages}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sino-Tibetan Languages}}
[[Category:Sino-Tibetan languages| ]]
[[Category:Language families]]
[[Category:Sino-Austronesian languages]]

Taryanche Bait

2026-03-04T09:48:23Z

SusannahParish: minor reworked references as per guidelines additionally and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Taryanche Bait
| image = Taryanche-Baitfilmposter.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical Poster
| director = Kiran Yadnyopavit
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]] [[Neeraj Pandey]] [[Shital Bhatia]] Co Producer Nitin Chandrachud
| writer = Saurabh Bhave Shailesh Dupare Kiran Yagnopavit
| starring = [[Sachin Khedekar]] [[Vinay Apte]] Ashwini Giri Ashmita Joglekar
| music = Nandu Ghanekar
| cinematography = Sudhir Palsane
| editing = Shree Narayan Singh
| studio = [[ALT Entertainment]] [[Balaji Motion Pictures]] [[Friday Filmworks]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|4|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Taryanche Bait''''' ({{langx|mr|ताऱ्यांचे बेट}}, {{langx|en|Island of Stars}}) is a 2011 Marathi film directed by Kiran Yadnyopavit starring [[Sachin Khedekar]], [[Vinay Apte]], Ashwini Giri and Ashmita Joglekar in lead roles.

==Cast==
* [[Vinay Apte]]
*Ashwini Giri
*Ashmita Joglekar as Meera
*Kishore Kadam
* [[Sachin Khedekar]]
*[[Shashank Shende]] as Mahadaa
*Ishaan Tambe as Omkar
*Bhushan Mehare as Vithal

==Reception==
''Taryanche Bait'' received positive reviews from critics. ''Marathimovieworld'' gave the film a positive review saying, "'Taryanche Bait' - reminds about values,Thanks to Kiran Yadnyopavit, Neeraj Pande and [[Ekta Kapoor]] for such a wonderful offering" and praise acting talent of Sachin Khedkar as a father in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marathimovieworld.com/review/taryanche-bait-review.php|title='Taryanche Bait' - reminds about values|access-date= 3 November 2011}}</ref>

[[The Indian Express]] gave the film a 3 star rating out of 5 praising Ektaa's effort in Marathi film industry saying, "Ekta Kapoor of Motion Pictures forays into Marathi cinema and we hope she continues to make many more such films."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/taryanche-bait/779372/0|title=Taryanche Bait|access-date= 3 November 2011|author=Namita Nivas}}</ref>

[[File:The film Director, Kiran Yadnopavit addressing at the presentation of the Marathi film “Taryanche Bait”, at the 42nd International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2011), in Panaji, Goa on November 28, 2011.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Film crew at [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[42nd International Film Festival of India|2011]]) ]]

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award !! Category!! Recipient
|-
| Zee Gaurav Puraskar ||Best Actor || [[Sachin Khedekar]]
|-
| Mahrashtracha Favourate Kaun? || Best Actor || Sachin Khedekar
|-
| Pune International Film Festival || Best Film || [[Ekta Kapoor]]
|-
| Colors Screen Awards || Best Film || Ekta Kapoor
|-
| Colors Screen Awards || Best Director || [[Kiran Yadnyopavit]]
|-
| Colors Screen Awards || Best Actor || Sachin Khedekar
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1906471}}

{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2011 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Balaji Motion Pictures films]]

{{2010s-Marathi-film-stub}}

Uropeltis dindigalensis

2026-03-04T09:28:46Z

SusannahParish: Created new details!

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = ''Uropeltis dindigalensis''
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Srinivasulu, C. |author-link=species:Chelmala Srinivasulu |author2=Srinivasulu, B. |author2-link=species:Bhargavi Srinivasulu |author3=Ganesan, S.R. |author4=Vijayakumar, S.P. |author4-link=species:Seenapuram Palaniswamy Vijayakumar |date=2013 |title=''Uropeltis dindigalensis'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T172621A1353772 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T172621A1353772.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Uropeltis
| species = dindigalensis
| authority = ([[Richard Henry Beddome|Beddome]], 1877)
| synonyms = *''Silybura dindigalensis'' {{small|Beddome, 1877}}
*''Uropeltis dindigalensis'' {{small|— [[Malcolm Arthur Smith|M.A. Smith]], 1943}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{EMBL species|genus=Uropeltis|species=dindigalensis}} www.reptile-database.org</ref>
}}

'''''Uropeltis dindigalensis''''', [[Common name|commonly]] known as the '''Dindigul uropeltis''' and the '''Sirumalai Hills earth snake''', is a [[species]] of [[snake]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Uropeltidae]]. The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Sirumalai]] and surrounding hill ranges of the southern [[Eastern Ghats]], in [[Dindigul district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in [[South India]].

==Geographic range and habitat==
''U. dindigalensis'' is found only in [[Sirumalai]], a part of the southern [[Eastern Ghats]] in [[Dindigul district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[South India]]. It occurs in high-elevation wet [[forest]]s, over {{cvt|900|m|ft}} above sea level. It is also sometimes met with in [[coffee]] and mixed [[fruit]] [[orchards]] and [[plantations]] in this region.

Type locality = "Heavy forest on the Sirumullay hills, near Dindigul, at 4000–5000
feet elevation".

==Description==
The [[Dorsum (anatomy)|dorsum]] of ''U. dindigalensis'' is yellowish with small dark brown spots, the yellow scales dark-edged. There is a yellow streak on the [[Labial scales|labials]], continuing along each side of the neck. The venter is dark brown with yellow spots or yellow short crossbars. The ventral surface of the tail is yellow.

The largest of the type specimens is 35.5 cm (14 inches) in total length (including tail).

The [[dorsal scales]] are in 19 rows behind the head, in 17 rows at midbody. The [[Ventral scales|ventrals]] number 156–168; the subcaudals number 5–10.

The snout is acutely pointed. The [[Rostral scale|rostral]] is laterally compressed, about two fifths the length of the shielded part of the head, the portion visible from above much longer than its distance from the frontal. The [[Nasal scale|nasals]] are in contact with each other behind the rostral. The [[Frontal scale|frontal]] is longer than broad. The eye is very small, not half the length of the ocular shield. The diameter of the body goes 26 to 32 times into the total length. The ventrals are twice as broad as the contiguous scales. The tail is obliquely truncate, flat dorsally, with strongly pluricarinate scales. The terminal scute has a transverse ridge and two points.<ref>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger, G.A.]] (1893). ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume I., Containing the Families ... Uropeltidæ ....'' London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 448 pp. + Plates I–XXVIII. (''Silybura dindigalensis'', p. 152 + Plate VII, figure 1).</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ganesh, S.R. |author-link=species:Sumaithangi Rajagopalan Ganesh |author2=Arumugam, M. |author2-link=species:Munusami Arumugam |title=Species Richness of Montane Herpetofauna of Southern Eastern Ghats, India: A Historical Resume and a Descriptive Checklist. |journal=Russian Journal of Herpetology |date=2016 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=7–24}}</ref>

==Habits==
A poorly-known snake, ''U. dindigalensis'' is not often documented in scientific studies due to its very small geographic range. A [[fossorial]], [[nocturnal]], slow-moving snake, it is known to feed on [[earthworm]]s.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
*[[Richard Henry Beddome|Beddome, R.H.]] (1877). "Descriptions of three new Snakes of the Family Uropeltidæ from Southern India". ''Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London'' '''1877''': 167–168. (''Silybura dindigalensis'', new species, p. 167).
*Beddome, R.H. (1886). "An Account of the Earth-Snakes of the Peninsula of India and Ceylon". ''Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Fifth Series'' '''17''': 3-33. (''Silybura dindigalensis'', p. 13).
*Ganesh, S.R.; Bhupathy, Subramanian; David, Patrick; Sathishkumar, N.; Srinivas, G. (2014). "Snake Fauna of High Wavy Mountains, Western Ghats, India: Species Richness, Status, and Distribution Pattern". ''Russian Journal of Herpetology'' '''21''' (1): 53-64
*McDiarmid, R.W.; Campbell, J.A.; Touré, T.A. (1999). ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Vol. 1''. [type catalogue] Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series), {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).
* Pyron, R.A.; Ganesh, S.R.; Sayyed, A.; Sharma, V.; Wallach, V.; Somaweera, R. (2016). "A catalogue and systematic overview of the shield-tailed snakes (Serpentes: Uropeltidae)". [type catalogue] ''Zoosystema'' '''38''' (4): 453-506.
{{Refend}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q388118}}

[[Category:Uropeltidae]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1877]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Richard Henry Beddome]]

Reshma Aur Shera

2026-03-03T23:40:40Z

SusannahParish: added a details initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Reshma Aur Shera
| image = Reshma Aur Shera.jpg
| caption = Original poster
| director = [[Sunil Dutt]]
| producer = Sunil Dutt
| writer = [[S. Ali Raza]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Waheeda Rehman]] [[Sunil Dutt]] [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Raakhee]] [[Vinod Khanna]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Jaidev]]
| cinematography = [[Ram_Chandra_(cinematographer)|Ramachandra]]
| editing = Pran Mehra
| studio = Ajanta Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1971|7|23}}
| runtime = 158 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Reshma Aur Shera''''' ({{lit}} ''Reshma and Shera'') is a 1971 [[Hindi]] [[crime drama film]] produced and directed by [[Sunil Dutt]] and starring [[Waheeda Rehman]] as Reshma and [[Sunil Dutt]] as Shera. It also stars [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Raakhee]], [[Ranjeet]], [[K.N. Singh]], [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]] and [[Amrish Puri]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bollywood/when-sunil-dutt-decided-to-reshoot-film-reshma-aur-shera-and-landed-in-rs-60-lakh-debt/2043569|title=फिल्म को दोबारा शूट करने का फैसला पड़ा था भारी, सुनील दत्त को बेचनी पड़ी थीं 7 गाड़ियां, घर भी था गिरवी|trans-title=The decision to re-shoot the film was costly, Sunil Dutt had to sell 7 cars, the house was also mortgaged.|website=Zee News|language=hi|access-date=7 January 2024|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105011540/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bollywood/when-sunil-dutt-decided-to-reshoot-film-reshma-aur-shera-and-landed-in-rs-60-lakh-debt/2043569|url-status=live}}</ref> Sunil Dutt's son [[Sanjay Dutt]], who was 12 years at the time, appears briefly as a [[Qawwali]] singer in his first film appearance.

''Reshma Aur Shera'' received high critical acclaim from domestic and international critics and [[Sunil Dutt]] was nominated for the [[Golden Bear]] at the [[Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sunil-dutt-walked-off-set-yash-johar-arranged-99-camels-instead-of-100-9041961/|title=Sunil Dutt walked off set in anger as Yash Johar could arrange only 99 camels instead of 100: ‘He said pack-up and…’|date=25 November 2023|access-date=7 January 2024|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203002027/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sunil-dutt-walked-off-set-yash-johar-arranged-99-camels-instead-of-100-9041961/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was selected as the Indian entry for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] at the [[44th Academy Awards]], but was not accepted as a nominee.<ref name=spike>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-sunil-dutt-decided-to-reshoot-this-film-and-landed-in-rs-60-lakh-debt-8012395.html|title=When Sunil Dutt Decided To Reshoot This Film And Landed In Rs 60 Lakh Debt|website=News18|date=6 June 2023|access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref>

''Reshma Aur Shera'' won 3 awards at the [[19th National Film Awards]]. [[Waheeda Rehman]] won the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] for her highly-acclaimed performance in the film. The film also won the [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction]] for [[Jaidev]] and the [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography]] for Ramachandra.<ref name="auto"/>

==Synopsis==
Set against the backdrop of [[Rajasthan]], Reshma (Rehman) and Shera (Dutt) love each other in the midst of a violent feud between their clans. When their families find out about their relationship, Chotu (Bachchan), Shera's mute sharpshooting brother carries out his father Sagat Singh's (Jayant) orders to kill Reshma's father ([[K. N. Singh]]) and her recently married brother Gopal ([[Ranjeet]]). Unable to bear the grief of Gopal's widowed bride (Raakhee), Shera kills his own father believing he actually pulled the trigger. After this tragedy, Reshma and Shera's family's feud will end in more tragedy as misunderstandings lead to more bloodshed between the clans.

Shera swears to kill Chotu and protect Reshma's family. Shera searches for Chotu, who hides in Reshma's house and seeks protection from her. The movie's climax is when Shera waits outside Reshma's house to kill Chotu. At the moment, Chotu and Reshma emerge from the house as a married couple. Shera notices ''[[sindoor]]'' on Reshma's forehead and realizes that he cannot kill Chotu since he is now her husband, thus ending the bloodshed. In his grief, Shera ends his own life using his rifle, just as Reshma to collapses after begging the skies to take her life away, with her corpse falling on that of Shera’s. As the two lovers lay dead in the desert, a windstorm takes place, and buries their bodies within the sand.

==Cast==
* [[Waheeda Rehman]] as Reshma<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-waheeda-rehman-fainted-during-reshma-aur-shera-bali-scene-amitabh-bachchan-said-felt-privileged-took-care-of-her-101654936227401.html|title=When Waheeda Rehman fainted during Reshma Aur Shera bali scene, Amitabh Bachchan 'felt privileged, took care of her'|date=11 June 2022|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=7 January 2024|archive-date=8 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208101246/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-waheeda-rehman-fainted-during-reshma-aur-shera-bali-scene-amitabh-bachchan-said-felt-privileged-took-care-of-her-101654936227401.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sunil Dutt]] as Shera
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Chhotu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-shares-throwback-from-reshma-aur-shera-sets-8427216/|title=Amitabh Bachchan shares pic from Reshma aur Shera sets, says people called him a camel: ‘Now the epithet has been usurped by others’|date=6 February 2023|access-date=7 January 2024|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320151620/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-shares-throwback-from-reshma-aur-shera-sets-8427216/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Vinod Khanna]] as Vijay
* [[Raakhee]] as Reshma's Sister-in-law
* [[Ranjeet]] as Gopal
* [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]] as Sagat Singh
* [[K. N. Singh]] as Chaudhary
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Rehmat Khan
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Qawwali Singer
* Naval Kumar as Jagat Singh

==Production==
The film was originally directed by S. Sukhdev, a well-known documentary filmmaker who had previously made the feature film [[My Love (1970 film)|''My Love'']] (1970). But, Sunil Dutt decided to reshoot the entire film with himself as the director.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Last Adieu|url=
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtDsx6f_uAo|publisher=Films Division|date=4 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-sunil-dutt-decided-to-reshoot-this-film-and-landed-in-rs-60-lakh-debt-8012395.html|title=When Sunil Dutt Decided To Reshoot This Film And Landed In Rs 60 Lakh Debt|website=News18|date=6 June 2023|access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref>

A widely circulated claim related to the film is that Sunil Dutt had initially dismissed casting Amitabh Bachchan because he hated his baritone voice.<ref name=brace/> Subhash K. Jha later clarified that Dutt was seeking a second lead to play a mute character and told Bachchan that the role was not suitable for him because of his impressive voice. However, Bachchan was keen to take on the role, and Dutt remarked, "What a performance he gave without speaking a word!". He also explained that such claims had created a misunderstanding between Dutt and Bachchan in the media.<ref>{{cite web |title=Did Sunil Dutt 'Hate' Amitabh Bachchan's Voice? Here's what Reshma Aur Shera director once said |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/fact-check-did-sunil-dutt-hate-amitabh-bachchan-voice-heres-what-reshma-aur-shera-director-once-said-article-114532730 |website=Times Now |date=24 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref>

==Music==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer !! Order (Screenplay)
![[Raga]]
|-
| "Tu Chanda Main Chandni"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| 3
|[[Mand (singing style)]]
|-
| "Tauba Tauba Meri Tauba"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
| 5
|
|-
| "Jab Se Lagan Lagaayi Re"
| Asha Bhosle
| 4
|
|-
| "Zaalim Meri Sharaab"
| [[Manna Dey]]
| 1
|
|-
| "Nafrat Ki Ek Hi Thokar"
| Manna Dey
| 6
|
|-
|"Ek Meethi Si Chubhan"
|Lata Mangeshkar
| 2
|
|-
|}

==Awards ==
;Won
* [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] - [[Waheeda Rehman]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]] - [[Jaidev]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] - Ramachandra
;Nomination
* [[Golden Bear]] - Sunil Dutt (as director)

==Reception==
Despite receiving positive reviews from critics, the film was a big commercial failure at the box office which lead to a financial loss for [[Sunil Dutt]]. He had to sell seven of his cars and started travelling by bus. However, over the years, the film has been praised for its exquisite story of love in war time and considered as a lesser gems in Indian cinema.<ref name='data'>{{cite news|url=https://www.movietalkies.com/movies-reviews/an-exquisite-story-of-love-in-times-of-war|title=Reshma aur Shera, an underrated classic}}</ref><ref name=spike/> Triya Gulati of ''[[ThePrint]]'' described the film as an "Indian Romeo and Juliet" and praised its poetic pacing, emotional subtlety and visual boldness, which she felt made it "timeless".<ref name=brace>{{cite web |last=Gulati |first=Triya |title=Sunil Dutt sold 7 cars to make Reshma Aur Shera. It’s an Indian Romeo & Juliet story |url=https://theprint.in/feature/reel-take/sunit-dutt-reshma-aur-shera/2703847/ |website=ThePrint |date=27 July 2025 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of submissions to the 44th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0067668}}

{{Indian submission for Academy Awards}}

[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:1971 crime drama films]]
[[Category:1971 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actress National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sunil Dutt]]
[[Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jaidev]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language crime drama films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Prema Yuddham

2026-03-03T18:26:17Z

SusannahParish: basic rework formatting for accuracy and fixed typos for consistency

{{short description|1990 film by Rajendra Singh Babu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prema Yuddham
| image = Prema Yuddham.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rajendra Singh Babu|S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu]]
| producer = P. Vijaya Kumari
| writer = [[Sainath Thotapalli]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu
| screenplay = S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu
| starring = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] [[Mohan Babu]] [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = P. S. Prakash
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = Anupama Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1990|3|23}}
| runtime = 166 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Prema Yuddham''''' ({{translation|Love War}}) is a 1990 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romance film]] produced by P. Vijaya Kumari under the Anupama Arts banner, directed by [[Rajendra Singh Babu|S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiancine.ma/AFDZ/info | title=Prema Yuddham (1990) }}</ref> It stars [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] with music composed by [[Hamsalekha]]. The film was simultaneously shot in Kannada as ''[[Bannada Gejje]]'', with [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] by the same director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prajavani.net/op-ed/articles/%E2%80%98%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E2%80%99%E0%B2%A6-%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86-%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF-1848224|title='ಮುತ್ತಿನಹಾರ'ದ ಮೊದಲನೆ ಅಧ್ಯಾಯ|website=[[Prajavani]]}}</ref> The film was dubbed into Tamil as ''Idhaya Geetham'' and in Hindi as ''Prem Jung''.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=13 November 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4fJ1HugWBM |title=Ithaya Geetham Full Movie HD |publisher=Raj Television |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOzYzH69Wko | title=- YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] as Kalyan
*[[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] as Latha
*[[Mohan Babu]] as Jayasimha
*[[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]
*[[Devaraj]] as Ranjith
*[[Giri Babu]]
*[[Vani Viswanath]]
*[[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]] as Vyjayanthi
*[[Dubbing Janaki]]

==Production==

The film was made on a budget of 4 crores with sets of every song costing 15 lakhs.<ref name="ka">{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]|language=ta|access-date=2 July 2025|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1990-05-13/page/n9/mode/2up|date=13 May 1990|title=ஓர் ஆண்டு காத்திருந்த கதாநாயகி |via=[[Internet Archive]]|page=8}}</ref> One song was shot at Kashmir hills, another song at Nagarjuna Sagar while another one was picturised at Bangalore Cricket Stadium for nine days for which artificial rainfall was used.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]|language=ta|access-date=2 July 2025|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1990-05-27/page/n37/mode/2up|page=37|date=27 May 1990|title=சினிமா மழையால் கிரிக்கெட் பாழ்!|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Prema Yuddham
| type = film
| artist = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1990
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 40:39
| label = [[Lahari Music|Lahari Audio]]
| producer = [[Hamsalekha]]
| prev_title = [[Agni (1989 film)|Agni]]
| prev_year = 1989
| next_title = [[Shanti Kranti]]
| next_year = 1991
}}

The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Hamsalekha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/prema-yuddam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1161183590|title=Prema Yuddam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|work=Apple Music|access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref> The song "Swathi Muthyapu" was recreated in ''[[Action 3D]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/action-3d-telugu-movie-15743|title=Action 3d review|work=Indiaglitz|access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/nagarjunas-rain-song-for-allari-naresh.html|title=Nagarjuna's rain song for Allari Naresh|work=123Telugu|date=15 April 2013|access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 40:39
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Hey Nenera Yuva Hero
| lyrics1 = [[Veturi]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|S.P. Balu]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length1 = 4:43

| title2 = Swathi Muthyapu
| lyrics2 = Veturi
| extra2 = S.P. Balu, [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 = 6:26

| title3 = Prema Geema
| lyrics3 = [[Acharya Aatreya]]
| extra3 = S.P. Balu, S. Janaki
| length3 = 6:13

| title4 = Dance Dance
| lyrics4 = Veturi
| extra4 = S.P. Balu, S. Janaki
| length4 = 4:54

| title5 = Yoga Yoga
| lyrics5 = Achrya Atreya
| extra5 = S.P. Balu, S. Janaki
| length5 = 4:37

| title6 = Bombatt Bombatt
| lyrics6 = Veturi
| extra6 = S.P. Balu, S. Janaki
| length6 = 4:46

| title7 = Ivvi Muripinchu
| lyrics7 = Acharya Aatreya
| extra7 = S.P. Balu, S. Janaki
| length7 = 9:00
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Rajendra Singh Babu}}

[[Category:1990 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajendra Singh Babu]]

{{1990s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Yamakaathaghi

2026-03-03T02:24:41Z

SusannahParish: Created new details!

{{Short description|2025 Tamil film by Peppin George Jayaseelan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Yamakaathaghi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Peppin George Jayaseelan
| writer = Peppin George Jayaseelan S. Rajendran (Dialogues)
| producer = {{ubl
|Srinivasarao Jalakam
|Ganapathi Reddy
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Roopa Koduvayur]]
*Narendra Prasath
}}
| cinematography = [[Sujith Sarang]]
| editing = Sreejith Sarang
| music = [[Jecin George]]
| studio = {{ubl
|Naisat Media Works
|Arunasree Entertainments
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|3|7}}
| runtime = 113 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Yamakaathaghi''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[supernatural thriller]] film written and directed by Peppin George Jayaseelan. The film stars [[Roopa Koduvayur]] and Narendra Prasath in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-20 |title=Yamakaathaghi trailer to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/20/yamakaathaghi-trailer-to-be-out-on-this-date |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

''Yamakaathaghi'' was released in theatres on 7 March 2025.

== Plot ==
In a village near Thanjavur, the villagers prepare for Kaappu Kattu, a traditional protective ritual for the local temple. The ceremony is overseen by the village leader, Selvaraj (Raju Rajappan), who is known for his strict adherence to customs. His daughter, Leela ([[Roopa Koduvayur]]), has suffered from asthma since childhood and frequently clashes with her father over his rigid beliefs.

One evening, a heated argument between Leela and Selvaraj escalates, leading to a moment of violence—Selvaraj, in a fit of rage, slaps her. Deeply humiliated and devastated, Leela retreats to her room. Hours later, she is found dead, having hanged herself. The shocking tragedy leaves the family and villagers in mourning.

However, when preparations for her funeral begin, an eerie phenomenon occurs—Leela's body refuses to move. Despite multiple attempts by her family and the villagers, her corpse remains immobile on the cot. As panic spreads, whispers of supernatural forces and unanswered questions take hold. Is Leela's spirit resisting, demanding justice? Or is there a darker truth behind her death?

As the village is consumed by fear and speculation, ''Yamakaathagi'' unfolds as a supernatural thriller, blending psychological tension, eerie suspense, and emotional depth. The film delves into the secrets surrounding Leela's demise, unearthing buried truths that refuse to stay hidden.

== Cast ==
* [[Roopa Koduvayur]] as Leela
* Narendra Prasath as Anbu
* [[Geetha Kailasam]] as Leela's mother
* Raju Rajappan as Selvaraj
* Subash Ramasamy
* Haritha
* Pradeep Durairaj
* Jaisinth
* Akash Velayutham

== Production ==
In early-October 2022, the first look poster, revealing the title as ''Yamakaathaghi'' was announced.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2022-10-07 |title=The first look image for Yamakaathaghi releases online |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Oct/07/the-first-look-image-for-yamakaathaghi-releases-online-35391.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207155148/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/oct/07/the-first-look-image-for-yamakaathaghi-releases-online-35391.html |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film is written and directed by debutant Peppin George Jayaseelan starring [[Roopa Koduvayur]] in her [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] debut.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2022-10-05 |title=Roopa Koduvayur's Tamil debut titled Yamakaathagi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Oct/05/roopa-koduvayurs-tamil-debut-titled-yamakaathagi-35330.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207155008/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/oct/05/roopa-koduvayurs-tamil-debut-titled-yamakaathagi-35330.html |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film also stars YouTuber Narendra Prasath,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-19 |title=நகர மறுக்கும் சடலம் {{!}} தஞ்சையிலிருந்து ஒரு நாட்டார் கதை! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/1351419-all-about-yamakaathaghi-movie-preview.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219104906/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/1351419-all-about-yamakaathaghi-movie-preview.html |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> [[Geetha Kailasam]], Raju Rajappan, Subash Ramasamy, Haritha and others in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2025-02-22 |title=எமகாதகி படத்தின் டிரெய்லர் வெளியானது {{!}} The trailer of the movie Yamakaathaghi has been released. |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/the-trailer-of-the-movie-yamakaathaghi-has-been-released-761744 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> The film is produced by Srinivasarao Jalakam and co-produced along with Ganapathi Reddy under Naisat Media Works in association with Aruna Sree Entertainments banner respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yamakaathaghi release date: Tamil supernatural mystery thriller film to hit theatres soon |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/yamakaathaghi-release-date-tamil-supernatural-mystery-thriller-film-to-hit-theatres-soon/1400b67461856 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The technical team consists of [[Sujith Sarang]] as the cinematographer, Sreejith Sarang as the editor and [[Jecin George]] as the music composer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-02-22 |title=Yamakaathaghi Trailer: Horrors are unleashed when a door is broken open in this supernatural thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/22/yamakaathaghi-trailer-horrors-are-unleashed-when-a-door-is-broken-open-in-this-supernatural-thriller |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] took place in the villages surrounding [[Thanjavur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-02-15 |title="எமகாதகி" திரைப்படத்தின் அப்டேட் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/yamakaathaghi-a-big-announcement-tomorrow-at-11-am-1143942 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217173820/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/yamakaathaghi-a-big-announcement-tomorrow-at-11-am-1143942 |archive-date=17 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Yamakaathaghi
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Jecin George]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = Jecin George
| misc = {{Singles
|name = Yamakaathaghi
|type = soundtrack
|single1 = Uyir Koottula
|single1date = 1 February 2025
|single2 = Silu Silu Sirippai
|single2date = 1 March 2025
}}
}}
The music is composed by [[Jecin George]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-29 |title=Aishwarya Rajesh unveils Yamakaathaghi's first look |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/aishwarya-rajesh-unveils-yamakaathaghis-first-look-817262 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref> The first single "Uyir Koottula" released on 1 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-01 |title='Uyir Koottula' from Peppin George Jayaseelan's Yamakaathaghi out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/01/uyir-koottula-from-peppin-george-jayaseelans-yamakaathaghi-out |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The second single "Silu Silu Sirippai" released on 1 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-03-01 |title='Silu Silu Sirippai' song from Yamakaathaghi out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/01/silu-silu-sirippai-song-from-yamakaathaghi-out |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Uyir Koottula
| lyrics1 = Gnanakaravel
| extra1 = Gowtham Bharadwaj
| title2 = Silu Silu Sirippai
| length2 = 2:52
| lyrics2 = S. Rajendran
| extra2 = Thanjai Selvi
}}

== Release ==
===Theatrical===
''Yamakaathaghi'' released in theatres on 7 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-16 |title=Yamakaathaghi, supernatural thriller to hit screens on March 7 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/yamakaathaghi-supernatural-thriller-to-hit-screens-on-march-7-823144 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>

===Home media===
It is now streaming on the OTT platform [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] Tamil.

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "With decent production values, performances and direction, Yamakaathaghi is a no-frills supernatural drama that brings a fresh storytelling to the table. Even as the film might have certain shortcomings, Yamakaathaghi is definitely a film to watch out for, only for its refreshing narration and execution."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yamakaathaghi Review: Slow-burn mystery drama that excels in making |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/yamakaathaghi-movie-review-a-slow-burn-mystery-drama-that-makes-superstition-meet-social-commentary/678bde8bf069 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> A critic of ''[[Dinamalar]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=எமகாதகி - விமர்சனம் {2.5/5} : எமகாதகி - சீதகாதி - Yamakaathaghi |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3552/Yamakaathaghi/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=en}}</ref>

Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Yamakaathaghi respects the audience's time, concluding before weariness turns into resentment. The rural setting, the parochial characters, themes of caste and honor. Deities and local traditions. A spirit that refuses to leave. It feels like you've seen this stuff too many times."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yamakaathaghi Movie Review : More weeping than wonder |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/yamakaathaghi/movie-review/118755388.cms |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Akshay Kumar of ''[[Cinema Express Award for Best Director – Tamil|Cinema Express]]'' wrote "''Yamakaathaghi'' is a breath of fresh air, both with regard to the novelty given to a horror story and the solutions, however cinematic, to social issues like caste discrimination."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-03-07 |title=Yamakaathaghi Movie Review: A fine blend of social evils and horror make it a compelling watch |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Mar/07/yamakaathaghi-movie-review-a-fine-blend-of-social-evils-and-horror-make-it-a-compelling-watch |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=35465537}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Harindranath Chattopadhyay

2026-02-16T12:33:09Z

SusannahParish: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Indian poet (1898–1990)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harindranath Chattopadhyay
| image = Harindranath Chattopadhyay.jpeg
| caption = Harindranath Chattopadhyay
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1898|04|02}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1990|06|23|1898|04|02}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1952
| term_end = 1957
| predecessor = ''First Election''
| successor = [[Komarraju Atchamamba]]
| constituency = [[Vijayawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vijayawada]]
| party =
| spouse = {{ubl|
{{marriage|[[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya]]|1923|1955}}|
{{marriage|Sundari Rani Chattopadhyaya|1962|1990}} }}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Sarojini Naidu]] (sister)
}}
'''Harindranath Chattopadhyay''' (2 April 1898 – 23 June 1990) was an Indian English [[poet]], [[dramatist]], actor, [[musician]], and a member of the [[1st Lok Sabha]] from [[Vijayawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vijayawada constituency]].<ref name="h1">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/01/stories/2009040159911400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403090153/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/01/stories/2009040159911400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 April 2009|title=When Andhra was a Left bastion |last=Ramana Rao |first=G.V.|date=1 April 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=16 January 2010}}</ref> He was the younger brother of [[Sarojini Naidu]], the second woman President of the Indian National Congress and first Indian woman to hold the position, and [[Virendranath Chattopadhyay]], an international communist revolutionary. The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1973.<ref name="Padma Awards.">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=July 21, 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Life==
Chattopadhyay, a poet and singer, is famous for poems such as ''Noon'' and ''Shaper Shaped''. His father earned a Doctorate of Science from the [[University of Edinburgh]], and settled in [[Hyderabad State]], where he founded and acted as head of the Hyderabad College, which later became the Nizam's College in Hyderabad. His mother was a poet and used to write poetry in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. His other interests were politics, music, theatre and cinema.

His first book of poems, ''The Feast of Youth,'' was published when he was 19 years old, and received praise from [[Arthur Quiller-Couch]] and [[James Henry Cousins]].<ref name="The Divine Vagabond.">{{cite web | url=https://www.theosophical.org/files/resources/books/DivineVagabond/DivineVagabond.pdf | title=The Divine Vagabond | publisher=The Theosophical Publishing House, Madras | date=1950 | access-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref> He wrote in English but of topics relating to ancient Indian culture and [[Vedic]] ideas.

He was awarded [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harindranath Chattopadhyay - Biography |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0154129/bio/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> He married [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya]], a socialist and leader of women, who created the [[All India Women's Conference]], the [[Indian Cooperative Union]], and also was the inspiration for the [[All Indian Handicraft's Board]], a body which revived many Indian handicrafts (such as pottery and weaving) decimated by the [[Industrial Revolution]] in Britain in the 19th century. They had two sons together, one of which died in 2008. Kamaladevi and Harin's divorce was the first legal separation granted by the courts of India. It was amicable.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}

Harindranath Chattopadhyay often recited his poem ''Rail Gaadi'' on [[All India Radio]] (''Akashavani''). The song was memorably sung by [[Ashok Kumar]] in the film {{lang|hi-latn|[[Aashirwad (film)|Aashirwad]]}}. He himself wrote the lyrics, composed the music and sang a few songs, notable among which were ''Surya Ast Ho Gaya'' and ''Tarun Arun Se Ranjit Dharani''. He penned the first English song in any Hindi Film, and it became an all time hit – "My Heart Is Beating" – in ''[[Julie (1975 film)|Julie]]'', which launched the Film Playback singing career of Preeti Sagar. He also wrote a number of poems for children in Hindi. His poems were appreciated by the Nobel Laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]].

In 1951 Lok Sabha elections, Harindranath Chattopadhyay won from Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency in [[Madras State]] as an independent candidate, supported by the [[Communist Party of India]]. He was a member of the 1st Lok Sabha from 14 April 1952 to 4 April 1957.<ref name="h1"/>

His most famous acting role was in the Hindi movie ''[[Bawarchi]]'' (''The Chef''), which was made in 1972. It was adapted by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] from the Bengali film [[Galpo Holeo Satti]], directed by [[Tapan Sinha]]. Chattopadhyay played the role of the strict and regimented patriarch of the house, where his sons, daughters-in-law and grandchildren lived in a joint family and still respected and abided by his rules. He had cameos in three [[Satyajit Ray]] films: playing the wizard Barfi in ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]''; the human encyclopaedia, Sidhujyatha, in ''Sonar Kella''; and the senior member of the Board of Directors, Sir Baren Roy, in ''Seemabaddha.''

He also acted in the 1984 Mumbai Doordarshan TV Serial Ados Pados. Amol Palekar was the protagonist in this serial.

Chattopadhyay died of [[cardiac arrest]] on 23 June 1990 in [[Bombay]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Harendranath Chattopadhyaya dead|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=23 June 1990}}</ref>

==Poems==
''The Earthen Goblet'' is one of Chattopadhyay's poems. The poem is written in a conversational tone. The poet presents a dialogue between the goblet and the narrator. The narrator asks the red goblet to recount its experiences as it is moulded by the potter. When the potter made this goblet, he used all his skills and made the beautiful goblet which was full of impulse. The Potter worked hard with the clay and the clay enjoyed the fragrant companionship of the little flower and the unshapely earth which the potter has taken away.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

''Fire'' is one of Chattopadhyay's tragic poems. In this poem a newly born baby asks a question to leaping flames. In fact, the infant's deceased mother had been set on fire and the child asked their question to the flames. The fire already consumed the dead mother and unveiled life in its lonely nakedness. The fire then answers that it is the terrible desire that shaped the infant in his mother's womb.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

''Beside the Death Bed'' is an example of his philosophical poetry. In this poem, Chattopadhyay says that death is the highest bidder and life is the lowest, this being his explanation as to why there is strife in life. According to the poem, man is the coffin of life, and life is the cradle of death.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

''Sorrow'' is a short poem. The small piece brings attention to the importance of sorrow being from a creator. The poem says a person who has lost his lover realizes deep and intense sorrow. It uses the symbolic image of a dove as the Holy Spirit.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

''Futurity'' gives yet another genre of writing explored by Chattopadhyay's poetry. Here, man is presented in unique form. According to the poem, time is the womb of eternity. Each man is compared to a foetus. All birth is yet to be born since man is unfinished and still in the making, and the foetus is awaiting the time to be born.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

''Shaper Shaped'' is marked by its stark simplicity. The narrative voice shows how the shaper has been shaped into the objects which he used to shape earlier. A potter shapes the clay and thus can make a beautiful pot. The narrator praises his work of art. At the end of the poem, the narrator kneels at the feet of a supreme power, who is identified at the one who created the potter himself.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==Works==

===Poems===
* ''The Feast of Youth'' (1918)
* ''The Magic Tree'' (1922)
* ''Ancient Wings'' (1923)
* ''Blood of Stones'' (1944)
* ''Spring in Winter'' (1955)
* ''Virgin and Vineyards'' (1967)
* ''The Lady's Giant Hat''
* ''The Earthen Goblet''
* ''Salute to R-day''
* ''Tati Tati Tota'' (in Hindi)
* ''Voyage''
* ''Things I Love'' (in English)
* ''Curious Town'' (in English)
* ''The Duck'' (in English)

===Songs===
* ''Surya Ast Ho Gaya''
* ''Tarun Arun Se Ranjit Dharani''
* ''My Heart is Beating'' (from [[Julie (1975 film)|''Julie'']])

===Plays===
* ''Abu Hassan'' (1918)
* ''Five Plays'' (1937)
* ''Siddhartha, Man of Peace'' (1956)

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|1962 || ''[[Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam]]'' || Gharhi Babu ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|1963 || ''[[Tere Ghar Ke Samne]]'' || Seth Karam Chand ||
|-
|''[[The Householder (film)|The Householder]]'' || Mr. Chaddha ||
|-
|1964|| ''[[Sanjh Aur Savera]]'' || Mama, Radha's uncle ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|1965|| ''[[Teen Devian]]'' || Mr. Pinto ||
|-
|''Shreeman Funtoosh'' || Mr. Verma ||
|-
| || Bhoot Bangla ||Doctor
|-
|rowspan="2"|1966 || ''[[Pyar Mohabbat]]'' || Thakur Shamsher Singh ||
|-
|''Pinjre Ke Panchhi'' || Father of Miss India 1965 ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|1967|| ''[[Raaz (1967 film)|Raaz]]'' || Baba ||
|-
|''[[Raat Aur Din]]'' || Dr. Dey ||
|-
|''[[Naunihal]]'' || Deranged male in Bombay ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|1968||''Abhilasha'' || Albert D'Souza ||
|-
|{{lang|hi-latn|[[Aashirwad (film)|Aashirwad]]}} || Baiju 'Dholakia' ||
|-
|1969|| ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]'' || The Magician (Barfi) || [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]]
|-
|1971|| ''[[Seemabaddha]]'' || Sir Baren Roy || Bengali film
|-
|1972|| ''[[Bawarchi]]'' || Shiv Nath Sharma (Daduji) ||
|-
|1973|| ''[[Agni Rekha]]'' || Baba ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|1974|| ''Gupt Gyan'' || Professor #1 ||
|-
|''[[Sonar Kella]]'' || Sidhu Jyatha (Uncle Sidhu) || Bengali film
|-
|''Raja Shiv Chhatrapati'' || ||
|-
|''[[Aashiana]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|1976|| ''[[Mehbooba (1976 film)|Mehbooba]]'' || Rita's father ||
|-
|''[[Mera Jiwan]]'' || Doctor in village ||
|-
|1977|| ''[[Chala Murari Hero Banne]]'' || Harindranath Chattopadhyay ||
|-
|1978|| ''[[Ankhiyon Ke Jharokhon Se]]'' || Mr. Rodriques ||
|-
|1981||''[[Ghungroo Ki Awaaz]]'' || Nawab Jung Bahadur ||
|-
|1982|| ''Chalti Ka Naam Zindagi'' || Mastermind behind spooking everyone ||
|-
|1984|| ''Hořký podzim s vůní manga'' || Rádz's grandfather ||
|-
|1985|| ''Phir Aayee Barsat'' || Hiren Chacha ||
|-
|1988|| ''Maalamaal'' || Shri Mangat Ram || (final film role)
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0154129}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
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Local government in Maharashtra

2026-02-10T09:51:50Z

SusannahParish: quick fix

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Politics of India}}

Local government. in [[Maharashtra]] State follows the general structure of [[Local Governance in India]] and is broadly classified into two categories: Urban Local Governance and Rural Local Governance.

==Urban Local Governance==
Maharashtra is the third most urbanised state in India with 42.23% of its population living in urban areas, compared with the national average of 31.16%. The urban population grew by 23.7% in the 2001–2011 period to 50.8 million and now has the highest number of people living in urban areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India 2011 Press Release : Rural - Urban distribution of Population (Provisional)|url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/English/PDF/E2011_PR1143.PDF|access-date=28 August 2020|website=Press Information Bureau Government of India}}</ref> Maharashtra has 255 Statutory Towns and 279 Census Towns.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Handbook of Urban Statistics 2019|url=http://mohua.gov.in/pdf/5c80e2225a124Handbook%20of%20Urban%20Statistics%202019.pdf|access-date=28 August 2020|website=Ministry of Housing and Urban Administration, Government of India}}</ref>

=== Municipal Acts ===
There are three municipal acts in effect in Maharashtra;
{| class="wikitable"
! Name of Act
! Area of Effect
|-
|Maharashtra Municipal Councils, Nagar Panchayats and Industrial Townships Act, 1965<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra Municipal Councils, Nagar Panchayats and Industrial Townships Act, 1965|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/8812/1/municipal_councils_nagar_panchayats_and_industrial_townships_act%2C_1965_%2840_of_1965%29.pdf|access-date=28 August 2020|website=India Code}}</ref>
|All Municipal Councils, Nagar Panchayats, and Industrial Townships in Maharashtra
|-
|Maharashtra Municipal Corporations Act<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra Municipal Corporations Act|url=https://pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/miscellaneous/%2802%29%20The%20Mah.%20Municipal%20Corporation%20Act%20%28H-4062%29.pdf|access-date=28 August 2020|website=Pune Municipal Corporation}}</ref>
|All Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra, except Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
|-
|Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|url=https://mysocietyclub.com/assets/pdf/THE-MUMBAI-MUNICIPAL-CORPORATION-ACT_1888.pdf|access-date=28 August 2020|website=MySocietyClub}}</ref>
|Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
|}

Section 3 of Maharashtra Municipal Corporations Act, and Sections 3,4, and 341A of Maharashtra Municipal Councils, Nagar Panchayats and Industrial Townships Act, 1965 create the following categories of urban areas based on their population.
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |'''Types of Urban Areas according to the Municipal Acts in Maharashtra'''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Type'''
|'''Population Criteria'''
|'''Type of Local Body'''
|-
| colspan="2" |Larger Urban Area
|Population more than 300,000
|Municipal Corporation
|-
| rowspan="3" |Smaller Urban Area
|Type A
|Population more than 100,000
| rowspan="3" |Municipal Council
|-
|Type B
|Population of more than 40,000 but not more than 100,000
|-
|Type C
|Population of 40,000 or less but more than 25,000
|-
| colspan="2" |Transitional Area
|10,000 to 25,000
|Nagar Panchayat
|}

Further, depending on the population size, the Acts prescribes the minimum and maximum number of councillors/wards allowed within each type of local government.
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |'''Minimum and Maximum number of Councillors Allowed in Municipalities in Maharashtra'''
|-
|'''Population Range'''
|'''Minimum'''
|'''Incremental Number'''
|'''Maximum'''
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Municipal Corporations'''
|-
|Above 2.4 million
|145
|For every additional population of 100,000, one additional councillor
|221
|-
|1.2 million – 2.4 million
|115
|For every additional population of 40,000 above 1.2 million, one additional councillor
|145
|-
|600,000 – 1.2 million
|85
|For every additional population of 20,000 above 600,000, one additional councillor
|115
|-
|300,000 – 600,000
|65
|For every additional population of 15,000 above 300,000, one additional councillor
|85
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Municipal Council'''
|-
|Class 'A' Municipal Council
|38
|For every 8,000 of the population above 100,000, there shall be one additional elected Councillor
|65
|-
|Class 'B' Municipal Council
|23
|For every 5,000 of the population above 40,000 there shall be one additional elected Councillor
|37
|-
|Class 'C' Municipal Council
|17
|For every 3,000 of the population above 25,000 there shall be one additional elected Councillor
|23
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Nagar Panchayat'''
|-
|Nagar Panchayat
|126
|<nowiki>- </nowiki>
|126<ref>{{Cite web|last=Number of Nagar Panchayats in Maharashtra|title=Number of Nagar Panchayats in State of Maharashtra|url=https://mahadma.maharashtra.gov.in/AdmRegisteroffice/classwiseulblist_new/NP/NAGAR%20PANCHAYAT/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4}}</ref>
|}

==Municipal Corporations==
There are 29 Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra, as follows:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || Name || City || District || Established || Grade || Population (2011) || Party Power
|-
|1
| [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[Mumbai City District]], [[Mumbai Suburban District]]
|1888
|A+
|11,914,398
|[[BJP]]
|-
|2
| [[Pune Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Pune]]
|[[Pune]]
|1950
|A
|3,115,431
|[[BJP]]
|-
|3
| [[Nagpur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Nagpur]]
|[[Nagpur]]
|1951
|A
|2,405,421
|[[BJP]]
|-
|4
| [[Thane Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Thane]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|1982
|B
|1,818,872
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
|-
|5
| [[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Pune]]
|[[Pune district|Pune]]
|1982
|A
|1,729,359
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|6
| [[Nashik Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Nashik]]
|[[Nashik]]
|1982
|A
|1,486,973
|[[BJP]]
|-
|7
| [[Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Kalyan-Dombivli]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|1982
|C
|1,246,381
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
|-
|8
| [[Vasai-Virar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Vasai-Virar]]
|[[Palghar district|Palghar]]
|2009
|C
|1,221,233
|[[BJP]]
|-
|9
| [[Aurangabad Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|[[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|1982
|C
|1,171,330
|[[BJP]]
|-
|10
| [[Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Navi Mumbai]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|1992
|C
|1,119,477
|[[BJP]]
|-
|11
| [[Solapur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Solapur]]
|[[Solapur]]
|1964
|D
|951,118
|[[BJP]]
|-
|12
| [[Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Mira-Bhayandar]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|2002
|D
|814,655
|[[BJP]]
|-
|13
| [[Bhiwandi-Nizampur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Bhiwandi-Nizampur]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|2002
|D
|711,329
|
|-
|14
| [[Amravati Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Amravati]]
|[[Amravati]]
|1983
|D
|646,801
|[[BJP]]
|-
|15
| [[Nanded-Waghala Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Nanded]]
|[[Nanded]]
|1997
|D
|550,564
|[[BJP]]
|-
|16
| [[Kolhapur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Kolhapur]]
|[[Kolhapur]]
|1972
|D
|549,283
|[[BJP]]
|-
|17
| [[Akola Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Akola]]
|[[Akola]]
|2001
|D
|603,000
|[[BJP]]
|-
|18
| [[Panvel Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Panvel]]
|[[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|2016
|D
|509,901
|[[BJP]]
|-
|19
| [[Ulhasnagar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Ulhasnagar]]
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|1998
|D
|506,937
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]]
|-
|20
| [[Sangali-Miraj-Kupwad Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Sangli-Miraj & Kupwad]]
|[[Sangli]]
|1998
|D
|502,697
|[[BJP]]
|-
|21
| [[Malegaon Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Malegaon]]
|[[Nashik]]
|2003
|D
|471,006
|ISLM
|-
|22
| [[Jalgaon Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Jalgaon]]
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|2003
|D
|460,468
|[[BJP]]
|-
|23
| [[Latur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Latur]]
|[[Latur]]
|2011
|D
|382,754
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|24
| [[Dhule Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Dhule]]
|[[Dhule district|Dhule]]
|2003
|D
|376,093
|BJP
|-
|25
| [[Ahmednagar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Ahmednagar]]
|[[Ahmednagar]]
|2003
|D
|350,905
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|26
| [[Chandrapur Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Chandrapur]]
|[[Chandrapur]]
|2011
|D
|321,036
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|27
| [[Parbhani Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Parbhani]]
|[[Parbhani]]
|2011
|D
|307,191
|SS (Shinde)
|-
|28
| [[Ichalkaranji Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Ichalkaranji]]
|[[Kolhapur]]
|2022
|D
|377730
|BJP
|-
|29
| [[Jalna Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]]
|[[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/jalna/maharashtra-news-jalna-declared-as-the-29th-municipal-corporation-of-maharashtra-announcement-of-state-govt-1174554 | title=Jalna : जालना ही महाराष्ट्रातील 29 वी महापालिका म्हणून घोषित; राज्य सरकारची घोषणा | date=10 May 2023 }}</ref>
|2023
|D
|
|BJP
|}

===Municipal councils===
There are 226 municipalities in Maharashtra. Some Municipal Councils are:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name || City || District || Established || Grade || Population (2011) || Party in Power
|-
|Vadgaon Municipal Council
|Peth Vadgaon
|Kolhapur
|1887
|C
|37200
|
|-
|Jawhar Municipal Council
|[[Jawhar]]
|[[Palghar district|Palghar]]
|1918
|B
|50000
|
|-
|Sailu Municipal Council
|[[Sailu]]
|[[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
|1951
|B
|46,915
|
|-
|Gondia Municipal Council
|[[Gondia]]
|[[Gondia District]]
|
|A
|
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]]
|-
|Tirora Municipal Council
|[[Tirora]]
|[[Gondia District]]
|1957
|C
|27,515
|[[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]] & [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Katol Municipal Council
|[[Katol]]
|[[Nagpur District]]
|
|A
|
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|Kopargaon Municipal Council
|[[Kopargaon]]
|[[Ahmednagar District]]
|
|B
|
|[[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Chikhli Municipal Council
|[[Chikhli, Maharashtra|Chikhli]]
|[[Buldhana District]]
|
|B
|
|[[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|Rahata Municipal Council
|[[Rahata]]
|[[Ahmednagar District]]
|1987
|B
|
|[[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|[[Karjat Municipal Council]]
|[[Karjat]]
|[[Raigad district]]
|1992
| C
|29,663
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shivsena]]
|}

=== Ward Committees ===
Section 66A of Maharashtra Municipal Councils, Nagar Panchayats and Industrial Townships Act, 1965 mandates the setting up of wards committees in municipal areas with a population more than 300,000.<ref name=":0" /> Thus, Nagar Panchayats, and Type B and C Municipal Councils are automatically relieved of setting up Wards Committees, as well as Type A Municipal Councils with population less than 300,000. More than one ward may constitute one Wards Committee and it is left to the discretion of the municipal body to decide upon the number of such wards.

Section 29A of the Maharashtra Municipal Corporations Act mandates the setting up of wards committees in areas with Municipal Corporations.<ref name=":1" /> It gives more details about the number of wards committees to be formed according to population size:
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |'''Number of Wards Committees allowed according to Maharashtra Municipal Corporations Act'''
|-
|Population
|Minimum Number of Ward Committees
|Additional Wards Committees for Additional Population
|Maximum Number of Ward Committees
|-
|Above 2.4 million
|13
|600,000
|25
|-
|1.2 million – 2.4 million
|9
|300,000
|13
|-
|450,000 – 1.2 million
|4
|150,000
|9
|-
|300,000 – 450,000
|3
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|4
|}

While bigger cities like Mumbai and Pune have formed Wards Committees which are active, smaller cities are yet to have active wards committees.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ward Committees|url=https://portal.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlwardcom?guest_user=english|access-date=28 August 2020|website=Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=13 June 2017|title=BJP to head 11 of 15 ward committees in PMC|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/bjp-to-head-11-of-15-ward-committees-in-pmc-4701268/|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref>

==Rural Local Governance==
Rural governance in India is based on the [[Panchayati Raj]] system. It is a three tier system, with the [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]] at the district level, Taluka panchayat at the [[Taluka]] or sub-district level and Grampanchayat (Village Council) at the lowest level. Maharashtra was one of the first states to implement the three tier system under the ''Maharashtra Zilla Parishads and Panchayat Samitis Acts 1961'' of Maharashtra State. That act was amended with Act XXI to bring it in line with 73rd amendment to the Indian constitution in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra Zilla Paris hads and Panchayat Samitis Act 1961|url=http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/350801/Maharashtra%20Panchayat%20Act%201961.pdf|publisher=Govt of India, Ministry of Panchayat Raj|access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Patil |first1=R B |last2=Mathew |first2=George (Editor) |last3=Baviskar |first3=B S (Editor) |title=Inclusion and Exclusion in Local Governance: Field Studies from Rural India |date=2009 |publisher=sage Publications India |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7829-860-3 |pages=317–318 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmWaEVcTvJ0C&q=reserved+panchayat+maharashtra&pg=PA19}}</ref>

===Zilla parishad===
[[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]] (commonly known as ZP) is a local government body at the district level in India. It looks after the administration of the rural area of the district and its office is located at the district headquarters.

There are 34 Zilla Parishads in Maharashtra which are as follows.
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
# Thane Zilla Parishad
# Palghar Zilla Parishad
# [[Raigad District Council]]
# Ratnagiri Zilla Parishad
# Sindhudurg Zilla Parishad
# Nashik Zilla Parishad
# Dhule Zilla Parishad
# Nandurbar Zilla Parishad
# [[Jalgaon District Council]]
# Ahmednagar Zilla Parishad
# Pune Zilla Parishad
# Satara Zilla Parishad
# Sangli Zilla Parishad
# Solapur Zilla Parishad
# Kolhapur Zilla Parishad
# Aurangabad Zilla Parishad
# Jalna Zilla Parishad
# Parbhani Zilla Parishad
# Hingoli Zilla Parishad
# Beed Zilla Parishad
# Nanded Zilla Parishad
# Osmanabad Zilla Parishad
# Latur Zilla Parishad
# Amravati Zilla Parishad
# Akola Zilla Parishad
# Washim Zilla Parishad
# Buldhana Zilla Parishad
# Yavatmal Zilla Parishad
# Nagpur Zilla Parishad
# Wardha Zilla Parishad
# [[Bhandara District Council]]
# Gondia Zilla Parishad
# Chandrapur Zilla Parishad
# Gadchiroli Zilla Parishad
{{div col end}}

===Panchayat samiti===
[[Panchayat samiti]] is a local government body at the [[Taluka]] (sub-district)( level in India. It works for the villages that together are called a Block. The Panchayat Samiti is the link between the Gram Panchayat and Zilla Parishad.

There are 351 panchayat samitis or block panchayats in Maharashtra.

===Gram panchayat===
[[File:Grampanchayat Office Chinawal.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Gram panchayat office at [[Chinawal]] village in Maharashtra]]
[[Gram panchayat]]s are local self-government bodies at the village level. They are a cornerstone of the [[panchayati raj]] system. A gram panchayat can be set up in villages with a population of more than five hundred. There is a common gram panchayat for two or more villages if the population of these villages is less than five hundred, whereupon it is called a group-gram panchayat. The panchayat members are elected by the voters in the village but seats are reserved for different categories. 33% of the seats are reserved for women. The scheduled castes (SC), scheduled tribes(ST), and other backward classes (OBC) get seats allocated in proportion to their population in the village. The office holder positions (sarpanch and the deputy sarpanch positions) are rotated between different demographics such as women, SC, ST., general category etc.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Patil |first1=R B |last2=Mathew |first2=George (Editor) |last3=Baviskar |first3=B S (Editor) |title=Inclusion and Exclusion in Local Governance: Field Studies from Rural India |date=2009 |publisher=sage Publications India |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7829-860-3 |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmWaEVcTvJ0C&q=reserved+panchayat+maharashtra&pg=PA19}}</ref>

There are 28,813 gram panchayats in Maharashtra.<ref>[http://panchayat.gov.in/adminreps/consolidatedreport.asp - Panchayat raj Portal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224160335/http://panchayat.gov.in/adminreps/consolidatedreport.asp |date=2007-02-24 }}</ref>

==Elections==
All elected officials in local bodies serve for five years. Elections are for the positions are conducted by the [[Maharashtra State Election Commission]]<ref name="SEC Milestones">{{cite web|title=SEC Milestones|url=http://www.mahasec.com/eng/html/about_us.asp|access-date=16 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802032310/http://www.mahasec.com/eng/html/about_us.asp|archive-date=2 August 2012}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Local Governance in Kerala]]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100822161543/http://decwatch.org/ Decentralisation and Local Governance in Kerala]}}

==References==
<references/>Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2014-15

[[Category:Local government in Maharashtra| ]]
[[Category:Government of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Local government in India|Maharashtra]]

Farook Abdul Rahiman

2026-02-07T19:04:12Z

SusannahParish: Adding A Pg...

{{short description|Indian filmmaker and writer (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Farook Abdul Rahiman
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ml
| image = Farook_Abdul_Rahiman.jpg
| caption = Farook Abdul Rahiman during IFFK 2013
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|11|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Palakkad]], Kerala
| occupation = Film Director, Writer
| education =
| relatives =
| awards = Kerala State Television Award 2000 Kerala State Film Award 2012
}}

'''Farook Abdul Rahiman''' (born 5 November 1966) is an Indian filmmaker and writer. Farook was born into a [[Rowther]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mollywood Director Farook Abdul Rahiman Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/malayalam/director/farook-abdul-rahiman |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref> Starting his career as an Assistant Director in television films of [[DD Malayalam|Dooradarshan]], Farook was drawn into independent film making after his debut feature film<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/poetic-frames/article4508419.ece |title=Poetic frames |last=Kumar |first=P.K.Ajith |work=The Hindu Daily}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/I-am-Overwhelmed-by-the-Response-My-Film-Received/2013/12/11/article1939727.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217191600/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/I-am-Overwhelmed-by-the-Response-My-Film-Received/2013/12/11/article1939727.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 December 2013 |title=I am Overwhelmed by the Response My Film Received |last=K |first=Krishnachand |work=The New Indian Express Daily}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Kaliyachan-and-101-Chodyangal-Built-on-Human-Ties/2013/12/05/article1927859.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927143409/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Kaliyachan-and-101-Chodyangal-Built-on-Human-Ties/2013/12/05/article1927859.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2016 |title='Kaliyachan' and '101 Chodyangal' Built on Human Ties' |last=Sudhish |first=Navami |work=The New Indian Express Daily}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article1478571.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094713/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article1478571.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2015 |title='Kaliyachan' was not an easy film' |work=The New Indian Express Daily }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Farook Abdul Rahiman was born in [[Tathamangalam|Thattamangalam]], [[Chittur]] of [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], to Abdul Rahiman and Ayisha He attended Seri Sahib Memorial High School at Thathamangalam, and completed his Bachelor in Commerce at [[Government College, Chittur|Chittur Government College]]. He has two daughters.

== Career ==

He started his professional career in Television films at the age of 18 as Assistant Director on Dooradarshan Malayalam television film "Nangema kutty"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Kaliyachan-Portrait-of-an-artist/2013/09/24/article1799943.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927051129/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Kaliyachan-Portrait-of-an-artist/2013/09/24/article1799943.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2013 |title=Kaliyachan: Portrait of an artist |last=Nambidi |first=Parvathy |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>(1984) and then assisted Malayalam Director <ref name=":1" /> [[P. N. Menon (director)|P.N. Menon]] in his television film "Ethalukal"-Petals. Later produced Malayalam Television Films "Sthree Parvam" and "Kulam"-Clan. His directorial debut was the television film "Vyathiyanam"-Digression - Story of a young man with unusual thoughts and his life in Malayalam, broadcast by Dooradarshan Thiruvananathapuram.<ref name=":0" /> He directed ''[[Kaliyachan]]'' (The Master of the Play) based on [[P. Kunhiraman Nair]]'s poem of the same name which won [[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Award]] for the Best Debutant director (2015). Based on his movie a book ''Puza pol chirichu maza pol karanju'' was also written by Farook Abdul Rahiman in 2021.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Year
!Film
!Category
!Worked As
!Awards/Remarks
|-
| 1
| 1984
| <ref name=":0" />"Nangemakkutty"
| Malayalam
TV film
| Assistant
Director
|
|-
| 2
|
| <ref name=":1" />"Ithalukal"
| Malayalam
TV film
| Assistant
Director
|
|-
| 3
|
| "Sthreeparvam"
| Malayalam
TV film
| Producer & Associate director
|
|-
| 4
|
| "Kulam"
| Malayalam
TV film
| Producer & Associate
director
|
|-
| 5
|
| "Vyathiyanam"
| Malayalam
TV film
| Director
|
|-
| 6
| 1993
| "Poornaviramam"
| Malayalam
TV film
| Director
|
|-
| 7
| 1995
| <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />"Thunchathacharian"
| Malayalam
TV Serial
| Director
|
|-
| 8
| 1997
| <ref name=":1" />"Smarakasilakal"
| Malayalam TV Serial
| Director
|
|-
| 9
| 1997
| "Snehadoodu"
| Malayalam Feature Film
| Assistant Director
|
|-
| 10
| 1998
| "Nattakappolima"
| Malayalam Docu-fiction
| Director
|
|-
| 11
| 1999
| <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />"Swathanthryathinte Chirakadiyochakal"
| Malayalam
TV film
| Director
| <ref name=":1" /> Kerala State Television Film Award 2000
|-
| 12
| 2001
| "Sandhya Sandesham"
| Malayalam
TV Program
| Director
|
|-
| 13
| 2001
| "Naam Mahabali"
| Malayalam
TV Program
| Creative
Director
|
|-
| 14
| 2002
| "Upamannyu"
| Malayalam TV film
| Director
|
|-
| 15
| 2003
| "Pennarangu"
| Malayalam TV Program
| Director
|
|-
| 16
| 2004
| "Karunnyathinte Punnyam"
| Malayalam

TV Program
| Director
|
|-
| 17
| 2004
| "Porattuperuma"
| Malayalam TV Program
| Director
|
|-
| 18
| 2012
| <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/common/pictureGalleryPopup.jsp?picGallery=%2FMM+Photo+Galleries%2FMovies%2FKaliyachan&BV_ID=@@@ |title=Kaliyachan |website=Manorama Online |publisher=Malayala Manorama Daily}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpCarqZU9ek |title=Promo of the film "Kaliyachan" produced by National Film Development Corporation (NFDC) |website=YouTube |date=30 October 2012 |publisher=P&B Ministry, Govt. of India}}</ref> ''[[Kaliyachan]]''
| Malayalam Feature Film
| Director
| 1.<ref name=":1" />[[2012 Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala state Film Award 2012]]
[[2012 Kerala State Film Awards|Best Debut Director]], Best Background Score and 2nd Best Actor
2.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf |title=List of Awards Announced in various categories for the 60th National Film Awards |website=pib |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref> National Award for Best background Score
|-
|19
|2015
|"Ishalil Kanal Thottiya Kavi"<ref>{{Cite web|title=YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXNC4411oFA&feature=youtu.be|access-date=2020-07-01|website=www.youtube.com| date=22 August 2017 }}</ref>
|Documentary
|Director
|A documentary about ''Mahakavi [[Moyinkutty Vaidyar|Moyinkutty Vaidiyar]]''
|-
|20
|2018
|"Aardrashadananam"
|Documentary
|Director
|A documentary about Shadananan Anikkath
|-
|21
|2022
|''Poriveyil''<ref>{{Citation|title=Pori Veyil Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/pori-veyil/movieshow/71219852.cms|access-date=2021-11-12}}</ref>
|Malayalam
Feature Film
|Director
|Starring [[Indrans]] and [[Surabhi Lakshmi]]
|}

== References ==
*{{Cite news|title=Manju Warrier unveils the first look of Surabhi and Indrans starrer 'Poriveyil' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manju-warrier-unveils-the-first-look-of-surabhi-and-indrans-starrer-poriveyil/articleshow/71390318.cms|access-date=2021-11-12|website=The Times of India|date=October 2019 |language=en}}
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahiman, Farook Abdul}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]

Irikkur

2026-02-06T21:42:23Z

SusannahParish: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Irikkur
| official_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline = File:Irikkur Town, Taliparamba (3).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Irikkur Junction
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.9700|N|75.5700|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of talukas of Kerala|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Taliparamba taluk|Taliparamba]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Grama panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 11.38
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 26
| population_total = 13,820
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/kerala/|title = Kerala (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref>
| leader_title = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name = [[Sajeev Joseph]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 670593
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04982
| registration_plate = KL 59
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Assembly constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Irikkur (State Assembly constituency)|Irikkur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Irikkur''' is a town and [[grama panchayat]] in [[Kannur District]] of [[Kerala]] state, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/electionupdates/deStatusLB.php?distID=13|title = DE Status}}</ref>

==Location==
Irikkur is located on [[State Highway 36 (Kerala)|SH 36]] between the towns of [[Taliparamba]] and [[Iritty]], and is directly accessible from [[Kannur]], [[Mattanur]], and [[Thalassery]]. It is equidistant from Kannur and Taliparamba (about {{cvt|30|km}}), {{cvt|35|km}} from Thalassery, and {{cvt|17|km}} away from Iritty.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/irikkoor/id/4501 |title=Routes and Locations |website=keralatourism.org}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Irikkur Town, Taliparamba (4).jpg|thumb|A bus stop in Irikkur]]
Irikkur has historic and commercial importance,<ref>{{cite book
| last = Bouchon
| first = Genevieve
| title = Regent of the Sea
| page = 14
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| year = 1988}}</ref> and is one of the largest [[Muslim]]-majority towns (76%) in the Kannur district and lies on the banks of the Irikkur River, locally known as the "Ayippuzha". This river was the geographical border of the former [[Kingdom of Kottayam|Kottayam Kingdom]] ruled by [[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja]].

==Administration==
Irikkur [[Grama Panchayat]] consists of 14 wards. The current ruling party is [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sec.kerala.gov.in/public/cnstncy/wd/a70c0bd9-d7d0-4d3c-8373-52d29d8fc5f4 |title=Ward list of Irikkur |website=sec.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

Irikkur [[Block Panchayat]] comprises 8 [[Grama Panchayat]]s with 15 wards. Panchayats like [[Eruvessi]], [[Payyavoor]], [[Ulikkal]], [[Padiyoor]]-[[Kalliad]], [[Kuttiattoor]], [[Mayyil]], [[Malapattam]] and Irikkur are part of it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.kerala.gov.in/public/cnstncy/wd/dede781e-0597-4220-838a-b14d3b63e2e3 |title=Irikkur block panchayat wards |website=sec kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

Irikkur is one among the [[List of constituencies of Kerala Legislative Assembly|assembly constituencies]] in Kerala. [[Irikkur Assembly constituency]] is politically a part of [[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency]]. The current [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] is [[Sajeev Joseph]] under [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] party.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-18
|work = Kerala
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-03-04
}}</ref>

==Law and Order==
The Panchayat comes under the jurisdiction of Irikkur police station, established on 1st January 1955. Before becoming a full-fledged station, it was an outpost of Taliparamba police station.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ps.keralapolice.gov.in/irikkur-ps/about |title=About - Irikkur police station}}</ref>

Irikkur has a Grama Nyayalaya or village court for easy access to the judicial system in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kannur.dcourts.gov.in/contact-us/ |title=Courts in Thalassery district}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Irikkur had a population of 13,820, of which 6,690 are males and 7,130 are females. Irikkur census town has an area of {{cvt|11.38|sqkm}}, housing 2,327 families to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorized to build roads within Census Town limits and impose taxes on properties under its jurisdiction.

In Irikkur, the sex ratio is 1.066 females per male, below the state average of 1.084. Moreover, the child sex ratio is 0.991, compared to the Kerala state average of 0.964. The literacy rate of Irikkur is 92.03%, lower than the state average of 94.00%. In Irikkur, male literacy is 96.30% while the female literacy rate is 88.08%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Kannur |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=180,181 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3202_PART_B_KANNUR.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==Transportation==
[[File:Irikkur Town(1).jpg|thumb|Irikkur town]]
National Highway ([[NH 66]]) passes through the town of [[Taliparamba]]. [[Mangalore]] and [[Mumbai]] can be accessed on the northern side and [[Cochin]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] can be accessed on the southern side.
State Highway ([[SH 36]]) passes through Irikkur town connects with [[Taliparamba]] and [[Iritty]]. The road towards the east of Iritty connects to [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=maps&pageId=248|title=Kerala State Highways|publisher=Kerala PWD Department|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201055331/http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=maps&pageId=248|archive-date=1 December 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The nearest railway station is [[Kannur railway station|Kannur]] on [[Shoranur-Mangalore Section]] line. There are airports at [[Mangalore Airport|Mangalore]] and [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur]]. The [[Kannur International Airport]] (KIAL) located at [[Mattannur]] is the nearest airport, which is {{cvt|13|km|mi}} away.

==Geography==
Irikkur is located at {{coord|11.97|N|75.57|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Irikkur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Irikkur]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on}}.

==Tourism==
[[Irikkur Assembly constituency]] has a major role in tourism in Kannur district as it covers mainly hilly regions bordering [[Western Ghats]] with a serene environment. [[Paithalmala]], Palakkayam thattu, Kanjirakolli and Kappimala are the main tourist destinations in the Irikkur constituency that enhance the huge inflow of tourists. To transform Irikkur into Malabar's tourism hotspot, infrastructure development and accommodation facilities are being prioritized, driven by investor and tourism conferences aimed at attracting global investment.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/kannur/irikkur-in-a-new-makeover-all-set-to-become-the-tourism-hub-of-malabar-351490.html |title=Irikkur in a new make over all set to become the tourism hub of malabar |work=[[Oneindia]] |first=Mahesh |last=Babu |access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/year-long-programme-planned-to-convert-irikkur-into-a-tourism-hub/article65822407.ece/ |title=Year-long programme planned to convert Irikkur into a tourism hub |work=[[The Hindu]] |last=Staff Reporter |date=28 August 2022}}</ref>

==Educational Institutions==
* SIBGA Institute of Advanced Studies, Irikkur<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://highereducation.kerala.gov.in/index.php/academic/institutions/self-financing?showall=&start=3 |title=Higher Education Institutes in Kannur University}}</ref>
* Govt HSS, Irikkur
* Rahmaniya Orphanage HSS, Irikkur<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dhsekerala.gov.in/schoolist.aspx?dcode=13|title=Higher Secondary Education Portal|website=www.dhsekerala.gov.in}}</ref>

==Religion==
[[File:Irikkur juma masjid.jpg|thumbnail|Irikkur Juma Masjidh is riverside prayer facility]]
Approximately 76%<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/627212-irikkur-kerala.html|title = Irikkur Census Town City Population Census 2011-2021 | Kerala}}</ref> of the population consists of [[Muslim]]s

* Mamanikkunn temple, one of the famous [[Hindu]] temples of Kerala.
* 20 [[mosque]]s, out of which allow to pray
* A [[Christianity|Christian]] seminary

==Politics==
{{Main|Irikkur Assembly constituency}}

Irikkur assembly constituency is part of [[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-18
|work=Kerala
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archive-date=2009-03-04
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Niyamasabha constituencies of Kannur |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html |website=ceo.kerala.gov.in |access-date=3 September 2022 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423160037/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of Irikkur is [[Sajeev Joseph]] from [[Indian National Congress|INC]] who won in the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] with a vote share of 50.33%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/irikkur-assembly-elections-kl-9/ |title=Irikkur Assembly Election Results 2021 |work=[[Oneindia]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{commons category|Irikkur}}
{{reflist}}

{{Kannur district}}
{{Malabar}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kannur district]]
[[Category:Villages near Irikkur]]

List of Kannada films of 2014

2026-02-04T21:10:09Z

SusannahParish: enhance layout to improve readability and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|None}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Sandalwood film list}}

This is a '''list of Kannada language films produced in the [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada film industry]] in India in 2014'''.
* Films are generally released every Friday or Festival Day.
* In addition films can be released on specific [[festival]] days.

==Box office collection==
The [[List of highest-grossing Kannada films|highest-grossing Kannada films]] released in 2014, by worldwide [[box office]] [[gross revenue]], are as follows.

The rank of the films in the following depends on the worldwide gross. The budget is only for knowledgeable purpose.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+The highest worldwide gross of 2014
|-
! Rank !! Title
! Production company !! Worldwide gross !! References
|-
|1
|''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]''
|[[Jayanna Combines]]
|{{INRConvert|50|c}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-02 |title=Mr and Mrs Ramachari to Crack the 50-crore Club - The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Mr-and-Mrs-Ramachari-to-Crack-the-50-crore-Club/2015/02/16/article2670679.ece |access-date=2024-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402184520/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Mr-and-Mrs-Ramachari-to-Crack-the-50-crore-Club/2015/02/16/article2670679.ece |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|2
|''[[Maanikya]]''
|MNK Movies {{Br}}Kiccha Creations {{Br}} Kolla Entertainments
|{{INRConvert|35.7|c}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eega To Vikrant Rona: 9 Top Grossing Films Of Kannada Star Sudeep |url=https://news.abplive.com/web-stories/south-cinema/kannada-star-sudeep-highest-grossing-films-vikrant-rona-eega-pailwaan-1737613 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|3
|''[[Gajakesari]]''
|[[Jayanna Combines]]
|{{INRConvert|30|c}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=pratiba |title=Rocking star Yash's top 5 movies |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/rocking-star-yash-s-top-5-movies-pk16eh |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|4
| ''[[Power (2014 Kannada film)|Power***]]''
|[[Anil Sunkara|14 Reels Entertainment]]
|{{INRConvert|15|c}} - {{INRConvert|22|c}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Power: The first Kannada film to cross 15 crore in two weeks |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/power-the-first-kannada-film-to-cross-15-crore-in-two-weeks/20140913.htm |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/power-box-office-puneet-starrer-makes-record-collection-22-crore-6-days-608251|title = 'Power***' Box Office: Puneet Starrer Makes Record Collection of ₹22 Crore in 6 Days|website = [[International Business Times]]|date = 3 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|5
|''[[Bahaddur]]''
|R.S. Productions
|{{INRConvert|10|c}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2014 |first1=Shyam |last1=Prasad |title=Dhruva joins the Rs 10 crore club |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/dhruva-sarja-addhuri-sandalwood-stars-100-cr-club/articleshow/44829185.cms |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|6
|''[[Ugramm ]]''
|Inkifinite Pictures
|{{INRConvert|5.50|c}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2014-03-06 |title=Ugramm box office collections|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-03-06/Ugramm-box-office-collections/88378 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Events==
* [[61st National Film Awards]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
* [[61st Filmfare Awards South]]
* [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|3rd South Indian International Movie Awards (3rd SIIMA)]]
* [[Suvarna Film Awards]], by Suvarna channel.
* [[Udaya Film Awards]], by Udaya Channel
* [[Bangalore International Film Festival]]
* 2nd Kannada international Music Awards (2nd KiMA)
* Bangalore Times Film Awards

==Scheduled releases==

===January —June===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Opening
! style="width:18%;"|Title
! Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast
! style="width:10%;" | Genre !! Notes !! Ref
|- January!
| rowspan="13" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"| '''J A N'''
|rowspan="3" align="center"|'''3rd'''
|align="center"|''[[Gharshane]]''
|align="center"| [[Dayal Padmanabhan]] || [[Malashri]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[P. Ravi Shankar]], Roopika
|align="center"| [[Action thriller]] || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Yuddham Sei]]''; produced by Shankar Productions
|align="center"|<ref>[http://www.indiancinemagallery.com/kannada/news/garshane-audio-released.html "Garshane Audio Released"]</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Karnataka Ayodhyapuram''
|align="center"| V. Lava || [[Rakesh Adiga]], Nayana Puttaswamy
|align="center"| [[Political drama]] || Produced by GK Ventures
|align="center"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hyderabadshowtimes.com/movie/karnataka-ayodhyapuram/tab/gallery/ |title=Karnataka Ayodhyapuram Movie in Hyderabad |access-date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103200913/http://www.hyderabadshowtimes.com/movie/karnataka-ayodhyapuram/tab/gallery/ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|''Vishwa Vinayaka''
|align="center"| V. Swaminathan || Dr. Vasanth, Suma, Ashwini, Rohini Nagaraj, [[R. N. Sudarshan]] ||align="center"| [[Drama film|Drama]]|| || align="center"|<ref name="Eu">{{cite web|url=http://epaper.udayavani.com/Display.aspx?Pg=H&Edn=BN&DispDate=1/3/2014|title=evaara therege 3 chitragalu|publisher=epaper.udayavani.com|date=3 January 2014|access-date=3 January 2014|at=in special supplement called "Suchitra" page no 4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106174016/http://epaper.udayavani.com/Display.aspx?Pg=H&Edn=BN&DispDate=1%2F3%2F2014|archive-date=6 January 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" align="center"|'''10th'''
|style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Mahasharana Haralayya]]''
|style="text-align:center"| B.A. Purushottam
| [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Sridhar (Kannada actor)|Sridhar]], [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]], [[Ramesh Bhat]], Raju Dingri, Vikram Udayakumar
|align="center"| [[Biographical film|Biographical]]
| Produced by Bhagyodaya Cine Creations
|align="center" |
|-
|align="center"| ''Nage Bomb''
|align="center"| Nagendra Urs || [[Ravishankar Gowda]], Anitha Bhat, [[Sadhu Kokila]]
|align="center"| [[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|drama]] || Produced by Sai Leela Media Dreams || align="center"|<ref name="IG">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/102074.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110090409/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/102074.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2014 | title=3 Again for Friday! | website=IndiaGlitz.com | date=9 January 2014 | access-date=9 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Angaaraka]]''
|align="center"| Srinivas Kaushik || [[Prajwal Devaraj]], [[Pranitha Subhash|Pranitha]], Hardika Shetty, [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], Muni, Dharma, Veena Venkatesh, Veena Sunder
|align="center"| [[Action film|Action]], [[Romance film|romance]], [[Drama film|drama]] || Produced by SSS Studios || align="center"|<ref name="IG"/>
|-
|align="center"| '''16th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Ninnindale]]''
| align="center"| [[Jayanth C. Paranjee]]
| [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], [[Erica Fernandes]], [[Thilak Shekar]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Vinayak Joshi]]
| align="center"|[[Action film|Action]], [[Romance film|romance]], [[Drama film|drama]]
| align="center"| Produced by Hombale Films
| align="center"|
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"| '''24th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Dosti (2014 film)|Dosthi]]''
|align="center"| Anand V || Prithvi, Surya, Prakash, Niharika Malya, [[Bank Janardhan]]
|align="center"| [[Action film|Action]], [[Drama film|drama]] || Produced by Shobha Movies ||align="center"|<ref name="123 km">{{cite web | url=http://123kannadamovies.com/2014/01/21/dosthi-releasing-on-24th-jan/ | title=Dosthi releasing on 24th Jan | publisher=123kannadamovies.com | date=23 January 2014 | access-date=23 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129214209/http://123kannadamovies.com/2014/01/21/dosthi-releasing-on-24th-jan/ | archive-date=29 January 2014 | url-status=usurped }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Navarangi''
|align="center"| Umesh || [[Sadhu Kokila]], Roopika, [[Ravishankar Gowda]], Layendra
|align="center"| [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by Veerabhadreshwara Movie Makers ||align="center"|<ref name="NR">{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/13771/kannada/navarangi/cast.and.crew.htm | title=Navarangi Cast and Crew | publisher=Nowrunning.com | date=23 January 2014 | access-date=23 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4" align="center"| '''31st'''
|align="center"| ''[[Vasundhara (film)|Vasundhara]]''
|align="center"| [[T. S. Nagabharana]] || [[Rajesh (Kannada actor)|Rajesh]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]], [[Aishwarya Nag]], [[Sudharani]], Jugari Avinash
|align="center"| [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Shruthalaya Films || align="center"|<ref name="31st Jan films">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/102858.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122248/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/102858.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 | title =4 On Friday | website=IndiaGlitz.com| date= 30 January 2014 | access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Amanusha''
|align="center"| Jayasimha Musuri || [[Thilak Shekar]], [[Jackie Shroff]], Alisha
|align="center"| [[Mystery film|Mystery]], [[Thriller film|thriller]] || Produced by Simran Movie Makers || align="center"|<ref name="31st Jan films"/>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Anjada Gandu (2014 film)|Anjada Gandu]]''
|align="center"| Pradeep Raj || [[Sathish Ninasam]], Subhiksha, [[T. S. Nagabharana]]
|align="center"| [[Romantic comedy]] || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]'' || align="center"|<ref name="31st Jan films"/>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Darling (2014 Kannada film)|Darling]]''
|align="center"| Santhu || [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]], [[Muktha (actress)|Muktha]]
|align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by S Team Pictures || align="center"|<ref name="31st Jan films"/>
|-
|- February!
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"| '''F E B'''
|rowspan="2" align="center"| '''7th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Brahma (2014 film)|Brahma]]''
| align="center"| [[R. Chandru]]
| [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], [[Pranitha Subhash|Pranitha]], [[Sonu Sood]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Shayaji Shinde]], [[Rahul Dev]], [[Girish Karnad]]
| align="center"| [[Drama film|Drama]], [[Action film|action]]
| | Produced by Mylari Enterprises
|align="center" |
|-
|align="center"| ''Nakra''
|align="center"| A. Shivakumar || [[Thriller Manju]], Somu, Shobharaj, Spoorthi, Harish Rai, [[Tennis Krishna]]
|align="center"| [[Action film|Action]], [[Drama film|drama]] || Produced by A. Shivakumar || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/nakra.html|title=Nakra|publisher=Oneindia}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" align="center"| '''14th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Crazy Star (film)|Crazy Star]]''
|align="center"| [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] || [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], [[Priyanka Upendra]], [[Bhavana Rao]], [[Prakash Raj|Prakash Rai]], [[Akul Balaji]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Naveen Krishna]]
|align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Eshwari Dreams || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/crazy-star-comes-to-theatres-on-february-14th-news-kannada-ocmqp6ffcjj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214065350/http://www.sify.com/movies/crazy-star-comes-to-theatres-on-february-14th-news-kannada-ocmqp6ffcjj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 February 2014|title=Crazy Star comes to theatres on February 14th|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Kwatle''
|align="center"| Chandrakala || Paartha, [[Yagna Shetty]]
|align="center"| [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Sandalwood Pictures ||align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Kwatle-gets-A-certificate/articleshow/29097764.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140214060756/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-20/news-interviews/46373996_1_kwatle-movie-certificate|url-status=live|archive-date=14 February 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Kwatle gets A certificate|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Little Master''
|align="center"| Shivaram Krishta || [[Suchendra Prasad]], Shankar Ashwath, Master Chiranjeevi, Shankar Prakash
|align="center"| [[Children's film|Children's]] || 90-minute short film || align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/a-celluloid-critique-on-closure-of-schools/article5687365.ece|title=A celluloid critique on closure of schools|newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 February 2014 |publisher=the hindu.com|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" align="center"| '''21st'''
|align="center"| ''[[Ugramm]]''
|align="center"| [[Prashanth Neel]]
|| [[Sri Murali]], [[Hariprriya]], [[Thilak Shekar]], [[Atul Kulkarni (actor born 1965)|Atul Kulkarni]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Jai Jagadish]], Padmaja Rao
|align="center"| [[Action film|Action]]
| | Blockbuster hit
|align="center" |
|-
|align="center"| ''Nan Life Alli''
|align="center"| Ramdeep
|| [[Anish Tejeshwar]], [[Sindhu Lokanath]], Dileep Raj, Ajay Raj, Nikhila, [[Nagathihalli Chandrashekar]], Mithra
|align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama film|drama]]
| | Produced by Nagathihalli Cine Creations and Road Show Cinemas
|align="center" |
|-
|align="center"| ''Horror Picture''
|align="center"| Vijay Surana
|| [[Harish Raj]], Roopashri, Kajal Rawat, Patre Ajith, Neha Patil, Vinay Chandra
|align="center"| [[Horror (genre)|Horror]]
| | Produced by Shanti Vijaya Productions
|align="center" |
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"| '''28th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Shivajinagara (film)|Shivajinagara]]''
|align="center"| P. N. Satya || [[Duniya Vijay]], [[Parul Yadav]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], Triveni
|align="center"| [[Action film|Action]], [[Drama film|drama]] || Produced by Ramu || align="center"|<ref name="28th Feb films">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/104142.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122258/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/104142.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 | title ='Shivajinagara' Vs 'Kalyanamasthu' | website=IndiaGlitz.com| date= 28 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Kalyanamasthu''
|align="center"| Mallesh || Raviprakash, Ajith, [[Pooja Gandhi]], [[Tejaswini Prakash]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]], [[Malavika Avinash]], [[Umashree]], [[Bank Janardhan]]
|align="center"| [[Drama film|Drama]], [[family]] || Produced by Sri Lakshmigiridhar Cine Enterprises || align="center"|<ref name="28th Feb films"/>
|-
|- March!
| rowspan="12" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;"| '''M A R'''
| rowspan="3" align="center"| '''7th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Dil Rangeela]]''
| align="center"| [[Preetham Gubbi]]
| | [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]], [[Rachita Ram]], Priyanka Rao, [[Rangayana Raghu]], Yamuna, [[Achyuth Kumar]]
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama film|drama]]
| | Produced by K. Manju Cinemas
| align="center" |
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Chandralekha (2014 film)|Chandralekha]]''
| align="center"| [[Om Prakash Rao|N. Om Prakash Rao]]
| | [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]], [[Shanvi Srivastava]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Nagashekar]]
| align="center"| [[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|drama]], [[romance film|romance]], [[Thriller film|thriller]]
| | Remake of Telugu film ''[[Prema Katha Chitram]]''; produced by SM Productions
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center"| ''Lights Camera Action''
| align="center"| Gurudarshan Nagaraj || Balu Nagendra, Archana, Vijay, Chethan
| align="center"| [[Psychological thriller]] || Produced by Srinidhi Productions || align="center"|<ref name="7th March films">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Three-Kannada-films-up-for-release-this-week/articleshow/31401279.cms | title =Three Kannada films up for release this week | publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com| date= 4 Mar 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center"| '''14th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Karoodpathi]]''
| align="center"| P C Ramesh || [[Komal Kumar]], [[Meera Nandan]], [[Jasmin Bhasin]], Malavika, Guruprasad, [[Vijanath Biradar]], Dingri Nagaraj, Jayasri Krishna, Yathiraj
| align="center"| [[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|drama]] || Produced by SSS Combines || align="center"|<ref name="14th Feb films">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/104702.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122301/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/104702.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=Three for Friday|website=IndiaGlitz.com|date=13 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''[[Savaal (2014 film)|Savaal]]''
| align="center"| Dhananjay Balaji || [[Prajwal Devaraj]], Sona, Muthuraj, Raj K Purohit, [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Bullet Prakash]], Rekha Das, [[Raju Talikote]], [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Tennis Krishna]], [[M. S. Umesh]]
| align="center"| [[Action film|Action]], [[Comedy film|comedy]], [[Drama film|drama]], [[Romance film|romance]] || Produced by Sri Thirumala Movie Makers || align="center"|<ref name="14th Feb films"/>
|-
| align="center"| ''Love Show''
| align="center"| A Srinivasa Rao || Santosh Kumar, Shishira, Manjunath, Rama Rao, Varma, Ranga, [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Bullet Prakash]], [[Tabla Nani]], [[Mandya Ramesh]]
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama film|drama]], [[Comedy film|comedy]] || Produced by Sri Prasanna Venkateshwara Creations || align="center"|<ref name="14th Feb films"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center"| '''21st'''
| align="center"| ''[[Rangan Style]]''
| align="center"| Prashanth S.
| | [[Pradeep (Kannada actor)|Pradeep]], Kannika Tiwari, [[Sudeep]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Sharath Lohitashwa]], Deepika Das, [[Tabla Nani]], Rekha Das
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama film|drama]], [[Comedy film|comedy]], [[Action film|action]]
| | Produced by Orange Brothers
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center"| ''Manada Mareyalli''
| align="center"| Rajeev Nethra || Srikanth (Sriki), Vindya, [[Ananth Nag]], [[Ajay Rao]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Bullet Prakash]], Vishwa, Sandeep
| align="center"| [[Drama film|Drama]], [[Romance film|romance]] || Produced by Mahesh Anekal
| align="center"| <ref name="21st March films">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/%C2%A0%C2%A0read%20full%20story%20%C2%BB-telugu-news-105046|title=Three Newbies for Friday|website=IndiaGlitz.com|date=21 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''Chathurbhuja''
| align="center"| Krishna Lekhana
| | Aarva, [[Shreya Anchan]], [[Tabla Nani]], Baadal, [[Tennis Krishna]], [[Chandrika (Kannada actress)|Chandrika]], Nagaraj Sharma, Mohan Juneja
| align="center"| [[Action film|Action]], [[Thriller film|thriller]], [[Drama film|drama]]
| | Produced by M B Shivananjappa
| align="center" |
|-
|rowspan="3" align="center"| '''28th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Ragini IPS]]''
| align="center"| Anand P Raju
| |[[Ragini Dwivedi]], Petrol Prasanna, [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Bhavya]], [[Kavita Radheshyam]]
| align="center"| [[Action film|Action]]
| |Produced by K. Manju Cinemaas
| align="center"|
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Ulidavaru Kandanthe]]''
| align="center"| [[Rakshit Shetty]]
| | [[Rakshit Shetty]], [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Yagna Shetty]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Achyuth Kumar]], Sheetal Shetty, [[Rishab Shetty]]
| align="center"| [[Action film|Action]], [[Drama film|drama]]
| | Produced by Suvin Productions
| align="center"|
|-
| align="center"| ''Nimbe Huli''
| align="center"| Hemanth Hegde || Hemanth Hegde, [[Komal Jha]], [[Madhurima Tuli]], [[Nivedhitha]], [[Bullet Prakash]], [[Anupam Kher]]
| align="center"| [[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Romance film|romance]] || Produced by [[Mukta Arts]]
| align="center"| <ref name="28th March films">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/105393.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122304/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/105393.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=3 For Pre Ugadi Festival|website=IndiaGlitz.com|date=28 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
|- April!
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:#b4cae3; textcolor:#000;"| '''A P R'''
|rowspan="2" align="center"| '''4th'''
| align="center"| ''Sadagara''
| align="center"| Raj Gopi Surya || Shankar Aryan, [[Yagna Shetty]], [[Sharath Lohitashwa]]
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama film|drama]] || Produced by Sri Sowbhagya Cinemas || align="center"|<ref name="4th April films">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/105748.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407041654/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/105748.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2014|title=2 For Friday!|website=IndiaGlitz.com|date=4 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| ''[[Huchudugaru]]''
| align="center"| RJ Pradeepa
| | [[Chetan Chandra]], Amit Vishwanath, Prathap Raj, [[Aditi Rao]], [[P. Ravi Shankar|P. Ravishankar]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Tabla Nani]]
| align="center"| [[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|drama]]
| | Produced by Bhagavathi Pictures
| align="center"|
|-
|rowspan="3" align="center"| '''11th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Endendu Ninagagi]]''
| align="center"| Mahesh Rao
| | Vivek, [[Deepa Sannidhi]], [[Anish Tejeshwar]], [[Sindhu Lokanath]]
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama film|drama]]
| | Remake of Tamil film ''[[Engeyum Eppodhum]]''; produced by Sunrise Productions
| align="center"|
|-
| align="center"| ''Athi Aparoopa''
| align="center"| [[Dinesh Babu]] || [[Prem Kumar (Kannada actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Aindrita Ray]], [[Ananth Nag]]
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Ramesh Yadav Movies || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timescity.com/bangalore-movie/Show-Times/athi-aparoopa/5798|title=Athi Aparoopa Movie show timings|publisher=timescity.com|date=11 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''Maryade''
| align="center"| Maharaja || Nagaraj, Ravi Chetan, [[Harshika Poonachha]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Suchendra Prasad]]
| align="center"| [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Kingini Productions || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandalwoodking.com/topic/6974-maryade-harshika-poonacha-releasing-on-11-04-2014/|title=Maryade-Harshika Poonacha-Releasing on 11-04-2014|publisher=sandalwoodking.com|date=11 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" align="center"| '''18th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Agraja]]''
| align="center"| Sri Nandan
| | [[Jaggesh]], [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]], [[Kamna Jethmalani]], [[Sanjjana]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], Hardhika Shetty
| align="center"| [[Action film|Action]]; [[Drama film|drama]]
| | Inspired by Telugu film ''Broker'' (2010); produced by the Great Indian Movie Creators
| align="center"|
|-
| align="center"| ''[[Kwatle Satisha]]''
| align="center"| [[Mahesh Rao]] || [[Sathish Ninasam]], Sonia Gowda, [[Achyuth Kumar]]
| align="center"| [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || produced by Jayanna Combines || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15157/kannada/kwatle-satisha/index.htm|title= Kwatle Satisha (2014) (Kannada)Comedy, Romance |publisher=nowrunning.com|date=18 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''Aathma Sakshi''
| align="center"| Manu N || Manu, [[Shwetha Srivatsav]], Shankar Bhat, [[M. S. Umesh]]
| align="center"| [[Drama film|Drama]] || Based on the short fiction story "Paapa Nivedane"; produced by Manu Entertainment Network || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/106356.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421184443/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/106356.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 April 2014|title= 3 For Friday|website=IndiaGlitz.com|date=18 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center"| '''25th'''
|align="center"| ''[[December-1]]''
| align="center"| [[P. Sheshadri]]
| | [[H. G. Dattatreya]], [[Nivedhitha]], Santhosh Uppina
| align="center"| [[Political drama]]
| | Winner of [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]]; produced by Basanth Productions
| align="center"|
|-
| align="center"| ''Veera Pulikeshi''
| align="center"| Ma Ba || Bharath Sarja, [[Rekha Vedavyas]], [[P. Ravi Shankar]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Raju Talikote]], Padma Vaasanthi, Honnavalli Krishna
| align="center"| [[Action film|Action]], [[Drama film|drama]] || Produced by Veeresh and Girish || align="center"| <ref name="25th April films">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/106638.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429164329/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/106638.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 April 2014|title= 3 For Friday|website=IndiaGlitz.com|date=25 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''Malli''
| align="center"| Vishnupriyan || Sujeeth, [[Disha Poovaiah]], Soujanya, Sonia
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama film|drama]] || Produced by M Narayana Gowda and Lakshmi Pathi || align="center"| <ref name="25th April films"/>
|-
|- May!
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"| '''M A Y'''
| rowspan="1" align="center"|'''1st'''
|align="center"| ''[[Maanikya]]''
| align="center"| [[Sudeep]]
| | [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], [[Sudeep]], [[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]], [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar|Varalaxmi]], [[Ranya (actress)|Ranya]], [[P. Ravi Shankar|Ravishankar]], [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]], [[Tennis Krishna]]
| align="center"| [[Action film|Action]], [[Thriller film|thriller]], [[Romance film|romance]], [[Drama film|drama]], [[Comedy film|comedy]]
| | Remake of Telugu film ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]'' (2013)
| align="center"|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center"|'''9th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Ajith (film)|Ajith]]''
| align="center"| Mahesh Babu
| | [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]], [[Nikki Galrani]]
| align="center"| [[Action film|Action]], [[Thriller film|thriller]], [[Romance film|romance]], [[Drama film|drama]], [[Comedy film|comedy]]
| | Remake of Tamil film ''[[Paiyaa]]'' (2010)
| align="center"|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"|'''16th'''
|align="center"| ''Just Love''
| align="center"| S. Nagendra Urs
| | [[Jayram Karthik|J. Karthik]], Neha Saxena, [[Achyuth Kumar]]
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama film|drama]]
| | Produced by Raajanna Films
| align="center"|
|-
| align="center"| ''[[Hara (film)|Hara]]''
| align="center"| Devaraj Palan || Vasanth, Pragna, [[Rahul Dev]], [[Vinaya Prasad]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], Dharma
| align="center"| [[Action film|Action]], [[Drama film|drama]] || Produced by Thulasi Ram; remake of Telugu film ''[[Chinnodu]]'' (2006) || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/remake-vs-swamake-on-friday-kannada-news-107566|title=Remake Vs Swamake on Friday|website=IndiaGlitz.com|date=16 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center"|'''23rd'''
|align="center"| ''[[Gajakesari]]''
| align="center"| [[Krishna (cinematographer)|Krishna]]
| | [[Yash (actor)|Yash]], [[Amulya]], [[Ananth Nag]], [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]], [[Rangayana Raghu]], [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| align="center"| [[Action film|Action]], [[Romance film|romance]], [[Period film|period]]
| | Produced by Jayanna Combines
| align="center"|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center"|'''30th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Savaari 2]]''
| align="center"| Jacob Verghese || [[Srinagar Kitty]], [[Sruthi Hariharan]], Kiran Rao, [[Girish Karnad]], [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], [[Madhurima]]
| align="center"| [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Jacob Films || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://karnataka.indiaeveryday.in/news-srinagara-kittys-savaari-2-release-date-confirmed-1160-6985530.htm|title=Srinagara Kitty's Savaari 2 Release Date Confirmed|publisher=Karnataka Everyday|date=27 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center"|'''31st'''
| align="center"| ''[[Pungi Daasa]]''
| align="center"| M. S. Sreenath || [[Komal Kumar]], [[Asma Badar]], [[R. N. Sudarshan]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[B. C. Patil]]
| align="center"| [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Produced by SSV Combines || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Kannada/Movies/News-Interviews/Pungidasa-is-a-film-for-the-family/articleshow/35724944.cms|title=Pungidasa is a film for the family|publisher=Times Of India|date=30 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|- June!
| rowspan="12" style="text-align:center; background:#50c878; textcolor:#000;"| '''J U N'''
| rowspan="3" align="center"|'''6th'''
|align="center"| ''[[Oggarane (film)|Oggarane]]''
| align="center"| [[Prakash Raj|Prakash Rai]]
| | [[Prakash Raj|Prakash Rai]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], Samyuktha Horanadu, [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
| align="center"| [[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|drama]]
| | Remake of Malayalam film ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]''; produced by Prakash Rai Productions; trilingual film (Telugu and Tamil)
| align="center"|
|-
| align="center"| ''Billion Dollar Baby''
| align="center"| Shriya Dinakar || Shriya Dinakar, [[Suresh Heblikar]], Shivadhwaj, [[Bank Janardhan]]
| align="center"| [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Dinakar || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/a-precocious-baby-indeed/article6087437.ece|title=A precocious baby indeed|work=The Hindu|date=6 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''Matthe Satyagraha''
| align="center"| B.Shivananda || [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]], Neha Patil, [[H. G. Dattatreya]]
| align="center"| [[Drama film|Drama]] || B. Shivananda || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Yogesh-shoots-for-Matte-Satyagraha/articleshow/25007520.cms|title=Yogesh shoots for Matte Satyagraha|work=The Times Of India|date=6 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center"|'''13th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Jamboo Savari (film)|Jamboo Savari]]''
| align="center"| K. C. Venugopal || [[Prajwal Devaraj]], [[Nikki Galrani]], [[Mithra (actor)|Mithra]], [[Achyuth Kumar]], Chaitra Rai
| align="center"| [[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Romance film|romance]], [[Drama film|drama]] || Remake of Telugu film ''[[Swamy Ra Ra]]''; produced by HPR Entertainment Pvt Ltd. || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-interesting-kannada-releases-this-weekend-south/20140612.htm|title=Interesting Kannada releases this weekend!|publisher=Rediff|date=12 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''[[Preethi Geethi Ityaadi]]''
| align="center"| Veerendra || [[Pawan Wadeyar]], Sangeetha Bhat, [[Vinaya Prasad]], [[Rangayana Raghu]]
| align="center"| [[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Romance film|romance]] || Produced by Yogaraj Movies, Fantasy Screens || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-interesting-kannada-releases-this-weekend-south/20140612.htm#1|title=Interesting Kannada releases this weekend!|publisher=Rediff|date=12 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''24 Carat''
| align="center"| S. Umesh || Virat, Pooja, Rishikumar, [[Rangayana Raghu]], Shobharaj
| align="center"| [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Chowdeshwari Cine Chitralaya || align="center"| <ref name="Climax for '24 Carat'!">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/climax-for-24-carat-kannada-news-100201|title=Climax for '24 Carat'!|website=IndiaGlitz|date=22 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''[[Gargar Mandala]]''
| align="center"| Ravi Basrur || Adarsh, Shemitha, Omguru, Vijay Basrur
| align="center"| [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Inkfinet Pictures || align="center"| <ref name="Climax for '24 Carat'!"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center"|'''20th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Drishya]]''
| align="center"| [[P. Vasu]]
| | [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], [[Navya Nair]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Asha Sarath]], [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Suchendra Prasad]]
| align="center"| [[Family film|Family]], [[Drama film|drama]], [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]]
| | Remake of Malayalam film ''[[Drishyam]]''; produced by E4 Entertainment
| align="center"|
|-
| align="center"| ''Typical Kailas''
| align="center"| B. N. Mallika || [[Srujan Lokesh]], Vrinda Pavana, [[Om Prakash Rao]]
| align="center"| [[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Romance film|romance]] || Produced by Sri Kaivalyaadevi Combines || align="center"| <ref name="June 20th film">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Drishya-Typical-Kailas-and-Love-is-Poison-on-June-20/articleshow/36748929.cms|title=Drishya, Typical Kailas and Love is Poison on June 20|publisher=Times Of India|date=18 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''[[Love Is Poison]]''
| align="center"| Nandan Prabhu || Rajesh, [[Shruthi Raj]], [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Akash Enterprises || align="center"| <ref name="June 20th film"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"|'''27th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Jai Lalitha]]''
| align="center"| [[Pon Kumaran]]
| | [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]], [[Disha Pandey]], [[Aishwarya Devan]], [[Ravishankar Gowda]], [[Harish Raj]]
| align="center"| [[Comedy film|Comedy]]
| align="center"| Remake of Malayalam film ''[[Mayamohini]]''; produced by Indira Productions
| align="center"|
|-
| align="center"| ''[[Paru Wife of Devadas]]''
| align="center"| Kiran Govi || [[Srinagar Kitty]], [[Soundarya Jayamala]], Neha Patil, [[V. Manohar]]
| align="center"| [[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Romance film|romance]] || Produced by Harshini Productions || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/109552.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704003610/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/109552.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 July 2014|title=It is 'Jai Vs Paru' This Week|website=IndiaGlitz.com|date=27 June 2014}}</ref>
|}

===July — December===

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| Opening
! style="width:18%;"|Title
! style="width:10.5%;"|Director
! style="width:30%;" | Cast
! style="width:10%;" | Genre !! Notes !! Ref
|- July!
| rowspan="7" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#40e0d0; textcolor:#000;" | '''J U L'''
| rowspan="3" align="center"|'''4th'''
| align="center"|''[[Rose (2014 film)|Rose]]''
| align="center"| Sahana Murthy H.S.
| | [[Ajay Rao]], Shravya, Chandrashekar, [[Sai Kumar (Kannada actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Bullet Prakash]], [[Raju Talikote]], [[Sudha Belawadi]], Pavithra Lokesh
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama film|drama]]
| | Produced by Sri Bhyraveshwara Film Planet
| align="center"|
|-
| align="center"| ''Jasmine.5''
| align="center"| V. Krishna || Mohan Kumar, Navya, Maanasa, [[Doddanna]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Bhavya]], [[Girija Lokesh]], Padmaja Rao
| align="center"| [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Bhavyasmi Movie Creations || align="center"| <ref name="4th July films"/>
|-
| align="center"| ''Makkale Maanikya''
| align="center"| [[Kodlu Ramakrishna]] || Shivadwaj, Niharika, Amogh Hande, [[Ramesh Bhat]], Lakshya, Arhan Jai, Saina, Tia, Kari Subbu
| align="center"| Children, family || Produced by Sri Banashankeri Combines || align="center"| <ref name="4th July films">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/109875.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122332/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/109875.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=3 in Battle for Friday|work=www.indiaglitz.com|date=3 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" |'''11th'''
| align="center"|''[[Sachin! Tendulkar Alla]]''
| align="center" | [[Mohan Shankar|Mohan]]
| | Master Snehith, [[Suhasini Maniratnam]], [[Venkatesh Prasad]], [[Sudharani]], [[Javagal Srinath]]
| align="center" | [[Sports film|Sports]], [[Drama film|frama]]
| | Produced by A.N.S Productions
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center"| ''[[Aakramana]]''
| align="center"| Prashanth Kumar
| | [[Raghu Mukherjee]], [[Daisy Shah]], [[Shilpi Sharma (actress, born 1994)|Shilpi Sharma]], [[Makrand Deshpande]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
| align="center"| [[Horror film|Horror]], [[Thriller film|thriller]]
| | First 3D horror movie in Kannada
| align="center"|
|-
| align="center"| ''Sri Guru Thipperudraswamy Pavada''
| align="center"| B Shivanand || [[B. C. Patil]], [[M. S. Umesh]], Arun, Dingri Nagaraj, Kote Nagaraj
| align="center"| [[Biographical film|Biographical]], [[Drama film|drama]] || Produced by Mantralaya Productions || align="center"| <ref name="11th July films">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/110238.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713113347/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/110238.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 July 2014|title=All 3 Originals this Week|work=www.indiaglitz.com|date=11 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" |'''25th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Bahuparak]]''
| align="center"| [[Simple Suni|Suni]] || [[Srinagar Kitty]], [[Meghana Raj]], [[Bhavana Rao]], [[Rakshit Shetty]]
| align="center"| [[Romantic comedy]] || Produced by Suvin Cinemas || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/reviews/2014/bahuparak-movie-review-155080.html|title=Bahuparak - Movie Review|publisher=www.entertainment.oneindia.com|date=24 July 2014|access-date=25 July 2014|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808075938/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/reviews/2014/bahuparak-movie-review-155080.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|- August!
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;"| '''A U G'''
| rowspan="2" align="center" |'''1st'''
| align="center"| ''[[Aryan (2014 film)|Aaryan]]''
| align="center" | [[D. Rajendra Babu|D.Rajendra Babu]] [[Chi. Guru Dutt|Chi. Gurudutt]]
| | [[Shivarajkumar]], [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]], [[Raghu Mukherjee]], [[Archana Gupta]], [[Sarath Babu|Sharath Babu]], [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]], [[Bullet Prakash]]
| align="center" | [[Sports film|Sports]], [[Drama film|drama]]
| | Produced by Dreamweaver Entertainment
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center"| ''Miss Mallige''
| align="center"| Krishna || Ranjan Shetty, Roopa Nataraj
| align="center"| [[Erotic thriller]] || Produced by Chamundeshwari Studios || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.udayavani.com/PDF/Bangalore/2014-08-01/ban01081404ssch.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106130427/https://epaper.udayavani.com/PDF/Bangalore/2014-08-01/ban01081404ssch.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2019|title=Ee Vaara Therege 2 Chitragalu|publisher=epaper.udayavani.com|date=1 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" |'''8th'''
| align="center"| ''143''
Nooranalavathmuru
| align="center"| Chandrakantha || Chandrakantha, Kavitha Bist
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by E=mc2 Motion Pictures || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/nooranalavatmuru143|title=Nooranalavatmuru 143|publisher=Facebook.com|date=8 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''Panganama''
| align="center"| Gururaj || [[Sadhu Kokila]], Gururaj, Ithi Acharya, Akshata Rao, [[Doddanna]]
| align="center"| [[Comedy (genre)|Comedy]] || Produced by Entertainment Guru || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kannada-film-maker-gururaj-is-making-a-debut-with-panganama/387981-71-205.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140812015233/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kannada-film-maker-gururaj-is-making-a-debut-with-panganama/387981-71-205.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 August 2014|title=Kannada film maker Gururaj is making a debut with 'Panganama' |publisher=IBN Live|date=26 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''Baasu Ade Hale Kathe''
| align="center"| Shaan Ali || Shaan Ali, Shobhina, Kavya
| align="center"| [[Drama (genre)|Drama]] || Produced by Shri Shasta Movie Makers || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/4624-shaan-turns-hero-with-bossu-ade-hale-kathe.html|title=Shaan Turns Hero With Bossu Ade Hale Kathe |publisher=Chitraloka|date=25 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" |'''15th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Adyaksha]]''
| align="center"| [[Nanda Kishore]]
| | [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]], Raksha, [[P. Ravi Shankar]], [[Ramesh Bhat]], [[Chikkanna]]
| align="center"| [[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|drama]]
| | Remake of Tamil film ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]''; produced by Shree Shankar Movies
| align="center"|
|-
| align="center"| ''Gandhiji Kanasu''
| align="center"| Ramesh S Paravi Naikar || Ramesh, Roopika, [[M.N Lakshmi Devi]], Honnavalli Krishna, Rekha Das, [[Bank Janardhan]]
| align="center"| [[Drama (genre)|Drama]] || Produced by Sri Chowdeshwari Films || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/112082.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818225804/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/112082.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2014|title=2 For Friday|work=www.indiaglitz.com|date=16 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| '''28th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Power (2014 Kannada film)|Power ***]]''
| align="center"| K. Madesh || [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], [[Trisha Krishnan]], [[Kelly Dorjee]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Thilak Shekar]], [[Rangayana Raghu]]
| align="center"| [[Action (genre)|Action]] || Remake of Telugu film ''[[Dookudu]]''; produced by 14 Reels Entertainment || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/I-Hope-Power-Does-Well-Puneeth-Rajkumar/2014/07/12/article2326812.ece1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715215946/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/I-Hope-Power-Does-Well-Puneeth-Rajkumar/2014/07/12/article2326812.ece1|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2014| title=I Hope Power*** Does Well: Puneeth Rajkumar|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=12 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|- September!
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:orange; textcolor:#000;"| '''S E P'''
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''5th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Tirupathi Express (film)|Thirupathi Express]]''
| align="center"| [[Pon Kumaran]]
| | [[Sumanth Shailendra]], [[Kriti Kharbanda]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]]
| align="center"| [[Comedy film|Comedy]], [[Drama film|drama]]
| | Remake of Telugu film ''[[Venkatadri Express]]''; produced by Shailendra Productions
| align="center"|
|-
| align="center"| ''Ingale Maarga''
| align="center"| Vishal Raj || [[Suchendra Prasad]], Shivani, Roopika, Shankar Ashwath, Ramesh Pandit
| align="center"| [[Drama film|Drama]] || || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.udayavani.com/PDF/Bangalore/2014-09-05/ban05091404ssch.pdf|title=Ee Vaara Therege 2 Chitragalu|publisher=epaper.udayavani.com|date=5 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907123650/http://epaper.udayavani.com/PDF/Bangalore/2014-09-05/ban05091404ssch.pdf|archive-date=7 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center"| '''12th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Paramashiva]]''
| align="center"| Mahesh Babu || [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], [[Saranya Mohan]], [[Sakshi Shivanand]], [[Vijay Raghavendra]], [[Rekha Vedavyas]], [[Srujan Lokesh]]
| align="center"| [[Drama film|Family drama]] || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Samudhiram]]''; produced by Anaji Nagaraj || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Three-Year-Old-Paramashiva-Finally-Sees-Light-of-Day/2014/09/11/article2424730.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911191206/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Three-Year-Old-Paramashiva-Finally-Sees-Light-of-Day/2014/09/11/article2424730.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 September 2014| title=Three-Year-Old Paramashiva Finally Sees Light of Day |publisher=The New Indian Express|date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''Nenapideya''
| align="center"| S. K. Srinivas || Shravanth Rao, Khushi Shah, [[Naveen Krishna]], Shobharaj
| align="center"| [[Horror film|Horror]], [[Thriller film|thriller]] || Produced by Om Visions || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timescity.com/bangalore-movie/Show-Times/nenapideya/6799| title=Show Times for: Nenapideya|publisher=Times City|date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''Pandya''
| align="center"| Devu || Chandru, Suku, Spoorthi, Manasi
| align="center"| [[Romantic drama]] || Produced by Kalabhairava Arts || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cineloka.co.in/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=252|title=A new movie---"PANDYA"!!!!!|publisher=Cineloka|date=11 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912120119/http://www.cineloka.co.in/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=252|archive-date=12 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center"| '''19th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Super Ranga]]''
| align="center"| [[Sadhu Kokila]] || [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], [[Kriti Kharbanda]], [[Raghu Mukherjee]], [[Doddanna]]
| align="center"| [[Action film|Action]], [[drama]] || Remake of Telugu film ''[[Kick (2009 film)|Kick]]''; produced by K Manju Cinemaas || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/Upendras-Super-Ranga-releases-today/articleshow/42866124.cms|title=Upendra tells you why you must watch Super Ranga|publisher=Times of India| date=19 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center"| '''26th'''
| align="center"| ''Doodh Sagar''
| align="center"| Samuel Tony || Akshay, Deepika Das, [[Ramya Barna]], [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]], Neenasam Ashwath
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]], [[drama]] || Produced by Chamundeshwari Studio and Lab || align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Debut-Film-Doodh-Sagar-Set-for-Release/2014/09/24/article2446059.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002035418/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Debut-Film-Doodh-Sagar-Set-for-Release/2014/09/24/article2446059.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 October 2014|title=Debut Film Doodh Sagar Set for Release |publisher=The New Indian Express | date=24 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|- October!
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#eef003; textcolor:#000;"| '''O C T'''
| rowspan="1" align="center"| '''2nd'''
| align="center"| ''[[Simhadri (2014 film)|Simhadri]]''
| align="center"| Shivamani || [[Duniya Vijay]], [[Soundarya Jayamala]], Aishwarya, [[Ramesh Bhat]]
| align="center"| [[Action film|Action]], [[Drama film|drama]] || Produced by Mega Hit Films || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/5504-shivamani-returns-back-with-simhadri.html| title=Shivamani's Simhadri Releasing On Oct 2nd |publisher=Chitraloka|date=1 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center"| '''3rd'''
| align="center"| ''[[Bahaddur]]''
| align="center"| Chethan Kumar || [[Dhruva Sarja]], [[Radhika Pandit]]
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Action film|action]] || Produced by RS Productions || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/5508-dhruva-film-bahaddur.html| title=Bahaddur Releasing on 3rd Oct |publisher=Chitraloka|date=2 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''10th'''
| align="center"| ''Usiriginta''
| align="center"| Soorya Kiran || Soorya Kiran, Esther Noronha
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama film|drama]] || Produced by E K Enterprises || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=264393| title=Ester Noronha's Kannada debut movie 'Usiriginta...' to release on Oct 2 |publisher=Daijiworld|date=18 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''Gante Ondu''
| align="center"| Murali || Vinay, Suma
| align="center"| [[Horror film|Horror]] || Produced by Ashwini Enterprises || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandalwoodking.com/topic/7174-movie-gante-ondu-releasing-on-10-10-2014/| title=Movie -- Gante Ondu -- Releasing on 10-10-2014 |publisher=Sandalwood King|date=8 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center"| '''17th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Neenade Naa]]''
| align="center"| Kandhas || [[Prajwal Devaraj]], Priyanka Kandwal, Ankitha Maheshwari, [[Doddanna]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Action film|action]] || Produced by Dynamic Visions || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/5549-neenade-naa-releasing-on-october-17th.html| title=Neenade Naa Releasing on October 17th |publisher=Chitraloka|date=2 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''24th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Namaste Madam]]''
| align="center"| R. Raghuraj || [[Srinagar Kitty]], [[Ragini Dwivedi]], [[Nikesha Patel]], [[Nikita Thukral]], [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama film|drama]] || Remake of Telugu film ''[[Missamma (2003 film)|Missamma]]''; produced by RG Pictures || align="center"| <ref name = "O24" />
|-
| align="center"| ''[[Fair & Lovely (film)|Fair & Lovely]]''
| align="center"| Raghuram || [[Prem Kumar (Kannada actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Shwetha Srivatsav]]
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama film|drama]] || Produced by Jade Plant Ventures || align="center"| <ref name = "O24">{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2014/fair-and-lovely-vs-namasthe-madam-on-october-24th-162267.html| title=Fair & Lovely Vs Namasthe Madam On October 24th |website=filmibeat.com |date= 23 October 2014 |access-date= 23 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center"| '''31st'''
| align="center"| ''[[Belli (film)|Belli]]''
| align="center"| Mussanje Mahesh || [[Shivarajkumar]], [[Kriti Kharbanda]], Vinod Prabhakar, Prashanth, Adi Lokesh, Deepak
| align="center"| [[Drama film|Drama]], [[Action film|action]] || Produced by Yashaswini Cine Creations|| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangalorewishesh.com/entertainment-movies-films/376-movie-gossips/36705-shivaraj-kumar-belli-to-release-on-oct-31.html| title=Shivaraj Kumar Belli to release on Oct 31 |publisher=Bangalorewishesh|date=27 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''[[Ee Dil Helide Nee Bekkantha|Ee Dil Helide Nee Bekantha]]''
| align="center"| T. M. Srinivasa || Jugari Avinash, Shree Shruti
| align="center"| [[Drama film|Drama]], [[Romance film|romance]] || Produced by Sai Krishna Movies|| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.bookmyshow.com/buytickets/ee-dil-helide-nee-bekantha-hubli/movie-hubl-ET00025319-MT/20141031| title=Ee Dil Helide Nee Bekantha |publisher=Bookmyshow|access-date=31 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''Jaggi''
| align="center"| Raju || Sunil Raj, Ahana, [[Neethu (actress)|Neethu]], Sandeep
| align="center"| [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Abhinandan Productions || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/116941.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029142816/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/116941.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2015| title='Jaggi' Set for Oct 31|website=IndiaGlitz|date=21 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|- November!
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"| '''N O V'''
| align="center"| '''7th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Jaihind 2|Abhimanyu]]''
| align="center"| [[Arjun Sarja]] || [[Arjun Sarja]], Simran Kapoor, [[Surveen Chawla]], [[Rahul Dev]]
| align="center"| [[Action film|Action]] || Trilingual film released as ''[[Jaihind 2]]'' in Tamil and Telugu; produced by Sri Ram Films International || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/films-should-go-beyond-entertainment-arjun-sarja_1495265.html| title=Films should go beyond entertainment: Arjun Sarja|publisher=Zee News|date=7 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| '''14th'''
| align="center"| ''Central Jail''
| align="center"| J. Balaram || Srikanth, Gamya, [[Sharath Lohitashwa]], [[Vinaya Prasad]], [[Rajesh (Kannada actor)|Rajesh]], Neenasam Ashwath
| align="center"| [[Action film|Action]] || Produced by Sri Productions || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.sulekha.com/central-jail_kannada_movie_release-date| title=Central Jail Release Date|publisher=Sulekha Movies|date=2014}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"| '''20th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Ambareesha]]''
| align="center"| Mahesh Sukhadhare
| | [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]], [[Ambareesh]], [[Priyamani]], [[Rachita Ram]], [[Umashree]], [[Kelly Dorjee]], [[Sumalatha]]
| align="center"| [[Action film|Action]], [[Drama film|drama]]
| | Produced by Sukhadhare Productions
| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2014/ambareesha-opens-to-massive-response-165037.html|title=Ambareesha Opens To Massive Response|publisher=Filmibeat|date=20 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center"| '''28th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Namo Boothatma]]''
| align="center"| Murali || [[Komal Kumar]], [[Iswarya Menon]], [[Nikita Thukral]], [[Gayathri Iyer]], [[Harish Raj]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], [[Anaswara Kumar]]
| align="center"| [[Horror film|Horror]], [[Comedy film|comedy]] || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Yaamirukka Bayamey]]''; produced by RS Infotainment Pvt Ltd || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/namo-bhootatma-star-cast-upbeat-imagegallery-2-kannada-ol1lruigigieb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128050948/http://www.sify.com/movies/namo-bhootatma-star-cast-upbeat-imagegallery-2-kannada-ol1lruigigieb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 January 2015 | title='Namo Bhootatma' star cast upbeat |website=[[Sify]]|date=27 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''[[Love in Mandya]]''
| align="center"| Arasu Anthare || [[Sathish Ninasam]], [[Sindhu Lokanath]]
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Sri Venkateshwara Krupa Entertainers|| align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2014/love-in-mandya-namo-boothatma-released-165937.html| title=Love In Mandya & Namo Boothatma Released | date=28 November 2014 |publisher= Filmibeat |access-date=28 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''[[Huccha Venkat (2014 film)|Huccha Venkat]]''
| align="center"| [[Huccha Venkat]] || [[Huccha Venkat]], Kavitha, [[R. N. Sudarshan]], [[Ramesh Bhat]]
| align="center"| [[Drama film|Drama]] || || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Audio-launch-of-Huccha-Venkata-held-in-Bangalore/articleshow/35333944.cms| title=Audio launch of Huccha Venkata held in Bangalore |work= The Times of India|access-date=16 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|- December!
| rowspan="12" style="text-align:center; background:skyBlue; textcolor:#000;"| '''D E C'''
| rowspan="4" align="center"| '''5th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Software Ganda]]''
| align="center"| Venkatesh || [[Jaggesh]], [[Nikita Thukral]], Jayaprakash Shetty, [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]], Sakshi Agarwal
| align="center"| [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Remake of Malayalam film ''[[My Boss]]''; produced by Sri Marikamba Films || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/software-ganda-hitting-silver-screen-on-december-5th/243406.html| title=Software Ganda hitting silver screen on December 5th|publisher=KannadaPrabha|date=4 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''Pyar Ka Gol Gumbaz''
| align="center"| Dhanush || Dhanush, Poornima
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by VVM Cinemas || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.co.in/movies?hl=en&near=Indira+Nagar,+Bengaluru,+Karnataka&dq=pyar+ka+gol+gumbaz&sort=1&mid=9a72afdbf9cfa8e3&tid=8d2a243e443025f6&sa=X&ei=6VeBVOvGFdCPuATFzILQDQ&sqi=2&ved=0CBoQwAMoAQ| title=Pyar Ka Gol Gumbaz - Google Search|date=5 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''Ka''
| align="center"| Sai Krishna || Sharath, Shine, Manu, Madhukar, Siddartha, Mahesh, Ajith, Raghuram, Sri, Vishal, Sundeep, Deepak, Sullan, Vikram, Mounish, Namratha, Anusha, Pavitra, Pallavi, Deepa, Nayina, Deepthi
| align="center"| [[Anthology film|Anthology]] || Produced by Sai Geetha Movies || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/ka.html| title=KA (U/A)|publisher=Filmibeat|date=5 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''[[Baanaadi]]''
| align="center"| Nagaraj Kote || Praful Vishwakarma, [[H. G. Dattatreya]], Rajesh Nataranga
| align="center"| [[Children's film|Children's]] || Produced by Dhruthi Cinema || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/baanadi-mounts--kannada-news-106532|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924061702/http://www.indiaglitz.com/baanadi-mounts--kannada-news-106532|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015| title='Baanadi' Mounts!|website=IndiaGlitz|date=23 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''12th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Jai Bajarangabali|Jai Bajarang Bali]]''
| align="center"| Ravi Verma Gubbi || [[Ajay Rao]], [[Sindhu Lokanath]], [[Ananth Nag]], Shruthi Naidu, Adi Lokesh
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Harmonium Reeds || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/jai-bajarang-bali-on-dec-12-kannada-news-120071| title='Jai Bajarang Bali' on Dec 12|website=IndiaGlitz|date=3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''Naanu Hemanth Avalu Sevanthi''
| align="center"| Sudhakar Bannanje || Rajaneesh, Lekha Chandra, Vijesh Shetty
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Comedy film|comedy]] || Produced by Snehakripa Movies || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/which-kannada-film-will-you-watch-this-weekend-vote/20141212.htm| title=Which Kannada film will you watch this weekend?|publisher=Rediffmail|date=12 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center"| '''19th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Haggada Kone]]''
| align="center"| [[Dayal Padmanabhan]] || [[Naveen Krishna]], [[Suchendra Prasad]], [[H. G. Dattatreya]], [[Srinivasa Murthy]], [[Sihi Kahi Geetha]]
| align="center"| [[Crime film|Crime]], [[Drama film|drama]] || Produced by Veerabhadreshwara Films || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Why-Haggada-Kone-is-only-releasing-in-multiplexs/articleshow/44895049.cms| title=Why 'Haggada Kone' is only releasing in multiplexs|publisher=Times Of India|date=21 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''Chirayu''
| align="center"| 'Orata' Prashanth || Prashanth, [[Shubha Poonja]], [[Om Prakash Rao]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
| align="center"| [[Action film|Action]] || Produced by Cine Creations || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandalwoodking.com/topic/4689-chirayu-orata-prashanth-shubha-punja-prashanth-rshankar-19th-december-2014-release/page-2 |title=Chirayu - Orata Prashanth, Shubha Punja - Prashanth -R.Shankar - 19th December 2014 release|publisher=Sandalwood King|access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''Kolaahala''
| align="center"| Bhaskar || Kuri Sunil, Murali, [[Babloo Prithiveeraj|Prithviraj]], Chetan, Dhaanvi Kote, Kaamna Singh, Poornima Gowda
| align="center"| [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by Sao Vipan Ganda || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/moviegallery/19057.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220182354/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/moviegallery/19057.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2014 |title=Kolahala Movie Gallery|access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''Sorry Kane''
| align="center"| Roopesh Raj || Roopesh Raj, [[Charan Raj]], Archana
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]] || Produced by Director Dream Creations || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140518/entertainment-sandalwood/gallery/kannada-movie-sorry-kane-new-stills|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141219061500/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140518/entertainment-sandalwood/gallery/kannada-movie-sorry-kane-new-stills|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 December 2014|title=Kannada movie 'Sorry Kane' new stills|date=18 May 2014 |access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''25th'''
| align="center"| ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]''
| align="center"| Santhosh Anandram || [[Yash (actor)|Yash]], [[Radhika Pandit]]
| align="center"| [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Drama film|drama]] || Produced by Jayanna Combines || align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mr-and-mrs-ramachari-to-hit-screens-on-dec-25-news-kannada-omtkqyjajihig.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219181409/http://www.sify.com/movies/mr-and-mrs-ramachari-to-hit-screens-on-dec-25-news-kannada-omtkqyjajihig.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 December 2014|title='Mr and Mrs Ramachari' to hit screens on Dec 25|website=[[Sify]] |access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| ''Jothi alias Kothiraj''
| align="center"| Sebastien David || Jyothiraj, Aishani Shetty, Deepika Das, [[Ramesh Bhat]]
| align="center"| [[Drama film|Drama]] || Produced by V G Films || align="center"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/Jyothi-Raj-alias-Kothi-Raj-audio-release/articleshow/42343537.cms|title=Jyothi Raj alias Kothi Raj audio release|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 December 2014}}</ref>
|}

==Notable deaths==
{| class="wikitable"
! Month !! Date !! Name !! Age !! Sex !! Profession !! Notable work
|- valign="top"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in February 2014|February]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''13''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Balu Mahendra]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"| 74
| style="text-align:center;"|Male || style="text-align:center;"| [[Film Director|Director]], [[cinematographer]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Kokila (1977 film)|Kokila]]'' • ''[[Pallavi Anu Pallavi]]''
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''28''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[C. R. Simha]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 72
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| Male || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| [[Actor]], [[Film Director|director]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Samskara (film)|Samskara]]'' • ''[[Bara (1982 film)|Bara]]'' • ''[[Parameshi Prema Prasanga]]'' • ''[[Kakanakote]]'' • ''[[Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige]]'' • ''Shikaari'' • ''Simhasana'' • ''Ashwamedha'' • ''Angayalli Apsare'' • ''Nee Bareda Kadambari'' • ''Rayaru Bandaru Mavana Manege'' • ''Nee Thanda Kanike'' • ''Indina Ramayana'' • ''Ranaranga''
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in March 2014|March]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''16''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''Ravindranath'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 63
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| Male || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| [[Film Director|Director]], [[actor]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''Aparanji'' • ''Henne Ninageke Ee Bandhana'' • ''Veerappan'' • ''Thayi Kotta Thali'' • ''Lancha Lancha Lancha'' • ''Sangliana 3'' • ''Nammoora Huduga'' • ''Tappida Taala'' • ''Jogaiah'' • ''[[Prem Adda]]'' • ''Bhaktha Siriyala'' • ''Ganda Hendathi'' • ''I Love You''
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''19''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''V. Sanath Kumar '''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 43
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| Male || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| [[Film Producer|Producer]], [[Film Director|director]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Eddelu Manjunatha]]'' • other documentary films
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in April 2014|April]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''5''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''Hanumantha Kattimani'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 35
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| Male || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| [[Film distributor|Distributor]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Chatrapathi (2012 film)|Chatrapathi]]''
|-
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''7''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[V. K. Murthy]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 90
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| Male || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| [[Cinematographer]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Hoovu Hannu]]''
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in May 2014|May]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''8''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''Raghuveer'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 46
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| Male || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| [[Film Actor|Actor]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Chaitrada Premanjali]]'' • ''Shrungara Kavya'' • ''Kaveri Theeradalli'' • ''Uyyale'' • ''Naviloora Naidile'' • ''August 15''
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in June 2014|June]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''22''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Rama Narayanan|Rama Narayan]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 65
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| Male || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| [[Film Director|Director]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Bhairavi (film)|Bhairavi]]'' • ''Shambhavi'' • ''Dakshayini'' • ''[[Kalpana (2012 film)|Kalpana]]'' • ''Bhuvaneshwari'' • ''Jagadeeshwari'' • ''Bombat Car''
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in July 2014|July]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''20''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Kadhal Dhandapani|Dhandapani]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 71
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| Male || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| [[Film Actor|Actor]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Super (2010 Indian film)|Super]]''
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[Deaths in December 2014|December]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''23''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| '''[[K. Balachander]]'''
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| 84
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| Male || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| [[Film director|Director]], [[Film producer|producer]], [[screenwriter]] || style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"| ''[[Benkiyalli Aralida Hoovu]]'' • ''[[Sundara Swapnagalu]]'' • ''[[Eradu Rekhegalu]]'' • ''Mugila Mallige''
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/search/title?at=0&languages=kn|1&sort=num_votes&year=2014,2014 Kannada Movies of 2014] at [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Cinema of Karnataka}}
{{2014 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kannada Films Of 2014}}
[[Category:Lists of 2014 films by language]]
[[Category:Lists of Kannada films by year|2014]]
[[Category:2014 in Indian cinema]]

Brokskat language

2026-01-31T18:03:07Z

SusannahParish: Adding New Post...

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and Pakistan}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[Brokkat language]] of Bhutan}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Brokskat
| states = [[India]], [[Pakistan]]
| region = [[Ladakh]], [[Baltistan]]
| ethnicity = [[Brokpa]] (Dards)
| speakers = about 3,000
| date = 1996
| ref = <ref name="ial"/>
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Dardic languages|Eastern Dardic]]
| fam5 = Shinaic
| iso3 = bkk
| glotto = brok1247
| glottorefname = Brokskat
| altname = Minaro / مینارو
| nativename = {{lang|bkk-Tibt|དརྡ་དི་ཨརྱ།}} / {{lang|bkk-Arab|{{unq|بروقسکت}}}}
| script = [[Tibetan script]], [[Nastaliq script]]<ref name="dict">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.language.0151|title=Brokskat-Urdu-Hindi-English Dictionary|date=27 May 1989|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
}}

'''Brokskat''' ({{bo|t=འབྲོག་སྐད་|w=’brog skad}})<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Bray |chapter=Corvée transport labour in 19th and early 20th century Ladakh: a study in continuity and change |editor1=Martijn van Beek |editor2=Fernanda Pirie |title=Modern Ladakh: Anthropological Perspectives on Continuity and Change |publisher=BRILL |date=2008 |isbn=978-90-474-4334-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO95DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 |page=46}}</ref> or '''Minaro'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhagabati |first=Dikshit Sarma |date=2018-08-03 |title=Onstage and Offstage |url=https://www.academia.edu/43104591 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=53 |issue=31 |quote=The mother tongue of the Brokpa is '''Dardiarya''', an Indo–Aryan language, though their vocabulary heavily borrows from Ladakhi. |via=academia.edu}}</ref> is an [[Endangered language|endangered]] [[Indo-Aryan language]] spoken by the [[Brokpa]] people in the lower [[Indus River|Indus Valley]] of [[Ladakh]] and its surrounding areas.<ref name="ial">{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Danesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA889 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |last2=Cardona |first2=George |date=2007-07-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |pages=889 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Ethnologue, 15th Edition |publisher=SIL International |year=2005 |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnologuelangua0000unse_g7e1/pagae=357|via=archive.org |url-access=registration |page=357 |quote='''Minaro''' is an alternate ethnic name. "'''Brokpa'''" is the name given by the Ladakhi for the people. "'''Brokskat'''" is the language.}}</ref> It is the oldest surviving member of the ancient [[Dardic languages|Dardic language]].<ref>{{citation |title=Ethnologue, 15th Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnologuelangua0000unse_g7e1/pagae=357 |page=357 |year=2005 |publisher=SIL International |quote=Brokskat’ is the language. This is the oldest surviving member of the ancient Dardic language. |via=archive.org |url-access=registration}}</ref> It is considered a divergent variety of [[Shina language|Shina]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/ethnologuelangua0000unse_g7e1 |title=Ethnologue : languages of the world |date=2005 |publisher=Dallas, Tex. : SIL International |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-55671-159-6 |quote=A very divergent variety of Shina}}</ref> but it is not mutually intelligible with the other dialects of Shina.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Danesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA889 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |last2=Cardona |first2=George |date=2007-07-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |quote=And is not mutually intelligible with the other shina language}}</ref> It is only spoken by 2,858 people in Ladakh and 400 people in the adjoining [[Baltistan]] (in areas such as the [[Kharmang Valley]]), part of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], a region administered by [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-16 |title=بروسکت: پاکستان میں ایک نئی زبان دریافت |url=https://www.independenturdu.com/node/96706 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Independent Urdu |language=ur}}</ref>

== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
!rowspan=2|[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
!rowspan=2|[[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
!rowspan=2|[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
!colspan=2|[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!rowspan=2|[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- style="font-size: x-small;"
! {{small|plain}}
! {{small|[[Labialization|labialized]]}}
|-
!colspan=2|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|
|{{IPA link|k}}
|{{IPA link|kʷ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡʷ}}
|
|-
!rowspan="2" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|
|{{IPA link|t͡s}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|
|{{IPA link|d͡z}}
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|{{IPA link|f}}
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|{{IPA link|v}}
|{{IPA link|z}}
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|
|}
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center"
|+ Vowel inventory{{sfn|Ramaswamy|1982|p=7}}
!
! colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| style="border-right:0" | {{IPAslink|i}}
| style="border-left:0" | {{IPAslink|iː}}
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right:0" | {{IPAslink|u}}
| style="border-left:0" | {{IPAslink|uː}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| style="border-right:0" | {{IPAslink|e}}
| style="border-left:0" | {{IPAslink|eː}}
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right:0" | {{IPAslink|o}}
| style="border-left:0" | {{IPAslink|oː}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right:0" | {{IPAslink|a}}
| style="border-left:0" | {{IPAslink|aː}}
| colspan="2" |
|}

== Etymology ==

'''Exonym'''

The term ''Brokskat'' translates to {{Gloss|the language of the Brokpa}} in the [[Tibetic language]]. The name ''Brokpa'' is used by Ladakhi and Balti [[Tibetic]] origin people to refer to this ethnic group. ''Brokpa'' means {{Gloss|hill-dweller}} or {{Gloss|hillbilly}}, reflecting their historical lifestyle as hunters in the upper mountainous regions.

'''Endonym'''

The Brokpa themselves refer to their language as {{Lang|bkk-latn|Minaro}} and identify their ethnic group with the term as well. Their ancient religion is also known as Minaro. Recent articles also refer to the Brokpa community as "Dard Aryans", recognizing it as their cultural identity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-dard-aryans-of-ladakh-who-are-this-tribe-what-are-their-concerns-5574657/|title=The Dard Aryans of Ladakh: who are this tribe, what are their concerns?|date=8 February 2019}}</ref>

==Vocabulary==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! English !! Brokskat in Roman script !! Brokskat in Bodyig script !! Nastaliq Script
|-
| Water || {{lang|bkk-latn|wa}} || {{lang|bkk-Tibt|ཝུའ་}} || {{lang|bkk-Arab|وا}}
|-
| Fire || {{lang|bkk-latn|ghur}} || {{lang|bkk-Tibt|གཱུར}} || {{lang|bkk-Arab|غُور}}
|-
| Sun || {{lang|bkk-latn|Suri}} || {{lang|bkk-Tibt|སུརིའ་}} || {{lang|bkk-Arab|سُوری}}
|-
| Moon || {{lang|bkk-latn|gyun}} || {{lang|bkk-Tibt|གྱུན}} || {{lang|bkk-Arab|گیون}}
|-
| Mountain || {{lang|bkk-latn|chur}} || {{lang|bkk-Tibt|ཆུར}} || {{lang|bkk-Arab|چُھور}}
|-
| Human || {{lang|bkk-latn|mush}} || {{lang|bkk-Tibt|མུཤ}} || {{lang|bkk-Arab|مُوش}}
|-
| Land || {{lang|bkk-latn|bun}} || {{lang|bkk-Tibt|བུན}} || {{lang|bkk-Arab|بُون}}
|-
| Boy || {{lang|bkk-latn|byo}} || {{lang|bkk-Tibt|བྱོ}} || {{lang|bkk-Arab|بیو}}
|-
| Girl || {{lang|bkk-latn|molay}} || {{lang|bkk-Tibt|མོལེའ་}} || {{lang|bkk-Arab|مولیہ}}
|-
| Baby || {{lang|bkk-latn|bubu}} || {{lang|bkk-Tibt|བུའབུའ}} || {{lang|bkk-Arab|بُوبُو}}
|-
| Knife || {{lang|bkk-latn|cutter}} || {{lang|bkk-Tibt|ཀཊའར}} || {{lang|bkk-Arab|قَٹر}}
|}

== Verb tenses ==

There are two tenses, past and non-past.<ref>{{Cite web|title=:: CIIL Grammars ::|url=http://grammars.ciil.org/brokskat/71-72.asp|website=grammars.ciil.org|access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! English !! Brokskat-present tense !! Brokskat-past tense !! Broskat-future tense !! Imperative
|-
| To go || {{lang|bkk-latn|byas}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|go}}<ref group=note>Not english as per the citation in this section.</ref>|| {{lang|bkk-latn|byungs}} ||{{lang|bkk-latn|boyai}}
|-
| To stand || {{lang|bkk-latn|autheis}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|authait}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|authiyungs}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|authi}}
|-
| To break || {{lang|bkk-latn|phitais}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|phitaiat}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|phitiaungs}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|phitai}}
|-
| To open || {{lang|bkk-latn|aunis}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|auniat}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|auniungs}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|auni}}
|-
| To laugh || {{lang|bkk-latn|hazis}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|hazit}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|haziungs}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|hazi}}
|-
| To sit || {{lang|bkk-latn|bazhais}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|bazhit}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|bazhiungs}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|bazhi}}
|-
| To walk || {{lang|bkk-latn|zazis}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|zazit}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|zaziungs}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|zazi}}
|-
| To throw || {{lang|bkk-latn|faitis}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|faitiat}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|fatiungs}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|fati}}
|-
| To look || {{lang|bkk-latn|skis}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|skait}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|skiungs}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|ski}}
|-
| To cut || {{lang|bkk-latn|chhinis}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|chinait}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|chhiniungs}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|chhini}}
|-
| To count || {{lang|bkk-latn|gyanis}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|gyaniat}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|gyaniungs}} || {{lang|bkk-latn|gyani}}
|}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title=Brokskat Grammar|first=N|last=Ramaswamy|year=1982|series=CIIL Grammar Series|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.1597/page/n2/mode/1up|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages}}

{{Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Languages of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Languages of Pakistan}}
{{Languages of India}}

[[Category:Dardic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Languages of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]

{{IndoAryan-lang-stub}}

Indispensable (1791 ship)

2026-01-27T22:56:45Z

SusannahParish: Adding Initial Page W/ Infobox - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image = Arrival of the ships Asp and Indispensable at New Island, November 1814 (C. H. Barnard).png
|image_caption = ''Arrival of the ships Asp and Indispensable'' (right) ''at New Island'' (November 1814, engraving by the sketch of castaway captain [[Charles Barnard (castaway)|C. H. Barnard]])
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|country = France
|flag = [[File:Civil and Naval Ensign of France.svg|45px]]
|name = ''Indispensable''
|builder = Bordeaux
|launched = 1791
|captured = Early 1793
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header = title
|country = Great Britain
|flag = {{shipboxflag|Kingdom of Great Britain|civil}}
|name = ''Indispensable''
|acquired = 11 May 1793
|owner = Daniel Bennett (1793-1827)
|fate = 26 April 1830, Register cancelled as demolition was complete{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=132}}
}}

|section4={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|tons_burthen = 350,{{sfnp|Sarre|2007|p=136}} or 351,<ref name=LoM>{{cite web|title=Letter of Marque|url=http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf|page=69|access-date=27 October 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020052005/http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf|archive-date=20 October 2016}}</ref> or 351{{small|{{frac|40|94}}}},{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=132}} or 362{{sfnp|House of Commons|1816}}{{sfnp|Stanbury|Henderson|Derrien|Bigourdan|2015|loc=App.7}} ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
|length = {{cvt|106|ft|3|in|m|1|abbr=on}}{{sfnp|Stanbury|Henderson|Derrien|Bigourdan|2015|loc=App.7}}
|beam = {{cvt|28|ft|9|in|m|1|abbr=on}}{{sfnp|Stanbury|Henderson|Derrien|Bigourdan|2015|loc=App.7}}
|propulsion = Sail
|complement = *1793: 20<ref name=LoM/>
*1800: 32<ref name=LoM/>
*1804: 35<ref name=LoM/>
*1806: 25<ref name=LoM/>
|armament = *1793: 8 × 6-pounder guns + 1 × 4-pounder [[coehorn]], + 4 [[swivel gun]]s<ref name=LoM/>
*1799: 12 × 6-pounder + 2 × 4-pounder guns, + 2 × 18-pounder [[carronade]]s<ref>''Lloyd's Register'' (1799).</ref>
*1800: 16 × 6-, 9-, & 18-pounder guns<ref name=LoM/>
*1804: 16 × 6-pounder guns<ref name=LoM/>
*1806: 12 × 6-pounder guns<ref name=LoM/>
}}
}}
'''''Indispensable''''' was a sailing ship built in France and launched in 1791. She was captured in 1793 at the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] and thus came into British hands, keeping her name (occasionally reported as ''Indispensable''). She performed two voyages for the British [[East India Company]] (EIC) between 1793 and 1797. During this period and later she made two voyages [[transportation (punishment)|transporting]] [[convict]]s to [[New South Wales]]. Amongst her notable events were the discovery of [[Indispensable Strait]] (1794), the capture of a Spanish vessel (1798), and the rescue of some castaways (1814). She later went on serve as a [[whaler]] in the South Seas until autumn 1827. She ceased trading after this last voyage and was broken up by April 1830.

==French career and capture==
''Indispensable'' was launched in 1791 as a [[West Indiaman]]. In 1793 she was on her way to the West Indies under the command of Arnaud Florence when the Guernsey [[privateer]] ''Tartar'', Peter Le Lacheur, master, captured her.<ref>Jameison (1986), p.185.</ref> She was condemned on 11 May 1793.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=132}} On 19 October 1793, she was at Guernsey with P. LeLievre, master.{{sfnp|Sarre|2007|p=136}} Not long thereafter, Daniel Bennett purchased her.

{{see also|List of ships owned by Daniel Bennett & Son}}

==British career==
On 8 December 1793 William Wilkinson received a [[letter of marque]].<ref name=LoM/> This authorised ''Indispensable'' to capture enemy vessels should the opportunity arise.

She sailed to [[Port Jackson]] on 17 December 1793,{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=132}} arriving on 14 May 1794. She departed for [[Bengal]] on 7 July 1794, in company with the American vessel ''Halcyon'', Captain Benjamin Page.<ref name=Neptune>''The [[American Neptune]]'' (1958), 131.</ref> On this voyage, Wilkinson discovered a strait between the [[Florida Islands]] and [[Guadalcanal]] to the southwest, and [[Malaita]] to the northeast, that he named the Indispensable Strait.{{efn|Findlay's Directory gives the year of discovery as 1790,<ref>Findlay (1877), p. 770.</ref> but this date is in error.<ref name=Neptune/>}} ''Indispensable'' may have left for Bengal, but she arrived at [[Huangpu District, Guangzhou|Whampoa]], China. There the EIC engaged ''Indispensable'' for a voyage back to Britain. Wilkinson left Whampoa on 24 January 1795, reached [[Saint Helena|St Helena]] on 14 April, and arrived at [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|the Downs]] on 23 July.<ref name=BL>{{cite web|url=http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001115193|title=British Library: ''Indispensable''.}}</ref>

On her first convict voyage under the command of William Wilkinson, ''Indispensable'' sailed from England on 5 November 1795.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=132}} She stopped at Rio de Janeiro in January to replenish her water,{{sfnp|Clayton|2014|pp=143-4}} and arrived at Port Jackson on 30 April 1796.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|p=130}} She transported 133 female convicts, two of whom died on the voyage.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|p=130}}

''Indispensable'' then left Port Jackson bound for China.<ref name=ATCJ>{{cite web|date=3 January 1891|title=Arrival of Vessels at Port Jackson, and their Departure|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71247621|work=Australian Town and Country Journal|page=16|access-date=10 May 2012}}</ref> The EIC again engaged her for a voyage back to Britain. She left Whampoa on 7 January 1797, reached the [[Cape Colony|Cape]] on 3 April and St Helena on 29 April, and arrived at the Downs on 25 July.<ref name=BL />

''Indispensable'', still under Wilkinson's command, with 14 guns and a crew of 32, was waiting to sail in October 1797. She arrived at [[Rio Janeiro]] in December, requiring "[[calefaction]]", i.e., [[caulking#Wooden ship caulking|caulking]].{{sfnp|Clayton|2014|pp=143-4}} She left on 20 January 1798. She then captured the Spanish ship ''La Union'' of 12 guns and 32 men about {{convert|35|league|lk=in}} southwest of Cape Horn on 19 February 1798 and conveyed her [[prize (law)|prize]] to the [[Cape of Good Hope]]. ''Union'' was carrying tallow, hides and herb tea, and her estimated value was £10,000. She had been travelling from [[Montevideo]] to Lima.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15039|page=636|date=7 July 1798}}</ref>

While sailing south of [[Van Diemen's Land]], ''Indispensable'' lost two boats and one man overboard in a storm that also stove in two boats and carried away several spars.

In late September 1798 ''Indispensable'' left to do some whaling and returned on 27 October 1798, and left again shortly afterwards on a second whaling voyage before returning on 29 December 1798 with 54 tons of sperm whale oil from whaling within a range of {{convert|125|mi}} above and below Sydney, and within {{convert|90|mi}} of the coast. ''Indispensable'' then underwent a refit and repair while in Port Jackson. ''Indispensable'' undertook numerous whaling voyages before returning to England in October 1800, and sailed to Sydney for careening and refit in 1797–98.{{sfnp|Clayton|2014|pp=143-4}}

On 24 December 1800 Calvin Gardner (or Gardiner) was captain of ''Indispensable'', and received a letter of marque<ref name=LoM/> (applicable to a person, not a vessel). She sailed in February 1801. In August 1801 ''Indispensable'' was reported to be at [[Walvis Bay|Walwich Bay]], together with numerous other whalers.<ref>''Lloyd's List'', no.4200,[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1801/11-03-1801.jpg] - accessed 25 November 2014.</ref> She returned to Britain in February 1802.{{sfnp|Clayton|2014|pp=143-4}}

She sailed for the fisheries later that year. At the time she was valued at £6,500.{{sfnp|Clayton|2014|pp=143-4}} In September 1802 she was reported to again be at Walwich Bay with several other whalers, including {{HMS|Ferret|1784|2}}.<ref>[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1802/11-30-1802.jpg ''Lloyd's List'' №4313.]</ref> She returned to Britain in November 1803.{{sfnp|Clayton|2014|pp=143-4}}

In December 1803 the vessel, spelt ''Indispensible'' in ''Lloyd's List'', was at [[Cork (city)|Cork]].<ref>''Lloyd's List'', no.4399,[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1803/11-04-1803.jpg] - accessed 25 November 2014.</ref> After the outbreak of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Gardner received a second letter of marque on 10 February 1804. He then sailed ''Indispensible'' to south seas in March. She was at Rio in May 1804 for water and re-provisioning, and was reported "all well" of the Peruvian coast in November. She remained in the fisheries in 1805, and returned to Britain in January 1806.{{sfnp|Clayton|2014|pp=143-4}}

Robert Turnbull received a letter of marque on 20 March 1806,<ref name=LoM/> ''Indispensible'' was also mentioned in the [[Protection List]] for that year.{{efn|The Protection List listed vessels whose crews were exempt from naval service, i.e., [[impressment]].{{sfnp|Clayton|2014|p=10}}}} She sailed to the whale fishery in May.{{sfnp|Clayton|2014|pp=143-4}} The whaler ''Indispensable'' was reported to have been well at New {{sic|Zeela|nd}} in April 1807,<ref>''Lloyd's List'', no.4186,[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1807/09-11-1807.jpg] - accessed 25 November 2014.</ref> and July, and whaling off the [[River Derwent (Tasmania)|River Derwent]]. She returned to London in September 1808.{{sfnp|Clayton|2014|pp=143-4}}

On her second convict voyage to Australia, under Henry Best, she sailed from England on 2 March 1809.{{efn|It is not clear whether she sailed under a letter of marque or not. One comprehensive listing of letters source does not list one.<ref name=LoM/> Another source states that she did.{{sfnp|Clayton|2014|pp=143-4}} She was on the Protection List.{{sfnp|Clayton|2014|p=143-4}}}} She arrived at Port Jackson on 18 August.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|pp=288–289}} On this voyage ''Indispensable'' transported 62 female convicts, one of whom died on the voyage.{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|p=326}} ''Indispensable'' left Port Jackson for whaling, returning on 18 September with a cargo of oil and leaving on 16 October for more whaling.<ref name=ATCJ />

The whaler ''Indispensable'', Captain Best, was reported leaving New South Wales (Port Jackson), in mid-September 1811. She was sailing to New Zealand to complete her cargo and would then return to Britain directly;<ref>O'Hara (1818), pp.378-9.</ref> she arrived in July 1812,{{sfnp|Clayton|2014|pp=143-4}} with 175 tons of [[sperm oil]].<ref name=bswf />

''Indispensible'' sailed for the South Seas whale fishery in December 1812 under the command of William Buckle. She was reported well at Lima in May 1813,<ref>''Lloyd's List'', no.4821,[http://www.1812privateers.org/LLOYDS/1813/11-12-1813.jpg] - accessed 25 November 2014.</ref> and at "Tombas" in December.{{efn|Tombas appears to be [[Punta Tombo]], in Argentina.{{sfnp|Clayton|2014|loc=Glossary of place names}}}} She returned to Britain, arriving on 31 May 1814 at Deal with several Indiamen (including {{ship||Baring|1809 ship|2}}, {{ship||Charles Mills|1810 ship|2}}, and {{ship||Fairlie|1810 ship|2}}), and another whaler, all under escort by {{HMS|Cornwallis|1813|6}}.<ref>"Ship News". ''The Times'', 2 June 1814. Issue 9236, p. 2.</ref>

In 1813 the EIC had lost its monopoly on the trade between India and Britain. British ships were then free to sail to India or the Indian Ocean under a licence from the EIC.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=247}} ''Indispensable'''s owners applied for a licence on 9 August 1814 to trade or whale in the East Indies; they received it on 15 August.{{sfnp|House of Commons|1816}}

''Indispensable'' sailed again on 23 July.<ref name=bswf>[https://whalinghistory.org/bv/voyages/ British Southern Whale Fishery voyages: ''Indispensible''.]</ref> In December 1814 ''Indispensable'' and ''Asp'', John Kenny, master, rescued [[Charles Barnard (castaway)|Charles H. Barnard]], the former master of ''Nanina'', and four others, two from ''Isabella''. Barnard had rescued the crew of ''Isabella'' in April 1813, only to have them take over his ship and leave him and the four men stranded on [[New Island]].{{sfnp|Headland|1989|p=104}} ''Indispensible'' returned on 2 May 1816.<ref name=bswf/>

Captain Peter Kemp sailed ''Indispensible'' in 1816. She returned on 14 May 1817.<ref name=bswf/>

On 19 June 1817 Kemp sailed for [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|South Georgia]]. He returned on 7 April 1818 with 500 casks of whale oil.<ref name=bswf/>

Captain George Brown sailed ''Indispensible'' from Britain on 17 May 1818, again with destination South Georgia. She was reported to have been there on 3 February 1819.<ref name=bswf/> Also there were ''Ann'', Dowell, master, {{ship||Grand Sachem |1801 ship|2}}, Littlejohn, master, ''Arab'', Barclay, master, and ''Mary Ann'', Todrig, master.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Marine List |work=Lloyd's List |issue=5382 |date=30 April 1819 |hdl=2027/hvd.32044050816529?urlappend=%3Bseq=146 }}</ref> ''Indispensable'' returned to Britain on 25 May 1819 with 260 casks of whale oil and 385 seal skins.<ref name=bswf/>

Brown and ''Indispensible'' sailed again on 28 June 1819. She was reported to have been towards the Cape of Good Hope on 22 August, later at South Georgia with 22 tuns of whale oil. She returned to Britain on 16 March 1821 with 300 casks of whale oil and 736 seal skins.<ref name=bswf/>

Brown and ''Indispensible'' left Britain on 18 July 1821. She was reported to have been on the coast of Peru by 30 August, and at Honolulu on 30 March 1823.<ref name=bswf/> At some point William Tolley Brooks replaced Brown as master.<ref>[http://www.britishwhaling.org/uploads/1/0/9/5/109542063/masters_in_the_bswf_december_2017.pdf British Southern Whale Fisheries: Masters.]</ref> She returned to Britain on 29 April 1824 with 600 casks of whale oil.<ref name=bswf/>

Captain Fenton left Britain on 6 July 1824. ''Indispensible'' was at Madeira on 24 July, bound for the South Seas. By 9 January 1825 she was off the coast of Peru with 400 barrels of [[sperm oil]]. In March she had 510 barrels, but the crew was suffering from scurvy. She was at [[Oahu|Woahu]] on 7 July 1826. She was on 7 September 1827 to have been at [[Saint Helena|St Helena]].<ref name=bswf/> On 13 September 1827, Captain Fenton brought ''Indispensable'' into Dover from the South Seas.<ref>''The Oriental Herald and Colonial Review''(1824-29: London, Richardson), p.191.</ref> She arrived at London on 21 September.<ref name=bswf/>

==Fate==
''Indispensable{{'}}''s registration was cancelled on 26 April 1830, after she had been broken up.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=132}}

===''Lloyd's Register''===
''Indispensable'' appears in ''Lloyd's Register'' in 1806 with C. Gardner as master, Bennett as owner, and trade as London and South Seas Fisheries. That entry remains unchanged through 1811, though other evidence indicates that the actual master changed. The last entry is for 1826, by which time ''Indispensable'' was 37 years old. Her owner from 1799 to 1826 was Bennett & Co., who also had purchased from private owners in 1824 the former {{sclass|Cruizer|brig-sloop}} {{HMS|Eclipse|1807|6}}, and then employed her too in the South Seas fisheries.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Master
! Owner
! Trade
! Notes
|-
| 1812
| C. Gardner
| Bennett & Co.
| London & South Seas
|
|-
| 1813
| C. Gardner
| Bennett & Co.
| London & South Seas
|
|-
| 1814
| Buckle?
| Bennett & Co.
| London & South Seas
| Entry in Supplement
|-
| 1815
| Buckle
| Bennett & Co.
| London & South Seas
|
|-
| 1816
| Buckle Kemp
| Bennett & Co.
| London & South Seas
|
|-
| 1817
|
|
|
| Not published
|-
| 1818
| Kemp
| Bennett & Co.
| London & South Seas
|
|-
| 1819
| J. Brown
| Bennett & Co.
| London & South Seas
|
|-
| 1820
| J. Brown
| Bennett & Co.
| London & South Seas
|
|-
| 1821
| J. Brown
| Bennett & Co.
| London & South Seas
|
|-
| 1822
| J. Brown
| Bennett & Co.
| London & South Seas
|
|-
| 1823
| J. Brown
| Bennett & Co.
| London & South Seas
|
|-
| 1824
| J. Brown; replaced by Fenton
| Bennett & Co.
| London & South Seas
|
|-
| 1825
| Fenton
| Bennett & Co.
| London & South Seas
|
|-
| 1826
| Fenton
| Bennett & Co.
| London & South Seas
|
|-
| 1827
|
|
|
| No entry
|-
|}

The last entry for ''Indispensable'' in the ''Register of Shipping'' was in 1827 and it had the same information as the entry for 1826 in ''Lloyd's Register''.

==Fate==
''Indispensable'' was finally broken up on 26 April 1830.{{sfnp|Stanbury|Henderson|Derrien|Bigourdan|2015|loc=App.7}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Bateson |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Bateson |year=1959 |title=The Convict Ships |publisher=Brown, Son & Ferguson |oclc=3778075}}
* {{cite book |last=Clayton |first=J. M. |year=2014 |title=Ships employed in the South Sea Whale Fishery from Britain: 1775-1815: An alphabetical list of ships |publisher=Jane M. Clayton |url={{GBUrl|tzMzAwAAQBAJ}} |isbn=978-1-908-61652-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Findlay |first=Alexander George |year=1877 |title=A Directory for the Navigation of the South Pacific Ocean: With Descriptions of Its Coasts, Islands, Etc., from the Strait of Magalhaens to Panama, and Those of New Zealand, Australia, Etc., Its Winds, Currents, and Passages |publisher=R. H. Laurie}}
* {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Rowan |year=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905-61796-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Headland |first=R. K. |year=1989 |title=Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-30903-5}}
* {{cite book |last=((House of Commons, Parliament, Great Britain))|year=1816 |title=Parliamentary Papers |volume=10 |ref={{sfnref|House of Commons|1816}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Jamieson |first=Alan G. |year=1986 |title=A People of the sea: the maritime history of the Channel Islands |publisher=Methuen |isbn=978-0-416-40540-8}}
* {{cite book |last=O'Hara |year=1818 |title=The History of New South Wales |publisher=J. Hatchard}}
* {{cite book|last=Sarre |first=John W. |editor-last=Howell |editor-first=Alan |year=2007 |title=Guernsey sailing ships, 1786–1936 |publisher=Guernsey Museum monograph series |volume=8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Stanbury |first1=Myra |last2=Henderson |first2=Kandy-Jane |last3=Derrien |first3=Bernard |last4=Bigourdan |first4=Nicolas |last5=Le Touze |first5=Evelyne |year=2015 |chapter=Chapter 18: Epilogue |editor-last=Stanbury |editor-first=Myra |title=The Mermaid Atoll Shipwreck: A Mysterious Early 19th-century Loss |location=Fremantle, WA |publisher=Australian National Centre of Excellence for Maritime Archaeology and the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology |pages=235–290 |url=https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=829245882825003;res=IELENG |isbn=978-1-876-46509-4}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indispensable (1791)}}
[[Category:1791 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Bordeaux]]
[[Category:Convict ships to New South Wales]]
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Whaling ships]]
[[Category:Sealing ships]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]

High Speed Low Drag Bomb

2026-01-19T01:04:57Z

SusannahParish: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{infobox weapon
| name = High Speed Low Drag Bomb
| image =
| caption = The High Speed Low Drag Bomb is being developed by India's Defence Research and Development Organisation.
| type = [[Precision-guided munition|Precision-guided]] [[general-purpose bomb]]
| service =
| wars = 
| number = 800+
| length = * {{convert|2.37|m|in|abbr=on|2}} (HSLD-250)
* {{convert|2.80|m|in|abbr=on|2}} (HSLD-450)
* {{convert|3.13|m|in|abbr=on|2}} (PGHSLD-500)
* {{convert|3.03|m|in|abbr=on|2}} (500 kg GP Bomb)
| width =
| height =
| diameter = 
| is_missile = yes
| image_size =
| alt =
| origin = [[India]]
| used_by = [[Indian Air Force]]
| design_date = 2013–present
| designer = [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]] 
| manufacturer = [[Munitions India Limited]]
| unit_cost =
| production_date =
| variants = 
| weight = * {{convert|250|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
* {{convert|450|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
* {{convert|500|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
* (additional RTU/BTU: ± 25 kg)
| filling = * Dentex (HSLD-250, HSLD-450)
* [[Torpex]] 4B + [[RDX]] (500 kg GP Bomb)
| filling_weight = * 103 kg ± 3 kg (HSLD-250)
* 200 kg ± 5 kg (HSLD-450)
* 185 kg ± 3 kg (500 kg GP Bomb)
| detonation = [[Fuze|Time fuze]] with electric/mechanical delay
| payload_capacity =
| suspension =
| clearance =
| fuel_capacity =
| vehicle_range = '''PGHSLD:'''
*30 km from 10 km altitude
*21 km from 5 km altitude
*13.5 km from 2 km altitude
'''TARA:'''
*150-180 km from 5 km altitude
| speed =
| guidance = '''Mid-course:''' [[Fibre-optic gyroscope|FOG]]-[[inertial navigation system|INS]] + multi-[[GNSS]] (PGHSLD & TARA)
'''Terminal:'''
*PGHSLD: [[Semi-active laser homing|SALH]] (SAL; optional)
*TARA: [[Electro-optical guidance|EO]]/[[Imaging infrared|IIR]] homing
| steering = 
| wingspan =
| ceiling =
| altitude = 10 km to 150 m
| depth =
| accuracy = '''PGHSLD:'''
* 3 m [[Circular error probable|CEP]] with SAL
* 30 m [[Circular error probable|CEP]] without SAL
| launch_platform = {{hlist|[[Dassault Mirage 2000]]|[[SEPECAT Jaguar]]|[[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]|[[HAL Tejas]]}}
| transport =
| ref = HSLD,<ref name=":5" /> PGHSLD<ref name=":2" />
}}

The '''High Speed Low Drag''' ('''HSLD''') is a family of short-range [[Aerial bomb|air-dropped]] [[precision-guided munition|general-purpose bomb]] developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] for the [[Indian Air Force]]. It can be used against the destruction of strategic high value enemy infrastructure from stand-off distances. The HSLD is comparable to the [[Mark 80]] series bombs used by the [[United States Air Force]] and its allies.

Multiple guidance kits, like PGHSLD and TARA REK, are also under development to convert these unguided bombs into [[precision-guided munition]]s. The guidance kit will use [[semi-active laser]] or [[Electro-optical guidance|electro-optical]]/[[Infrared homing|imaging infrared]] seekers to assist in precision strikes.

== Description ==
The [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-18 |title=Glide Bomb SAAW: Guided weapon’s success proof of DRDO prowess in developing indigenous capability |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-glide-bomb-saaw-guided-weapons-success-proof-of-drdo-prowess-in-developing-indigenous-capability-978209/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> is India's primary agency that started developing HSLD with the help from other [[DRDO]] laboratories to upgrade the conventional free fall [[Unguided bomb|unguided ordnance]] used by the [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] fighter pilots while [[Ordnance Factory Board]] is the lead production agency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thiagarajan |first=Sriram |date=2017-10-09 |title=New Generation ARDE Munitions Boost Indian Airforce Firepower |url=http://delhidefencereview.com/2017/10/09/new-generation-arde-munitions-boost-indian-airforce-firepower/ |access-date=2020-03-22 |website=Delhi Defence Review |language=en-GB}}</ref> The development started with the aim to replace the older generation imported general purpose bombs that impose huge [[Drag (physics)|drag]] loss on [[fighter aircraft]] used by the IAF. The HSLD bomb is specially designed to productively use the higher speed of up to [[Mach number|Mach]] 1.1 and wider flight envelope of newer generation [[NATO]] and Russian origin as well as Indian made aircraft.<ref name=":2" />

[[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory]] developed the [[Conventional weapon|conventional]] type warhead for the HSLD and GP bombs that features [[Blast wave|blast]], [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation]] and [[shaped charge]] for [[bunker buster]] role.<ref name="P. P. Vadhe, R. B. Pawar, R. K. Sinha, S. N. Asthana, A. Subhananda Rao">{{cite journal |title= Cast aluminized explosives (Review)|journal= Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves|date=3 October 2007 |volume=44 |issue=July 2008 |pages=461–477 |doi=10.1007/s10573-008-0073-2 |last1= Vadhe|first1= P. P.|last2= Pawar|first2= R. B.|last3= Sinha|first3= R. K.|last4= Asthana|first4= S. N.|last5= Subhananda Rao|first5= A.|s2cid= 97973762}}</ref> By feeding the target coordinates, the warhead can be used to effectively destroy [[runway]], [[Railway tracks|railway track]], [[bridge]], industrial facility, [[Dock (maritime)|dock]] and [[bunker]] while able to work in the absence of [[Satellite navigation|GNSS]] input due to satellite jamming.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Thiagarajan |first=Sriram |date=2017-10-09 |title=New Generation ARDE Munitions Boost Indian Airforce Firepower {{!}} Delhi Defence Review |url=https://delhidefencereview.com/2017/10/09/new-generation-arde-munitions-boost-indian-airforce-firepower/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604081622/https://delhidefencereview.com/2017/10/09/new-generation-arde-munitions-boost-indian-airforce-firepower/ |archive-date=2025-06-04 |access-date=2024-07-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Amrita Nayak|date=2019-05-28|title=What is DRDO's inertial guided bomb and how it will boost India's defence capability|url=https://theprint.in/defence/what-is-drdos-inertial-guided-bomb-and-how-it-will-boost-indias-defence-capability/242066/|access-date=2020-09-22|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

HSLD can be launched from variety of aircraft that are under IAF inventory like [[Dassault Mirage 2000]], [[SEPECAT Jaguar]], [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> and [[HAL Tejas]].<ref name=":2" />

=== 250 kg and 450 kg HSLD ===
[[File:Exercise Vayu Shakti 2019 03.jpg|thumb|HAL Tejas releasing HSLD during Exercise Vayu Shakti 2019.]]
Each HSLD bomb variant has two types of tail unit — retarder tail unit (RTU) (for low-level bombing missions) and ballistic tail unit (BTU) (for [[Strategic bombing|strategic]] [[high level bombing]]).<ref name=":2" /> The 250 kg and 450 kg HSLD bomb uses Dentex as their primary explosive.<ref name="P. P. Vadhe, R. B. Pawar, R. K. Sinha, S. N. Asthana, A. Subhananda Rao" /><ref name=":5" />

On 29 July 2023, [[Ordnance Factory Muradnagar]] of [[Yantra India]] flagged off the first batch of 780 bomb casings of HSLD-450.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1509743155964305408 |user=GM_OFM_YIL |title=Flag off ceremony at #ofm marking the all time high achievement of 780 nos of 450 kg HSLD aerial bomb body |date=2022-04-01 |access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1509760659755470848 |user=DefenceDecode |title=Yantra India Limited (#YIL)'s Ordnance Factory, Muradnagar today flagged off around 780 Casings of... |date=2022-04-01 |access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-29 |title=Grey Iron Foundry, Jabalpur delivers 1000 lbs aerial bombs. |url=https://indiandefenseanalysis.wordpress.com/2023/07/29/grey-iron-foundry-jabalpur-delivers-1000-lbs-aerial-bombs/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Indian Defense Analysis |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== PGHSLD-500 ===
The Precision Guidance Kit for 450 kg HSLD Bomb, designated PGHSLD-500, has a mass of {{Convert|520 ± 10|kg||abbr=on}} and a length of 3.1 metre. The 450 kg HSLD has a [[high-explosive]] [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmented]] warhead with AVU-ETM fuse. The PGK consists of two sub-units — Nose Extension Unit (NEXU) and Smart Tail Unit (STU). The NEXU includes fixed canards as [[flight control surfaces]], [[Precision-guided munition#Laser-guided|semi-active laser]] (SAL) seeker, anti-jamming [[GPS]] antenna, two-axis gimballed laser with a range of 4 km and 20° [[field of view]]. The STU includes actuation system with four individually controlled fins, [[Fibre-optic gyroscope|fibre-optic gyro]]-based [[Inertial navigation system|INS]] module, GPS antenna, electrically initiated thermal battery, a flight control unit (FCU) and a telemetry module. When paired with the guidance kit, the bomb can achieve an accuracy of 30 m [[Circular error probable|CEP]] with [[Inertial navigation system|INS]]/[[GPS]] mid-course guidance and that of 3 m CEP with SAL seeker as terminal guidance. The bomb is compatible with [[Su-30MKI]] and [[HAL Tejas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/gps-ins-guidance-and-control-kit-450-kg-hsld-bomb|title=GPS / INS Guidance and Control Kit for 450 kg HSLD Bomb|last=DRDO|website=Defence Research and Development Organisation|access-date=23 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1627273842757447682 |user=GODOFPARADOXES |title=DRDO Precision Guidance Kit for 450 kg HSLD bomb (PGHSLD-500) |date=2023-02-19 |access-date=2025-06-04}}</ref>

=== 500 kg General Purpose (GP) Bomb ===
The 500 kg GP Bomb carries 10,300 preformed fragmented steel shells of 15 mm diameter. Each shell can target an area of up to 50 m from place of [[detonation]] with fragment density of >1 hit/sq m. The bomb is compatible with Russian and [[SEPECAT Jaguar]] fighter aircraft.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2022 |title=DNA Explainer: The bomb that can destroy any airport in Pakistan |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-dna-explainer-gp-bomb-that-can-destroy-any-airport-in-pakistan-drdo-jabalpur-ordnance-factory-sukhoi-30-jaguar-2927949 |access-date=2022-01-18 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=500kg Prefragmented Bomb {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/500kg-prefragmented-bomb |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref> The bomb has both impact and impact delay modes of explosion and utilises [[Torpex]]-4B mixed with [[RDX]] that act as [[explosive booster]].<ref name="P. P. Vadhe, R. B. Pawar, R. K. Sinha, S. N. Asthana, A. Subhananda Rao" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |title=MIL Air Force Munition |url=https://munitionsindia.in/wp-content/uploads/7-Aerial-Bombs.pdf |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=munitionsindia.in}}</ref>

The [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] gave the green light to start mass production of 500 kg GP Bomb by [[Munitions India Limited]] at [[Ordnance Factory Khamaria]]. On 10 January 2022, under the guidance of a team from [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory|HEMRL]] and [[Armament Research and Development Establishment|ARDE]], the first two 500-kg GP bomb were carefully filled with primary and secondary warhead fillings in the F-6 section of the factory.<ref name=":0" /> The first batch of 48 such bombs was delivered to the Indian Air Force on 3 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-04-03 |title=Ordnance factory in MP's Jabalpur hands over 500-kg GP bomb to IAF |url=https://theprint.in/india/ordnance-factory-in-mps-jabalpur-hands-over-500-kg-gp-bomb-to-iaf/900643/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-03 |title=Ordnance factory in MP's Jabalpur hands over 500-kg GP bomb to IAF |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ordnance-factory-in-mps-jabalpur-hands-over-500-kg-gp-bomb-to-iaf/articleshow/90624641.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
== Further development ==

=== HSLD Mk 2 ===
The HSLD Mk 2 is reportedly an improved variant of the earlier versions with a range of {{Convert|180|km|mi|abbr=on}} when launched from an altitude of {{Convert|16000|ft|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=IAF to modify 112 Jaguar fighters to launch long-range stand-off weapons |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/iaf-to-modify-112-jaguar-fighters-to-launch-long-range-stand-off-weapons/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

However, multiple reports also refer to HSLD Mk 2 as the Indian designation for the Israeli-origin [[Rampage (missile)|Rampage missile]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-23 |title=After Op Sindoor, India plans major procurement of Israeli Rampage missiles |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/india-air-force-israel-rampage-missiles-operation-sindoor-defence-125082300459_1.html |access-date=2025-08-30 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-23 |title=After Operation Sindoor, IAF eyes big procurement of Israeli Rampage missiles |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/after-operation-sindoor-iaf-eyes-big-procurement-of-israeli-rampage-missiles-13481376.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823051904/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/after-operation-sindoor-iaf-eyes-big-procurement-of-israeli-rampage-missiles-13481376.html |archive-date=23 August 2025 |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US }}</ref>

On 7 August 2024, [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] issued a [[request for proposal]] was floated by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] for the upgrade of 24 MiG-29s, to integrate HSLD Mk 2 bombs. These upgrade will include addition of additional hardware ([[bomb racks]] on external [[hardpoints]]) as well as necessary software on to the aircraft. The project shall be overseen by [[Nashik Airport#Ozar Air Force Station|11 Base Repair Depot]] of the IAF. Subsequently, the entire fleet will be equipped with this in phases. HSLD Mk 2 is integrated and deployed on [[Su-30MKI]] and SEPECAT Jaguar fleet. The IAF has sought [[Ministry of Defence (India)|MoD]] for manufacturing HSLD Mk 2 in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=IAF seeks urgent upgradation of MiG-29 fighters to carry long-range, high-speed ground attack missiles |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/iaf-seeks-urgent-upgradation-of-mig-29-fighters-to-carry-long-range-high-speed-ground-attack-missiles/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=[[The Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=statement of case for aip manufacture of hsld mk ii missile |url=https://www.makeinindiadefence.gov.in/admin/writereaddata/upload/project/project_file/HSLD.pdf |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Make in India Defence Production}}</ref>

In May 2025, it was reported that IAF plans to modify 112 Jaguar aircraft in order to equip them with HSLD Mk 2 bombs. This will follow the modifications of one fighter and trainer each of the DARIN II and III upgrades by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] and [[Indian Air Force Test Pilot School|Aircraft and Systems Testing Establishment]].<ref name=":3" />

=== Tactical Advanced Range Augmentation (TARA) ===
[[File:Defence_Minister_Rajnath_Singh_explained_about_TARA_Glide_bomb_kit.jpg|thumb|TARA system being shown to Defence Minister Rajnath Singh]]
The Tactical Advanced Range Augmentation (TARA) Range Extension Kit (REK) is a guidance kit that converts the HSLD, and GP series of unguided bombs into [[precision-guided munition]]. The TARA is under development with DRDO as of 2024. The REK kit uses a wing and tail unit to glide for a longer distance before hitting its target. The TARA REK will incorporate [[electro-optical guidance|electro-optical]] and [[imaging infrared]] guidance for enhanced precision. The expected range of the bomb is 150-180 km when launched at 5 km altitude and a speed of [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.8. The [[Circular error probable|CEP]] of the kit should be <5 m This plan is included in Innovation for Defence excellence Programme (iDEX) of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]. There will be 3 variants of REK kit — 250 kg (HSLD-250), 450 kg (HSLD-450) and 500 kg (500 kg GP Bomb).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-07 |title=iDEX Challenge: Startups Set to Convert Legacy Bombs into Smart Weapons |url=https://defence.in/threads/idex-challenge-startups-set-to-convert-legacy-bombs-into-smart-weapons.4282/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=Defence.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Development of booster assisted REK with EO-IR terminal guidance {{!}} iDEX |url=https://idex.gov.in/challenges-cpt/1774 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=idex.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1773348766583550373 |user=GODOFPARADOXES |title=DRDO Tactical Advance Range Augmentation (TARA)... |date=2024-03-28 |access-date=2024-07-28}}</ref>

In 2023, the Indian Air Force and Indian Navy carried out Ground Fitment Trials (GFT) by integrating TARA with [[SEPECAT Jaguar#India|Jaguar Darin II]] and [[MiG-29K]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2025 |title=2023-24 Annual Report |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_2023-24-new-23-9-2025.pdf |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref> In March 2024, the first REK-equipped HSLD 250 was showcased in March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-16 |title=New 250kg HSLD Bomb with Range Extension Kit Showcased During Bharat Shakti Exercise |url=https://defence.in/threads/new-250kg-hsld-bomb-with-range-extension-kit-showcased-during-bharat-shakti-exercise.4545/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=Defence.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[HAL Tejas]] can be equipped with the guided bombs.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2022 |title=Indigenous Sensor, Weapons & EW Suite for LCA Tejas and Air Independent Propulsion for submarines to be showcased |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1791821 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210011607/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1791821 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=22 January 2022 |website=PIB India}}</ref>

== Trials ==
Two successful developmental trials were conducted in 2013 to prove the capability of the munition with all development related works to be completed by 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=India developing guided bombs for fighters|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-developing-guided-bombs-for-fighters/articleshow/20391950.cms|access-date=2020-09-22}}</ref>

During the same time, the Precision Guidance Kit for 450 Kg HSLD Bomb, designated PGHSLD-500, underwent carriage as well as carriage and release trials (CRTs) in the [[Pokhran Test Range]]. Two weapons were employed — one equipped with sensors, telemetry, and a data logger for carriage trials, and the other fitted with GPS and telemetry for Captive Release Trials (CRT). Two captive sorties with the weapon were conducted for carriage trials. The PGHSLD-500, mounted on station 05/06, was cleared for the full flight envelope. The weapon was released from an altitude of {{Convert|5|km|ft|abbr=on}} and at an [[airspeed]] of {{Convert|900|km/h|Mach|abbr=on}}. The trials were completed successfully. The trials were carried out by a [[Su-30MKI]] aircraft from [[No. 31 Squadron IAF|No. 31 Squadron]], 32 Wing, [[Jodhpur Air Force Station]] (AFS).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-07-01 |title=RM dedicates Aeronautical Test Range to the Nation |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/newsletter-document/july_17.pdf |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=DRDO Newsletter}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

In May–June 2017, the [[Armament Research and Development Establishment|ARDE]] conducted successful trials of the 500 kg GP Bomb from Jodhpur AFS. The tests covered ground adaptation, carriage and handling, limited separation, and release from a Su-30MKI aircraft. Carriage trials reached the upper limit of [[Mach]] 0.85 Mach at 150 m altitude, with 6.5 [[G-force|g]] and full-roll manoeuvres. The bomb maintained structural integrity and was safely released from station 7. Upon impact, the live bomb functioned effectively, validating the complete explosive train and proving operational readiness. The trials were conducted with the help of [[Indian Air Force Test Pilot School|Aircraft and Systems Testing Establishment]], [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] and Office of the Regional Director Aeronautical Quality Assurance among others.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-01 |title=DRDO tests ATGM Nag successfully |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/newsletter-document/August_17.pdf |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=DRDO Newsletter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DRDO |title=ARDE CARRIES OUT SUCCESSFUL FLIGHT TRIALS OF 500 KG GENERAL PURPOSE BOMB |url=https://tdf.drdo.gov.in/technology_updates/index/6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718182741/https://tdf.drdo.gov.in/technology_updates/index/6 |archive-date=18 July 2021 |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=DRDO Technology Development Fund}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2017-12-18 |title=Year End Review- 2017: Ministry of Defence |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1513066 |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

As of April 2025, TARA is undergoing trials with SEPECAT Jaguar aircraft of the Indian Air Force.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

== Variants ==
* '''High Speed Low Drag Bomb''' – 250 kg<ref>{{cite web |title=BOMB 250 KG HSLD (HE) |url=http://ddpdoo.gov.in/product/products/product-details/bomb-250-kg-hsld-he- |access-date=18 January 2022 |website=Directorate of Ordnance (Coordination and Services) |publisher=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref> and 450 kg<ref>{{cite web |title=BOMB 450 KG HSLD HE |url=http://ddpdoo.gov.in/product/products/product-details/bomb-450-kg-hsld-he |access-date=18 January 2022 |website=Directorate of Ordnance (Coordination and Services) |publisher=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>
* '''General Purpose Bomb''' – 500 kg<ref name=":4" />
* '''Precision Guided Bomb''' '''(PGHSLD)''' – 500 kg (HSLD-450)<ref name=":4" />
* '''Tactical Advanced Range Augmentation (TARA)''' – 250 kg, 450 kg and 500 kg<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2025-04-02 |title=Newspaper Clippings, 02/04/2025, Vol. 50, No. 62 |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/drdo-news-documents/NPC02Apr2025.pdf |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=drdo.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=TARA: India's silent precision that strikes fear in hearts of Pakistan, China, Bangladesh from Afar |url=https://www.india.com/news/world/tara-indias-silent-precision-that-strikes-fear-from-afar-7724603/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Operators==
;{{IND}}
*{{air force|India}}

== See also ==

* [[Sudarshan laser-guided bomb]]
* [[Gaurav (glide bomb)]]
* [[Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon]]

; Other nations
[[General-purpose_bomb#American:_the_Mark_80_series|Mark 80 series]] - American equivalent

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Footnotes===
# {{note|article}} DRDO tested ATGM NAG successfully. DRDO Newsletter. August 2017 Issue.

== External links ==
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/newsletter-document/August_17.pdf |title=DRDO Newsletter |publisher=Defence Scientific Information and Documentation Centre |date=August 2017}}

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}

[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
[[Category:Aerial bombs of India]]
[[Category:Targeting (warfare)]]
[[Category:Guided bombs]]

Keibu Keioiba

2026-01-17T03:52:51Z

SusannahParish: adjust intro per sources and corrected details

{{Short description|Half man, half tiger of Meitei folklore}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox mythical creature
|name = 
|image = File:A life-size figure of Keibu Keioiba (a mythical hybrid creature in Meitei folklore) in the MMRC & Unity Park (Menjor Multipurpose Research Centre and Unity Park), Khangabok, Thoubal district, Kangleipak.jpg
|image_size = 220
|image_upright = 
|caption = A life-size statue of Keibu Keioiba in the [[Menjor Multipurpose Research Centre and Unity Park]], [[Khangabok]]
|Grouping = [[monster]]
|Sub_Grouping = 
|Similar_entities = *The Beast of [[Beauty and the Beast]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCzXAAAAMAAJ|title=A Knock at the Door |date=1992 |publisher=Oryx Press |isbn=978-0-89774-733-2 |page=116 |language=en |quote=... it may remind you of the European tale "Beauty and the Beast}}</ref>
* [[Ravana]], a demon in [[Hindu mythology]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Brenda E. F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmKu3t-sYi4C&dq=thabaton&pg=PA103 |title=Folktales of India |last2=Claus |first2=Peter J. |last3=Goswami |first3=Praphulladatta |last4=Handoo |first4=Jawaharlal |date=1999 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-04083-7 |page=103 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Yamata no Orochi]], a beast in [[Japanese mythology]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-16 |title=Heisnam Tomba's Play: Yamata Amasung Keibu Keioiba |url=https://stagebuzz.in/2020/02/16/heisnam-tombas-play-yamata-amasung-keibu-keioiba/ |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=StageBuzz |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|Family =
|Folklore = Meitei folk tale
|First_Attested =
|AKA = Kabui Salang Maiba
|Country = India
|Region = [[Manipur]]
|Habitat = 
|Details = 

}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Keibu Keioiba
| series = 
| image = The appearances of Keibu Keioiba and the old woman in the 2009 Meitei language animation film "Keibu Keioiba (Tiger Head)".jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Keibu Keioiba trying to devour the old woman.
| first_major = [[Keibu Keioiba (film)|Keibu Keioiba]] 
| first_minor = 
| first_date = 2009
| first = 
| last_major =
| last_minor = 
| last_date =
| last = 
| creator = Bhumenjoy Konsam 
| based_on =
| adapted_by = 
| designer =
| portrayer =
| voice = Bishwamittra
| motion_actor =
| full_name =
| nickname = 
| alias = Kabui Salang Maiba 
| species = man with the head of a tiger
| gender = 
| title =
| occupation = 
| affiliation = 
| fighting_style =
| weapon =
| family =
| spouse = Thabaton 
| significant_other = 
| children =
| relatives =
| religion =
| origin = Manipur 
| nationality = Indian
}}
{{Meitei mythology}}
{{lang|mni|'''Keibu Keioiba'''}}, also known as {{lang|mni|'''Kabui Keioiba'''}}, is a mythical creature with the head of a [[tiger]] and the body of a [[human]] in the [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei folklore|folklore]] of [[Manipur]]. According to legend, he was once a skilful priest named Kabui Salang Maiba. He used [[witchcraft]] to turn himself into a ferocious tiger. As [[Divine retribution|punishment of his pride]], he could not completely turn back to his original human form.<ref name=ftne>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfDNm96yCPIC|title=Folk Tales of the North-East|last=Regunathan|first=Sudhamahi|date=2005|publisher=Children's Book Trust|isbn=978-81-7011-967-8|language=en|access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref><ref name=kirti>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5eBAAAAMAAJ|title=Folk Culture of Manipur|last=Singh|first=Moirangthem Kirti|date=1993|publisher=Manas Publications|isbn=978-81-7049-063-0|language=en|access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref><ref name=devy>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsRcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA134|title=Knowing Differently: The Challenge of the Indigenous|last1=Devy|first1=G. N.|last2=Davis|first2=Geoffrey V.|last3=Chakravarty|first3=K. K.|date=2015-08-12|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-32569-7|language=en|access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref><ref name=natak>{{Cite book|title=Sangeet Natak|date=1985|language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ioyfAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref name=krasner>{{Cite book|title=Theatre in Theory 1900-2000: An Anthology|last=Krasner|first=David|date=2008|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-4051-4043-0|language=en|access-date=2022-06-13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=naQYAQAAIAAJ&q=kabui+keioiba+half+man+half+tiger}}</ref>

== Story ==
Keibu Keioiba was a human in the daytime and a tiger at night. During night, he prowled around looking for food. One night, he found an older woman's house and planned to devour her. The old woman said that her wrinkled skin would not be tasty and suggested that he eat a beautiful and young woman named [[Thabaton]] instead. Thabaton was the only sister in a family with seven brothers. The old woman told Keibu Keioiba that her brothers had gone for a work and that Thabaton was alone. The old woman helps Keibu Keioiba to trick Thabaton into opening the door to her house and succeeded in making Thabaton. Keibu Keioba kidnaps Thabaton.<ref name=chirom>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.1358/page/n75/mode/2up|title=Folktales of Manipur|last1=B. Jayantakumar Sharma|last2=Dr. Chirom Rajketan Singh|date=2014|pages=74–75}}</ref>

Shortly after this, Thabaton's brothers return home from work<ref name=sanatombi>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0065/page/n57/mode/2up|title=মণিপুরী ফুংগাৱারী|last=S Sanatombi|date=2014 |page=57-58|language=mni}}</ref> and discover that Thabaton is missing. They ask the old woman about their sister, and she tells them about Keibu Keioiba. The seven brothers prepare their weapons and set out in search of their sister. Keibu Keioiba has not eaten Thabaton. Instead, he has forced Thabaton to become his wife, and they live together in the forest. The brothers never stop searching for their sister. One day, they see Thabaton. When they get close to her, they see that she is with a man and has a baby with her. The brothers discreetly signal to Thabaton so that she knows they have arrived. When Keibu Keioiba goes away for a hunt, Thabaton meet her brothers and they plan her escape.{{r|chirom|pages=76}}

When Keibu Keioiba returns, Thabaton gives him a hollow utong (bamboo pipe) open at both ends. She tells Keibu Keioiba to fetch water from the stream with the utong. In Keibu Keioiba's absence, the brothers burn down Keibu Keioiba's house, kill the baby, and run away with their sister.{{r|chirom|pages=77}} On the other hand, Keibu Keioiba could not collect water with the utong; when he tried, the water leaked. A crow, observing his activities from a treetop mocked his foolishness. Keibu Keioiba returns home to find his son dead, his wife missing, and his house burnt to the ground. His anger knew no bounds. He charges back to the home of Thabaton and her brothers, who have prepared their weapons. As soon as Keibu Keioiba approaches them, they attack. Finally, Keibu Keioiba dies at the hands of the Thabaton's seven brothers. Thabaton and her seven brothers live happily ever after.{{r|chirom|pages=78}}{{r|sanatombi|page=59}}

==Film==
In the 2009 [[Meitei language]] animated film, [[Keibu Keioiba (film)|Keibu Keioiba]], the character of Keibu-Kei-Oiba was uniquely designed to a humanoid tiger, which had to speak dialogues in human voices. The facial structure of the character was twisted out of the normal shape of a real tiger to a little bit extend. It was done so as to bring adjustment to the human voice and the speaking actions during digitalisation. Artist Bhumenjoy faced great challenges in making the visual character of Keibu Kei-Oiba, as the character is about the combination of a human and a beast. Various faded colours were used by the drawing team to adapt to the story.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nishikanta|first=Naorem|title=Bhumenjoy Konsam on the Chemistry of Making Keibu-Kei-Oiba – Part II {{!}} Manipur Times|date=7 November 2013 |url=https://manipurtimes.com/bhumenjoy-konsam-on-the-chemistry-of-making-keibu-kei-oiba-part-ii/|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730082054/http://manipurtimes.com/bhumenjoy-konsam-on-the-chemistry-of-making-keibu-kei-oiba-part-ii/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Theatre==
{{lang|mni|[[Yamata Amasung Keibu Keioiba]]}}, Yamata-no-Orochi and Keibu Keioiba, is a Meitei-language play that interweaves the stories of the two legendary creatures, Keibu Keioiba and [[Yamata-no-Orochi]] of [[Japanese mythology]]. The role of Keibu Keioiba was firstly played by ''Kshetrimayum Priyobrata'' and then secondly played by Pangambam Tyson Meitei.<ref>{{Cite web|title=YAMATA AMASUNG KEIBU KEIOIBA – 21st Bharat Rang Mahotsav 2020|url=https://www.21brm.nsd.gov.in/yamata-amasung-keibu-keioiba/|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422224323/https://www.21brm.nsd.gov.in/yamata-amasung-keibu-keioiba/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-16|title=Heisnam Tomba's Play: Yamata Amasung Keibu Keioiba|url=https://stagebuzz.in/2020/02/16/heisnam-tombas-play-yamata-amasung-keibu-keioiba/|website=StageBuzz|language=en-GB|archive-date=2022-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613193457/https://stagebuzz.in/2020/02/16/heisnam-tombas-play-yamata-amasung-keibu-keioiba/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageSelector.asp?src=Keibu_Keioiba_By_Nganthoi_Lourembam&ch=manipur&sub1=Folks&sub2=Folk_Tales|title=Keibu Keioiba|website=e-pao.net}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.Kabui_Keioiba_and_Lai_Khutsangbi_Stories_of_Hunger_By_James_Oinam|title=Kabui Keioiba and Lai Khutsangbi: Stories of Hunger?|website=e-pao.net}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Taming_Keibu_Keioiba|title=Taming 'Keibu Keioiba': Translation as Recovery|website=e-pao.net}}

{{Meiteimyth navbox long}}

[[Category:Keibu Keioiba]]
[[Category:Fictional kidnappers]]
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]
[[Category:Meitei literature]]
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Mythological rapists]]
[[Category:Therianthropes]]
[[Category:Tigers in Meitei culture]]

Carmelagiri Elephant Park

2025-12-19T02:32:39Z

SusannahParish: Adding New Data

{{Orphan|date=September 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{coord|10.0951656|77.0971215|display=title}}
'''Carmelagiri Elephant Park''' is a private park for elephant riding through the hilly paths of [[Munnar]] forest, a part of [[Kerala]] tourism, [[India]].<ref name="munnarportal.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.munnarportal.com/2017/09/carmelagiri-elephant-park-munnar/|title=Carmelagiri Elephant Park Munnar-good experience!|publisher=Munnar Portal}}</ref>

==Overview==
[[File:Elephant Ride In Carmelagiri Elephant Park-1.jpg|thumb|Ready to ride-from Carmelagiri Elephant Park]]
[[File:Elephant Ride In Carmelagiri Elephant Park-2.jpg|thumb|The ride starts-from Carmelagiri Elephant Park]]
[[File:Elephant Safari - Munnar - Mattupetti Road.jpg|thumb|Elephant riding inside of Munnar forest]]
The park is located in [[Top Station]], close to the city of [[Munnar]] in [[Kerala]]. The visitors get an experience of elephant ride and learn about multiple talents of the park’s elephants like demonstrations of commands, communication and timber pulling, elephant's bathe and can also participate in feeding one of the elephants. The park offers various tours, which range from excursions for 1 hour, a half day or a full day. There are many green hills, lush valleys, misty cloud-covered forests and sprawling tea plantations around the park and the park is open daily.<ref name="expedia.co">{{cite web|url=https://www.expedia.co.in/Carmelagiri-Elephant-Park-Munnar.d6196701.Attraction|title=Carmelagiri Elephant Park|publisher=Expedia|access-date=15 November 2017|archive-date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115225724/https://www.expedia.co.in/Carmelagiri-Elephant-Park-Munnar.d6196701.Attraction|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://malayalam.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/10-interesting-things-do-couples-munnar/articlecontent-pf19831-001577.html മൂന്നാറിലെ ഹണിമൂൺ]
* [http://www.v4vartha.com/news/latest-news/aheaven-to-enjoy-holidays-in-kerala/ പ്രവാസികൾക്കൊരു പറുദീസ]

[[Category:South Western Ghats montane rain forests]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Idukki district]]
[[Category:Geography of Idukki district]]
[[Category:Protected areas with year of establishment missing]]

List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Assamese

2025-12-11T06:50:29Z

SusannahParish: starting a data basic info...

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Sahitya Akademi Translation Prizes''' are given each year to writers for their outstanding translations work in the 24 languages, since 1989.

==Recipients==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Sahitya Akademi translation prizes]] for their works written in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]. The award, as of 2019, consisted of {{INR}}50,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/sahitya_akademi_prize.jsp|title = ..:: SAHITYA : Sahitya Akademi Prize ::}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Translator
! Title of the translation
! Original Title
! Original Language
! Genre
! Original Author
! class=unsortable|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1990 || Narendranath Sarma || ''Atmajivan Charit'' || ''[[An Autobiography (Nehru)|Autobiography]]'' || English || Autobiography || [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ||
|-
| 1991 || Radhika Mohan Bhagowati || ''Amar Batori Kakator Kahini'' || ''The Story of Our Newspaper'' || English || || Chanchal Sarkar ||
|-
| 1992 || Bimal Bhagavati || ''Yayati'' || ''[[Yayati (novel)|Yayati]]'' || Marathi || Novel || [[Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar|V.S. Khandekar]] ||
|-
| 1993 || Phani Talukdar || ''Aghari Awatar'' || ''Awara Masiha'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Vishnu Prabhakar]] ||
|-
| 1994 || Basundhara Saikia || ''Datta'' || ''Datta'' || Bengali || Novel || [[Saratchandra Chattopadhyay]] ||
|-
| 1995 || Kulanath Gogoi || ''Aranyer Adhikar'' || ''Aranyer Adhikar'' || Bengali || Novel || [[Mahasweta Devi]] ||
|-
| 1996 || Tilak Hazarika || ''Phanishwarnath Renur Shreshtha Kahini'' || ''Phanishwarnath Renu Ki Shreshtha Kahaniyan'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Phanishwarnath Renu]] ||
|-
| 1997 || Kirtinath Hazarika || ''Gandhi: Jivan Katha'' || ''Gandhi: A Life'' || English || Biography || [[Krishna Kripalani]] ||
|-
| 1998 || Gaurishankar Bhattacharya || ''Swadhinatar Raj-Bichar'' || ''Trials of Independence'' || English || Essays || B.R. Aggarwalla ||
|-
| 1999 || Nirupama Phukan || ''Godan'' || ''[[Godaan|Godan]]'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Premchand|Munshi Premchand]] ||
|-
| 2000 || Tirtha Phukan || ''Tamas'' || ''Tamas'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Bhisham Sahni]] ||
|-
| 2001 || [[Suchibrata Roy Choudhury|Suchibrata Raychoudhury]]|| ''Vaishnav Dharmar Atiguri Aru Bikash'' || ''Origin and Development of Vaishnavism'' || English || || S. Jaiswal ||
|-
| 2002 || Prabhat Chandra Sarma || ''Kadambari'' || ''[[Kadambari]]'' || Sanskrit || || [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa]] ||
|-
| 2003 || Rajen Saikia || ''Putala Nachar Itikatha'' || ''Putul Nacher Itikatha'' || Bengali || Novel || [[Manik Bandopadhyay]] ||
|-
| 2004 || Preeti Barua || ''Rathachakra'' || ''Rathachakra'' || Marathi || Novel || [[Shripad Narayan Pendse]] ||
|-
| 2005 || Prafulla Kotoky || ''Untouchables'' || ''Untouchable'' || English || Novel || Bonomali Goswami ||
|-
| 2006 || Hemeswar Dihingia || ''Avamanitar Atmakatha'' || ''Kissa Gulam'' || Hindi || Novel || Ramesh Ch. Shah ||
|-
| 2007 || Malaya Khaund || ''Dadibudha'' || ''Dadibudha'' || Oriya || Novel || [[Gopinath Mohanty]] ||
|-
| 2008 || Malinee Goswami || ''Harsacarita'' || ''[[Harshacharita]]'' || Sanskrit || Biography || [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa]] ||
|-
| 2009 || Jatindra Kumar Bargohain || ''Lokayat Darshan'' || ''Lokayata Darshan'' || Bengali || Criticism || [[Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya]] ||
|-
| 2010 || Anupama Dutta Saikia || ''Opaja Matir Hat Bauli'' || ''[[Marali Mannige]]'' || Kannada || Novel || [[Shivaram Karanth|K. Shivaram Karanth]] ||
|-
| 2011 || Suresh Sharma || ''Adamya Shakti'' || ''[[Indomitable Spirit]]'' || English || Essays || [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] ||
|-
| 2012 || Pankaj Thakur || ''Bidirna Baghjai'' || ''Zadazadati'' || Marathi || Novel || [[Vishwas Patil]] ||
|-
| 2013 || Dipika Chakraborty || ''Sei Samay (Vol-II)'' || ''Sei Samay'' || Bengali || Novel || [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]] || <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/July-August_2014_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2014-08-22|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || Bipul Deori || ''The Immortals of Meluha'' || ''[[The Immortals of Meluha]]'' || English || Novel || [[Amish Tripathi]] || <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/sep-dec_2015_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2015-09-04|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || Suren Talukdar || ''Ganadevata'' || ''[[Ganadevata (novel)|Ganadevata]]'' || Bengali || Novel || [[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]] || <ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-556372-2016-02-15 |accessdate=3 October 2019 |agency=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Imphal hosts Sahitya Akademi Translation Award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/imphal-hosts-sahitya-akademi-translation-award/ |accessdate=3 October 2019 |newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-116021501187_1.html |accessdate=3 July 2019 |agency=business-standard}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || Tapeswar Sarmah || ''Upanisada - Padyanubad'' || ''[[Upanishads]]'' || Sanskrit || Poetry || Various Authors ||
|-
| 2017 || Babul Tamuly || ''Eti Koli Duti Pat'' || ''[[Two Leaves and a Bud]]'' || English || Novel || [[Mulk Raj Anand]] ||
|-
| 2018 || Partha Pratim Hazarika || ''Ramayan: Gangar Pora Brahmaputraloi'' || ''Ramayan: From Ganga To Brahmaputra'' || English || Essays - Monograph || [[Mamoni Raisom Goswami|Indira Goswami]] || <ref name="Pratidin Bureau">{{cite news|last=Bureau|first=Pratidin|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Award for Partha Pratim Hazarika|newspaper=pratidintime |date=28 January 2019|url=https://www.pratidintime.com/sahitya-akademi-translation-award-for-partha-pratim-hazarika/|access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || Nava Kumar Handique || ''Rajtarangini'' || ''[[Rajtarangini]]'' || Sanskrit || Historical Chronicle || [[Kalhana]] || <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_release/Pressrelease_TP_2019_25_02_2020.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2020-02-24|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || Diganta Biswa Sharma || ''Bharatiya Sanskritir Bhiti'' || ''The Renaissance in India and other Esaays on Indian Culture'' || English || Essay || [[Sri Aurobindo]] || <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/TP-2020-EWeb.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2020|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2021-09-18|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || Pori Hiloidari || ''Danti Paror Manuh'' || ''The Legends of Pensam'' || English || Essay || [[Mamang Dai]] || <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2021.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2021|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-07-05|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Jury Dutta || ''Kocharethi: Araya Nari'' || ''[[Kocharethi]]'' || Malayalam || Novel || [[Narayan (writer)|Narayan]] || <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/sahitya-akademi-awards-2022-announced/|title=Sahitya akademi awards 2022 announced|website=currentaffairs.adda247.com|access-date=2023-07-03}}</ref><ref name=":6A">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2022.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2022|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2023-07-03|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
|2023 || Lakkshajyoti Gogoi Handique || ''Mor Jivnto'' || ''Once Upon a Life: Burnt Curry and Bloody Rags'' || English || Memoir || [[Temsüla Ao]]|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/sahitya_akademi_prize.jsp|title = ..:: SAHITYA : Sahitya Akademi Prize ::}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2013527 |website=www.pib.gov.in |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2024 || Anjan Sarma || ''Prachin Kamrupar Itihas'' || ''Early History of Kamarupa'' || English || Novel || [[Kanaklal Barua]]|| <ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2024 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2113771 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=26 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Assamese]]

== References ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

{{Reflist}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize}}

[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Assamese]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Literary awards by language]]

Chandanvelly

2025-12-05T17:26:10Z

SusannahParish: Adding A Data...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chandanvelly
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rangareddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ranga Reddy district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Mandal Office
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = TS
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Panchayat
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Mandal Office
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chandanvelly''' is a village and [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] in [[Ranga Reddy district]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]. It falls under [[Shabad, Andhra Pradesh|Shabad]] mandal. Chandanvelly, adjoining Sitarampur, and [[Hayathabad]] near Hyderabad will become Telangana's largest industrial cluster in future.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/large-industrial-park-likely-on-outskirts-of-hyderabad/article32193709.ece|title=Large industrial park likely on capital outskirts}}</ref> Microsoft has acquired 52 acres and CtrlS acquired 40 acres at Chandanvelly in Hyderabad to establish the data centres. Amazon is also planning to set up a data centre at Chandanvelly.<ref>{{Cite news |title=AWS puts $2.8bn behind second Indian cloud region |language=en |url=https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/aws-puts-28bn-behind-second-indian-cloud-region/ |access-date=2023-02-27}}</ref>

== Neighbouring Villages==
1.Hayathabad
2.Gumdal
3.Narayandasguda
4.Rudraram

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{coord|17.23272|78.17126|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Ranga Reddy district]]

{{Rangareddi-geo-stub}}

Shivani Pawar

2025-11-28T16:13:39Z

SusannahParish: Created details!

{{Short description|Indian wrestler (born 1998)}}
'''Shivani Pawar''' (born 11 December 1998) is an Indian [[Wrestling|wrestler]] from Umreth Village, [[Chhindwara district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivani Pawar |url=https://www.birmingham2022.com/athletes/shivani-pawar/www.birmingham2022.com/athletes/shivani-pawar/0c9b8e8e-e185-45d4-a961-cd356006c4ac |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Commonwealth Games - Birmingham 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Shivani Pawar is a resident of Umreth Village in the Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh. The child of farmers,<ref name="sp2">{{cite news |last1=Bharat |first1=E. T. V. |date=5 August 2023 |title=Madhya Pradesh girl Shivani Pawar bags wrestling gold in World Police and Fire Games |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/sports/other-sports/madhya-pradesh-girl-shivani-pawar-bags-wrestling-gold-in-world-police-and-fire-games/na20230805094840248248111 |access-date=19 April 2024 |publisher=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> her interest in sports began with [[Association football|football]] and later shifted to wrestling.<ref name="sp8">{{cite news |date=5 November 2021 |title=How Shivani Pawar went from football and athletics to winning World U23 Wrestling silver |url=https://thebridge.in/wrestling/shivani-pawar-football-athletics-winning-world-u23-silver-26453?infinitescroll=1#google_vignette |access-date=19 April 2024 |publisher=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==

In 2021, Pawar won the silver medal in the women's 50 kg category in the U-23 World Wrestling Championship held in [[Belgrade]], Serbia, becoming the first Indian to win a medal at the tournament.<ref name="sp5">{{cite news |date=3 November 2021 |title=Madhya Pradesh's Shivani Pawar wins India's first medal at U-23 World Wrestling Championships 2021 |url=https://thebridge.in/wrestling/madhya-pradesh-shivani-pawar-india-medal-u23-world-wrestling-championships-26433?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=19 April 2024 |publisher=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name="sp4">{{cite news |date=5 November 2021 |title=U23 Wrestling Worlds: Shivani Pawar wins silver, Anju claims bronze |url=https://www.espn.in/wrestling/story/_/id/32555625/u23-wrestling-world-championships-shivani-pawar-wins-silver-anju-claims-bronze |access-date=19 April 2024 |publisher=ESPN |language=en}}</ref><ref name="sp7">{{cite news |date=4 November 2021 |title=Shivani Pawar settles for silver in U-23 Worlds; Anju wins bronze |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/wrestling/u23-women-wrestling-world-championships-shivani-pawar-silver-anju-bronze-medal-sports-news/article37335856.ece |access-date=19 April 2024 |publisher=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref name="sp9">{{cite news |date=6 November 2021 |title=Shivani Pawar wins silver in U-23 World Championship |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/shivani-pawar-wins-silver-in-u-23-world-championship-334584 |access-date=19 April 2024 |publisher=tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref name="sp1">{{cite news |title=Who is Shivani Pawar: 5 things to know about India's latest wrestling talent on the block |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/who-is-shivani-pawar-5-things-to-know-about-india-s-latest-wrestling-talent-on-t |access-date=19 April 2024 |publisher=olympics.com}}</ref><ref name="sp6">{{cite news |title=Shivani Pawar wins 50kg silver in U23 World Wrestling Championships |url=https://thebridge.in/wrestling/shivani-pawar-50kg-silver-u23-world-championships-26451 |access-date=19 April 2024 |publisher=thebridge.in |date=4 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>{{refbomb|date=June 2024}} She also took home the gold medal in the 50 kg category during the World Police and Fire Games in Canada. In 2024, she placed third in the 50 kg category at the Asian Wrestling Championship.<ref name="sp3">{{cite news |title=Asian Wrestling Championships 2024: Radhika secures silver, Shivani Pawar bags bronze on Day |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wrestling/news-asian-wrestling-championships-2024-radhika-secures-silver-shivani-pawar-bags-bronze-day-3 |access-date=19 April 2024 |publisher=sportskeeda.com |date=13 April 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Wrestling Federation of India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{UWW|pawar-shivani}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Pawar, Shivani}}
[[Category:People from Chhindwara district]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Bhavani Raman

2025-11-24T08:47:59Z

SusannahParish: new

{{Short description|Indian historian}}
{{notability|1=Academics|date=January 2023}}

{{Infobox academic
| name = Bhavani Raman
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Associate professor, [[University of Toronto]], [[Canada]]
| alma_mater = University of Michigan, Jawaharlal Nehru University
| notable_works = Document Raj: Writing and Scribes in Early Colonial South India (2012)
}}
'''Bhavani Raman''' is an Indian historian. She is an associate professor and associate chair (teaching) at the Historical and Cultural Studies Department at the University of Toronto. Her research lie at the intersections of law, culture and intellectual histories of South Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhavani Raman {{!}} Department of Historical and Cultural Studies |url=https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/hcs/bhavani-raman |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=www.utsc.utoronto.ca}}</ref> She is the Chair of the Tamil Worlds Initiative, a tri-campus program on Tamil history, culture, and politics at the Scarborough campus of the University of Toronto. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=JHI-UTSC Digital Humanities Faculty Fellow, 2022-2023 {{!}} Jackman Humanities Institute |url=https://www.humanities.utoronto.ca/news/jhi-utsc-digital-humanities-faculty-fellow-2022-2023 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=www.humanities.utoronto.ca}}</ref>

== Education and family ==
Raman attended St Stephen's College, Delhi University where she graduated with honors in history. She obtained an M.Phil. for her thesis titled "The Emergence of the Public in Nineteenth Century Tamil Nadu" under the guidance of Prof. [[K. N. Panikkar|K.N. Panikkar]] at the Centre for Historical Studies, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], Delhi.

== Career ==

=== Notable academic contribution ===
'''Document Raj'''

Raman’s PhD thesis was later published as her first book titled ''Document Raj: Writing and Scribes in Early Colonial South India'' (2012),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bellenoit |first=Hayden J. |year=2013 |title=Bhavani Raman. Document Raj: Writing and Scribes in Early Colonial India |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=118 |issue=3 |pages=834–835 |doi=10.1093/ahr/118.3.834}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Patel |first=Geeta |year=2014 |title=Document raj: writing and scribes in early colonial south India, by Bhavani Raman |journal=South Asian History and Culture |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=398–401 |doi=10.1080/19472498.2014.905331|s2cid=144991259 }}</ref> a work on company rule in South Asia. Raman’s granular research on colonial bureaucratic writing practices renders the book a near-ethnography of the time, as the 18th century colonial cutcherry comes to life. Her method calls for close attention to media and practices of infrastructure, charting a new path in South Asian historiography. ''Document Raj'' demonstrates how regimes of legal and bureaucratic document production, writing practices and their effects on language pedagogy enabled new forms of power in colonial India. Document Raj studies the political, linguistic, and pedagogic connotations of written accountability by attending to its colonial career.<ref name=":0" />

According to [[Dipesh Chakrabarty]], “''Document Raj'' breaks new ground in South Asian history. Raman’s imaginative investigations into the workings of the East India Company’s district offices in colonial Madras provide a powerful analysis of the critical role that scribal cultures played in enabling the Raj to operate as a vast writing machine. Original in its approach, this book will reinvigorate debates about the nature and consequences of colonial rule in the subcontinent.”<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raman |first=Bhavani |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7208/9780226703299/html |title=Document Raj |date=2012-11-14 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-70329-9 |language=en |doi=10.7208/chicago/9780226703299.001.0001 }}</ref> Her works are highly relevant in Tamil historiography.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=ஆ.சிவசுப்பிரமணியன் |title=ஆவண அரசாங்கம் - பவானி இராமன் |url=http://www.keetru.com/index.php/2010-06-24-04-31-11/ungal-noolagam-jan17/32316-2017-01-25-06-03-27 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=www.keetru.com |language=ta-in}}</ref>

She has also edited two volumes With Prof. Daniel T. Rodgers and Prof. Helmut Reimitz, ''Cultures in Motion'' (2014)<ref>{{cite journal |last=Prange |first=Sebastian R. |year=2015 |title=Cultures in Motion ed. by Daniel T. Rodgers, Bhavani Raman, Helmut Reimitz (review) |journal=Journal of World History |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=660–662 |doi=10.1353/jwh.2015.0009|s2cid=162091913 }}</ref> and with Dr Aparna Balachandran and Dr Rashmi Pant, ''Iterations of Law: Legal Histories from India'' (2018).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gauba |first=Kanika |year=2019 |title=Iterations of law: legal histories from India, edited by Aparna Balachandran, Rashmi Pant and Bhavani Raman, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2018, viii + 302pp., INR 950 (hardback), ISBN 9780199477791 |journal=Indian Law Review |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=290–298 |doi=10.1080/24730580.2019.1694467|s2cid=214494540 }}</ref> The latter volume draws on Robert Cover’s claim to broaden the idea of law and legal meaning to include the normative universe that is built on custom, ethical and interpretative commitments. It urges historians to look for “the myriad appropriations of law to construct meaning” so that a “web of understanding that contests or aligns with the letter and spirit of the law” can be arrived at. She has also published more than a dozen of journal articles and public writings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhavani Raman |url=https://www.epw.in/author/bhavani-raman |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Curious Disappearance of the Ennore Creek |url=https://thewire.in/environment/curious-disappearance-ennore-creek |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An Indian History of Identity Infrastructure |url=https://thewire.in/books/identity-proof-and-paper-infrastructure-an-indian-history |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

She is also the Digital Humanities Faculty Fellow 2022–2023, at the Jackman Humanities Institute, [[University of Toronto]], where Raman is engaged in a research project on Chennai’s water archives.<ref name=":1" /> This project demonstrates the potential of lexicon-based research in Tamil to annotate hydrological geospatial data visualizations culled from colonial historical maps through research collaboration, self-learning, and skill sharing between researchers and community members. 

== Awards ==

* Her doctoral dissertation at the [[University of Michigan]] under advisor Sumathy Ramaswamy was selected the best doctoral dissertation by University of California Los Angeles and awarded the prestigious Sardar Patel Award in 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sardar Patel Award Page Main Content |url=https://international.ucla.edu/institute/article/149542 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=international.ucla.edu}}</ref>
* International Dissertation Research Fellowship 2001 for ''Social Communication and the Emergence of Modern Publics in Colonial South India, 1790–1850.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhavani Raman |url=https://www.ssrc.org/fellows/26c61d27-2233-dd11-bef0-001cc477ec70/ |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=Social Science Research Council (SSRC) |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Raman, Bhavani}}
[[Category:Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Toronto Scarborough]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Raj Bharath (actor)

2025-10-22T19:23:54Z

SusannahParish: added basic data from scratch

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raj Bharath
| image =
| birth_date = 1988
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actor
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2013-present
| spouse =
| parents =
}}

'''Raj Bharath''' is an Indian actor who has appeared in Tamil language films.

==Career==
Raj Bharath is the son of Malliyam Rajagopal,a film director and producer, who had been active in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-want-to-learn-all-aspects-of-cinema-Raj-Bharath/articleshow/49934338.cms|title = I want to learn all aspects of cinema: Raj Bharath| newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Karthik | first1=Janani }}</ref> Raj Bharath briefly worked with [[Infosys]]. He handed out his portfolio to prominent directors, before gaining an opportunity to portray a small role in [[Sasi (director)|Sasi]]'s ''[[Ainthu Ainthu Ainthu]]'' as an assistant to the villainous character portrayed by [[Sudesh Berry]]. Director [[Mysskin]] cast him as a villain in a wheelchair in the thriller ''[[Onaayum Aattukkuttiyum]]'' (2013), which Raj Bharath described as an "important breakthrough".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Actor-Raj-Bharath-is-Following-in-his-Dad%E2%80%99s-Footsteps/2014/02/24/article2073739.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316171525/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Actor-Raj-Bharath-is-Following-in-his-Dad%E2%80%99s-Footsteps/2014/02/24/article2073739.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2014|title = Actor Raj Bharath is Following in his Dad's Footsteps}}</ref>
==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
! Role
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Ainthu Ainthu Ainthu]]'' || Nikhil ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Onaayum Aattukkuttiyum]]'' || Thamba ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Natpathigaram 79]]''|| Jeeva ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Richie (film)|Richie]]'' || Raghu ||
|-
| 2018 ||''[[Andhra Mess]]'' || Rathna ||
|-
| 2019 ||''[[Sigai]]'' || Prasath || Released on [[ZEE5]]<ref>{{Cite web|title='Sigai' movie review: A whodunit that over-emphasises its message|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/jan/10/a-whodunit-that-over-emphasises-its-message-1922931.html|access-date=2021-04-16|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416123534/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/jan/10/a-whodunit-that-over-emphasises-its-message-1922931.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 ||''[[Gurkha (film)|Gurkha]]'' || Thyagu ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb name|6299091}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharath, Raj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sundhi

2025-10-09T06:32:08Z

SusannahParish: small changes

{{Short description|Indian caste}}
{{pp-protected|reason=[[BP:GS/CASTE]]|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox caste
|caste_name=Sundhi
|classification='''SC''' in West Bengal '''OBC''' in Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha
|religions=Hinduism
}}

'''Sundhi''' also known as '''Sodhi''' or '''Sundi''' or '''Sudi''' or '''Sudhi''' or '''Shoundika''', is an Indian [[caste]] whose traditional occupation has been [[brewing]] of alcoholic drinks.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahana |first1=Rajakishor |title=Negotiating Marginality Conflicts Over Tribal Development in India |date=2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429647826 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LpCKDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sundhi+caste+brewing+of+alcohol&pg=PT156}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Acharya |first1=Manoranjan |title=Problems of Slums and Viable Strategies for Development |year=2005 |publisher=Pratibha Prakashan |isbn=9788177021080 |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZW1PAAAAMAAJ&q=Sundhi+caste+brewing+of+alcohol |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Taradatt |editor-first=Dr. |title=Odisha district gazetteers –Kandhamal |url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Kandhamal_Gazetteer.pdf |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=gopabandhuacademy.gov.in |pages=73–74}}</ref> The Sundhis are included in the [[Other Backward Class]] category in the states of [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Odisha]],<ref name=ODISHA>{{cite web |url=https://www.odisha.gov.in/govtpress/pdf/2012/53.pdf |date=26 December 2011 |title=Minorities & Backward Classes Welfare Department Notification |work=The Odisha Gazette |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309192729/http://odisha.gov.in/govtpress/pdf/2012/53.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/cl/jharkhand.pdf |title=Central List of OBCs for the State of Jharkhand |access-date=29 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=OBC's List |url=http://www.scbc.bih.nic.in/ObcList.htm |website=www.scbc.bih.nic.in |access-date=24 November 2020 |archive-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103135501/http://scbc.bih.nic.in/ObcList.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> though according to Suratha Kumar Malik, Sundhis of [[Koraput district]] of [[Odisha]] belong to the [[Dalit]] community, who are [[Moonshine|hooch]] traders and do small businesses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malik |first=Suratha Kumar |date=4 September 2017 |title=Tribal-Dalit Conflict Over Land: A Case of Narayanpatna Land Movement in the Koraput District of Odisha |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2455328X17722680 |journal=Contemporary Voice of Dalit |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=184–193 |doi=10.1177/2455328X17722680 |s2cid=182082528 |issn=2455-328X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> They are considered as [[Scheduled Caste]] in [[West Bengal]], where they are also known as [[Shunri]] (except Saha).<ref>{{cite book |last1=General |first1=India Office of the Registrar |title=Census of India, 1961 |page=1213 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ylmFAAAAIAAJ&q=sundhi+caste+west+bengal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Vyavasthá-Darpana: Digest of Hindu Law as Current in Bengal. (Syámá Charana Sarkar.) |year=1883 |page=671 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsSAAAAYAAJ&dq=Shunri+caste&pg=PA671 |language=en|last1=(India) |first1=Bengal }}</ref><ref>Singh, K. S. (1992). People of India: The scheduled castes. India: Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1244</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Brewing and distilling castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Scoop (Indian TV series)

2025-06-15T01:55:01Z

SusannahParish: quick adjust citations and added references based on references

{{Short description|Indian crime drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Poster of Scoop.jpg
| genre = [[Crime fiction|Crime]] [[Drama film|Drama]]
| creator = [[Hansal Mehta]] Mrunmayee Lagoo Waikul
| based_on = {{based on|Behind Bars in Byculla: My Days in Prison|[[Jigna Vora]]}}
| writer = Mrunmayee Lagoo Waikul Mirat Trivedi '''Dialogues:''' Karan Vyas
| screenplay = Anu Singh Choudhary
| director = [[Hansal Mehta]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] [[Karishma Tanna]]|[[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]]|[[Harman Baweja]]|[[Tannishtha Chatterjee]]|[[Deven Bhojani]]}}
| theme_music_composer = [[Achint Thakkar]]
| composer = [[Achint Thakkar]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| executive_producer = Sarita Patil Dikssha Jyote Routray
| cinematography = Pratham Mehta
| editor = Amitesh Mukherjee
| runtime = 52–71 minutes
| network = [[Netflix]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|06|02|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| opentheme =
}}

'''''Scoop'''''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Watch Scoop {{!}} Netflix Official Site |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81417638 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=www.netflix.com |language=en}}</ref> is a 2023 Indian Hindi-language [[Crime film|crime drama]] television series created and directed by [[Hansal Mehta]] and Mrunmayee Lagoo Waikul for [[Netflix]]. It stars [[Karishma Tanna]], [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]] and [[Harman Baweja]] in lead roles, along with [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], Neha Mishra, [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] and [[Deven Bhojani]] in supporting roles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web | date=2023-05-11 |title=Karishma Tanna, Harman Baweja and Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub star in Hansal Mehta's next series Scoop; crime drama to stream on Netflix from June 2 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/karishma-tanna-harman-baweja-mohammed-zeeshan-ayyub-star-hansal-mehtas-next-series-scoop-crime-drama-stream-netflix-june-2/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |language=en}}</ref> The series is produced by Sarita Patil and Dikssha Jyote Routray under the banner [[Matchbox Shots]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2023-05-15 |title=Hansal Mehta Talks Netflix Crime Drama 'Scoop': Watch First Trailer (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/global/asia/hansal-mehta-netflix-crime-drama-scoop-trailer-1235612168/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> The series was released on Netflix on 2 June 2023.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-05-11 |title=Hansal Mehta's web series 'Scoop' to release on June 2 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hansal-mehtas-web-series-scoop-to-release-on-june-2/article66838852.ece |access-date=2023-05-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The series is based on [[Jigna Vora]]'s biographical memoir ''Behind Bars in Byculla: My Days in Prison.'' It follows the real-life story of Jigna Vora who was accused of the murder of [[Mid-Day|mid-day]] reporter [[Jyotirmoy Dey]] in June 2011.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=Hansal Mehta to direct series based on journalist's prison memoir |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1016877/hansal-mehta-to-direct-series-based-on-journalists-prison-memoir |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Scroll.in |date=8 February 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Jigna Vora, journalist whose arrest and acquittal in murder by Chhota Rajan, inspired Hansal Mehta's Scoop? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-jigna-vora-whose-arrest-in-murder-by-chhota-rajan-inspired-hansal-mehta-karishma-tanna-netflix-show-scoop-3042465 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

At the [[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards]], ''Scoop'' received 10 nominations, including Best Director in a Drama Series (Mehta), Best Actress in a Drama Series (Tanna) and Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (Baweja and Ayyub), and won 4 awards, including Best Drama Series and Best Actress in a Drama Series (Critics) (Tanna).

== Premise ==
Jagruti Pathak, a prominent crime reporter, is the principal suspect in the terrible slaying of another journalist. She has to defend her innocence as she becomes the focus of attention because everyone thinks she used her contacts in the underworld to kill her competitor.

== Cast ==
* [[Karishma Tanna]] as Jagruti Pathak, Senior crime reporter and Deputy Bureau Chief of Eastern Age (based on [[Jigna Vora]])
* [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]] as Imran Siddiqui, Editor-in-Chief of Eastern Age (based on [[Hussain Zaidi]])
*[[Neha Mishra ]] as Suman
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as Jaideb Sen, Head Of Investigations at News Day (based on [[Jyotirmoy Dey]])
* [[Harman Baweja]] as JCP Harshavardhan Shroff (based on [[Himanshu Roy]])
* [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] as Leena Pradhan, Editor-in-chief of Citi Mirror
* Inayat Sood as Deepa Chandra
* [[Deven Bhojani]] as Mama, Jagruti's maternal uncle
* Shikha Talsania as Vidya Chaudhary Bisht alias 'Sadhvi Maa'
* Tanmay Dhanania as Pushkar Mohan
* Sanat Vyas as Jagruti's maternal grandfather
* [[Ira Dubey]] as Anita Mohan
* [[Ishitta Arun]] as Nelly Siddiqui
* [[Amar Upadhyay]] as Sumeet
* [[Ayaz Khan]] as Brij
* Pubali Sanyal as Shoma Sen, Jaideb Sen's wife
* Pankaj Vishnu
* [[Ravish Desai]] as Advocate Bhavesh Desai, Jagruti Pathak's defending lawyer
* [[Ninad Kamat]] as Jagmohan Guha
* Aseem Hattangadi as Sandeep Narvekar
* [[Manasi Rachh]] as Neha Gupta, Newsreader at India Now Channel
* [[Danish Sait]] as Sushant, Newsreader at AB TV Channel
* [[Pratik Gandhi]] as Man on Road (Special Appearance)
* Shreya Gupto as Rupali
* [[Mehul Kajaria]] as Darshan, Jagruti's ex-husband
* [[Malhar Thakar]] as Ajitesh Bhatt, Jagruti's boyfriend
* [[Tejaswini Kolhapure]] as Chhaya Gada alias 'Rambha Maa'
* [[Swaroopa Ghosh]] as Ushadevi
* Darshan Dave as [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|ATS]] Chief Ramesh Malik
* [[Chirag Vohra]] as ACP Mahanande
* Alekh Sangal
* Jaimini Pathak as Advocate Chintan Vashisht, senior defence lawyer
* [[Atul Kale]] as Dalvi Ji, Senior reporter

== Production ==

=== Development and filming ===
The series was first officially announced by Netflix media press release on 8 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Scoop': Hansal Mehta, Matchbox Shots And Netflix Come Together For A Riveting Character Drama |url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/netflix-announces-scoop-riveting-character-drama |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=About Netflix |language=en}}</ref> [[Principal photography|Principal Photography]] took place on same month of that year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-09 |title=Hansal Mehta to make digital debut with Netflix's 'Scoop', based on journalist Jigna Vora's biography |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/hansal-mehta-to-make-digital-debut-with-netflixs-scoop-based-on-journalist-jigna-voras-biography/articleshow/89450476.cms |access-date=2023-05-15 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
The series was first unveiled in September 2022 during [[Tudum|Netflix global fan event]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldbart |first=Max |date=2022-09-24 |title=Netflix India Showcases Vasan Bala's 'Monica, O My Darling', 'Scoop' & 'Guns & Gulaabs' At Tudum Event |url=https://deadline.com/2022/09/netflix-india-tudum-monica-o-my-darling-vasan-bala-1235125643/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> The official teaser was released by Netflix India YouTube channel on 24 September 2022. The trailer with a release date was announced on 14 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-15 |title=Scoop trailer: Karishma Tanna plays a crime journalist who herself becomes the story in Hansal Mehta's gripping drama |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/scoop-trailer-karishma-tanna-plays-a-crime-journalist-who-herself-becomes-the-story-in-hansal-mehtas-gripping-drama-101684134682800.html |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The series was released on 2 June 2023 via Netflix.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-15 |title=Scoop trailer: Karishma Tanna is a journalist implicated for murder in Hansal Mehta's gritty drama inspired by Jigna Vora's story. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/scoop-trailer-karishma-tanna-journalist-murder-suspect-hansal-mehta-real-story-jigna-vora-netflix-8609948/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Litigation ==
On 2 June 2023, Rajendra Sadashiv Nikalje, popularly known as ''[[Chhota Rajan]]'' objected over his picture and voice used in the series alleging the infringement of personality rights to the fellow makers. He moved to [[Bombay High Court]] to seek removal of the series from the platform.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-02 |title=Chhota Rajan moves HC, seeks to stop release of Netflix series 'Scoop' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/chhota-rajan-moves-hc-seeks-to-stop-release-of-netflix-series-scoop-101685647494880.html |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-01 |title=Chhota Rajan seeks stay on release of Netflix series 'Scoop', alleges infringement of 'personality rights' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/chhota-rajan-scoop-netflix-series-stay-infringement-personality-rights-8641165/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On the same day, HC dismissed his plea. Rajan's attorney, senior advocate [[Mihir Desai]], answered that his client has a copyright on his image that no one else can use when the bench questioned how it could be maintained as a commercial intellectual property rights dispute and stated it should be sent to mediation. The plaintiff was subsequently instructed by the bench to modify the lawsuit properly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-02 |title='Already released': Bombay HC adjourns Chhota Rajan's plea against Netflix series 'Scoop' to June 7 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/bombay-hc-chhota-rajan-plea-netflix-series-scoop-8642156/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Viewership ===
'''''Scoop''''' rose to the number one spot in Netflix’s top 10 list in India and Bangladesh upon its 2 June debut. The following week, it remained in both countries’ top 10 lists, hanging on to the second highest spot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netflix Top 10 Movies and Series Today Globally |url=https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/most-popular/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=What's on Netflix |date=26 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Merican |first=Sara |title=Netflix's Indian Series 'Scoop' Tells A Timely Story About Journalism, Politics And Truth |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saramerican/2023/06/16/netflixs-indian-series-scoop-tells-a-timely-story-about-journalism-politics-and-truth/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
The series received positive reviews from critics, who praised its performances, direction and screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Scoop' Netflix Review: Stream It Or Skip It? |date=3 June 2023 |url=https://decider.com/2023/06/02/scoop-netflix-review/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Netflix's Scoop Review: A must watch for all journalists |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflixs-scoop-review-why-is-the-show-a-must-watch-for-journalists-12702222.html |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Karishma Tanna and Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub power this series about the pitfalls of ambition and the price of journalistic grit. The final episodes are a blur of lurid news flashes and ravenous television cameras. “That’s where I want to be,” says Deepa (Inayat Sood), an ambitious trainee reporter and the scariest character of all."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |title='Scoop' series review: Hansal Mehta's valentine to conscientious print journalism |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/scoop-series-review-hansal-mehtas-valentine-to-conscientious-print-journalism/article66922708.ece |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 June 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated 4 stars out of 5 and wrote "Wending its way through its many sub-plots, Scoop stays focussed on the plight of a woman subjected to mud-slinging by her own fraternity and a police force under pressure to crack a particularly vexed case and find a scapegoat."<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Scoop Review: Karishma Tanna's Performance Is Without Blemish |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/scoop-review-karishma-tannas-performance-is-without-blemish-4-stars-4087743 |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=2 June 2023}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref>

[[Deepa Gahlot]] for ''[[Rediff.com]]'' praised the series and rated 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Scoop is a well-shot (Pratham Mehta) and authentic-looking show. A little over a decade has gone by but there have been rapid changes in the look of the city and models of cars and gadgets."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |title=Scoop Review: TERRIFIC Show! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/scoop-review/20230602.htm |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=2 June 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref>

[[Santanu Das]] for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' called it "one of the best shows of the year" praising the screenplay and wrote "Not a single minute is wasted in the hour-long, 6-episode long series, created by Mehta and Mrunmayee Lagoo Waikul-- diving headlong inside the middle of everyday journalistic hustle: tracking breaking news, connecting with undercover sources, and bringing the report down to the page."<ref>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Santanu |author-link=Santanu Das |title=Scoop review: Hansal Mehta sets the bar high in one of the best shows of the year |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/scoop-hansal-mehta-review-best-show-of-the-year-101685688463481.html |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Debiparna Chakraborty from ''Best of Netflix'' rated the series 4/5 and wrote "The cast and crew of ''Scoop'' deliver a well-written and effectively-performed story, barring a few slip-ups here and there. Ultimately, the series leaves us with more questions than answers, prompting the viewers to think for themselves. Perhaps that is necessary in a world where critical thinking has become as obscure as ethics in journalism."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-02 |title=Netflix's 'Scoop' is riveting |url=https://best-of-netflix.com/netflixs-scoop-review-a-riveting-examination-of-modern-day-journalism/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=best-of-netflix.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

''[[India Today]]'' rated 4/5 stars and wrote "What is absolutely amazing about Scoop is that it doesn’t preach. It refrains from giving a statement, but is more focused on the events that ensued in 2011."<ref>{{cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Bhavna |title=Scoop Season 1 Review: Hansal Mehta's series is a total 'front page' material |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/scoop-season-1-review-karishma-tanna-hansal-mehta-harman-baweja-series-total-front-page-material-2387932-2023-06-02 |work=[[India Today]] |date=2 June 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref>

''[[CNN-News18|News18]]'' rated 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "The actual book written by Jigna Vora only speaks about her life in Byculla jail, but here in this series, the makers have taken a liberty to go a step further and explained the circumstances and situation led to that situation in her life."<ref>{{cite news |last=Kotak |first=Yesha |title=Scoop Review: Hansal Mehta Series Depicts A Journalist's Life In An Apt Way |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/scoop-review-hansal-mehta-series-depicts-a-journalists-life-in-an-apt-way-7982119.html |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=2 June 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Sumit Rajguru from ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 praising the performance and direction stating, "''The Hansal Mehta Show'' could have been edited well, but the 6-episodes of the series are nothing but a delight to watch."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-02 |title=Scoop Review: Karishma Tanna Gives Her Best In Show That Uncovers Harsh Reality Of Investigative Journalism |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/scoop-review-karishma-tanna-gives-her-best-in-show-that-uncovers-harsh-reality-of-investigative-journalism-article-100686817 |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The theme music and the score for the series was composed by [[Achint Thakkar]]. Previously, Thakkar had also collaborated with Hansal Mehta for his biographical series [[Scam 1992|''Scam 1992: The Harshad Mehta Story'']] (2020). <ref>{{Citation |title=Scoop Theme - Achint | date=2 August 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UMJ3giNIzGI |access-date=2024-02-02 |language=en}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award ceremony
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominee / Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan=2| [[2023 Asia Contents Awards & Global OTT Awards|2023]]
! scope="row" rowspan=2| [[Asia Contents Awards & Global OTT Awards]]
| Best Asian TV Series
| ''Scoop''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|<ref name="acc:dh">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/disney-moving-asia-contents-awards-busan-ryu-seung-ryong-1235567064/ |title= Disney's 'Moving' Sweeps Asia Contents Awards With Six Prizes Including Best Creative, Writer & Actor – Busan |author= Liz Shackleton |website= Deadline Hollywood |date= 8 October 2023 |access-date= 8 October 2023|lang=en}}</ref>
|-
| Best Lead Actress
| [[Karishma Tanna]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |2023
! scope="row" rowspan="6" |Bollywood Hungama's OTT India Fest Awards
|Best Original Series of The Year
| rowspan="3" |''Scoop''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/ott-india-fest/winners.php |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Series
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Adapted / Non-Original OTT Work
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Director of The Year - Series
| rowspan="2" |[[Hansal Mehta]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Director
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor - Female Popular
|[[Karishma Tanna]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="11" | [[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards|2023]]
! rowspan="11" scope="row" | [[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
| Best Drama Series
| ''Scoop''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="11" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full List Out {{!}} Femina.in |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/nominations-for-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-279050.html |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.femina.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director in a Drama Series
| [[Hansal Mehta]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress in a Drama Series
| rowspan="2" |[[Karishma Tanna]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress in a Drama Series (Critics)
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
|[[Harman Baweja]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Original Dialogue (Series)
|Karan Vyas
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Adapted Screenplay (Series)
|Mrunmayee Lagoo, Mirat Trivedi and Anu Singh Choudhary
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer (Series)
|Pratham Mehta
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Production Design (Series)
|Tanvi Leena Patil
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Editing (Series)
|Amitesh Mukherjee
| {{nom}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Netflix India originals|List of Netflix India Originals]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|22297178}}

{{Hansal Mehta}}

[[Category:Courtroom dramas]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix television dramas]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama television series]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020s crime drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in India]]
[[Category:Television series about journalism]]
[[Category:Television shows based on biographies]]
[[Category:Biographical television series]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]

Neem Phooler Madhu

2025-06-08T16:20:10Z

SusannahParish: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Zee Bangla#Drama series]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

South Vazhakulam

2025-05-18T16:55:00Z

SusannahParish: adjusted intro after review for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = South Vazhakulam
| native_name = Thadiyittaparambu
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Thekke Vazhakulam
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Vazhakkulam Gramapanchayat Office, Marampilli.jpg
| image_alt = Vazhakkulam Gramapanchayat Office, Marampilli
| image_caption = Vazhakkulam Gramapanchayat Office, Marampilli
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.09|N|76.42|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Vazhakulam Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 28,591 (Census data 2001)
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 683105
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0484
| registration_plate = KL-40
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Aluva]], [[Perumbavoor]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chalakkudy (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chalakkudy]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''South Vazhakulam''' is a small town in between [[Aluva]] and [[Perumbavoor]] on Aluva-Munnar State Highway(SH-16). South Vazhakulam represents Vazhakulam Village, Vazhakulam Panchayat & Vazhakulam Block.

Vazhakulam, which was traditionally a farming village, has changed to an industrial area with many big and small industrial units and large warehouses operating in and around Vazhakulam. South Vazhakulam is the major shopping area for the residents between Aluva and Perumbavoor towns. South Vazhakulam is preferred by many people from across the state to settle down since it is located in the suburb of Kochi and is well connected to major towns, airport, railway station, and multi-specialty hospital. People following different religious beliefs live together in harmony. Also, the crime rate is very low. Periyar Valley Irrigation Main Canal flows through Vazhakulam and so the land is supplied with water even during summer.

==Etymology==
Vazhakkulam comes from 'vazha' which means [[banana]] in [[Malayalam]] and 'kulam' which means [[pond]] in Malayalam. There were a lot of banana plantations in olden times and there were many ponds to [[irrigation|irrigate]] these plantations. That can be the reason for this pretty name of the village.

==Administration==
It represents Vazhakulam Block and Vazhakulam Panchayat in Kunnathunadu Taluk, [[Ernakulam District]] in the Indian state of Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

==Villages and suburbs==
Marampally, Vazhakkulam, Sreemulanagaram, Vengola, Keezhmadu, Edathala and Kizhakkambalam.

==Location==
{| style="right; margin:0 0 0 0;"
|
{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Areas of Kochi'''
|Northwest = [[Keezhumadu]]
|North = [[Marampally]]
|Northeast = [[Perumbavoor]]
|West = [[Chunangamvely]]
|Centre = [[Vazhakulam]]
|East = [[Chembarakky]]
|Southwest = [[Edathala]]
|South = [[Malayidomthuruth]]
|Southeast = [[Oorakkad]]
}}
|}

== Economy ==
South Vazhakulam is known for small scale industries and warehouses. It accommodates one of the largest warehouses in the state. There are many small size industries and trading concerns located in and around South Vazhakulam town.

===Industries===
*AVT Natural Products
*Mc Cormick
*V-Star
*Aizar Pipes
*Hycount
*Akay Flavours & Aromatics
*Godrej Agrovet
*New Glory Orthopedics
*Plywood units
*Cashewnut Factory

==Religious Centers==
*Sasthamangalam Temple
*Vazhakulam Juma Masjid
*Infant Jesus Church [[Syro-Malabar Church]]
*St. Mary's Church [[Jacobite Church]]
*Chettiyath Bhagavathi Temple
*Ethyerikavu Bhagavathi Temple
*Ebenezer Marthoma Church

==Educational Institutions==
*Vazhakulam Govt. Higher Secondary School
*Holy Crescent College of Architecture
*MES College Marampally
*TMJ Public School

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Ernakulam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Ernakulam district]]

P. Yashoda

2024-06-29T21:26:13Z

SusannahParish: added new details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian woman journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. Yashoda
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| other_names = Yashoda Teacher
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1916|2|12}}
| birth_place = [[Malabar district]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2009|7|29|1916|2|12}}
| death_place = [[Kannur district]], Kerala
| occupation = Journalist, Teacher, Woman activist
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse(s) = [[Kandalottu Kunhambu]]
| relatives =
}}'''P. Yashoda''' popularly known as '''Yashoda teacher''' was a woman activist, freedom fighter, journalist and teacher from [[Kerala]], India. She is best known as the first woman reporter, first woman journalist and first woman school teacher from Kerala.

==Biography==
Yashoda was born on 12 February 1916, the daughter of Janaki and Dharmadath Payyanadan Govindan at present-day [[Kannur district]], Kerala.<ref name="Kerala Women">{{cite web |title=യശോദ ടീച്ചർ - ആദ്യത്തെ സ്വന്തം ലേഖിക |url=https://www.keralawomen.gov.in/ml/node/764 |website=Kerala Women |publisher=Department of Women and Child Development, Kerala state |access-date=11 March 2022 |language=ml |date=30 March 2021}}</ref> She joined Kalyassery Higher Elementary School as the only woman student in the eighth standard.<ref name="Kerala Women"/> After passing eighth in 1930, in April, she was appointed as an untrained teacher at a school where her uncle Govindan was headmaster.<ref name="Kerala Women"/> She was only 15 years at the time of joining as a teacher. She trained as a teacher during the period 1933–35.<ref name="Kerala Women"/> She completed her high school education and became a schoolteacher at a time when female education rates were very low.<ref name="Womenpoint">{{cite web |title=Womenpoint |url=http://womenpoint.in/index.php/resources/resourcesDetails/114 |website=womenpoint.in}}</ref>

In 1939, 198 teacher certificates were revoked, including Yashoda's.<ref name="Kerala Women"/> If they apologized, they would be taken back. But Yashoda was not ready to apologize.<ref name="Kerala Women"/> She received her Elementary School Living Certificate on 8 March 1942.<ref name="Kerala Women"/> Yashoda attended the National Conference of the All India Women's Conference in [[Sindh]] in December 1943 and the Asiatic Women's Conference in [[Kolkata]] in 1949.<ref name="Kerala Women"/>

Yashoda was at the forefront of bringing women together and teaching them spinning, stitching and weaving.<ref name="Kerala Women"/> Along with this she also conducted literacy classes and awareness classes to woman.<ref name="Kerala Women"/> The women's movement started under the leadership of Yashoda Teacher later took root all over the [[Malabar Coast|Malabar region]].<ref name="Kerala Women"/>

Formerly a schoolteacher, Yashoda was instrumental in the formation of the Teachers' Union in Kerala before Indian independence.<ref name="hindustantimes"/> The Teachers 'Struggle of 1939, led by the Malabar Teachers' Union, marked a turning point in the lives of teachers who demanded that [[Secondary School Leaving Certificate|SSLC]] students be given the opportunity to sit for examinations privately.<ref name="Kerala Women"/>

As a reporter for the pro-left newspaper [[Deshabhimani]], Yashoda had interviewed prisoners sentenced to death at [[Kannur district|Kannur]] Central Jail for participating in the [[Kayyur]] agitation demanding the distribution of land to landless farmers in [[northern Kerala]] during the [[British Raj|British rule]].<ref name="hindustantimes"/> Yashoda Teacher is the only woman who went to see Kayyur comrades in jail.<ref name="Womenpoint"/>

Yashoda Teacher, the first woman reporter, first woman journalist and first woman school teacher from Kerala, was also the first woman organizer of the communist struggle in Kerala.<ref name="Kerala Women"/> Yashoda also acted in several plays at the time, and was also nominated for Best Actress several times.<ref name="Kerala Women"/> Plays in which actors and organizers all were only women became very popular.<ref name="Kerala Women"/>

===Personal life and death===
Yashoda's husband [[Kandalottu Kunhambu]] was a [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] leader and former Kerala state minister.<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite news |title=Kerala's first woman journalist dead |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kerala-s-first-woman-journalist-dead/story-0VttHgOTupDkZ7l3KQcRiK.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 July 2009 |language=en}}</ref> They were married in 1952. The couple had no children.<ref name="hindustantimes"/> She died at her residence near Kannur on 27 July 2009.<ref name="hindustantimes"/>

==Legacy==
Since 2019, the P Yasoda Women's Media Award has been presented in Yashoda's honor. The award is presented by the P Yashoda Memorial Committee and the Kerala Mahila Sangam Kannur District Committee.<ref name="malabar"/> The award consists of Rs. 10001 and a certificate.<ref name="malabar"/> First award was given to Nileena Atholi.<ref name="malabar">{{cite news |title=പി.യശോദ ടീച്ചര്‍ പ്രഥമ വനിതാ മാധ്യമ പ്രവര്‍ത്തക പുരസ്‌കാരം നിലീന അത്തോളിക്ക് |url=https://malabarinews.com/news/p-yashoda-teacher-award-nileena-atholi/ |work=malabarinews.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yashoda, P.}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]

Yaheh Hallegua

2024-06-17T16:40:33Z

SusannahParish: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Paradesi Jews#Last remaining Paradasi Jews]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-17|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Paradesi Jews#Last remaining Paradasi Jews|reason= The anchor (Last remaining Paradasi Jews) [[Special:Diff/721652642|has been deleted]].}}

Malawan, Etah

2024-05-27T13:01:56Z

SusannahParish: added initial data needs work

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Malawan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.47364|N|78.83219|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Etah district|Etah]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Etah]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 11.371
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8220
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Malawan''' ({{IAST|Malāwan}}) is a village in [[Sakit]] block of [[Etah district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. There is a small crescent-shaped lake to the east of the village, and east of that is an old archaeological mound associated with the [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]]. As of 2011, Malawan has a population of 8,220, in 1,424 households.

== Archaeology ==
About 1.5 km east of Malawan, at the eastern tip of a small crescent-shaped lake, is an archaeological mound where several pottery shards associated with the [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]] were found. On the north and northeast sides of the mound, there is a broad depression, which the ancient inhabitants likely used for agriculture.<ref name="Kumar 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Vijay |title=OCP Settlement Pattern, Copper Hoard Weapons & Military Organization of the village and Interpretation of Anthropomorphic Figures |journal=Indian Journal of Archaeology |date=2022 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=207-305 |url=http://ijarch.org/Admin/Articles/6IJAVOL7NO2.pdf |access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref>{{rp|285}}

== History ==
Malawan was historically one of the main villages in ''[[pargana]]'' [[Sonhar, Uttar Pradesh|Sonhar]]. malawan was also a zamindari state ?-1947 (title abolished) it was ruled by late thakur maharaj singh chauhan later. it was ruled by late. Thakur narsingh bhansingh chauhan after his death it was ruled by his son late. Thakur jogendra pal singh chauhan (till 1947) later, on title of zamindaar abolished.later also he is the main person of village till his death later he donated his farms to his servants and other people of villages his family is still living in malawan in haveli . At the turn of the 20th century, it was described as a purely agricultural village, with no commercial or industrial significance. It had a [[dak bungalow]], an upper primary school (with an average attendance of 32 as of 1908), and a branch post office at that point, and it was also the site of a British military encampment. As of 1901, Malawan had a population of 2,472. <ref name="Gazetteer 1911">{{cite book |editor1-last=Neave |editor1-first=E. R. |title=Etah: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XII of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |date=1911 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48066 |access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>{{rp|63-4, 222-3, xxvii, xxxiv}}

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Malawan had a population of 8,220, in 1,424 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|205}} This population was 53.6% male (4,406) and 46.4% female (3,814). The 0-6 age group numbered 1,317 (675 male and 642 female), making up 16.0% of the total population. 1,628 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 19.8% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Etah, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1200/download/3814/DH_2011_0970_PART_A_DCHB_ETAH.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>{{rp|140-1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Malawan as having a population of 4,750 people (2,596 male and 2,154 female), in 867 households and 867 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Series 22 Part XIII-B: District Etah |date=1983 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/44721/download/48394/1981_DCHB_UP_ETAH.pdf |access-date=21 November 2023}}</ref>{{rp|184-5}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Malawan as comprising 7 hamlets, with a total population of 3,529 people (1,910 male and 1,619 female), in 693 households and 405 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 2,810 acres and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (23 - Etah District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28468/download/31650/21853_1961_ETA.pdf |access-date=21 November 2023}}</ref>{{rp|LXXX}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Malawan had 4 primary schools and 1 primary health centre. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office and public library, as well as at least some access to electricity for residential and agricultural (but not commercial) purposes. Streets were made of ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Etah, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1200/download/3814/DH_2011_0970_PART_A_DCHB_ETAH.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>{{rp|205-10}}

== See also ==
* [[Birahimpur Sakit]]: a nearby village with a similar archaeological site

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Etah district}}

[[Category:Villages in Etah district]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Uttar Pradesh]]

Maharashtra State Highway 10

2024-02-28T10:31:40Z

SusannahParish: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[State Highway 10 (Maharashtra)]]

Bhikanpur Meghpur

2024-02-24T14:45:08Z

SusannahParish: new!

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhikanpur Meghpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Kotla block Bhikanpur Meghpur.png
| map_caption = Map showing Bhikanpur Meghpur in Kotla block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.17158|N|78.4215|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.379
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3722
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bhikanpur Meghpur''' ({{IAST|Bhīkanpur Meghpur}}) is a village in [[Kotla, Firozabad|Kotla]] block of [[Firozabad district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 3,722, in 632 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Bhikanpur Meghpur had a population of 3,722, in 632 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|109}} This population was 52.7% male (1,960) and 47.3% female (1,762). The 0-6 age group numbered 600 (310 male and 290 female), making up 16.1% of the total population. 916 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 24.6% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|104-5}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Bhikanpur Meghpur as having a population of 1,546 people (822 male and 724 female), in 277 households and 273 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|190-1}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Bhikanpur Meghpur as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 927 people (494 male and 433 female), in 144 households and 134 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 565 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xcii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Bhikanpur Meghpur had 3 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|109-14}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]