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1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election

2026-05-07T10:48:06Z

Surojit098: Starting new pg

{{Short description|Election on 5–21 February 1967}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
{{For|Lok Sabha election|1967 Indian general election in Madras}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| turnout = 76.57% ({{increase}} 5.92%)
| previous_election = 1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1962
| next_election = 1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1971 (TN)
| election_date = 5–21 February 1967
| seats_for_election = All 234 seats in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=CN Annadurai.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=02}}
| leader1 = [[C. N. Annadurai]]
| leaders_seat1 = ''Did Not Contest''{{efn|He was contested and won for MP for [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|South Chennai]], later resigned it to become [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|MLC]]<ref name="Bhatt2006">{{cite book|author=Shankarlal C. Bhatt|title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: In 36 Volumes. Tamil Nadu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyCoMKZmRBoC&pg=PA525|year=2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-381-4|page=525}}</ref>}}
| party1 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| seats1 = '''137'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 87<ref name="assembly.tn.gov.in">{{cite web |title=The Madras Legislative Assembly, 1962-67, A Review |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/3rd_1962/Review%203_62-67.pdf |website=assembly.tn.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606082028/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/3rd_1962/Review%203_62-67.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2021 |date=24 August 1967 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| popular_vote1 = '''6,230,552'''
| percentage1 = '''40.69%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 13.59%
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=M Bhaktavatsalam 2008 stamp of India.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=02}}
| leader2 = [[M. Bhaktavatsalam]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leaders_seat2 = [[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur]] ''(lost)''
| seats2 = 51
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 84<ref name="assembly.tn.gov.in" />
| popular_vote2 = 6,293,378
| percentage2 = 41.10%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 5.04%
| title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[M. Bakthavatsalam]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[C. N. Annadurai]]
| after_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| majority_seats = 118
}}

The '''fourth legislative assembly election''' of [[Madras State]] (later renamed as [[Tamil Nadu]]) was held in February 1967. The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) led coalition under the leadership of [[C.N. Annadurai]] won the election defeating the [[Indian National Congress]] (Congress). [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|Anti-Hindi agitations]], the rising prices of essential commodities, and a shortage of rice were the dominant issues. [[K. Kamaraj]]'s resignation as the Chief Minister in 1963, to concentrate on party affairs, along with persistent rumors of corruption had weakened the incumbent Congress Government. This was the first time that a non-congress party had gained a single simple majority in a state assembly in India, second time after [[Communist Party of India]] winning [[Kerala]] assembly elections in 1957 for a non-Congress party alliance to gain the majority in a state in [[India]], and the last time that Congress held power in Tamil Nadu. It marked the beginning of [[Dravidian parties|Dravidian]] dominance in the politics of Tamil Nadu. Annadurai, who became the first non-Congress chief minister of post-independence Tamil Nadu, died in office in 1969 and [[V.R. Nedunchezhiyan]] took over as acting chief minister. Since then, except for brief months of President's rule, only [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and its splitaway [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] have formed cabinets in the State.

== Background ==
The Congress party began to show weakness in the years after the [[1962 Madras legislative assembly election|1962 election]].<ref name="Hardgrave"/> In the summer of 1962, DMK conducted demonstrations against rising prices. These demonstrations turned violent throughout the state leading to the arrest of 6500 DMK volunteers, 14 members of the assembly and four members of the Lok Sabha, including Annadurai.<ref name="Hardgrave"/>

[[Kamaraj]] voluntarily resigned the Chief Ministership in 1963, despite being popular, to assume the presidency of the [[All India Congress Committee]] and was replaced by [[M. Bakthavatsalam]]. Kamaraj had hoped to serve as role model to other senior Congress leaders to pave way for youngsters and strengthen the party's popularity. Robert L. Hardgrave Jr. (Temple Professor Emeritus in the Humanities, Government and Asian Studies from the [[University of Texas]]) wrote in an article published in the journal ''[[Pacific Affairs]]'', that M. Bhaktavatsalam did not have the personal charisma or political acumen of Kamaraj. Persistent rumours of corruption tarnished the image of the Government. In October 1964, the food crisis brought the popularity of the Congress Government to an all-time low.<ref name="Hardgrave">{{Cite journal| first = Robert L. Jr. |last=Hardgrave | title = The DMK and the Politics of Tamil Nationalism| journal = Pacific Affairs| volume = 37| issue = 4| pages = 410| publisher = Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia| date = Winter 1964–1965|doi=10.2307/2755132 | jstor = 2755132}}</ref>

== Issues ==
{{main|Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu}}
The major issues at play in the election were the [[Languages with official status in India|official language issue]], the rise in essential commodity prices and the shortage of rice. The central Government led by the Indian National Congress had implemented an act replacing English with Hindi as an official language of India while retaining a possible "associate" status to English. The switchover came into effect on 26 January 1965. In protest to the vague wording of the act, fearing a possible elimination of English and imposition of Hindi, DMK had launched an [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|agitation]] opposing the switchover and that agitation turned violent. The 1967 election was held in the aftermath of this violence.<ref name="Kanchan Chandra"/>

The acute rice shortage prevailing in the state became an election issue with the DMK promising to supply three ''padis'' (approx. 4.5 kg) of rice for 1 [[Indian Rupee|Rupee]] in its election manifesto.<ref name="hindu1">{{Citation| title = The competitive politics of rice | date = 9 April 2009| url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/09/stories/2009040956141300.htm| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090412142610/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/09/stories/2009040956141300.htm| url-status = dead| archive-date = 12 April 2009| newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | access-date =16 November 2009}}</ref><ref name="bl">{{Citation| title = The politics of rice| newspaper = The Hindu Business Line| date = 12 May 2006| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/05/12/stories/2006051204201900.htm| access-date = 16 November 2009| archive-date = 17 May 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517043754/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/05/12/stories/2006051204201900.htm| url-status = live}}</ref> The DMK capitalised on the rice shortage as well as widespread discontent with the Bhaktavatsalam administration. Slogans like ''Kamarajar Annachi kadalaiparuppu vilai ennachu'' (Elder Brother (''Annachi'' is a title historically been used to refer to a person of [[Nadar (caste)|Kamaraj's caste]]) Kamaraj, what happened to the price of chana dal?), ''Bhaktavatsalam annachi, arisi vilai ennachu'' (lit. Brother Bhatavatsalam, what happened to the price of rice?) were used effectively by the DMK to stir public anger against the Congress.<ref name="thinnai1"/>

This election was noted for popular actor, DMK candidate and future Chief Minister [[M.G. Ramachandran]] (MGR) being shot in the throat by actor [[M.R. Radha]] mere weeks before the polls. He survived the shooting, but the incident created a huge popularity wave for MGR. This eventually helped to increase the popularity of not only MGR, but also the DMK in the election, and is attributed as one of the reasons for the victory of the DMK.<ref name="isbn0-415-39680-8">{{cite book |author=Velayutham, Selvaraj |title=Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2001 |pages=116 |isbn=0-415-39680-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bOjT3qffnMkC |access-date=24 September 2016 |archive-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731095725/https://books.google.com/books?id=bOjT3qffnMkC |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to journalist Tharasu Shyam, a college student at the time recalled that during the 1967 Assembly elections, the then-ruling Congress party distributed ₹10 to voters as part of its electoral practices.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 December 2017 |title=The six-decade-old problem of cash-for-vote|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/Dec/17/the-six-decade-old-problem-of-cash-for-vote-1729412.html |access-date=17 December 2017|work=newindianexpress|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Coalitions ==
There were two major political coalitions running in the elections. The [[Indian National Congress]] contested<ref name="clarifycontest"/> alone, while the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] (DK) under [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]] supported and campaigned for the incumbent Congress against his protege Annadurai.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Periyar Movement| work = periyar.org| url = http://www.periyar.org/html/dk_movement_eng.asp| access-date = 16 November 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070130222128/http://www.periyar.org/html/dk_movement_eng.asp| archive-date = 30 January 2007| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/durai.html |title=E.V. Ramaswami Naicker and C.N. Annadurai - Cho Ramaswamy, India Today |access-date=16 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024183112/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/durai.html |archive-date=24 October 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kalachuvadu.com/issue-109/page107.asp |title=Ariyapadavendiya Anna, Kalachuvadu Magazine (in Tamil) |access-date=17 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104133146/http://kalachuvadu.com/issue-109/page107.asp |archive-date=4 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]-led front comprised the [[Swatantra Party]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[Praja Socialist Party]], [[Samyukta Socialist Party]], [[Tamil Nadu Toilers Party]], [[Republican Party of India]] and the [[Indian Union Muslim League]]. The [[Tamil Arasu Kazhagam]] and the We Tamils party campaigned using the DMK election symbol.<ref name="Kanchan Chandra">{{Cite book| first = Kanchan| last = Chandra| author-link = Kanchan Chandra| title = Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Head Counts in India| publisher = Cambridge University Press| pages = 276| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=s9cYoZaNxMcC&pg=PA276| isbn = 978-0-521-89141-7| date = 2007-02-15| access-date = 24 September 2016| archive-date = 2 May 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502035137/https://books.google.com/books?id=s9cYoZaNxMcC&pg=PA276| url-status = live}}</ref> This opposition coalition was forged by [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (Rajaji) with the sole purpose of defeating the Kamaraj led Congress. Rajaji's personal hostility to Kamaraj and his opposition to the Congress party were the main reasons behind Swatantra's alliance with DMK.<ref>{{cite book | title=Leadership in South Asia| author=B. N. Pandey| year=1977| pages=434}}</ref> The [[Communist Party of India]] campaigned alone without joining either of the two coalitions.<ref name="cpi">{{Citation| title =How the Communists Fared | newspaper = Economic and Political Weekly| date =18 March 1989| jstor = 4394522| last1 = Menon| first1 = Mukundan C.| volume = 24| issue = 11| pages = 549–550}}</ref><ref name="jayakantan">{{cite book | first=D | last=Jayakanthan | author-link=Jayakanthan | year=2006 | title=A Literary Man's Political Experiences | publisher=Vikas Publishing House | location=New Delhi | isbn=978-1-4067-3569-7 | pages=195 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lnl_um7uFcsC | access-date=24 September 2016 | archive-date=7 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707002917/http://books.google.com/books?id=Lnl_um7uFcsC | url-status=live }}</ref>

The electoral alliance between DMK, Swatantra Party and Muslim League had emerged in the years before the 1964 civic elections throughout Madras state. During the 1964 election campaign [[Rajaji|Rajagopalachari]] had said, "The DMK and Muslim League are my children and I am duty bound to nurse them to strength and stature."<ref name="Hardgrave"/>

== Campaigning ==

{{See also|Tamil cinema and Dravidian politics}}
Both Congress and DMK used films and actors for campaigning. [[Gemini Studios]] produced a political film for the Congress – ''Vazhga Nam Thayagam'' starring [[Shivaji Ganesan]] and [[Nagesh]]. Sivaji and [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] worked for the Congress party. Despite its efforts, Congress could not counter the DMK's propaganda, which had a long history of using films for political campaigns since its founding.<ref name="Selvaraj">{{cite book| title=Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry| last=Selvaraj Velayudham| year=2008| pages=73| publisher=Routledge| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC&q=campaign+dmk+1967&pg=PT89| isbn=9780415396806| access-date=7 November 2020| archive-date=2 May 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502035138/https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC&q=campaign+dmk+1967&pg=PT89| url-status=live}}</ref>

DMK's long-term association with the [[Tamil Film]] industry was put to good use in the campaign. MGR's films were used to attack Congress policies and to popularise DMK's positions. Similar to the tactics employed in the elections of [[1957 Madras legislative assembly election|1957]] and [[1962 Madras legislative assembly election|1962]], film songs and dialogues from ''[[Kaanji Thalaivan]]'' (1963), "[[Deivathai (1964)]]'', "[[Padakotti (1964)]]", ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]", ''[[Enga Veettu Pillai]]'' (1965), ''[[Anbe Vaa (1966 film)|Anbe Vaa]]'' (1966), '' Naan Aanaiyittal'' (1966), "Mugarasi (1966)", "[[Petralthan Pillaya (1966)]]",''Vivasayee'' (1967) and ''Arasakattalai'' (1967) were used for political messaging. Lesser known film stars like Ravichandran and [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] used their films for praising DMK and Annadurai. The DMK put up posters of MGR recuperating in a hospital bed with a neck cast (from his gunshot wounds) all over Tamil Nadu to garner public sympathy and support.<ref name="thinnai1"/><ref name="thinnai2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thinnai.com/?module=displaystory&story_id=70703221&format=print |title=The politics of Bioscope - Part 11, Thinnai.com (in Tamil) |access-date=18 November 2009 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717050958/http://www.thinnai.com/?module=displaystory&story_id=70703221&format=print |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="thinnai3">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thinnai.com/?module=displaystory&story_id=70706072&format=print |title=The politics of Bioscope - Part 20, Thinnai.com (in Tamil) |access-date=18 November 2009 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717051006/http://www.thinnai.com/?module=displaystory&story_id=70706072&format=print |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Election ==
The election was held for a total of 234 constituencies, including 43 [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Caste]] and 2 [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] reserved constituencies. 778 candidates, including 11 women were in the fray, of whom 231 men and 3 women were elected to the assembly. The election saw a turnout of 76.57 percent of all eligible voters, with 79.19% men and 73.99% women casting their votes. The polling for the assembly election took place along with the polling for the [[Indian general election in Madras, 1967|1967 parliamentary elections]]. It took place in three phases between 5 and 21 February (5, 18 and 21 February).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/assemblies-overview.htm |title=DETAILS OF TERMS OF SUCCESSIVE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES CONSTITUTED UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA |work=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=11 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204611/http://assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/assemblies-overview.htm |archive-date=3 March 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title=Madras State administration report| last=Madras| year=1968| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1nAdAAAAIAAJ&q=Poll+15th+to+21st+February+1967.+During+this+General+Election| access-date=24 September 2016| archive-date=2 May 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502035139/https://books.google.com/books?id=1nAdAAAAIAAJ&q=Poll+15th+to+21st+February+1967.+During+this+General+Election| url-status=live}}</ref>

==Seat Allotment==
===DMK Front===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;"colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"|
[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|50x50px]]
|| [[C. N. Annadurai]] || style="text-align:center;"|168
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|2. || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Swatantra Party symbol.png|50x50px]] || [[C. Rajagopalachari]] || style="text-align:center;"|27
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|3.
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50x50px]]|| [[M. R. Venkataraman]]
| style="text-align:center;"|22
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|4. || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:No flag.svg|50x50px]] ||[[Jayaprakash Narayan]] || style="text-align:center;"|4
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|5. || {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:No flag.svg|50x50px]] || [[Muhammed Ismail]] || style="text-align:center;"|3
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|6. || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}|| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Tree.png|50x50px]]|| [[George Fernandes]] || style="text-align:center;"|3
|-style="height: 55px;"
| colspan = "5" align = "center" |Unrecognized parties, whose candidates ran under DMK ticket
|-style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|7. || {{Full party name with color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|50x50px]] || [[S. P. Adithanar]] || style="text-align:center;"|4
|-style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|8. || {{Full party name with color|Tamil Arasu Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|50x50px]] ||[[M. P. Sivagnanam]] || style="text-align:center;"|2
|-style="height: 55px;"
| colspan = "5" align = "center" |Unrecognized parties, whose candidates ran as an independent supported by DMK
|-style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|9. || {{Full party name with color|Independent}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:No flag.svg|50x50px]] || || style="text-align:center;"|2
|}

===Congress===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;"colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" | Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Congress Party old symbol.png|75x75px]] || [[M. Bhakthavatsalam]] || style="text-align:center;"|232
|}

==Results==
DMK and its coalition allies won 179 seats (76.5%). The Indian National Congress won 51 seats (21.8%).<ref name = "results">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= 1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |date=19 April 2009 }}</ref> Four candidates of the [[Naam Thamizhar]] Party led by [[S. P. Adithanar]] and two candidates of [[Tamil Arasu Kazhagam]] led by [[M. P. Sivagnanam]] contested<ref name="clarifycontest">In India the term "Contest" is used to denote participation in an election. The Representation of People Act of 1951, the legislation which governs elections in India uses the term and so does the Election Commission of India.{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/faq/Contesting.asp|title=FAQs - Contesting for Elections|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=18 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005144743/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/faq/Contesting.asp|archive-date=5 October 2010}}</ref> under DMK's "Rising Sun" Symbol. The [[Indian Union Muslim League]] candidates contested<ref name="clarifycontest"/> as independents.<ref name="A">{{cite book | title=Coalition governments in India: problems and prospects| last=Karunakaran|first=Kotta P.| year=1975| publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study|pages=233| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6RbXAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>

<ref name="assembly.tn.gov.in" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3325-tamil-nadu-1967|title = Tamil Nadu 1967}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=8|[[File:India Madras Legislative Assembly 1967.svg]]
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Alliances
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" colspan="2"|Party
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Popular Vote
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Vote %
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Seats won
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Change
|-
|align=left rowspan=7 valign=top|[[DMK+|United Front]]<ref name="Siddhartan">{{Cite journal| first = N. S. |last=Siddhartan| title = Voting Pattern in the Fourth General Election. I: D M K Success in Madras| journal = Economic and Political Weekly| volume = 2| issue = 24| pages = 1083–88| date = 17 June 1967| jstor =4358065}}</ref>
 '''Seats:''' 179 '''Seat Change: '''{{increase}} 121 '''Popular Vote:''' 8,051,433 '''Popular Vote %:''' 52.59%
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|align=center| 6,230,552
|align=center| 40.69%
|align=center| 174
|align=center| 137
|align=center| {{increase}} 87
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|align=center| 811,232
|align=center| 5.30%
|align=center| 27
|align=center| 20
|align=center| {{increase}} 12
|-
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|align=center| 623,114
|align=center| 4.07%
|align=center| 22
|align=center| 11
|align=center| {{increase}} 11
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|align=center| 136,188
|align=center| 0.89%
|align=center| 4
|align=center| 4
|align=center| {{increase}} 4
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|align=center| 95,494
|align=center| 0.62%
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 3
|align=center| {{increase}} 3
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|align=center| 84,188
|align=center| 0.55%
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 2
|align=center| {{increase}} 2
|-
|align=left colspan="2"| DMK Backed Independents
|align=center| 70,665
|align=center| 0.46%
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 2
|align=center| {{increase}} 2
|-
|align=left rowspan=1 valign=top|[[Indian National Congress]] '''Seats: ''' 51 '''Seat Change: ''' {{decrease}} 84 '''Popular Vote:''' 6,293,378 '''Popular Vote %:''' 41.10%
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|align=center| 6,293,378
|align=center| 41.10%
|align=center| 232
|align=center| 51
|align=center| {{decrease}} 84
|-
|align=left rowspan=5 valign=top|Others '''Seats:''' 4 '''Seat Change: '''{{decrease}} 4
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|Independents}}
|align=center| 591,214
|align=center| 3.86%
|align=center| 246
|align=center| 1
|align=center| {{decrease}} 4
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|align=center| 275,932
|align=center| 1.80%
|align=center| 32
|align=center| 2
|align=center| {{nochange}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Forward Bloc}}
|align=center| 44,714
|align=center| 0.29%
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 1
|align=center| {{nochange}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|align=center| 31,286
|align=center| 0.20%
|align=center| 13
|align=center| 0
|align=center| {{nochange}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|align=center| 22,745
|align=center| 0.15%
|align=center| 24
|align=center| 0
|align=center| {{nochange}}
|-
!align=center| Total
!align=center colspan="2"| 11 Political Parties
|align=center|15,310,702
|align=center|100%
|align=center| —
|align=center|234
|align=center| {{increase}} 28
|}

===Results by district===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre;"
|+Number of seats secured by the alliances in each district of Madras State (1967)
!District
!Total Seats
! style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white;" |DMK+
! style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |INC+
! style="background:{{party color|Others}}; color:black;" |OTH
|-
|align=left|[[Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)|Chengalpattu]]
!15
|style="background:#FF9DA2"|14
|1
|0
|-
|align=left|[[Chennai district|Madras]]
!12
|style="background:#FF9DA2"|12
|0
|0
|-
|align=left|[[North Arcot]]
!22
|style="background:#FF9DA2"|17
|5
|0
|-
|align=left|[[South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)|South Arcot]]
!21
|style="background:#FF9DA2"|15
|6
|0
|-
|align=left|[[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]
!9
|3
|style="background:#87CEEB"|6
|0
|-
|align=left|[[Salem district|Salem]]
!17
|style="background:#FF9DA2"|16
|1
|0
|-
|align=left|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
!25
|style="background:#FF9DA2"|22
|3
|0
|-
|align=left|[[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]
!3
|style="background:#FF9DA2"|2
|1
|0
|-
|align=left|[[Tiruchirapalli district|Tiruchirapalli]]
!22
|style="background:#FF9DA2"|16
|6
|0
|-
|align=left|[[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
!23
|style="background:#FF9DA2"|14
|8
|1
|-
|align=left|[[Madurai district|Madurai]]
!22
|style="background:#FF9DA2"|18
|3
|1
|-
|align=left|[[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
!17
|style="background:#FF9DA2"|16
|0
|1
|-
|align=left|[[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
!19
|style="background:#FF9DA2"|13
|5
|1
|-
|align=left|[[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
!7
|1
|style="background:#87CEEB"|6
|0
|-
!Total
!234
!179
!51
!4
|}

===By Region===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Alliance-wise Results
!Region
!Total Seats
![[DMK-led Alliance]]
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|Northern Madras
|70
|{{Composition bar|58|70|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Composition bar|12|70|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|-
|Western Madras
|54
|{{Composition bar|43|54|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Composition bar|11|54|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|-
|Southern Madras
|65
|{{Composition bar|48|65|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Composition bar|14|65|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|-
|Central Madras
|45
|{{Composition bar|30|45|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Composition bar|14|45|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|}

=== By constituency ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|style="background-color:#FFE6E6"|**
|Muslim League Candidates contesting as independents<ref name="refannual2">{{cite book| year=1967| title=India, a reference annual| publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting| pages=437| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RU7VAAAAMAAJ| access-date=24 September 2016| archive-date=7 July 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707002642/http://books.google.com/books?id=RU7VAAAAMAAJ| url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|style="background-color:#E6FFE6"|*
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] backed Independents<ref name="barnett">{{cite book| first=Marguerite| last=Ross Barnett| year=1975| title=Electoral politics in the Indian states: party systems and cleavages| publisher=Manohar Book Service| pages=86| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbkeAAAAMAAJ| access-date=24 September 2016| archive-date=18 February 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218173256/https://books.google.com/books?id=YbkeAAAAMAAJ| url-status=live}}</ref>
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency
! rowspan="2" |District
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
|rowspan=12 align=left|[[Chennai district|Madras]]
|1||[[Washermanpet Assembly constituency|Washermanpet]]||M. Vedachalam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||34,571||50.7||[[M. Mayandi Nadar]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,329||40.08||7,242
|-
|2||[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]||bgcolor=#FFE6E6|H. Baig||{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}||29,360||51.69||[[K. S. G. Haja Shareef]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,510||44.91||3,850
|-
|3||[[Basin Bridge Assembly constituency|Basin Bridge]]||M. R. Kannan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||40,109||53.81||K. Ramdas||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,757||41.26||9,352
|-
|4||[[Park Town Assembly constituency|Park Town]]||H. V. Hande||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||29,144||51.57||T. N. Anandanayaki||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,465||46.83||2,679
|-
|5||[[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur]]||[[Sathyavani Muthu]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||40,364||54.19||D. Sulochana||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,677||45.21||6,687
|-
|6||[[Purasawalkam Assembly constituency|Purasawalkam]]||V. S. Govindarajan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||41,272||58.04||Damodaran||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,046||40.85||12,226
|-
|7||[[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore]]||[[A. V. P. Asaithambi]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||36,133||54.2||J. Vencatachellum||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,187||43.78||6,946
|-
|8||[[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]||[[K. A. Mathiazhagan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||39,518||60.27||M. Sivaraj||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,370||38.69||14,148
|-
|9||[[Triplicane Assembly constituency|Triplicane]]||[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||38,721||59.41||M. S. Sammandappa||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,027||39.93||12,694
|-
|10||[[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]||[[Arangannal]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||37,498||57.02||V. R. Radhakrishnan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,270||42.98||9,228
|-
|11||[[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|Thiyagaraya Nagar]]||[[M. P. Sivagnanam]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||37,662||57.36||K. M. Subramaniam||{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}||27,669||42.14||9,993
|-
|12||[[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]||M. Karunanidhi||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||53,401||60.96||S. G. Vinayagamurthi||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,919||37.58||20,482
|-
|rowspan=15 align=left|[[Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)|Chengalpattu]]
|13||[[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipoondi]]||[[K. Vezhavendan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||35,887||52.57||Kamalambujammal||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,527||46.19||4,360
|-
|14||[[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri]]||[[P. Nagalingam]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||37,746||56.61||[[T. P. Elumalai]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,751||41.62||9,995
|-
|15||[[Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottiyur]] ||A. P. Arasu||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||51,437||61.23||V. Venkateswaralu||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,564||38.77||18,873
|-
|16||[[Parangimalai Assembly constituency|St Thomas Mount]]||[[M. G. Ramachandran]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||54,106||66.67||T. L. Raghupathy||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,432||32.57||27,674
|-
|17||[[Thiruporur Assembly constituency|Thiruporur]]||M. Adhi||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||39,047||60.03||N. M. Manivarama||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,631||34.79||16,416
|-
|18||[[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|Chengalpattu]]||C. G. Viswanathan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||43,428||62.77||T. Naicker||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,879||28.73||23,549
|-
|19||[[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency|Maduranthakam]]||Kothandam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||38,382||59.2||G. Reddy||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,200||38.87||13,182
|-
|20||[[Acharapakkam Assembly constituency|Acharapakkam]]||[[P. S. Ellappan]]||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||38,223||62.11||P. Saradambal||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,322||37.89||14,901
|-
|21||[[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency|Uthiramerur]]||K. M. Rajagopal||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||47,689||64.01||O. S. Reddiar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,814||35.99||20,875
|-
|22||[[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency|Kancheepuram]]||[[N. Krishnan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
||45,266||56.78||V. C. S. Nayagar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,716||42.3||11,550
|-
|23||[[Kunnathur Assembly constituency|Kunnathur]]||M. Gopal||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||47,772||68.88||P. Appavoo||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,563||29.65||27,209
|-style="background:#ccc;"
|24||[[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur]]||[[D. Rajarathinam]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||41,655||54.13||'''[[M. Bhaktavatsalam]]'''||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,729||42.53||8,926
|-
|25||[[Kadambathur Assembly constituency|Kadambathur]]||C. V. M. Annamalai||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||43,499||66.68||C. C. Naidu||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,741||33.32||21,758
|-
|26||[[Thiruvallur Assembly constituency|Thiruvallur]] ||S. M. Dorairaj||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||40,687||66.06||V. S. Arunachalam||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,030||30.9||21,657
|-
|27||[[Tiruttani Assembly constituency|Tiruttani]] ||K. Vinayakam||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,123||40.34||V. K. Kuppuswamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||25,337||37.68||1,786
|-
|rowspan=22 align=left|[[North Arcot]]
|28||[[Arakkonam Assembly constituency|Arakkonam]]||[[S. J. Ramaswamy Mudali]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||38,478||52.78||B. Naidu||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,870||42.35||7,608
|-
|29||[[Sholingur Assembly constituency|Sholingur]]||Aranganathan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||35,225||51.67||[[A. M. Ponnuranga Mudaliar]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,201||41.37||7,024
|-
|30||[[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]||bgcolor=#FFE6E6|A. G. Sahib||{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}||30,011||45.14||S. K. Sheriff||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,953||43.55||1,058
|-
|31||[[Arcot Assembly constituency|Arcot]]||[[Arcot N. Veeraswami]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||37,514||60.13||A. G. R. Naicker||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,184||37.16||14,330
|-
|32||[[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]||G. Natarajan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||32,952||53.06||P. S. R. Naidu||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,032||40.3||7,920
|-
|33||[[Gudiyatham Assembly constituency|Gudiyatham]]||[[V. K. Kothandaraman]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||38,825||61.21||B. R. Naidu||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,901||34.53||16,924
|-
|34||[[Pernambut Assembly constituency|Pernambattu]]||P. Jayaraman||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||28,868||54.75||T. Manavalan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,957||37.85||8,911
|-
|35||[[Natrampalli Assembly constituency|Natrampalli]]||T. C. T. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||29,215||52.18||R. C. S. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,776||47.82||2,439
|-
|36||[[Tiruppattur, Vellore Assembly constituency|Tirupattur (Vellore)]]||C. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||32,589||49.8||Shunmugam||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,512||46.62||2,077
|-
|37||[[Vaniyambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniyambadi]]||Rajamannar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,946||50.77||Vadivel||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||25,308||47.69||1,638
|-
|38||[[Ambur Assembly constituency|Ambur]]||[[M. Panneerselvam]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||31,554||56.35||[[P. Rajagopal (Ambur Mla)|P. Rajagopal]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
||20,947||37.41||10,607
|-
|39||[[Kaniyambadi Assembly constituency|Kaniyambadi]]||[[L. Balaraman]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,512||49.62||T. Thiruvengadam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||28,100||47.24||1,412
|-
|40||[[Vellore Assembly constituency|Vellore]]||[[M. P. Sarathy]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||39,863||58.96||J. Mudaliar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,449||37.64||14,414
|-
|41||[[Arani Assembly constituency|Arani]]||A. C. Narasimhan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||38,038||60.74||T. B. J. Chettiar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,320||27.66||20,718
|-
|42||[[Cheyyar Assembly constituency|Cheyyar]]||[[K. Govindan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||37,068||54.86||K. M. Kangan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,395||25.74||19,673
|-
|43||[[Vandavasi Assembly constituency|Vandavasi]]||Muthulingam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||38,626||61.25||A. Adineelam||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,300||33.78||17,326
|-
|44||[[Peranamallur Assembly constituency|Pernamallur]]||V. D. A. Mudaly||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||29,413||46.25||P. Ramachandran||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,225||31.8||9,188
|-
|45||[[Polur Assembly constituency|Polur]]||S. Kuppamal||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||33,292||56.92||S. M. Annamalai||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,224||34.58||13,068
|-
|46||[[Chengam Assembly constituency|Chengam]]||P. S. Santhanam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||29,828||56.84||A. Arumugham||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,773||35.77||11,055
|-
|47||[[Thandarambattu Assembly constituency|Thandarambattu]]||K. S. Kandar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,524||50.31||R. Dharmalingam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||28,185||48.03||1,339
|-
|48||[[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency|Kalasapakkam]]||[[S. Murugaiyan]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,697||51.37||M. Sundarasan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||20,554||32.3||12,143
|-
|49||[[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]||D. Vijayaraj||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||38,153||49.39||P. U. Shanmugam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||34,968||45.26||3,185
|-
|rowspan=21 align=left|[[South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)|South Arcot]]
|50||[[Melmalayanur Assembly constituency|Melmalayanur]]||R. R. Munusamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||33,115||50.68||K. G. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,295||26.47||15,820
|-
|51||[[Gingee Assembly constituency|Gingee]]||V. Munusami||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||39,517||55.59||G. Rajaram||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,905||39.26||11,612
|-
|52||[[Tindivanam Assembly constituency|Tindivanam]]||K. Ramamoorthy||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,106||51.59||A. Thangavelu||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||32,008||48.41||2,098
|-
|53||[[Vanur Assembly constituency|Vanur]]||Balakrishnan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||30,023||50.06||Velayudham||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,953||49.94||70
|-
|54||[[Kandamangalam Assembly constituency|Kandamangalam]]||M. Raman||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||35,617||55.83||M. S. Saraswathi||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,180||44.17||7,437
|-
|55||[[Villupuram Assembly constituency|Villupuram]]||M. Shanmugam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||37,605||53.73||V. P. S. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,674||45.26||5,931
|-
|56||[[Nellikkuppam Assembly constituency|Nellikuppam]]||[[C. Govindarajan]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||28,090||47.24||A. Lakshminarayanan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,117||38.88||4,973
|-
|57||[[Cuddalore Assembly constituency|Cuddalore]]||[[Ere. Elamvazhuthi]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||35,093||55.09||[[P. R. Seenivasa Padayachi]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,845||43.71||7,248
|-
|58||[[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti]]||[[S. Ramachandaran]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||43,745||60.82||S. V. Vadivelu Padayachi||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,179||39.18||15,566
|-
|59||[[Kurinjipadi Assembly constituency|Kurinjipadi]]||[[N. Rajangam]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||25,478||54.5||M. Jayaraman||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,226||38.99||7,252
|-
|60||[[Bhuvanagiri Assembly constituency|Bhuvanagiri]]||A. Govindarasan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||38,795||56.28||D. Ramachandran||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,234||40.96||10,561
|-
|61||[[Kattumannarkoil Assembly constituency|Kattumannarkoil]]||[[S. Sivasubramanian]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,521||48.34||C. Govindarasu||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||30,387||48.13||134
|-
|62||[[Chidambaram Assembly constituency|Chidambaram]]||[[R. Kanagasabai Pillai]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,911||49.18||P. Ponchockalingam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||33,356||46.99||1,555
|-
|63||[[Virudhachalam Assembly constituency|Vriddhachalam]]||[[G. Boovaraghan]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42,230||54.77||[[M. Selvaraj]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||33,363||43.27||8,867
|-
|64||[[Mangalore, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Mangalore]]||A. Krishnan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||34,538||56.67||P. Vedamanickam||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,669||35.56||12,869
|-
|65||[[Ulundurpet Assembly constituency|Ulundurpet]]||[[M. Kandaswamy Padayachi]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,796||47.23||V. S. Padayachi||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||25,236||44.48||1,560
|-
|66||[[Tirukkoyilur Assembly constituency|Tirukkoyilur]]||E. M. Subramaniam||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,259||51.25||A. S. Kumarasamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||32,586||48.75||1,673
|-
|67||[[Mugaiyur Assembly constituency|Mugaiyur]]||A. Govindasamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||37,598||56.42||N. K Ganapathy||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,555||38.35||12,043
|-
|68||[[Rishivandiyam Assembly constituency|Rishivandiyam]]||M. Anandan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||26,491||49.6||L. Anandan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,173||49||318
|-
|69||[[Sankarapuram Assembly constituency|Sankarapuram]]||S. P. Pachaiyappan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||28,292||54.75||D. Muthusami||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,774||44.07||5,518
|-
|70||[[Kallakurichi Assembly constituency|Kallakurichi]]||D. K. Naidu||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||39,175||56.38||V. T. Elayapillai||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,642||41.22||10,533
|-
|rowspan=9 align=left|[[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]
|71||[[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]]||[[B. Venkataswami]]||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||21,530||52.69||K. A. Pillai||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,329||47.31||2,201
|-
|72||[[Uddanapalle Assembly constituency|Uddanapalle]]||K. S. Kothandramiah||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||29,391||65.75||D. C. Vijendriah||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,313||34.25||14,078
|-
|73||[[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri]]||P. M. M. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,220||47.31||C. Manniappan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||24,035||46.95||185
|-
|74||[[Kaveripattinam Assembly constituency|Kaveripatnam]]||P. Naidu||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,953||52.74||P. V. Seeramulu||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||29,532||47.26||3,421
|-
|75||[[Uthangarai Assembly constituency|Uttangarai]]||T. T. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,791||49.06||K. R. Krishnan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||29,751||45.91||2,040
|-
|76||[[Harur Assembly constituency|Harur]]||[[N. Theerthagiri]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,565||48.09||N. Arumugam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||27,017||47.14||548
|-
|77||[[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]||M. S. Gounter||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||36,258||53.02||D. N. Vadivel||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,567||43.23||6,691
|-
|78||[[Palacode Assembly constituency|Palacode]]||K. Murugesan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,186||50.05||M. B. Munusamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||26,096||44.75||3,090
|-
|79||[[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]]||P. K. C. Muthusamy||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,913||49.2||N. Manickam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||26,570||46.84||1,343
|-
|rowspan=17 align=left|[[Salem district|Salem]]
|80||[[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]||[[M. Surendran]]||{{Party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||30,635||48.78||K. K. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,597||39.17||6,038
|-
|81||[[Taramangalam Assembly constituency|Taramangalam]]||Govindan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||33,222||57.8||M. S. Krishnan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,259||42.2||8,963
|-
|82||[[Omalur Assembly constituency|Omalur]]||C. Palani||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||28,121||56.17||C. Govindan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,876||35.71||10,245
|-
|83||[[Salem – I Assembly constituency|Salem I]]||K. Jayaraman||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||46,776||57.92||P. Thiagarajan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,710||40.51||14,066
|-
|84||[[Salem – II Assembly constituency|Salem I I]]||E. R. Krishnan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||38,781||58||A. R. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,285||40.81||11,496
|-
|85||[[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud]]||V. Chinnasamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||25,124||56.25||Ponnudurai||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,537||43.75||5,587
|-
|86||[[Panamarathupatti Assembly constituency|Panamarathupatti]]||[[Karipatti T. Ponnumalai]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||34,597||53.7||C. Sepperumal||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||26,870||41.7||7,727
|-
|87||[[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]]||[[Veerapandy S. Arumugam]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||42,681||66.11||N. S. Sundararajan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,876||33.89||20,805
|-
|88||[[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]||[[A. Arumugam]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||36,935||54.7||K. S. S. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,593||45.3||6,342
|-
|89||[[Sankari Assembly constituency|Sankari]]||R. Nallamuthu||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||30,112||61.7||A. Rajendran||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,174||35.19||12,938
|-
|90||[[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengodu]]||[[T. A. Rajavelu]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||42,479||64.73||T. P. Natesan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,131||33.72||20,348
|-
|91||[[Kapilamalai Assembly constituency|Kapilamalai]]||[[C. V. Velappan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||41,026||52.25||R. S. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,733||41.69||8,293
|-
|92||[[Namakkal Assembly constituency|Namakkal]]||M. Muthuswamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||39,510||54.37||V. R. K. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,651||43.55||7,859
|-
|93||[[Senthamangalam Assembly constituency|Sendamangalam]]||A. S. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,308||50.62||S. T. Doraiswamy||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||30,537||49.38||771
|-
|94||[[Rasipuram Assembly constituency|Rasipuram]]||P. Periasamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||38,402||52.53||K. M. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,873||42.23||7,529
|-
|95||[[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur]]||K. N. Sivaperumal||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||40,456||57.22||M. P. Subramanyam||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,252||42.78||10,204
|-
|96||[[Talavasal Assembly constituency|Talavasal]]||[[Moo. Marimuthu]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||33,289||55.39||A. Doraisamy||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,448||40.68||8,841
|-
|rowspan=3 align=left|[[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]
|97||[[Gudalur Assembly constituency|Gudalur]]||C. Nanjam||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,675||49.24||Bomman||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||20,047||47.74||628
|-
|98||[[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Udhagamandalam]]||K. Bojan||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||37,525||68.03||T. K. Gowder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,636||31.97||19,889
|-
|99||[[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor]]||B. Gowder||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||31,855||58.74||M. K. N. Gowder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,380||41.26||9,475
|-
|rowspan=25 align=left|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
|100||[[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettupalayam]]||T. T. S. Thippiah||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,709||45.42||Thooyamani||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||26,736||40.87||2,973
|-
|101||[[Avanashi Assembly constituency|Avanashi]]||R. K. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||31,927||54.36||K. M. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,808||45.64||5,119
|-
|102||[[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]]||R. Manickavachakam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||42,261||59.14||V. E. Naidu||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,842||37.56||15,419
|-
|103||[[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]||P. Velusamy||{{Party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||38,378||54.93||V. K. L. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,115||35.95||13,263
|-
|104||[[Perur Assembly constituency|Perur]]||[[N. Marudachalam]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||43,740||61.49||R. Rayappan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,548||37.32||17,192
|-
|105||[[Coimbatore South Assembly constituency|Coimbatore (West)]]||J, Govindarajulu||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||41,059||63.85||S. R. P. P. Chettiar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,251||36.15||17,808
|-
|106||[[Coimbatore North Assembly constituency|Coimbatore (East)]]||M. Bhupathy||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||33,122||50.81||G. R. Damodaran||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,477||42.15||5,645
|-
|107||[[Kinathukadavu Assembly constituency|Kinathukadavu]]||[[M. Kannappan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||40,645||64.63||S. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,691||32.9||19,954
|-
|108||[[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]||[[A. P. Shanmugasundara Goundar]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||37,480||58.65||E. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,688||40.2||11,792
|-
|109||[[Valparai Assembly constituency|Valparai]]||[[E. Ramaswamy]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||40,945||66.24||N. Nachimuthu||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,868||33.76||20,077
|-
|110||[[Udumalaipettai Assembly constituency|Udumalaipettai]]||[[S. J. Sadiq Pasha]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||39,796||58.17||K. Ramasami||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,778||37.68||14,018
|-
|111||[[Dharapuram Assembly constituency|Dharapuram]]||Palaniammal||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||42,433||65||P. Velusamy||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,800||33.39||20,633
|-
|112||[[Vellakoil Assembly constituency|Vellakoil]]||K. N. S. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||46,009||62.44||D. P. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,578||36.07||19,431
|-
|113||[[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam]]||A. S. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,800||36.41||Velusami||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||24,654||36.19||146
|-
|114||[[Pongalur Assembly constituency|Pongalur]]||P. N. P. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||38,371||61.75||P. S. Rangaswamy||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,414||36.07||15,957
|-
|115||[[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]]||[[K. N. Kumarasamy Gounder]]||{{Party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||31,977||46.99||R. Sengaliappan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,421||35.89||7,556
|-
|116||[[Tiruppur Assembly constituency|Tiruppur]]||S. Duraisamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||35,518||50.05||K. N. P. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,373||30.12||14,145
|-
|117||[[Modakkurichi Assembly constituency|Modakkurichi]]||K. R. Nallasivam||{{Party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||45,303||61.23||C. Kulandiammal||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,444||34.39||19,859
|-
|118||[[Perundurai Assembly constituency|Perundurai]]||S. Balasubramanian||{{Party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}||33,164||47.41||N. N. S. Nandradiar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,030||42.93||3,134
|-
|119||[[Erode Assembly constituency|Erode]]||[[M. Chinnaswamy]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||45,471||59.14||P. Arjunan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,808||33.57||19,663
|-
|120||[[Bhavani Assembly constituency|Bhavani]]||[[A. M. Raja (politician)|A. M. Raja]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||43,353||65.16||P. K. Mudaliar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,999||33.07||21,354
|-
|121||[[Anthiyur Assembly constituency|Anthiyur]]||[[E. M. Natarajan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||34,877||55.99||Gurumurthi||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,409||44.01||7,468
|-
|122||[[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]||K. M. R. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||31,974||52.61||M. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,403||45.09||4,571
|-
|123||[[Sathyamangalam Assembly constituency|Satyamangalam]]||P. G. Karuthiruman||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,484||49.22||S. M. Marappan||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||24,278||46.89||1,206
|-
|124||[[Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency|Bhavanisagar]]||Ramarasan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||26,980||51.76||M. Velusamy||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,187||42.57||4,793
|-
|rowspan=22 align=left|[[Madurai district|Madurai]]
|125||[[Oddanchatram Assembly constituency|Oddanchatram]]||N. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||39,817||55.55||A. P. Palaniappan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,953||43.18||8,864
|-
|126||[[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani]]||Krishnamoorthy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||47,671||65.8||Balakrishnan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,780||34.2||22,891
|-
|127||[[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam]]||M. Metha||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||36,023||54.85||R. S. Subramaniam||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,648||45.15||6,375
|-
|128||[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakkanur]]||S. Srinivasan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,671||49.83||P. V. Durairaj||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||33,905||48.73||766
|-
|129||[[Cumbum Assembly constituency|Cumbum]]||Rajangam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||41,440||59.66||N. S. K. S. Pandiaraj||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,025||40.34||13,415
|-
|130||[[Theni Assembly constituency|Theni]]||[[P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||42,111||58.73||M. Malaichami||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,597||41.27||12,514
|-
|131||[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]||[[S. Paramasivam]]||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||35,351||54.86||A. Thiruvenkidasamy||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,091||45.14||6,260
|-
|132||[[Sedapatti Assembly constituency|Sedapatti]]||V. T. Thevar||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||41,167||63.84||T. A. Nadar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,553||33.42||19,614
|-
|133||[[Tirumangalam Assembly constituency|Tirumangalam]]||[[N. S. V. Chitthan]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,319||33.58||M. P. Rajan||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||17,062||28.2||3,257
|-
|134||[[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]]||[[P.K. Mookiah Thevar]]||{{Party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}||44,714||72.11||A. M. N. Thevar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,225||26.17||28,489
|-
|135||[[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakottai]]||[[A. Muniyandi]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||37,601||57.71||V. K. L. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,115||35.95||12,486
|-
|136||[[Sholavandan Assembly constituency|Sholavandan]]||[[P. S. Maniyan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||45,221||60.19||R. S. Servai||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,728||38.24||16,493
|-
|137||[[Thiruparankundram Assembly constituency|Thiruparankundram]]||S. Agniraju||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||49,169||63.94||S. Sonaimuthu||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,792||34.84||22,377
|-
|138||[[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]||[[N. Sankaraiah]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||46,882||59.42||[[M. Chelliah]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,012||29.17||23,870
|-
|139||[[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]||C. Govindarajan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||39,566||62.86||[[V. Sankaran]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,787||36.2||16,779
|-
|140||[[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]]||[[K. P. Janakiammal]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||32,173||50.32||A. G. Subburaman||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,929||37.43||8,244
|-
|141||[[Melur South Assembly constituency|Melur (South)]]||O. P. Raman||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||50,913||63.41||P. Kakkan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,376||36.59||21,537
|-
|142||[[Melur North Assembly constituency|Melur (North)]]||[[P. Malaichamy]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||38,895||56.15||[[M. Andi Ambalam]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,376||43.85||8,519
|-
|143||[[Vadamadurai Assembly constituency|Vadamadurai]]||P. T. Naicker||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,507||49.11||V. S. Lakshmanan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||28,651||46.13||1,856
|-
|144||[[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]||A. Balasubramanayam||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||42,381||58.93||O. C. Pillai||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,537||41.07||12,844
|-
|145||[[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]||[[V. S. S. Mani Chettiyar]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||37,879||50.7||R. R. Reddiar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,124||48.36||1,755
|-
|146||[[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]||N. Varadaraj||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||30,063||48.16||S. N. Rao||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,372||47.05||691
|-
|rowspan=22 align=left|[[Tiruchirapalli district|Tiruchirapalli]]
|147||[[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]]||S. K. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||46,614||67.46||V. P. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,482||32.54||24,132
|-
|148||[[Karur Assembly constituency|Karur]]||[[T. M. Nallaswamy]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,552||44.95||S. Nallaswamy||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||28,677||38.42||4,875
|-
|149||[[Thottiam Assembly constituency|Thottiyam]]||Vadivel||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||39,701||53.94||T. Veerappan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,670||40.31||10,031
|-
|150||[[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]||[[P. S. Muthuselvan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||32,615||51.48||K. V. K. Reddiar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,750||43.8||4,865
|-
|151||[[Uppiliapuram Assembly constituency|Uppiliapuram]]||T. P. Alagamuthu||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||43,453||56.29||A. V. Mudaliar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,416||40.69||12,037
|-
|152||[[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur]]||[[J. S. Raju]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||33,657||51.03||M. Ayyakannu||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,864||43.76||4,793
|-
|153||[[Varahur Assembly constituency|Varahur]]||R. Narayanan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||32,846||49.64||M. V. Perumal||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,533||31.03||12,313
|-
|154||[[Andimadam Assembly constituency|Andimadam]]||[[K. N. Ramachandran]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||32,253||48.25||N. Manickam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||26,570||46.84||5,683
|-
|155||[[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]]||K. A. A. K. Moorthy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||34,751||52.57||S. Ramasami||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,791||43.56||5,960
|-
|156||[[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]||R. Karuppiam||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,440||37.37||G. Sepperumal||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||25,017||35.36||1,423
|-
|157||[[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]]||D. Natarajan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||37,352||50.63||D. R. Udaiyar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,712||47.05||2,640
|-
|158||[[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]||S. Ramalingam||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,474||50.48||P. Ponchockalingam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||33,356||46.99||1,118
|-
|159||[[Tiruchirappalli – I Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli I]]||[[M. S. Mani (politician)|M. S. Mani]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
||34,504||52.07||A. S. G. L. Piliai||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,199||47.08||3,305
|-
|160||[[Tiruchirappalli – II Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli Ii]]||R. Nagasundaram||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||26,048||46.08||M. K. M. A. Salam||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,842||33.33||7,206
|-
|161||[[Thiruverumbur Assembly constituency|Thiruverumbur]]||V. Swaminathan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,513||50.15||K. Kamakshi||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||28,884||43.22||4,629
|-
|162||[[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai]]||[[M. Kandaswamy (Tamil Nadu politician)|M. Kandaswamy]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||36,120||49.68||P. E. S. Reddiar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,305||44.43||3,815
|-
|163||[[Krishnarayapuram Assembly constituency|Krishnarayapuram]]||[[P. Soundarapandiyan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||28,444||48.72||T. V. Sannasi||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,903||44.37||2,541
|-
|164||[[Kadavur Assembly constituency|Kadavur]]||Karuraigiri Muthiah||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||35,102||54.94||[[Anbil P. Dharmalingam]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||28,788||45.06||6,314
|-
|165||[[Viralimalai Assembly constituency|Viralimalai]]||S. S. Thethuvandar||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||30,288||49.63||P. P. Gounder||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,354||43.19||3,934
|-
|166||[[Tirumayam Assembly constituency|Thirumayam]]||Ponnambalam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||44,511||62.79||V. Ramiah||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,290||34.26||20,221
|-
|167||[[Alangudi Assembly constituency|Alangudi]]||[[K. V. Subbiah]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||32,984||50.64||T. A. S. Thangavelu||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,148||49.36||836
|-
|168||[[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai]]||R. V. Thondaiman||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||45,342||62.07||Thiagarajan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||25,255||34.57||20,087
|-
|rowspan=23 align=left|[[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
|169||[[Tiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Thiruvaiyaru]]||G. M. Sethurar||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||37,693||51.94||K. B. Palani||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,165||47.08||3,528
|-
|170||[[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]]||[[A. Y. S. Parisutha Nadar]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,228||53.36||[[S. Natarajan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||28,717||46.12||4,511
|-
|171||[[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]]||R. S. Mooppanar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||41,323||56.57||A. M. Sali||{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}||31,077||42.54||10,246
|-
|172||[[Valangiman Assembly constituency|Valangiman]]||N. Somasundaram||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||34,436||53.1||R. Subramaniam||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,418||46.9||4,018
|-
|173||[[Kumbakonam Assembly constituency|Kumbakonam]]||[[N. Kasiraman]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,276||50.63||K. S. Mani||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||36,083||49.01||1,193
|-
|174||[[Aduthurai Assembly constituency|Aduthurai]]||[[A. Marimuthu]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,537||48.52||M. G. Mani||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||31,965||42.45||4,572
|-
|175||[[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkazhi]]||bgcolor=#E6FFE6|[[K. B. S. Mani]]||{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}||34,316||58.23||R. Thangavelu||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,502||36.48||12,814
|-
|176||[[Sembanarkoil Assembly constituency|Sembanarkoil]]||S. Ganesan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||40,453||65.29||S. Ramalingam||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,506||34.71||18,947
|-
|177||[[Mayiladuthurai Assembly constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]||[[N. Kittappa]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||33,721||51.21||M.R.Krishnappa||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
||30,379||46.14||3,342
|-
|178||[[Kuttalam Assembly constituency|Kuttalam]]||G. B. Mohan||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||31,548||53.99||M. Sivakadaksham||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,812||42.47||6,736
|-
|179||[[Kudavasal Assembly constituency|Kudavasal]]||C. Krishnamoorthi||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||34,880||54.96||M. D. T. Pillai||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,585||45.04||6,295
|-
|180||[[Nannilam Assembly constituency|Nannilam]]||P. Jayaraj||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,053||46.36||T. P. Ramachandran||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||19,571||34.83||6,482
|-
|181||[[Tiruvarur Assembly constituency|Thiruvarur]]||P.S. Dhanushokody||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||30,510||48.04||Vedaiyan. V||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,956||44.02||2,554
|-
|182||[[Nagapattinam Assembly constituency|Nagapattinam]]||K. R. Gnanasambandan||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||36,596||56.4||R. R. V. Naidu||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,462||40.78||10,134
|-
|183||[[Vedaranyam Assembly constituency|Vedaranyam]]||P. V. Thevar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,942||38.71||M. Meenakshisundaram||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||25,678||38.32||264
|-
|184||[[Thiruthuraipoondi Assembly constituency|Thiruthuraipoondi]]||N. Dharumalingam||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||23,728||38.04||K. C. Manali||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||22,226||35.63||1,502
|-
|185||[[Kottur, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Kottur]]||A. K. Subbaih||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||28,156||42.47||C. M. Ambikapathy||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,627||34.13||5,529
|-
|186||[[Mannargudi Assembly constituency|Mannargudi]]||[[T. S. Swaminatha Odayar]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,481||50.1||S. Narayanaswamy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||31,558||48.67||923
|-
|187||[[Orathanad Assembly constituency|Orathanadu]]||[[L. Ganesan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||45,232||60.82||M. D. Pillai||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,139||39.18||16,093
|-
|188||[[Gandarvakottai Assembly constituency|Gandharvakottai]]||R. R. Durai||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,665||52.68||D. G. Kalingarar||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||30,434||46.25||4,231
|-
|189||[[Pattukkottai Assembly constituency|Pattukkottai]]||[[A. R. Marimuthu]]||{{Party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}||35,198||54.6||N. Ramasamy||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,056||43.52||7,142
|-
|190||[[Peravurani Assembly constituency|Peravurani]]||M. Krishnamurthy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||35,505||45.4||A. V. Servai||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,387||33.74||9,118
|-
|191||[[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Aranthangi]]||A. Thurairasan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||42,943||53.11||K. B. Dervaikarar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,522||45.17||6,421
|-
|rowspan=17 align=left|[[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
|192||[[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur (Sivaganga)]]||S. Madhavan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||40,170||58.73||V. S. S. Chettiar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,532||38.79||13,638
|-
|193||[[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]]||S. Meiyappan||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||38,310||58.73||C. V. C. V. V. Chettiar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,992||33.71||16,318
|-
|194||[[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]]||K. Ambalam||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||37,556||52.21||M. Arunachalam||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,587||46.69||3,969
|-
|195||[[Ilaiyangudi Assembly constituency|Ilayangudi]]||V. Malaikannan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||40,461||57.44||S. Ramachandran||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
||29,978||42.56||10,483
|-
|196||[[Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency|Ramanathapuram]]||[[T. Thangappan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||35,880||56.82||S. R. Sethupathy||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,270||43.18||8,610
|-
|197||[[Kadaladi Assembly constituency|Kadaladi]]||M. Alangaram||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||38,681||61.5||[[K. Paramalai]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,556||32.68||18,125
|-
|198||[[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudukulathur]]||[[R. R. Thevar]]||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||33,790||53.17||S. A. Servai||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,500||35.4||11,290
|-
|199||[[Paramakudi Assembly constituency|Paramakudi]]||[[T. K. Siraimeetan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||40,428||56.67||[[R. Thavasi]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,962||36.39||14,466
|-
|200||[[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivaganga]]||[[S. Sethuraman]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||41,604||59.22||[[R. V. Swaminathan]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,654||40.78||12,950
|-
|201||[[Manamadurai Assembly constituency|Manamadurai]]||[[K. Cheemaichamy]]||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||30,752||44.42||C. B. Rena||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,299||43.77||453
|-
|202||[[Kariapatti Assembly constituency|Kariapatti]]||A. R. Perumal||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||28,484||45.09||P. M. Baskaran||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,366||43.32||1,118
|-
|203||[[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukottai]]||[[S. S. Bharathi]]||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||34,153||54.68||T. K. Sundarm||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,012||40.04||9,141
|-style="background:#ccc;"
|204||[[Virudhunagar Assembly constituency|Virudhunagar]]||[[P. Seenivasan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||33,421||49.9||'''[[K. Kamaraj]]'''||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,136||47.98||1,285
|-
|205||[[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]||[[S. Ramaswamy Naidu]]||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||45,223||64.11||[[R. Krishnasamy Naidu]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,313||35.89||19,910
|-
|206||[[Sivakasi Assembly constituency|Sivakasi]]||[[S. Alagu Thevar]]||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||38,416||55.73||R. R. Thevar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,918||39.05||11,498
|-
|207||[[Srivilliputhur Assembly constituency|Srivilliputhur]]||[[K. A. A. Gurusamy]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||36,732||53.34||S. P. Dharmaraj||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,791||40.36||8,941
|-
|208||[[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency|Rajapalayam]]||[[A. A. S. Raja]]||{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}||38,936||53.29||P. A. A. Raja||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,675||35.14||13,261
|-
|rowspan=19 align=left|[[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
|209||[[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam]]||M. Rathinasabapathy||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||23,905||37.47||M. P. S. Reddiar||{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}||20,350||31.9||3,555
|-
|210||[[Kovilpatti Assembly constituency|Kovilpatti]]||[[S. Alagarsamy]]||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||33,311||55.02||V. O. C. A. Pillai||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,885||37.8||10,426
|-
|211||[[Ottapidaram Assembly constituency|Ottapidaram]]||[[M. Muthiah]]||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||25,937||45.45||S. Dhanushkodi||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,814||36.47||5,123
|-
|212||[[Sankarankoil Assembly constituency|Sankarankoil]]||[[P. Durairaj]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||37,173||62.79||[[P. Urkavalan]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
||19,211||32.45||17,962
|-
|213||[[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur]]||[[A. Velladurai]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||33,865||50.24||M. P. Swamy||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,885||39.89||6,980
|-
|214||[[Kadayanallur Assembly constituency|Kadayanallur]]||bgcolor=#E6FFE6|[[A. R. Subbiah Mudaliar]]||{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}||36,349||49.89||[[S. M. Abdul Majid Sahib|S. M. A. Majid]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||35,903||49.28||446
|-
|215||[[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi]]||[[I. A. Chidambaram Pillai]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
||34,561||49.86||K. M. K. Samsudin||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||33,818||48.79||743
|-
|216||[[Alangulam Assembly constituency|Alangulam]]||[[Aladi Aruna]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||33,509||51.26||A. B. Balagan||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,938||47.32||2,571
|-
|217||[[Ambasamudram Assembly constituency|Ambasamudram]]||[[G. G. S. Dikshidar]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,682||46.35||A. Nallasivan||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||28,169||42.55||2,513
|-
|218||[[Cheranmadevi Assembly constituency|Cheranmahadevi]]||[[D. S. Adhimoolam]]||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||36,206||53.78||[[S. Chellapandian]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,831||44.31||6,375
|-
|219||[[Gangaikondan Assembly constituency|Gangaikondan]]||A. Karuppiah||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||34,797||59.59||M. Chellappa||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,576||36.95||13,221
|-
|220||[[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Tirunelveli]]||[[A. L. Subramanian]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||41,589||61.74||M. S. M. Pillai||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,364||37.65||16,225
|-
|221||[[Melapalayam Assembly constituency|Melapalayam]]||bgcolor=#FFE6E6|M. M. P. Mohammed||{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}||36,123||55.04||S. R. Reddiar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,999||42.66||8,124
|-
|222||[[Srivaikuntam Assembly constituency|Srivaikuntam]]||[[S. P. Adithanar]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||41,828||62.57||R. Nadar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,767||34.06||19,061
|-
|223||[[Thoothukkudi Assembly constituency|Thoothukkudi]]||[[M. S. Sivasami]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||41,851||60.61||S. P. Nadar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,193||39.39||14,658
|-
|224||[[Tiruchendur Assembly constituency|Tiruchendur]]||[[E. Fernando]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||39,619||56.06||S. Nadar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,971||40.99||10,648
|-
|225||[[Sathankulam Assembly constituency|Sattangulam]]||[[Martin (Sathankulam MLA)|Martin]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,143||52.51||Adithan||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||26,846||45.27||4,297
|-
|226||[[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri]]||[[N. Duraipandian]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,269||53.34||T. G. Nadar||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||29,097||46.66||4,172
|-
|227||[[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]]||[[N. Soundarapandian]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,588||50.44||[[V. Karthesan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||31,040||49.56||548
|-
|rowspan=7 align=left|[[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
|228||[[Kanyakumari Assembly constituency|Kanniyakumari]]||[[B. M. Pillai]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,998||56.89||S. M. Pillai||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||28,260||42.31||9,738
|-
|229||[[Nagercoil Assembly constituency|Nagercoil]]||[[M. C. Balan]]||{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||36,502||55.05||T. Nadar||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,810||44.95||6,692
|-
|230||[[Colachel Assembly constituency|Colachel]]||[[A. Chidambaranatha Nadar]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,325||48.37||[[S. Retnaraj]]||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||27,879||45.99||1,446
|-
|231||[[Padmanabhapuram Assembly constituency|Padmanabhapuram]]||[[V. George]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,661||46.06||M. M. Ali||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||17,738||33.13||6,923
|-
|232||[[Thiruvattar Assembly constituency|Thiruvattar]]||[[J. James (Thiruvattar MLA)|J. James]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,345||54.47||D. Gnanasingamoni||{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||21,253||39.45||8,092
|-
|233||[[Vilavancode Assembly constituency|Vilavancode]]||[[R. Ponnappan Nadar]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,511||56.19||P. M. N. Pillai||{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}||16,184||33.05||11,327
|-
|234||[[Killiyoor Assembly constituency|Killiyoor]]||[[William (Vilavancode MLA)|William]]||{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,423||42.4||Paniadimai||{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||15,767||31.2||5,656
|}

==Analysis==
The effective grass roots campaigning by the DMK and the political acumen of Annadurai, defeated the Congress and its leader M. Bhaktavatsalam. The popularity of the United Front was so large that they were able to win an absolute majority in ten out of the 14 districts in the state, while Congress could not accomplish that in a single district. This was largely due to the fact that the United Front was able to capitalize on its growing support in large towns and cities, combined with the decline in Congress support in its traditional [[Schedule Caste]] constituencies.<ref name="Siddhartan" />

===Margin of Victory===
The following table shows the number of seats won by corresponding parties, by the margin of votes.<ref name="Siddhartan" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" colspan="2"|Party
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Less than 500
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|500-1000
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|1000-3000
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|3000-5000
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|5000-10000
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|10000-20000
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|20000+
|-align=center
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|3
|1
|10
|9
|42
|56
|17
|-align=center
|{{Party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|—
|—
|5
|1
|5
|8
|1
|-align=center
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|5
|5
|20
|10
|5
|3
|1
|-align=center
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|—
|—
|1
|1
|4
|4
|1
|-
|}

== Notable losses ==
The former Chief Minister and prominent [[Indian National Congress]] leader, [[K. Kamaraj]], lost his seat in the [[Virudhunagar Assembly constituency|Virudhunagar]] by a margin of 1,285 votes to DMK's student leader, [[P. Seenivasan]]. Just days before the election, Kamaraj was injured in an accident and was unable to campaign, leading to his well-known remark that he would "win lying down" (i.e., without campaigning efforts). ({{langx|ta|படுத்துக் கொண்டே ஜெயிப்பேன்}}).<ref name="thinnai1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thinnai.com/?module=displaystory&story_id=70703291&format=print&edition_id=20070329 |title=The politics of Bioscope - Part 12, Thinnai.com (in Tamil) |access-date=16 November 2009 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717050948/http://www.thinnai.com/?module=displaystory&story_id=70703291&format=print&edition_id=20070329 |url-status=live }}</ref> He lost the election along with the incumbent Chief Minister [[M. Bakthavatsalam]], who lost his seat in [[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur]] to [[D. Rajarathinam]] from the DMK by 8926 votes. Except for [[G. Bhuvaraghan]] (the minister for Information and Publicity), all ministers of the outgoing Bakthavatsalam cabinet were defeated in this election.<ref name="kan">{{cite book|author=Kandaswamy. P|title=The political Career of K. Kamaraj|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2008|pages=116–18|asin=B00069WY4K|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bOjT3qffnMkC|access-date=24 September 2016|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731095725/https://books.google.com/books?id=bOjT3qffnMkC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dinamalar">[http://election.dinamalar.com/news-details-new.asp?id=3767&t=%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D- Election rewind (in Tamil)]{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

There was a post-result wall-painting in [[Virudhunagar]] by DMK which said "படிக்காத காமராஜரை படித்த இளைஞன் சீனிவாசன் தோற்கடித்தார்!" ( The illiterate Kamaraj was defeated by Graduate Youth Sreenivasan!). The Congress replied with "படிக்காத முதல்வர் காமராஜர் அன்று கட்டிய அரசு கல்விக்கூடங்களில் படித்து பட்டம் வாங்கிய இளைஞன் சீனிவாசன், இப்போது அதே காமராஜரை தோற்கடித்தான்" (The Seenivasan who studied and graduated in Education Institutes built under orders of then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu illiterate Kamaraj, has now defeated the same Kamaraj)

== Government formation ==
The election results were announced on 23 February 1967, with the DMK securing an absolute majority. DMK's General Secretary, C.N. Annadurai, who had been serving as a Member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] and was newly elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from Kancheepuram, led the party to increase its vote share to 40.6%, up from 27.1% in the 1962 election. Annadurai and the DMK had not anticipated such a decisive victory; Annadurai had contested to become a Member of Parliament rather than a Member of the Legislative Assembly. With no other consensus candidate for the Chief Minister role, Annadurai resigned from both his Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha seats. He was nominated as Chief Minister of Madras State and formally staked a claim to form the government on 2 March 1967 He was sworn in by Governor [[Sardar Ujjal Singh|Ujjal Singh]] on 6 March 1967 in Rajaji Hall.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} He was later elected to the [[Madras Legislative Council]] on 22 April 1967.<ref>{{Citation| last = Pushpa Iyengar| first = Sugata Srinivasaraju| title = Where The Family Heirs Loom| newspaper = Outlook India| url = http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?240629| access-date = 16 November 2009| archive-date = 26 April 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100426051900/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?240629| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last = Gopal K. Bharghava| first = Shankarlal C. Bhatt | title = Land and people of Indian states and union territories. 25. Tamil Nadu| publisher = Kalpaz Publications| location = Delhi| pages = 525| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wyCoMKZmRBoC&pg=PA525| isbn = 81-7835-356-3| year = 2005 }}</ref>

== Annadurai's cabinet ==
The council of ministers in [[C. N. Annadurai]]'s cabinet (6 March 1967 – 10 February 1969) were all from the DMK and they are listed in the following table.<ref name="refannual">{{cite book| year=1968| title=India, a reference annual| publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting| pages=447| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XE7VAAAAMAAJ| access-date=24 September 2016| archive-date=6 July 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706224329/http://books.google.com/books?id=XE7VAAAAMAAJ| url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! style="width:180px"|Minister
! Portfolios
|-
|[[C.N. Annadurai]]
|Chief Minister, General Administration, Finance, Civil services, Planning, Police, Prohibition, Overseas Indians, Refugees and Evacuees
|-
|[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
|Education, Industries, Official Language, Textiles, Yarn, Handlooms, Mines and Minerals, Electricity, Iron and Steel, Companies and Religious Endowments
|-
|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|Public Works, Highways, Transport, Ports and Minor Irrigation
|-
|[[K. A. Mathialagan]]
|Food, Revenue and Commercial Taxes
|-
|A. Govindasamy
|Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, Forests and Chinchona
|-
|[[S. J. Sadiq Pasha]]
|Public Health
|-
|[[Satyavani Muthu]]
|Harijan Welfare and Information
|-
|M. Muthuswamy
|Local Administration, Community Development, Khadi and Village Industries, ''Bhoodan'' and ''Gramdhan'', Ex-servicemen
|-
|[[S. Madhavan]]
|Law, Co-operation and Housing
|-
|[[N. V. Natarajan]]
|Labour
|}

== See also ==
* [[Indian general election in Madras, 1967]]
* [[Elections in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{Reflist |2}} {{notelist}}

==External links==

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}

{{good article}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Madras]]
[[Category:1967 State Assembly elections in India|Madras]]

Nellore Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-07T00:14:20Z

Surojit098: created a info!

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Nellore
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Nellore.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Nellore Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established = 1952
| assembly_cons = [[Kandukur Assembly constituency|Kandukur]] [[Kavali Assembly constituency|Kavali]] [[Atmakur Assembly constituency|Atmakur]] [[Kovur Assembly constituency|Kovuru]] [[Nellore City Assembly constituency|Nellore City]] [[Nellore Rural Assembly constituency|Nellore Rural]] [[Udayagiri Assembly constituency|Udayagiri]]
| electors = 16,79,359
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| SuccessfulParty =
| mp = [[Vemireddy Prabhakar Reddy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| preceded_by = [[Adala Prabhakara Reddy]]
}}

'''Nellore Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|Lok Sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It comprises seven assembly segments from [[Nellore district]] and [[Prakasam district]]s.

==Assembly segments==
Following the delimitation of the parliamentary constituencies in 2008, it comprises the following Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly segments<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!width="10px" style="font-size:75%"|#
!Name
|-
|109
|[[Kandukur Assembly constituency|Kandukur]]
|-
|114
|[[Kavali Assembly constituency|Kavali]]
|-
|115
|[[Atmakur Assembly constituency|Atmakur]]
|-
|116
|[[Kovur Assembly constituency|Kovuru]]
|-
|117
|[[Nellore City Assembly constituency|Nellore City]]
|-
|118
|[[Nellore Rural Assembly constituency|Nellore Rural]]
|-
|123
|[[Udayagiri Assembly constituency|Udayagiri]]
|}

From 1976 to 2008, it comprised the following Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly segments

{|class="wikitable" width="500px"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
!width="200px"|Name
!width="100px" style="font-size:75%"|Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
|-
|126
|[[Allur Assembly constituency|Allur]]
|None
|-
|127
|[[Kovur Assembly constituency|Kovur]]
|None
|-
|128
|[[Atmakur Assembly constituency|Atmakur]]
|None
|-
|129
|[[Rapur Assembly constituency|Rapur]]
|None
|-
|130
|[[Nellore City Assembly constituency|Nellore]]
|None
|-
|131
|[[Sarvepalli Assembly constituency|Sarvepalli]]
|None
|-
|132
|[[Gudur Assembly constituency|Gudur]]
|SC
|}

==Members of Parliament==
^ indicates bye-election
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Bezawada Ramachandra Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|rowspan= 3 |[[B. Anjanappa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=12}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|rowspan = 3|Doddavarapu Kamakshiah
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|1983
|rowspan = 3 | [[Puchalapalli Penchalaiah]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Padmashree Kudumula]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|rowspan= 2 |[[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Vukkala Rajeswaramma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|rowspan = 3|[[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]
|-
|[[2012 Nellore Lok Sabha constituency bye-election|2012]]^
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Adala Prabhakara Reddy]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Vemireddy Prabhakar Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===General Election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1989]]: Nellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Puchalapalli Penchalaiah]]
| votes = 377,602
| percentage = 52.83
| change = +8.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = M. Nagabhushanamma
| votes = 305,763
| percentage = 42.78
| change = -11.31
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 71,839
| percentage = 10.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 714,775
| percentage = 67.15
| change = +3.34
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: Nellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Padmashree Kudumula
| votes = 268,626
| percentage = 45.68
| change = -7.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = M. Nagabhushanamma
| votes = 223,769
| percentage = 38.05
| change = -4.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Gaddam Laxmi Narayana
| votes = 85,306
| percentage = 14.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 44,857
| percentage = 7.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 588,098
| percentage = 55.10
| change = -12.05
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: Nellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
| votes = 269,498
| percentage = 39.62
| change = -6.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = T P Bhanu Raju
| votes = 201,313
| percentage = 29.59
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)
| candidate = Pasam Suneel Kumar
| votes = 103,947
| percentage = 15.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Gaddam Laxmi Narayana
| votes = 83,585
| percentage = 12.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 68,185
| percentage = 10.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 680,230
| percentage = 57.51
| change = +2.41
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: Nellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
| votes = 296,731
| percentage = 40.06
| change = +0.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Buduru Swarnalatha
| votes = 250,204
| percentage = 33.78
| change = +4.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Karupothala Balakondaiah
| votes = 175,074
| percentage = 23.63
| change = +11.35
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 46,527
| percentage = 6.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 740,792
| percentage = 63.52
| change = +6.01
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: Nellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Vukkala Rajeswaramma]]
| votes = 381,166
| percentage = 49.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
| votes = 340,713
| percentage = 44.26
| change = +4.20
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 40,453
| percentage = 5.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 769,832
| percentage = 66.07
| change = +2.55
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Nellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
| votes = 450,129
| percentage = 53.81
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Balakondaiah Karupotala
| votes = 321,905
| percentage = 38.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 128,224
| percentage = 15.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 836,502
| percentage = 72.54
| change = +6.47
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: Nellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]
| votes = 430,235
| percentage = 42.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Vanteru Venu Gopala Reddy
| votes = 375,242
| percentage = 37.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = Jana Ramachandraiah
| votes = 138,111
| percentage = 13.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Bathina Narasimha Rao
| votes = 16,727
| percentage = 1.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Satta Party
| candidate = Vemuri Bhaskara Rao
| votes = 10,751
| percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
| votes = 54,993
| percentage = 5.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,002,419
| percentage = 69.09
| change = -3.45
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====By-Election 2012====
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2012: Nellore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]
| percentage = 54.60
| votes = 535,436
| change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[T. Subbarami Reddy]]
|votes = 243,691
|percentage = 24.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Vanteru Venugopal Reddy
| votes = 154,103
| percentage = 15.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Chandra Rajagopal
| votes = 17,952
| percentage = 1.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
| candidate = Meda Malla Reddy
| votes = 6,876
| percentage = 0.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 291,745
| percentage = 29.75
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 980,970
| percentage = 72.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Nellore]]<ref>[http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/nellore.html NELLORE LOK SABHA (GENERAL) ELECTIONS RESULT]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]
|votes = 576,396
|percentage = 48.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Adala Prabhakara Reddy]]
|votes = 562,918
|percentage = 47.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Narayana Reddy Vakati
|votes = 22,870
|percentage = 1.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jai Samaikyandhra Party
|candidate = Syed Haneef
|votes = 5,578
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 5,549
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 13,478
| percentage = 1.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 11,88,855
| percentage = 74.02
| change = +6.28
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Nellore]]<ref>[http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/nellore.html NELLORE LOK SABHA (GENERAL) ELECTIONS RESULT]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Adala Prabhakara Reddy]]
|votes = 683,830
|percentage = 53.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Beeda Masthan Rao]]
|votes = 535,259
|percentage = 41.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Chandra Rajagopal
|votes = 18,830
|percentage = 1.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 17,161
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sannapureddy Suresh Reddy
|votes = 12,513
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 148,571
| percentage = 11.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 12,87,036
| percentage = 76.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,72,845
|ref= }}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Nellore]]<ref name="Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Nellore">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Nellore |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0122.htm |access-date=25 January 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125142821/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0122.htm |archive-date=25 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Vemireddy Prabhakar Reddy]]
| votes = 7,66,202
| percentage = 55.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = [[V. Vijayasai Reddy]]
| votes = 5,20,300| percentage = 37.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Koppula Raju
| votes = 54,844
| percentage = 3.99
| change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = NOTA
| candidate = [[None of the above]]
| votes = 15,577
| percentage = 1.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,45,902
| percentage = 17.88
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 13,78,697
| percentage = 80.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = YSR Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/andhra_pradesh/nellore/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Nellore lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coords|14.4|80.0|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nellore Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nellore district]]
[[Category:Prakasam district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1952]]

Secunderabad – Hazrat Nizamuddin Rajdhani Express

2026-05-03T20:33:49Z

Surojit098: Put up stub.

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{unreferenced|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = B22222
| name = Secunderabad Rajdhani Express
| logo =
| image = SC-NZM Rajdhani Express at Moulali.jpg
| image_size = 330
| caption = Secunderabad Rajdhani Express At Itarsi ByPass
| type = [[Rajdhani Express]]
| status =
| locale = [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]] & [[Delhi]]
| first = {{date and age|12 February 2002}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Secunderabad}} (SC)
| stops = 5
| end = {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} (NZM)
| distance = {{cvt|1663.2|km}}
| journeytime = 21 hours 45 minutes
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 1st Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack = Available
| catering = Available (included in the ticket)
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Yes
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12437 / 12438
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} Max Permissible Speed (MPS). {{convert|76.50|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| sharing = *[[Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Chennai Rajdhani Express]]
*[[Madgaon Rajdhani Express]]
| map = {{Secunderabad Rajdhani Express}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 12437 / 12438 '''Secunderabad Rajdhani Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train from [[Indian Railways]] connecting [[Hyderabad]], the state capital of [[Telangana]] and the national capital [[Delhi]]. The train runs from {{stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}} to {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}.

==Traction==
It is hauled by [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lallaguda]]-based [[WAP-7]] locomotive from end to end.

==Schedule and rakes==
The train numbers are 12437/12438. The train departs every Wednesday at 12:50 hrs from Secunderabad and arrives Hazrat Nizamuddin on Thursday at 10:30 hrs. While from Hazrat Nizamuddin it departs every Sunday at 15:35 hrs and arrives Secunderabad on Monday at 13:25 hrs. It comprises one AC 1st class, 5 AC 2 Tier, 9 AC 3 Tier and 1 pantry car. This train runs with LHB rakes. It shares its rake with [[Chennai Rajdhani Express]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express]] and [[Madgaon Rajdhani Express]]

==Rake sharing ==

This train Shares it’s rake with

[[Chennai Rajdhani Express|M.G.R Chennai Central to Hazrat Nizamuddin Rajdhni express]]

[[Hazrat Nizamuddin–Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express|Thiruvananthapuram Central to Hazrat Nizamuddin Rajdhani express]]

[[Chennai Rajdhani Express|Hazrat Nizamuddin to M.G.R Chennai Central Rajdhani express]]

[[Hazrat Nizamuddin–Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express|Hazrat Nizamuddin to Thiruvananthapuram Central Rajdhani express]]

==12437/12438 Time Table before 2010==

Down Direction:-
{| class="wikitable
|-
! style="background:gold;"| Station code
!! style="background:gold;"| Station name
!! style="background:gold;"| Arrival
!! style="background:gold;"| Departure
|-
| NZM || '''Hazrat Nizamuddin''' || || 20:50
|-
| JHS || Jhansi Junction || 01.44 || 01.54
|-
| BPL || Bhopal Junction || 05.11 || 05.21
|-
| NGP || Nagpur Junction || 10.46 || 10.56
|-
| BPQ || Balharshah Junction || 13:57 || 14:02
|-
| KZJ || Kazipet Junction || 16.56 || 16:58
|-
| SC || '''Secunderabad Junction''' || 19:10 ||
|}

Up direction:-
{| class="wikitable
|-
! style="background:gold;"| Station code
!! style="background:gold;"| Station name
!! style="background:gold;"| Arrival
!! style="background:gold;"| Departure
|-
| SC || '''Secunderabad Junction''' || || 07:10
|-
| KZJ || Kazipet Junction || 09:00 || 09:02
|-
| BPQ || Balharshah Junction || 11:56 || 12:01
|-
| NGP || Nagpur Junction || 15:02 || 15:12
|-
| BPL || Bhopal Junction || 20:37 || 20:47
|-
| JHS || Jhansi Junction || 00:15 || 00:25
|-
| NZM || '''Hazrat Nizamuddin''' || 05:20 ||
|}

==12437/12438 Timetable after 2010==

Down direction:-
{| class="wikitable
|-
! style="background:gold;"| Station code
!! style="background:gold;"| Station name
!! style="background:gold;"| Arrival
!! style="background:gold;"| Departure
|-
| NZM || '''Hazrat Nizamuddin''' || || 15:35
|-
| JHS || Jhansi Junction || 20:15 || 20:25
|-
| BPL || Bhopal Junction || 23:46 || 23:56
|-
| NGP || Nagpur Junction || 05:21 || 05:31
|-
| BPQ || Balharshah Junction || 08:19 || 08:24
|-
| KZJ || Kazipet Junction || 11:11 || 11:13
|-
| SC || '''Secunderabad Junction''' || 13:25 ||
|}

Up Direction:-
{| class="wikitable
|-
! style="background:gold;"| Station code
!! style="background:gold;"| Station name
!! style="background:gold;"| Arrival
!! style="background:gold;"| Departure
|-
| SC || '''Secunderabad Junction''' || || 12:50
|-
| KZJ || Kazipet Junction || 14:29 || 14:31
|-
| BPQ || Balharshah Junction || 17:25 || 17:30
|-
| NGP || Nagpur Junction || 20:25 || 20:35
|-
| BPL || Bhopal Junction || 02:00 || 02:10
|-
| JHS || Jhansi Junction || 05:30 || 05:40
|-
| NZM || '''Hazrat Nizamuddin''' || 10:30 ||
|}

==Coaches==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| 20
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]]|| EOG || B1 || B2 || B3 || B4 || B5 || B6 || B7 || B8 || B9 || B10 || B11 || PC || A1 || A2 || A3 || A4 || A5 || H1 || EOG
|}

{{Rajdhani Express}}
{{South Central Railway zone}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Secunderabad-Hazrat Nizamuddin Rajdhani Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Secunderabad]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rajdhani Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2002]]

Maheswar Mohanty

2026-05-01T12:20:32Z

Surojit098: Made initial data v1

{{Short description|Indian politician (1956–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Maheswar Mohanty
| image = Maheswar Mohanty (cropped).JPG
| caption = Mohanty in 2013
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1956|02|26}}
| birth_place = [[Puri]], [[Odisha]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2023|11|07|1956|02|26}}
| death_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha, India
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Puri (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Puri]]
| salary =
| term_start = 1995
| term_end = 2019
| predecessor = [[Uma Ballav Rath]]
| successor = [[Jayant Kumar Sarangi]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| other_party = [[Janata Dal]]
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Lawyer, politician
| parents = Narayan Mohanty (father)
| spouse = Bishnupriya Mohanty
| children = 2
| relations =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Maheswar Mohanty''' (26 February 1956 – 7 November 2023) was an Indian politician from Odisha. He worked as the speaker of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha Vidhan Sabha]] from 2004 to 2008.

== Biography ==
Maheswar Mohanty was born on 26 February 1956 in Puri to Narayan Mohanty. He was married to Bishnupriya Mohanty and the couple had two children.<ref name="Maheswar Mohanty">{{cite web |title=Shri Maheswar Mohanty |url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=56 |accessdate=7 November 2023 |website=odishaassembly.nic.in |publisher=Odisha Assembly}}</ref> He had completed his LLB from SCS College, Puri ([[Utkal University]]) and MA in Political Science from [[Banaras Hindu University]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dash |first=Mrunal Manmay |title=Former Odisha Assembly Speaker, Minister Maheswar Mohanty no more |url=https://odishatv.in/news/odisha/former-odisha-assembly-speaker-minister-maheswar-mohanty-no-more-219566 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=OdishaTV |language=en}}</ref>

Mohanty was elected five times to Odisha Vidhan Sabha from 1995 to 2019.<ref name="death">{{Cite web |date=7 November 2023 |title=Former Odisha Speaker Maheswar Mohanty passes away |url=https://www.prameyanews.com/former-odisha-speaker-maheswar-mohanty-passes-away |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107040613/https://www.prameyanews.com/former-odisha-speaker-maheswar-mohanty-passes-away |archive-date=7 November 2023 |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=Prameya English |language=en-IN}}</ref> He served as a speaker and held several ministries like Revenue and Disaster Management, Law, Planning and Coordination, Tourism and Culture, Panchayati Raj in the cabinet of [[Naveen Patnaik]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=7 November 2023 |title=Former Odisha Speaker Maheswar Mohanty No More |url=https://odishabytes.com/former-odisha-speaker-maheswar-mohanty-no-more/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107040600/https://odishabytes.com/former-odisha-speaker-maheswar-mohanty-no-more/ |archive-date=7 November 2023 |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=Odisha Bytes |language=en-US}}</ref>

Mohanty died from a stroke in [[Bhubaneswar]], on 7 November 2023, at the age of 67.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/former-odisha-speaker-maheswar-mohanty-passes-away/articleshow/105025092.cms|title=Former Odisha speaker Maheswar Mohanty passes away|last=Mohapatra|first=Debabrata|date=7 November 2023|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107040553/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/former-odisha-speaker-maheswar-mohanty-passes-away/articleshow/105025092.cms|archive-date=7 November 2023|issn=0971-8257 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="death"/>

== Political career ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Tern start
!Tertm end
!Position
!Constituency
!Party
|-
|1995
|2000
|Member, 11th Odisha Vidhan Sabha
| rowspan="5" |[[Puri Assembly constituency|Puri]]
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|2000
|2004
|Member, 12th Odisha Vidhan Sabha
| rowspan="4" |[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|-
|2004
|2009
|Member, 13th Odisha Vidhan Sabha
|-
|2009
|2014
|Member, 14th Odisha Vidhan Sabha
|-
|2014
|2019
|Member, 15th Odisha Vidhan Sabha
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohanty, Maheswar}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Puri district]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2000–2004]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]

Bhikampur and Datawali (Aligarh) State

2026-04-30T02:37:43Z

Surojit098: Starting bio...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Bhikampur and Datawali
| common_name = Aligarh
| nation = [[Mughal Empire]] and [[Maratha Confederacy]] and [[British India]]
| subdivision = [[Principality]] under the nominal sovereignty
| era =
| year_start = 1703
| date_start =
| event_start =
| year_end = 1947
| date_end =
| event_end = [[Independence of India]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 = Mughal Empire
| s1 = India
| flag_p1 = Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag =
| image_coat = Bhikampur Estate.jpg
| image_map =
| image_map_caption =
| stat_area1 =
| stat_year1 =
| stat_pop1 =
| today = [[Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] [[File:Flag of India.svg|20px]]
| footnotes =
}}

The Bhikampur and Datawali principality is in [[Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh]]. For nearly four centuries, before the advent of [[British Raj]] in [[India]], it was ruled by the descendants of a [[Sarwani|Sherwani]] [[Pashtuns|Pathan]] from [[Jalalabad]] in [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="history">{{cite web|title=Heritage & History|url=http://www.bhikampurlodge.in/history/|website=www.bhikampurlodge.in|accessdate=23 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523134310/http://www.bhikampurlodge.in/history/|archivedate=23 May 2016}}</ref> The Sherwani clan were practically independent rulers in the period between the collapse of [[Mughal Empire]] and the rise of the [[British Raj]].

==History==

The clan had two main branches, the lineage of Bhikampur and that of Datawali, and practiced [[cousin marriage]] to an almost exclusive degree. The family tree presents a bewildering array of interlocking relationships. Their marriage patterns kept the family properties intact, while taking a toll on the health of their increasingly inbred offspring. The Sherwanis were a family that displayed an intriguing combination of the progressive and the conservative: They were supporters of education, whether Islamic or western, and promoters of education for women, although the women of the family maintained strict purdah and were educated at home. Their loyalist politics were manifested in civic service and membership in reform associations, along with resistance to the growing forces of anti-British activism before and after [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Zay Khay Sheen, Aligarh's Purdah-Nashin Poet|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/srffest/txt_minault_zaykaysheen.pdf|website=Columbia University|accessdate=23 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523135335/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/srffest/txt_minault_zaykaysheen.pdf|archivedate=23 May 2016|pages=2|language=English}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Muzammilullah Sherwani 1.jpg|Sir [[Muhammad Muzammilullah Khan]]
File:Rehmatullah Sherwani.jpg|Nawab Rehmat Ullah Khan Sherwani
</gallery>

==Notable members==
[[File:Bhikampur Gate.jpg|thumbnail|right|Bhikampur Gate, Aligarh Muslim University]]
The Sherwani clan of Aligarh district produced a number of notable people:


* [[Zahida Khatun Sherwani]] (1894-1922):( Bhikampur ) : Daughter of Nawab Sir Muzammil Ullah Khan Sherwani, An Indian poet and writer who wrote under pen name Zay Khay Sheen in the [[Urdu language]] and was also an activist for women's rights.<ref name=Zay>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/696701/contribution-of-zay-khay-sheen-highlighted|title=Contribution of Zay Khay Sheen highlighted|date=19 February 2012|access-date=9 April 2016|newspaper=Dawn}}</ref>
* [[Masud Husain Khan]] (1919-2010): the Father of Urdu-Linguistics, and the fifth [[Chancellor|Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/1071962/dawn-features-february-03-2009 ''Prof Masud Husain turns 90'']</ref> He was married to Nawab Faiz Ahmed Khan's great-granddaughter.



==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Former principalities]]
[[Category:Princely states of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nawabs of India]]
[[Category:Pashtun diaspora in India]]
[[Category:Pashtun dynasties]]
[[Category:Quasi-princely estates of India]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates]]

Prasad Oak

2026-04-28T19:42:36Z

Surojit098:

{{Short description|Indian actor and director}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prasad Oak
| image = Prasad Oak during the 48th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2017), in Panaji, Goa.jpg
| caption = Prasad Oak at the [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[48th International Film Festival of India|2017]])
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1970|02|17}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| years_active = 1993–present
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = {{marriage|Manjiri Oak|1998}}
}}

'''Prasad Prabhakar Oak''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[pɾəsaːd̪ oːk]]]; born 17 February 1975) is an actor. He has received several awards including two [[Filmfare Awards Marathi]], [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] and a [[National Film Award]].

In 2007, he participated in ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi]]'' (Celebrity Round) and won, became Ajinkyatara.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/65th%20%20NATIONAL%20FILM%20AWARDS%20FOR%202017-%20final%20(1)%20(5)%20-%20Copy%201.pdf|title=65th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Prasad Oak was born on 17 February 1975 at [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prasad Oak |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Prasad-Oak |access-date=21 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==
Oak started his career as assistant director for the play ''Premachi Goshta'', with actors [[Shriram Lagoo]] and [[Nilu Phule]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2015 |title=Prasad takes a coastal trip |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/prasad-takes-a-coastal-trip/articleshow/46002631.cms |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He got a break in Shree Adhikari Brother's TV serial Bandini.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2015 |title=Prasad takes a coastal trip |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/prasad-takes-a-coastal-trip/articleshow/46002631.cms |access-date=11 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Mrunal Kulkarni was his co-star in Bandini. His critically acclaimed role was in 'Andharyachya Parambya' which was a television series of famous movie 'Barrister'.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2015 |title=Prasad takes a coastal trip |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/prasad-takes-a-coastal-trip/articleshow/46002631.cms |access-date=21 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He became well established on television with ''Avaghchi Sansar'', playing the role of Harshvardhan Bhosle.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2020 |title=Popular Marathi TV show Avaghachi Ha Sansar to air its rerun after 14 years |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/popular-marathi-tv-show-avaghachi-ha-sansar-to-air-its-rerun-after-14-years/articleshow/77725920.cms |access-date=21 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=प्रसाद ओक आणि अमृता सुभाष यांची गाजलेली मालिका 'अवघाची हा संसार' पुन्हा एकदा येतेय भेटीला |work=Divya Marathi |language=mr |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/news/prasad-oak-and-amrita-subhashs-hit-serial-avaghachi-ha-sansar-is-coming-on-zee-yuva-127637235.html |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref> This series had the nation's highest ratings in 2008. He claimed that television has had a big role in success of [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] films.<ref>{{cite web |author=Aparna Phadke |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-07/news-interviews/32578109_1_marathi-films-prasad-oak-hindi |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103073303/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-07/news-interviews/32578109_1_marathi-films-prasad-oak-hindi |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=TV has a big role in success of Marathi films: Prasad Oak |date=7 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=25 September 2012}}</ref>

Oak has worked in more than 80 television serials.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prasad Oak Movies of the actor you should not miss |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/prasad-oak-movies-of-the-actor-you-should-not-miss/photostory/64258812.cms |access-date=21 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2008 he participated in reality show ''Dhinka Chika'' as a judge. In June 2012, his show ''Bhanda Saukhya Bhare'' completed 500 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Product list |url=https://www.mehtapublishinghouse.com/author/PRASAD-OAK.aspx |access-date=21 July 2023 |website=mehtapublishinghouse.com}}</ref>

In 2018, he played the role of popular [[Marathi theatre|Marathi Stage]] actor [[Prabhakar Panshikar]] in ''[[Ani... Dr. Kashinath Ghanekar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ani...Dr Kashinath Ghanekar |url=https://www.snehasallapam.com/new-release-cinema-reviews/25940-ani-dr-kashinath-ghanekar.html?s=cf38ca451711963cc9b28d8d92255281#post4169223 |access-date=21 July 2023 |website=snehasallapam.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Born and brought up in Pune, Oak attended [[Bhave High School]], Pune. He graduated from [[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce]]. He married Manjiri Oak and has two sons with her.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 May 2023 |title=Prasad Oak wishes his wife Manjiri Oak her birthday with an adorable post |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/prasad-oak-wishes-his-wife-manjiri-oak-her-birthday-with-an-adorable-post/articleshow/99954942.cms |access-date=13 May 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes projects that have not yet been released
|}

=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes/Ref
|-
! scope="row" |2003
|''Vitthal Vitthal''
|
|
|-
! scope="row" |2004
|''Kunku Lavte Mahercha''
|Shree D. Deshmukh
|Lead debut
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |2005
|''Aabhas''
|Sharad Chitnis
|
|-
|''Zeher''
|Nihaal
| rowspan="2" |[[Hindi film]]
|-
|''[[Kalyug (2005 film)|Kalyug]]''
|Anny's uncle
|-
|''Kalubaichya Naavan Changbhala''
|Deepak
|
|-
|''Jay Atharabhuja Saptashrungi Mata''
|Rahul
|
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |2006
|''Shambhu Maza Navsacha''
|Prasad
|
|-
|''Bayo''
|
|
|-
|''Kshan''
|Vihang Sudhakar Pradhan
|
|-
|''Zakhmi Police 302''
|Vijay Pawar
|
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |2007
|''Swapn''
|Swapnil
|
|-
|''Mi Nahi Tyatla''
|Prasad
|
|-
|''Balirajache Rajya Yeu De''
|Kisna
|
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |2008
|''[[Full 3 Dhamaal]]''
|Rahul Pradhan
|
|-
|''Doghat Tisra Aata Sagala Visara''
|Samir Rajadhyaksh
|
|-
|''[[Ek Daav Dhobi Pachhad]]''
|Trimbak Joshi
|
|-
|''Ashtarupa Jai Vaibhav Lakshmi Mata''
|Dr. Sanjay
|Television film
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |2009
|''Adi Maaya Adi Shakti''
|Jaideep
|
|-
|''Hay Kay Nay Kay''
|Prem Pradhan
|Also, Director and Producer
|-
|''Bandya Ani Baby''
|Bandya
|
|-
|''Patla Tar Ghya''
|Shreyas Oak
|
|-
|''Nirnay''
|
|
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" |2010
|''Kundamauli Malaganga''
|Prasad
|
|-
|''Tee Ratra''
|P. Das
|
|-
|''Kas''
|Sriram Modak
|
|-
|''Jetaa''
|Sushant Mahashabde
|
|-
|''Navra Avli Baiko Lavli''
|Banti
|
|-
|''Aika Dajiba''
|
|
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |2011
|''Hip Hip Hurray''
|
|
|-
|''Pakda Pakdi''
|Gopal
|
|-
|''Hari Mazhya Ghari''
|
|
|-
|''2014 Raaj Ka 'Ran'''
|
|
|-
|''Khel Mandala''
|Sangeet Raje
|
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |2012
|''Gajrachi Pungi''
|
|
|-
|''Gola Berij''
|Sonya Baglakar
|
|-
|''Aik''
|Sandy
|
|-
|''Preet Tujhi Majhi''
|
|
|-
|''Aamhi Chamakate Taare''
|Sameer
|
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" |2013
|''Kutha Bolu Naka''
|
|
|-
|''Vishesh Mhanje Hi Mazi Misses''
|
|
|-
|''Mandali Tumchyasathi Kay Pan''
|Rakesh
|
|-
|''Mazha Mee''
|
|
|-
|''Dhating Dhingana''
|
|
|-
|''Nirmalya''
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |2014
|''[[Rama Madhav]]''
|[[Raghunath Rao]]
|
|-
|''Headline''
|
|
|-
|''[[Raja Natwarlal]]''
|Sub-Inspector Mhatre
|[[Hindi film]]
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |2015
|''[[Deool Band]]''
|Nawadi
|
|-
|''[[Sugar Salt Ani Prem]]''
|Ravindra
|
|-
|''[[Balkadu]]''
|Rampurkar
|Special appearance
|-
! rowspan="7" scope="row" |2016
|[[Doctor Rakhmabai (film)|''Doctor Rakhmabai'']]
|Dr. Sarkharam Arjun
|
|-
|''[[Kanha (film)|Kanha]]''
|Vishwasrao
|
|-
|''Toh Aani Mee Ek Runanubandh''
|Rohit Vaidya
|
|-
|''7, Roshan Villa''
|Rajas Javdekar
|
|-
|''Chiranjeev''
|
|
|-
|''Chahato Mi Tula''
|Mohan
|
|-
|''Mohar''
|Nivrutti Bhaledar
|
|-
! scope="row" |2017
|''22 June''
|
|
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |2018
|''Satya''
|
|
|-
|''Shikari''
|Bharat Leeladhar Bhosle
|
|-
|''Home Sweet Home''
|
|Special Appearance{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}
|-
|''[[Ani... Dr. Kashinath Ghanekar]]''
|[[Prabhakar Panshikar]]
|
|-
|''[[Farzand]]''
|[[Bahirji Naik]]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |2019
|''[[Smile Please (2019 film)|Smile Please]]''
|Shishir Sarang
|
|-
|''[[Ye Re Ye Re Paisa 2]]''
|Inspector Sharad Shinde
|
|-
|''[[Picasso (film)|Picasso]]''
|Pandurang Gawade
|
|-
|''[[Hirkani]]''
|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]]
|Also Director
|-
! scope="row" |2020
|''[[Dhurala]]''
|Harish Gadhwe
|
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2022
|''[[Kaun Pravin Tambe?]]''
|Vijay Patil
|
|-
| ''[[Dharmaveer]]''
|[[Anand Dighe]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Filmfare Award Marathi for Best Actor]] Sakal Premier Awards Best Actor
|-
!scope="row" |2023
|''Alay Mazhya Rashila''
|Ranjet
|
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |2024
|''[[Blackout (2024 film)|Blackout]]''
|Inspector Patil
|Hindi
|-
|''[[Dharmaveer 2]]''
|Anand Dighe
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Dharmaveer 2 Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} धर्मवीर २ {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/dharmaveer-2-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=1 July 2024 |date=30 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''Aamhi Jarange''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Amhi Jarange': Makarand Deshpande, Prasad Oak and Subodh Bhave starrer is all set to hit screens on 21 June, 2024; Trailer out!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/amhi-jarange-makarand-deshpande-prasad-oak-and-subodh-bhave-starrer-is-all-set-to-hit-screens-on-21-june-2024-trailer-out/articleshow/110937420.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2024-06-12|access-date=2025-11-29|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Phullwanti]]''
|Bakhre Savkar Naik
|
|-
! rowspan="7" scope="row" |2025
| [[Jilabi (2025 film)|''Jilabi'']]
| Saurav Subhedar / Gaurav Subhedar
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Jilbi Marathi Movie (2025): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} Jilabi Movie {{!}} जिलबी |url=https://rangmarathi.com/jilbi-marathi-movie/ |access-date=19 January 2025 |date=18 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[SuSheela SuJeet]]''
| Nakate
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kadam |first=Shruti |date=20 March 2025 |title=Susheela-Sujeet Movie: सुशीला - सुजीत मध्ये एक, दोन नव्हे; तर तब्बल 'इतक्या' भूमिका निभावणार प्रसाद ओक! |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/prasad-oak-himself-will-be-playing-5-rolesin-the-upcoming-marathi-film-susheela-sujeet-svk01 |access-date=20 April 2025 |website=Marathi News Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gulkand (film)|''Gulkand'']]
|Girish Mane
|
|-
|''Mangalashtaka Returns''
|Sangram
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title='MANGALASHTAKA RETURNS' (MARATHI) REVIEW {{!}} 23 May, 2025 |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/mangalashtaka-returns-marathi-review-23-may-2025/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=[[Film Information]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Vada Paav''
|Jaydev Deshmukh
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-02 |title='VADA PAAV' (MARATHI) REVIEW {{!}} 2 October, 2025 |url=https://filminformation.com/reviews/vada-paav-marathi-review-2-october-2025/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Film Information |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Reel Star''
|Sumit
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhingarde |first=Santosh |date=2025-11-16 |title=Movie Review : रीलस्टार- संघर्ष आणि जिद्द ही कथा |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/actor-bhushan-manjule-starrer-reelstar-movie-release-read-its-review-entertainment-news-kds07 |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Sakal |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|MahaParinirvaan}}
|Namdev Vhatkar
|<ref>{{cite web |title=MahaParinirvaan Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} महापरिनिर्वाण {{!}} Exclusive 2024 – Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/mahaparinirvaan-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=23 March 2024 |date=23 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=अडसूळ |first=नीलेश |date=26 April 2023 |title=Prasad Oak: प्रसाद ओकला मिळाली मोठी भूमिका, बाबासाहेब आंबेडकरांच्या 'परिनिर्वाण' चित्रपटात साकारणार.. |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/prasad-oak-play-namdev-vhatkar-role-in-parinirvaan-marathi-movie-based-on-dr-babasaheb-ambedkar-nsa95 |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=Sakal |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

=== As director ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
! scope="row" |2009
|''Hay Kay Nay Kay''
|co-directed with [[Pushkar Shrotri]]
|
|-
! scope="row" |2017
|''[[Kachcha Limboo]]''
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi]] [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|Filmfare Marathi Award for Best Director]]
|
|-
! scope="row" |2019
|''[[Hirkani]]''
| rowspan="2" |Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|Filmfare Marathi Award for Best Director]]
|
|-
! scope="row" |2022
|''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2025
|''[[SuSheela SuJeet]]''
|
|
|-
|''Vadapav''
|
|
|-
|{{tba}}
|{{Pending film|Bhadrakali}}
|Period film on [[Umabai Dabhade]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 2021 |title='Bhadrakali': Prasad Oak and Digpal Lanjekar team up to bring the valour of Sarsenapati Umabai on the big screen |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/bhadrakali-prasad-oak-and-digpal-lanjekar-team-up-to-bring-the-valour-of-sarsenapati-umabai-on-the-big-screen/articleshow/83302112.cms |access-date=15 May 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|
|-
|{{tba}}
|{{Pending film|Sutka}}
|Starring [[Swapnil Joshi]] and [[Prarthana Behere]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2022 |title='Sutaka': Swwapnil Joshi and Prarthana Behere to star in Prasad Oak's next |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sutaka-swwapnil-joshi-and-prarthana-behere-to-star-in-prasad-oaks-next/articleshow/94217883.cms |access-date=15 May 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रसाद ओक कुणाकुणाची करणार 'सुटका'? प्रार्थना बेहरे की स्वप्निल जोशी... या पोस्टमुळे रंगली चर्चा |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/upcoming-film-sutka-directed-by-prasad-oak-creat-suspence-swapnil-joshi-post/articleshow/94224282.cms |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|
|-
|{{tba}}
|{{Pending film|Patthe Bapurao}}
|Period film on [[Patthe Bapurao]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2023 |title='पठ्ठे बापूराव' लवकरच येणार प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला; अमृता खानविलकर आणि प्रसाद ओक मुख्य भूमिकेत |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/patthe-bapurao-new-upcoming-marathi-movie-poster-out-prasad-oak-amruta-khanvilkar-lead-role-film-artist-shared-post-on-social-media-know-details-entertainment-updates-1218901 |access-date=16 October 2023 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
|2002
|''The Trap''
|Vinod Gupte
|[[DD Metro]]
|
|
|-
|2003–2007
|''[[Vadalvaat]]''
|Bhaskar Chaudhari
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|
|-
|2006
|[[Avaghachi Sansar|''Avaghachi Sansar'']]
|Harshwardhan Bhosale
|Zee Marathi
|
|
|-
|2013–2016
|[[Honar Soon Mi Hya Gharchi|''Honar Soon Mi Hya Gharchi'']]
|Laxmikant Gokhale
|Zee Marathi
|
|
|-
|2016
|[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]
|
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]
|
|
|-
|2017
|[[Phulpakharu (TV series)|Phulpakharu]]
|
|[[Zee Yuva]]
|
|
|-
|2017
|[[Hum To Tere Aashiq Hai]]
|Sangram
|Zee Marathi
|
|
|-
|2019
|[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]
|Judge
|[[Sony Marathi]]
|
|
|}
* Bandini ([[StarPlus]])
* Damini ([[DD Sahyadri]])
* Gharkul ([[ETV Marathi]])
* [[Char Divas Sasuche]] ([[ETV Marathi]])
* Bhanda Saukhya Bhare ([[Star Pravah]])
* [[Asambhav (TV series)|Asambhav]] ([[Zee Marathi]])
* [[Aabhalmaya]] ([[Zee Marathi]])
* Pimpalpaan ([[Zee Marathi]])
* Aawaz (Colors Marathi)

=== Theater ===
* ''Bhramacha Bhopala''
* ''Premachi Goshta (assistant director)''
* ''Adhantar''
* ''Usna Navra''
* ''Ya Ghar Apalach Ahe''
* ''Lahanapan dega deva''
* ''Nandee''
* ''Ranangan''
* ''Altun Paltun''
* ''Wada Chirebandi''
* ''Magna Talyakathi''
* ''Aamcha Private Limited''
* ''Aabhas''
* ''Maza Pati Krorepati''
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2260168}}
{{commons category}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oak, Prasad}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Maharashtra|Oak,Prasad]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]

Karachi halwa

2026-04-28T07:30:58Z

Surojit098: Creating New Post

{{Short description|Indian confection}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Karachi halwa
| image = File:Karachi Halwa (Corn Flour Halwa).jpg
| image_size = 275px
| caption =
| country = [[Karachi]] ([[Sindh]])
| creator =
| type = [[Confection]]
| served = [[Room temperature]]
| main_ingredient = [[Starch]], [[sugar]] and [[ghee]]
| minor_ingredient = [[Pinus gerardiana|Chilghoza]], [[Egusi|melon seeds]], [[almonds]]
| variations = Many colors like orange, yellow, green and red
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Karachi halwa''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|کراچی حلوہ}}}}), or '''Bombay halwa''', is a chewy, glossy, and translucent Pakistani and Indian confection consisting of [[cornstarch]], [[sugar]], [[ghee]], and water, flavored with cardamom, [[melon]] seed and occasionally [[almonds]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sweta Chakraborty |title=The Magical Tiffin Box |date=18 December 2013 |publisher=Leadstart Publishing |isbn=9789381576472 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqhxAwAAQBAJ&dq=Bombay+Halwa&pg=PT245}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Borah |first1=Plavaneeta |title=Karachi Halwa or Bombay Halwa, a Sinful and Nutty Treat for Sweet Lovers |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/karachi-halwa-or-bombay-halwa-a-sinful-and-nutty-treat-for-sweet-lovers-1757987 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=28 March 2018}}</ref> It has a jelly-like texture, unlike traditional soft [[halwa]]s, and is known for its bright hues such as orange, green and yellow.

Karachi halwa is a specialty in Pakistan and India, especially during festivals like [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]], [[Diwali]], and weddings. It has a long shelf life.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mouth Watering sweets to try during this festive season |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/lifestyle/diwali-2022-mouth-watering-sweets-to-try-during-this-festive-season/ |work=[[Lokmat Times]] |date=11 October 2022}}</ref>

== History ==
The name Karachi halwa is believed to have originated in Karachi before the [[Partition of India|partition of 1947]] and was brought to Bombay from Karachi by halwais (sweet makers),<ref>{{cite news |title=Karachi Halwa: This Soft, Glossy Dessert Is Irresistibly Tasty |url=https://www.slurrp.com/article/from-karachi-to-bombay-tracing-history-of-the-ever-so-delish-karachi-halwa-1641299981334 |publisher=Slurrp.com |date=27 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=TG |first1=Dinesh |title=Bombay Halwa : சுவையான பாம்பே ஹல்வா 10 நிமிஷத்தில் செய்து அசத்தலாம் வாங்க! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/health-food/how-to-prepare-bombay-halwa-in-tamil-rkchym |publisher=[[Asianet News]] |date=26 October 2022 |language=Tamil}}</ref> after the partition.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.slurrp.com/article/from-karachi-to-bombay-tracing-history-of-the-ever-so-delish-karachi-halwa-1641299981334?utm_source=chatgpt.com | title=From Karachi To Bombay, Tracing History Of The Ever-So-Delish Karachi Halwa, Sushmita Sengupta | date=15 Sep 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Rajyasree |title=How the sweet dish halwa came to India and grew regional variations |url=https://scroll.in/article/1028132/how-the-sweet-dish-halwa-came-to-india-and-grew-regional-variations |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |date=13 Jul 2022}}</ref>

As the dessert gained popularity in Bombay (now Mumbai), India, it also began to be known as Bombay halwa, Karachi halwa is the older original name. It gained considerable popularity in Mumbai, India, as [[Sindh|Sindhi]] and [[Gujarat]]i sweet-makers introduced it to a bigger market. Chandu Halwai, a well-known Indian sweet shop in Mumbai, was originally established in the year 1896 in Karachi,<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Modern Review |title=The Modern Review |volume=64 |author=Ramananda Chatterjee|publisher=Prabasi Press Private, Limited |date=1938 |page=91 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=India's family firms modernise to stay in business | first=Yogita | last=Limaye | work=BBC News | date=16 February 2014 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-26133933 | accessdate=16 November 2018 }}</ref> this shop is frequently credited with popularizing it.<ref>{{cite book |title=SINDH: SINDHI RECIPES AND STORIES FROM A FORGOTTEN LAND |date=16 December 2024 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-9365698954}}</ref> Krati writes in 2024 that; "Karachi halwa" is another renowned confection that was brought from Karachi, a city in Sindh province, as a direct result of migration brought on by the partition.<ref>[https://journal.sijss.com/index.php/home/article/view/1193 Krati Jain, & Upasana Varma. (2024). How Partition In 1947 Impacted the Culinary Culture of India?] A Historical Discussion on The Shared Culinary Practices Across the Border. South India Journal of Social Sciences, 22(4), 99-107. </ref>

It's intriguing to trace the intricate origin of this halwa. It was created in various parts of Sindh (not exclusively in Karachi) centuries ago, as the Persian Empire expanded its influence in the region's cuisine. It may have direct influence from a halwa initially made in Turkey and called [[Turkish delight|Lokum]].<ref>[https://www.goya.in/blog/the-karachi-roots-of-bombay-halwa-sindhi-halwa?utm_source=chatgpt.com The Karachi Roots of Bombay Halwa 18 April 2024]</ref>

== Ingredients ==
It is made of corn flour, water, clarified butter or ghee and sugar. Bombay halwa is usually coloured orange, red or green and flavoured with [[cardamom]] and ghee.

To get the proper texture and consistency, the main ingredients of Karachi halwa (cornstarch, sugar, and ghee) have certain proportions that are essential for attaining the desired texture and consistency in the final product. These proportions are normally balanced in such a way that the halwa is chewy, transparent, and not excessively sticky or oily. Usually these proportions are; corn flour 1 part, sugar 2 parts and ghee 0.5 to 1 part. It is important to note that these proportions are slightly adjustable to make the halwa sweeter or more chewy in texture or glossy in appearance.

== Health ==
Because of the richer contents of [[fat]] and sugar the [[calories]] in 100 grams of halwa can reach 400 kcal. This estimate of the calories per 100 grams of halwa can be calculated by the fact that [[carbohydrates]] (sugar) provide 4 calories per gram, [[protein]] (nuts) provides 4 calories per gram, and [[fat]] (ghee) provides 9 calories per gram.<ref>[https://www.nal.usda.gov/programs/fnic Food and Nutrition Information Center (FNIC). USDA]</ref> There are very little fibers in Karachi halwa and those come from the nuts (if used). [[Protein]] contents are also very low. As it is a made of cornflour it is a gluten free dessert.

==See also==
* [[Turkish delight]]
* [[Halva]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Pakistani dishes}}

[[Category:Halva]]
[[Category:Pakistani confectionery]]

Pandurang Fundkar

2026-04-26T10:18:55Z

Surojit098:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1950– 2018)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pandurang Pundalik Fundkar
| image = File:Pandurang_Pundalik_Fundkar_profile_picture.jpg
| office = Minister of Agriculture [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| term_start = 8 July 2016
| term_end = 31 May 2018
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| predecessor = [[Eknath Khadse]]
| successor = [[Chandrakant Patil]]
| office1 = Minister of Horticulture
 [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| term_start1 = 8 July 2016
| term_end1 = 31 May 2018
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| successor1 = [[Jaydattaji Kshirsagar]]
| office2 = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Council|Leader of Opposition Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start2 = 11 April 2005
| term_end2 = 22 December 2011
| 1blankname2 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]] [[Ashok Chavan]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
| predecessor2 = [[Nitin Gadkari]]
| successor2 = [[Vinod Tawde]]
| office3 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start3 = (2002-2008), (2008-2014), (2014
| term_end3 = 2018)
| constituency3 = elected by MLAs
| office6 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start6 = (1989-1991), (1991-1996), (1996
| term_end6 = 1998)
| predecessor6 = [[Vairale Madhusudan]]
| successor6 = [[Prakash Ambedkar]]
| constituency6 = [[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akola]]
| office7 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start7 = (1978-1080), (1980
| term_end7 = 1985)
| predecessor7 = Manikrao Gawande
| successor7 = Manikrao Gawande
| constituency7 = [[Khamgaon Assembly constituency|Khamgaon]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1950|08|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = Narkhed, [[Nandura|Nandura Taluka]], [[Buldhana District]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Sunita|1979}}
| children = •Sagar Fundkar •Vasundhara Fundkar Chopade 
•[[Akash Pandurang Fundkar]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Nagpur]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| source = http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3278.htm
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|05|31|1950|08|21|df=y}}
| death_cause = Heart attack
}}

'''Pandurang Pundalik Fundkar''' (21 August 1950 – 31 May 2018), alias '''Bhausaheb Fundkar''', was leader of opposition in [[Maharashtra]] Legislative Council in India. He was a leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/Maharashtra/Leaopp.htm |title=Maharashtra Legislative Council|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi website}}</ref>

He was a member of [[9th Lok Sabha]] (1989-1991), [[10th Lok Sabha]] (1991-1996) and [[11th Lok Sabha]] from [[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akola]] from Maharashtra. He was also former president of State BJP. He was born in 1950 in [[Buldhana]].
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/3278.htm|title=Members Bioprofile|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi website}}</ref>

He was elected as member of [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]] from [[Khamgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] in 1978 and 1980.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S13/partycomp107.htm |title=Elections result analysis 1978-2004 |publisher=Election Commission of India, New Delhi |accessdate=27 January 2010}}</ref> On July 8, 2016, he was sworn in as a Cabinet Minister in [[Devendra Fadnavis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtraweb.com/Government/ministry.asp |title=Maharashtra Ministry |publisher=Maharashtraweb.com |accessdate=2018-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/maharashtra-cabinet-reshuffle-cm-allocated-portfolios-to-newly-sworn-in-ministers-2904213/ |title=Maharashtra cabinet reshuffle: CM allocated portfolios to newly sworn-in ministers |work=The Indian Express |date=2016-07-10 |accessdate=2018-06-06}}</ref> government.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sanjay Jog |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/fadnavis-rejigs-cabinet-with-induction-of-10-ministers-116070800163_1.html |title=Fadnavis rejigs Cabinet with induction of 10 ministers |work=Business Standard |accessdate=2018-06-06}}</ref>

He died on 31 May 2018 in Breach Candy hospital, Mumbai due to a massive heart attack.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/bjp-leader-pandurang-phundkar-passed-away-due-to-heart-attack/articleshow/64393949.cms |title=bjp leader pandurang phundkar passed away due to heart attack |work=Maharashtra Times |accessdate=2018-06-06}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fundkar, Pandurang Pundalik}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Buldhana district]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1978–1980]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:People from Akola district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Purnendu Basu

2026-04-20T08:49:40Z

Surojit098: created a article!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Purnendu Basu
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|9|26|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 13 May 2011
| term_end = 2 May 2021
| constituency = [[Rajarhat Gopalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarhat Gopalpur]]
| predecessor = Rabindranath Mondal
| successor = [[Aditi Munshi]]
| office2 =
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| spouse =
| college =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| faculty =
| website =
| source =
| office1 = [[Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of West Bengal]]
| term_start1 = 2011
| term_end1 = 2021
| predecessor1 = [[Moloy Ghatak]] (''from Agriculture'')
| successor1 = * [[Moloy Ghatak]] (''from Labour'')
* [[Asish Banerjee]] (''from Agriculture'')
* [[Ashima Patra|Ashima Patra, MoS I/C]] (''from Technical Education, Training & Skill Development'')
| 1blankname1 = [[Ministry (government department)|Department]]
| 1namedata1 = * [[Department of Labour (West Bengal)|Minister for Labour]] (''2011-2014'')
* [[Department of Agriculture (West Bengal)|Minister for Agriculture]] (''2014-2017'')
* Minister for Technical Education, Training & Skill Development (''2011-2016 & 2017-2021'')
| governor1 = [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]] [[D. Y. Patil]] [[M. K. Narayanan]] [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]
| 2blankname1 = [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister]]
| 2namedata1 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
}}

'''Purnendu Basu''' is an Indian [[politician]] and the former Minister for Agriculture in the [[Government of West Bengal]].<ref name="Millenium">{{cite news |title=Asish Banerjee replaces Purnendu Basu as state Agriculture minister |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/asish-banerjee-replaces-purnendu-basu-as-state-agriculture-minister-260778 |access-date=16 December 2020 |work=millenniumpost.in |date=6 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref> He was also an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], elected from the [[Rajarhat Gopalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarhat Gopalpur]] constituency in the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] and [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]. He is currently [https://webscte.co.in/Council-Charperson Chairperson] of [[West Bengal State Council of Technical and Vocational Education and Skill Development|West Bengal State Council of Technical and Vocational Education for Skill Development.]]

==Career==
===MLA of Rajarhat Gopalpur===
He served as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], elected from the [[Rajarhat Gopalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarhat Gopalpur]] constituency in the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] and [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]] [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal state assembly election]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mamata-allocates-portfolios-to-ministers/153060-37.html |title=Mamata allots portfolios, keeps key ministries |access-date=24 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525085921/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mamata-allocates-portfolios-to-ministers/153060-37.html |archive-date=25 May 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/election-news/story/20090601-all-the-didis-men-739813-2009-05-22 | title=All the Didi's men | date=22 May 2009 | first=Abhijit | last=Dasgupta | publisher=India Today | accessdate=18 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/MinisterSecretary/MinisterSecretaryPortletWindow?category=M&action=e&windowstate=normal&in.gov.wb.portal.MENU_ID_PARAMETER=100&mode=view|title=Ministers in Mamata's Cabinet|accessdate=22 May 2011|publisher=[[Government of West Bengal]]|date=21 May 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005213008/http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/MinisterSecretary/MinisterSecretaryPortletWindow?category=M&action=e&windowstate=normal&in.gov.wb.portal.MENU_ID_PARAMETER=100&mode=view|archivedate=5 October 2011}}</ref> and was succeeded by [[Aditi Munshi]] in [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 election]].

=== Minister of West Bengal ===
He served as the [[Department of Agriculture (West Bengal)|Agriculture Minister]] of [[West Bengal Government]] in the [[First Banerjee ministry|First Mamata Banerjee ministry]] from the years 2014 until 2017, when he was replaced by [[Asish Banerjee]].<ref name="Millenium" />

He served as [[Department of Labour (West Bengal)|Minister of Labour]] of [[West Bengal Government]] in the [[Mamata Banerjee|First Mamata Banerjee ministry]] between the years 2011 – 2014 and was replaced by [[Moloy Ghatak]].<ref name="Millenium" />

He also served as Minister for Technical Education, Training & Skill Development of [[West Bengal Government]] from 2011-2016 and was replaced by [[Ashima Patra]] and again from 2017 – 2021 and was succeeded by Humayun Kabir.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.wbassembly.gov.in/ West Bengal Legislative Assembly]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Ashima Patra]]|
| title = Minister of the Technical Education, Training and Skill Development department of [[Government of West Bengal]]
| years = 2017 –  2021
| after = Humayun Kabir
}}
{{succession box
| before = |
| title = [[Department of Labour (West Bengal)|Minister of Labour]] of [[Government of West Bengal]]
| years = 2011 – 2014
| after = [[Moloy Ghatak]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Rabindranath Bhattacharjee]]|
| title = [[Department of Agriculture (West Bengal)|Agriculture Minister]] of [[West Bengal Government]]
| years = 2014 – 2017
| after = [[Asish Banerjee]]
}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN Assembly succession box
| state= WB
| constituency= Rajarhat Gopalpur
| before = [[Rabindranath Mondal]]
| years = [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] – [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| after =[[Aditi Munshi]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Purnendo}}
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:People from Gopalpur, Nadia]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Bidhannagar subdivision]]
[[Category:Politicians from North 24 Parganas district]]

Milind Narvekar

2026-04-20T04:29:19Z

Surojit098: Made initial info nd citations

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP one source|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Milind Narvekar
| native_name = मिलिंद नार्वेकर
| honorific_suffix =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| image =
| office = [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Member of Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| governor = [[Ramesh Bais]]
| 1blankname = [[List of chairmen of the Maharashtra Legislative Council|Chairman of Council]]
| 1namedata = [[Neelam Gorhe]] ''(Additional Charge)''
| term_start = 28 July 2024
| constituency = ''Elected by MLAs''
| predecessor =
| party = [[File:SS(UBT) flag.png|30px]] [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena(UBT)]]
| occupation = Politician
| website =
}}

'''Milind Narvekar''' ({{langx|mr|मिलिंद नार्वेकर }}) is an Indian politician and leader of [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]] from [[Maharashtra]]. He is member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]].<ref name = MLCNarvekar>{{cite news|url=https://news18marathi.com/mumbai/thackeray-candidate-milind-narvekar-on-the-legislative-council-political-journey-from-pa-to-mla-mhrs-1213284.html | title= ठाकरेंचे विश्वासू मिलिंद नार्वेकरांनी करून दाखवलं, विधानपरिषदेत आमदारकी, विजयाचा गुलाल उधळला! | accessdate=12 July 2024}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 2024: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Council (1st term)<ref name=MLCNarvekar/><ref name="Eleven MLCs take oath in Maharashtra">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |date=28 July 2024 |title=Eleven MLCs take oath in Maharashtra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/11-mlcs-take-oath-in-maharashtra/article68456573.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124135618/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/11-mlcs-take-oath-in-maharashtra/article68456573.ece |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=24 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narvekar, Milind}}
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena (UBT) politicians]]

Model Town Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:43:45Z

Surojit098: Made initial place w/ refs

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Model Town
| mla = [[Ashok Goel (politician)|Ashok Goel]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| established = 1993
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[North Delhi]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 18
}}
'''Model Town Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 constituencies of [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] in northern India.
Model Town assembly constituency is a part of [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)]].
Model town is one of the posh areas in the North Delhi region. It is divided into parts viz.
Model town 1
Model town 2
& Model town 3.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Charti Lal Goel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" | Kanwar Karan Singh
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Akhilesh Pati Tripathi]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Ashok Goel (politician)|Ashok Goel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Model Town">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Model Town |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0518.htm |access-date=9 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309175046/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0518.htm |archive-date=9 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Model Town Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Model Town Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/model-town |access-date=9 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309175048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/model-town |archive-date=9 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Ashok Goel (politician)|Ashok Goel]]
| votes = 52,108
| percentage = 54.1
| change = {{Increase}}12.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Akhilesh Pati Tripathi]]|votes= 38,693|percentage=40.17|change={{decrease}}12.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kanwar Karan Singh|votes= 3,908|percentage= 4.06|change={{decrease}}0.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=685|percentage=0.4|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=13,145|percentage=14.0|change={{increase}}2.88}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=95,633|percentage=53.8|change={{decrease}}5.74}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = BJP
| loser = AAP
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Model Town<ref name=election2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12027-general-legislative-election-2020/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2020 to the Legislative Assembly of NCT of Delhi |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=28 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Akhilesh Pati Tripathi]]
| votes = 52,665
| percentage = 52.58
| change = +0.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Kapil Mishra]]
| votes = 41,532
| percentage = 41.46
| change = +5.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Akanksha Ola
| votes = 4,085
| percentage = 4.08
| change = -4.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 841
| percentage = 0.84
| change = +0.18
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 11,133
| percentage = 11.12
| change = -4.94
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,00,242
| percentage = 59.54
| change = -8.32
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = +0.20
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: [[Model Town, Delhi|Model Town]]<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2015/stats_DL_2015.pdf 2015 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Akhilesh Pati Tripathi]]
| votes = 54,628
| percentage = 52.38
| change = +12.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Vivek Garg
| votes = 37,922
| percentage = 36.36
| change = -3.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Kanwar Karan Singh
| votes = 8,992
| percentage = 8.62
| change = -16.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Jeetender
| votes = 601
| percentage = 0.58
| change = -0.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 690
| percentage = 0.66
| change = -0.11
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 16,706
| percentage = 16.02
| change = +7.87
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,04,312
| percentage =67.88
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = +12.54
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: [[Model Town, Delhi|Model Town]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Akhilesh Pati Tripathi]]
| votes = 38,492
| percentage = 39.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ashok Goel
| votes = 30,617
| percentage = 31.69
| change = -11.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Kanwar Karan Singh
| votes = 23,983
| percentage = 24.82
| change = -22.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Chander Pal
| votes = 1,279
| percentage = 1.32
| change = -6.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Alihadi
| votes = 473
| percentage = 0.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Harish Arora
| votes = 314
| percentage = 0.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ram Prakash
| votes = 309
| percentage = 0.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Peace Party of India
| candidate = Meena Begum
| votes = 176
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Lalit Kumar
| votes = 92
| percentage = 0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Raju Prasad
| votes = 82
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Devi Dass Sharma
| votes = 52
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 741
| percentage = 0.77
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 7,875
| percentage = 8.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 96,835
| percentage = 68.53
| change = +10.00
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Model Town<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Kanwar Karan Singh]]
| votes = 39,935
| percentage = 46.87
| change = +1.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Bhola Nath Vij]]
| votes = 36,936
| percentage = 43.36
| change = +6.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Solomon George
| votes = 6,388
| percentage = 7.50
| change = +2.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sahansar Pal
| votes = 586
| percentage = 0.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Satya Narayain Yadav
| votes = 333
| percentage = 0.39
| change = +0.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Janshakti Party
| candidate = Javed Aalam Khan
| votes = 223
| percentage = 0.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtrawadi Labour Party
| candidate = Jai Veer
| votes = 222
| percentage = 0.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Mantra Bhakta Party
| candidate = Sunil Tiwari
| votes = 222
| percentage = 0.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vinod Kumar
| votes = 201
| percentage = 0.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Manoj Kaushik
| votes = 75
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Baij Nath Singh
| votes = 74
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,997
| percentage = 3.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 85,197
| percentage = 58.53
| change = +7.20
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Model Town<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Kanwar Karan Singh]]
| votes = 24,660
| percentage = 45.17
| change = -10.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ashok Aggarwal
| votes = 19,944
| percentage = 36.53
| change = -0.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
| candidate = Vinod Nagar
| votes = 6,277
| percentage = 11.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Makhan Lal
| votes = 2,727
| percentage = 4.99
| change = +1.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shambhu Nath Mishra
| votes = 308
| percentage = 0.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = All India Forward Bloc
| candidate = Satish Jha
| votes = 254
| percentage = 0.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Ram Adhar
| votes = 183
| percentage = 0.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Samajwadi Party (United)
| candidate = Sanjay Gandhi
| votes = 153
| percentage = 0.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Jai Prakash Janata Dal
| candidate = Rajender Kumar Sharma
| votes = 90
| percentage = 0.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 4,716
| percentage = 8.64
| change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 54,596
| percentage = 51.33
| change = -0.56
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003"/>

===1998===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1998"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Model Town<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Kanwar Karan Singh]]
| votes = 32,315
| percentage = 55.75
| change = +15.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Bhola Nath Vij]]
| votes = 21,276
| percentage = 36.70
| change = -7.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = M L Ram
| votes = 1,791
| percentage = 3.09
| change = +0.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Suresh kumar Sonkar
| votes = 1,023
| percentage = 1.76
| change = -8.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Tara Shankar
| votes = 399
| percentage = 0.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Pt Makhan Lal
| votes = 361
| percentage = 0.62
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ram Adhar
| votes = 261
| percentage = 0.45
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Manoranjan Sehgal
| votes = 203
| percentage = 0.35
| change = -0.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Deepak Kakkar
| votes = 183
| percentage = 0.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jagdish
| votes = 65
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vinod Kumar Jain
| votes = 24
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Surendra Singh
| votes = 23
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jai Prakash
| votes = 17
| percentage = 0.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Harjinder Singh Gehlot
| votes = 14
| percentage = 0.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Amit
| votes = 12
| percentage = 0.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 11,039
| percentage = 19.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 57,967
| percentage = 51.89
| change = -11.77
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1998"/>

===1993===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1993"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Model Town<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Chatri Lal Goel]]
| votes = 23,870
| percentage = 44.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Kanwar Karan Singh
| votes = 21,532
| percentage = 39.95
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Suresh Kumar Sonkar
| votes = 5,789
| percentage = 10.74
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Pati Ram
| votes = 1,319
| percentage = 2.45
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Ashish Bhasin
| votes = 445
| percentage = 0.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Tanvir
| votes = 213
| percentage = 0.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mahendra
| votes = 158
| percentage = 0.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shyam Pal
| votes = 124
| percentage = 0.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Parshu Ram
| votes = 120
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shushil Goel
| votes = 96
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Harphhol Singh Kashyap
| votes = 43
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Chander Shekher
| votes = 36
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kamlesh Kumar
| votes = 29
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jagdish
| votes = 23
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Surendra Singh
| votes = 23
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mohd Nisar Khan
| votes = 22
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Mukti Dal
| candidate = Suresh
| votes = 21
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shri Pal Gupta
| votes = 19
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ajay Narula
| votes = 11
| percentage = 0.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,338
| percentage = 4.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 53,893
| percentage = 63.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1993"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coord|28.718|77.192|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:North Delhi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

K. Balakrishnan (Tamil Nadu politician)

2026-04-07T21:28:47Z

Surojit098: Creating Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. Balakrishnan
| image = K Balakrishnan Speech Venmani 2018 (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 16 May 2011
| term_end = 22 May 2016
| predecessor = [[A. Arunmozhithevan]]
| successor = [[K. A. Pandian]]
| constituency = [[Chidambaram (state assembly constituency)|Chidambaram]]
| office1 = Secretary, [[Communist Party of India (Marxist) — Tamil Nadu]] State Committee
| term_start1 = 20 February 2018
| term_end1 = 5 January 2025
| predecessor1 = [[G. Ramakrishnan]]
| successor1 = [[P. Shanmugam (Tamil Nadu politician, born 1960)|P. Shanmugam]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|02|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Annamalai Nagar]], [[Madras State]], [[India]]
| party = [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|20px]] [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| other_party = 
| relations =
| children =
| occupation = Politician
| source = http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/158.htm
| parents = Father : Kannan Mother : Muthulakshmi
| spouse = Jansirani
| birth_name = Kannan. Balakrishnan
}}
'''K. Balakrishnan''' is an Indian politician and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Chidambaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Chidambaram constituency]]. He represents the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu 2011 |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf |publisher=Govt. of Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320103427/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf |archivedate=20 March 2012 }}</ref> He is a former Secretary of CPI(M) Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|title = Balakrishnan elected as CPI-M's Tamil Nadu unit secretary|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/feb/20/balakrishnan-elected-as-cpi-ms-tamil-nadu-unit-secretary-1776287.html}}</ref>

From his college days at [[Annamalai University]], he was involved in politics and is continuously fighting against injustice and working for people's welfare.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

On 2 September 2015, Balakrishnan was arrested for refusing to call off a protest at a train station as part of a strike. He later complained of uneasiness and was taken to the [[Rajah Muthiah Medical College|Rajah Muthiah Medical College and Hospital]] at Chidambaram where he was treated for his illness.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mla-admitted-to-hospital/article7610318.ece| title = MLA admitted to hospital - The Hindu}}</ref> He served as the State Secretary of CPI(M) Tamil Nadu from February 21, 2018 to January 5, 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=Balakrishnan appointed State CPI(M) secretary|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/balakrishnan-appointed-state-cpim-secretary/article22810499.ece}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Communist Party of India (Marxist) |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balakrishnan, K.}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:People from Cuddalore district]]

{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Ashtabharya

2026-04-05T09:05:28Z

Surojit098: Starting pg

{{Short description|Eight principal wives of Hindu god Krishna}}
[[File:Mysore painting.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ashtabharya with [[Krishna]] - 19th Century [[Mysore painting]] depicting Krishna with his eight principal consorts.]]
The '''Ashtabharya''' ({{Langx|sa|अष्टभार्या|translit=Aṣṭabhāryā}}) or '''Ashta-bharya(s)''' is the group of eight principal queen-consorts of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Krishna]], the king of [[Dwarka|Dvaraka]], [[Saurashtra Kingdom| Saurashtra]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khorana |first=Meena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSjcQ7Sm5E4C&dq=Krishna+king+dvaraka&pg=PA97 |title=The Indian Subcontinent in Literature for Children and Young Adults: An Annotated Bibliography of English-language Books |date=1991 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-25489-5 |language=en}}</ref> in the [[Dvapara Yuga]] (epoch). The most popular list, found in the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', includes: [[Rukmini]], [[Jambavati]], [[Satyabhama]], [[Yamuna in Hinduism|Kalindi]], [[Nagnajiti]], [[Mitravinda]], [[Lakshmana (Krishna's wife)|Lakshmana]] and [[Bhadra (Krishna's wife)|Bhadra]]. Variations exist in the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' and the ''[[Harivamsa]]'', which includes queens called Madri or [[Rohini (Krishna's wife)|Rohini]], instead of Bhadra. Most of them were princesses.

In [[Hinduism]], all of Krishna's chief consorts including [[Radha]] are revered as the [[avatar]]s of the goddess [[Lakshmi]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Pradeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVRwDwAAQBAJ&dq=Wives+krishna+lakshmi&pg=PR98 |title=Vikram & the Vampire |date=6 January 2012 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-105-42303-1 |edition=Improvised |pages=xcviii (98) |language=en}}</ref> while the [[Gopi]]s of [[Braj]] are considered as Radha's manifestations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jestice |first=Phyllis G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&dq=Gopis+incarnations+radha&pg=PA316 |title=Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia |date=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-355-1 |pages=316 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Rukmini]], the princess of [[Vidarbha]] was Krishna's first wife and chief queen (''Patrani'') of Dvaraka. She is considered as the avatar of [[Lakshmi|Sridevi]], the goddess of prosperity. [[Satyabhama]], the second wife, a Yadava princess, is considered as Lakshmi's aspect of the earth-goddess [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhudevi]]. [[Jambavati]] is believed to be the manifestation of the third aspect of Lakshmi, [[Niladevi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Books |first=Kausiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8s3EAAAQBAJ&dq=Lakshmi+jambavati&pg=PT182 |title=Garuda Purana: Brahma Khanda: English Translation only without Slokas: English Translation only without Slokas |date=2021-07-11 |publisher=Kausiki Books |language=en}}</ref> [[Yamuna in Hinduism|Kalindi]], the goddess of the river [[Yamuna in Hinduism|Yamuna]], is worshipped independently. Besides the Ashtabharya, Krishna had 16,100 ceremonial wives.

The texts also mention the many children Krishna fathered by the Ashtabharya, the most prominent being the crown-prince [[Pradyumna]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Austin|first=Christopher R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jCoDwAAQBAJ|title=Pradyumna: Lover, Magician, and Son of the Avatara|date=2019-10-04|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-005411-3|language=en}}</ref> son of Rukmini and rebirth of [[Kamadeva]], the god of love.

==Summary==
[[File: Krishna Rukmini Satyabhama Garuda.jpg|thumb|300px|Krishna with his two principal queens. (From left) Rukmini, [[Krishna]], Satyabhama and his mount [[Garuda]].]]
; Key

{| class="wikitable" border="solid 1px #AAAAAA"
|-
|style="background:#ccccff; width:3em;" |
|Not always included in Ashtabharya list
|-
|}

; Abbreviations
* General:
** f: father
** m: mother
** d: daughter, unless specified otherwise, child is a son.
** ?: Statement is disputed
* Scriptures
** BP: ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''
** Mbh: ''[[Mahabharata]]''
** VP: ''[[Vishnu Purana]]''
** HV: ''[[Harivamsa]]''
** PP: ''[[Padma Purana]]''

; Table:<ref name="Hudson2008"/><ref>{{cite book | last = Mani | first = Vettam | title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature | url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year = 1975  | isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0 | author-link = Vettam Mani|page = [https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/62 62]}}</ref><ref name="Wilson1870">{{cite book|author=Horace Hayman Wilson|title=The Vishńu Puráńa: a system of Hindu mythology and tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RO8oAAAAYAAJ|access-date=21 February 2013|year=1870|publisher=Trübner|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RO8oAAAAYAAJ/page/n84 81]–3, 107-8}}</ref><ref name=Genealogy>{{Cite web|url=http://krsnabook.com/ch61.html|title=The Genealogical Table of the Family of Krishna|accessdate=5 February 2013|publisher= Krsnabook.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/10/61/17/ |title=Bhagavata Purana 10.61.17 |author=Prabhupada |author-link=Prabhupada |publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410055002/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/61/17/ |archivedate=2012-04-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/10/58/56/en/ |title=Bhagavata Purana 10.58.56 |author=Prabhupada |author-link=Prabhupada |publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017204511/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/58/56/en |archivedate=2010-10-17 }}</ref><ref name=Harivamsha>{{Cite web|url=http://mahabharata-resources.org/harivamsa/vishnuparva/hv_2_103.html|title= Harivamsha Maha Puraaam - Vishnu Parvaharivamsha in the Mahabharata - Vishnuparva Chapter 103 - narration of the Vrishni race|accessdate=25 January 2013|publisher=Mahabharata Resources Organization}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style="clear:both;" width="100%"
! Name
! Epithets
! Region
! Parents
! Mode of marriage
! Attestations
! Children
|-
| [[Rukmini]]||Vaidarbhi, Visalakshi, Bhaishmaki||[[Vidarbha]]||[[Bhishmaka]] (f)||Elopement||BP, Mbh, VP, HV||[[Pradyumna]], Charudeshna, Sudeshna, Charudeha, Sucharu, Charugupta, Bhadracharu, Charuchandra, Vicharu and Charu (BP);
Pradyumna, Charudeshna, Sudeshna, Charudeha, Sushena, Charugupta, Bhadracharu, Charuvinda, Sucharu, Charu, Charumati (d) (VP);

Pradyumna, Charudeshna, Chardudeshna (Same name), Charubhadra, Charugarbha, Sudeshna, Druma, Sushena, Charuvinda, Charubahu, Charumati (d) (HV)
|-
| [[Satyabhama]]||Suganthi, Kamalakshi, Satrajiti|| Dvaraka||[[Satrajit]] (f)||Arranged
||BP, Mbh, VP, HV||Bhanu, Subhanu, Svarbhanu, Prabhanu, Bhanuman, Chandrabhanu, Savitri, Brịhadbhanu, Atibhanu, Shribhanu and Pratibhanu. (BP);
Bhanu, Bhaimarika (VP);

Bhanu, Bhimaratha, Rohita, Diptiman, Tamrapaksha, Jalantaka, Bhanu (d), Bhimanika (d), Tamrapani (d), Jandhama (d) (HV)
|-
| [[Jambavati]]||Narendraputri, Kapindraputri, Pauravi|| - ||[[Jambavan]] (f)||Arranged||BP, Mbh, VP, HV||[[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]], Sumitra, Purujit, Shatajit, Sahasrajit, Vijaya, Chitraketu, Vasuman, Dravida and Kratu (BP);
Sons headed by Samba (VP);

Samba, Mitravan, Mitravinda, Mitravati (d) (HV)
|-
| [[Kalindi]]||Yamuna, Mitravinda (HV)|| ||[[Surya]] (f), [[Saranyu]] (m) (BP)||[[Tapas (Indian religions)|Tapas]]||BP, VP||Shruta, Kavi, Vrsa, Vira, Subahu, Bhadra, Santi, Darsa, Purnamasa and Somaka (BP);
Sons headed by Shruta (VP);

Ashruta and Shrutasamhita (HV)
|-
| [[Nagnajiti]]||Satya, Kausalya||[[Kosala]]||Nagnajit (f)||[[Svayamvara]]||BP, Mbh (?), VP, HV||Vira, Chandra, Ashvasena, Citragu, Vegavan, Vrsha, Ama, Shanku, Vasu and Kunti (BP);
Many sons headed by Bhadravinda (VP);

Mitrabahu, Sunitha, Bhadrarakara, Bhadravinda, Bhadravati (d) (HV)
|-
| [[Mitravinda]]||Sudatta (VP), Shaibya or Shaivya (BP), [Kalindi is given the epithet Mitravinda; Shaibya (Sudatta) is a different queen in HV]||[[Avanti (India)|Avanti]]||Jayasena (f), Rajadhidevi (m) (BP); [[Shibi (king)|Shibi]] (HV)||Svayamvara ||BP, Mbh, VP, HV||Vrika, Harsha, Anila, Gridhra, Vardhana, Unnada, Mahamsa, Pavana, Vahni and Kshudhi (BP);
Many sons headed by Sangramajit (VP);

Sangramajit, Satyajit, Senajit, Sapatnajit, Angada, Kumuda, Shveta and Shvetā (d) (HV)
|-
| [[Lakshmana (Krishna's wife)|Lakshmana]]|| Lakshana, Charuhasini, Madri (BP), Madrā (BP)||[[Madra]] (BP), unknown (VP, HV), Gandhara||Brihatsena (f) (PP), unnamed (f) (BP)||Svayamvara||BP, Mbh, VP, HV||Praghosha, Gatravan, Simha, Bala, Prabala, Urdhvaga, Mahashakti, Saha, Oja and Aparajita (BP);
Many sons headed by Gatravan (VP);

Gatravan, Gatragupta, Gatravinda, Gatravati (d) (HV)
|-
| [[Bhadra (Krishna's wife)|Bhadra]]||Kaikeyi||[[Kekaya]]||Dhrishtaketu (f), Shrutakirti (m)||Arranged||BP, Mbh||Sangramajit, Brihatsena, Shura, Praharana, Arijit, Jaya, Subhadra, Vama, Ayur and Satyaka (BP); |
|- style="background:#ccccff"
| Madri || Subhima (HV) ||Madra (VP, HV) || - || - || VP, HV || Many sons headed by Vrika (VP);
Vrikashva, Vrikanivriti and Vrikadipti (HV)
|- style="background:#ccccff"
| [[Rohini (Krishna's wife)|Rohini]]||Jambavati (?)|| - || - || Protection ||BP, VP, Mbh||Diptiman, Tamratapta and others (BP);
Diptiman, Tamratapta and others (VP)
|}

==Symbolism==
The hierarchy of the wives is under three groups according to their regal status and symbolises Krishna's sovereignty. In the first group, Rukmini, an avatar of the Material Prakriti (Shri), stands for the majesty and wealth of Krishna; Satyabhama, the avatar of the Elemental Prakriti ([[Bhudevi]]), represents the kingdom and the realm of the deity as well. Jambavati is Victory (''Vijaya''), who was won by defeating her father. The second group were representatives of [[Aryavarta]] (the nobility) with Kalindi standing for the central kingdoms, Nagnajiti representing the eastern kingdoms (including the Solar dynasty) and Lakshmana representing the western side. The third group of wives consisted of Mitravinda and Bhadra, his patriarchal cousins representing his [[Yadava]] clan called [[Yadava#The Satvatas|Satvata]].<ref name="Hudson2008">{{cite book|author=D Dennis Hudson|title=The Body of God : An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMCxbOezDi4C&pg=PA264|access-date=28 March 2013|date=27 August 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-970902-1|pages=263–4}}</ref>

==Legends==
[[File: Vitthal - Rakhumai.jpg|right|thumb|Rukmini as the main consort of [[Vithoba]], a regional form of Krishna.]]

Rukmini, the chief consort of Krishna, heard the tales of the hero and fell in love with him. While her parents consented to her wedding with her groom of choice, Rukmini's brother [[Rukmi]] fixed her marriage with his friend [[Shishupala]]. Rukmini sent a message to Krishna to rescue her from her fate and wed her. Krishna abducted Rukmini during her [[svayamvara]], after battling her brother Rukmi. Krishna's army commanded by his brother [[Balarama]] defeat Rukmi and the other kings, who follow Krishna and Rukmini.<ref>{{cite book | last = Mani | first = Vettam | title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature | url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year = 1975  | isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0 | author-link = Vettam Mani|page = [https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/657 657]}}</ref><ref name=Vedantha>{{Cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/10/53/en1|title=Chapter 53: Krishna Kidnaps Rukmini|accessdate=7 January 2013|publisher=Bhaktivedanta VedaBase: Srimad Bhagavatam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118062846/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/53/en1|archive-date=18 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rukmini is traditionally considered to be the favourite and the primary wife of Krishna, the latter's partiality towards her often provoking the ire of his second consort of Satyabhama.

The marriage of Satyabhama and Jambavati to Krishna is closely linked to the story of [[Syamantaka]], the precious diamond given by the Sun-god Surya to his devotee [[Satrajit]], father of Satyabhama. Krishna requests Satrajit to present the gem to the Yadava elder [[Ugrasena]], which the latter refuses and instead presents it to his brother Prasena. Prasena wears it on a hunting expedition, where he is killed by a lion, who is in turn killed by [[Jambavan]], the bear-king. When accused by Satrajit of stealing the jewel, Krishna goes in its search and finally following trials of the corpses of Prasena and the lion, confronts Jambavan. After 27/28 day duel, Jambavan - the devotee of [[Rama]] (Vishnu's previous avatar) - surrenders to Krishna, who he realizes is none other than Vishnu. He returns the gem and gives Jambavati to Krishna. When the presumed dead Krishna returns to Dvaraka, a humiliated Satrajit begs his forgiveness and offers Satyabhama's hand in marriage along with the jewel.<ref name="Satya">{{cite book | last = Mani | first = Vettam | title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature | url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year = 1975  | isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0 | author-link = Vettam Mani|pages = [https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/704 704-5]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://srimadbhagavatam.com/sb/10/56/en |title=Chapter 56: The Syamantaka Jewel |accessdate=27 February 2013 |publisher=Bhaktivedanta VedaBase: Śrīmad Bhāgavatam |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211736/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/sb/10/56/en |archivedate=28 September 2011 }}</ref>

[[Image: Krishna Narakasura.jpg|thumb|300px|Krishna and Satyabhama fighting Narakasura's armies -Painting from the [[Metropolitan Museum]]]]
Among the queens, Satyabhama is depicted to be the most beautiful and loving wife. Not only was Satyabhama a very courageous and strong-willed woman, but she was also skillful in archery. She even accompanied Krishna to kill the demon [[Narakasura]]. While Krishna kills the demon in Krishna-oriented scriptures, Satyabhama, the manifestation of Bhudevi - the mother of Narakasura, kills the demon to fulfil a curse that he will be killed by his mother in [[Shakta|Goddess-centric]] texts. At Satyabhama's behest, Krishna also defeats [[Indra]], the king of heaven and the gods and gets the celestial [[parijat]]a tree for her after he had previously acquired it for Rukmini.<ref name=" Satya"/>
; In Folk Traditions
Indian folktales often tell stories of Krishna's competing wives, especially Rukmini and Satyabhama.<ref name="BeckClaus1999">{{cite book|author1=Brenda E. F. Beck|author2=Peter J. Claus|author3=Praphulladatta Goswami|author4=Jawaharlal Handoo|title=Folktales of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmKu3t-sYi4C&pg=PA157|access-date=1 May 2013|date=15 April 1999|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-04083-7|pages=156}}</ref> A tale narrates how once Satyabhama, proud of her wealth, donated Krishna to the divine sage [[Narada]] and pledged to take him back by donating wealth to him as much as Krishna's weight. Krishna sat on one pan of a weighing scale and Satyabhama filled the other pan with all of the wealth, inherited from her father, but it could not equal Krishna's weight. The other wives, except Rukmini, followed suit but Krishna's pan did not leave the ground. The wives requested Satyabhama to approach Rukmini. A helpless Satyabhama asked her foremost rival, Rukmini, for help. Rukmini had no wealth of her own. She chanted a prayer and put the holy [[tulsi|tulasi]] leaf in the other pan, as the symbol of her love; removing the wealth of Satyabhama and the other queens from the pan. Krishna's pan was suddenly lifted into the air and the other pan touched the earth, even though only a tulasi leaf in it.<ref name="Pattanaik2000">{{cite book|author=Devdutt Pattanaik|title=The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjL3ogbdJNkC&pg=PA27|access-date=1 May 2013|date=1 September 2000|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-0-89281-807-5|pages=26–7}}</ref>
; In Scriptures
Unlike folk traditions that depict rivalry, scriptures describe Satyabhama and Rukmini as close companions. The [[Bhagavata Purana]] refers to Rukmini as Satyabhama's priya sakhi (dear friend), showing mutual respect rather than conflict.

The Tulabharam (weighing scale) event, often misrepresented in folklore, is mentioned in texts such as the [[Padma Purana]] and Vishnu Dharmottara Purana. However, it was not a result of Satyabhama's pride or a test of her devotion, but rather a ritualistic ceremony performed as part of a sacred observance.

According to the scriptural version, during a grand ritual, Krishna was to be weighed on a Tulabharam (sacred weighing scale) as part of a traditional offering. Satyabhama, as one of Krishna's principal wives, took the responsibility of performing the ritual. She followed the custom of offering gold and jewels to match Krishna's weight, as per the prescribed religious rites. However, despite adding immense treasures, Krishna's side of the scale remained heavier.

Recognizing that divine presence cannot be measured by material wealth, Satyabhama prayed with humility and faith. Following the ritual guidance of the sages, she placed a single tulsi leaf on the scale, invoking her pure devotion. Instantly, the scale balanced, emphasizing the spiritual principle that bhakti (devotion) holds greater value than material riches.

This version contrasts with later folk traditions, where Satyabhama is wrongly portrayed as being overconfident and needing Rukmini's help. In the scriptural account, she successfully completes the ritual on her own, reaffirming her devotion to Krishna and the divine significance of the Tulabharam ceremony.
The [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]] describes a version where Satyabhama, in a moment of passion, tied Krishna to a tree and gifted him to Narada, later redeeming him by paying an equivalent weight in gold.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2013-05-15 |title=On the Devī's Highest Supremacy [Chapter 25] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/devi-bhagavata-purana/d/doc57188.html |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

In the scriptures, Krishna's wives are described as having a harmonious and sisterly relationship rather than rivalry. The Bhagavata Purana and other texts emphasize their devotion to Krishna and mutual respect.

==See also==
*[[Ashta Lakshmi]]
*[[Junior wives of Krishna]]
*[[Ashtasakhi]]
*[[Gopi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Consorts of Krishna]]
[[Category:Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]

Haka–Lusei War

2026-03-29T12:57:50Z

Surojit098: Creating New Info

{{Short description|Conflict between the Haka people and the Lusei people}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Haka–Lusei War
| date = {{circa|1775}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lianhmingthanga |title=Material Culture of the Mizos |date=1998 |publisher=Tribal Research Institute |location=Aizawl}}</ref>
| place = [[Chin Hills|Chin]]–[[Mizo Chieftainship|Lushai Hills]]
| result = Haka victory Lusei forced to flee across the Ṭiau river
| combatant1 = [[Lai people|Haka]] soldiers and [[Bamar people|Burman]] allies
| combatant2 = Lusei soldiers
| commander1 =
*Liandun (Haka)
*Myat San ([[Saopha]] of [[Htilin]])
| commander2 =
*Lusei chiefs
| strength1 =
*200 Burman soldiers armed with guns and two brass cannons
| strength2 = N/A
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}
{{History of Mizoram}}

The '''Haka–Lusei War''' was a significant conflict between the [[Lai people|Haka people]] and the Lusei, fought during the mid-to-late 18th century. The war was a result of escalating tensions between the two groups, with the Haka seeking to assert dominance in the region and the Lusei resisting encroachment on their territory.

==Background==
The Haka had successfully subdued neighbouring tribes such as the Sunthla and had established dominance in the region. Their ambitions brought them into conflict with the Lusei, who occupied large villages on the western slopes of the Rungthlang range. The Lusei had long been under pressure from eastern tribes like the Haka, Zahau, and Thlanthlang, forcing them to migrate westward.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suantak |first=Vumson |url=https://www.amazon.com/Zo-history-introduction-religion-Bangladesh/dp/B0000D62IA/ref=sr_1_1?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.EHvmL5kB1lXs09f5FD2b5Q.XH1xc-yiOgsNV_FLvVez9I1ig3AX8FKPF_s7WvcQzzc&dib_tag=se&qid=1716428108&refinements=p_27:Vumson&s=books&sr=1-1 |title=Zo history: With an introduction to Zo culture, economy, religion and their status as an ethnic minority in India, Burma, and Bangladesh |date=1986 |publisher=Vumson |page= 84 |language=English}}</ref>

After subjugating the Sunthlas and Yahows the Haka turned their attention to the Lusei tribes settled on the banks of Lai Va (Eat of Kwelhring Klang) which was 20 miles west of Haka. The chief villages of the Lusei were the Khawlhring and Vanzang which were considered large for their time. Due to the power of Khawlhring and Vanzang, the Lusei tribes continued to posture and threaten the Haka tribes or harass them.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=115}}

To strengthen their position, the Haka sought external assistance. Liandun, a leader of the Nunthua Suan family, undertook the task of allying with the [[Bamar people|Burmans]]. This period coincided with the campaigns of [[Alaungpaya]], the Burmese king who had recently devastated [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] and [[Ahom kingdom|Assam]] (1758). After years of negotiation, Liandun convinced Myat San, the [[saopha]] of Tilin, to join the Haka forces. Myat San brought 200 men armed with guns and two brass cannons, significantly bolstering the Haka’s military capabilities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suantak |first=Vumson |url=https://www.amazon.com/Zo-history-introduction-religion-Bangladesh/dp/B0000D62IA/ref=sr_1_1?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.EHvmL5kB1lXs09f5FD2b5Q.XH1xc-yiOgsNV_FLvVez9I1ig3AX8FKPF_s7WvcQzzc&dib_tag=se&qid=1716428108&refinements=p_27:Vumson&s=books&sr=1-1 |title=Zo history: With an introduction to Zo culture, economy, religion and their status as an ethnic minority in India, Burma, and Bangladesh |date=1986 |publisher=Vumson |page= 85 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/dli.ministry.25014/Zofate%2520Thuhla_djvu.txt|title=Zofate Thuhla|last=Liana|first=L.K. |date=1994 |publisher=C. Lalsanglura, Aizawl }}</ref>

==The War==
The combined forces of the Haka and the Burmans launched a surprise attack on the Lusei at dawn. The Lusei, who were poorly armed compared to their attackers, were caught off guard.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ia601501.us.archive.org/10/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.467564/2015.467564.Zofate-Thuhla_text.pdf | title=Zofate Thuhla | website=us.archive.org}}</ref> The Lusei at the time did not haveaccess to firearms.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=115}} Unable to withstand the onslaught, they fled westward across the Tiau River in disarray, abandoning their villages. For months after the initial attack, Haka warriors ravaged Lusei settlements, ensuring that the Lusei could not regroup. The Lusei defeat significantly weakened their position in the region, and the Haka emerged as a dominant power<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suantak |first=Vumson |url=https://www.amazon.com/Zo-history-introduction-religion-Bangladesh/dp/B0000D62IA/ref=sr_1_1?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.EHvmL5kB1lXs09f5FD2b5Q.XH1xc-yiOgsNV_FLvVez9I1ig3AX8FKPF_s7WvcQzzc&dib_tag=se&qid=1716428108&refinements=p_27:Vumson&s=books&sr=1-1 |title=Zo history: With an introduction to Zo culture, economy, religion and their status as an ethnic minority in India, Burma, and Bangladesh |date=1986 |publisher=Vumson |page= 86 |language=English}}</ref> The Haka failed to chase the Lusei beyond the river as the rains made the river unfordable.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=115}}

The younger branches of the Nunthwa Sun family occupied Klang Khua and the earlier main towns of the Thangur clan such as Lungzarh.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=115}}

==Aftermath==
Following their victory over the Lusei, the Haka gained the respect of neighboring tribes. The Zahau and Thlanthlang, previously hostile, made peace with the Haka. This newfound stability allowed the Haka to expand their territory, founding new villages in the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suantak |first=Vumson |url=https://www.amazon.com/Zo-history-introduction-religion-Bangladesh/dp/B0000D62IA/ref=sr_1_1?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.EHvmL5kB1lXs09f5FD2b5Q.XH1xc-yiOgsNV_FLvVez9I1ig3AX8FKPF_s7WvcQzzc&dib_tag=se&qid=1716428108&refinements=p_27:Vumson&s=books&sr=1-1 |title=Zo history: With an introduction to Zo culture, economy, religion and their status as an ethnic minority in India, Burma, and Bangladesh |date=1986 |publisher=Vumson |page= 87 |language=English}}</ref>

In 1795 the Klang Klang allied themselves to the Haka via marriage. The Klang Klang (Tlang Tlang) were a [[Mara people|Mara]] tribe. By securing their alliance with the Haka, the Klang Klang used all their resources on further pushing on the Lusei in the west. The Klang Klang succeeded in pushing the further west and occupied areas such as the Blue Mountains, Tuipui River. Due to the fear of a second Chin invasion, the Lusei chiefs joined [[Selesih]], which had been established previously as a confederation of chiefs in one of the largest settlements in Lusei history.{{sfn|Verghese|Thanzawna|1997|p=116}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Verghese |first1=C.G.|last2=Thanzawna|first2=R.L.|title=A History of the Mizos |date=1997 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi}}

{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:History of Mizoram]]

Namma Metro

2026-03-29T09:47:25Z

Surojit098: cleanup page to improve readability

{{short description|Rapid transit system in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}

{{Infobox public transit
| image = Namma metro.svg
| native_name = ನಮ್ಮ ಮೆಟ್ರೋ
| owner = Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL)
| locale = [[Bengaluru]]
| transit_type = [[Rapid transit]]
| line_number = '''''Operational''''' (3): {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Green|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Yellow|croute}} '''''Under Construction '''''(2) {{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}} '''''Approved''''' (3): {{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Grey|croute}} '''''Proposed''''' (1): {{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Inner Ring|croute}}:
| stations = [[List of Namma Metro stations|83]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Metro-Phase-I-Will-be-Ready-by-May-to-Miss-Deadline/2015/10/22/article3091913.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032315/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Metro-Phase-I-Will-be-Ready-by-May-to-Miss-Deadline/2015/10/22/article3091913.ece|archive-date=17 November 2015|title=Metro Phase I Will be Ready by May, to Miss Deadline|work=The New Indian Express|date=22 October 2015}}</ref>
| daily_ridership = Average: 7,62,361 (July 2024)<ref>{{cite news|last=Namma Metro|title=Metro Insights August edition|publisher=Namma Metro|url=https://english.bmrc.co.in/news-letters/}}</ref> 
Highest: 10,48,031 (11 August 2025)<ref name="daily_ridership_record"/>
| annual_ridership = 232.8 million (2023)<ref>{{cite news |last=S|first=Lalitha|date=22 April 2024|title=Bengaluru Metro clocks highest ever profit of Rs 130 crore|publisher=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Apr/22/bengaluru-metro-clocks-highest-ever-profit-of-rs-130-crore#:~:text=BENGALURU%3A%20For%20the%20second%20consecutive,provisional%20figures%20readied%20by%20them. |access-date=2024-04-22}}</ref>
| chief_executive = Ravishankar J (MD)
| headquarters = BMTC Central Office, Sarige Sadana, Kengal Hanumanthaiah Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| website = {{URL|https://english.bmrc.co.in/|bmrc.co.in}}
| began_operation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2011|10|20}}
| vehicles = 65
| train_length = 6 coaches<ref name="ridership">{{cite web |title=At 1 million passengers, Namma Metro records highest ridership on Friday - newindianexpress|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/sep/01/at-1-million-passengers-namma-metro-records-highest-ridership-on-friday-2027307.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=1 September 2019}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
| headway =
| system_length = Operational {{convert|96.10|km|mi|abbr=on}} ;

Under construction (Ph 2, 2A, 2B) {{convert|80.45|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| notrack = 2
| track_gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| minimum_radius_of_curvature = 
| el = {{750 V DC|conductor=y}}
| average_speed = {{convert|35|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/average-speed-of-kia-metro-could-touch-65-kmph/article22079725.ece | title=Average speed of KIA metro could touch 65 KMPH | newspaper=The Hindu | date=20 December 2017 }}</ref>
| top_speed = {{convert|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| map = [[File:Phase 2A with WFD line.png|300px|Operational line map of Namma Metro as of August 2025]]
| map_name = Operational network map as of August 2025
| lines = 3
| map_state = Default: collapsed
}}
'''{{Lang|kn-Latn|Namma Metro|italic=no}}''' ({{Translation|Our Metro}}), also known as '''Bengaluru Metro''', is a [[rapid transit]] system serving the city of [[Bengaluru]], the capital city of the [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/on-slow-track-namma-metro-operations-grew-just-5-6km/year-over-a-decade/articleshow/87125985.cms|title=On slow track: Namma Metro operations grew just 5.6km/year over a decade|work=The Times of India|date=19 October 2021}}</ref> It is the [[Urban rail transit in India#List of systems|second-largest metro network in India]] with an operational length of 96.1 km (51.7 mi), behind [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/indias-second-longest-metro-network-is-here/articleshow/99000463.cms|title=India's second longest metro network is here|work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/metro-finally-comes-to-whitefield-take-a-ride-on-march-26-from-7-am-1203579.html|title=Metro finally comes to Whitefield, take a ride on March 26 from 7 am!|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.bmrc.co.in/#/about-us|title=Namma Metro - Home|website=english.bmrc.co.in}}</ref> Upon its inauguration in 2011, it became the first metro system in [[South India]], and subsequently in 2016, the first underground metro in South India as well.<ref name="SI"/> Namma Metro has a mix of underground, at [[Grade separation|grade]], and elevated stations. Out of the 83 operational metro stations of Namma Metro as of August 2025, there are 74 elevated stations, eight underground stations and one [[at-grade railway|at-grade]] station. The system runs on [[standard-gauge]] tracks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-11 |title=Bangalore Metro (Namma Metro) Route, Map, Metro Lines, Stations List and Latest Updates - Infra Info Hub |url=https://infrainfohub.com/bangalore-namma-metro/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL), a joint venture of the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Karnataka|State Government of Karnataka]], is the agency for building, operating and expanding the Namma Metro network.<ref name="JN">{{Cite web |url=https://english.bmrc.co.in/uploads/newsletter/english//FileUploads/fd118752-69f2-479a-a608-e0035c498034$@!!@$Jan%202023_E_25.01.2023.pdf |title=Namma Metro Jan-2023 Newsletter |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=english.bmrc.co.in}}</ref> Services operate daily between 05:00 and 00:00 running with a headway varying between 3–15 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bengaluru/namma-metro-fares-hiked-timings-extended/article19096737.ece|title=Namma Metro fares hiked, timings extended|work=The Hindu|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2017 |title=Passengers welcome higher Namma Metro frequency - KARNATAKA |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/passengers-welcome-higher-namma-metro-frequency/article17380076.ece |access-date=14 January 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> The trains initially began with three coaches but later, all rakes were converted to six coaches as ridership increased.<ref>{{Cite news|title=All 420 trains now have 10 coaches commuters want better frequency|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-all-42-trains-now-have-6-coaches-commuters-want-better-frequency/articleshow/73752955.cms|work=The Times of India|date=30 January 2020}}</ref> Power is supplied by 750[[Volt|V]] [[direct current]] through [[third rail]].

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header = Map of Bengaluru's urban rail network with operational, under-construction and planned lines of Namma Metro and [[Bengaluru Suburban Railway]].
| image1 = NammaMetroUptoPh-3withKannada.png
| width1 = 130
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Geographic map
| image2 = Bengaluru Urban Rail Transit Diagram.svg
| width2 = 142
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Transit diagram
}}

== Background ==
The State Town Planning Department had recommended looking into a mass rapid transit project, i.e. a metro for Bengaluru city, back in 1977. A high-level Committee had also agreed that a metro study was warranted and a team from [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] (SR) was commissioned to do this in 1981. The Southern Railway team recommended a two-corridor metro, {{Cvt|80|km|1}} in length, in addition to commuter rail lines and a circular railway.<ref name="RT">{{Cite web|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/677581468043732290/pdf/626100WP0India00Box0361488B0PUBLIC0.pdf|title=Towards a discussion of support to Urban Transport development in India|website=documents.worldbank.org}}</ref>

In 1993, the State of [[Karnataka]] established another committee to look into mass rapid transit. This committee had again recommended the same metro project put forward by SR in 1983 along with the same circular railway.<ref name="RT" /> The state then created Bangalore Mass Rapid Transit Ltd (BMRTL) in 1994, with terms of reference to seek a public/private partnership for a mass rapid transit project. The government immediately introduced a special city cess dedicated to the anticipated mass rapid transit project. BMRTL commissioned a feasibility study which came up with an elevated, LRT-based, {{Cvt|300|km|1}} long network on six routes. A private consortium led by [[United Breweries Group]] undertook further development of the project on BOT basis. However, the project hadn't taken off.<ref name="RT" />

Later in 2003, the [[Government of Karnataka]] commissioned the [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC), which had successfully developed the [[Delhi Metro]], to carry out a detailed preparation study for a metro in Bengaluru, to be done emulating the technical and financial aspects of the approach used in Delhi. The study recommended a 2-line cross shaped metro, {{Cvt|60|km|4=1}} and {{Cvt|50|km|1}} in length respectively. The intersection of the cross was to be at the Central Railway Station in Bengaluru, completely underground. The economic rate-of-return was forecast at 22.3%. The financial forecast assumes a government subsidy for interest payments and some depreciation, i.e. fare revenue would cover somewhat more than direct operating costs. The Government accepted this option. BMRTL ceased to exist and was replaced by Bengaluru Metro Rail Corporation Ltd (BMRCL).<ref name="RT" />

DMRC prepared and submitted the detailed project for the first phase of Namma Metro in May 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Groundwork for 3 metro rail projects by year-end |url=https://update.im.rediff.com/money/2003/may/14metro.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909202654/https://update.im.rediff.com/money/2003/may/14metro.htm |archive-date=2025-09-09 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=update.im.rediff.com}}</ref> The DPR was for a 2-lined cross shaped {{Cvt|33|km|2}} network with 32 stations for Phase-1 of the project, using [[standard gauge]]. The project was approved by the Union Cabinet on 25 April 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2006-04-28 |title=Bangalore Metro gets cabinet nod |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bangalore-metro-gets-cabinet-nod/articleshow/1508209.cms |access-date=2025-09-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Text of the material conveying the Govt. of India’s approval for the implementation of the Bangalore Metro Rail Project to the Govt. of Karnataka |url=https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Bangalore-metro.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209032058/https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Bangalore-metro.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-09 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=mohua.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-04 |title=Every traffic-choked city wants to repeat Delhi Metro's success story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20061204-delhi-metro-rail-corporation-expanding-networks-linking-it-to-the-national-capital-region-2006-781970-2006-12-03 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Construction ==
===Phase 1===
The foundation stone for construction of Phase-1 was laid by then Prime Minister Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]] on 24 June 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2006|title=PM lays foundation stone for Bangalore Metro Rail Project|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/pm-lays-foundation-stone-for-bangalore-metro-rail-project_304732.html|access-date=2 September 2020|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref> Navayuga Engineering Company Limited was awarded the first contract to construct Reach-1 of the east–west corridor (named Purple Line later) in 2006. Civil construction on the first section (Reach-1) of the Purple Line between [[Baiyappanahalli (Namma Metro)|Baiyyappanahalli]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi Road (Namma Metro)|Mahatma Gandhi Road]], commenced on 15 April 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NEC loses 25% of Namma Metro contract|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/feb/16/nec-loses-25-of-namma-metro-contract-26218.html|access-date=2 September 2020|website=The New Indian Express|date=15 May 2012 }}</ref>

Detailed Project Reports (DPR) for a northern extension (from [[Yeshwanthpur metro station|Yeshwanthapura]] to [[Nagasandra metro station|Nagasandra]]) and a southern extension (from [[Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road metro station|Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road]] to [[Yelachenahalli metro station|Yelachenahalli]]) of North-South corridor (named Green Line later) was submitted in October 2007 and June 2008 respectively. With these extensions, the total route length for Phase 1 became {{Cvt|42.3|km|2}}. The objective was to connect the metro to the [[Outer Ring Road, Bangalore|Outer Ring Road]] at northern and southern ends, and also cover the industrial areas of [[Peenya]] in the north-west, thereby providing better connectivity and increasing ridership. In October 2008, the [[Government of Karnataka]] approved this extension, which would cost an additional ₹1,763 crore (US$250 million).<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 July 2008|title=Bangalore Metro seeks Rs 1,763 cr for extension work|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bangalore-metro-seeks-rs-1763-cr-for-extension-work/335990/|access-date=2 September 2020|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Underground section ====
[[File:Dr. B. R. Ambedkar metro station, Vidhana Soudha 17.jpg|left|thumb|275px|[[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar station, Vidhana Soudha metro station|Dr. B. R. Ambedkar metro station, Vidhana Soudha]] ]]
Both lines in Phase-1 have tunnel sections in the city center, which are also the first metro tunnels built in [[South India]].<ref name="SI">{{cite news |title=South India's first underground Metro launch on April 29 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/South-Indias-first-underground-Metro-launch-on-April-29/articleshow/51971933.cms |access-date=26 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Construction of underground sections in Phase-1 commenced in late 2012. The delay was due to cancellation of the initial tenders called in early 2008 as the entire DPR had to be revised and bids received were too high.<ref name="BM">{{Cite web|last=Shah|first=Narendra|date=20 August 2015|title=Bangalore Metro {{!}} BMRC Ex-Chiefs unite against Sreedharan's view|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/bangalore-metrobmrc-ex-chiefs-unite-against-sreedharans-view/|access-date=2 September 2020|website=Metro Rail News|language=en-US}}</ref> A second round of tendering was done in late 2009 with the gigantic [[Majestic metro station|Majestic inter-change station]] as a separate package.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 August 2011|title=A majestic prospect – tunnelling the Bangalore metro|url=https://www.railway-technology.com/features/feature127363/|access-date=2 September 2020|website=Railway Technology|language=en-GB}}</ref> Bids were awarded for the tunnel sections in 2011 and construction began in 2012.

The tunnels bored with [[tunnel boring machine]]s (TBMs), located approximately {{convert|60|ft|m|1}} below ground level, have a diameter of {{convert|5.5|m|ftin}} and are {{convert|5|m|ftin}} apart. The TBMs were nicknamed ''Helen'', ''Margarita'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangalore Metro TBMs inaugurated|url=https://www.tunneltalk.com/India-May11-Bangalore-TBMs-inaugurated.php|access-date=8 September 2020|website=tunneltalk.com}}</ref> ''Kaveri'', ''Krishna'' and ''Godavari.''<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 May 2012|title=Helen, Margarita to resume Metro tunneling work soon|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/246073/helen-margarita-resume-metro-tunneling.html|access-date=2 September 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

Tunnel boring of underground section UG1 (on east–west corridor) was completed on 17 March 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|last=N|first=Shree D.|date=11 March 2016|title=When is Namma Metro Phase-I expected to complete realistically?|url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/namma-metro-phase-1-status-bangalore-purple-line-green-line-8119|access-date=2 September 2020|website=Citizen Matters, Bengaluru|language=en-GB}}</ref> Track works and 3rd rail electrification works were completed on the {{Cvt|4.8|km|2}} east–west tunnel of the Purple line between Cubbon Park and Magadi Road and Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd (BMRCL) began trials on 23 November 2015. The entire stretch of the Purple Line was opened on 29 April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 May 2016|title=Tunnelling for Bengaluru Metro tougher than anywhere in the world, says official|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/544502/tunnelling-bengaluru-metro-tougher-anywhere.html|access-date=2 September 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

Tunnel boring of underground section UG2 (on north–south corridor) was completed on 23 September 2016. The tunneling faced a major delay when the cutter head of TBM Godavari was broken and spares had to be awaited.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Aparajita Ray|date=21 Apr 2015|title=Metro's tunnel borer to get its teeth again|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Metros-tunnel-borer-to-get-its-teeth-again/articleshow/46993039.cms|access-date=2 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Trial runs on the {{Cvt|4.0|km|2}} east–west tunnel of the Green line between Sampige Road and National College were commenced on 31 March 2017. The entire stretch of Green Line was opened on 19 June 2017, thus completing Phase-1 of the project.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What you need to know about Bengaluru's new metro line|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/what-you-need-know-about-bengaluru-s-new-metro-line-63667|access-date=2 September 2020|website=thenewsminute.com|date=14 June 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Namma metro.jpg|thumb|Namma Metro [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]] train]]

==== Opening ====
After missing deadlines, Namma Metro's first section (Reach-1) finally opened to the public on 20 October 2011.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=16 September 2011|title=Bangalore Metro misses deadline for 4th time, minister sets Sept 26 as next date: South, News|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/bangalore-metro-misses-deadline-141292-2011-09-15|magazine=India Today|access-date=8 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=20 October 2011|title=Bangalore Metro {{!}} Namma Metro|url=https://www.karnataka.com/bangalore-metro/about-bangalore-metro/|access-date=2 September 2020|website=Karnataka.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news|date=20 October 2011|title=Metro comes to Bangalore finally|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/10426429.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020152439/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/10426429.cms|archive-date=20 October 2011}}</ref> There was an overwhelming response by the public at commencement of operations. As per BMRCL sources, within the first 3 days of operations 169,019 people rode the metro.<ref>{{cite news|title=Revenue Services Report|url=http://www.bmrc.co.in/pdf/news/Revserrpt.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624234858/http://www.bmrc.co.in/pdf/news/Revserrpt.pdf|archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> At the end of the 4th day, about 200,000 passengers had already commuted on Namma Metro. Namma Metro's first 12-day cumulative revenue was ₹1 crore (US$100,000).<ref>{{cite web|author=Madhumathi D.S.|title=Business Line: Industry & Economy / Logistics: Namma Metro rides on 'gawk' power|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article2586243.ece|access-date=3 January 2012|work=Business Line}}</ref>

The northern section of Green Line (Reach 3, 3A, 3B) was initially scheduled to be opened by the end of 2012. However, it was delayed and finally opened on 1 March 2014.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 February 2014|title=CM in a hurry, delays Namma Metro launch|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/cm-in-a-hurry-delays-namma-metro-launch/article5737303.ece|access-date=27 March 2014}}</ref> BMRCL MD Pradeep Singh Kharola stated that about 25,000 passengers travelled on the line on the opening day.<ref name="Deccan_Herald-2014-03-03"/> In the first month of operations, 7.62 lakh people used the line, at an average of 24,605 daily, generating revenues of ₹1.5 crore (US$210,000).

The first underground section (on the Purple line) commenced operations on 30 April 2016, providing connectivity between the east and west of the city. Subsequently, the second underground section, along with southern reaches (viz. Reach 4, 4A) was opened on 18 June 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Byappanahallimg road metro stretch more popular|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/byappanahallimg-road-metro-stretch-more-popular/article5876934.ece}}</ref>

Once the east and west reaches were inter-connected with opening of the underground section of the purple line, ridership surged significantly. After the north–south underground section was opened (simultaneously with the elevated reach 4,4A in the south), the network provided connectivity in all four directions with interchange between the lines and this further increased ridership. Ridership kept increasing and was around 4,50,000 daily (September 2019).<ref name="HR">{{Cite web|title=At 4.58 lakh passengers, Namma Metro records highest ridership on Friday|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/sep/01/at-458-lakh-passengers-namma-metro-records-highest-ridership-on-friday-2027307.html|access-date=2 September 2020|website=The New Indian Express|date=31 August 2019 }}</ref>

==== Phase 1 lines and sections ====
[[File:Namma Metro.jpg|thumb|Namma Metro [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]] train]]

Phase-1 consists of two lines spanning a length of {{convert|42.30|km|mi}}, of which about {{convert|8.82|km|mi}} is underground and about {{convert|33.48|km|mi}} is elevated.<ref name="PH"/> There are 40 stations in Phase-1, of which seven stations are underground, one is at grade and 32 are elevated.<ref name="DPRPhase2">{{cite web|title=Bangalore Metro Rail Project Phase 2|url=http://bmrc.co.in/pdf/phase2/phase2forweb.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412044231/http://bmrc.co.in/pdf/phase2/phase2forweb.pdf|archive-date=12 April 2015|access-date=5 June 2015|website=bmrc.co.in|publisher=BMRC}}</ref>

The first phase of the project was initially budgeted at ₹6,395 crore (US$875 million).<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kushala SKushala S.|date=21 Mar 2015|title=Metro Phase-I cost is now Rs 13,845 crore|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/namma-metro/articleshow/46639341.cms|access-date=2 September 2020|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref> With route extensions and cost escalation, this was later revised to ₹11,609 crores (US$1.6 billion). There were many delays during construction, as a result, there were several postponements. The difficult geological conditions below ground with a mix of soft soil, high groundwater levels, hard granite and large boulders was a major impediment for tunnel boring. A major delay was due to a broken cutter head of TBM Godavari for which spares had to be ordered from Italy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 Apr 2016|title=Godavari sees light|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Godavari-sees-light/articleshow/51899949.cms|access-date=2 September 2020|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Getting Bangalore Metro north-south line back on track|url=https://www.tunneltalk.com/India-25Jan2016-Bangalore-Metro-Phase-I-north-south-line-construction-troubles-and-Phase-II-preparations.php|access-date=2 September 2020|website=tunneltalk.com}}</ref> Phase 1, containing two lines aggregating {{convert|42.3|km||2|abbr=on}} was completed and services opened to the public on 19 June 2017. The final cost for Phase 1 was ₹14,405 crores.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Menezes|first=Naveen|title=Cost and & time overrun marks Bengaluru metro phase-I|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/cost-and-time-overrun-marks-bengaluru-metro-phase-i/articleshow/57550535.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref>

=== Phase 2 ===
The State Government accorded approval for preparation of the detailed project report (DPR) for Phase 2 by DMRC on 4 January 2011.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 January 2012|title=State Cabinet approves phase-II of metro|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/state-cabinet-approves-phase-iimetro/460648/|access-date=6 March 2012|work=Business Standard}}</ref> The high power committee (HPC) gave in-principle clearance to proceed with Phase-2 in July 2011. Karnataka government gave in-principle approval to Phase-2 of the Namma Metro project on 3 January 2012.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 January 2012|title=Metro project: Cabinet approves two new lines for Phase 2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Metro-project-Cabinet-approves-two-new-lines-for-Phase-2/articleshow/11356895.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928200858/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-04/bangalore/30588497_1_underground-stations-metro-project-puttenahalli-cross|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=4 January 2012|title=Cabinet clears Namma Metro Phase 2 – Bangalore – DNA|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_cabinet-clears-namma-metro-phase-2_1633224|access-date=6 March 2012|work=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> However, there were delays in DPR preparation and hence approval from the Central Government.<ref name="BM"/> Phase-2 was cleared by the expenditure finance committee (EFC) in August 2013. The Union Cabinet finally announced that it had approved plans for Phase 2 on 30 January 2014.<ref>{{cite web|author=IRJ|date=30 January 2014|title=Go-ahead for Bangalore metro phase 2|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/asia/go-ahead-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2.html?channel=542}}</ref>

The estimated cost for Phase-2 was ₹26,405 crore (US$3.7 billion) at 2011-12 price levels with escalation of 5% annually for 5 years.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 February 2012|title=Cities / Bangalore: Frame policy for differential fare pricing, BMRCL told|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/article2918963.ece|access-date=6 March 2012}}</ref> The State Government would contribute ₹9,000 crore (US$1.3 billion).<ref>{{cite web|date=29 April 2016|title=Underground Bengaluru Metro Station service flagged off, Siddaramaiah seeks Centre's help for Namma Metro phase III |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-underground-bengaluru-metro-station-service-flagged-off-siddaramaiah-seeks-centre-s-help-for-namma-metro-phase-iii-2207552|access-date=29 April 2016|website=dna}}</ref> The Union government would share that part of cost escalation due to increase in central levies, while the state and BMRCL would have to bear any other cost escalations. The total project cost for Phase-2 was estimated to reach ₹30,000 crore (US$4.2 billion) at the start of construction itself. In October 2018, Deputy Chief Minister G Parameshwara stated that the cost of Phase-2 would be around ₹32,000 crore (US$4.5 billion).<ref>{{cite web|title=Namma Metro Phase 2 will now cost Rs 32,000 crore: Deputy Chief Minister G Parameshwara|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/oct/27/namma-metro-phase-2-will-now-cost-rs-32000-crore-deputy-chief-minister-g-parameshwara-1890689.html|access-date=24 January 2019|website=The New Indian Express|date=27 October 2018 }}</ref> In May-2025, Karnataka government approved further cost escalation by Rs,9,729 crores. Thus, cost for phase-2 was revised at Rs.40,425 crores (US$5.7 billion)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Cabinet okays Rs 9,729.90 crore cost hike for Namma Metro's Phase 2 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/karnataka-cabinet-okays-rs-972990-crore-cost-hike-for-namma-metros-phase-2-3553615 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

After an extension of 3.195km to Challaghatta, Phase 2 spanned a total length of 75.29 km with 13.79km underground, {{convert|0.48|km|mi|3|abbr=on}} at grade and {{convert|61.37|km|mi|abbr=on}} elevated, and adds 62 stations to the network, of which 12 are underground.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 June 2013|title=Metro gets poll push for Phase II|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130604/news-current-affairs/article/metro-gets-poll-push-phase-ii|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609182030/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130604/news-current-affairs/article/metro-gets-poll-push-phase-ii|archive-date=9 June 2013|access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> Phase-2 included extension of the two Phase-1 lines in both directions, as well as construction of two new lines.<ref>{{Cite news|title=All new Namma Metro stations in Phase II may get bus bays | Bengaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/all-new-metro-stations-in-phase-ii-may-get-bus-bays/articleshow/69403638.cms|website=The Times of India|date=20 May 2019 }}</ref>

The south end of the Green Line will be extended from Yelachenahalli to Silk Institute (previously named Anjanapura) along Kanakapura Road, and the north end from Nagasandra to Madavara (previously named BIEC) on Tumkur Road (NH-4). The east end of the Purple Line would be extended from Baiyappanahalli to Whitefield and the west end from Mysore Road to Kengeri (later extended to Challaghatta). A new, {{convert|18.82|km|mi|3|abbr=on}} long, fully elevated line from RV Road to Bommasandra would be constructed, passing through [[Electronic City]]. The second new line will be {{convert|21.25|km|mi|3|abbr=on}} from Kalena Agrahara (previously Gottigere) to Nagawara. The line is mostly underground ({{Convert|13.79|km|4=3|abbr=on}}), with a {{convert|6.98|km|mi|3|abbr=on}} elevated section and a {{convert|0.48|km|mi|3|abbr=on}} at-grade section. There are 18 stations on the line, of which 12 are underground and six are elevated.<ref name="DPRPhase2"/> Unlike Phase-1, all stations being built in Phase-2 would have bus bays and/or parking facilities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Metro Phase 2 will be bigger, better, says BMRCL chief|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/587929/metro-phase-ii-bigger-better.html|access-date=13 January 2017|website=Deccan Herald|date=23 December 2016}}</ref>

Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board (KIADB) was responsible for acquiring land for Phase-2. It was estimated that {{convert|102.02|ha|acre|abbr=off}} of land would be required for Phase 2 (including Phase 2A). By April 2017, BMRCL had already spent ₹5000 crore on land acquisition.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengaluru Metro phase 2 land acquisition on track – The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/transportation/railways/bengaluru-metro-phase-ii-land-acquisition-on-track/articleshow/58140998.cms|access-date=13 April 2017|website=The Economic Times|last1=Menezes|first1=Naveen}}</ref>

Construction work began on the south extension of the Green Line from Yelachenahalli to Silk Institute ({{Convert|6.29|km|4=3|abbr=on}}) and the west extension of the Purple Line from Mysore Road to Kengeri ({{Convert|8.81|km|4=3|abbr=on}}) by October 2016. Construction work on the west extension of Purple Line was awarded in two packages for ₹660 crore,<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 April 2015|title=IL&FS Engg bags Bangalore Metro contract worth Rs 327 cr|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/il-f-eng-bags-bangalore-metro-contract-worth-rs-326-crore-115042400328_1.html|access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref> while the Green Line south extension was awarded in a single package for ₹508.86 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NCC ltd emerges lowest bidder for bangalore metros 6.9km extension to Anjanapura|url=https://twitter.com/maddyvoldy/status/667029342044598273|access-date=2 September 2020|via=Twitter|language=en}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=October 2020}}

Construction work for the north extension of the Green Line (from Nagasandra to Madavara) and the east extension of the Purple Line (from Baiyyappanahalli to Whitefield) began in July 2017. The {{convert|3.031|km|mi|abbr=on}} north extension was estimated to cost ₹247.41 crore<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 October 2016|title=BMRCL invites bids for 3-km extension from Nagasandra.|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/575499/bmrcl-invites-bids-3-km.html|access-date=2 September 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> while the east extension ({{Convert|15.5|km|4=3|abbr=on}}) was awarded for ₹1,300 crore (US$180 million).<ref name="FP">{{Cite web|title=ITD-Cemindia JV emerges L1 bidder for four packages of Bangalore Metro|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/ITD-Cemindia-JV-emerges-L1-bidder-for-four-packages-of-Bangalore-Metro|access-date=2 September 2020|website=projectstoday.com}}</ref>

Construction of the yellow line, a new line from Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road to Bommasandra in 3 packages began post awarding of tenders in November 2017. The first package ({{convert|6.418|km|mi|disp=x| / |abbr=on}}) was a stretch from Bommasandra to Hosa Road station, including depot entry line to Hebbagodi depot and five Metro stations. The second package was for a {{convert|6.38|km|mi|3|abbr=on}} stretch from Hosa Road to Bommanahalli (previously HSR Layout). Both packages were awarded for ₹1,750 crore (US$250 million) to Thailand-based ITD Cementation India.<ref name="FP"/> The third package was for a stretch from RV Road to Bommanahalli (previously HSR Layout), {{Convert|6.34|km|4=3|abbr=on}} long elevated section and five stations, for ₹797.29 crores (US$110 million) and includes the construction of a road-cum-rail flyover, road widening and allied works.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HCC-URCC JV bags Bangalore Metro contract worth Rs 789 crore|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/hindustan-construction-company-hcc-urcc-jv-bags-bangalore-metro-contract-worth-rs-789-crore-117070300077_1.html|access-date=2 September 2020|website=indiainfoline.com|language=en}}</ref>

Construction of the {{Convert|7.5|km|4=3|abbr=on}} elevated section of a new pink line between Kalena Agrahara and Tavarekere (previously Swagat Road Cross) stations, estimated to cost ₹575.52 crore (US$81 million) began post tendering in February 2018. The tender includes the construction of the elevated viaduct, 5 stations and car depot line to Kothanur depot.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Menezes|first=Naveen|title=Simplex Infrastructures quotes lowest to build metro stretch on Bannerghatta Road|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/simplex-infrastructures-quotes-lowest-to-build-metro-stretch-on-bannerghatta-road/articleshow/60054939.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref>

==== Underground section ====
BMRC initially floated tenders for the construction of the {{Convert|13.9|km|4=3|abbr=on}} underground section in four packages during June 2017. However, the tenders were cancelled as all the bids received were far too high (higher by nearly 70%)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangalore Metro bids for Phase II|url=https://www.tunneltalk.com/India-14Feb2018-Bangalore-Metro-bids-for-Phase-II-Reach-6.php|access-date=2 September 2020|website=tunneltalk.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Menezes|first=Naveen|title=High cost forces BMRCL to cancel underground tenders|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/high-cost-forces-bmrcl-to-cancel-underground-tenders/articleshow/63167005.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref> at Rs.8553.45 crores (US$1.28 billion) when compared to BMRC's estimated total of Rs 5047.56 crores (about US$760 million).

The second round of tendering resulted in tenders being awarded to three firms during the March–June period, 2019. One of the firms ([[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]]) won two bids.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Menezes|first=Naveen|title=Vellara Junction-Pottery Town metro underground work to start in 6 months|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/vellara-junction-pottery-town-metro-underground-work-to-start-in-6-months/articleshow/68265637.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref>

The total awarded tunneling tenders for the underground sections was ₹5,925.95 crores (appx US$812 million).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangalore Metro Phase II moves ahead|url=https://www.tunneltalk.com/India-21Mar2019-Bangalore-awards-first-Phase-II-underground-contracts.php|access-date=2 September 2020|website=tunneltalk.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shah|first=Narendra|date=26 September 2019|title=ITD Cementation bags Rs. 1549 cr contract from BMRCL|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/itd-cementation-bags-rs-1549-cr-contract-from-bmrcl/|access-date=2 September 2020|website=Metro Rail News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarim|title=BMRCL awarding 14-km metro contracts to ITD & Afcons|url=https://www.nbmcw.com/news/40751-bmrcl-awarding-14-km-metro-contracts-to-itd-afcons.html|access-date=2 September 2020|website=nbmcw.com|date=4 October 2019 |language=en-gb}}</ref>

Pre-tunneling construction work and piling for stations began in May 2019 by L&T.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarim|title=L&T launches tunneling works for Bangalore metro|url=https://www.nbmcw.com/news/40252-l-t-launches-tunneling-works-for-bangalore-metro.html|access-date=2 September 2020|website=nbmcw.com|date=25 June 2019 |language=en-gb}}</ref> Tunnel boring using TBMs began in July 2020 by L&T.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengaluru: Metro underground tunnel work on Cantonment, Tannery Road stations begins|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=735858|access-date=2 September 2020|website=daijiworld.com}}</ref> Tunnel boring work by the other two contractors (viz. [[Afcons]] & ITD-Cem) was commenced in 2021.

==== Phase 2A ====
In September 2016, the government announced that a new {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}} line connecting Silk Board with K.R. Pura would be included in Phase-2 as Phase-2A of the project. The line would be along the eastern half of Outer Ring Road and is proposed to have 13 stations – Silk Board, HSR Layout, Agara, Ibbalur, Bellandur, Kadubeesanahalli, Kodibisanahalli, Marathahalli, ISRO, Doddanekundi, DRDO Sports Complex, Sarasvathi Nagara (previously Mahadevapura) and K.R. Pura.<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro line from Silk Board to KR Puram to be fast-tracked|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Metro-line-from-Silk-Board-to-KR-Puram-to-be-fast-tracked/articleshow/54339779.cms|access-date=18 September 2016|website=The Times of India|date=15 September 2016 }}</ref> The cost was estimated to be ₹4202 crores. BMRCL prepared the detailed project report for the proposed line and submitted the DPR to the state government on 28 October 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro link to Outer Ring Road: BMRC unveils DPR, invites suggestions|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Metro-link-to-ORR-BMRC-unveils-DPR-invites-suggestions/articleshow/55378346.cms|access-date=17 February 2017|website=The Times of India|date=12 November 2016 }}</ref> Phase 2A was approved by the State Cabinet on 1 March 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Karnataka Cabinet approves ORR metro line|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Karnataka-Cabinet-approves-ORR-metro-line/article17389443.ece|access-date=2 March 2017|website=The Hindu|date=March 2017 }}</ref> The ORR Metro line (Blue line) would have interchange stations with the extended Purple Line at K.R. Pura and with the R V Road – Bommasandra line (Yellow Line) at Silk Board.

Tenders for ORR Metro line (east) were called in February 2018 and [[IL&FS]] emerged the lowest bidder for all packages. However, the tenders were quashed due to cash flow problems and bankruptcy proceedings by the firm.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Christin Mathew Philip|date=17 Dec 2018|title=Bangalore: Setback for techies as BMRCL cancels ORR project tender |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/setback-for-techies-as-bmrcl-cancels-orr-project-tender/articleshow/67119742.cms|access-date=2 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> A second round of tendering was done in December 2019 and bids were received by multiple firms in March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Namma Metro ORR line tender receives 14 bids|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/mar/19/namma-metro-orr-line-tender-receives-14-bids-2118624.html|access-date=2 September 2020|website=The New Indian Express|date=19 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Neha|date=20 March 2020|title=Namma Metro Outer Ring Road line tender receives 14 bids|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/namma-metro-outer-ring-road-line-tender-receives-14-bids/|access-date=2 September 2020|website=Metro Rail News|language=en-US}}</ref> There are two packages. The first package included 2.84 km of ramps for a flyover at Central Silk board junction in addition to 9.859 km of viaduct with six elevated stations. The second package was for 8.377 km viaduct with seven elevated stations, 1.097 km depot line and a 0.30 km pocket track.

==== Phase 2B ====
There had been a proposal to build a {{convert|33|km|mi|abbr=on}} high speed rail line from MG Road to [[Kempegowda International Airport]] (KIA), at a cost of ₹5,767 crore (US$810 million).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramesh|first=B. S.|date=6 October 2010|title=SPV for high-speed rail link|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/SPV-for-high-speed-rail-link/article15775778.ece|access-date=2 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This was to be executed by an independent SPV, but later it was decided that BMRC would manage this project and a regular metro line with fewer halts would be built instead of a high speed rail, thus travel time between city to airport would be less. As early as in February 2012, the Central Government had also requested BMRC to start work on the airport link during Phase 2 itself.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 November 2012|title=DPR for Metro link to BIA in five months|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/289975/dpr-metro-link-bia-five.html|access-date=8 October 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.railnews.in/2016/page/15/|title=railnews.in|website=www.railnews.in}}</ref>

Following this, in September 2016, suggestions were invited from public to choose any one of nine possible extension routes from existing and proposed metro lines to the airport.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 September 2016|title=Now, suggest a Namma Metro route to the airport|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/570497/now-suggest-namma-metro-route.html|access-date=2 September 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> The proposed extension routes had an average length of {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and cost estimates ranged between ₹4,500 crore and ₹7,000 crore. A {{convert|25.9|km|mi|abbr=on}} extension from Nagawara via Kannur and Bagaluru was the shortest, while the {{convert|35.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} extension from Yeshwanthpur via Yelahanka, Kannur and Bagaluru was the longest of the proposed routes. BMRC received 1,300 responses from the public.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 January 2017|title=Central funding brightens prospects of metro line to Bengaluru airport|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Central-funding-brightens-prospects-of-metro-line-to-Bengaluru-airport/article17037936.ece|access-date=2 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A {{convert|25.9|km|mi|abbr=on}} extension of the Kalena Agrahara (previously Gottigere) – Nagawara line via Kannur and Bagaluru to the airport emerged as the most popular choice.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Suchith Kidiyoor|date=7 Dec 2016|title=Bengaluru wants KIA Metro line via Nagawara|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Bengaluru-wants-KIA-Metro-line-via-Nagawara/articleshow/55842423.cms|access-date=2 September 2020|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref>

Since Bengaluru International Airport Limited (BIAL) forbade underground construction from the southern side of the airport (due to security as it would have to pass beneath the airport's second runway), the shortest route options (i.e. extending the Pink line from Nagawara directly north) were eliminated. An alternate route proceeding north till RK Hegde nagar and then turning west to Jakkur was then explored. However, even this had an obstacle as a high-pressure petroleum pipeline was passing through the originally proposed route.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengaluru Metro airport line to now run through Hebbal|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/oct/12/bengaluru-metro-airport-line-to-now-run-through-hebbal-1884445.html|access-date=2 September 2020|website=The New Indian Express|date=12 October 2018 }}</ref>

Bangalore Development Minister [[K. J. George]] announced on 12 May 2017 that the government had finalized the Nagawara-Ramakrishna Hegde Nagar-Jakkur-Yelahanka route to the airport.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 May 2017|title=Govt finalises KIA metro link route|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/611271/govt-finalises-kia-metro-link.html|access-date=2 September 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> On 10 January 2019, the State Cabinet approved a change in alignment for the proposed metro line to the airport. The new line would begin at Krishnarajapura (K.R. Pura) and be aligned along the northern part of ORR (Outer Ring Road), passing Nagawara, Hebbal, and Jakkur before heading towards the airport along Ballari road.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 July 2019|title=Airport Metro line gets one station but loses another|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/airport-metro-line-gets-one-station-but-loses-another-749492.html|access-date=2 September 2020|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> The line would be {{convert|39.8|km||abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|8|km||abbr=on}} longer than the route previously proposed. It is estimated to cost ₹10,584 crore (US$1.5 billion) almost twice as much as the previous route's estimate of ₹5,950 crore (US$830 million).<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=11 Jan 2019|title=Karnataka government clears suburban rail project, Metro to airport|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-government-clears-suburban-rail-project-metro-to-airport/articleshow/67480625.cms|access-date=2 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The Union Cabinet cleared two much awaited and long delayed lines of the Bengaluru Metro's Phase 2A and 2B on 20 April 2021. Phase 2A and Phase 2B lines total a distance of 58.19 km and were approved at a cost of Rs.14,788 crore. The projected ridership on both these lines in 2026 is estimated at 7.7 lakhs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Huge relief in sight for techies, flyers as Centre clears ORR-Airport Line for Bengaluru|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/apr/20/huge-relief-in-sight-for-techies-flyers-as-centre-clears-orr-airport-line-for-bengaluru-2292480.html|access-date=2021-04-21|website=The New Indian Express|date=20 April 2021 }}</ref> Construction of the airport line is expected to begin by October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Christin Mathew Philip|date=22 Sep 2021|title=Complete Bengaluru Metro Phase 2 by 2024: Karnataka CM Basavaraj Bommai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-cm-sets-2024-deadline-to-complete-phase-2-of-metro-rail/articleshow/86425505.cms|access-date=2021-09-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==== Phase 2, 2A, and 2B lines and sections ====
Phase 2 originally involved extending four reaches of the two lines in all directions and two new lines; Yellow and Pink. The ORR-East Line was later included as Phase 2A followed by the Airport Line (as a continuation of the ORR-East Line) as Phase 2B. The line was later named the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]. Construction of Phase 2A has been divided into two (elevated section) packages, while the construction of Phase 2B has been divided into three (elevated section) packages. Airport stations have not been included with tenders as they will likely be built by BIAL.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Network ==
=== Overview ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style="text-align:center; style=" font-size:85%;margin:auto"
! colspan="8" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Operational Lines
|-
!No.
!Line name
! colspan="2" |Terminals
!Stations
!Distance (km)
!Opening date
!Last Extension
|-
! rowspan="1" |1
| rowspan="1" style="background:#8c2877; text-align: center;" |[[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|'''Purple''']]
|[[Challaghatta metro station|Challaghatta]]
|[[Whitefield (Kadugodi) metro station|Whitefield (Kadugodi)]]
| style="text-align: center;" |37
| style="text-align: center;" |{{Cvt|43.49|km|}}
| style="text-align:center;" |20 October 2011
|9 October 2023
|-
! rowspan="1" |2
| rowspan="1" style="background:#009933; text-align: center;" |[[Green Line (Namma Metro)|'''Green''']]
|[[Silk Institute metro station|Silk Institute]]
|[[Madavara metro station|Madavara]]
| style="text-align: center;" |32
| style="text-align: center;" |{{Cvt|33.46|km|}}
| style="text-align:center;" |1 March 2014
|7 November 2024
|-
! rowspan="1" |3
| rowspan="1" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Yellow}};text-align: center;" |[[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|'''Yellow''']]
|[[Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road metro station|Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road]]
|[[Delta Electronics Bommasandra metro station|Delta Electronics Bommasandra]]
| style="text-align: center;" |16
| style="text-align: center;" |{{Cvt|19.15|km|}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |11 August 2025
|-
! colspan="4" |
!83
!{{Cvt|96.10|km|}}
! colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="8" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Under Construction
|-
!No.
!Line name
! colspan="2" |Terminals
!Stations
!Distance (km)
! colspan="2" |Estimated Opening date
|-
! rowspan="2" |4
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}};text-align: center;" |[[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|'''Pink''']]
|[[Kalena Agrahara metro station|Kalena Agrahara]]
|[[Tavarekere metro station|Tavarekere]]
|6
|{{Cvt|7.5
|km|}}
| colspan="2" |''May 2026''
|-
|[[Tavarekere metro station|Tavarekere]]
|[[Nagawara metro station|Nagawara]]
|12
|{{Cvt|13.76
|km|}}
| colspan="2" |''December 2026''
|-
! rowspan="3" |5
| rowspan="3" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}};text-align: center;" |[[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|'''Blue''']]
|{{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}}
|[[Krishnarajapura metro station|Krishnarajapura]]
|13
|{{Cvt|16.75
|km|}}
| colspan="2" |''December 2026''
|-
|[[Krishnarajapura metro station|Krishnarajapura]]
|[[Hebbala metro station|Hebbal]]
|8
|{{cvt|12.35|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| colspan="2" |''December 2027''<ref name="chiefminister">https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/500-crore-for-suburban-rail-41-km-of-metro-line-to-be-operational-in-2026-27-says-chief-minister/article70711959.ece</ref>
|-
|[[Hebbala metro station|Hebbal]]
|[[KIAL Terminals metro station|KIAL Terminals]]
|8
|{{cvt|30.09|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| colspan="2" |''June 2027''<ref name="chiefminister"/>
|-
! colspan="4" |
!46
!{{Cvt|80.45|km|}}
! colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="8" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Approved
|-
!No.
!Line name
! colspan="2" |Terminals
!Stations
!Distance (km)
! colspan="2" |Estimated Opening date
|-
!6
|style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Orange}};text-align: center;" |[[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|'''Orange''']]
|[[Kempapura metro station|Kempapura]]
|[[JP Nagar 4th Phase metro station|Jaya Prakash Nagar 4th Phase]]
|22
|{{cvt|32.15|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |2031
|-
!7
|style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Grey}};text-align: center;" |[[Grey Line (Namma Metro)|'''Grey''']]
|[[Hosahalli metro station|Sri Balagangadharanatha Swamiji Stn., Hosahalli]]
|Kadabagere
|9
|{{cvt|12.50|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|-
!8
|style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Red}};text-align: center;" |[[Red Line (Namma Metro)|'''Red''']]
|[[Hebbala metro station|Hebbala]]
|[[Sarjapura]]
|28
|{{cvt|37.00|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| colspan="2" |2031
|-
! colspan="4" |
!59
!{{cvt|81.65|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
! colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="4" |Total Network (Operational, Under Construction and Approved)
!188
!{{cvt|258.2|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
! colspan="2" |
|}

=== Purple Line ===
{{Main|Purple Line (Namma Metro)}}
The Purple Line is aligned northeast-to-southwest, and connects [[Whitefield metro station|Whitefield (Kadugodi)]] in the northeast with [[Challaghatta metro station|Challaghatta]] in the southwest. It is one of the slowest metro lines in India, taking around 1 hour and 29 minutes to traverse the distance of 43.45 km, at an average speed of 29 km/h. The line is {{Cvt|43.45|km}} long and has 37 stations. It is elevated on both the east and west sides and has a {{Cvt|4.8|km}} underground section in the middle. The line passes through prime activity centers of the city (Whitefield, ITPL, Krishnarajapura, MG Road, Majestic, Railway Station, Vidhana Soudha, Mysuru Road, and Kengeri).

The first {{convert|6.7|km|mi|adj=on}}, 6-station stretch (Reach 1) of the Purple Line between [[Baiyappanahalli (Namma Metro)|Baiyappanahalli]] in the east and [[Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station (Bangalore)|Mahatma Gandhi Road]] opened on 20 October 2011.<ref name="IBN_Live">{{cite web |date=1 October 2011 |title=Namma metro to chug on October 20 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/namma-metro-to-chug-on-october-20/189139-60-119.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003184737/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/namma-metro-to-chug-on-october-20/189139-60-119.html |archive-date=3 October 2011 |access-date=21 October 2011 |work=IBN Live}}</ref> This was the first and inaugural section of Namma Metro.<ref name="RGI-2011-10-24">{{cite magazine |date=24 October 2011 |title=Namma Metro inaugurated in Bangalore |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/namma-metro-inaugurated-in-bangalore.html |access-date=5 June 2015 |magazine=[[Railway Gazette International]]}}</ref> The second {{convert|6.4|km|mi|adj=on}}, 6-station stretch (Reach 2) between Mysore Road and [[Magadi Road metro station|Magadi Road]] opened on 16 November 2015.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 April 2016 |title=Underground metro will be ready to take commuters in 15 days: K J George |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Underground-metro-will-be-ready-to-take-commuters-in-15-days-K-J-George/articleshow/51882004.cms |access-date=19 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The underground section, a {{convert|4.8|km|abbr=on}} stretch from Cubbon Park to Bengaluru City (KSR) Railway Station opened on 29 April 2016, thus linking the east and west sections that were already opened. Opening the underground section completed the entire Purple Line in Phase 1.

Under Phase 2, the southwest extension of {{Cvt|7.5|km}} opened on 30 August 2021. The eastern extension of {{Cvt|15.2|km}} to Whitefield was under construction. {{Cvt|13.7|km}} of the eastern extension, 12-station stretch which starts from Whitefield (Kadugodi) to KR Pura was opened for service on 26 March 2023 but remained disconnected from the network as a small section was not yet ready (Baiyyappanhalli-KR Pura). On 9 October 2023, Baiyyappanhalli-KR Pura and Kengeri-Challaghatta were also open to the public making the whole line operational from Whitefield (Kadugodi) to Challaghatta.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 October 2023 |title=Bengaluru: Namma Metro's entire Purple Line now fully operational |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-metro-commences-pperations-on-two-purple-line-sections/articleshow/104272686.cms?from=mdr |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> It connects the industrial and suburban areas of south-west with the CBD (MG Road, Trinity) and the IT areas of the east (Baiyappanahalli, Whitefield).<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 2023 |title=With entire Purple Line operational, Bengaluru Metro ridership crosses 7-lakh mark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/with-entire-purple-line-operational-metro-ridership-crosses-7-lakh-mark/articleshow/104384854.cms |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

37 new feeder routes of BMTC were introduced in October 2023 from KR Puram station to ensure last-mile connectivity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=Bengaluru Metro: 37 feeder buses to connect KR Puram station, Outer Ring Road |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/bengaluru-metro-37-feeder-buses-to-connect-kr-puram-station-outer-ring-road-101697102744683.html |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Green Line ===
{{Main|Green Line (Namma Metro)}}

The Green Line is aligned north-to-south and connects [[Madavara metro station|Madavara]] in the north-west to [[Silk Institute metro station|Silk Institute]] in the south-west, covering a distance of {{convert|33.46|km|mi}}<ref name="PH">{{cite web |title=Project Highlights |url=http://bmrc.co.in/Main/ProjectHighlights.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025130435/http://bmrc.co.in/Main/ProjectHighlights.htm |archive-date=25 October 2011 |access-date=3 May 2010 |work=Official webpage of B.M.R.C. |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and has 32 stations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Schematic Route Map |url=http://bmrc.co.in/English/schematic_map.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814185117/http://www.bmrc.co.in/English/schematic_map.html |archive-date=14 August 2015 |access-date=5 June 2015 |publisher=Bengaluru Metro Rail Corporation Limited}}</ref> It is elevated on both north and south sides and has a {{Cvt|4.0|km}} underground section in the middle. The Line passes through industrial areas (Peenya, Yeshwanthapur) in the north and also through commercial hubs (Majestic, Chickpete, City Market) and connects large residential catchments in the south (Basavanagudi, Jayanagar, Banashankari, and Thalaghattapura).

The first {{convert|9.9|km|mi|adj=on}}, 10-station stretch (Reach 3/3A) of the Green Line opened 1 March 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 March 2014 |title=Sampige Road-Peenya Metro Line Inaugurated |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Sampige-Road-Peenya-Metro-Line-Inaugurated/2014/03/01/article2084165.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112104356/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Sampige-Road-Peenya-Metro-Line-Inaugurated/2014/03/01/article2084165.ece |archive-date=12 January 2016 |access-date=5 June 2015 |newspaper=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="Deccan_Herald-2014-03-03">{{cite news |date=3 March 2014 |title=25,000 ride Green line Metro on 1st working day |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/389661/25000-ride-green-line-metro.html |access-date=5 June 2015 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The stretch connected [[Sampige Road metro station|Sampige Road]] to [[Peenya Industry]].<ref>{{cite news |date=28 November 2011 |title=Rajajinagar, Peenya residents can smile |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Rajajinagar-Peenya-residents-can-smile/articleshow/10900255.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715080703/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-28/bangalore/30450107_1_peenya-industrial-area-bmrc-yeshwantpur |archive-date=15 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The second {{convert|2.5|km|mi|adj=on}}, 3-station stretch (Reach 3B) of the Green Line from Peenya Industry to Nagasandra, opened on 1 May 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 April 2015 |title=Metro Reach 3B to be opened on May 1 |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/473691/metro-reach-3b-opened-may.html |access-date=5 June 2015 |newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 May 2015 |title=Reach 3B of Metro rail flagged off |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/reach-3b-of-metro-rail-flagged-off/article7161750.ece |access-date=5 June 2015 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> The third stretch connecting [[Sampige Road]] to [[Yelachenahalli metro station|Yelachenahalli]] was inaugurated on 17 June 2017 and opened the next day, thereby completing the entire Phase 1.<ref name="Metro_Green_Line_Launch">{{cite news |date=9 June 2017 |title=A closer look at Namma Metro that can transform Bengaluru's mobility landscape |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/a-closer-look-at-namma-metro-that-can-transform-bengalurus-mobility-landscape/articleshow/59064057.cms |access-date=9 June 2017 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 March 2017 |title=Bengaluru Metro Rarely Met Deadlines Expect no Surprise in April 2017 |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/bengaluru-metro-rarely-met-deadlines-expect-no-surprise-in-april/articleshow/57787233.cms |access-date=12 April 2017 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> These stretches (including the underground section) were inaugurated by then President late [[Pranab Mukherjee|Shri Pranab Mukherjee]] on 17 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 Jun 2017 |title=Namma Metro: President Pranab Mukherjee inaugurates Bengaluru Namma Metro |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/president-pranab-mukherjee-inaugurates-bengaluru-namma-metro/articleshow/59194023.cms |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Menezes |first=Naveen |title=President Pranab Mukherjee inaugurates Rs 13,854 crore Namma Metro project |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/president-pranab-mukherjee-inaugurates-rs-13854-crore-namma-metro-project/articleshow/59195825.cms?from=mdr |access-date=3 September 2020 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Under Phase 2, The southern extension of {{convert|6.29|km|mi|adj=on}}, which includes 5 stations from [[Yelachenahalli metro station|Yelachenahalli]] to [[Silk Institute metro station|Silk Institute]], was inaugurated on 14 January 2021, making it the first section of Phase 2 to be opened for service.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lalitha |first=S |date=14 January 2021 |title=First line of Bangalore Metro's Phase-2 flagged off |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/jan/14/first-line-of-bangalore-metros-phase-2-flagged-off-2250181.html |access-date=14 January 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The northern extension of {{Cvt|3.14|km}}, which includes 3 stations from [[Nagasandra metro station|Nagasandra]] to [[Madavara metro station|Madavara]] was opened to the public on 7 November 2024, making the whole line operational from [[Madavara metro station|Madavara]] to [[Silk Institute metro station|Silk Institute]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Day before public launch, DK Shivakumar takes metro ride to Madavara |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/day-before-public-launch-dk-shivakumar-takes-metro-ride-to-madavara-3265346 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-06 |title=After 7 years, extended Green Line opens today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengalurus-green-line-extended-new-metro-opens-after-7-years/articleshow/115027816.cms |access-date=2024-11-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-06 |title=Extended Metro green line from Nagasandra to Madavara inaugurated - Public TV English |url=https://english.publictv.in/extended-metro-green-line-from-nagasandra-to-madavara-inaugurated/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Yellow Line ===
{{Main|Yellow Line (Namma Metro)}}

The Yellow Line connects [[Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road metro station|Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road]] to [[Bommasandra metro station|Bommasandra]], covering a distance of {{convert|19.15|km|mi|adj=on}} and has 16 stations. This line is completely elevated and runs along the ORR and Hosur road. It begins at [[Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road metro station|Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road]], which is an interchange station with [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]] and passes through two other interchange stations: [[Jayadeva Hospital metro station|Jayadeva Hospital]] station, where it crosses the [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]; and [[Central Silk Board metro station|Central Silk Board]] station, where the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] will terminate. The line connects [[Electronic City]] with the metro network. Out of 16 stations, 4 stations ([[Ragigudda metro station|Ragigudda]], [[Jayadeva Hospital metro station|Jayadeva Hospital]], [[BTM Layout metro station|BTM Layout]], and [[Central Silk Board metro station|Central Silk Board]]) are built along with the new [[Raggigudda-Silk Board Flyover|Ragigudda-Silk Board double decker flyover]] as a rail and road flyover. The entire line was inaugurated on 10 August 2025.<ref name="YL"/>

== Expansion ==
More lines and extensions are under construction. When completed, the 2nd phase (currently underway) will provide connectivity to the city's tech hubs of [[Electronic City]] and [[Whitefield, Bangalore|Whitefield]], besides covering the eastern half of [[Outer Ring Road, Bangalore|Outer Ring Road (ORR)]] and providing service to the [[Kempegowda International Airport]] in the north of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-29 |title=Kempegowda International Airport metro connectivity by Dec 2023: Bommai |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/kempegowda-international-airport-metro-connectivity-by-dec-2023-bommai-1176281.html |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-29 |title=Long wait for Namma Metro's airport link corridor will end in 2023, CM Bommai promises |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/long-wait-for-namma-metros-airport-link-corridor-will-end-in-2023-cm-bommai-promises-article-96591949 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>
=== Timeline ===
[[File:NammaMetro-Progress-2025-08-19.gif|right|thumb|320x320px|Timeline of Namma Metro's expansion.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%;margin:auto"
! colspan="7" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Phase 1 network
|-
!No.
!Line name
! colspan="2" |Terminals
!Stations
!Distance (km)
!Opening date
|-
! rowspan="3" |1
| rowspan="3" style="background:#8c2877; text-align: center;" | [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|'''Purple''']]
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Baiyappanahalli metro station|Baiyappanahalli]]
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station (Bangalore)|Mahatma Gandhi Road]]
|style="text-align: center;" | 6
|style="text-align: center;" |{{cvt|6.70|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|style="text-align:center;"|20 October 2011
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station (Bangalore)|Mahatma Gandhi Road]]
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Magadi Road metro station|Magadi Road]]
|style="text-align: center;" |5
|style="text-align: center;" |{{cvt|5.12|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|style="text-align:center;"|30 April 2016
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Magadi Road metro station|Magadi Road]]
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Magadi Road metro station|Mysuru Road]]
|style="text-align: center;" |6
|style="text-align: center;" |{{cvt|6.40|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|style="text-align:center;"| 16 November 2015
|-
! rowspan="3" |2
| rowspan="3" style="background:#009933; text-align: center;" | [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|'''Green''']]
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Sampige Road metro station|Mantri Square Sampige Road]]
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Peenya Industry]]
|style="text-align: center;" |10
|style="text-align: center;" |{{cvt|9.91|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|style="text-align:center;"|1 March 2014
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Peenya Industry]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Nagasandra metro station|Nagasandra]]
| style="text-align: center;" |3
| style="text-align: center;" |{{cvt|2.50|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |1 May 2015
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Sampige Road metro station|Mantri Square Sampige Road]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Yelachenahalli metro station|Yelachenahalli]]
| style="text-align: center;" |11
| style="text-align: center;" |{{cvt|11.62|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |18 June 2017
|-
! colspan="4" |
!40
!42.3 km
!
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Phase 2 network (including Ph 2A/B)
|-
!No.
!Line name
! colspan="2" |Terminals
!Stations
!Distance (km)
!Opening date
|-
! rowspan="4" |1
| rowspan="4" style="background:#8c2877; text-align: center;" | [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|'''Purple''']]
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Mysore Road metro station|Mysuru Road]]
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Kengeri metro station|Kengeri]]
|style="text-align: center;" |6
|style="text-align: center;" |{{cvt|7.50|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|style="text-align:center;"|30 August 2021
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Kengeri metro station|Kengeri]]
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Challaghatta metro station|Challaghatta]]
|style="text-align: center;" |1
|style="text-align: center;" |{{cvt|2.05|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|style="text-align:center;"|9 October 2023
|-
|style="text-align: center;" |[[Baiyappanahalli metro station|Baiyappanahalli]]
|style="text-align: center;" |[[Krishnarajapuram metro station|Krishnarajapura]]
|style="text-align: center;" |1
|style="text-align: center;" |{{cvt|2.10|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|style="text-align:center;"|9 October 2023
|-
|style="text-align: center;" |[[Krishnarajapuram metro station|Krishnarajapura]]
|style="text-align: center;" |[[Whitefield metro station|Whitefield (Kadugodi)]]
|style="text-align: center;" |12
|style="text-align: center;" |{{cvt|13.71|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|style="text-align:center;"|26 March 2023
|-
! rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" style="background:#009933; text-align: center;" | [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|'''Green''']]
|style="text-align: center;" |[[Yelachenahalli metro station|Yelachenahalli]]
|style="text-align: center;" |[[Silk Institute metro station|Silk Institute]]
|style="text-align: center;" |5
|style="text-align: center;" |{{cvt|6.29|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|style="text-align:center;"|15 January 2021<ref>{{Cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Anshu |date=16 January 2021 |title=Namma Metro extends its service on Green Line |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/namma-metro-extends-its-service-on-green-line/article33585573.ece |access-date=16 January 2021 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align: center;" |[[Nagasandra metro station|Nagasandra]]
|style="text-align: center;" |[[Madavara metro station|Madavara]]
|style="text-align: center;" |3
|style="text-align: center;" |{{cvt|3.14|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|style="text-align:center;"|7 November 2024
|-
!3
|rowspan="1" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Yellow}};text-align: center;" | [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|'''Yellow''']]
|style="text-align: center;" |[[Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road metro station|Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road]]
|style="text-align: center;" |[[Bommasandra metro station|Delta Electronics Bommasandra]]
|style="text-align: center;" |16
|style="text-align: center;" |{{cvt|19.15|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|style="text-align:center;"|11 August 2025<ref name="YL">{{Cite web |title=PM Modi To Inaugurate Bengaluru's Namma Metro Yellow Line, Launch Phase-3 Expansion On Aug 10 |url=https://www.news18.com/cities/bengaluru-news/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-bengalurus-namma-metro-yellow-line-launch-phase-3-expansion-on-aug-10-ws-kl-9481607.html |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |4
|rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}};text-align: center;" | [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|'''Pink''']]
|style="text-align: center;" |[[Kalena Agrahara metro station|Kalena Agrahara]]
|style="text-align: center;" |[[Tavarekere metro station|Tavarekere]]
|style="text-align: center;" |6
| style="text-align: center;" |{{cvt|7.5|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|style="text-align:center;"|''May 2026''<ref name="MP">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bengaluru-metros-pink-line-to-be-operational-in-two-phases-12784823.html|title=Bengaluru Metro's Pink Line to be operational in two phases|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align: center;" |[[Tavarekere metro station|Tavarekere]]
|style="text-align: center;" |[[Nagawara metro station|Nagawara]]
|style="text-align: center;" |12
| style="text-align: center;" |{{cvt|13.75|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|style="text-align:center;"|''December 2026''<ref name="MP"/>
|-
! rowspan="3" |5
|rowspan="3" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}};text-align: center;" | [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|'''Blue''']]
|style="text-align: center;" |{{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}}
|style="text-align: center;" |[[Krishnarajapura metro station|Krishnarajapura]]
|style="text-align: center;" |13
|style="text-align: center;" |{{cvt|16.75|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| style="text-align:center;" |''December 2026''
|-
|style="text-align: center;" |[[Krishnarajapura metro station|Krishnarajapura]]
|style="text-align: center;" |[[Hebbala metro station|Hebbala]]
|style="text-align: center;" |8
|style="text-align: center;" |{{cvt|12.35|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''December 2027''
|-
|style="text-align: center;" |[[Hebbala metro station|Hebbala]]
|style="text-align: center;" |[[KIAL Terminals metro station|KIAL Terminals]]
|style="text-align: center;" |8
|style="text-align: center;" |{{cvt|30.09|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|-
! colspan="4" |
!91
!133.48 km
!
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Phase 3 network
|-
!No.
!Line name
! colspan="2" |Terminals
!Stations
!Distance (km)
!Opening date
|-
!6
|rowspan="1" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Orange}};text-align: center;" | [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|'''Orange''']]
|style="text-align: center;" |[[Kempapura metro station|Kempapura]]
|style="text-align: center;" |[[JP Nagar 4th Phase metro station|JP Nagar 4th Phase]]
|style="text-align: center;" |22
|style="text-align: center;" |{{cvt|32.15|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |''2031<ref name="NM"/>''
|-
!7
|rowspan="1" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Grey}};text-align: center;" | [[Grey Line (Namma Metro)|'''Grey''']]
|style="text-align: center;" |Hosahalli
|style="text-align: center;" |Kadabagere
|style="text-align: center;" |9
|style="text-align: center;" |{{cvt|12.50|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|-
!8
|rowspan="1" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Red}};text-align: center;" | [[Red Line (Namma Metro)|'''Red''']]
|style="text-align: center;" |Hebbala
|style="text-align: center;" |Sarjapura
|style="text-align: center;" |28
|style="text-align: center;" |{{cvt|37.00|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|style="text-align: center;" |''2031''
|-
! colspan="4" |
!59
!81.65 km
!
|-
|}

=== Pink Line ===
{{Main|Pink Line (Namma Metro)}}

The Pink Line is aligned from south to north and connects [[Kalena Agrahara metro station|Kalena Agrahara]] in the south with [[Nagawara metro station|Nagawara]] in the north, covering a distance of {{convert|21.25|km|mi|adj=on}} and having 18 stations. It is elevated on the southern side till Tavarakere, and the rest is underground till the northern end at Nagawara. The line will pass through [[JP Nagar 4th Phase metro station|Jaya Prakash Nagar 4th Phase]] station (interchange with [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|Orange Line)]], [[Jayadeva Hospital metro station|Jayadeva Hospital]] station (interchange with [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line)]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station (Bangalore)|Mahatma Gandhi Road]] (interchange with [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line)]]. it passes through the Cantonment railway station and ends at Nagawara, which is planned as an interchange station with the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]. The line is under construction and is expected to open in 2026–27.

=== Blue Line ===
{{Main|Blue Line (Namma Metro)}}

The Blue Line is aligned along the eastern and northern sections of ORR. It deviates from ORR at Hebbal and proceeds along Airport Road to Kempegowda International Airport. Construction is being handled in two sections: Phase 2A covers [[Silk Board junction|Central Silk Board]] to [[Krishnarajapuram metro station|Krishnarajapura]] and Phase 2B covers [[Krishnarajapuram metro station|Krishnarajapura]] to Airport. The line will totally be {{convert|58.19|km|mi|adj=on}} long and have 32 stations. It is elevated almost throughout, with a small underground section in way of Yelahanka Airforce base. The line also has a section at grade level closer to the airport. Airport station will be an underground station. This line begins at [[Silk Board junction|Central Silk Board]] (interchange with the Yellow Line), and passes through [[Krishnarajapuram metro station|Krishnarajapura]] (interchange with the Purple Line) and Nagawara (interchange with the Pink Line). It also passes through Hebbal and Yelahanka. The under-construction line is expected to open in June 2026.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 June 2023 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 June 2023 |title=Karnataka deputy CM DK Shivakumar clarifies on upcoming new metro lines in Bengaluru. Details |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/karnataka-deputy-cm-dk-shivakumar-clarifies-on-upcoming-new-metro-lines-in-bengaluru-details-101686119190176.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Phase 2A and Phase 2B (Krishnarajapura – Yelahanka – Bangalore Airport) will be funded through a $500 million loan by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) which was approved by its board in December 2020. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) will provide a $318 million loan as well. A formal agreement for this was signed in March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangalore Metro Phase 2B – Information, Route Maps, Tenders & Updates |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/bangalore-metro-phase-2b-information-map-updates/ |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Phase 3 ===
A {{convert|124|km|mi|abbr=on}} Phase 3 was initially proposed in May 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2016 |title=Namma Metro, a third phase in the making |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/547937/namma-metro-third-phase-making.html |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Certain significant sections that were proposed for Phase 3 were included in Phase 2 as Phase 2A and Phase 2B.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menezes |first=Naveen |title=Bangalore Metro: Namma Metro phase III may make way for elevated corridor |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/namma-metro-phase-iii-may-make-way-for-elevated-corridor/articleshow/68826809.cms |access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2020 |title=Bengaluru Comprehensive Mobility Plan a 'backdoor' to elevated corridor? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bengaluru-comprehensive-mobility-plan-backdoor-elevated-corridor-116312 |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=thenewsminute.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Naveen Menezes |date=20 Jan 2020 |title=Citizens want Metro to stay off CMP, mind its own business |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/citizens-want-metro-to-stay-off-cmp-mind-its-own-business/articleshow/73390259.cms |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> On 7 March 2020 it was announced that two corridors totaling 44.65 km would be built as fully elevated lines<ref>{{Cite web |author=Christin Mathew Philip |date=20 Nov 2019 |title=Bengaluru: Gottigere-Nagawara Metro line to go Pink |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-gottigere-nagawara-metro-line-to-go-pink/articleshow/72136303.cms |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> under PPP mode (Kempapura-Jayaprakash Nagara 4th Ph (along ORR-West) and Hosahalli-Kadabagere).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Neha |date=7 March 2020 |title=BMRCL to Construct two Metrolite corridors via PPP mode |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/bmrcl-to-construct-two-metrolite-corridors-via-ppp-mode-in-bengaluru/ |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="ORR Line">{{cite web |last1=Khanna |first1=Rajat |date=27 October 2021 |title=42 KMs Bangalore Metro Phase-3 Project will start its operation by 2027-28 |work=Metro Rail News |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/42-kms-bangalore-metro-phase-3-project-will-start-its-operation-by-2027-28/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=24 November 2021 |title=BMRCL resumes traffic analysis to finalise Phase 3 lines |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/bmrcl-resumes-traffic-analysis-to-finalise-phase-3-lines-1053944.html |publisher=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

On 4 March 2022, during a budget speech by the state government, another new corridor spanning {{Convert|35|km|abbr=on}} from Hebbal to Sarjapura was announced (to be taken up as Phase 3A). The Chief Minister stated that the Detailed Project Report (DPR) would be prepared for the proposed corridor, estimated to cost around ₹15,000 crores. The two corridors announced previously were estimated to cost ₹13,500 crores. Later, On 16 August 2024, the Union Cabinet approved Phase 3, which will add two lines and 31 stations, with an estimated cost of ₹15,611 crores.<ref name="NM">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-16 |title=Namma Metro Phase-III expansion receives Union Cabinet nod |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/namma-metro-phase-iii-expansion-receives-union-cabinet-nod/article68534163.ece |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> SECON Pvt. Ltd. has officially started geotechnical soil investigation work on Magadi Road for the upcoming 44.65-km Bangalore Metro Phase 3 project.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} On 11 November 2024, The 35-km stretch between Hebbal and Sarjapura was approved by the state finance department of Karnataka.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Other proposals ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;margin:auto"
|+ Other extensions and lines proposed<ref name="2023_proposals">{{cite web |date=10 March 2023 |title=Karnataka govt action plan moots four new metro lines |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/karnataka-govt-action-plan-moots-four-new-metro-lines-1198698.html |publisher=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
! No.
! Line
! Terminals
! Distance
! Estimated cost
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" style="background:#8c2877; text-align: center;" |[[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|'''Purple''']]
| Whitefield–Katamanalluru–Hoskote
| {{cvt|9|km}}
| ₹ 2,400 Cr.
|-
|Challghatta–Bidadi
|{{cvt|15|km}}
|''TBD''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Green}};text-align: center;" |[[Green Line (Namma Metro)|'''Green''']]
|[[Madavara metro station|Madavara]]–[[Tumkur]]
|{{cvt|59.6|km}}
|''TBD''
|-
|[[Silk Institute metro station|Silk Institute]]–[[Harohalli]]
|{{cvt|24
|km}}
|''TBD''
|-
| 3
| style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Yellow}};text-align: center;" |[[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|'''Yellow''']]
| [[Delta Electronics Bommasandra metro station|Delta Electronics Bommasandra]]–[[Attibele]]
| {{cvt|11|km}}
| ''TBD''
|-
| rowspan="3" | 4
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}};text-align: center;" |[[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|'''Pink''']]
| [[Kalena Agrahara metro station|Kalena Agrahara]]–[[Kadugodi Tree Park metro station|Kadugodi Tree Park]] (via [[Bannerghatta National Park|Bannerghatta]], [[Jigani]], [[Attibele]], [[Sarjapura]], Dommasandra, [[Varthur]])
| {{cvt|68|km}}
| ₹ 4,800 Cr.
|-
| [[Nagawara metro station|Nagawara]]–[[Kempegowda International Airport|KIA]] ''(via Thanisandara)''
| {{cvt|25|km}}
| ₹ 10,000 Cr.
|-
| style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}};text-align: center;" |[[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|'''Pink Line (Branch)''']]
| [[Jigani]]–Surya City Sports Complex
| {{cvt|4|km}}
|''TBD''
|-
| 5
| style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}};text-align: center;" |[[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|'''Blue Line (Branch)''']]
| [[Doddajala metro station|Doddajala]]–[[Devanahalli]]
| {{cvt|6|km}}
| ''TBD''
|-
|TBD
|New Line
|KR Pura–Hoskote
|{{cvt|15|km}}
|''TBD''
|-
| TBD
| ''New Line''
| [[Mahatma Gandhi Road metro station (Bengaluru)|MG Road]]–Hope Farm ''(via [[Marathalli]])''
| {{cvt|16|km}}
| ₹ 9,600 Cr.
|-
| TBD
| [[Inner Ring Line]]
| [[Sandal Soap Factory metro station|Yeshawanthapura TTMC]]–[[Mahalakshmi metro station|Mahalakshmi]]
| {{cvt|34|km}}
| ₹ 10,000 Cr.
|}

On 10 March 2023, the Government of Karnataka announced further extensions and routes. The new corridors costing ₹27,000 crores would add {{Convert|59|km|abbr=on}} of length to the system.<ref name="2023_proposals"/> There has also been a proposal for an [[Inner Ring Line]] Metro, as recommended by the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) and included in Comprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP-2019).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru traffic: IISc bats for Inner Ring underground Metro over DKS' tunnel road plan |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/bengaluru-traffic-iisc-bats-for-inner-ring-underground-metro-over-dks-tunnel-road-plan-11612841.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404193946/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/bengaluru-traffic-iisc-bats-for-inner-ring-underground-metro-over-dks-tunnel-road-plan-11612841.html |archive-date=2025-04-04 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] had sought an extension of the Yellow line from Bommasandra to [[Hosur railway station|Hosur Railway Station]], located in [[Hosur]], a city near the Karnataka-Tamil Nadu border. The Karnataka Government has advised the Tamil Nadu Government to conduct a feasibility study at its own cost.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==Finances==
===Funding===
====Phase 1====
[[File:Bangalore metro.jpg|thumb|Nadaprabhu kempegowda station, Majestic]]

Phase 1 missed nine deadlines, and its cost was revised four times. The initial cost estimate for Phase 1 when it was approved in 2006 was {{INRConvert|6395|c}}. The increase in length from {{convert|33|to|42.3|km|abbr=on}} increased the total cost to {{INRConvert|8158|c}}. Delays caused further escalations. The cost rose to {{INRConvert|11609|c}} in 2011 and {{INRConvert|13845|c}} in 2015. The final cost to build Phase 1 was estimated at {{INRConvert|14405.01|c}}.<ref name="ETPhaseICosts">{{cite news|title=Cost and & time overrun marks Bengaluru metro phase-I – The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/cost-and-time-overrun-marks-bengaluru-metro-phase-i/articleshow/57550535.cms|website=The Economic Times|access-date=9 March 2017|last1=Menezes|first1=Naveen}}</ref> Land acquisition for Phase 1 accounted for {{INRConvert|2500|c|nolink=yes}}.<ref name="NIE1">{{cite web|title=Metro June Deadline Stands, But With Rider|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Metro-June-Deadline-Stands-But-With-Rider/2016/01/20/article3235280.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122094941/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Metro-June-Deadline-Stands-But-With-Rider/2016/01/20/article3235280.ece|archive-date=22 January 2016|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref>

The Central and State Government funded 58.91% of the cost. The remaining 41.09% was secured through loans from domestic and foreign financial institutions.<ref name="ETPhaseICosts"/> BMRCL secured {{INRConvert|6500|c|nolink=yes}} through long-term loans and {{INRConvert|300|c|nolink=yes}} by selling bonds, while the remaining cost was funded by [[Government of India|Central Government]] and the [[Government of Karnataka|State Government]]. BMRCL secured loans from several agencies – {{INRConvert|3000|c|nolink=yes}} from the [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA), {{INRConvert|600|c|nolink=yes}} from the [[Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited]] (HUDCO), {{INRConvert|25|c|nolink=yes}} from the [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB), and the rest from the [[French Development Agency]]. Approximately 10% of the {{INR}}6500 crore had to be paid as interest by the BMRCL each year. The Federation of Karnataka Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FKCCI) estimated that this amounted to an interest payment of {{INRConvert|2|c|nolink=yes}} per day. BMRCL stated that interest component wasn't that high but it was "definitely more than {{INRConvert|1|c|nolink=yes}} per day".<ref name="NIE1"/>

[[File:Bangalore Metro 2.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Namma Metro elevated section]]

====Phase 2 /2A /2B====
On 3 January 2012, the Karnataka government approved a budget of {{INRConvert|27000|c|nolink=yes}} for Phase 2 of Namma Metro project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/admin-approval-for-namma-metro-phase-ii/217612-60-115.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710143105/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/admin-approval-for-namma-metro-phase-ii/217612-60-115.html |archive-date=10 July 2012 |title=Admin approval for Namma Metro Phase 2 – South India – Karnataka – ibnlive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date=6 March 2012}}</ref> Phase 2 is estimated to cost {{INRConvert|26405|c|nolink=yes}}. Land acquisition is expected to account for {{INRConvert|5000|c|nolink=yes}}.<ref name="NIE1"/> The Central and State Governments will fund around {{INR}}15,000 crore.<ref name="NIE10"/> The State and Central Governments will bear 30% and 20% of the project cost respectively. The remaining will be obtained through senior term loans.<ref>{{cite web|author=Bangalore, DHNS |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/286176/centres-nod-awaited-extend-metro.html |title=Centre's nod awaited to extend Metro to Bengaluru Intl Airport |work=Deccan Herald |date=17 October 2012 |access-date=4 March 2013}}</ref> BMRCL is permitted to raise up to {{INR}}9,000 crore through loans.<ref name="NIE10">{{cite web|last1=Lalitha|first1=S.|title=European Bank's Rs 3.7k crore fillip for Metro Phase-II|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/feb/06/european-banks-rs-37k-crore-fillip-for-metro-phase-ii-1567429.html|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=10 February 2017|date=6 February 2017}}</ref>

On 27 March 2012, [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB) signed an agreement to lend $250 million to BMRC to part-finance Phase 2. The loan marked the multilateral lending agency's foray into the urban transport sector in South Asia, the ADB said in a press release. The loan, approved by the ADB Board in March 2011, is the first ADB loan to the urban transport sector without recourse to sovereign guarantees.<ref>{{cite news|work=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/namma-metro-gets-250-mn-adb-loan/469240/ |title=Bangalore Metro gets $250 mn ADB loan |date=28 March 2012 |access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref> In 2016, the Agence Francaise De Development (AFD) sanctioned a {{INR}}1,600 crore loan for the project. The rate of interest on the loan is linked to Euro Interbank Offered Rate (Euribor) + 130 basis points. In early 2017, the [[European Investment Bank]] agreed to loan {{INR}}3,700 crore to BMRCL, with a repayment period of 20 years at a rate of interest lower than the one on the AFD loan.<ref name="NIE10"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Funding for Phase II|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Funding-for-Phase-II/article17029722.ece|website=The Hindu|date=12 January 2017 |access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref>

In May 2017, BMRC received in-principle approval from the European Investment Bank (EIB) to fund construction of the Gottigere-Nagawara line through a {{INR}}3700 crore loan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rs 3,700-cr loan likely for Nagawara-Gottigere line|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/610576/rs-3700-cr-loan-likely.html|website=Deccan Herald|date=9 May 2017 |access-date=11 May 2017}}</ref> The line is being co-financed by the [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]] and the Central and State Governments.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Briginshaw|first1=David|title=India seeks EIB loan for Bangalore metro Line 4|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/metros/india-seeks-eib-loan-for-bangalore-metro-line-4.html|website=[[International Railway Journal]]|date=28 February 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref>

Indian firms [[Biocon]] and [[Infosys]] announced that they would provide funding for the construction of the Hebbagodi and Electronics City metro stations respectively on the RV Road-Bommasandra Metro line. BMRC expects that each firm will contribute {{INRConvert|100|c}} towards the project. Biocon CMD [[Kiran Mazumdar Shaw]] stated that the company wanted to fund the project because it would help decongest the city. Both Biocon and Infosys have offices located near the stations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Biocon, Infy to Adopt Two Metro Stations – ETtech|url=http://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/technology/biocon-infy-to-adopt-two-metro-stations/58727080|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref>

BMRCL secured a $318 million loan from JICA in March 2021, and a $500 million loan from the ADB in August 2021 to fund construction of the ORR-Airport metro. The State and Union governments will contribute {{INRConvert|3973|c}}, and the Karnataka Government will pay an additional {{INRConvert|2762|c}} for land acquisition.<ref>{{cite web |title=Namma Metro: BMRCL Inks $500 Million Funding Deal With ADB For Under Construction ORR Metro, Achieves Financial Closure For Rs.14,844 Cr Project |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/namma-metro-bmrcl-inks-500-023446357.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAIwRfqddQJaBDf0rG9yy_uxn3ebUdxtXYJOhHx6i1SBvMKya7mfKiMF6_gVAuaVNZLpoT1AltO83DQd420OA85AKqFWn2Bt7rvMj_e7V5FwG2BZ1xQxduatfxGNL0jDsGnZQK3p1W5-C-xAMEDFOVZPCaye-IrOAXre2Y2qp7F_V |website=in.news.yahoo.com |access-date=20 August 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

===Revenues===
During the first month since the opening of Reach I of just 6.7 km, about 13,25,000 people travelled by metro.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/13-25-lakh-rode-the-Metro/articleshow/10862183.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715231328/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-25/bangalore/30440172_1_ridership-bmrc-bangalore-metro-rail-corporation | archive-date=15 July 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=13.25 lakh rode the Metro | url-status=live | date=25 November 2011}}</ref> On average, 41,390 people took the train every day, while the average daily revenue was {{INR}}{{formatnum:667262}}. The BMRC earned a revenue of {{INRConvert|2.1|c}} in its first month of operation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/namma-metro-gains-momentum/203997-60-119.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123041620/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/namma-metro-gains-momentum/203997-60-119.html |archive-date=23 November 2011 |title=Namma Metro gains momentum – southindia – Bangalore – ibnlive |work=IBNLive |date=20 November 2011 |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date=3 January 2012}}</ref> However, in the first six months of operation, average ridership went down to 24,968. The BMRC earned a total of {{INRConvert|6.6|c}} in the same period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_joyrides-in-bangalore-metro-are-over_1678319 |title=Joyrides in Bangalore Metro are over – Bangalore – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref> Namma Metro posted a profit of {{INRConvert|41|l|year=2012}} after about one year of operations of Reach I. BMRCL estimates that nearly 80 lakh passengers travelled on the system in its first year of operations.<ref name="dnaindia2">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_bangalore-metro-posts-rs41-lakh-profit-in-first-year_1753650 |title=Bangalore Metro posts Rs 41 lakh profit in first year – Bangalore – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=18 October 2012 |access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref> Namma metro is also pursuing selling retail space within the metro stations to generate non-fare revenue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/behind-bmrcls-non-fare-revenue-goals-1161542.html|title=Behind BMRCL's non-fare revenue goals|first=Shree D.|last=N|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

Note: The following table shows annual ridership and farebox revenue of Namma Metro since inception. The passenger count is calculated from average daily passenger count.<ref>{{cite web|title=Metro to complete 5 years of operations|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/metro-to-complete-5-years-of-operations/article9243191.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=2 November 2016|date=20 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="FT">{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Rajat |date=2025-09-24 |title=Bangalore Metro Route Map 2020: Station List, Fare, Timings |url=https://railmetro.com/bangalore/map |access-date=30 May 2020 |work=railmetro.com |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Passengers !! Fare box revenue ({{INR}})
!Total Revenue ({{INR}})<ref>Total Revenue includes Fare box revenue, Non Fare box revenue, and Reimbursement of Cash Loss</ref>
!Profits/Loss ({{INR}})
|-
| 2011–12
| 41,66,000
| {{INRConvert|6.17|c}}
|
|
|-
| 2012–13
| 66,36,000
| {{INRConvert|8.70|c}}
|{{INRConvert|49.46|c}}
|{{color|red|-57.06}}
|-
| 2013–14
| 72,55,000
| {{INRConvert|9.86|c}}
|{{INRConvert|35.93|c}}
|{{color|red|-83.18}}
|-
| 2014–15
| 1,14,00,000
| {{INRConvert|17.83|c}}
|{{INRConvert|42.98|c}}
|{{color|red|-263.26}}
|-
| 2015–16
| 1,68,00,000
| {{INRConvert|28.29|c}}
|{{INRConvert|54.24|c}}
|{{color|red|-360.99}}
|-
|2016–17
|5,42,25,130
|{{INRConvert|110.09|c}}
|{{INRConvert|145.12|c}}
|{{color|red|-457.85}}
|-
| 2017–18
| 10,92,06,905
| {{INRConvert|281.00|c}}
|{{INRConvert|539.48|c}}
|{{color|red|-352.25}}
|-
| 2018–19
| 13,37,38,555
| {{INRConvert|355.02|c}}
|{{INRConvert|535.86|c}}
|{{color|red|-498.41}}
|-
|2019–20
|17,42,19,000
|{{INRConvert|376.88|c}}
|{{INRConvert|476.23|c}}
|{{color|red|-598.58}}
|-
|2020–21
|3,50,40,000
|{{INRConvert|49.19|c}}
|{{INRConvert|86.78|c}}
|{{color|red|-912.14}}
|-
|2021–22
|8,21,25,000
|{{INRConvert|163.33|c}}
|{{INRConvert|228.76|c}}
|{{color|red|-455.79}}
|-
|2022–23
|17,73,90,000
|{{INRConvert|422.61|c}}
|{{INRConvert|784.55|c}}
|{{color|red|-641.86}}
|-
|2023–24
|23,27,76,000
|{{INRConvert|573.91|c}}
|{{INRConvert|990.02|c}}
|{{color|red|-349.07}}
|-
|2024–25
|27,66,70,000
|{{INRConvert|753.59|c}}
|{{INRConvert|1190.99|c}}
|{{color|red|-623.93}}
|}

==Infrastructure ==
{{Stack|

[[File:Metro first day rush.jpg|thumb|right|Inside a Metro coach on the day of Inauguration]]
}}

===Rolling stock===
BMRC procured 150 metro coaches for fifty three-car train sets in DMC-TC-DMC formation for Phase l of Namma Metro from [[BEML]] – [[Hyundai Rotem]], at a cost of Rs 1,672.50 crore (Rs 16.72 billion). Coach specifications were as follows: length 20.8m, width 2.88m, and height 3.8m. Each coach had a seating capacity of about 50 and standing capacity of 306 (basis 8 per sqm). Thus, each train had a capacity of about 1000. Traction is through four 180 kW motors in each motor coach. The trains have a maximum speed of 80 kmph and axle load of 15 tonnes. The trains operate on 750V DC with third rail bottom power collector system. Features include stainless steel body fully air-conditioned coaches, longitudinal bank of wide seats, wide vestibules between coaches, non-skid and non-slip floor surfaces, wi-fi enabled, four wide passenger access doors on each side, wide windows, automatic voice announcement system and electronic information and destination display system.

Initial operations began with three-coach trains. Each train had a capacity of 1000 passengers. As ridership increased, all trains were converted to six coaches.

The first train set made a trial run in December 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/bangalore-metro-trial.html|access-date=13 February 2011|title=Railway Gazette: Bangalore metro trial|archive-date=27 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027042834/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/bangalore-metro-trial.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In early 2017, BMRC floated tenders for an additional 150 coaches to convert all trains to 6 coach trains on the two Phase 1 routes.<ref>{{cite web|author=Bengaluru, DHNS |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/594727/metro-phase-1-set-meet.html |title=Metro Phase 1 set to meet April deadline |work=Deccan Herald |date=4 February 2017 |access-date=11 February 2017}}</ref> On 27 March 2017, BEML announced that it had won an {{INR}}1,421 crore contract to supply the coaches.<ref>{{cite web|title=BEML wins Rs 1,421-cr contract from Bangalore Metro|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/beml-wins-rs-1421cr-contract-from-bangalore-metro/article9602947.ece|website=Business Line|access-date=28 March 2017|date=27 March 2017}}</ref> The first six car train was introduced on the Purple Line on 23 June 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Second six-coach Namma Metro train flagged off - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/chief-minister-inaugurates-namma-metros-second-six-car-train-fob-at-majestic/articleshow/66066656.cms|access-date=24 January 2019|website=The Times of India|date=4 October 2018 }}</ref> By January 2020, all trains had been converted to six coaches.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Christin Mathew Philip|date=29 Jan 2020|title=All 42 metro trains now have 6 coaches, says BMRCL; passengers want better frequency |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/all-42-trains-now-have-6-coaches-says-bmrcl-passengers-want-better-frequency/articleshow/73744048.cms|access-date=6 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Free Wi-Fi service was made available to commuters on 31 July 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130801/news-current-affairs/article/bangalore-metro-goes-wi-fi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003191227/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130801/news-current-affairs/article/bangalore-metro-goes-wi-fi |archive-date=3 October 2013 |title=Bangalore Metro goes wi-fi |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=1 August 2013 |access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> Passengers also have emergency voice communication with train staff through a speaker system. Passengers are provided with a call button to communicate with the driver or control center during an emergency.<ref name="GT"/>
{| class="wikitable" align="center" style="text-align:center; style=" font-size:85%;margin:auto"
! colspan="13" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Rolling Stock Data for Operational Lines
|-
! rowspan="3" |No.
! rowspan="3" |Line name
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Terminals
! rowspan="3" |Stations
! rowspan="3" |Distance
! colspan="6" |Rolling Stock
! rowspan="3" |Opening date
|-
! colspan="2" |Available
! colspan="2" |On Order
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
!Train Sets
!Coaches Per Train Set
!Train Sets
!Coaches Per Train Set
!Train Sets
!Coaches Per Train Set
|-
! rowspan="1" |1
| rowspan="1" style="background:#8c2877; text-align: center;" |[[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|'''Purple''']]
|[[Challaghatta metro station|Challaghatta]]
|[[Whitefield (Kadugodi) metro station|Whitefield (Kadugodi)]]
| style="text-align: center;" |37
|{{Cvt|43.49|km|}}
| style="text-align: center;" |40
| rowspan="3" |6
|–
| rowspan="3" |6
|40
| rowspan="3" |6
| style="text-align:center;" |20 October 2011
|-
! rowspan="1" |2
| rowspan="1" style="background:#009933; text-align: center;" |[[Green Line (Namma Metro)|'''Green''']]
|[[Silk Institute metro station|Silk Institute]]
|[[Madavara metro station|Madavara]]
| style="text-align: center;" |32
|{{Cvt|33.46|km|}}
|18<ref name=":0">17 trains to be transferred to Purple Line. </ref>
|20
|38<ref name=":0" />
| style="text-align:center;" |1 March 2014
|-
!3
| rowspan="1" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Yellow}};text-align: center;" |[[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|'''Yellow''']]
|[[Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road metro station|Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road]]
|[[Delta Electronics Bommasandra metro station|Delta Electronics Bommasandra]]
| style="text-align: center;" |16
|{{Cvt|19.15|km|}}
|8
|13
|21
| style="text-align: center;" |11 August 2025
|-
! colspan="4" |Total
!83
!
!66
!396
!33
!198
!99
!594
!
|-
! colspan="13" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Rolling Stock data for Lines Under Construction
|-
!4
| rowspan="1" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}};text-align: center;" |[[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|'''Pink''']]
|[[Kalena Agrahara metro station|Kalena Agrahara]]
|[[Nagawara metro station|Nagawara]]
|18
|{{Cvt|21.25|km|}}
|5
| rowspan="2" |6
|18
| rowspan="2" |6
|23
| rowspan="2" |6
|''May 2026''
|-
!5
| rowspan="1" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}};text-align: center;" |[[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|'''Blue''']]
|{{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}}
|[[KIAL Terminals metro station|KIAL Terminals]]
|29
|{{Cvt|58.19|km|}}
|–
|37
|37
|''December 2026''
|-
! colspan="4" |Total
!46
!
!5
!30
!55
!330
!60
!360
!
|}

===Phase 2/2A/2B===
216 coaches for the Yellow Line as well as extensions of the Purple and Green Lines will be delivered by [[CRRC Nanjing Puzhen]] in partnership with [[Titagarh Wagons]], with 204 of 216 coaches to be built in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2022-07-25 |title=CRRC Keeps Its Contract To Supply 216 Namma Metro Coaches |url=https://metrorailnews.in/crrc-keeps-its-contract-to-supply-216-namma-metro-coaches/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> BMRCL awarded a contract to BEML to supply 360 coaches (60 trainsets with six coaches each) in August 2023 valued at 3,177Cr. 138 coaches (23 trainsets) will be deployed on the Pink Line, while 222 coaches (37 trainsets) will be deployed on the Blue Line.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro receives first China-made train for Purple Line |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/namma-metro-receives-first-china-made-train-for-purple-line-3353816 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

On 31 August 2024 BEML revealed the design of upcoming rolling stock for the Pink Line and Blue Line. The first prototype of Pink Line rolled out on December 2025. The coaches for the Blue Line will have specially designed luggage racks for passengers since the Blue Line connects to [[Kempegowda International Airport]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/beml-starts-process-to-make-driverless-metro-trains-for-blue-purple-lines-3172273 |title=BEML starts process to make driverless metro trains for Blue & Pink lines |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=31 August 2024 |access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>

On December 2025, BMRCL placed an order of 36 additional coaches (6 trainsets) for the Yellow Line. BMRCL announced that out of the 36 trainsets from CRRC-Titagarh, 21 DTG trainsets which was supposed to be deployed for both Green and Purple Lines, will now be commissioned only for the Green Line and 17 existing trainsets from BEML will be transferred from Green Line to Purple Line.

===Power supply===
In December 2009, [[ABB]] was awarded the contract to provide power solutions for the first phase of the planned metro network. ABB designed, supplied, installed and commissioned four substations that receive and distribute electricity, each rated at 66/33 kV, as well as the auxiliary and traction substations. ABB also provided an integrated network management system, or [[SCADA]] (supervisory control and data acquisition), to monitor and control the installations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abb.com/cawp/seitp202/59ac9f166e5a4a9ac1257685002930d9.aspx|work=The ABB Group|title=ABB wins $115 million order to power Bangalore metro|access-date=1 January 2010}}</ref> BMRC currently pays [[BESCOM]] {{INR}}5.7 per unit of electricity.<ref name="TimesofIndia2016"/>

In 2016, BMRCL signed an agreement with CleanMax Solar to set up solar installations at Baiyapanahalli and Peenya stations. After Phase 2 of the metro is complete, CleanMax Solar will set up similar installations at the metro depots in Challaghatta, Whitefield, Kothanur and Hebbagodi. As per the agreement, CleanMax Solar will bear the cost of installation and the BMRC will pay CleanMax a rate of {{INR}}5.5 per unit of electricity for three years. Following the three-year period, all six installations will be transferred to the BMRC. According to the BMRC director of operations NM Dhoke, "The 1.4 MW installation can generate up to 10,000 units, which help power the depot facilities. However, it is not sufficient to power the trains, but it will help us save {{INR}}51 crore over 25 years on energy".<ref name="TimesofIndia2016"/>

In February 2019, Alstom was awarded a GBP 62 million contract to provide electrification systems for Phase 2 of the Namma Metro. The company will construct 56 substations to supply power for Phase 2 of the system.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Songer |first1=Dave |title=Alstom signs £62-million deal with Bangalore Metro for electrification of Phase II. |url=https://www.smartrailworld.com/alstom-62-million-deal-bangalore-metro-electrification-of-phase-2 |website=smartrailworld.com |access-date=26 April 2019 }}</ref>

===Signaling===
In September 2009, the consortium led by [[Alstom]] Project India Limited was awarded a contract worth {{INRConvert|563.4|c|1}} to supply control and signalling system for the first phase of the project. The consortium is led by Alstom and composed of Alstom Transport SA, [[Thales Group]] Portugal S A, and [[Sumitomo Corporation]]. Alstom will provide the design, manufacture, supply, installing, testing, and commissioning of the train control and signalling system and Thales will provide the design, installing, testing, and commissioning of the telecommunication system for Phase 1 of the metro system. It includes the Urbalis 200 Automatic Train Control system which will ensure optimal safety, flexible operations and heightened passenger comfort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alstom.com/home/news/news/business_news/60752.EN.php?languageId=EN&dir=/home/news/news/business_news/ |work=Alstom |title=Alstom will provide train control and signalling system for the new Bangalore metro network in India |access-date=2 October 2011}} {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/alstom-led-consortium-in-pactbangalore-metro/370404/|title=Alstom-led consortium in pact with Bangalore Metro|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=18 September 2009|access-date=3 May 2010}}</ref>

The integrated control center at [[Baiyappanahalli metro station|Baiyyappanahalli]] has direct communication with trains and stations are [[CCTV]] fitted with visual and audio service information.<ref name="GT">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/namma-metro-is-a-geek-train/articleshow/10372596.cms |title=NAMMA-METRO-IS-A-GEEK-TRAIN |work=The Times of India |date=16 October 2011 |access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> Passengers have emergency voice communication with train staff.

===Stations===
{{Main|List of Namma Metro stations}}

There are 83 stations on the Namma Metro network. [[Majestic metro station|Majestic station]] is the largest with a total floor area of {{convert|48000|sqm|sqft}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=2,240 workers worked day in, day out to build India's largest metro station|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/2240-workers-worked-day-in-day-out-to-build-Indias-largest-metro-station/articleshow/52016650.cms|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref>

Initially, there were no toilets at Namma Metro stations. BMRCL eventually heeded public demand, and the metro's first toilets were opened at Baiyappanahalli and Indiranagar stations on 21 June 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1848356/report-at-metro-wanna-pee-pay-rs-3 |title=At Metro, wanna pee? Pay Rs 3 – Bangalore – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> As of February 2017, there were 33 ATMs at Namma Metro stations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro stations to get more ATMs|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/metro-stations-to-get-more-atms/article17338870.ece|website=The Hindu|date=21 February 2017|access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref>

The 12 underground stations built during Phase 2 will be smaller in size than the underground stations built in Phase I to minimise land acquisition costs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Namma Metro stations under Phase 2 will be smaller than Bengaluru Metro Phase 1 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/why-namma-metro-stations-under-phase-2-will-be-smaller-than-bengaluru-metro-phase-1/1549558/ |website=The Financial Express |access-date=4 May 2019 |date=16 April 2019}}</ref> All Phase I underground stations were 272 meters long and 24 meters wide, except for Chikkapete and K.R. Market stations which had the same width but were 240 meters long. In contrast, Phase 2's underground stations are shorter at 210 meters but retain the same width.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Phase-II: Underground stations will be smaller |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/apr/15/metro-phase-ii-underground-stns-will-be-smaller-1964414.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=14 April 2019 |access-date=4 May 2019}}</ref>

On 17 February 2017, [[Uber]] announced that it would open booking counters at 12 metro stations by the end of March 2017. The counters enable commuters to book an [[Uber]], and is aimed at commuters who do not have access to the internet or do not have the Uber [[mobile app]] installed on their phone. [[Ola Cabs]] announced a similar arrangement on 22 February 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru: Cab aggregator booking kiosks at Metro stations soon|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/in-other-news/230217/bengaluru-cab-aggregator-booking-kiosks-at-metro-stations-soon.html|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=23 February 2017|date=23 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=KJ|first1=Shashidhar|title=Ola will set up kiosks for cab booking at Bangalore metro stations|url=http://www.medianama.com/2017/02/223-ola-kiosks-bangalore-metro/|website=MediaNama|access-date=23 February 2017|date=23 February 2017}}</ref>

=== Depots ===
Under Phase 1, two depots were built at Baiyyappanahalli and Peenya. For the line extensions in Phase 2, BMRC is building additional depots at Silk Institute on the Green Line and at Challaghatta and Kadugodi for the Purple Line. For the new lines in Phase 2, depots are being built at Kothanur (Pink Line) and at Hebbagodi (Yellow Line).

For the Blue Line (airport line, Phase 2A), the Baiyyappanahalli depot is planned to be used<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.opencity.in/Documents/Drive/Metro-phase2A-DPR-KRP-to-Silkboard.pdf|title=DPR Silkboard-KRPuram-Airport Line}}</ref> as two depots are being built for the Purple Line at its ends. In addition, a depot is planned at Doddajala, near the Trumpet inter-change. The depot at Baiyappanahalli has an operations control center for managing the metro network and also a training center.
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style="text-align:center; style=" font-size:85%;margin:auto"
! colspan="5" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Operational Depots
|-
!No.
!Line name
!Depot
!Area (In Acres)
!Remarks
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}};text-align: center;" |[[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|'''Purple''']]
| Kadugodi
| 44.8
| Depot-cum-workshop
|-
|Baiyyappanahalli
|50
|Being converted to a depot for Blue Line
(''Kadugodi and Challaghatta depots will serve Purple Line'')
|-
! 2
| rowspan="1" style="background:#009933; text-align: center;" |[[Green Line (Namma Metro)|'''Green''']]
| Peenya
|100
|Depot-cum-workshop; To also be used by Orange Line
|-
! 3
| rowspan="1" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Yellow}};text-align: center;" |[[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|'''Yellow''']]
|Hebbagodi
| 39.3
|Depot-cum-workshop
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Under Construction
|-
!No.
!Line name
!Depot
!Area (In Acres)
!Remarks
|-
!1
| rowspan="1" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}};text-align: center;" |[[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|'''Purple''']]
|Challaghatta
|38.9
|Depot-cum-workshop
|-
!2
| rowspan="1" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}};text-align: center;" |[[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|'''Pink''']]
|Kothanur
| 31.5
|Depot-cum-workshop
|-
!3
| rowspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}};text-align: center;" |[[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|'''Blue''']]
|Baiyyappanahalli
|50
|Depot-cum-workshop; Operation control center; Metro training center
|-
!4
|Shettigere
| 22.62
|Depot-cum-workshop
|-
! 5
| rowspan="1" style="background:#009933; text-align: center;" |[[Green Line (Namma Metro)|'''Green''']]
| Anjanapura
| 8.9
|Depot, stabling
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Proposed Depots
|-
!No.
!Line name
!Depot
!Area (In Acres)
!Remarks
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1
| rowspan="1" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Orange}};text-align: center;" |[[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|'''Orange''']]
| rowspan="2" | Sumanahalli
| rowspan="2" | 75
| rowspan="2" | Depot-cum-workshop
|-
| rowspan="1" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Grey}};text-align: center;" |[[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|'''Grey''']]
|-
! 2
| rowspan="1" style="background:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Red}};text-align: center;" |[[Red Line (Namma Metro)|'''Red''']]
| Sarjapur
| TBD
| TBD
|}

===Vertical gardens===
The BMRC granted permission to Hydrobloom, a start-up company, to grow hydroponic plants on the pillars of the Namma Metro. Pillars covered with plants are referred to as vertical gardens. Hydrobloom had previously developed a vertical garden on a metro pillar near Rangoli Art Centre next to the MG Road Metro station. The gardens are intended for beautification and to reduce air pollution.<ref>{{cite web|title=Metro pillars a vertical garden – Bangalore Mirror -|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/metro-pillars-a-vertical-garden/articleshow/57563627.cms?|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref>

===Safety===
[[File:Pic from Namma metro baiyappanahalli station 1490.jpg|thumb|Derailment guard installed across the network]]

{{As of|February 2014}}, BMRCL has two road-cum-rail rescue vehicles that can be used to perform evacuations or re-load derailed trains back onto the track.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bmrcl-launches-roadcumrail-vehicle-for-rescue-operations/article5723229.ece|title=BMRCL launches road-cum-rail vehicle for rescue operations|work=The Hindu|date=24 February 2014|access-date=29 August 2015}}</ref>

The trains are equipped with derailment prevention equipment, and the tracks are equipped with concrete barriers to prevent trains from leaving the viaduct. The support pillars are earthquake-proof and are designed to have a lifespan of at least 100 years. Trains are equipped with sensors to detect impending collisions, and have automatic braking systems to prevent speed limits from being exceeded.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/weve-taken-steps-to-ensure-public-safety/articleshow/10514618.cms |title='We've taken steps to ensure public safety' |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 October 2011}}</ref> In case of train stoppages midway between stations during emergencies, pavements beside tracks are provided on elevated viaducts as well as in underground sections.

Since its opening, suicides on Namma Metro tracks have been a prevalent issue, and have raised concerns over the absence of platform screen doors, a safety feature present in other comparably lengthy Indian metro systems such as the [[Mumbai Metro]], [[Kolkata Metro]] and [[Chennai Metro]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-20 |title=Ex-Air Force personnel jumps onto Bengaluru Metro track, rescued by staff |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/bengaluru/story/ex-air-force-staffer-jumps-onto-bengaluru-metro-track-rescued-by-staff-2667301-2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-17 |title=Bihar man jumps on to tracks at Jnanabharati Namma Metro station, rescued by BMRCL staff |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bihar-man-jumps-on-to-tracks-at-jnanabharati-namma-metro-station-rescued-by-bmrcl-staff/article68651245.ece |access-date=2025-02-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-08-03 |title=Man dies after jumping in front of moving Metro train in Bengaluru |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Aug/03/man-dies-after-jumping-in-front-of-moving-metro-train-in-bengaluru |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> All lines from the [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]] onwards are equipped with platform-screen gates (platform-screen doors in underground stations). Following strong public demand, in August 2024, BMRCL has decided to retrofit all existing metro stations with PSDs as well, beginning with the [[Nadaprabhu Kempegowda station, Majestic metro station|Nadaprabhu Kempegowda (Majestic)]] and [[Sir M. Visveshwaraya station, Central College metro station|Sir M. Visveshwaraya (Central College)]] stations on the [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-04 |title=BMRCL planning to install platform screen doors at metro stations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bmrcl-planning-to-instal-platform-screen-doors-at-metro-stations/article68482312.ece |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Accessibility===
Yellow [[Tactile paving|tactile tiles]] are used at all stations to guide the visually impaired. The tiles start at the ramp and lead to the staircases and lifts.<ref>{{cite news|author=G. Ananthakrishnan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/linking-modes-of-commute/article4305038.ece |title=Linking modes of commute |work=The Hindu |date=14 January 2013 |access-date=4 March 2013 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Disabled and elderly passengers can avail a wheelchair at all metro stations. The wheelchair can be used by the passenger to board a train and then dropped off at the destination station.<ref name="TimesofIndia2016"/> In February 2017, BBMP and BMRC began a project to upgrade all footpaths along metro routes. The project is estimated to cost {{INR}}40 crore and was scheduled to be completed in 18 months.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sidewalks under Metro corridors to get a facelift|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/sidewalks-under-metro-corridors-to-get-a-facelift-work-begins-on-mg-rd/articleshow/57047972.cms|website=The Times of India|date=9 February 2017 |access-date=10 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Footpaths along 40-km Metro corridors to get facelift|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/595537/footpaths-along-40-km-metro.html|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=10 February 2017|date=9 February 2017}}</ref>

===Rainwater harvesting===
BMRCL, in a public-private partnership, [[Rainwater harvesting|harvests rainwater]] from the viaducts on the rail system. The private partner, Karnataka Rural Infrastructure Development (KRIDL), collects the water at multiple points, treats it, and sells it in bulk as potable water.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/article2716713.ece|title='Liquid' cash from viaduct|work=[[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India|date=15 December 2011}}</ref> Pipes inside each metro viaduct pillar carry the rainwater from the viaduct down to underground tanks located beneath the median. When these tanks overflow, the water is diverted to 5 metres deep rainwater harvesting pits. Two rainwater harvesting pits are installed between each pillar. The average distance between the two pillars is 28 meters. As of March 2017, a {{convert|33.48|km|abbr=on}} of the elevated metro is covered by the rainwater harvesting system. With the completion of Phase 2 of the metro, the BMRCL will cover a total of {{convert|58|km|abbr=on}} with rainwater harvesting systems.<ref>{{cite web|title=Metro will extend rainwater harvesting project to Phase 2|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/602583/metro-extend-rainwater-harvesting-project.html|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=24 March 2017|date=22 March 2017}}</ref> Around 8 crore litres of water are expected to be collected annually.<ref name="waterwisedna">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_namma-metro-gets-waterwise_1670379|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|title=Namma Metro gets waterwise|date=2 April 2012|access-date=24 June 2012|first=Merlin|last=Francis|location=Bangalore, India}}</ref>

BMRCL also harvests rainwater from the 140 acres depot facility at [[Peenya]]. Water will be collected from the {{formatnum:190000}} sq foot roof and stored in two tanks with a capacity of 50,000 litres each. Rainwater harvesting is also planned in existing and under-construction stations. The water harvested will be supplied to places where needed, and any excess will be used for [[groundwater recharge]].<ref name="waterwisedna"/>

BMRC has installed a water harvesting system along Reach 1 and will be doing the same for Reaches 3 and 4. Installation of flower beds was delayed due to garbage being dumped on the median by garbage collectors, BMRC will also set up flower beds on Reach 1 with assistance from the horticulture department. However, the work related to this has slowed down due to garbage contractors dumping garbage along the median, due to the lack of a waste management plan in the city.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/bangalore/Metro-medians-turn-garbage-dumps/articleshow/15369170.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126074840/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-06/bangalore/33064674_1_garbage-contractors-medians-dump-waste | archive-date=26 January 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Metro medians turn garbage dumps | url-status=live | date=6 August 2012}}</ref> BMRC also planned to rejuvenate [[Lakes in Bangalore|Kengeri and Veerasandra lakes]] using water collected from a nearby corridor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/bangalore/Lakes-to-come-alive-along-Metro-path/articleshow/17083346.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103073341/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-04/bangalore/34908256_1_n-sivasailam-bmrc-metro-path |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Lakes to come alive along Metro path |date=4 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_bmrcl-plans-to-rejuvenate-lakes-starting-with-kengeri_1759957 |title=BMRCL plans to rejuvenate lakes, starting with Kengeri – Bangalore – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=4 November 2012 |access-date=4 March 2013}}</ref>

==Operations==

===Fare collection===
[[File:Namma Metro Tickets.jpg|thumb|right|Ticket tokens (front and back view)]]
[[File:Varshik Card Namma Metro.jpg|right|thumb|Varshik Card (front and reverse)]]
[[MIFARE|MIFARE DESFire]] platform, developed by [[NXP Semiconductors]], was selected to manage the [[Automated fare collection system|Automated Fare Collection (AFC)]] for Namma Metro.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru Metro System Adopts NXP's MIFARE Technology|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/bengaluru-metro-system-adopts-nxps-mifare-technology-2012-01-23|website=MarketWatch|access-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125085549/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/bengaluru-metro-system-adopts-nxps-mifare-technology-2012-01-23|archive-date=25 January 2012|date=23 January 2012}}</ref> The system uses [[Contactless payment|contactless]] [[Token coin|smart tokens]], QR based tickets and [[contactless smart card]].<ref name="MH">{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro - Home |url=https://www.bmrc.co.in/ |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=www.bmrc.co.in |archive-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181732/http://english.bmrc.co.in/#/tickets |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Tokens are available only for a single journey and are captured by the gates on exit.<ref name="DPRPhase2"/> Namma Metro also provided group tickets which is a paper ticket with a higher discount for groups of people that was manually verified to pass through the gates.<ref name="MH"/> Smart cards can be used for multiple journeys.<ref name="DPRPhase2"/> There is currently one type of smart card available on the metro.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 October 2011 |title=Cities / Bangalore: 20,000 smart cards sold for metro ride |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Bangalore/article2545007.ece |access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> The smart card recharge can be done online through the Namma Metro app, [[Paytm]] and [[Amazon Pay]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro |url=https://www.bmrc.co.in/about-us/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614223405/https://www.bmrc.co.in/about-us/ |archive-date=2025-06-14 |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=www.bmrc.co.in}}</ref>

*''BMRC smart card'' or ''Varshik'' is priced at {{INR}}50, with ₹50 as a user deposit. The card is rechargeable, however for online transactions, the card is required to be presented at the gates within seven days and after one hour of recharge or at the card top-up terminals installed at all metros before 15 days after recharge to update the recharged amount on the card. Failing to do so, the amount will be refunded automatically with 2.5% service fee within 30 days. The card can be recharged anywhere from {{INR}}50 to {{INR}}2,500 in increments of {{INR}}50.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangalore Metro Recharge Portal |url=https://webtopup.bmrc.co.in/ContactUs.aspx |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=webtopup.bmrc.co.in}}</ref> Initially planned to be valid for one year after the last recharge, the validity has been changed to 10 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=yemen.syed |title=Bengaluru's Namma Metro smartcard validity extended to 10 years |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/bengalurus-namma-mter-smartcard-validity-extended-to-10-yearss-ymn-qh1nd6 |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref> It provides a 5% (earlier 15%) discount on fares.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.bmrc.co.in/Tickets#3|title=Namma Metro|website=english.bmrc.co.in|access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref>
*''Saral'' was available for {{INR}}70. It permitted one day's travel on BMTC non-air-conditioned buses and on the metro. ''Saral'' is no longer available.
*''Saraag'' was available for {{INR}}110. It permitted one day's travel on BMTC air-conditioned buses and on the metro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/20000-smart-cards-sold-for-metro-ride/article2545007.ece|title=20,000 smart cards sold for metro ride|date=17 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 September 2014}}</ref> ''Saraag'' is no longer available.
*''Sanchar'' was available in denominations of {{INR}}10, {{INR}}40, {{INR}}50 and {{INR}}100. ''Sanchar'' was withdrawn from 1 March 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Namma Metro withdraws Sanchar tickets|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Namma-Metro-withdraws-Sanchar-tickets/article17383438.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2 March 2017|date=28 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=BMRC withdraws cheaper trip tickets, commuters fume|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bmrc-withdraws-cheaper-trip-tickets-commuters-fume/articleshow/57411493.cms|website=The Times of India|date=March 2017 |access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref>
*National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) can be purchased from Namma metro stations free of charge by surrendering their varshik cards and in select Bank branches from 30 March. Initially the NCMC card was expected to be also used for shopping, fuel and travelling anywhere within India including BMTC and KSRTC ticketing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=vinaykumar.patil |title=Bengaluru Metro launches NCMC card; can be used nationwide for Metro, retail and petrol purchase |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/karnataka-news/bengaluru-metro-launches-ncmc-card-can-be-used-nationwide-for-metro-retail-and-petrol-purchase-vkp-rzn5lx |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref> However, as of September 2023, BMTC and KSRTC do not support NCMC cards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=National Common Mobility Card fails to make a mark in Bengaluru as bus agency is not on board |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/national-common-mobility-card-fails-to-make-a-mark-in-bengaluru-as-bus-agency-is-not-on-board-10573441.html |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

BMRCL began selling tokens through automatic ticket vending machines (ATVMs) on 4 December 2012 at MG Road, Indiranagar and Baiyyappanahalli stations. The service will eventually be expanded to all metro stations. The touchscreen-enabled ATVMs are available in three languages – English, Kannada, and Hindi. Commuters can purchase a single journey token by selecting the destination station or the amount in the ATVM. They can also add value or add trips to the contactless smart card. Commuters can purchase up to eight tickets at a time and can get the receipt printer for card recharge. ATVMs accept coins of {{INR}}5 and {{INR}}10 denominations and {{INR}}10, 20, 50, 100, 500 denominations of currency notes. However, the ATVM cannot differentiate between {{INR}}1 and {{INR}}2 coins.<ref>{{cite web|author=Bangalore, DHNS |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/296219/automatic-ticket-vending-metro-stations.html |title=Automatic ticket vending at Metro stations |work=Deccan Herald |date=3 December 2012 |access-date=4 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Yeshwantpur-Metro-link-work-picks-up-pace/articleshow/17483840.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126071112/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-05/bangalore/35619832_1_atvms-automatic-ticket-bmrc |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Yeshwantpur Metro link work picks up pace |date=5 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2013}}</ref>

In November 2016, BMRC began accepting online payments to recharge smart cards.<ref>{{cite web|title=BMRCL launches online system to top up Metro cards|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/581531/bmrcl-launches-online-system-top.html|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=18 November 2016|date=17 November 2016}}</ref> Approximately 68% of passengers on the metro use smart tokens and 32% use smart cards.<ref name="dnaindia2"/>

Metro system in Bengaluru charges full fare tickets for children above three years of age which is against the Indian government circular date 6 March 2020, No. TC-II/2910/2016/child fare/VIP. Circular number 12 states that "Children under five years of age shall be carried free and purchase of any ticket is not required". "In case of children of age 5 years to under 12 years of age (in case of no berth) only half of the applicable fare shall be charged and in this case, a minimum distance of charge shall not be applicable". (CC30 of 2017 dated 24 April 2017). Similarly Karnataka government public transport system does not collect fares from children under the age of 6 yrs and half fares from children under 12 yrs of age. Bengaluru metro decided to include 3 ft as a criterion to decide who is classified as a child. The average height of Indian babies at 3 yrs is much more than 90 cms. Since BMRCL is a joint venture of the Government of India and the Government of Karnataka, it should be expected to follow Government of India/ Karnataka rules.

On 26 March 2023, Prime Minister Narendra Modi symbolically launched the long awaited National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) in Bengaluru while he traveled on the newly inaugurated Whitefield stretch of the Purple Line using the NCMC.

On 9 February 2025, Namma Metro increased its fares, making it the costliest metro system in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru metro fare hike: Metro ridership falls by 10%, BMRCL rules out rationalisation of fare slabs |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/metro-ridership-falls-by-10-bmrcl-rules-out-rationalisation-of-fare-slabs-3403164 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The steep fare hikes resulted in over 100% increase on certain routes, later capped at 71% following public backlash.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-13 |title=Namma Metro fare hike capped at 70% following directive from CM |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-namma-metro-fare-hike-capped-at-70-following-directive-from-karnataka-cm/article69215011.ece |access-date=2025-02-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The fare hike led to a decline in ridership and widespread criticism from commuters and civic groups.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tandon |first=Aditi |date=2025-02-19 |title=In the fare-play business, Namma Metro has misplaced its priorities |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2025/02/in-the-fare-play-business-namma-metro-has-misplaced-its-priorities/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Mongabay-India |language=en-US}}</ref> Concerns were raised that the fare increase would discourage public transport usage and encourage private vehicle dependency, exacerbating Bengaluru’s already severe traffic congestion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro fare hike forces parents, students to consider school, college transfers |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/namma-metro-fare-hike-forces-parents-students-to-consider-school-college-transfers-3413299 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Christin Mathew |date=February 9, 2025 |title=Travellin' Blues: Congested Bengaluru now has the costliest Metro fare in India |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/travellin-blues-congested-bengaluru-now-has-the-costliest-metro-fare-in-india-12934854.html |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=Moneycontrol India}}</ref>

===Frequency===
The metro service runs between 05:00 and 23:00 hours. The service starts at 07:00 hours on Sundays. The end-to-end travel time on the Purple Line is approximately 85 minutes, and on the Green Line, nearly 60 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Metro speed upped on Purple line|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/588017/metro-speed-upped-purple-line.html|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=13 January 2017|date=24 December 2016}}</ref> Trains run every 5 minutes between Mysuru Road and Garudacharpalya on the Purple Line and between Nagasandra and Yelachenahalli on the Green Line, and every 10 minutes on other stations, due to inadequate trains.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-14 |title=More 5-minute frequency trains on Purple Line of Namma Metro in Bengaluru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/more-5-minute-frequency-trains-on-purple-line-of-namma-metro-in-bengaluru/article69330124.ece |access-date=2025-08-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The frequency may be increased after new trains are delivered to BMRCL. Trains currently run at an interval of 10 minutes on the Yellow Line, as only seven trains are available. Frequency on the Yellow Line will increase to 5 minutes after all trains are delivered, with an expected 15-train capacity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Update: Yellow Line Trains to Run Daily from 5 AM to 11 PM |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/namma-metro-yellow-line-trains-from-terminals-to-operate-from-5-am-to-11-pm-with-a-frequency-of-25-minutes-3663733 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Metro services have occasionally operated beyond 23:00 hours. Services are usually extended on festival days or when an international [[cricket]] match is held in the city.<ref>{{cite web|author=Bangalore, DHNS |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/300329/bar-timings-relaxed-revellers.html |title=Bar timings relaxed for revellers |work=Deccan Herald |date=22 December 2012 |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Metro-to-run-till-midnight-today-tomorrow/articleshow/17738245.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126115250/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-24/bangalore/35990901_1_bmrc-namma-metro-2am |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Metro to run till midnight today, tomorrow |date=24 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref>

===Ridership===
The Purple Line's Reach-1 of 6.7 km was the first to open, in October 2011. On the first three days of operations of Reach-1, 169,019 people rode the metro.<ref name="HR"/> At the end of the fourth day, about 200,000 passengers had already commuted on Namma Metro. In the first month since opening of Reach-1, about 1,325,000 people had travelled by metro. Thus, on average, 41,390 people took the train each day during the first month. However, the average ridership in the first six months of operation dropped to 24,968.<ref name="FT"/>

The northern section of the [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]] (Reach 3, 3A - 9.9 km) opened in March 2014. About 25,000 passengers travelled on the northern section on the opening day.<ref name="Metro_Green_Line_Launch"/> In the first month of operations of the Green Line stretch, 762,000 people used the line, at a daily average of 24,605.

Reach-1, Reach-3/3A and Reach-2 (opened in November 2015) operated independently until the east–west underground section of Purple Line (connecting Reaches 1 and 2) was opened in April 2016. Once the east and west reaches were inter-connected with the intermediate underground section of the Purple Line, ridership surged hugely to nearly 100,000 a day on the line in the first few days.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Indo-Asian News|date=2016-05-02|title=Record one lakh commuters travel in Bengaluru metro on Sunday|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/record-one-lakh-commuters-travel-in-bengaluru-metro-on-sunday-1152129/|access-date=2021-08-23|website= India.com|language=en}}</ref> After the north–south underground section was opened (simultaneously with the elevated reaches 4,4A in the south), the network provided connectivity in all four directions with interchange between the lines and this increased ridership further, reaching between 350,000 and 360,000 on average by December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=17 crore passengers have boarded Bengaluru Metro since 2011|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/dec/29/17-crore-passengers-have-boarded-bengaluru-metro-since-2011-1739328.html|access-date=2021-08-23|website=The New Indian Express|date=29 December 2017}}</ref>

As ridership kept growing, overcrowding became a serious concern. Hence, 3-coach trains began to be converted to 6 coaches. The first six car train was introduced on the Purple Line on 23 June 2018. By January 2020, all trains had been converted to six coaches.<ref name="TimesofIndia2016"/>

During 2019–20, the annual ridership was 174.22 million (average during the year was thus 477,315). The maximum daily ridership of 601,164 was on 25 October 2019 while the highest daily revenue of Rs.1.67 crore was on 2 March 2020. In January 2020, ridership averaged 518,074.<ref name="JN"/>

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, services were halted from 25 March 2020 onwards. Operations resumed on 7 September 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-06|title=Bengaluru Metro to restart tomorrow. Here's all you need to know|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-to-resume-from-tomorrow-here-s-all-you-need-to-know/story-aFRVSt0vlKpZo1dWpaHyUN.html|access-date=2021-08-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> In the second wave, operations were again halted from 27 April 2021 to 20 June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=25 Jun 2021|title=Bengaluru: Covid-hit Metro operator plans to raise Rs 500 crore|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-covid-hit-metro-operator-plans-to-raise-rs-500-crore/articleshow/83830568.cms|access-date=2021-08-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Services remained limited throughout the pandemic period and ridership was low due to enforcement of constrained capacity and social distancing norms, as stipulated by the state government.

As of March 2024, the metro system had an average daily ridership of about 636,000 passengers.<ref>{{cite news |last=S |first=Lalitha |date=22 April 2024 |title=Bengaluru Metro clocks highest ever profit of Rs 130 crore |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Apr/22/bengaluru-metro-clocks-highest-ever-profit-of-rs-130-crore#:~:text=BENGALURU%3A%20For%20the%20second%20consecutive,provisional%20figures%20readied%20by%20them. |access-date=2024-04-22 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref> On 11 August 2025, the ridership was 10.48 lakh, the highest recorded till then in the history of Namma Metro, surpassing 10 lakh for the first time, soon after the launch of Yellow line.<ref name="daily_ridership_record">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-12 |title=Bengaluru metro ridership crosses 1 million for the first time after Yellow Line opens |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-metro-ridership-crosses-1-million-for-the-first-time-after-yellow-line-opens-3677771 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

===Speed===
The system is designed for a maximum train speed of {{convert|80|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. However, the [[Research Design and Standards Organization]] (RDSO) fixed the speed at which trains are allowed to operate commercially as {{convert|67.50|km/h|abbr=on}} on straight sections, {{convert|35|km/h|abbr=on}} on curves, and {{convert|45|km/h|abbr=on}} in stations.<ref>{{cite news |agency=DHNS|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/334060/rdso-no-hurry-allow-metro.html |title=RDSO in no hurry to allow Metro to up speed |work=Deccan Herald |date=22 May 2013 |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref>

===Security===
The Karnataka State Industrial Security Force (KISF) is responsible for security on the Namma Metro.<ref>{{cite web|title=Namma Metro security cover to soon get a boost|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/mar/18/namma-metro-security-cover-to-soon-get-a-boost-1582683.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=18 March 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017}}</ref> [[Bangalore Police]] conducted detailed mock drills at metro stations for the first time on 25 March 2017. Police officials stated that the drill was to assess readiness to deal with situations such as hoax bomb calls, terrorist infiltration, or attacks. Sniffer dogs, bomb detection and disposal squad, anti-sabotage squad, and Quick Reaction Teams (QRTs) were involved in the drill. Police had previously conducted basic mock drills, but this was the first one aimed toward dealing with specific threats. The chosen day was a Saturday, when crowds are usually larger, in order to make the drill more challenging for officers. The BMRCL had not informed of the drill in advance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mock drill at Metro stations takes passengers aback|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/603206/mock-drill-metro-stations-takes.html|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=26 March 2017|date=26 March 2017}}</ref>

===Laws===
The Bangalore Metro Rail (Carriage and Ticket) Rules 2011 limit the weight of personal baggage to 15 kg. Rule 3 says: "No person shall, while traveling in metro railway, carry with him any goods other than small baggage containing personal belongings not exceeding 60cm x 45cm x 25cm in size and 15kg in weight, except with the prior approval of the metro railway administration." The rules also prohibit carrying explosive, inflammable, and poisonous substances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/208714/metro-gets-luggage-scanners.html#top|title=Metro gets luggage scanners|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=2 December 2011}}</ref>

The [[Metro Railway (Operations and Maintenance) Act, 2002]], imposes fines and in some cases jail sentences for offences committed on the metro.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} Anyone indulging in sabotaging the train or maliciously hurting or attempting to hurt other passengers while travelling in the metro can face imprisonment for up to 10 years. Pasting posters or drawing graffiti on the walls of stations or trains is punishable by a fine of {{INR}}1,000 or imprisonment for up to six months. [[Public intoxication|Traveling in an inebriated state]] or creating [[nuisance]] in the train is punishable by a {{INR}}500 fine.<ref>{{cite news |agency=DHNS |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/286409/commuters-brush-etiquette-namma-metro.html |title=Commuters' brush with etiquette on Namma Metro |work=Deccan Herald |date=18 October 2012 |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> Passengers are monitored at security checkpoints and those that are causing trouble, heavily drunk, or carrying forbidden items are not permitted to board.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121225/news-current-affairs/article/no-entry-drunk-commuters-metro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226183347/http://deccanchronicle.com/121225/news-current-affairs/article/no-entry-drunk-commuters-metro |archive-date=26 December 2012 |title=No entry for drunk commuters in Metro |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=25 December 2012 |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> Spitting on the metro premises is punishable by a fine of {{INR}}100.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/bangalore/Not-fine-to-spit-in-Metro/articleshow/16761047.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103160852/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-11/bangalore/34385975_1_namma-metro-metro-premises-metro-s-operation |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Not fine to spit in Metro |date=11 October 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref>

===Mobile app===
The BMRCL launched a Namma Metro [[Mobile app|app]] for [[Android (operating system)|Android devices]] in 2013. However, it had limited features.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/481450/app-namma-metro-once-phase.html|title=New app for Namma Metro once Phase 1 gets fully operational|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=29 August 2015|date=4 June 2015}}</ref> The app was officially re-launched on 4 November 2016 with additional features.<ref>{{cite web|author=Bengaluru: DHNS |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/579445/metro-trial-run-national-college.html |title=Metro trial run between National College, Puttenahalli in 3 weeks |work=Deccan Herald |date=5 November 2016 |access-date=11 February 2017}}</ref> The app was developed by the [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]] (CDAC). The app allows users to purchase and recharge smart cards, locate nearby metro stations and also provides information related to parking, train frequency, route map, and fare details.<ref name="TimesofIndia2016">{{cite news|title=BMRC hoping to finish work on Sampige Road-Puttenahalli line ahead of April 2017 deadline|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/BMRC-hoping-to-finish-work-on-Sampige-Road-Puttenahalli-line-ahead-of-April-2017-deadline/articleshow/55252282.cms|website=The Times of India|date=5 November 2016 |access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Unofficial' apps of govt transport corpns flood digital platform|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/575467/unofficial-apps-govt-transport-corpns.html|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=2 November 2016}}</ref>

=== WhatsApp chatbot ===
BMRCL introduced a WhatsApp chatbot named Bhagya which can provide easy recharge of smart cards, locations of nearby metro stations and information regarding train frequency and fare details.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-21 |title=WhatsApp Business partners with metro service providers, introduces e-ticketing chatbot |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/whatsapp-business-partners-with-metro-service-providers-introduces-e-ticketing-chatbot/articleshow/98102170.cms? |access-date=2023-10-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Fire safety===

Namma Metro has a dedicated fire team to take care of operations and maintenance<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pant |first=Seema |date=2025-04-24 |title=Namma Metro Rail Maintainer Vacancy 2025 |url=https://vacancysutra.com/metro-rail-maintainer-vacancy-2025/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |language=Hi-IN}}</ref> of the firefighting system installed in metro stations. They conduct regular mock exercises and liaison with the State Fire Department for any assistance in case of fire emergency.

==In popular culture==
Several films and commercials have been shot on the Namma Metro premises. The BMRCL charges {{INRConvert|50000}} for shooting inside a metro station, and {{INRConvert|40000}} for shoots inside a metro train during peak hours between 6 am to 10 pm. During non-peak hours, from 10 pm to 4 am, the agency charges {{INRConvert|50000}} for shoots inside metro stations and {{INRConvert|20000}} inside a train. The film producers must also make a security deposit of {{INRConvert|5|l|nolink=yes}}, as insurance for the metro property. Film shoots are permitted during three slots – 6 to 8 am, 12 pm to 2 pm, and 9 to 11 pm. [[Kannada]] films can avail lower rates.<ref name = "BMfilm">{{cite web|title=Shooting in the metro tunnel|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/shooting-in-the-metro-tunnel/articleshow/55900331.cms|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref>

The first film to shoot on Namma Metro was the Kannada blockbuster ''[[Ugramm]]'' in 2013. Later many other Kannada movies, including the 2015 film ''[[Rana Vikrama]]'' starring [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] and [[Adah Sharma]], were shot using Namma Metro's facilities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/Puneeth-Rajkumar-Adah-Sharma-shoot-at-MG-Road-Metro-Station-Bangalore/articleshow/40670025.cms|title=Puneeth Rajkumar, Adah Sharma shoot at MG Road Metro Station, Bangalore - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=23 August 2014 }}</ref>

The 2012 Malayalam film ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'', starring [[Fahadh Faasil]] and [[Rima Kallingal]], has a song sequence shot in the Namma Metro coach.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

In 2017, Kannada flim "Bharjari" starring Dhruva Sarja and Rachita Ram, the introduction scene of Rachita Ram was shot in July 2016 at Mahatma Gandhi Road Metro Station.

In December 2016, the Tamil film ''[[Imaikkaa Nodigal]]'', starring [[Nayanthara]], became the first film to shoot scenes inside the tunnel stretch of the Purple Line. According to BMRC officials, prior to this film, one Kannada film, one Telugu film and several commercials had been shot on the Namma Metro premises.<ref name = "BMfilm"/>

In February 2017, a [[mobile game]] based on Namma Metro was released. It is called ''Bangalore Metro Simulator 2017'', and allows users to drive on both the Purple Line and Green Line.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

== Controversies ==
In August 2021, the Karnataka government requested large corporations with offices on the Outer Ring Road (ORR) to consider extending [[remote work]] policies until the end of 2022 to reduce [[traffic congestion]] during the soon-to-be initiated metro rail construction on the stretch from Silk Board to KR Puram.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/allow-wfh-till-dec-2022-to-help-bengaluru-metro-work-k-taka-govt-to-it-firms-101629777570297.html |title=Allow WFH till Dec 2022 to help Bengaluru Metro work: K'taka govt to IT firms |last=Poovanna |first=Sharan |date=24 August 2021 |website=www.hindustantimes.com |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=5 September 2021 |quote= Allow WFH till Dec 2022 to help Bengaluru Metro work: K'taka govt to IT firms}}</ref> Due to questions raised by IT companies and employees awaiting return to their offices, the government issued a clarification that it was not mandatory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/karnataka-govt-retracts-wfh-advisory-for-it-companies-along-bengaluru-outer-ring-road-after-backlash-9932751.html |title=Karnataka govt retracts WFH advisory for IT companies along Bengaluru Outer Ring Road after backlash |author= |date=2 September 2021 |website=www.firstpost.com |publisher=FP Trending |access-date=5 September 2021 |quote=The government clarified its stand later. Reddy issued a new notification saying that the advisory was not mandatory and should not be treated as such.}}</ref>

On 10 January 2023, there was an accident when an under-construction metro pillar rebar on the ORR stretch of the Blue Line fell sideways on a motor vehicle, leading to the death of a woman (Tejaswini Sulakhe) and her child (Vihan)<ref>{{cite news |date=12 January 2023 |title=Metro pillar crash: Sudden loss leaves Bengaluru family shattered |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/sudden-loss-leaves-family-shattered-granddad-says-will-fight-bengaluru-metro-apathy/articleshow/96896552.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=H. M. Chaithanya Swamy |author2=Sneha Ramesh |title='I wish I had died too': Husband recalls Bengaluru metro accident horror |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/i-wish-i-had-died-too-husband-recalls-bengaluru-metro-accident-horror-1179829.html |newspaper=Deccan Herald |agency=DHNS}}</ref> riding on a scooter in HBR Layout. Some officials of the BMRCL and the Nagarjuna Construction Company (with whom the BMRCL had a contract) had been booked. This has led to allegations of corruption and negligence of the civic bodies by the media.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 January 2023 |title=Bengaluru metro structure falls; techie, kid killed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-metro-structure-falls-techie-kid-killed/articleshow/96893009.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui, DHNS |first=Muthi-ur-Rahman |title=What caused the under-construction metro pier in Bengaluru to fall? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/what-caused-the-under-construction-metro-pier-in-bengaluru-to-fall-1179827.html |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> BMRCL announced a financial assistance of {{INR}} 20 lakh.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 January 2023 |title=Metro structure falls on family of 4, kills mother & toddler-son in Bengaluru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/metro-structure-falls-on-family-of-4-kills-mother-toddler-son-in-bengaluru/articleshow/96894318.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2023 |title=I regret not insisting on her to work from home, says mother-in-law of Bengaluru Metro pillar collapse victim |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-metro-pillar-collapse-victim-mother-in-law-8373885/}}</ref> Chief Minister [[Basavaraj Bommai]] also announced a separate compensation of Rs 10 lakh for each of the deaths from the Chief Ministers' Relief Fund.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title='I will pay you Rs 1 crore. Can you bring back my daughter and grandson?': Bengaluru Metro pillar collapse victim's father |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/can-you-bring-back-daughter-grandson-bengaluru-metro-pillar-collapse-victim-father-8375477/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2023 |title=Bengaluru News Highlights: Woman, her son die after under-construction metro pillar collapses in Hennur; CM Bommai announces Rs 10 lakh compensation each |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-news-live-updates-weather-traffic-8369412/}}</ref>

In October 2023, a proposal was made to rename the Namma Metro after the 12th-century Kannada philosopher [[Basava|Basaveshwara]]. Many citizens urged that the original name of the metro be kept, with some telling the government to focus on other infrastructure projects in Bengaluru.

The opening of the Yellow Line was delayed to lack of trainsets. The train contract was granted to Chinese company CRRC, which struggled first to obtain clearances for a new manufacturing facility, then was unable to secure visas for Chinese engineers until December 2023 due to a downturn in [[China–India relations]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/123173362.cms|title=From Covid to geopolitics: Here's why you'll wait 25 minute on Bengaluru Metro Yellow Line|work=The Times of India |date=8 August 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

== Network map ==
{{Rapid transit OSM map|system_qid=Q279343|single_line=y|stations=y|stations_qid=Q279343|zoom=11|frame-width=550|frame-height=370}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Bangalore}}
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
* [[Bengaluru Suburban Railway]]
* Namma Metro
** [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]]
** [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]]
** [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]]
** [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]
** [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]
** [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|Orange Line]]
** [[Grey Line (Namma Metro)|Grey Line]]
** [[Red Line (Namma Metro)|Red Line]]
** [[Aqua Line (Namma Metro)|Inner Ring Line]]
** [[List of Namma Metro stations]]
** [[Rangoli Metro Art Center]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Bangalore}}
{{Rapid transit OSM map|display=title|text=Metro map}}
* [https://www.bmrc.co.in/news-letters/ Official monthly newsletters Jan 2018 onwards (English)]
* [https://kannada.bmrc.co.in/news-letters/ Official monthly newsletters Jan 2018 onwards (Kannada)],
* [http://static.esgindia.org/campaigns/Tree%20felling/Hasire%20Usiru/research/Metro_DPR.html Phase I Detailed Project Report (DPR)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150412044231/http://bmrc.co.in/pdf/phase2/phase2forweb.pdf Phase II DPR Executive Summary]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161112025912/http://www.bmrc.co.in/pdf/news/KRP_to_Silkboard.pdf Outer Ring Road metro DPR]

{{Bangalore topics|left}}
{{Namma Metro|all=yes}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{International Metro Organizations}}

[[Category:Namma Metro| ]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:750 V DC railway electrification]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Karnataka]]

Guinness World Records

2026-03-28T00:11:07Z

Surojit098: cleanup

{{short description|British reference book listing world records}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Redirect|Guinness Records|the record label|Guinness Records (record label)}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox book
| editor = Craig Glenday<ref name="Corporate">{{Cite web |title=Corporate |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/corporate/about_us_5.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100319003037/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/corporate/about_us_5.aspx |archive-date=19 March 2010 |access-date=19 October 2010 |publisher=Guinness World Records}}</ref>
| image = Guinness World Records logo.svg
| caption = Guinness World Records Limited
| image_size =150px
| language =
| country = United Kingdom<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinness World Records |url=https://www.linkedin.com/company/guinness-world-records |website=[[LinkedIn]]}}</ref>
| publisher = [[Jim Pattison Group]]
| english_pub_date = {{Start date and age|27 August 1955}}–present
| media_type = {{hlist|Book|television}}
| oclco =
| website = {{official URL}}
}}

'''''Guinness World Records''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɪ|n|ɪ|s}}), known from its inception in 1955 until 1999 as '''''The Guinness Book of Records''''' and in previous United States editions as '''''The Guinness Book of World Records''''', is a British [[reference book]] published annually, listing [[world record]]s both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world. [[Hugh Beaver|Sir Hugh Beaver]] created the concept in order to settle arguments debated in [[pub]]s, and twin brothers [[Norris McWhirter|Norris]] and [[Ross McWhirter]] co-founded the book in [[London]] in late August 1955.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2025-10-15 |title=The Guinness World Records {{!}} Description, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Guinness-Book-of-World-Records |access-date=23 October 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

The first edition topped the bestseller list in the United Kingdom by Christmas 1955. The following year the book was launched internationally, and as of the 2026 edition, it is now in its 71st year of publication, published in 100 countries and 40 languages, and maintains over 53,000 records in its database.<ref name=":3" />

The international [[Franchising|franchise]] has extended beyond print to include [[Television show|television series]] and [[Museum|museums]]. The popularity of the franchise has resulted in ''Guinness World Records'' becoming the primary international source for cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records. The organization employs record adjudicators to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records.

Following a series of owners, the franchise has been owned by the [[Jim Pattison Group]] since 2008, with its headquarters moved to [[South Quay Plaza]], [[Canary Wharf]], London, in 2017. Since 2008, ''Guinness World Records'' has orientated its business model away from selling books, and towards creating new world records as publicity exercises for individuals and organizations, which has attracted criticism.

==History==

On 10 November 1951, Sir [[Hugh Beaver]], then the managing director of the [[Guinness Breweries]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of the Book |url=http://guinness.book-of-records.info/history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225172648/http://guinness.book-of-records.info/history.html |archive-date=25 February 2012 |access-date=10 February 2012 |website=Guinness Record Book Collecting}}</ref> went on a shooting party in the [[North Slob]], by the [[River Slaney]] in [[County Wexford]], Ireland. After missing a shot at a [[European golden plover|golden plover]], he became involved in an argument over whether the golden plover or the [[red grouse]] was the fastest [[Game (food)|game bird]] in Europe (the plover is faster, but neither is the fastest game bird in Europe).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fionn Davenport |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfL3QnPMi9oC&pg=PA193 |title=Ireland |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2010 |isbn=9781742203508 |page=193 |access-date=13 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513022833/https://books.google.com/books?id=RfL3QnPMi9oC&pg=PA193 |archive-date=13 May 2016 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> That evening at [[Castlebridge]] House, he realized that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europe's fastest game bird.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Early History of Guinness World Records |url=http://freespace.virgin.net/james.robertson/history2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701200438/http://freespace.virgin.net/james.robertson/history2.htm |archive-date=1 July 2007 |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cavendish |first=Richard |date=August 2005 |title=Publication of the Guinness Book of Records: 27 August 1955 |journal=[[History Today]] |volume=55}}</ref> Beaver knew that there must have been numerous other questions debated nightly among the public, but there was no book in the world with which to settle arguments about records.<ref name="first">{{Cite news |title=Why Was the Guinness World Records Book First Published? |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2022/9/why-was-the-guinness-world-records-book-first-published-714607 |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=Guinness World Records |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530223728/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2022/9/why-was-the-guinness-world-records-book-first-published-714607 |url-status=live }}</ref> He realized then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove successful.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Guinness World Records 2005 |publisher=Guinness; 50th Anniversary edition |year=2004 |isbn=1892051222 |page=6}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| direction =
| width = 135
| image1 = Norris McWhirter (1977).jpg
| image2 = Ludgate House, Ludgate Circus EC4 - geograph.org.uk - 1272076.jpg
| footer = [[Norris McWhirter]] co-founded the book with his twin brother [[Ross McWhirter|Ross]] in August 1955 at Ludgate House, 107 [[Fleet Street]], London.
| align =
| total_width =
}}

Beaver's idea became a reality when Guinness employee [[Christopher Chataway]] recommended university friends [[Norris McWhirter|Norris]] and [[Ross McWhirter]], who had been running a fact-finding agency in London.<ref name="NorrisObWash">{{Cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Adam |date=21 April 2004 |title=Norris McWhirter Dies; 'Guinness Book' Co-Founder |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2004/04/21/norris-mcwhirter-dies/278c9125-e98d-4bd4-94df-90720769fddd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220155522/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2004/04/21/norris-mcwhirter-dies/278c9125-e98d-4bd4-94df-90720769fddd/ |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=20 February 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> The twin brothers were commissioned in August 1954 to compile {{clarify|text=what became ''The Guinness Book of (Superlatives and now) Records''.|reason=Does this mean "what was first published as ''The Guinness Book of Superlatives'' and later [certainly not now] as the ''The Guinness Book of Records''?|date=December 2025}} A thousand copies were distributed for free to pubs across Britain and Ireland as a promotional asset for the Guinness brand, and they became immensely popular with customers.<ref name="first" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinness Book History 1950 – Present |url=http://spyhunter007.com/spy_guinness_book_history.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513093133/http://spyhunter007.com/spy_guinness_book_history.htm |archive-date=13 May 2006 |access-date=5 July 2006 |website=spyhunter007.com}}</ref>

After the founding of ''The Guinness Book of Records'' office at the top of Ludgate House, 107 [[Fleet Street]], London, the first 198-page edition was bound on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British bestseller list by Christmas.<ref name="best seller">{{Cite news |title=Guinness World Records History |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/60/through_the_years.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113002351/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/60/through_the_years.html |archive-date=13 November 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |work=Guinness World Records}}</ref> The following year, it was introduced into the United States by New York publisher [[David A. Boehm|David Boehm]] and sold 70,000 copies.<ref name="Martin">{{Cite news |last=Martin |first=Douglas |date=10 February 2000 |title=David Boehm, 86, Record-Keeper to the World |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/10/arts/david-boehm-86-record-keeper-to-the-world.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213045808/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/10/arts/david-boehm-86-record-keeper-to-the-world.html |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 February 2022 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Since then, ''Guinness World Records'' has sold more than 150 million copies in 100 countries and 40 languages.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Here's How the Guinness World Records Went from a Way to Settle Pub Arguments to a Worldwide Phenomenon |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/guinness-world-records-surviving-age-of-internet-and-social-media-2023-6 |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=Business Insider |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608092801/https://www.businessinsider.com/guinness-world-records-surviving-age-of-internet-and-social-media-2023-6 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinness World Records Corporate – Home |url=http://corporate.guinnessworldrecords.com/index.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821044202/http://corporate.guinnessworldrecords.com/index.aspx |archive-date=21 August 2015 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref>

[[File:Kobayashi Takeru, Japanese competitive eater 2.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Japanese [[competitive eater]] [[Takeru Kobayashi]] with two Guinness World Record certificates]]
Due to the book's surprise success, many further editions were printed, eventually settling into a pattern of one revision a year, published in September/October, in time for Christmas.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Guinness Is Good for You at Christmas - but Not for Publishers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2011/dec/02/guinness-christmas-publishers-sales |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> The McWhirters continued to compile it for many years. Both brothers had an encyclopedic memory; on the British children's television series ''[[Record Breakers]]'' (based upon the book), which was broadcast on the [[BBC]] from 1972 to 2001, they would take questions posed by children in the audience on various world records and were able to give the correct answer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sheridan |first=Simon |title=The A-Z of Classic Children's Television: From Alberto Frog to Zebedee |date=2004 |publisher=Reynolds & Hearn Ltd |isbn=1903111277 |pages=217–221}}</ref> [[Ross McWhirter#Assassination|Ross McWhirter was assassinated]] by two members of the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] in 1975, in response to offering a £50,000 reward for information that would lead to the capture of members of the organization.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2004 |title=Record Breakers' McWhirter Dies |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3643039.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227122349/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3643039.stm |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=9 June 2014 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Following Ross's assassination, the feature on the show where questions about records posed by children were answered was called ''Norris on the Spot''. Norris carried on as the book's sole editor.<ref name="NorrisObWash" />

[[File:Where’s Wally World Record (5846729480).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Attendees at the 2011 ''[[Where's Wally?]]'' Guinness World Record event in Dublin, Ireland. Setting a record for 3,872 people dressed as Wally, the total was surpassed in 2017 with 4,626 people in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2017 |title=Where's Wally? 4,626 People Dressed As Waldo Break a Record in Japan |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/commercial/2017/10/wheres-wally-4-626-people-dressed-as-waldo-break-a-record-in-japan-498860 |access-date=30 May 2020 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-GB}}</ref>]]

Guinness Superlatives, later Guinness World Records [[Private company limited by shares|Limited]], was incorporated in London in 1954 to publish the first book.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Guinness World Records Limited |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00541295 |access-date=1 June 2024 |agency=[[Companies House]].gov.uk |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614143839/https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00541295 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sterling Publishing]] owned the rights to the ''Guinness'' book in the US for decades until it was repurchased by Guinness in 1989 after an 18-month long lawsuit.<ref name=":0" /> The group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequently [[Diageo]] until 2001, when it was purchased by [[Gullane Entertainment]] for £45.5 million ($65 million).<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2001 |title=Gullane Entertainment to Acquire Guinness World Records |url=http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/010701/hssu011.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010820144727/http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/010701/hssu011.html |archive-date=20 August 2001 |access-date=12 June 2019 |website=[[PRNewswire]] |publisher=[[Cision]] |via=[[Yahoo! Finance|Yahoo.com]]}}</ref> Gullane was itself purchased by [[HIT Entertainment]] in 2002. In 2006, [[Apax Partners]] purchased HIT and subsequently sold Guinness World Records in early 2008 to the [[Jim Pattison Group]], the parent company of [[Ripley Entertainment]], which is licensed to operate Guinness World Records' Attractions. With offices in New York City and Tokyo, Guinness World Records' global headquarters remain in [[South Quay Plaza]] in [[Canary Wharf]], London,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Michal |date=March 2017 |title=A Peek Inside Guinness World Records' London Headquarters |url=https://www.officelovin.com/2017/03/peek-inside-guinness-world-records-london-headquarters/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122145329/https://www.officelovin.com/2017/03/peek-inside-guinness-world-records-london-headquarters/ |archive-date=22 January 2022 |access-date=7 October 2022 |website=Officelovin' |quote=Having outgrown their existing space in Warren Street GWR appointed [[CBRE Group|CBRE]] to start an extensive building search, which ultimately led to the selection of South Quay, Canary Wharf.}}</ref> while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters in [[Orlando, Florida]].

===Evolution===
[[File:Lucky Diamond Rich face.jpg|left|upright|thumb|{{As of|2006}}, [[Lucky Diamond Rich]] holds the Guinness World Record of "The world's most tattooed person", with tattoos covering his entire body.]]
Recent editions have focused on record feats by individuals. Competitions range from obvious ones such as [[Olympic weightlifting]] to the longest [[egg tossing]] distances, or for the longest time spent playing ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]'' or the largest number of [[hot dog]]s consumed in three minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most Hot Dogs Eaten in 3 Minutes |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/24214-most-hot-dogs-eaten-in-3-minutes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119160744/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/24214-most-hot-dogs-eaten-in-3-minutes |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> Besides records about competitions, it contains such facts such as the heaviest tumor,<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 1991 |title=Largest Tumour – Removed Intact |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/67567-largest-tumour-removed-intact |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120161133/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/67567-largest-tumour-removed-intact |archive-date=20 January 2019 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> the most [[Mushroom poisoning|poisonous fungus]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most Poisonous Fungus |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/66477-most-poisonous-fungus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824012923/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/66477-most-poisonous-fungus |archive-date=24 August 2018 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> the longest-running soap opera<ref>{{Cite news |title=Longest-Running TV Soap Opera |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-running-tv-soap-opera |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123185453/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-running-tv-soap-opera |archive-date=23 January 2019 |access-date=12 January 2019 |work=Guinness World Records}}</ref> and the most valuable life-insurance policy,<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2014 |title=Mystery Billionaire Takes Out Historic $201 Million Life Insurance Policy |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2014/3/mystery-billionaire-takes-out-historic-$201-million-life-insurance-policy-56096 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112152038/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2014/3/mystery-billionaire-takes-out-historic-$201-million-life-insurance-policy-56096 |archive-date=12 January 2019 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> among others. Many records also relate to the youngest people to have achieved something, such as the youngest person to visit all nations of the world, currently held by [[Maurizio Giuliano]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Guinness Book of World Records |year=2006 |edition=UK |page=126}}</ref>

Each edition contains a selection of the records from the Guinness World Records database, as well as select new records, with the criteria for inclusion changing from year to year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glenday |first=Craig |date=18 December 2014 |title=r/IAmA – I Am Craig Glenday, Editor-in-Chief at Guinness World Records – the World's Best-Selling Annual Book – AMA! |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/2ppbdz/i_am_craig_glenday_editorinchief_at_guinness/cmywf2e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807182909/https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/2ppbdz/i_am_craig_glenday_editorinchief_at_guinness/cmywf2e/ |archive-date=7 August 2021 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=reddit}}</ref> The latest edition is the 72nd, published in August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinness World Records Archive |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/products/books/history-of-the-book/book-cover-archive |website=Guinness World Records |access-date=9 November 2023 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109132532/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/products/books/history-of-the-book/book-cover-archive |url-status=live }}</ref>

The retirement of Norris McWhirter from his consulting role in 1995 and the subsequent decision by Diageo Plc to sell ''The Guinness Book of Records'' brand have shifted the focus of the books from text-oriented to illustrated reference. A selection of records are curated for the book from the full archive but all existing Guinness World Records titles can be accessed by creating a login on the company's website. Applications made by individuals for existing record categories are free of charge. There is an administration fee of £5 (or $5) to propose a new record title.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Application Process |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/the-application-process/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109082310/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/the-application-process/ |archive-date=9 January 2019 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref>

[[File:Can you see the surfer? (33988985575).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The North Beach ([[Nazaré, Portugal|Nazaré]], Portugal), listed on the Guinness World Records for the biggest waves ever surfed]]
A number of spin-off books<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinness Record Book Collecting |url=https://guinness.book-of-records.info/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227142638/http://book-of-records.info/ |archive-date=27 December 2018 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=guinness.book-of-records.info}}</ref> and television series have also been produced. ''Guinness World Records'' bestowed the record of "Person with the most records" on [[Ashrita Furman]] of [[Queens|Queens, New York]], in April 2009; at that time, he held 100 records.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinness World Records Honors One Man's Historic Milestone – 100 Records Broken! – Guinness World Records Blog Post |url=http://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_Guinness-World-Records-honors-one-mans-historic-milestone-100-Records-Broken/blog/241933/7691.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612221225/http://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_Guinness-World-Records-honors-one-mans-historic-milestone-100-Records-Broken/blog/241933/7691.html |archive-date=12 June 2009 |access-date=29 December 2009 |publisher=community.guinnessworldrecords.com}}</ref>

In 2005, Guinness designated 9 November as ''International Guinness World Records Day'' to encourage breaking of world records.<ref name="Guinness2006">{{Cite web |title=Records Shatter Across the Globe in Honor of Guinness World Records Day 2006 |url=http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20061106005761&newsLang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718032729/http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20061106005761&newsLang=en |archive-date=18 July 2012 |access-date=29 April 2007}}</ref> In 2006, an estimated 100,000 people participated in over 10 countries. Guinness reported 2,244 new records in 12 months, which was a 173% increase over the previous year.<ref name="Guinness2006" /> In February 2008, [[NBC]] aired ''The Top 100 Guinness World Records of All Time'' and Guinness World Records made the complete list available on their website.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinness World Records Live: Top 100 |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2008/01/080128.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610215601/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2008/01/080128.aspx |archive-date=10 June 2015 |access-date=6 November 2008 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref>

The popularity of the franchise has resulted in ''Guinness World Records'' becoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Midlands World Record Breakers |url=https://www.itv.com/news/central/2012-09-13/midlands-world-record-breakers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015212647/https://www.itv.com/news/central/2012-09-13/midlands-world-record-breakers |archive-date=15 October 2022 |access-date=15 October 2022 |publisher=ITV News |quote=The Guinness World Records, the global authority on record breaking achievements}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Metallica Earns Spot in 'Guinness World Records' 2015 Edition |url=https://blabbermouth.net/news/metallica-earns-spot-in-guinness-world-records-2015-edition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015212646/https://blabbermouth.net/news/metallica-earns-spot-in-guinness-world-records-2015-edition |archive-date=15 October 2022 |access-date=15 October 2022 |work=Blabbermouth |quote=Guinness World Records (GWR) is the universally recognized global authority on record-breaking achievement.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Lewandowski Enters Guinness World Record Books |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/noblmd14-lewandowski-enters-guinness-world-record-books.jsp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923040826/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/noblmd14-lewandowski-enters-guinness-world-record-books.jsp |archive-date=23 September 2020 |access-date=5 August 2020 |publisher=Bundesliga |quote=Guinness World Records is the world's authority on record-breaking achievements.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Guinness World Records: How the Irish Brewer Became an Authority on Firsts, Feats and Pub Trivia |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/guinness-world-records-new-edition-history-origins-brewer-ireland-a8523941.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818203722/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/guinness-world-records-new-edition-history-origins-brewer-ireland-a8523941.html |archive-date=18 August 2020 |access-date=5 August 2020 |work=The Independent |quote=The book recounting record-breaking achievements from all manner of disciplines across the world is now in its 63rd edition and continues to be a bestseller, the place to go for anyone interested in finding out who is the world's most tattooed man or who built the fastest jet-powered go-kart.}}</ref>

===List of discontinued Guinness World Records===
Over its history, numerous world record categories have been discontinued. This list may include that the record poses a threat to health or the environment.{{incomplete list|date=October 2023}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Record
!Reason to discontinue
!Record holder
!Last appearance
!{{Reference column heading}}
|-
|The largest ever mass [[balloon release]]
|Environmental concerns (see [[Balloonfest '86]])
|Balloonfest '86
| style="text-align: center;" |1986
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=McIntyre |first=Michael K. |date=1 October 2011 |title=Claim to World Record for 'Balloonfest '86' Is Not All Hot Air: Michael K. Mcintyre's Tipoff |url=https://www.cleveland.com/tipoff/2011/10/claim_to_world_record_for_ball.html |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=The Plain Dealer |language=en |location=cleveland |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231123205552/https://www.cleveland.com/tipoff/2011/10/claim_to_world_record_for_ball.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Quinn |first=Chris |date=24 June 2023 |title=Where Truth Ends and Fake News Begins on Cleveland's 1986 Balloonfest: Letter from the Editor |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2023/06/where-truth-ends-and-fake-news-begins-on-clevelands-1986-balloonfest-letter-from-the-editor.html |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=cleveland.com| publisher= |language=en |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216175542/https://www.cleveland.com/news/2023/06/where-truth-ends-and-fake-news-begins-on-clevelands-1986-balloonfest-letter-from-the-editor.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
|Largest audience at a [[camel wrestling]] festival (and other controversial animal sports)
|Concerns with animal welfare
|The 1994 Camel Wrestling Festival in [[Selçuk|Selçuk, Turkey]] had an audience of 20,000.
| style="text-align: center;" |2010
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Fastest journey around the world by car
|Speed limits
|Saloo Choudhury
| style="text-align: center;" | 1996
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Fastest [[Yodeling|yodel]]
|
|In February 1992, a German yodeler named Thomas Scholl hit 22 tones in one second, 15 of which were [[falsetto]].
| style="text-align: center;" |1992
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Heaviest pets
|Animal welfare. Encouraged people to over-feed their pets
|The winner for heaviest cat, Himmy, had to be transported in a wheelbarrow and weighed {{cvt|21.3|kg|lboz}} upon his death from respiratory failure in 1986.
| style="text-align: center;" | 1998
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=60 Years on, the Categories That Guinness World Records No Longer Monitors |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/8/60-years-on-the-categories-that-guinness-world-records-no-longer-monitors-393758 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Guinness World Records |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003201933/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/8/60-years-on-the-categories-that-guinness-world-records-no-longer-monitors-393758 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jowit |first=Juliette |date=19 July 2008 |title=Junk Food Diet Fuels Epidemic of Pet Obesity |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/jul/20/animalwelfare.animalbehaviour |access-date=14 October 2024 |work=The Observer |language=en-GB |issn=0029-7712}}</ref>
|-
|Hunger strikes and fasting
|Health concerns
|
|
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Kate |date=26 March 2021 |title=Guinness World Records That Are No Longer Accepted |url=https://www.grunge.com/366744/guinness-world-records-that-are-no-longer-accepted/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Grunge |language=en-US |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123205553/https://www.grunge.com/366744/guinness-world-records-that-are-no-longer-accepted/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Untimed [[gluttony]]
|Health concerns
|The 1955 edition declared the fastest time to eat an ox was 42 days, completed in 1880 by Germany's Johann Ketzler. A total of 43 gluttony records were discontinued in 1989, with just greatest omnivore remaining for historic value ([[Michel Lotito]] consumed chandeliers, bicycles, television sets, and a Cessna light aircraft). Though Guinness was not aware of anyone dying while attempting the records, a representative said "they are simply gross".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2022 |title=Guinness to Drop Gluttony Records |url=https://apnews.com/article/70f238e617e728163a0c23f0f0ee429 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606172642/https://apnews.com/article/70f238e617e728163a0c23f0f0ee4291 |archive-date=6 June 2022 |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=AP News}}</ref>
| style="text-align: center;" |1989
|<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />
|-
|Largest penny pyramid
|Penny shortages
|In 1984 the award went to two preteens from [[Arizona]] named Marc Edwards and Ben Schlimme, Jr. who built a structure of 104,000 pennies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 September 1987 |title=Humble Pesos Rise in Mighty Pyramid As Teen-ager Stacks His Way to Fame |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/arizona-daily-star-humble-pesos-rise-in/157141057/ |access-date=14 October 2024 |work=Arizona Daily Star |pages=30 |archive-date=5 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305230754/https://www.newspapers.com/article/arizona-daily-star-humble-pesos-rise-in/157141057/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| style="text-align: center;" | 1984
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Largest pie fight
|Wasteful. Food in record attempts to be used "for general consumption by humans"
|
|
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gutoskey |first=Ellen |date=4 May 2022 |title=14 (Thankfully) Discontinued Guinness World Records |url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/posts/discontinued-guinness-world-records |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Mental Floss |language=en-US |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123205553/https://www.mentalfloss.com/posts/discontinued-guinness-world-records |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Longest kiss
|Dangers associated with sleep deprivation
|
| style="text-align: center;" |2013
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Longest Kiss World Record Contest Was Discontinued, Guinness Explains Why |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/longest-kiss-world-record-contest-was-discontinued-guinness-explains-why-4185928 |website=NDTV.com| date= 2023-07-07 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231123205553/https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/longest-kiss-world-record-contest-was-discontinued-guinness-explains-why-4185928 |url-status=live |access-date= 2025-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Atwal |first=Sanj |date=6 July 2023 |title=Why Did We Deactivate the Longest Kiss World Record? |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2023/7/why-did-we-deactivate-the-longest-kiss-world-record-754853 |website=Guinness World Records |access-date=13 December 2024 |archive-date=10 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210084308/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2023/7/why-did-we-deactivate-the-longest-kiss-world-record-754853 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Longest time spent buried alive
|Unsafe
|In 1998, a "human mole" named Geoff Smith remained underground for 147 days in order to achieve the Guinness record and beat his mother's 101-day stint. Guinness denied the award for safety reasons, and Geoff stated "There are far more dangerous things in the book. There is a record for a man who eats cars."
| style="text-align: center;" |1998
|<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Going Underground – What a Record! |date= 1998-12-08 | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/229739.stm |website= bbc.co.uk | publisher= BBC News |access-date= 2025-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 1999 |title=Guinness Bury the Human Mole's Feat |url= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-express-guinness-bury-the-human-mole/157145926/ |access-date=14 October 2024 |work=The Express |location= Glasgow |page=23 |via=newspapers.com |archive-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250119035234/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-express-guinness-bury-the-human-mole/157145926/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Sam |date=13 December 1998 |title=The Underground Man |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-observer-the-underground-man/157146372/ |access-date=14 October 2024 |work=The Observer |page=64 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref>
|-
|Longest time spent without sleeping
|Health concerns
|
| style="text-align: center;" |1974
|<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Atwal |first=Sanj |title=What's the Limit to How Long a Human Can Stay Awake? And Why We Don't Monitor the Record |url= https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2023/1/whats-the-limit-to-how-long-a-human-can-stay-awake-733188 |date= 2023-01-17|website=Guinness World Records |archive-date=11 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511125622/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2023/1/whats-the-limit-to-how-long-a-human-can-stay-awake-733188 |url-status=live |access-date=4 May 2024}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Zevely |first=Jeff |date=9 August 2022 |title=No Sleep for 12 Days! Roger Guy English Revisits His 1974 World Record |url=https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/local/zevely-zone/roger-guy-english-revisits-his-1974-world-record/509-a6bc3940-0b69-4e46-ab4d-89bbd5d77314 |access-date=13 January 2024 |website=[[KFMB-TV]] |language=en-US |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115182509/https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/local/zevely-zone/roger-guy-english-revisits-his-1974-world-record/509-a6bc3940-0b69-4e46-ab4d-89bbd5d77314 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Keating |first=Sarah |date=18 January 2018 |title=The Boy Who Stayed Awake for 11 Days |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180118-the-boy-who-stayed-awake-for-11-days |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=BBC Future |language=en |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231001195531/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180118-the-boy-who-stayed-awake-for-11-days |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":02" />
|-
|Most beer drunk in an hour
|Health concerns
|Within 60 minutes, 23-year-old Jack Keyes drank 36 pints of beer. The feat occurred in 1969 in Northern Ireland.
| style="text-align: center;" | 1989
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Most difficult tongue twister
|
|The 1974 edition featured "The sixth sick sheik's sixth sheep's sick".
| style="text-align: center;" |1974
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Most greeting cards received by an individual
|Fear of overwhelming the postal system
|Young British brain cancer patient [[Craig Shergold]] set a record for receiving 33 million cards between 1989 and May 1991. However, due to an [[Email spoofing|email hoax]], the deluge of mail continued for more than a decade after Craig's recovery.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Get Well' Letter Idea Makes Family Sick 11 Years Later |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/get-well-letter-idea-makes-family-sick-11-years-later-1.292322 |access-date=14 October 2024 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 February 2001 |title=Caught Up in Chain Mail |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2001/feb/15/voluntarysector1 |access-date=14 October 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=18 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018090622/http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2001/feb/15/voluntarysector1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| style="text-align: center;" |1991
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Most guitars smashed during a concert tour
|"Guitar welfare"
|[[Matt Bellamy|Matthew Bellamy]] of the English rock band [[Muse (band)|Muse]] wrecked 140 guitars during a tour in 2004.
| style="text-align: center;" |2004
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Most sky lanterns released simultaneously
|Environmental concerns
|In May 2013, 15,185 sky lanterns were released in [[Iloilo City|Iloilo City, Philippines]] to promote world peace.
| style="text-align: center;" |2013
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Most [[Tweets (Twitter)|tweets]] in a single second
|
|There were 143,199 tweets sent in a second on 2 August 2013. It occurred as the [[Studio Ghibli]] film ''[[Castle in the Sky]]'' aired on Japan television because of a tradition of tweeting the word ''balse'' as it is said on screen. The previous record of 33,388 was set during a different airing of the film.<ref name=":0" />
| style="text-align: center;" |2013
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Fastest violinist
|Difficulty in conclusively determining whether all musical notes have been sufficiently played (even when slowed down)
|
| style="text-align: center;" |2017
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Q0WGQbJbso |title=Fastest Violin Player| year= 2019 |language=en |access-date=23 November 2023 |publisher=Guinness World Records |archive-date=10 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510012656/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Q0WGQbJbso |url-status=live}} The pinned comment reads: "It's worth noting that this is no longer a category that our records team monitor – the record has been rested. Our records managers are no longer able to monitor fastest musician records as it has become impossible to judge the quality of the renditions, even when slowed down. In terms of monitoring the number of musical notes, it is not clear if all notes have been played fully."</ref>
|}

==Defining records==
{{multiple image
| footer = [[Chandra Bahadur Dangi]] from Nepal,
measuring 1 ft 9 1⁄2 in (54.6 cm), is recognised as the world's shortest man ever, while the tallest is [[Robert Wadlow]] from the US, at {{convert|8|ft|11|in|m}}, both verified by ''Guinness World Records''.
| align = right
| width =
| image1 = Chandra_04.jpg
| width1 = 152
| image2 = Robert Wadlow postcard.jpg
| width2 = 118
}}

For many records, ''Guinness World Records'' is the effective authority on the exact requirements for them and with whom records reside, the company providing adjudicators to events to determine the veracity of record attempts. The list of records which the ''Guinness World Records'' covers is not fixed, records may be added and also removed for various reasons. The public is invited to submit applications for records, which can be either the bettering of existing records or substantial achievements which could constitute a new record.<ref name="faq">{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/faq.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124172127/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/faq.aspx |archive-date=24 January 2012 |access-date=10 February 2012 |publisher=Guinness World Records}}</ref> The company also provides corporate services for companies to "harness the power of record-breaking to deliver tangible success for their businesses."<ref name="corporate">{{Cite web |title=Guinness World Records Corporate |url=http://corporate.guinnessworldrecords.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512021154/http://corporate.guinnessworldrecords.com/ |archive-date=12 May 2012 |access-date=10 May 2012 |publisher=Guinness World Records}}</ref>

===Ethical and safety issues===
''Guinness World Records'' states several types of records it will not accept for ethical reasons, such as those related to the killing or harming of animals.<ref name="isitarecord">{{Cite web |title=Is Your Proposal a Potential Guinness World Records™ Achievement? |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/is-it-a-record/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504015421/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/is-it-a-record/ |archive-date=4 May 2012 |access-date=10 May 2012 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> In the 2006 ''Guinness Book of World Records'', Colombian serial killer [[Pedro López (serial killer)|Pedro López]] was listed as the "most prolific serial killer", having murdered at least 110 people (with Lopez himself claiming he murdered over 300 people) in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru in the late 1960s to 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most Prolific Serial Killer |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-prolific-serial-killer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216093053/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-prolific-serial-killer |archive-date=16 February 2015 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> This was later removed after complaints that it made a competition out of murder, however the record was reinstated in the 2026 edition.

[[File:Guinness Beer Record 1977.jpg|left|thumb|Steven Petrosino drinking 1 liter of beer in 1.3 seconds in June 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2004 |title=Guinness World Beer Record |url=http://www.beerrecord.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211213237/http://www.beerrecord.com/ |archive-date=11 February 2010 |access-date=10 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raine |first=Jonathan |date=1 September 2006 |title=Steven Petrosino Chugs |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HbX33Zkl9Nw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131051136/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HbX33Zkl9Nw |archive-date=31 January 2011 |access-date=29 April 2007 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Petrosino set record times for 250 ml, 500 ml and 1.5 liters as well, but Guinness accepted only the record for one liter. They later dropped all alcohol records from their compendium in 1991, then reinstated the records in 2008.]]
Several world records that were once included in the book have been removed for ethical reasons, including concerns for the well-being of potential record breakers. For example, following publication of the "heaviest pet" record, many owners overfed their pets beyond the bounds of what was healthy, and therefore such entries were removed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Junk Food Diet Fuels Epidemic of Pet Obesity |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/jul/20/animalwelfare.animalbehaviour |access-date=31 May 2024 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> The Guinness Book also dropped records within their "eating and drinking records" section of Human Achievements in 1991 over concerns that potential competitors could harm themselves and expose the publisher to potential [[lawsuit|litigation]].<ref name="discontinue" /> These changes included the removal of all [[distilled beverage|spirit]], wine and beer drinking records, along with other unusual records for consuming such unlikely things as bicycles and trees.<ref name="discontinue">{{Cite book |title=Guinness Book of World Records |year=1990 |page=464}}</ref> Other records, such as [[sword swallowing]] and rally driving (on public roads), were closed from further entry as the current holders had performed beyond what are considered safe human tolerance levels.
There have been instances of closed categories being reopened. For example, the sword swallowing category was listed as closed in the 1990 ''Guinness Book of World Records'', but has since been reopened with [[Johnny Strange]] breaking a sword swallowing record on Guinness World Records Live.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pengelly |first=Emma |date=29 February 2020 |title=Surrey's Wackiest World Records and How You Can Set Your Own |url=https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/surrey-news/weird-wacky-surrey-guinness-world-17824947 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301215007/https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/surrey-news/weird-wacky-surrey-guinness-world-17824947 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |access-date=1 March 2020 |work=Surreylive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2017 |title=Daring Record Holder Johnny Strange Adds to His Collection of Titles with Scary Sword Swallowing Feat |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2017/1/daring-record-holder-johnny-strange-adds-to-his-collection-of-titles-460468 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903200732/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2017/1/daring-record-holder-johnny-strange-adds-to-his-collection-of-titles-460468 |archive-date=3 September 2018 |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-GB}}</ref> Similarly, the speed beer drinking records which were dropped from the book in 1991, reappeared 17 years later in the 2008 edition, but were moved from the "Human Achievements" section of the older book<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2004 |title=Guinness World Record Book Entry |url=http://www.beerrecord.com/guinnessbook.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112083811/http://www.beerrecord.com/guinnessbook.htm |archive-date=12 January 2012 |access-date=10 February 2012 |website=Guinness World Beer Record}}</ref> to the "Modern Society" section of the newer edition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2004 |title=Guinness World Record Book Entry 2008 |url=http://www.beerrecord.com/guinnessbook_2008.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112083947/http://www.beerrecord.com/guinnessbook_2008.htm |archive-date=12 January 2012 |access-date=10 February 2012 |website=Guinness World Beer Record}}</ref>

{{As of|2011}}, it is required in the guidelines of all "large food" type records that the item be fully edible, and distributed to the public for consumption, to prevent food wastage.<ref name=faq/> [[Chain letter]]s are also not allowed: "Guinness World Records does not accept any records relating to chain letters, sent by post or e-mail."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/faqs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322040209/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/faqs |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-gb}}</ref> After [[Roger Guy English]] set the record for [[sleeplessness]] in 1974, the category was discontinued for being too dangerous.<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Brandt |first=Angela |date=18 November 2021 |title=Poway Man Who Relishes a Challenge, No Matter How Crazy, Inspires Documentary and a Beer |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/pomerado-news/news/story/2021-11-17/poway-man-inspires-documentary-beer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118033629/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/pomerado-news/news/story/2021-11-17/poway-man-inspires-documentary-beer |archive-date=18 November 2021 |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=Pomerado News |language=en-US}}</ref> At the request of the [[U.S. Mint]], in 1984, the book stopped accepting claims of large hoardings of pennies or other currency.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Guinness Book of World Records |year=1984 |page=428}}</ref> Environmentally unfriendly records (such as the releasing of [[sky lanterns]] and [[party balloons]]) are no longer accepted or monitored, in addition to records relating to [[tobacco]] or [[cannabis]] consumption or preparation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Record Policies |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/record-policies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512085629/https://guinnessworldrecords.com/records/record-policies |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref>

In 2024, Guinness World Records was accused of laundering the reputation of the oppressive governments as it set world records for the UAE's police forces and Egypt's military. By 2024, the UAE achieved 526 records, of which 21 were credited to the Emirates' police force. Matthew Hedges, a British academic who was forced to sign a false confession, asked the records body to take down the Abu Dhabi police department's certificate for "most signatures on a scroll", along with other such titles. Concerns were also raised around the activities around Egypt, which moved from 22 records to 110 within a decade until 2024. James Lynch, co-founder of FairSquare, said the records were legitimizing [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]]'s regime. The Guinness World Records stated that its record titles "cannot be purchased".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Malvern |first1=Jack |last2=Willoughby |first2=George |date=24 March 2024 |title=Guinness World Records Accused of Whitewashing Repressive Regimes' Images |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/guinness-world-records-accused-of-whitewashing-repressive-regimes-images-9bmrg9p6c |access-date=27 March 2024 |work=The Sunday Times |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721080959/https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/guinness-world-records-accused-of-whitewashing-repressive-regimes-images-9bmrg9p6c |url-status=live }}</ref>

Guinness World Records has been accused of romanticizing diseases, such as [[Graves' Disease]] and [[Pica (disorder)|Pica]].<ref name="diseases">{{cite web |last1=Yudin |first1=Eli |title=5 Guinness World Records That Are Just Diseases |url=https://www.cracked.com/article_39392_5-guinness-world-records-that-are-just-diseases.html |website=Cracked.com |language=en |date=7 September 2023 |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=24 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424170812/https://www.cracked.com/article_39392_5-guinness-world-records-that-are-just-diseases.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Difficulty in defining records===
For some potential categories, ''Guinness World Records'' has declined to list some records that are too difficult or impossible to determine. For example, its website states: "We do not accept any claims for beauty as it is not [[Objectivity (science)|objectively]] measurable."<ref name=isitarecord/>

==Change in business model==
Traditionally, the company made a large amount of its revenue via book sales to interested readers, especially children. The rise of the Internet began to cut into book sales starting in the 2000s, part of a general decline in the book industry. According to a 2017 story by ''[[Planet Money]]'' of [[NPR]], Guinness began to realize that a lucrative new revenue source to replace falling book sales was the would-be record-holders themselves.<ref name="planetmoney">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2017/09/20/552203402/episode-795-is-record-breaking-broken |title=Is Record Breaking Broken? |date=20 September 2017 |last=Smith |first=Stacey Vanek |last2=Saakashvili |first2=Eduard |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013134317/https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2017/09/20/552203402/episode-795-is-record-breaking-broken |archive-date=13 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> While any person can theoretically send in a record to be verified for free, the approval process is slow. Would-be record breakers that paid fees ranging from US$12,000 to US$500,000 would be given advisors, adjudicators, help in finding good records to break as well as suggestions for how to do it, prompt service, and so on. In particular, corporations and celebrities seeking a [[publicity stunt]] to launch a new product or draw attention to themselves began to hire ''Guinness World Records'', paying them for finding a record to break or to create a new category just for them.<ref name="planetmoney" /> As such, they have been described as a [[native advertising]] company, with no clear distinction between content and advertisement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Phil |date=6 March 2015 |title=Guinness World Records Is No Longer Just a Book Company. It's a Branded Experience. |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/3/6/8157639/guinness-world-record-business |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206052120/https://www.vox.com/2015/3/6/8157639/guinness-world-record-business |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref>

Television talk show host [[John Oliver]] criticized ''Guinness World Records'' on the programme ''[[Last Week Tonight with John Oliver]]'' in August 2019, during an episode about [[President of Turkmenistan]] [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]].<ref name="JohnOliver">{{Cite magazine |title=John Oliver Bakes Very Large Cake to Annoy Turkmenistan |url=https://time.com/5648682/john-oliver-turkmenistan-cake |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814150445/https://time.com/5648682/john-oliver-turkmenistan-cake/ |archive-date=14 August 2019 |access-date=16 August 2019 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2019 |title=Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9QYu8LtH2E |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815170404/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9QYu8LtH2E&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=15 August 2019 |access-date=31 March 2022 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Oliver said Guinness took money from [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian governments]] for pointless vanity projects such as Berdimuhamedow's.<ref name="JohnOliver" /> Oliver asked Guinness to work with ''Last Week Tonight'' to adjudicate a record for "Largest cake featuring a picture of someone falling off a horse", but according to Oliver, the offer did not work out after Guinness insisted on a non-disparagement clause. ''Guinness World Records'' denied the accusations and stated that they declined Oliver's offer to participate because "it was merely an opportunity to mock one of our record-holders," and that Oliver did not specifically request the record for the largest marble cake.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2019 |title=Guinness World Records on Last Week Tonight with John Oliver |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/press-release/2019/8/guinness-world-records-on-last-week-tonight-with-john-oliver-586398 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813023105/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2019/8/guinness-world-records-on-last-week-tonight-with-john-oliver-586398/ |archive-date=13 August 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-GB}}</ref> As of 2021, the Guinness World Record for "Largest marble cake" remains with [[Betty Crocker|Betty Crocker Middle East]] in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Largest Marble Cake |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/94531-largest-marble-cake/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927203006/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/94531-largest-marble-cake |archive-date=27 September 2019 |access-date=17 September 2019 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> Following Oliver's episode, ''Guinness World Records''{{'}} ethics were called into question by human rights groups.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malvern |first=Jack |date=14 August 2019 |title=Guinness World Records Accused of Helping Turkmenistan Tyrant Berdimuhamedow Polish His Image |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/guinness-world-records-accused-of-helping-turkmenistan-tyrant-berdimuhamedow-polish-his-image-vvm606mvq |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629133130/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/guinness-world-records-accused-of-helping-turkmenistan-tyrant-berdimuhamedow-polish-his-image-vvm606mvq/ |archive-date=29 June 2022 |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref>

==Museums==
[[File:6764 Guinness.JPG|thumb|Guinness Museum in the [[Hollywood Theater (Los Angeles)|Hollywood Theater]] in [[Hollywood, California|Hollywood]], California]]
In 1976, a ''Guinness Book of World Records'' museum opened in the [[Empire State Building]]. Speed shooter [[Bob Munden]] then went on tour promoting ''The Guinness Book of World Records'' by performing his record fast draws with a standard weight single-action revolver from a Western movie-type holster. His fastest time for a draw was 0.02 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bob Munden • Six-Gun Magic Custom Gunsmithing – Bob & Becky Munden – Six-Gun Magic Gunwork |url=http://www.bobmunden.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509080154/http://www.bobmunden.com/ |archive-date=9 May 2008 |access-date=15 March 2008 |website=bobmunden.com}}</ref> Among exhibits were life-size statues of the world's tallest man, [[Robert Wadlow]], and world's largest [[earthworm]], an [[X-ray|X-ray photo]] of a sword swallower, repeated lightning strike victim [[Roy Sullivan]]'s hat complete with lightning holes and a pair of gem-studded golf shoes on sale for $6,500.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leonard |first=John |title=[[The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge]] |year=2011 |chapter=In Praise of Facts}}</ref> The museum closed in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Travel & Outdoors – The Good, The Bad, The Ugly: A 1995 Travel Retrospective – Seattle Times Newspaper |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19951231/2160261/the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-a-1995-travel-retrospective |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114033446/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19951231&slug=2160261 |archive-date=14 November 2012 |access-date=14 April 2012 |website=nwsource.com}}</ref>

In more recent years, the Guinness company has permitted the [[franchising]] of small museums with displays based on the book, all currently ({{As of|2010|lc=y}}) located in towns popular with tourists: [[Tokyo]], [[Copenhagen]], [[San Antonio]].
There were once Guinness World Records museums and exhibitions at the [[London Trocadero]], [[Bangalore]], [[San Francisco]], [[Myrtle Beach, South Carolina|Myrtle Beach]], [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]],<ref name="museum-orlando-lostparks">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Robert H. |title=The Guinness World Records Experience: one of Florida's Lost Tourist Attractions |url=http://www.lostparks.com/guinness.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222060444/http://www.lostparks.com/guinness.html |archive-date=22 December 2008 |access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]],<ref name="museum-locations">{{Cite web |last=Ripley Entertainment, Inc |title=Guinness World Records Experience Locations |url=http://www.guinnessattractions.com/locations.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120225858/http://guinnessattractions.com/locations.aspx |archive-date=20 January 2009 |access-date=1 February 2009}}</ref> and [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]].<ref name="museum-locations-archive" /> The Orlando museum, which closed in 2002, was branded ''The Guinness Records Experience'';<ref name="museum-orlando-lostparks" /> the Hollywood, [[Niagara Falls]], Copenhagen, and [[Gatlinburg, Tennessee|Gatlinburg]] museums also previously featured this branding.<ref name="museum-locations-archive">{{Cite web |last=Ripley Entertainment, Inc. |date=20 November 2002 |title=Guinness World Records Experience Locations |url=http://www.guinnessattractions.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021120040920/http://www.guinnessattractions.com/ |archive-date=20 November 2002 |access-date=1 February 2009 |website=Internet Archive Wayback Machine}}</ref>

==Television series==
''Guinness World Records'' has commissioned various television series documenting world record breaking attempts, including:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Country !! Name !! Network !! Broadcast !! Hosts
|-
| Arab World
| {{lang|ar|العرب في موسوعة جينيس}} ''Arabs in the Guinness Book of Records''
| Al Dar 1
| 2021
| Turki Al Omari [[George Kurdahi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Australia
| ''Australia's Guinness World Records''
| rowspan=2|[[Seven Network]]
| 2005
| [[Grant Denyer]] [[Shelley Craft]]
|-
| ''Australia Smashes Guinness World Records''
| 2010
| [[James Kerley]]
|-
| Bulgaria
| ''{{lang|bg|Световните рекорди Гинес}}''
| [[bTV (Bulgaria)|bTV]]
| 2006–2007
| Krasimir Vankov
|-
| China
| ''The day of Guinness in China''
| [[China Central Television|CCTV]]
| 2006–2014
| Wang Xuechun Zhu Xun Lin Hai
|-
| rowspan="5" | France
| {{lang|fr|L'émission des records}} {{small|(1999–2002)}} ''L'été des records'' {{small|(2001)}}
| [[TF1]]
| 1999–2002
| [[Vincent Perrot]]
|-
| {{lang|fr|L'été de tous les records}} {{small|(2003–2005)}} ''50 ans, 50 records'' {{small|(2004)}}
| [[France 3]]
| 2003–2005
| Pierre Sled
|-
| {{lang|fr|La nuit des records}}
| [[France 2]]
| 2006
| [[Olivier Minne]] [[Adriana Karembeu]]
|-
| {{lang|fr|Le monde des records}}
| [[W9 (TV channel)|W9]]
| 2008–2010
| Alexandre Devoise [[Karine Ferri]]
|-
| {{lang|fr|Les trésors du livre des records}}
| [[Gulli]]
| 2015
| [[Fauve Hautot]] [[Willy Rovelli]]
|-
| Germany
| {{lang|de|Guinness World Records – Die größten Weltrekorde}}
| [[RTL Television]]
| 2004–2008
| [[Oliver Welke]] (2004) [[Oliver Geissen]] (2005–2008)
|-
| Greece
| ''Guinness World Records''
| [[Mega Channel]]
| 2009–2011
| [[Katerina Stikoudi]] (2009–2010) Kostas Fragkolias (2009–2010) Giorgos Lianos (2010–2011)
|-
| India
| ''[[Guinness World Records – Ab India Todega]]''
| [[Colors TV]]
| 2011
| [[Preity Zinta]] [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Italy
| {{lang|it|Lo show dei record}}
| [[Canale 5]]
| 2006 (pilot) 2008–2012 2015 2022–2025
| [[Barbara D'Urso]] (2006–2009) [[Paola Perego]] (2010) [[Gerry Scotti]] (2011, 2015, 2022–2025) [[Teo Mammucari]] (2012)
|-
| {{lang|it|La notte dei record}}
| [[TV8 (Italy)|TV8]]
| 2018
| [[Enrico Papi]]
|-
| New Zealand
| ''NZ Smashes Guinness World Records''
| [[TV2 (New Zealand)|TV2]]
| 2009
| [[Marc Ellis (rugby)|Marc Ellis]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Philippines
| ''Guinness Book of World Records Philippine Edition''
| [[TV5 (Philippines)|ABC]]
| 2004
| Cookie Calabig
|-
| ''The Best Ka!''
| [[GMA Network]]
| 2022
| [[Mikael Daez]]
|-
| Poland
| {{lang|pl|Światowe Rekordy Guinnessa}}
| [[Polsat]]
| 2009–2011
| Maciej Dowbor
|-
| Portugal
| ''Guinness World Records Portugal''
| [[Sociedade Independente de Comunicação|SIC]]
| 2014
| Rita Andrade [[João Ricardo (footballer, born 1970)|João Ricardo]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | Spain
| {{lang|es|El show de los récords}}
| [[Antena 3 (Spain)|Antena 3]]
| 2001–2002
| [[Mar Saura]] [[Manu Carreño]] [[Mónica Martínez]]
|-
| ''Guinness World Records''
| rowspan="2" |[[Telecinco]]
| 2009
| [[Carmen Alcayde]] Luis Alfonso Muñoz
|-
| ''La noche de los récords''
| 2025
| [[Jesús Vázquez (television presenter)|Jesús Vázquez]]
|-
| Sweden
| {{lang|sv|Guinness rekord-TV}}
| [[TV3 (Sweden)|TV3]]
| 1999–2000
| [[Mårten Andersson]] (1999) Linda Nyberg (1999) [[Harald Treutiger]] (2000) [[Suzanne Sjögren]] (2000)
|-
| rowspan="7" | United Kingdom
| ''[[Record Breakers]]''
| [[BBC1]]
| 1972–2001
| [[Roy Castle]] (1972–1993) [[Norris McWhirter]] (1972–1985) [[Ross McWhirter]] (1972–1975)
|-
| ''Guinness World Records'' (UK)
| [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]
| 1999–2001
| [[Ian Wright]] Kate Charman
|-
| ''[[Ultimate Guinness World Records]]''
| [[Challenge (TV channel)|Challenge]]
| 2004
| [[Jamie Rickers]]
|-
| ''[[Guinness World Records Smashed]]''
| [[Sky1]]
| 2008–2009
| [[Steve Jones (Welsh presenter)|Steve Jones]] [[Konnie Huq]]
|-
| ''Totally Bonkers Guinness Book of Records''
| [[ITV2]]
| 2012–2015
| [[Matt Edmondson]]
|-
| ''Officially Amazing''
| [[CBBC (TV channel)|CBBC]]
| 2013–2018
| [[Ben Shires]]
|-
| ''Guinness World Records Cymru''
| [[S4C]] (Wales)
| 2020–present
|[[Alun Williams]] (2025) Rhianna Loren (2025)
|-
| rowspan="3" | United States
| ''[[The Guinness Game]]''
| ''Syndicated''
| 1979–1980
| [[Bob Hilton]] [[Don Galloway]]
|-
| ''[[Guinness World Records Primetime]]''
| [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]
| 1998–2001
| [[Cris Collinsworth]] [[Mark Thompson (newscaster)|Mark Thompson]]
|-
| ''[[Guinness World Records Unleashed]] / Gone Wild''
| [[truTV]]
| 2013–2014
| [[Dan Cortese]]
|}

Specials:
* ''Guinness World Records: 50 Years, 50 Records'' – on ITV (UK), 11 September 2004
* ''Guinness World Records Live: Top 100'' – on NBC (US), February 2008

==Gamer's edition==
{{Distinguish|Guinness World Records: The Videogame}}
In 2008, ''Guinness World Records'' released its gamer's edition, a supplement that keeps records for popular video game high scores, codes and feats in association with [[Twin Galaxies]]. The Gamer's Edition used to contain 258 pages, over 1,236 video game related world records and four interviews including one with Twin Galaxies founder [[Walter Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daultrey |first=Stephen |date=15 October 2015 |title=Stephen Daultrey: Our Gamer's Edition Editor Shares His Favourite Records from the New Book |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/10/stephen-daultrey-our-gamers-edition-editor-shares-his-favourite-records-from-th-400538 |access-date=12 August 2023 |website=Guinness World Records |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812094302/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/10/stephen-daultrey-our-gamers-edition-editor-shares-his-favourite-records-from-th-400538 |url-status=live }}</ref> Editions were published for the years 2008 through 2020, with the 2009 edition in hardcover. The 2025 edition is the first since 2020, returning after a five-year hiatus. Since 2020, the supplement has had 192 pages.

==''The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles''==
{{Main|British Hit Singles & Albums}}

''The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles'' was a music reference book first published in 1977. It was compiled by [[BBC Radio 1]] DJs [[Paul Gambaccini]] and [[Mike Read]] with brothers [[Tim Rice]] and Jonathan Rice. It was the first in a number of music reference books that were to be published by Guinness Publishing with sister publication ''The Guinness Book of British Hit Albums'' coming in 1983. After being sold to Hit Entertainment, the data concerning the Official Chart Company's singles and albums charts were combined under the title ''[[British Hit Singles & Albums]]'', with Hit Entertainment publishing the book from 2003 to 2006 (under the Guinness World Records brand). After Guinness World Records was sold to The Jim Pattison Group, it was effectively replaced by a series of books published by Ebury Publishing/Random House with the ''[[The Virgin Book of British Hit Singles|Virgin Book of British Hit Singles]]'' first being published in 2007 and with a ''Hit Albums'' book following two years later.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Amazon page for VBBHS |id={{ASIN|0753515377|country=uk}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Virgin Book of British Hit Albums by Martin Roach | Waterstones |url=https://www.waterstones.com/book/the-virgin-book-of-british-hit-albums/martin-roach/martin-roach/9780753517000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815142058/https://www.waterstones.com/book/the-virgin-book-of-british-hit-albums/martin-roach/martin-roach/9780753517000 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref><ref>''The Virgin Book of British Hit Albums'' by Martin Roach (Ebury Publishing/Random House {{ISBN|9780753517000}})</ref>

==Other media and products==
===Board game===
In 1975, [[Parker Brothers]] marketed a board game, ''The Guinness Game of World Records'', based on the book.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 1975 |title=[untitled] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVJ5aoLUxpAC |access-date=13 February 2024 |work=Boys' Life |pages=51 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Players compete by setting and breaking records for activities such as the longest streak of rolling dice before rolling doubles, stacking plastic pieces, and bouncing a ball off alternating sides of a card, as well as answering trivia questions based on the listings in the ''Guinness Book of World Records''.

===Video games===
A [[video game]], ''[[Guinness World Records: The Videogame]]'', was developed by [[TT Fusion]] and released for [[Nintendo DS]], [[Wii]] and [[iOS]] in November 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/guinness-world-records-the-videogame-review?page=2 |title=Guinness World Records: The Videogame Review |publisher=[[Eurogamer]] |last=Parkin |first=Simon |date=19 December 2008 |accessdate=21 May 2025}}</ref>

===Film===
In 2012, [[Warner Bros.]] announced the development of a live-action film version of ''Guinness World Records'' with [[Daniel Chun]] as scriptwriter. The film, however, never entered production.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 2012 |title=Guinness Book of World Records Could Be Next Big Brand Name to Hit Cinemas |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/jun/08/guinness-book-world-records-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715090535/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/jun/08/guinness-book-world-records-film |archive-date=15 July 2014 |access-date=18 December 2012 |work=Guardian}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Records}}
{{Jim Pattison Group}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Guinness World Records| ]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1955 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Annual publications]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Book series introduced in 1955]]
[[Category:Gullane Entertainment]]
[[Category:Jim Pattison Group]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1955]]
[[Category:Records (superlatives)]]
[[Category:Reference publishers]]
[[Category:Trivia books]]
[[Category:World record databases]]
[[Category:Guinness family]]

History of the British Raj

2026-03-23T17:59:08Z

Surojit098: correct layout for clarity

{{Short description|History of the British direct rule on the Indian subcontinent}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=November 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Colonial India}}

After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the British Government took over the administration from [[Company rule in India]] to establish the [[British Raj]] there. The British Raj was the period of ''Crown rule in India'' between 1858 and 1947, for around 200 years of British occupation. The system of governance was instituted in 1858 when the [[Company rule in India|rule]] of the [[East India Company]] was transferred to [[the Crown]] in the person of [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]].

The British Raj in India lasted until 1947, when the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British provinces]] of India, despite [[opposition to the partition of India|significant opposition]], were [[Partition of India|partitioned]] into two sovereign dominion states (thus, undermining the idea of Dominion, as the original pre war British Dominions were not sovereign): the ''[[Dominion of India]]'' and the ''[[Dominion of Pakistan]]'', leaving the [[princely state]]s to choose between them. Most of the princely states decided to join either the Dominion of India or the Dominion of Pakistan, except the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It was only at the last moment that Jammu and Kashmir agreed to sign the "[[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]]" with India. The two new dominions later became the [[India|Republic of India]] and the [[Pakistan|Islamic Republic of Pakistan]] (the eastern half of which became the [[Bangladesh|People's Republic of Bangladesh]] in 1972). The [[British Burma|province of Burma]] in the eastern region of the Indian Empire had been made a separate colony in 1937 and became independent in 1948.

The [[East India Company]] was an English and later British [[joint-stock company]].<ref>The [[Dutch East India Company]] was the first to issue public stock.</ref> It was formed to [[Indian Ocean trade|trade in the Indian Ocean region]], initially with [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]] and the [[East Indies]], and later with [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]]. The company ended up seizing [[Company rule in India|control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent]], [[European colonisation of Southeast Asia|colonised parts of Southeast Asia]], and colonised [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] after [[First Opium War|a war with Qing China]].

==Prelude==
{{For|the earlier history of India|Company rule in India|Indian Rebellion of 1857}}

==Effects on the economy==
{{Main|Economy of India under the British Raj}}
In the later half of the 19th century, both the direct administration of India by the [[British Crown]] and the technological change ushered in by the [[Industrial Revolution|industrial revolution]], had the effect of closely intertwining the economies of India and Great Britain.<ref>{{Harv|Stein|2010|p=248}}, {{Harv|Oldenburg|2007}}</ref> In fact, many of the major changes in transport and communications (that are typically associated with Crown Rule of India) had already begun before the Mutiny. Since [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Dalhousie]] had embraced the technological change then rampant in Great Britain, India too saw rapid development of all those technologies. Railways, roads, canals, and bridges were rapidly built in India and telegraph links equally rapidly established in order that raw materials, such as cotton, from India's hinterland could be transported more efficiently to ports, such as [[Bombay]], for subsequent export to England.<ref>{{Harv|Oldenburg|2007}}, {{Harv|Stein|2010|pp=248–249}}</ref> Likewise, finished goods from England were transported back just as efficiently, for sale in the burgeoning Indian markets.<ref name=oldenburg>{{Harv|Oldenburg|2007}}</ref> However, unlike Britain itself, where the market risks for the infrastructure development were borne by private investors, in India it was the taxpayers—primarily farmers and farm-labourers—who endured the risks, which, in the end, amounted to £50 million.<ref name="Stein 2010 248">{{Harv|Stein|2010|p=248}}</ref> In spite of these costs, very little skilled employment was created for Indians. By 1920, with a history of 60 years of its construction, only 10 percent of the "superior posts" in the railways were held by Indians.<ref name="Stein 2010 248"/>

The rush of technology was also changing the agricultural economy in India: by the last decade of the 19th century, a large fraction of some raw materials—not only cotton, but also some food-grains—were being exported to faraway markets.<ref name=stein260>{{Harv|Stein|2010|p=249}}</ref> Consequently, many small farmers, dependent on the whims of those markets, lost land, animals, and equipment to money-lenders.<ref name=stein260/> More tellingly, the latter half of the 19th century also saw an increase in the number of large-scale [[Famine in India|famines in India]]. Although famines were not new to the subcontinent, these were particularly severe, with tens of millions dying,{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} and with many critics, both British and Indian, laying the blame at the doorsteps of the lumbering colonial administrations.<ref name=stein260/>

Another incontrovertible fact of British rule is that India's population increased more than twofold from 170 million in 1750 to 425 million in 1950, a rough measure of major improvements in public health and nutrition, despite India's cyclical famines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masani |first=Zareer |date=2022 |title=THE BRITISH RAJ: An Assessment |url=https://historyreclaimed.co.uk/the-british-raj-an-assessment/}}</ref>


<gallery class="center">
File:George Robinson 1st Marquess of Ripon.jpg|[[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|Lord Ripon]], the Liberal Viceroy of India, who instituted the Famine Code
File:Agra canal headworks1871a.jpg|The [[Agra canal]] (c. 1873), a year away from completion. The canal was closed to navigation in 1904 to increase irrigation and aid in famine-prevention.
File:India railways1909a.jpg|Railway map of India in 1909. Railway construction in India had begun in 1853.
File:Victoriaterminus1903.JPG|A 1903 stereographic image of [[Victoria Terminus]], [[Bombay]], by Underwood and Underwood. The station was completed in 1888.
</gallery>

In terms of the longer lasting effects and legacies of the economic impact of the British Raj, the impact predominantly stems from the irregular investment of areas of infrastructure. Simon Carey explains how the investment into Indian society was 'narrowly focused' and favoured the growth of transportation of goods and workers.<ref name="auto">{{harvnb|Carey|2012}}</ref> Therefore, India has since seen an uneven economic development of society. For example, Acemoglu et al. (2001) identify how the inability of certain areas of rural India to cope with disease and famine best explain this uneven development of the nation.<ref>{{harvnb|Acemoglu|Johnson|Robinson|2001}}</ref> Carey also points out that a lasting impact of the British Raj is the transformation of India into an agricultural trading economy.<ref name="auto"/> Therefore, some areas of India, predominantly in affluent urban areas, have benefited from the legacies of the British Raj in the long term due to the transformation of Indian economic culture to a production based economy. However, the majority of Indian society has experienced a negative impact of the British Raj, especially in rural and suburban areas, due to the focus of investment into transport such as railways and canals rather than into healthcare and primary education.{{original research inline|date=March 2021}}

==Beginnings of self-government==
The first steps were taken toward self-government in British India in the late 19th century with the appointment of Indian counsellors to advise the British viceroy and the establishment of provincial councils with Indian members; the British subsequently widened participation in legislative councils with the [[Indian Councils Act 1892]]. [[Municipal Corporation]]s and District Boards were created for local administration; they included elected Indian members

The [[Indian Councils Act 1909]] – also known as the Morley-Minto Reforms ([[John Morley]] was the secretary of state for India, and [[Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Gilbert Elliot]], fourth earl of Minto, was viceroy) – gave Indians limited roles in the central and provincial legislatures, known as legislative councils. Indians had previously been appointed to legislative councils, but after the reforms some were elected to them. At the centre, the majority of council members continued to be government-appointed officials, and the viceroy was in no way responsible to the legislature. At the provincial level, the elected members, together with unofficial appointees, outnumbered the appointed officials, but responsibility of the governor to the legislature was not contemplated. Morley made it clear in introducing the legislation to the [[British Parliament]] that parliamentary self-government was not the goal of the British government.

The Morley-Minto Reforms were a milestone. Step by step, the elective principle was introduced for membership in Indian legislative councils. The "electorate" was limited, however, to a small group of upper-class Indians. These elected members increasingly became an "opposition" to the "official government". The Communal electorates were later extended to other communities and made a political factor of the Indian tendency toward group identification through religion.
<gallery class="center">
File:John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn - Project Gutenberg eText 17976.jpg|[[John Morley]], the [[Secretary of State for India]] from 1905 to 1910, and Gladstonian Liberal. The [[Indian Councils Act 1909]], also known as the ''Minto-Morley Reforms'' allowed Indians to be elected to the Legislative Council.
File:Delhidurbar pc1911.jpg|Picture post card of the Gordon Highlanders marching past [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] and Queen Mary at the [[Delhi Durbar]] on 12 December 1911, when the King was crowned [[Emperor of India]].
File:Indiantroops medical ww1.jpg|Indian medical orderlies attending to wounded soldiers with the ''Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force'' in [[Mesopotamia]] during [[World War I]].
</gallery>

==World War I and its causes==
[[World War I]] would prove to be a watershed in the imperial relationship between Britain and India. 1.4 million Indian and British soldiers of the [[British Indian Army]] would [[Indian Army during World War I|take part in the war]] and their participation would have a wider cultural fallout: news of Indian soldiers fighting and dying with British soldiers, as well as soldiers from [[British Dominions|dominions]] like Canada, Australia and New Zealand, would travel to distant corners of the world both in newsprint and by the new medium of the radio.<ref name=brown-p197-198>{{Harvnb|Brown|1994|pp=197–198}}</ref> India's international profile would thereby rise and would continue to rise during the 1920s.<ref name=brown-p197-198/> It was to lead, among other things, to India, under its own name, becoming a [[League of Nations members#1920: founder members|founding member]] of the [[League of Nations]] in 1920 and participating, under the name, "Les Indes Anglaises" (The British Indies), in the [[1920 Summer Olympics]] in Antwerp.<ref>[http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1920/1920.pdf Olympic Games Antwerp 1920: Official Report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505163318/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1920/1920.pdf |date=5 May 2011 }}, Nombre de bations representees, p. 168. Quote: "31 Nations avaient accepté l'invitation du Comité Olympique Belge:... la Grèce – la Hollande Les Indes Anglaises – l'Italie – le Japon ..."</ref> Back in India, especially among the leaders of the [[Indian National Congress]], it would lead to calls for greater self-government for Indians<ref name=brown-p197-198/> [[Sport in British India|through sport]].

In 1916, in the face of new strength demonstrated by the nationalists with the signing of the [[Lucknow Pact]] and the founding of the [[Home Rule Movement|Home Rule leagues]], and the realisation, after the disaster in the [[Mesopotamian campaign]], that the war would likely last longer, the new Viceroy, [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]], cautioned that the Government of India needed to be more responsive to Indian opinion.<ref name=brown-p203-204/> Towards the end of the year, after discussions with the government in London, he suggested that the British demonstrate their good faith – in light of the Indian war role – through a number of public actions, including awards of titles and honours to princes, granting of commissions in the army to Indians, and removal of the much-reviled cotton excise duty, but most importantly, an announcement of Britain's future plans for India and an indication of some concrete steps.<ref name=brown-p203-204/> After more discussion, in August 1917, the new Liberal [[Secretary of State for India]], [[Edwin Montagu]], announced the British aim of "increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration, and the gradual development of self-governing institutions, with a view to the progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire."<ref name=brown-p203-204/> This envisioned reposing confidence in the educated Indians, so far disdained as an unrepresentative minority, who were described by Montague as "Intellectually our children".<ref name=Metcalf&Metcalf166>{{Harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=166}}</ref> The pace of the reforms where to be determined by Britain as and when the Indians were seen to have earned it.<ref name="Metcalf&Metcalf166"/> However, although the plan envisioned limited self-government at first only in the provinces – with India emphatically within the British Empire – it represented the first British proposal for any form of representative government in a non-white colony.

Earlier, at the onset of World War I, the reassignment of most of the British army in India to Europe and [[Mesopotamian campaign|Mesopotamia]] had led the previous Viceroy, [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Harding]], to worry about the "risks involved in denuding India of troops."<ref name=brown-p197-198/> [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|Revolutionary violence]] had already been a concern in British India; consequently in 1915, to strengthen its powers during what it saw was a time of increased vulnerability, the Government of India passed the [[Defence of India Act 1915|Defence of India Act]], which allowed it to intern politically dangerous dissidents without due process and added to the power it already had – under the 1910 Press Act – both to imprison journalists without trial and to censor the press.<ref name=brown-p201-203>{{Harvnb|Brown|1994|pp=201–203}}</ref> Now, as constitutional reform began to be discussed in earnest, the British began to consider how new moderate Indians could be brought into the fold of constitutional politics and simultaneously, how the hand of established constitutionalists could be strengthened.<ref name=brown-p201-203/> However, since the reform plan was devised during a time when extremist violence had ebbed as a result of increased [[Defence of India act 1915|wartime governmental control]] and it now feared a revival of revolutionary violence,<ref name="Metcalf&Metcalf166"/> the government also began to consider how some of its wartime powers could be extended into peacetime.<ref name=brown-p201-203/>

[[File:Montagu left.jpg|left|thumb|[[Edwin Montagu]], left, the [[Secretary of State for India]], whose report led to the [[Government of India Act 1919]], also known as the Montford Reforms or the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms.]]
Consequently, in 1917, even as Edwin Montagu announced the new constitutional reforms, [[Rowlatt Committee|a sedition committee]] chaired by a British judge, Mr. S. A. T. Rowlatt, was tasked with investigating [[Hindu-German Conspiracy|wartime revolutionary conspiracies]] and the [[Imperial Germany|German]] and [[Bolshevik]] links to the violence in India,<ref name=Lovett>{{Harvnb|Lovett|1920|pp=94, 187–191}}</ref><ref name=Sarkar1921>{{Harvnb|Sarkar|1921|p=137}}</ref><ref name=Tinker92>{{Harvnb|Tinker|1968|p=92}}</ref> with the unstated goal of extending the government's wartime powers.<ref name=brown-p203-204>{{Harvnb|Brown|1994|pp=203–204}}</ref> The Rowlatt committee presented its report in July 1918 and identified three regions of conspiratorial insurgency: [[Bengal]], the [[Bombay presidency]], and the Punjab.<ref name="brown-p203-204"/> To combat subversive acts in these regions, the committee recommended that the government use emergency powers akin to its wartime authority, which included the ability to try cases of sedition by a panel of three judges and without juries, exaction of securities from suspects, governmental overseeing of residences of suspects,<ref name=brown-p203-204/> and the power for provincial governments to arrest and detain suspects in short-term detention facilities and without trial.<ref name=spear190/>

With the end of World War I, there was also a change in the economic climate. By year's end 1919, 1.5 million Indians had served in the armed services in either combatant or non-combatant roles, and India had provided £146 million in revenue for the war.<ref name=brown195-196>{{Harvnb|Brown|1994|pp=195–196}}</ref> The increased taxes coupled with disruptions in both domestic and international trade had the effect of approximately doubling the index of overall prices in India between 1914 and 1920.<ref name=brown195-196/> Returning war veterans, especially in the Punjab, created a growing unemployment crisis<ref name=stein304>{{Harvnb|Stein|2010|p=294}}</ref> and post-war inflation led to food riots in Bombay, Madras, and Bengal provinces,<ref name=stein304/> a situation that was made only worse by the failure of the 1918–19 monsoon and by profiteering and speculation.<ref name=brown195-196/> The [[Spanish flu|global influenza epidemic]] and the [[Bolshevik Revolution]] of 1917 added to the general jitters; the former among the population already experiencing economic woes,<ref name=stein304/> and the latter among government officials, fearing a similar revolution in India.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ludden|2002|p=208}}</ref>

To combat what it saw as a coming crisis, the government now drafted the Rowlatt committee's recommendations into two [[Rowlatt Acts|Rowlatt Bills]].<ref name=spear190>{{Harvnb|Spear|1990|p=190}}</ref> Although the bills were authorised for legislative consideration by Edwin Montagu, they were done so unwillingly, with the accompanying declaration, "I loathe the suggestion at first sight of preserving the Defence of India Act in peace time to such an extent as Rowlatt and his friends think necessary."<ref name=brown-p203-204/> In the ensuing discussion and vote in the [[Imperial Legislative Council (India)|Imperial Legislative Council]], all Indian members voiced opposition to the bills. The Government of India was nevertheless able to use of its "official majority" to ensure passage of the bills early in 1919.<ref name=brown-p203-204/> However, what it passed, in deference to the Indian opposition, was a lesser version of the first bill, which now allowed extrajudicial powers, but for a period of exactly three years and for the prosecution solely of "anarchical and revolutionary movements," dropping entirely the second bill involving modification of the [[Indian Penal Code]].<ref name=brown-p203-204/> Even so, when it was passed the new [[Rowlatt Act]] aroused widespread indignation throughout India and brought [[Mohandas Gandhi]] to the forefront of the nationalist movement.<ref name=spear190/>

===Montagu–Chelmsford Report 1919===
Meanwhile, Montagu and Chelmsford themselves finally presented their report in July 1918 after a long fact-finding trip through India the previous winter.<ref name=brown-p205-207>{{Harvnb|Brown|1994|pp=205–207}}</ref> After more discussion by the government and parliament in Britain, and another tour by the Franchise and Functions Committee for the purpose of identifying who among the Indian population could vote in future elections, the [[Government of India Act 1919]] (also known as the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]]) was passed in December 1919.<ref name=brown-p205-207/> The new Act enlarged the provincial councils and converted the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] into an enlarged [[Central Legislative Assembly]]. It also repealed the Government of India's recourse to the "official majority" in unfavourable votes.<ref name=brown-p205-207/> Although departments like defence, foreign affairs, criminal law, communications and income-tax were retained by the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]] and the central government in New Delhi, other departments like public health, education, land-revenue and local self-government were transferred to the provinces.<ref name=brown-p205-207/> The provinces themselves were now to be administered under a new [[Diarchy|dyarchical]] system, whereby some areas like education, agriculture, infrastructure development, and local self-government became the preserve of Indian ministers and legislatures, and ultimately the Indian electorates, while others like irrigation, land-revenue, police, prisons, and control of media remained within the purview of the British governor and his executive council.<ref name=brown-p205-207/> The new Act also made it easier for Indians to be admitted into the civil service and the army officer corps.

A greater number of Indians were now enfranchised, although, for voting at the national level, they constituted only 10% of the total adult male population, many of whom were still illiterate.<ref name=brown-p205-207/> In the provincial legislatures, the British continued to exercise some control by setting aside seats for special interests they considered cooperative or useful. In particular, rural candidates, generally sympathetic to British rule and less confrontational, were assigned more seats than their urban counterparts.<ref name=brown-p205-207/> Seats were also reserved for non-Brahmins, landowners, businessmen, and college graduates. The principal of "communal representation", an integral part of the [[Minto–Morley Reforms]], and more recently of the Congress-Muslim League Lucknow Pact, was reaffirmed, with seats being reserved for [[Muslims]], [[Sikhs]], [[Christianity in India|Indian Christians]], [[Anglo-Indians]], and domiciled Europeans, in both provincial and Imperial legislative councils.<ref name=brown-p205-207/> The Montagu–Chelmsford reforms offered Indians the most significant opportunity yet for exercising legislative power, especially at the provincial level; however, that opportunity was also restricted by the still limited number of eligible voters, by the small budgets available to provincial legislatures, and by the presence of rural and special interest seats that were seen as instruments of British control.<ref name=brown-p205-207/>

[[File:Gandhi in London meeting, 1931.jpg|right|thumb|British Prime Minister MacDonald to the right of Gandhi at the Second Round Table Conference in London, October 1931.]]

===Round Table Conferences 1930–31–32===
{{main|Round Table Conferences (India)}}
The three [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conferences]] of 1930–32 were a series of consultations organised by the British government to discuss constitutional reforms in India. They were conducted on the advice of Muslim leader [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] to Viceroy [[Lord Irwin]] and Prime Minister [[Ramsay MacDonald]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wolpert|first1=Stanley|title=Jinnah of Pakistan|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Karachi, Pakistan|isbn=978-0-19-577389-7|page=107|edition=15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wolpert |first1=Stanley |title=Shameful Flight |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-515198-5 |pages=5–6}}</ref> and the recommendation of the report submitted by the [[Simon Commission]] in May 1930. Demands for [[swaraj]], or self-rule, in India had been growing increasingly strong. By the 1930s, many British politicians believed that India needed to move towards [[dominion status]]. However, there were significant disagreements between the Indian and the British leaders that the conferences could not resolve.<ref>{{cite book|title=Students' Britannica India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&pg=PA309|year=2000|page=309|isbn = 9780852297605|last1 = Hoiberg|first1 = Dale| publisher=Popular Prakashan }}</ref>

[[File:Gandhi Willingdon caricature 1932.jpg|thumb|left|A cartoon from 1932 depicting Viscount Willingdon on a [[hunger strike]] against Gandhi]]

===Willingdon imprisons leaders of Congress===

In 1932 the Viceroy, [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Lord Willingdon]], after the failure of the three [[Round Table Conferences (India)]] in London, now confronted Gandhi's Congress in action. The [[India Office]] told Willingdon that he should conciliate only those elements of Indian opinion that were willing to work with the Raj. That did not include Gandhi and the Indian National Congress, which launched its Civil Disobedience Movement on 4 January 1932. Therefore, Willingdon took decisive action.<ref>{{cite book|author=John F. Riddick|title=The History of British India: A Chronology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC&pg=PA110|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood |page=110|isbn=9780313322808}}</ref> He imprisoned Gandhi. He outlawed the Congress; he rounded up all members of the Working Committee and the Provincial Committees and imprisoned them; and he banned Congress youth organisations. In total he imprisoned 80,000 Indian activists. Without most of their leaders, protests were uneven and disorganised, boycotts were ineffective, illegal youth organisations proliferated but were ineffective, more women became involved, and there was terrorism, especially in the North-West Frontier Province. Gandhi remained in prison until 1933.<ref>Brian Roger Tomlinson, ''The Indian National Congress and the Raj, 1929–1942: the penultimate phase'' (Springer, 1976).</ref><ref>Rosemary Rees. ''India 1900–47'' (Heineman, 2006) p 122</ref> Willingdon relied on his military secretary, [[Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay|Hastings Ismay]], for his personal safety.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ismay |first=Hastings |author-link=Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay |title=The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay |year=1974 |orig-year=First published 1960 |edition=Reprint |location=New York |publisher=Viking Press |page=66 |isbn=978-0-8371-6280-5}}</ref>

===Communal Award: 1932===
MacDonald, trying to resolve the critical issue of how Indians would be represented, on 16 August 1932 announced the [[Communal Award]], which retained [[separate electorate]]s for Muslims, Sikhs, and Europeans in India and increased the number of provinces that offered separate electorates to Anglo-Indians and Indian Christians. The Depressed Classes (now known as the [[Dalits]]) obtained a separate electorate. Gandhi, representing the Indian National Congress during negotiations, rejected separate electorates for the Depressed Classes, Europeans, Anglo-Indians, and Indian Christians because, according to historian [[Helen Nugent]], he believed those separate electorates would weaken Congress' claim to be nationally representative. The award went into effect anyway.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nugent |first=Helen M. |author-link=Helen Nugent |year=1979 |title=The communal award: The process of decision-making |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=2 |issue=1–2 |pages=112–129 |doi=10.1080/00856407908722988}}</ref>

==Government of India Act (1935)==
In 1935, after the failure of the Round Table Conferences, the British Parliament approved the [[Government of India Act 1935]], which authorized the establishment of independent legislative assemblies in all provinces of British India, the creation of a central government incorporating both the British provinces and the princely states, and the protection of Muslim minorities.<ref name=oldenburg/> The future [[Constitution of India|Constitution of independent India]] would owe a great deal to the text of this act.<ref>{{Harv|Low|1993|pp=40, 156}}</ref> The act also provided for a [[bicameral]] national parliament and an executive branch under the purview of the British government. Although the national federation was never realized, nationwide elections for provincial assemblies were [[1937 Indian provincial elections|held in 1937]]. Despite initial hesitation, the Congress took part in the elections and won victories in seven of the eleven provinces of British India,<ref name=low-1935-electmjuhgyfrduyliions>{{Harv|Low|1993|p=154}}</ref> and Congress governments, with wide powers, were formed in these provinces. In Great Britain, these victories were to later turn the tide for the idea of Indian independence.<ref name="low-1935-electmjuhgyfrduyliions" />

==World War II==
{{Main|India in World War II}}
India played a major role in the Allied war effort against both Japan and Germany. It provided over 2 million soldiers, who fought numerous campaigns in the Middle East, and in the India-Burma front and also supplied billions of pounds to the British war effort. The Muslim and Sikh populations were strongly supportive of the British war effort, but the Hindu population was divided. Congress opposed the war, and tens of thousands of its leaders were imprisoned in 1942–45.<ref>Srinath Raghavan, ''India's War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia'' (2016).</ref><ref>Yasmin Khan, ''India At War: The Subcontinent and the Second World War'' (2015).</ref><ref>Lawrence James, ''Raj: the making and remaking of British India'' (1997) pp 545–85</ref> A major famine in eastern India led to hundreds of thousands of deaths by starvation, and remains a highly controversial issue regarding Churchill's reluctance to provide emergency food relief.<ref>Madhusree Mukerjee, ''Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India during World War II'' (2010).</ref>

With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the viceroy, [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]], declared war on India's behalf without consulting Indian leaders, leading the Congress provincial ministries to resign in protest. The Muslim League, in contrast, supported Britain in the war effort; however, it now took the view that Muslims would be unfairly treated in an independent India dominated by the Congress. Hindus not affiliated with the Congress typically supported the war. The two major Sikh factions, the Unionists and the Akali Dal, supported Britain and successfully urged large numbers of Sikhs to volunteer for the army.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robin Jeffrey|title=What's Happening to India?: Punjab, Ethnic Conflict, and the Test for Federalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQO_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68|year=2016|publisher=Springer|pages=68–69|isbn=9781349234103}}</ref>

=== Quit India movement or the Bharat Chhodo Andolan ===

The British sent a high level [[Cripps Mission]] in 1942 to secure Indian nationalists' co-operation in the war effort in exchange for postwar independence and dominion status. Congress demanded immediate independence and the mission failed. Gandhi then launched the [[Quit India Movement]] in August 1942, demanding the immediate withdrawal of the British from India or face nationwide civil disobedience. Along with thousands of other Congress leaders, Gandhi was immediately imprisoned, and the country erupted in violent local episodes led by students and later by peasant political groups, especially in Eastern [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], Bihar, and western Bengal. According to John F. Riddick, from 9 August 1942 to 21 September 1942, the Quit India movement:
:attacked 550 post offices, 250 railway stations, damaged many rail lines, destroyed 70 police stations, and burned or damaged 85 other government buildings. There were about 2,500 instances of telegraph wires being cut....The Government of India deployed 57 battalions of British troops to restore order.<ref>John F. Riddick, ''The History of British India: A Chronology'' (2006) p 115</ref>

The police and army crushed the resistance in months. Nationalist leaders were imprisoned until the end of World War 2.<ref>Srinath Raghavan, ''India's War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia'' (2016) pp 233–75.</ref>

Ultimately, the British government realised that India was ungovernable in the long run, and the question for the postwar era became how to exit gracefully and peacefully.

In 1945, when the World War 2 had almost come to an end, the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party of the United Kingdom]] won elections with a promise to provide independence to India.<ref>{{cite book | last=Studlar | first=D.T. | title=Great Britain: Decline Or Renewal? | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-429-96865-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQDFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 | page=117|quote=The Labour Party promised independence for India in its campaign in the general election of 1945.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Ram | first=J. | title=V.K. Krishna Menon: A Personal Memoir | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1997 | isbn=978-0-19-564228-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFuAAAAMAAJ | page=76|quote= Labour Party had promised freedom for India if they came to power
}}</ref> The jailed political prisoners were released the same year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Right to Property in India|page=36|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|year=1990|author=Naveen Sharma}}</ref>

===Bose and the Indian National Army (INA)===

[[Subhas Chandra Bose]], who had been ousted from the Congress Party in 1939 following differences with the more conservative high command,<ref>{{Harvnb|Chaudhuri|1953|p=355}}</ref> turned to Germany and Japan for help with liberating India by force.<ref name=low-bose>{{Harvnb|Low|1993|p=31}}</ref> With Japanese support, he organised the [[Indian National Army]], composed largely of Indian soldiers of the British Indian army who had been captured [[Battle of Singapore|at Singapore]] by the Japanese, including many Sikhs as well as Hindus and Muslims. Japan's [[F Kikan|secret service]] had promoted unrest in Southeast Asia to destabilise the British war effort,<ref>{{Harvnb|Lebra|1977|p=23}}</ref> and came to support a number of puppet and provisional governments in regions under their occupation, such as those of [[Japanese occupation of Burma|Burma]], the [[Philippines]] and [[Vietnam]]; similarly supported was the Provisional Government of [[Azad Hind]] (Free India), presided over by Bose.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lebra|1977|p=31}}</ref><ref name="low-bose" /> Bose's effort, however, was short lived; after the reverses of 1944, the reinforced British Indian Army in 1945 first halted and then reversed the Japanese [[U Go offensive]], beginning the successful part of the [[Burma Campaign]].

Bose's Indian National Army surrendered with the recapture of Singapore; Bose died in a plane crash soon thereafter.

The British demanded [[INA trials|trials]] for INA officers, but public opinion—including Congress and even the Indian Army—saw the INA as fighting for Indian independence and demanded a termination. The British eventually backtracked in the face of opposition by the Congress.<ref>{{cite book|last=Moreman|first=Tim|title=The Jungle, Japanese and the British Commonwealth Armies at War, 1941–45: Fighting Methods, Doctrine and Training for Jungle Warfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsoy_-Ep_0EC|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-76456-2}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Marston2014|pp=130–132}}: "Many Indian Army POWs were perplexed by Congress's sudden support for the INA"</ref> These trials became a galvanising point in the Indian Independence movement for the Indian National Congress.{{sfn|Singh|2003|p=98}}<ref name=Sarkar420>{{Harvnb|Sarkar|1983|p=420}}</ref>

===Finances===
Britain borrowed everywhere it could and made heavy purchases of equipment and supplies in India during the war.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dharma Kumar |editor1=Dharma Kumar |editor2=Meghnad Desai |year=1983 |chapter=The Fiscal System |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India |volume=2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=942–944 |isbn=0-521-22802-6}}</ref> Previously India owed Britain large sums; now it was reversed.<ref>Srinath Raghavan, ''India's War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia'' (2016) pp 339–47.</ref> Britain's sterling balances around the world amounted to £3.4 billion in 1945; India's share was £1.3 billion (equivalent to $US 74 billion in 2016 dollars.)<ref>See [https://www.uwyo.edu/numimage/currency.htm "Pounds Sterling to Dollars: Historical Conversion of Currency"]</ref><ref>Marcelo de Paiva Abreu, "India as a creditor: sterling balances, 1940–1953." (Department of Economics, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, 2015) [http://www.econ.puc-rio.br/uploads/adm/trabalhos/files/td643.pdf online]</ref> In this way the Raj treasury accumulated very large sterling reserves of British pounds that was owed to it by the British treasury. However, Britain treated this as a long-term loan with no interest and no specified repayment date. Just when the money would be made available by London was an issue, for the British treasury was nearly empty by 1945. India's balances totalled to Rs. 17.24 billion in March 1946; of that sum Rs. 15.12 billion [£1.134 billion] was split between India and Pakistan when they became independent in August 1947. They finally got the money and India spent all its share by 1957 which included buying back British owned assets in India.<ref>{{cite book|author=Uma Kapila|title=Indian Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIrkHe_6eeAC&pg=PA23|year=2005|publisher=Academic Foundation|page=23|isbn=9788171884292}}</ref>

==Transfer of power==
[[File:Brit IndianEmpireReligions3.jpg|left|thumb|'''1909 Prevailing Religions''', Map of British Indian Empire, 1909, showing the prevailing majority religions of the population for different districts.]]
The [[All India Azad Muslim Conference]] gathered in Delhi in April 1940 to voice its support for an [[Opposition to the partition of India|independent and united India]].<ref name="QasmiRobb2017">{{cite book |last1=Qasmi |first1=Ali Usman |last2=Robb |first2=Megan Eaton |title=Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108621236 |page=2 |language=en}}</ref> Its members included several Islamic organisations in India, as well as 1400 nationalist Muslim delegates.<ref name="Haq1970">{{cite book |last1=Haq |first1=Mushir U. |title=Muslim politics in modern India, 1857-1947 |date=1970 |publisher=Meenakshi Prakashan |page=114 |language=en|quote=This was also reflected in one of the resolutions of the Azad Muslim Conference, an organization which attempted to be representative of all the various nationalist Muslim parties and groups in India.}}</ref><ref name="Ahmed2016">{{cite web |last1=Ahmed |first1=Ishtiaq |title=The dissenters |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-dissenters/ |publisher=[[The Friday Times]] |language=en |date=27 May 2016|quote=However, the book is a tribute to the role of one Muslim leader who steadfastly opposed the Partition of India: the Sindhi leader Allah Bakhsh Soomro. Allah Bakhsh belonged to a landed family. He founded the Sindh People's Party in 1934, which later came to be known as 'Ittehad' or 'Unity Party'. ... Allah Bakhsh was totally opposed to the Muslim League's demand for the creation of Pakistan through a division of India on a religious basis. Consequently, he established the Azad Muslim Conference. In its Delhi session held during April 27–30, 1940 some 1400 delegates took part. They belonged mainly to the lower castes and working class. The famous scholar of Indian Islam, Wilfred Cantwell Smith, feels that the delegates represented a 'majority of India's Muslims'. Among those who attended the conference were representatives of many Islamic theologians and women also took part in the deliberations ... Shamsul Islam argues that the All-India Muslim League at times used intimidation and coercion to silence any opposition among Muslims to its demand for Partition. He calls such tactics of the Muslim League as a 'Reign of Terror'. He gives examples from all over India including the NWFP where the Khudai Khidmatgars remain opposed to the Partition of India.}}</ref><ref name="Ali2017">{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Afsar |title=Partition of India and Patriotism of Indian Muslims |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/15756-partition-of-india-and-patriotism-of-indian-muslims |publisher=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=en |date=17 July 2017}}</ref> The pro-separatist All-India Muslim League worked to try to silence those nationalist Muslims who stood against the partition of India, often using "intimidation and coercion".<ref name="Ali2017"/><ref name="Ahmed2016"/> The murder of the All India Azad Muslim Conference leader [[Allah Bakhsh Soomro]] also made it easier for the All-India Muslim League to demand the creation of a Pakistan.<ref name="Ali2017"/>

In January 1946, a number of mutinies broke out in the armed services, starting with [[Royal Air Force Mutiny of 1946|that of RAF servicemen]] frustrated with their slow repatriation to Britain.<ref name=judd-mutiny>{{Harv|Judd|2004|pp=172–173}}</ref> The mutinies came to a head with [[The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny|mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy]] in Bombay in February 1946, followed by others in Calcutta, Madras, and Karachi. Although the mutinies were rapidly suppressed, they found much public support in India and spurred the new Labour government in Britain to action, and leading to the Cabinet Mission to India led by the Secretary of State for India, [[Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence|Lord Pethick Lawrence]], and including [[Stafford Cripps|Sir Stafford Cripps]], who had visited four years before.<ref name=judd-mutiny/>

Also in early 1946, new elections were called in India in which the Congress won electoral victories in eight of the eleven provinces.<ref>{{Harv|Judd|2004|p=172}}</ref> However, the negotiations between the Congress and the Muslim League stumbled over the issue of the partition. Jinnah proclaimed 16 August 1946, [[Direct Action Day]], with the stated goal of peacefully highlighting the demand for a Muslim homeland in [[British India]]. The following day, Hindu-Muslim riots broke out in Calcutta and they quickly spread throughout India. Although the Government of India and the Congress were both shaken by the course of events, in September, a Congress-led interim government was installed, with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] serving as united India's prime minister.

Later that year, the Labour government in Britain, its exchequer exhausted by the recently concluded World War II, decided to end British rule of India, and in early 1947, Britain announced its intention to transfer power no later than June 1948.

As independence approached, the violence between Hindus and Muslims in the provinces of Punjab and Bengal continued unabated. With the British army unprepared for the potential for increased violence, the new viceroy, [[Louis Mountbatten]], advanced the date for the transfer of power, allowing less than six months for a mutually agreed plan for independence. In June 1947, the nationalist leaders, including Nehru and [[Abul Kalam Azad]] on behalf of the Congress, Jinnah representing the pro-separatist Muslim League, [[B. R. Ambedkar]] representing the [[Dalit|Untouchable]] community, and [[Master Tara Singh]] representing the [[Sikhs]], agreed to a [[Partition of India|partition of the country]] in opposition to Gandhi's views. In the years leading up to the partition of India, the pro-separatist All-India Muslim League violently drove out Hindus and Sikhs from the western Punjab.<ref name="Abid2014">{{cite web |last1=Abid |first1=Abdul Majeed |title=The forgotten massacre |url=https://nation.com.pk/29-Dec-2014/the-forgotten-massacre |website=The Nation |date=29 December 2014|quote=On the same dates, Muslim League-led mobs fell with determination and full preparations on the helpless Hindus and Sikhs scattered in the villages of Multan, Rawalpindi, Campbellpur, Jhelum and Sargodha. The murderous mobs were well supplied with arms, such as daggers, swords, spears and fire-arms. (A former civil servant mentioned in his autobiography that weapon supplies had been sent from the NWFP and money was supplied by Delhi-based politicians.) They had bands of stabbers and their auxiliaries, who covered the assailant, ambushed the victim and disposed of his body if necessary. These bands were monetarily subsidized by the Muslim League, and cash payments were made to individual assassins based on the numbers of Hindus and Sikhs who they had killed. There were also regular patrolling parties in jeeps which went about sniping and picking off any stray Hindus and Sikhs. ... Thousands of non-combatants including women and children were killed or injured by mobs, supported by the All India Muslim League.}}</ref>

Many millions of Muslim, Sikh, and Hindu refugees trekked across the [[Radcliffe Line|newly drawn borders]]. In Punjab, where the new border lines divided the Sikh regions in half, massive bloodshed followed; in Bengal and Bihar, where Gandhi's presence assuaged communal tempers, the violence was more limited. In all, anywhere between 250,000 and 500,000 people on both sides of the new borders died in the violence.<ref>{{Harv|Khosla|2001|p=299}}</ref> On 14 August 1947, the new [[Dominion of Pakistan]] came into being, with Muhammad Ali Jinnah sworn in as its first Governor General in [[Karachi]]. The following day, 15 August 1947, India, now a smaller ''Union of India'', became an independent country with official ceremonies taking place in New Delhi, with Jawaharlal Nehru assuming the office of the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], and the viceroy, Louis Mountbatten, stayed on as its first [[Governor-General of India|Governor General]].

==See also==
* [[Company rule in India]]
* [[British East India Company]]

==Notes==
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| publisher=Clarendon Press. 2nd edition. Pp. xxiv, 316 (469–784)
}}.

===Tertiary sources===
* {{Citation
|last1=Oldenburg
|first1=Philip
|chapter=India: Movement for Freedom
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240524174651/https://www.webcitation.org/5kwQMax7R?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557562_13/India.html
|archive-date=24 May 2024
|year=2007
|title=Encarta Encyclopedia
|chapter-url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557562_13/India.html#S133
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy-all
}}.
* {{Citation
| last1=Wolpert
| first1=Stanley
| chapter=India: British Imperial Power 1858–1947 (Indian nationalism and the British response, 1885–1920; Prelude to Independence, 1920–1947)
| chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-47042/India
| year=2007
| title=Encyclopædia Britannica
}}.

==External links==
* [[Encyclopedia of India]]

[[Category:British India]]

Vizhi Moodi Yosithaal

2026-03-23T10:38:09Z

Surojit098: Put up a info.

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by K. G. Senthil Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vizhi Moodi Yosithaal
| image = Vizhi Moodi Yosithaal.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| director = K. G. Senthil Kumar
| producer = K. G. Senthil Kumar
| writer = K. G. Senthil Kumar
| starring = K. G. Senthil Kumar Nikita
| music = B. Aathif
| cinematography = Gowbasu
| editing = K. Maruthi
| studio = Twister Films
| distributor = Twister Films
| released = {{Film date|2014|11|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 122 Minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Vizhi Moodi Yosithaal''''' ({{lit|When you close your eyes and think}}) is a 2014 Tamil-language [[science fiction]] [[thriller film]] written, produced, and directed by debutante K. G. Senthil Kumar, starring himself and Nikita.<ref>{{Cite news |title=After short films in the US, a romantic thriller in Tamil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-short-films-in-the-us-a-romantic-thriller-in-tamil/articleshow/20532597.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603063151/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-short-films-in-the-us-a-romantic-thriller-in-tamil/articleshow/20532597.cms |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film is based around the concept of [[extrasensory perception]]. The music was composed by B. Aashif with cinematography by Gowbasu and editing by K. Maruthi. The film released on 21 November 2014<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-21 |title=Friday Fury |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-21-news-tamil-olvj7Sbfjfcda.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122032111/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-21-news-tamil-olvj7Sbfjfcda.html |archive-date=22 November 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> to mixed reviews from audience and critics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vizhi Moodi Yosithaal Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Vizhi Moodi Yosithaal by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vizhi-moodi-yosithaal/movie-review/45243830.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2014 |title=விழி மூடி யோசித்தால் |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2014/11/22185006/vizhi-moodi-yosithal-movie-rev.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506094359/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2014/11/22185006/vizhi-moodi-yosithal-movie-rev.vpf |archive-date=6 May 2017 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

The title of the film was inspired by a song from the movie ''[[Ayan (film)|Ayan]]'' (2009).

==Plot==
KG (K. G. Senthil Kumar), has a gift of seeing five minutes into his future, but he would not be able to see his future if he is either intoxicated with alcohol or sleeping. KG does not realize that he has a gift until Niki (Nikita), the girl he loved dearly, is killed by a group of four terrorists right in front of his eyes while he had consumed alcohol. Once he realizes that if he would not have had alcohol and that he could have saved Niki's life, KG sets on a mission to find the culprits who killed Niki. While he finds the whereabouts of each terrorist and kills them one by one, he unravels the master plan of a big terrorist network to attack all the power stations of the entire state of Tamil Nadu, thereby causing panic and economic depression in the state. KG also finds out that the terrorists plan to do the same in all the states in India after hitting Tamil Nadu in order to collapse the entire Indian economy. Using his power to see five minutes into the future and with the help of his friends, KG successfully kills the mastermind behind this attack and saves Tamil Nadu from a great disaster. Realizing that he has a gift that not any normal person would have, KG dedicates himself to the society and roams around his city as a watchdog to save people from any possible terrorist attacks in the future.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* K. G. Senthil Kumar as KG
* Nikita as Niki
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as KG's mother
* [[Bala Singh]] as Bai
* [[Powerstar Srinivasan|Srinivasan]] as College Alumni (guest appearance)
* [[Amit Bhargav]]
* [[Bhanu Sri Mehra]] as Megha
* [[Misha Ghoshal]] as Hasini
* Bujjy as Chetan
* Rudra as Raghav
* Arul as Inas
* Mahesh Subramaniam
* Bhargav
* Susiq as Vani
* Aroul D. Jothi as Ganesan
* Durai Ramesh as Niki's father
* Harish Nair as Senior
* Mutta Podimas Anoop as Mutta Podimas
* Lingesh as CBCID Assistant
* Jayaraj
* Sathish
* Yogesh
* Yuvaraj as Bhai's assistant
* Kovardhan as Courier
* Selvam as Exam Hall Senior
* Subash as Love Letter Guy
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vizhi Moodi Yosithaal
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = B. Aathif
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2 November 2014
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 27:32
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label =
| producer = B. Aathif
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film's soundtrack was composed by B. Aathif. The album features six tracks and was released on 2 November 2014.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics =
| total_length = 27.32

| title1 = Jill Endra Megam
| lyrics1 = C.M.Lokesh
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length1 = 5:12
| title2 = July Kaatru
| lyrics2 = C.M.Lokesh
| extra2 = Deepak, [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length2 = 6:22
| title3 = Saala Saloothey
| lyrics3 = C.M.Lokesh
| extra3 = Deepak, Vikram, [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| length3 = 4:55
| title4 = Yedhedho Ninaivin Orathil
| lyrics4 = Tamizh Priyan, Tamizh Adimai
| extra4 = [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length4 = 4:47
| title5 = Ellora Sirpam
| lyrics5 =C.M.Lokesh
| extra5 = [[Rita (Indian singer)|Rita]]
| length5 = 4:50
| title6 = Kangal Rendum
| lyrics6 = Tamizh Priyan, Tamizh Adimai
| extra6 = Deepak
| length6 = 2:46
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian science fiction thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s science fiction thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 masala films]]

The Myth of the Holy Cow

2026-03-22T11:31:11Z

Surojit098: Put up info

{{Short description|2001 book by D. N. Jha}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Myth of the Holy Cow
| image = The Myth of the Holy Cow (Book Cover).jpeg
| author = [[D. N. Jha]]
| country = India
| language = English
| subject = Hinduism, History
| publisher =Matrix Books, republished by [[Verso Books|Verso]] in 2002
| published = 2001
| pages = 183
| isbn = 978-1-8598-4676-6
| isbn_note =
| award =
}}

'''''The Myth of the Holy Cow''''' is a 2001 book by historian [[D. N. Jha]] published by Matrix Books. The book was republished by [[Verso Books|Verso]] in 2002. The book aims to dispel the myth of the holiness of cows in ancient India. The author received death threats by [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalists]] over it and the book was later banned by Hyderabad civil court.

== Overview ==
The book stated that cows were eaten in ancient India. Cattle, including cows, were neither inviolable nor as revered in ancient times as they were later.<ref>{{cite web | last=Salam | first=Ziya Us | title=Prof D.N. Jha (1940-2021), a rare historian who wore his knowledge with ease | website=Frontline | date=5 February 2021 | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/prof-dn-jha-1940-2021-a-rare-historian-who-wore-his-knowledge-with-ease/article33757036.ece | access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="New York Times">{{cite web | last=Eakin | first=Emily | title=Holy Cow a Myth? An Indian Finds The Kick Is Real | website=The New York Times | date=17 August 2002 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/17/books/holy-cow-a-myth-an-indian-finds-the-kick-is-real.html | access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The book was reviewed by historian of religions, David M. Knipe of the University of Wisconsin, Madison<ref>{{cite journal |last=Knipe|first=D. M.|title=Review: The Myth of the Holy Cow|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|volume=72|issue=1|date=1 March 2004|issn=0002-7189|doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfh020|pages=263–266|url=https://academic.oup.com/jaar/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jaarel/lfh020|access-date=31 January 2026|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and by Matthew Sayers of University of Texas, who noted it to be a "well-organized, well-focused, and concerted effort to demonstrate that the modern understanding that the cow has been sacred since Vedic times is a mistake."<ref>{{cite journal | last=Sayers | first=Matthew | title=The Myth of the Holy Cow. By D. N. Jha. New York: Verso, 2002. 183 pp. $22.00 (cloth). | journal=The Journal of Asian Studies | volume=62 | issue=1 | date=2003 | issn=0021-9118 | doi=10.2307/3096214 | pages=311–313 | url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/journal-of-asian-studies/article/62/1/311/339463 | access-date=31 January 2026| url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Myth of the Holy Cow (D.N. Jha)|website=Danny Yee's Book Reviews|url=https://dannyreviews.com/h/Holy_Cow.html|access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=India's movement to protect cows is rooted in politics, not religion | website=The Economist | date=20 December 2022 | url=https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2022/12/20/indias-movement-to-protect-cows-is-rooted-in-politics-not-religion | access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>

== Attacks from Hindu nationalists ==
Since 2001, Jha has received death threats over his book ''The Myth of the Holy Cow'' in which he outlined the practice of eating beef in ancient India as documented in [[Vedas|Vedic]] and Post-Vedic texts. Since Hindus consider the cow holy and deny the claims of beef consumption during Vedic period, the Hindu activist groups created controversy over his book.<ref>{{cite web | last=Reddy | first=Sheela | title=A Brahmin's Cow Tales | website=Outlook India | date=8 September 2001 | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/society/a-brahmins-cow-tales-news-213159 | access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Mishra | first=Pankaj | title=Review: The Myth of the Holy Cow by DN Jha | website=The Guardian | date=12 July 2002 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/jul/13/historybooks.highereducation | access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=The Hindu : Beef eating: strangulating history | website=thehindu.com | date=14 August 2001 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/14/stories/13140833.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017114253/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/14/stories/13140833.htm | archive-date=17 October 2015 | url-status=dead | access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref> The book was banned by Hyderabad civil court. <ref>{{cite web | last=Jha | first=D. N. | title=The Myth of the Holy Cow | website=Verso | date=17 February 2004 | url=https://www.versobooks.com/en-gb/products/1789-the-myth-of-the-holy-cow | access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Cattle in religion and mythology]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Myth of the Holy Cow}}
[[Category:History books about India]]
[[Category:2001 books]]
[[Category:Vegetarianism and religion]]
[[Category:Hinduism and cattle]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related controversies]]

{{Hinduism-stub}}
{{India-book-stub}}

Raorchestes keirasabinae

2026-03-18T11:07:48Z

Surojit098: created a bio!

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status =VU
| status_ref =<ref name=IUCN />
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| taxon = Raorchestes keirasabinae
| authority =Garg, Suyesh, Das, Bee, and Biju, 2021
| range_map =
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
}}

'''''Roarchestes keirasabinae''''', or '''Keira's shrub frog''', is a species of frog in the family [[Rhacophoridae]], endemic to [[India]]. Scientists have observed it in many places within the [[Western Ghat]] mountains, all between 100 and 1,000 meters above sea level.<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6
|title=''Raorchestes keirasabinae'' Garg, Suyesh, Das, Bee, and Biju, 2021
|url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Raorchestes/Raorchestes-keirasabinae
|access-date=September 18, 2023}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb
|title= ''Raorchestes keirasabinae'' Garg, Suyesh, Das, Bee, and Biju, 2021
|author1=
|editor1=
|date=June 1, 2021
|language=
|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/9332
|access-date=September 18, 2023}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN
|title= Keira's Shrub Frog: ''Raorchestes keirasabinae''
|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/197945955/197945974
|article-number= e.T197945955A197945974
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T197945955A197945974.en
|id=197945955
|year=2023
|author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
|access-date=March 28, 2024}}</ref> This frog has been observed in forests, including a few [[secondary forest]]s, high in the [[canopy (biology)|canopy]]. Scientists believe this frog breeds through [[direct development]] like other frogs in ''Raorchestes''.<ref name="IUCN" /> It is classified as vulnerable to extinction despite its large range, and heavy fragmentation from agriculture.<ref name="IUCN" />

== Taxonomy ==
''Raorchestes keirasabinae'' was [[Species description|described]] in 2021 by the [[herpetologist]] Sonali Garg and her colleagues, based on an adult male specimen collected in Chathankod-Makki, [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. The species is named after Keira Sabin, to honour the Andrew Sabin Family Foundation's support for amphibian research and conservation.<ref name=":0" /> ''Raorchestes keirasabinae'' is a member of the ''[[Raorchestes nerostagona]]'' group within its genus and is most closely related to ''R. nerostagona''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Garg |first=Sonali |last2=Suyesh |first2=Robin |last3=Das |first3=Sandeep |last4=Bee |first4=Mark A. |last5=Biju |first5=S. D. |date=2021-03-03 |title=An integrative approach to infer systematic relationships and define species groups in the shrub frog genus ''Raorchestes'' , with description of five new species from the Western Ghats, India |url=https://peerj.com/articles/10791 |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=e10791 |doi=10.7717/peerj.10791 |issn=2167-8359 |doi-access=free|pmc=7936570 }}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes|url=https://peerj.com/articles/10791/|authors=Garg, Suyesh, Das, Bee, Biju}}</ref>

== Morphology ==
''Raorchestes keirasabinae'' is a medium-sized species, with a male [[snout–vent length]] of 29–31 mm.<ref name=":0" /> The anterior part of the dorsum is brown with black and dark brown patches, while the posterior half is green with grey patches. The snout is light green dorsally, and the sides of the head are dark greyish-brown. The underside is off-white, with variable amounts of brown or grey spots forming a vermiculated pattern.

The throat is darker than the belly, with dark grey margins and bands along the lips. The dorsal surface of the fore and hindlimbs is light greyish-brown, with irregular dark grey and light green cross-bands. The sides of the belly have brown and grey mottling. The groin and anterior parts of the thigh are brown with white patches. The posterior edges of the thigh and shank are dark chocolate-brown. The hands and feet are green-tinged brownish-grey. The iris is reddish-grey with a faint horizontal brown band. The colour and markings of the dorsum are variable and possibly adapted to the frog's surroundings.<ref name=":0" />

== Distribution and Habitat ==
''Raorchestes keirasabinae'' is endemic to the [[Western Ghats]] of Kerala and is currently known from elevations of 100–1,000 m south of the [[Palghat gap]]. It has been observed at [[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve|Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve]] in the districts of Thiruvananthapuram and [[Kollam district|Kollam]], and [[Periyar National Park]] in the district of [[Idukki district|Idukki]]. Since the species inhabits the highest canopy layers and cannot be located easily, it could have a wider geographical range in the Western Ghats regions south of Palghat gap, both in Kerala and the adjoining state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q119157118}}

[[Category:Frogs of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2021]]
[[Category:Raorchestes|keirasabinae]]

Murder of Ravindra Mhatre

2026-03-15T02:38:17Z

Surojit098: Made the info from scratch

{{Short description|1984 diplomatic killing in the United Kingdom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Ravindra Mhatre
|image = RavindraMhatre.jpg
|alt =
|birth_date = 1936
|birth_place =
|death_date = {{death date and age|1984|2|6|1936||df=y}}
|death_place = [[Birmingham]], [[United Kingdom]]
|death_cause = Murder
|other_names =
|known_for =
}}

'''Ravindra Hareshwar Mhatre''' was a 48 year old Indian diplomat in the [[United Kingdom]] who was kidnapped and later killed in [[Birmingham]] in 1984 by British Kashmiri militants who were associated with the [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]].

== Abduction and killing ==
Ravindra Mhatre, a second-ranking official in India's consular office in Birmingham, was abducted in Birmingham as he stepped out of a bus, carrying a birthday cake for his daughter Asha. He was held captive for three days in the [[Alum Rock, Birmingham|Alum Rock]] neighborhood of Birmingham,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ray|first=Devasish|date=2004|title=Suspect in 1984 killing of Indian diplomat arrested|work=India Post|url=http://www.indiapost.com/members/story.php?story_id=2560|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050222065034/http://www.indiapost.com/members/story.php?story_id=2560|archive-date=22 February 2005}}</ref> an area that was predominantly inhabited by [[British Mirpuris]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|agency=Reuters|date=1984-02-06|title=BRITISH FIND THE BODY OF INDIAN DIPLOMAT WHO WAS ABDUCTED|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/06/world/british-find-the-body-of-indian-diplomat-who-was-abducted.html|access-date=2021-12-19|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

According to a police spokesman, Mhatre's body was found two days later in a farm lane about 20 miles southeast of Birmingham.<ref name=":0" /> The [[JKLF|Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]] claimed responsibility and demanded a ransom of 1 million pounds ($1.84 million) and the release of militants imprisoned in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timelines.ws/20thcent/1984.HTML|title = Timeline 1984}}</ref>

The kidnapping was a failed attempt to secure the release from prison of the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front's founder [[Maqbool Bhat]]. A £1m ransom demand was sent to media outlets.<ref name="DiplomatMurder">{{cite news|title=Diplomat murder accused on trial|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_midlands/4457862.stm|access-date=18 May 2017|publisher=BBC|date=21 November 2005}}</ref>

==Perpetrators==

Mohammed Riaz and Abdul Quayyam Raja, then 27, were convicted of the murder of Mhatre. A third suspect, then aged 21 was arrested and imprisoned for 20 years until 2004.

Abdul Quayyam Raja was arrested and indicted in Birmingham in February 1984.<ref name="FatalKidnapping">{{cite news|date=26 February 1984|title=Kashmiri Accused in England Of Indian's Fatal Kidnapping|work=New York Times|agency=AP|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/26/world/kashmiri-accused-in-england-of-indian-s-fatal-kidnapping.html|accessdate=18 May 2017}}</ref>

Mohammad Aslam Mirza, 48, a British citizen and Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) militant, was arrested in 2004 in the United States for overstaying his visa. Fingerprints revealed that he was a member of the JKLF, and fingerprints on the gun used to murder Mhatre revealed that he was wanted for the kidnap and murder of Mhatre. Mirza told the court he was not involved in the murder and said that he was appalled by the charges and had no recollection of the events of 1984 due to severe memory problems. He told the court that after the killing he had gone to Kashmir on family business.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 December 2005|title=UK court acquits JKLF extremist|work=The Tribune|agency=UNI|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051205/world.htm#4}}</ref>

Mirza had left his wife Sakina Bibi and seven children in Birmingham and left for Pakistan in 1984.<ref>[http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/mercury/content_objectid=14025893_method=full_siteid=50002_headline=-Mids-man-held-over-1984-killing-name_page.html icBirmingham - Mids man held over 1984 killing]</ref> He married Ann Aslam in [[Pottsville, Pennsylvania]], in 2001, and managed a Pottsville apartment complex.<ref>[http://www.nriinternet.com/UK/UPdated_Cases/1_Mhatre_Murder.htm Untitled Document]</ref>

On 1 December 2005, a jury found Mirza not guilty.<ref>{{Cite news|URL=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/west_midlands/4488456.stm|title=Man cleared of diplomat killing|work=BBC News|date=1 December 2005|access-date=26 May 2024}}</ref>

==Impact and commemoration==
The [[People's Justice Party (UK)|People's Justice Party]], supported by [[British Mirpuri community|Mirpuri Pakistanis in the UK]] grew out of the campaign to get Mhatre's killers released. The original movement, called FRAQ - "Free Riaz and Quayyam" – campaign, later changed to "Justice for Kashmir", then the "Justice Party", before settling on its final name.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prasad|first=Raekha|date=2002-06-19|title=Tough justice|url=http://www.theguardian.com/society/2002/jun/19/localgovernment.guardiansocietysupplement|access-date=2021-12-19|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Sökefeld |first1=Martin |first2=Marta |last2=Bolognani |chapter="Kashmiris in Britain: A political project or a social reality |pages=119–120 |title=Pakistan and Its Diaspora: Multidisciplinary Approaches |editor1-first=Marta |editor1-last=Bolognani |editor2-first=Stephen M. |editor2-last=Lyon |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2011 |isbn=978-0230119079 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bXGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119}}</ref>

A bridge in the Indian city of [[Pune]] popularly known as Mhatre Bridge is named after him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/1685178/Ravindra-Mhatre-Bridge|title=Ravindra Mhatre Bridge - Pune}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Murders in the United Kingdom in the 1980s}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mhatre, Ravindra}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:1984 in England]]
[[Category:1980s in Birmingham, West Midlands]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Birmingham]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents during the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in the United Kingdom in 1984]]
[[Category:1984 murders in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1980s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:British Indian history]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in England]]
[[Category:Bus incidents in England]]
[[Category:1980s road incidents in Europe]]
[[Category:Kidnappings in England]]
[[Category:Kidnapping in the 1980s]]

Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram

2026-03-14T05:39:47Z

Surojit098:

{{Short description|Law College in Kerala, India}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2014}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram
| native_name = സർക്കാർ നിയമ കലാലയം, തിരുവനന്തപുരം
| motto = {{langx|la|[[Fiat justitia ruat caelum|Fiat Justitia Ruat Caelum]]}}
| mottoeng = Let justice be done though the heavens fall.
| type = [[Public University|Public]]
| image = File: Government Law College Thiruvananthapuram Emblem.png
| caption = [[Emblem]]
| established = {{Start date and age|1875|df=yes}}
| founder = [[Ayilyam Thirunal|Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma IV]]
| students =
| principal = Dr. N. Krishna Kumar (I/C)
| affiliations = [[University of Kerala]] [[Bar Council of India]]
| dean =
| city = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = Barton Hill P.O 695035
| coordinates = {{coord|8.5085|76.9427|type:edu|display=inline,title}} 
| pushpin_map =
| campus = Urban
| former_name = His Highness The Maharaja's Law College, Thiruvananthapuram
| other_names = GLC Thiruvananthapuram, GLC TVPM, GLCT
| undergrad = 880
| postgrad = 30
| doctoral =
| other_name =
| language = English
| website = {{URL|http://glctvm.ac.in/}}
}}
[[File:Highland Bungalow Govt Law College (cropped).jpg|thumb|Highland Bungalow at the Campus.]]
'''Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram''' is an institution for [[Legal education in India|legal education]] at graduate and post-graduate levels in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Established by the then Maharaja of [[Travancore]] in 1875, it is one of the oldest law colleges in India. Affiliated to the Faculty of Law of [[University of Kerala]] and the [[Bar Council of India]], the college is supervised and controlled by the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref>http://www.glctvm.ac.in/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>

The campus is housed in the Highland Bungalow situated in Barton Hill, which is a green space in the heart of city. An eminent centre of research in Law, the college has one of the oldest and largest law libraries in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.glctvm.ac.in/facility/content/Library | title=Govt.Law College Trivandrum|ഒരു കേരള സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ സ്ഥാപനം }}</ref>

The college offers an undergraduate five-year integrated [[Bachelor of Arts]]–[[Bachelor of Laws]] (B.A. LL.B.) program along with three-year LL.B. program, both of which qualify the student to sit for the bar to practice law in India. Post-graduate law degrees ([[Master of Laws|LL.M.]]) are offered in two lines of specialization: Constitution Law & Criminal Law.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.glctvm.ac.in/courses/degree/ba-llb | title=Govt.Law College Trivandrum|ഒരു കേരള സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ സ്ഥാപനം }}</ref>

Alumni of the college include judges of the [[Supreme Court of India]] such as [[Fathima Beevi|Justice Fathima Beevi]], judges of various High Courts, statesmen and academicians like [[N. R. Madhava Menon]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.glctvm.ac.in/rights/alumini | title=Govt.Law College Trivandrum|ഒരു കേരള സര്‍ക്കാര്‍ സ്ഥാപനം }}</ref>

==History==

The government of [[Ayilyam Thirunal]], the Maharaja of [[Travancore]], on 31 January 1875, sanctioned "the Organisation of a Law Class in connection with [[University College Thiruvananthapuram|His Highness The Maharaja's College]] at Thiruvananthapuram to enable candidates from Travancore to present themselves for the Law Examination of the [[University of Madras]] and to encourage others to pursue the study of law systematically".{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} The order directed that it should be worked on the same lines as the class attached to the [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]] at Madras. W. E. Ormsby, [[Barrister|Barrister-at-law]], then a judge of Sadur Court of Travancore was appointed Professor of Law in H. H. College. He opened the class on 9 February of the same year. In 1877, H. H. College was affiliated to the [[University of Madras]] in the Faculty of Law.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

The class was thus continued till 1894, when in conformity with important alterations in the by-laws of the Madras University regarding the B.L. Degree Examination, the institution was re-organised on an entirely different footing. The law class – which till then was working as a part of H. H. College (and whose professors were treated as members of that college) – was raised to the status of an independent college named "His Highness Maharaja's Law College, Thiruvananthapuram". A complete set of rules was also sanctioned by the Government for the control and regulation of work in the college. The rules prescribed the qualification required for the members of the teaching staff.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

The college was maintained by His Highness's Government and the management of the college was vested in the Principal acting directly under the orders of [[Dewan]] of Travancore till the end of 1908. In 1909, the college was placed under the Director of Public Instruction and in 1910, under the High Court. With the inauguration of [[University of Kerala|University of Travancore]] in 1938, the college was transferred to the control and supervision of the university.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

In August 1949, the college was shifted to Ernakulam to fit in with the new set up arising out of the integration of erstwhile [[Travancore-Cochin|State of Travancore-Cochin]] and the location of the High Court of the united state at [[Ernakulam]]. In 1954, it was again brought to Thiruvananthapuram, leaving at Ernakulam, a [[Government Law College, Ernakulam|sister college]] and was housed in the current premises in the Highland Bungalow on the Barton Hill.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/heritage-walk-explores-barton-hill/article6923962.ece|title=Heritage Walk explores Barton Hill|newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 February 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Under the University Act of 1957, the college was transferred to the control of Government of Kerala. In 1961, the Government made the college a permanent institution.

In 1962–63, a full-time post-graduate course was introduced with M. L. Degree and [[Master of Laws|LL.M]] course was started in 1971. A three-year [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]] course was started from 1967 to 1968 and a five year LL.B. course was introduced from the academic year 1984–85.<ref>http://www.glctvm.ac.in/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>

==Campus==
The Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram is housed in the Highland Bungalow of Walthew Clarance Barton (1834–1903), the first Chief Engineer of the erstwhile state of Travancore. Many new blocks were later added in the five-acre green campus in the heart of the city.

==Academics==
===Admissions===
Admissions to both undergraduate and postgraduate programs at the college are through the Kerala Law Entrance Examination (KLEE) conducted by the Commissioner for Entrance Examination, Government of Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |title=CEE Kerala official website |url=https://cee.kerala.gov.in/cee/ |access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref>

===Academic programmes ===

====B.A., LL.B (Integrated)====

The college offers an undergraduate five-year integrated [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]] program which, upon completion, qualifies the student to sit for the bar to practice law in India.

This is a double degree Integrated course comprising B.A (English) and LL.B degrees. The bachelor's degree in B.A. and Law consists of regular course of study for a minimum period of 10 semesters in five years and has 14 papers in B.A. and 31 papers in Law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cee-kerala.org/docs/llb5_2015/prospectus.pdf |title=Prospectus |publisher=www.cee-kerala.org |access-date=2020-01-31 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701140629/http://www.cee-kerala.org/docs/llb5_2015/prospectus.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====LL.B (three-year course)====

The college also offers a three-year LL.B. program which, upon completion, qualifies the student to sit for the bar to practice law in India.

The bachelor's degree in law (LL.B) consists of a regular course of study for a minimum period of 6 semesters in three years and has 20 compulsory papers, 4 compulsory clinical papers and 6 optional papers in Law.

====Masters in Law (LL.M)====

Post-graduate law degrees are offered in two lines of specialization: ''Constitution Law & Criminal Law''. The normal duration of the [[Master of Laws|LL.M.]] programme is four semesters. Government Law College Thiruvananthapuram was one of the few colleges to run a LL.M Programme in Constitution Law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cee-kerala.org/docs/llm2014/llm2014_pros.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - LLM 2014 Prospectus |access-date=2020-01-31 |archive-date=20 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320095929/http://cee-kerala.org/docs/llm2014/llm2014_pros.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====LL.M (evening batch)====

The Government of Kerala directed that a 20 student batch should start from 2015 to 2016.

===Library===
The GLC Thiruvananthapuram Library is one of the oldest law libraries in the country. Known for its rare collection of books and treatise on various subjects not limited to law, it holds over 27,000 books and 5000 periodicals. Being an important resource center, the library is primarily intended to provide undergraduate and postgraduate readers with the books they need for their studies.

===Research block===
In 2013, Research Center in Law status was accorded to the college by the University of Kerala. By 2013, the college requested the formation of a chair named ''Malloor Govinda Pillai Chair on Criminal Law'', and a proposal to form ''Justice K.K Mathew Chair on Constitutional Law'' was also pending with the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/glc-thiruvananthapuram-accorded-research-centre-status/|title=GLC Thiruvananthapuram accorded research centre status|first=Nebil|last=Nizar|date=15 November 2013|website=www.livelaw.in}}</ref>

==Student life==
===Hostel===
The Hostel Block inaugurated by the then President of India, [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] as a men's hostel<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Authorities-shut-down-Government-Law-College-mens-hostel/articleshow/16872947.cms|title=Authorities shut down Government Law College men's hostel | Thiruvananthapuram News|website=The Times of India|date=19 October 2012 }}</ref> was converted into a women's hostel in 2012. The admission is made by the Warden for students from second year of study onward. The male students are now accommodated in a separate block at University Hostel for men at [[Palayam, Thiruvananthapuram]].{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

===National Service Scheme===
The [[National Service Scheme]] is an Indian government-sponsored programme under the Department of Youth Affairs and Sports of the [[Government of India]]. The college has two NSS units and has been involved in many social service activities in rural areas<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/lending-a-helping-hand/article4385946.ece|title=Lending a helping hand|first=Athira|last=M|newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 February 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> and has organised many legal aid and legal literacy programs in addition to forest conservation, environmental protection and blood donation camps. In 2012, Assistant Professor K. Hareendran of the college was selected as the "Best Programme Officer of NSS" for the [[University of Kerala]].

===Student publications===
Government Law College Thiruvananthapuram magazine is brought out annually by the college union. The Student Editor is chosen by an electoral college consisting of all students of the college, and the Staff Editor is ''nominated'' by the Staff Council headed by the college Principal. [[N. R. Madhava Menon|N. R. Madava Menon]] was the student editor during 1954–55.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

In 2016, the Internal Quality Assurance Cell (I.Q.A.C.) launched ''Legal WRIT (Writings on Research and Innovative Topics)'', an annual student-edited in-house journal devised to improve the quality and the academic talents of the students aiming for the promotion of reading, writing and research among students.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701023823/http://glctvpm.com/college/iqac.shtml|archive-date=1 July 2020|url=http://glctvpm.com/college/iqac.shtml|title=GLCT - IQAC|website=glctvpm.com|access-date=22 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

===National Cadet Corps===
The [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] (NCC) is the youth wing of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]. In 2023, the NCC sub-unit under 1(K) Naval Unit NCC Akkulam was established in the Government Law College Thiruvananthapuram.

==Notable alumni==
{{alumni|date=January 2018}}

===Judiciary===
* [[Fathima Beevi]], former judge, [[Supreme Court of India]], (first female judge of Supreme Court of India) and 11th Governor of [[Tamilnadu]] State
* [[K. K. Mathew]], former judge, Supreme Court of India
* [[Cyriac Joseph]], former judge, Supreme Court of India
* [[Anna Chandy]], former judge, [[Kerala High Court|High Court of Kerala]] (first female judge and later first female High Court judge in India)
* [[Padmanabhan Subramanian Poti]], former Chief Justice of Kerala and [[Gujarat High Court|Gujarat]] High Courts
* [[D. Sreedevi]], former judge, High Court of Kerala and former chairperson, [[Kerala Women's Commission]]
* [[B. Kemal Pasha]], former judge, High Court of Kerala
* [[T. V. Anilkumar]], former judge, High Court of Kerala
* [[N. Anil Kumar]], former judge, High Court of Kerala
* [[P. Habeeb Mohamed]], former judge, [[Kerala High Court#Judicial system in the Kingdom of Travancore|The High Court of Travancore]] (princely state)
* [[Sathish Ninan]], Judge, High Court of Kerala
* [[P. Somarajan]], former Judge, High Court of Kerala
* [[C. S. Dias]], Judge, High Court of Kerala
* [[A. Badharudeen]], Judge, High Court of Kerala
* [[Karunakaran Babu|K. Babu]], Judge, High Court of Kerala
* [[P. G. Ajithkumar]], Judge, High Court of Kerala

===Legislature===
* [[Annie Mascarene]], member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] and the [[1st Lok Sabha|First Lok Sabha]].
* [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan]], Member of [[Cochin Legislative Council]]
* [[R. Sankara Narayanan Thampi]], first speaker of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[K. M. Seethi Sahib|K. M. Seethi]], former speaker of Kerala Legislative Assembly
* [[D. Damodaran Potti]], former speaker of Kerala Legislative Assembly
* [[N. Sakthan]], former speaker of Kerala Legislative Assembly
* [[V. D. Satheesan]], Leader of Opposition, Second Vijayan Government
* [[V. Parameswaran Nayar]], former [[Indian Parliament|Member of Parliament]]
* [[M. I. Shanavas]], former Member of Parliament
* [[Anirudhan Sampath|A. Sampath]], former Member of Parliament
* [[Jose K. Mani]], Member of Parliament
* [[Mathew Kuzhalnadan]], member of Kerala Legislative Assembly
* [[T.V. Rajesh]], former member of Kerala Legislative Assembly
* [[P. C. Vishnunath]], member of Kerala Legislative Assembly
* [[K. K. Ramachandran Nair]], former member of Kerala Legislative Assembly
* [[P. Aisha Potty]], former Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly

===Government===
* [[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai]], former [[Chief minister of Kerala]]
* [[R. Sankar]], former Chief minister of Kerala
* [[C. Achutha Menon]], former Chief minister of Kerala
* [[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]], former Chief minister of Kerala
* [[E. Ikkanda Warrier]], 3rd Prime Minister of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]]
* [[C. Kesavan]], former Chief minister of [[Travancore-Cochin]]
* [[K. T. Achuthan|K.T. Achuthan]], former minister, Government of Kerala
* [[P. T. Chacko]], Former Home Minister of Kerala
* [[Ramesh Chennithala]], former Home Minister of Kerala
* [[Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan]], former Home Minister of Kerala
* [[K. R. Gouri Amma]], former minister, Government of Kerala
* [[K. C. Joseph (Irikkur politician)|K. C. Joseph]], former minister, Government of Kerala
* [[M. Vijayakumar]], former Minister of Law, Government of Kerala
* [[M. N. Govindan Nair]], former minister, Government of Kerala
* [[K. A. Damodara Menon]], former minister, Government of Kerala
* [[T. M. Jacob]], former minister, Government of Kerala
* [[Mathew T. Thomas]], former minister, Government of Kerala
* [[G. Sudhakaran]], former minister, Government of Kerala
* [[E. Ahamed]], former [[Minister of State]], External Affairs<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-09/news/48999744_1_government-law-college-glc-aam-admi-party |title=Proud moment for Government Law College with 10 alumni in poll fray - timesofindia-economictimes |website=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507171931/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-09/news/48999744_1_government-law-college-glc-aam-admi-party |archive-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[M. B. Rajesh]], Minister for Excise, Government of Kerala
* [[Kodikunnil Suresh]], former Minister of State, Labour
* [[N. K. Premachandran]], former minister, Government of Kerala

===Bureaucrats===

* [[N. R. Madhava Menon]], former [[Central Secretariat Service]] officer, founder of [[National Law School of India University]], [[West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences]] and former director of [[National Judicial Academy (India)]]
* [[V. Joseph Thomas]] [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], former Director General of [[Kerala Police]]
* [[Abdul Sathar Kunju]] IPS, former Director General of Kerala Police
* [[Malayattoor Ramakrishnan]], former [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer and award-winning writer
* [[T P Sundararajan]], former IPS officer and assistant director of [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]]

===Malayalam film industry===

* [[Resul Pookutty]], [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] winning sound designer
* [[Sukumaran]], [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|State Best Actor]] award winner
* [[Bheeman Raghu]], actor and police officer
* [[Anoop Menon]], actor and scriptwriter
* [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]], actor and scriptwriter
* [[Karamana Janardanan Nair]], actor
* [[Sudeep Kumar]], singer

===Others===

* [[K. M. Mathew]], former Chief Editor, [[Malayala Manorama]]
* [[Mali Madhavan Nair]], author and journalist
* [[Aiyappan Pillai]], lawyer and politician
*

==Popular culture==
The film ''[[Thalastaanam|Thalasthanam]]'' – directed by [[Shaji Kailas|Shaji Khailas]], scripted by [[Renji Panicker]], and starring [[Suresh Gopi]] revolves around the politics of Government Law College Thiruvananthapuram.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Shooting also took place in Government Law College for ''[[Randam Varavu]]'', directed by [[K. Madhu]] and starring [[Jayaram]].{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

== See also ==
* [[Government Law College, Ernakulam]]
* [[Kerala Law Academy Law College]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
* [[University of Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.glctvpm.com}}

[[Category:Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram| ]]
[[Category:Law schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to the University of Kerala]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1875]]
[[Category:1875 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]

Simhachalam (film)

2026-03-11T15:07:50Z

Surojit098: Put up data

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Simhachalam (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Indra Kumar
| writer = Indra Kumar
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Kanumilli Srinivasa Rao
| starring = [[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]] [[Prakash Raj]] [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Dutt
| editing = Gowtam Raju
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| studio = Chandrahasaha Cinema
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|8|8}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Simhachalam''''' is a 2003 Indian Telugu-language [[action film|action]] [[drama film]] directed by Indra Kumar and starring [[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]], [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]. The film has the same storyline as ''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]'' (2003), which released prior to this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/research/scoop/onethread-twofilms.html|title=Scoop: One Thread - Two films|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=25 January 2003|access-date=29 December 2023|archive-date=27 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227002446/https://www.idlebrain.com/research/scoop/onethread-twofilms.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]] as Simhachalam
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Dora Swamy Raju
*[[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Simhachalam's wife
*[[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]]
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
*[[Raja Ravindra]]
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
*Raman Punjabi
*[[Telangana Shakuntala]]
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
* Pendyala Murali
*[[Narsing Yadav]]
* Rikky
*[[J. V. Ramana Murthi]]
*[[Nutan Prasad]]
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
*[[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]]
*[[Kantha Rao]]
*[[L. B. Sriram]]
*[[Bandla Ganesh]]
*[[Hemanth Ravan]] as Seetharama Raju
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Mani Sharma]].
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Doboochulaade Siggatatho
| length1 = 4:37
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 =
| title2 = Meru Parvatham
| length2 = 4:30
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 =
| title3 = Sokemo Adiripad
| length3 = 4:22
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 =
| total_length = 13:29
}}

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 3 {{Fraction|1|4}} out of 5 and wrote that "This film starts on a routine note. The first half is average. Second half is good with interesting twists (thanks to Prakash Raj). The 'counseling episodes' by hero in the first half are good. However, there are many characters in this film that were left without giving them an ending".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-simhachalam.html|title=Movie review - Simhachalam|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=8 August 2003|last=Jeevi|access-date=29 December 2023|archive-date=27 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227002445/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-simhachalam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "Srihari's new film ''Simhachalam'' is racy with a good screenplay and punchy dialogues".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13223329&ctid=5&cid=2430|title=Simhachalam|last=Moviebuzz|work=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107112631/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13223329&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-date=7 January 2005}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0377133}}

{{Posani Krishna Murali}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]

Ishwarbhai Chavda

2026-03-10T11:58:26Z

Surojit098: expanded structure additionally and improved wording

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
'''Ishwarbhai Chavda''' was a leader of [[Indian National Congress]] from [[Gujarat]]. He was born on August 2, 1913. He represented [[Anand (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anand]] in [[Lok Sabha]] for five terms. He died in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/shri-ishwarbhai-khodabhai-chavda-member-of-parliament-mp-from-anand-gujarat-biodata/ |title=Shri Ishwarbhai Khodabhai Chavda Member of Parliament (MP) from Anand (Gujarat) Biodata |website=entranceindia.com |date=24 December 2018 |access-date=2023-05-28}}</ref> He was the father in law of former Gujarat Chief minister [[Madhav Singh Solanki]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gujjuweb.com/20070521/former-gujarat-mp-ishwarbhai-chawada-dies |title=Former Gujarat MP Ishwarbhai Chawada dies {{!}} Gujjuweb - Gujarati News and Local Community |website=www.gujjuweb.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118075559/http://www.gujjuweb.com/20070521/former-gujarat-mp-ishwarbhai-chawada-dies |archive-date=2015-01-18}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He was married to Surajben Chavda. The couple had 5 children including 3 [[daughters]] and two [[sons]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/shri-ishwarbhai-khodabhai-chavda-member-of-parliament-mp-from-anand-gujarat-biodata/ |title=Shri Ishwarbhai Khodabhai Chavda Member of Parliament (MP) from Anand (Gujarat) Biodata |website=entranceindia.com |date=24 December 2018 |access-date=2023-05-28}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chavda, Ishwarbhai}}
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Anand district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-INC-politician-stub}}

Chaitanya Mahaprabhu

2026-03-10T04:00:00Z

Surojit098: quick adjust details per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|15th-century Indian Vaishnavite Hindu saint}}
{{redirect|Krishna Chaitanya|the Telugu lyricist|Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)}}
{{redirect|Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|the 1954 Hindi film|Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (film)}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Expert needed|1=Hinduism|reason=expansion of theological influence/reviewing citations|date=October 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2025}}}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
| image = Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in Dhameswar Mahaprabhu temple 6.jpg
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| caption = Wooden [[murti]] of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu as Dhāmeśvara, Nabadwip<ref name=":0" />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1486|2|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nabadwip]], [[Bengal Sultanate]] {{small|(present-day [[West Bengal]], India)}}
| birth_name = Vishvambhara Mishra
| death_date = {{death date and age|1534|6|14|1486|2|28|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Puri]], [[Gajapati Empire]] {{small|(present-day [[Odisha]], India)}}
| spouse = Lakshmi Priya (first wife) and [[Vishnupriya]]
| guru = Swami Isvara Puri (mantra guru); Swami Kesava Bharati (sannyas guru)
| philosophy = [[Bhakti yoga]], [[Achintya Bheda Abheda]]
| known_for = Expounded [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], [[kirtan]]
| founder = [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] [[Achintya Bheda Abheda]]
| father =
| mother =
| relatives =
| disciples = [[Rupa Goswami]], [[Sanatana Goswami]], [[Gopala Bhatta Goswami]], [[Raghunatha Bhatta Goswami]], [[Raghunatha dasa Goswami]], [[Jiva Goswami]], others
| literary_works = ''[[Shikshashtakam]]''
| background = Orange
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Chaitanya Mahaprabhu''' ({{langx|bn|মহাপ্রভু শ্রীচৈতন্য দেব}}; {{langx|sa|चैतन्य महाप्रभु|Caitanya Mahāprabhu}}), born '''Vishvambhara Mishra''' ({{IAST3|Viśvambhara Miśra}}<ref name="Banglapedia Chaitanya"/>) (28 February 1486 – 14 June 1534{{sfn|Delmonico|2007|loc=p. 549: "The form of Vaishnavism inspired by the sixteenth-century saint-reformer Shri Krishna Chaitanya (1486–1533 C.E.) rested heavily upon a belief in the purifying and salvific powers of the names of God, whose fullest self-revelation Chaitanya believed to be Krishna"}}), was an Indian [[Hindus|Hindu]] saint from [[Bengal]] and the founder of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's mode of worshipping [[Krishna]] with [[bhajan]]-[[kirtan]] and dance influenced [[Vaishnavism]] in [[Bengal]].

He is considered the chief proponent of the Vedantic philosophy of [[Achintya Bheda Abheda]]. The concept of inconceivable difference in non-difference, known as achintya-bhedabheda, was explained later by [[Jiva Goswami]] in his book Bhagavat Sandharbha,{{sfn|Dasa|2007|loc=pp. 377-378: "The Bhagavat Sandarbha [...] describes the concept of Bhagavan alluded to in Bhagavata 1.2.11. Jiva explains [...] [t]he relation between Bhagavan and His potency is one of inconceivable difference in non-difference, known as achintya-bhedabheda. It is in recognition of the nature of this relation that Chaitanya’s philosophy is called Achintya bhedaabheda-vada"}} and in his Sarva-samvadini.{{sfn|Gupta|2007|loc=p. 46, footnote 30: "[I]n the Sarva-samvadini, [J]iva Gosvami lists the names of different teachers and their schools of Vedanta, and then concludes by saying, 'sva-mate tu acintya-bhedabhedah,' 'but my view is acintya-bhedabheda'"}}{{sfn|Krsna Dasa, T.|2022|loc="[Jiva Goswami in his] Sarva-samvadini [commenting] Anuccheda 77 and 78 of the Paramatma Sandarbha [states that:] 'It is well known that Gautama, Kaṇāda, Jaimini, Kapila and Patañjali, as well as śrī-rāmānuja and śrī-madhvācārya’s accept bheda alone. To us, acintya-bheda-abheda alone is acceptable, because the substantive is endowed with acintya śaktis' "}}

Mahaprabhu founded [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]. He expounded [[Bhakti yoga]] and popularised the chanting of the [[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna Maha-mantra]].<ref>[http://www.scsmath.com/docs/chaitanya_mahaprabhu.html Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228155252/http://scsmath.com/docs/chaitanya_mahaprabhu.html |date=28 December 2017 }} "He spread the [[Yuga Dharma|Yuga-dharma]] as the practice for attainment of pure love for [[Radha]]-[[Krishna]]. That process is Harinam-Sankirtan, or the congregational chanting of the Holy Names of Krishna "Hare Krishna Hare Krishna Krishna Krishna Hare Hare, Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare"</ref> He composed the ''[[Shikshashtakam]]'' (eight devotional prayers).

Chaitanya is sometimes called [[Gauranga]] ({{IAST3|Gaurāṅga}}) or '''Gaura''' due to his molten gold–like complexion.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/Mar122006/finearts1054102006310.asp In the Name of the Lord (Deccan Herald)] "He was also given the name of ‘Gora’ because of his extremely fair complexion." {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207225342/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/Mar122006/finearts1054102006310.asp |date=7 December 2006 }}</ref> His birthday is celebrated as [[Gaura-purnima]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.krishna.com/node/1407|title=Gaura Purnima|publisher=www.krishna.com|access-date=16 December 2008|archive-date=12 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312140828/http://www.krishna.com/node/1407|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://givegita.com/sri-chaitanya Sri Gaura Purnima] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001230238/https://givegita.com/sri-chaitanya |date=1 October 2020 }}"givegita.com"</ref> He is also called '''Nimai''' because he was born underneath a [[Neem]] tree.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/Krishna-Chaitanya-Mission KCM Archive]"They named Him Nimai, as he was born under a neem tree." {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424064200/http://www.archive.org/details/Krishna-Chaitanya-Mission |date=24 April 2008 }}</ref>

==Life==

The religious hagiographies of Gauḍīya sampradāya are the only sources available for the reconstruction of Caitanya's life. These texts (in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]]), consider Caitanya to be an ''avatāra'' of Kr̥ṣṇa, [[Svayam Bhagavan|Svayaṁ Bhagavān]], [[Radha Krishna|Rādhā-Kr̥ṣṇa]] (joint and separate), [[Nārāyaṇa]], [[Viṣṇu]], and [[Jagannātha]]. A canonical narrative was established in early 1600s through the ''Caitanya Caritāmr̥ta'' of Kr̥ṣṇadāsa Kavirāja, which is regarded within the tradition as the "final word" on Gauḍīya history and theology.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=Tony |title=Oxford Bibliographies Online in Hinduism |date=2014 |chapter=Caitanya}}</ref>

Chaitanya was born in a [[Brahmin]] family as Viśvambhara Miśra aka Nimāi, the second son of Jagannātha Miśra and his wife Śacī Devī, the daughter of Nilambara Chakrabarti, both [[Brahmin]]s of [[Sylhet]] region.<ref name="Banglapedia Chaitanya">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Chaitanya, Sri|author=Stewart, Tony K}}</ref> Jagannātha Miśra's family were from the village of [[Golapganj Upazila|Dhakadakshin]] in [[Sylhet District]] (now in [[Bangladesh]]), where the ruins of their ancestral home still survive.{{Sfn|Sen|1922|p=125}}{{sfn|Nair|2007|p=87}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Valpey |first=Kenneth |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |chapter=Caitanya |editor-last2=Basu |editor-first2=Helene |editor-last3=Malinar |editor-first3=Angelika |editor-last4=Narayanan |editor-first4=Vasudha}}</ref> Hagiographies describe his birth as a divine event and state that it predicted his future mission of propagating ''harināma saṃkīrtana'' in [[Kali Yuga]].<ref name=":0" />

While still a student, his father died, and he soon married Lakṣmīpriyā. He travelled to east Bengal to become a scholar and support his family, but his wife died in his absence. He then married [[Vishnupriya|Viṣnupriyā]], the daughter of paṇḍit Sanātana Miśra. Viśhvambara, also known as Nimāi Paṇḍit, was a promising Sanskrit scholar and is said to have once defeated [[Keshav Kashmiri|Keśava Bhaṭṭa]] of the [[Nimbarka Sampradaya|Nimbārka]] school in a debate on Sanskrit prosody, an example of his "superhuman erudition".<ref name=":0" />

Around 1508-1509, he left Nabadvip for Gaya to perform [[śrāddha]], a ritual homage to his dead father. There, he met an ascetic named Īśvara Purī, who initiated him using a mantra for [[Krishna|Kr̥ṣṇa]] worship. Gaudiya texts describe that after this meeting Viśvambhara abandoned all scholarly and domestic pursuits, developing an intense desire to hear and speak about Krishna. Within a year he took a vow of ''saṃnyāsa'' (renunciation) from his guru, Keśava Bhāratī, and changed his name to Kr̥ṣṇa Caitanya. His mother then asked him to at least live in the city of Puri so that he would not be too far from Bengal.<ref name=":0" />

After his [[Renunciate|renunciation]], Caitanya spent his time teaching Kr̥ṣṇa bhakti and engaging in communal ''saṁkīrtana''. Hagiographies describe debates with followers of [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita Vedānta]] and other theological opponents in form of ''digvijaya'' (conquest through debate). He spent two months in Vrindavan in c. 1515, where he instructed [[Sanatana Goswami|Sanātana Gosvāmī]] and [[Rupa Goswami|Rūpa Gosvāmī]]. He spent the last two decades of his life in Puri, where his ecstatic seizures yearning for Kr̥ṣṇa and his consorts, mainly Rādhā, intensified. He died in c. 1528-1534.<ref name=":0" />

==Teachings==
{{main|Gaudiya Vaishnavism#Philosophical concepts}}

The ''Śikṣāṣṭaka'' is the only work accepted to be composed by Caitanya. The poem expounds upon the subjects of ''harināmajapa'', ''saṁkīrtana'', the relationship between individual souls and Kr̥ṣṇa, devotional submission to Kr̥ṣṇa, and Caitanya's personal ''virahabhakti''. Scholars debate the extent to which Caitanya played in the development of the complex Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava theology.<ref name=":0" />

According to Murari Gupta, one of Caitanya's close associates, Caitanya taught that ''[[Kirtan|kirtana]]'' (chanting God's name) is the most effective spiritual practice in the Kali Age. He first gathered the community for ''kirtana'' in Srivasa's courtyard.{{Sfn|Stewart|2010|p=102, 108}} Caitanya revealed bhakti as the primary means to approach Krishna, and he appointed the Goswamis, such as [[Srinivasa Acarya]] and [[Narottama Dasa]], to gather and compose texts explaining this devotion.{{Sfn|Stewart|2010|p=5}}

According to [[Dinesh Chandra Sen]]'s analysis, Caitanya's teaching is centered on ''prema'' (divine love), described in Vaishnava texts as progressing through different spiritual phases.{{Sfn|Sen|1922|p=266-276}} Sen also states that Caitanya integrated compassionate service and taught that devotion to God is higher than social distinctions, quoting Caitanya's words "The moment that you say you love God, all human beings will be your brethren; there will be no Brahmin, no Sudra".{{Sfn|Sen|1922|p=276-283}}

== Biographies ==
'''Works on Chaitanya:'''{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|pp=65–66, 174, 280}}{{sfn|Manring|2005|pp=34–42, 44}}<ref>[https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/127571/14/14_chapter%206.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032050/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/127571/14/14_chapter%206.pdf |date=26 June 2020 }}.{{cite book |author-last=Mamoni |author-first=Sarma |title=History of Vaishnavite cultures in Assam and Bengal a comparative study |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/127571 |chapter=Chapter 14 |date=2015 |pages=253–255 |hdl=10603/127571 |quote=Note, Sarma Mamoni is a researcher at Gauhati University under Chakraborty Amalendu. }}</ref>

* ''Krsna-Caitanya-Caritamrta'' ({{c.}} 1513 or 1536–1540; Sanskrit): By [[Murari Gupta]]. Known as a ''kadcha'' or chronicle. Chaitanya's Navadwipa ''līla'' and each ''panca-tattva'' presented as a form of the Lord. Caitanya went for the first time to Murari's house at Navadwipa. Murari's standing and reputation for learning gave his biographical materials great weight in the Vaishnava community. This ''Kadcha'' (notes) became the guiding lines for other biographers.

* ''Kadcha'' or chronicle (Sanskrit): By [[Svarupa Damodara]]. He was the personal secretary of Chaitanya. Details the life of Caitanya.

* ''Govindadaser Kadcha'' (Bengali): By Govinda Dāsa who accompanied Chaitanya on his tour of Deccan. This poem describes their experiences on the journey and some imaginary events in the life of Chaitanya as well as his ideas and philosophy. It is another significant biographical work, but it was regarded as controversial because of the authenticity.

* ''[[Chaitanya Bhagavata]]'' ({{c.}} 1535 or 1546–1550; Bengali): By [[Vrindavana Dasa Thakura]]. Three parts: ''Adi-Khanda'', ''Mādhya-Khanda'', and ''Antya-Khanda''. Chaitanya's earlier life, activities, early movement in Navadwip.

* ''Krsna-Caitanya-caritra-mahakavya'' ({{c.}} 1535): By Kavi Karnapura (Paramanand Sen).

* ''Krsna-Caitanya-candrodaya-natakam'' ({{c.}} 1535 – 1570s): By Kavi Karnapura. Based on Murari Gupta's ''Krsna-Caitanya-Caritamrta''. When Karnapura was a small child, he interacted with Chaitanya personally.

* ''Caitanya-candrodaya-natakam'' ({{c.}} 1538 or 1540 or 1572 or 1579; Sanskrit): By Kavi Karnapura (Paramanand Sen). Dramatic play in ten acts of Chaitanya's life.

* ''Caitanya-caritāmṛta-kavya'' ({{c.}} 1542 – late 1500s; Sanskrit): By Kavi Karnapura (Paramanand Sen). A long biographical poem on Chaitanya's life and acts.

* ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita|Caitanya-caritāmṛta]]'' ({{c.}} 1557 or 1580 or 1615; Bengali): By [[Krishnadasa Kaviraja]]. Three parts: ''Adi-lila'', ''Madhya-lila'', and ''Antya-lila''. Massive authoritative composition of Chaitanya's biography and teachings. According to Manring, he draws liberally from previous writers (poets, theologians and biographers) as he deems correct, omitting Kavi Karnapura's works perceived as threatening [[Rupa Goswami|Rupa's]] authority.

* ''Caitanya-Mangala'' ({{c.}} 1560 or late 1500s; Bengali): By Jayananda. Nine parts: ''Adikhanda'', ''Nadiyakhanda'', ''Vairagyakhanda'', ''Sannyaskhanda'', ''Utkalkhanda'', ''Prakashkhanda'', ''Tirthakhanda'', ''Vijaykhanda'', and ''Uttarkhanda''. Biographical poem in the form of a narrative play focused on Chaitanya's godly image. It is the only work in which his death is mentioned. Introduction mentions several previous biographers, of whom only Vrindavan is known. Written for the common people (not devotees).

* ''[[Chaitanya Mangala]]'' ({{c.}} 1560–66 or 1575): By Lochana Dasa ({{aka}} Trilocan Dasa). Four parts: ''Sutrakhanda'', ''Adikhanda'', ''Madhyakhanda'', and ''Antyakhanda''. A narrative play depicting Chaitanya's childhood activities and his human side without highlighting any divine matters to make it popular. Influenced by Murari Gupta's ''Krsna-Caitanya-Caritamrta'' and Vrindavana Dasa Thakura's ''Chaitanya Bhagavata'' as well as the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and different ''[[Puranas]]''.

* ''Chaitanya-chandrodaya-kaumudi'' (Bengali): By Premadas (Purushottam Mishra). A verse adaptation to Kavi Karnapura's ''Caitanya-candrodaya-natakam'' drama.

* ''Gaura-ganoddesha-dipika'' ({{c.}} 1576): By Kavi Karnapura (Paramanand Sen).

* ''Chaitanya-samhita'' (Bengali): By Bhagirath Bandhu. Work follows the tradition of agama or tantric texts in its presentation as a story told by Shiva to his spouse.

* ''Chaitanya-vilasa'' ({{c.}} 1500s; Odia): By Madhava Dasa. A short poetical work in ten sections dealing with the life of Chaitanya. The poet probably came into contact with the saint when the latter came to Puri.

* ''Gauranga-vijay'' ({{c.}} 1500s): By Chundamani dasa. Biographical epic, believed to have been written in three volumes, only part of the first volume still exists. It contains some information about Chaitanya, Nityananda and Madhavendra Puri not found elsewhere.

* ''Sriman-mahaprabhor-asta-kaliya-lila-smarana-mangala-stotram'' ({{c.}} late 1600s; Sanskrit): By [[Visvanatha Chakravarti]]. Eleven ''sutras'' (seed verses) describing the eternal eight-fold daily pastimes of the fair-complexioned Lord.

* ''Sri Gauranga-Lilamrta'' ({{c.}} late 1600s – 1700s; Bengali): By Krishna Dasa (disciple of Visvanatha Chakravarti). Expounded on his guru's eleven ''sutras'', often quoting verses from Vrindavana Dasa Thakura's ''Chaitanya Bhagavata'', plus songs by Narahari Ghanashyama (author of Bhakti-Ratnakara) and Lochana Dasa (author of Chaitanya-Mangala).

* ''Caitanya-upanisad:'' A book that is a part of the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'' which offers overwhelming evidence of Chaitanya's identity as the Supreme Lord and ''Yuga Avatara''.

* ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita|Sri Caitanya-caranamrta Bhasva]]'' (1887): By Srila Bhaktivinoda Thakura. Commentary on an original handwritten manuscript of the ''Caitanya-upanisad'' from one pandita, Madhusudana Maharaja, of Sambala-Pura.

* ''Amrita-pravaha-bhashya'' ({{c.}} late 1800s – early 1900s; Sanskrit): By [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]]. Commentary on ''Caitanya-upanisad''.

* ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita|Anubhāsya]]'' (1915): By [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]]. Commentary on Krishnadasa Kaviraja's ''Caitanya-caritāmṛta''

* ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita|Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta]]'' (1974; English): By [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami]] in English with original Bengali and Sanskrit. Commentary on Krishnadasa Kaviraja's ''Caitanya-caritāmṛta'', based on Bhaktivinoda Thakur's ''Amrita-pravaha-bhashya'' and Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati's ''Anubhāsya'' commentaries.

* ''[[Krishna-Chaitanya, His Life and His Teachings (book)|Krishna-Caitanya, His Life and His Teachings]]'' (2014; English; {{ISBN|978-91-981318-1-9}}): By [[Walther Eidlitz]], originally written in German - ''Kṛṣṇa-Caitanya: sein Leben und seine Lehre,'' and published by [https://libris.kb.se/bib/650114?tab2=subj Stockholm University], 1968, as a part of the scientific series "Stockholm studies in comparative religion".
==Cultural legacy==
{{See also|Bengal Renaissance}}
Chaitanya has influenced the cultural legacy in [[Bengal]], [[Odisha]] and [[Manipur]],{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} with many residents performing daily worship to him as an avatar of Krishna. Some attribute to him a Renaissance in Bengal,{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} different from the more well-known 19th-century [[Bengal Renaissance]]. Salimullah Khan (b. 1958), a noted Bangladeshi linguist, maintains, "Sixteenth-century is the time of Chaitanya Dev, and it is the beginning of Modernism in Bengal. The concept of 'humanity' that came into fruition is contemporaneous with that of Europe".{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

Noted Bengali biographical film on Chaitanya, ''[[Nilachaley Mahaprabhu]]'' (1957), was directed by Kartik Chattopadhyay (1912–1989).<ref name="SurGoswami1999">{{cite book|last1=Sur|first1=Ansu|last2=Goswami|first2=Abhijit|title=Bengali Film Directory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-hkAAAAMAAJ|page=96|year=1999|publisher=Nandan, West Bengal Film Centre}}</ref> A Bengali film based on Chaitanya's demise, ''[[Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey]]'' (2025), is directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Parambrata to play Gourango in Srijit's next; will also sing in the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/parambrata-to-play-gourango-in-srijits-next-will-also-sing-in-the-film/articleshow/84485145.cms |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=16 July 2021 |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331172159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/parambrata-to-play-gourango-in-srijits-next-will-also-sing-in-the-film/articleshow/84485145.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Image gallery ==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200" mode="packed">
File:Chaitanya dances with followers.jpg|Kisangarh painting of Chaitanya dancing in a puddle of his own tears, surrounded by followers, c. 1750.
File:Chaitanya with dog - Indian Museum, Kolkata R.14277 S.223.jpg|Chaitanya with a dog, Murshidabad, 19th century CE
File:Yogapith, Mayapur.jpg|alt=A white ornate structure with a pyramidal pointed dome standing on the bank of a pond and surrounded by trees|Yogapith temple at Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's birthsite established in the 1880s by [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur]] in [[Mayapur]], [[West Bengal]]
File:Chaitanya sankirtan.jpg|Nineteenth century lithograph by Calcutta Art Studio of Caitanya and [[Nityananda|Nityānanda]] performing a ''[[kirtan]]'' in the streets of Nabadwip, Bengal.
File:Chaitanya Deva listening to the Bhagabata - History of Bengali Language and Literature.png|Pratap Rudra bowing to Chaitanya, an early 20th century print copy of a painting held by the family of [[Maharaja Nandakumar]], Zamindars of Kunjaghata
File:Idols of Sri Sri Radha Madhava, Jagannath, Balarama, Subhadra and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu at the Temple of the Vedic Planetarium (ISKCON Mayapur) in Mayapur, Nadia, West Bengal, India.jpg|Deities of Sri Sri Radha Madhava, Jagannath, Balarama, Subhadra and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (in middle), at the ISKCON Durgapur Temple.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Vrindavan]]
* [[Gauranga]]
* [[Jagannath Temple (Puri)]]
* [[Pancha Tattva (Vaishnavism)]]
* [[Prabhupāda]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Sources ==
{{columns-list|


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|ref=None
}}
*{{cite web |url=https://bhaktitattva.com/2022/06/29/sri-jiva-goswami-coins-the-term-acintya-bheda-abheda/ |title=Śrī Jīva Goswami coins the term 'acintya bheda-abheda' |author=Krsna Dasa, T. |date=June 29, 2022 |website=The Krishna Bhakti site |publisher= |access-date=July 25, 2025 |quote=}}

*{{citation
|last = Modi
|first = Narendra
|author-link = Narendra Modi
|title = PM addresses program marking 150th anniversary of Srila Prabhupada Ji
|date = 8 February 2024
|url = https://www.narendramodi.in/prime-minister-narendra-modi-addresses-programme-on-150th-anniversary-of-srila-prabhupada-ji-at-bharat-mandapam-579097
|access-date = 15 February 2024
|ref=None
}}

* {{cite book
|last=Manring |first=Rebecca J.
|year=2005
|chapter=Chapter 2: Advaita Acarya: A New Imminence
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs1b9KjnnDgC&pg=PA34
|title=Reconstructing Tradition: Advaita Ācārya and Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism at the Cusp of the Twentieth Century
|location=New York
|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]
|isbn=0-231-12954-8
}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Dinesh Chandra |url=http://archive.org/details/chaitanyahisage00senduoft |title=Chaitanya and his age |date=1922 |publisher=Calcutta, Univ. of Calcutta |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}
* {{cite book
|last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit
|year=1999
|title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Volume One, Beginnings-1850
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC
|location=New Delhi
|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan|Orient Longman]]
|isbn=81-250-1453-5
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Nair |first=K. K.
|year=2007
|title=Sages Through Ages – Volume II: India's Heritage
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3rAr456ngQC
|publisher=[[AuthorHouse]]
|isbn=978-1-4208-7802-8
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Sherbow |first=Paul H.
|year=2004
|chapter=Chapter 9: A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami's Preaching in the Context of Gaudiya Vaishnavism
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC&pg=PA129
|editor-last1=Bryant |editor-first1=Edwin F.
|editor-last2=Ekstrand |editor-first2=Maria L.
|title=The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant
|location=New York
|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]
|isbn=0-231-12256-X
|ref=None
}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=Tony K. |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/32857 |title=The Final Word: The Caitanya Caritamrita and the Grammar of Religious Tradition |date=2010-03-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539272-2 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195392722.001.0001}}


}}
==Further reading==
{{columns-list|


* {{cite book
|last=Dae |first=(Romesh Chunder Dutt) Ar Cy |author-link=Romesh Chunder Dutt
|year=1877
|title=The Literature of Bengal: Being an Attempt to Trace the Progress of the National Mind in Its Various Aspects, as Reflected in the Nation's Literature from the Earliest Times to the Present Day with Copious Extracts from the Best Writers
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i7cIAAAAQAAJ
|location=Calcutta
|publisher=I. C. Bose & Co.
|pages=66–81
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Dasa |first=Shukavak N.
|year=1999
|title=Hindu Encounter with Modernity: Kedarnath Datta Bhaktivinoda, Vaiṣṇava Theologian
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHvXAAAAMAAJ
|edition=revised, illustrated
|location=Los Angeles, CA
|publisher=Sanskrit Religions Institute
|access-date=31 January 2014
|isbn=1-889756-30-X
}}
* {{cite thesis
|last=Fuller |first=Jason Dale
|year=2005
|title=Religion, class, and power: Bhaktivinode Thakur and the transformation of religious authority among the Gaudīya Vaishnavas in nineteenth-century Bengal
|url=https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI3179733/
|type=Ph.D.
|publisher=University of Pennsylvania
|id=UMI Microform 3179733
|access-date=8 June 2014
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Manna |first=Sandipan
|year=2013
|title=In Search of a Forgotten Mahatma: Kalachand Vidyalankar
|edition=1st
|publisher=Kalyani Foundation
|isbn=978-81-927505-4-5
}}{{Citation not found|date=September 2021}}
* {{cite book
|last=Rosen |first=Steven |author-link=Steven J. Rosen
|year=1988
|title=India's Spiritual Renaissance: The Life and Times of Lord Chaitanya
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PX_XAAAAMAAJ
|publisher=Folk Books
|isbn=0-9619763-0-6
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar
|year=1913
|title=Chaitanya's Pilgrimages and Teachings - From his contemporary Bengali biography the Chaitanya-charit-amrita: Madhya-lila
|url=https://archive.org/details/chaitanyaspilgri018817mbp/page/n1/mode/2up
|location=Calcutta
|publisher=Brahmo Mission Press
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Wilkins |first=William Joseph
|year=1913
|orig-year=1882
|title=Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Purānic
|url=https://archive.org/details/hindumythologyve00inwilk
|edition=3rd
|location=Calcutta
|publisher=London Missionary Society
|pages=260–262
}}


}}

==External links==
{{Prone to spam|date=March 2017}}

{{Sister project links|Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|display=Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|wikt=no|v=no|voy=no|n=no|b=no|author=no|d=Q870262}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* {{Internet Archive author|name=Chaitanya}}
* [http://www.gaudiya.com/ Gaudiya Vaishnavism – The Tradition of Chaitanya]
* [http://www.CauseOfAllCauses.com/upanisad.htm Caitanya Upanisad]
* [http://www.CauseOfAllCauses.com/bhagavat.htm Caitanya Bhagavata Biography]
* [http://www.purebhakti.com/mission/bhakti-is-love-mainmenu-75/799-life-of-sri-chaitanya-mahaprabhu.html Life of Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712011418/http://www.purebhakti.com/mission/bhakti-is-love-mainmenu-75/799-life-of-sri-chaitanya-mahaprabhu.html |date=12 July 2018 }}
* [http://veda.harekrsna.cz/encyclopedia/caitanya.htm Scriptural Statements/Predictions regarding Caitanya Mahaprabhu's birth]
* [http://hpb.narod.ru/SreeChaitanyaHWBM.html Lord Gouranga and His Message of Devotion] (theosophical.ca)
* [https://www.thegaudiyatreasuresofbengal.com/2018/01/08/635/ YogPeeth, Mayapur, Navadvipa – The birthplace of Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu]
* [https://learn.culturalindia.net/chaitanya-mahaprabhu.html at ''Chaitaniya mahaprabhu biography'']
* [https://www.thegaudiyatreasuresofbengal.com/2020/06/21/who-is-lord-chaitanya-the-hare-krishna-movement/ Who is Lord Chaitanya?]

{{Caitanya sampradaya}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India|Religion|Biography|Philosophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahaprabhu, Chaitanya}}
[[Category:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu| ]]
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[[Category:1534 deaths]]
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[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
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[[Category:Kirtan performers]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
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[[Category:Bengali Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Brahmins who fought against discrimination]]
[[Category:Anti-caste activists]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Sultanate]]

Dukhu Majhi

2026-03-09T15:10:25Z

Surojit098: Made a data

{{Short description|Environmental activist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dukhu Majhi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|1|1}}
| birth_place = Sindri, [[Baghmundi]], [[Manbhum]], [[Bihar]] (presently [[Purulia district|Purulia]], [[West Bengal]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names = Gachh Dadu (Tree Grandfather)
| occupation =
| years_active =
| movement = Tree Plantation
| notable_works =
| awards =[[File:Padma Shri India IIIe Klasse.jpg|20px]] [[Padma Shri]] (2024)<ref>{{cite web
|title = SHRI DUKHU MAJHI
|url = https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/202472.pdf
|publisher = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]
|access-date = 2 August 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''Dukhu Majhi''' is an [[environmental activist]] from [[West Bengal]]. He has planted more than 5,000 trees in the last five decades.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://growbilliontrees.com/blogs/knowledge/dukhu-majhi-bengals-padma-shri-hero-grows-a-forest-with-5-000-trees
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240801164944/https://growbilliontrees.com/blogs/knowledge/dukhu-majhi-bengals-padma-shri-hero-grows-a-forest-with-5-000-trees
| archive-date = 1 August 2024
| title = Dukhu Majhi: Bengal's Padma Shri Hero Grows a Forest with 5,000 Trees
| date = 2 February 2024
| website = growbilliontrees.com
| access-date = 1 August 2024
}}</ref> In 2024 Government of India awarded him the [[Padma Shri]] award, the country's fourth-highest civilian honour for his contribution to society in the field of Environment- Afforestation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-26 |title=From the man who planted over 5,000 trees to the original singer of 'Boroloker Bitilo', 8 from West Bengal get Padma Shri |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/8-from-west-bengal-get-padma-shri-9129290/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Dukhu Majhi was born in Sindri village, [[Purulia district|Purulia]], [[West Bengal]]. Although he never received any formal education, he realized at the age of fifteen that trees are extremely beneficial in human life. He is the man behind increasing greenery of terrain of the [[Ajodhya Hills]].<ref>{{cite book
|title = AKHSAR SANGLAP BORSHO BARAN SANKHYA 1426
|publisher = AKHSAR SANGLAP PRAKASHAN
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cVnvDwAAQBAJ
|editor-last = Ballav
|editor-first = Utpal
|year = 2019
|page = 28
|language = bn
|quote = }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Man's passion for planting saplings in Bengal's remote region draws attention
|last1 = Giri
|first1 = Anil
|editor1-last = Acharya
|editor1-first = Ashutosh
|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/padma-shri-award-dukhu-majhi-purulia-west-bengal-ajodhya-hills-2494081-2024-01-27
|date = 27 January 2024
|access-date = 2 August 2024
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240802004449/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/padma-shri-award-dukhu-majhi-purulia-west-bengal-ajodhya-hills-2494081-2024-01-27
|archive-date = 2 August 2024
|publisher = [[India Today]]
|place= [[Purulia]]}}</ref> Since then, he began to plant trees in the fields, meadows, crematoria. Wherever he saw empty places, he tended by planting saplings. At the age of 79, he still went out by his bicycle in the morning with two tin containers carrying some water, spade and shovel for planting trees.<ref>{{cite news |title = Man's passion for planting saplings in Bengal's remote region draws attention
|last1 = Thakur
|first1 = Joydeep
|last2 = Pal
|first2 = Sreyasi
|url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/dukhu-majhi-the-man-who-plants-trees-to-create-shade-and-oxygen-in-barren-west-bengal-wins-national-award-101693538212465.html
|date = 1 September 2023
|access-date = 2 August 2024
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240802003706/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/dukhu-majhi-the-man-who-plants-trees-to-create-shade-and-oxygen-in-barren-west-bengal-wins-national-award-101693538212465.html
|archive-date = 2 August 2024
|publisher = [[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Majhi, Dukhu}}
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]

{{Environmentalist-stub}}

Bihar Police

2026-03-06T23:27:52Z

Surojit098: minor edit

{{Short description|Police Service of Bihar}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Bihar Police
| image_size = 140
| commonname = Bihar Police
| abbreviation = BP
| fictional =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo = Bihar Police Logo.svg
| logocaption = Bihar Police Insignia
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| imagesize =
| motto = उत्कृष्टता की यात्रा
| mottotranslated = A Voyage of Excellence
| mission =
| formedyear = 1935
| formedmonthday =
| preceding1 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| employees =
| volunteers =
| budget = {{INRConvert|20132.87|c}} (2026-27)<ref>{{cite web |title=Bihar Budget Analysis 2023-24 |url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/bihar-budget-analysis-2023-24 |website=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>
| country = India
| countryabbr = IN
| national =
| federal =
| international =
| divtype = [[State]]
| divname = [[Bihar]]
| divdab =
| subdivtype =
| subdivname =
| subdivdab =
| map = File:IN-BR.svg
| mapcaption = Map of Bihar State Police Jurisdiction.
| sizearea =
| sizepopulation =
| legaljuris =
| governingbody = [[Government of Bihar|Bihar Government]]
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 =
| police = Yes
| local = Yes
| military =
| provost =
| gendarmerie =
| religious =
| speciality1 =
| secret =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = Sardar Patel Bhawan, [[Bailey Road, Patna|Bailey Road]], [[Patna]]
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocmapwidth =
| hqlocmapheight =
| hqlocmapborder =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| multinational =
| electeetype =
| minister1name = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| minister1pfo = [[Chief Minister]]
| chief1name = Vinay Kumar [[Indian Police Service|(IPS)]]
| chief1position = [[Director General of Police]]
| parentagency =
| child1agency = [[Patna Police]]
| child2agency =
| child3agency =
| unittype =
| unitname =
| officetype =
| officename =
| provideragency =
| uniformedas =
| stationtype =
| stations =
| airbases =
| lockuptype =
| lockups =
| boat1type =
| boats1 =
| aircraft1type =
| aircraft1 =
| animal1type =
| animals1 =
| person1name =
| person1reason =
| person1type =
| programme1 =
| activity1name =
| activitytype =
| anniversary1 =
| award1 =
| website = https://police.bihar.gov.in
| footnotes =
| reference =
}}

The '''Bihar Police''' is the [[law enforcement agency]] for the state of [[Bihar]], [[India]], with its headquarters in [[Patna]]. As per official figures, Bihar Police has a sanctioned strength of 2,29,000 personnel, and as of 2024, it employs 1,10,000 personnel.<ref>{{cite web | author= Kshitiz | title=Sanctioned strength of police force 2.29L now: Chief secy | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=22 February 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/sanctioned-strength-of-police-force-2-29l-now-chief-secy/articleshow/118486228.cms | access-date=11 June 2025|quote=Today, the force has expanded with 2,29,000 sanctioned positions and a fleet of 11,000 vehicles," he said while inaugurating the Bihar Police Week celebrations at the police headquarters (PHQ) in Sardar Patel Bhawan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=bihar police soon recruitment of 78000 police personnel cm nitish kumar ordered know details | website=Moneycontrol Hindi | date=22 October 2024 | url=https://hindi.moneycontrol.com/news/india/politics/bihar-police-soon-recruitment-of-78000-police-personnel-cm-nitish-kumar-ordered-know-details-1931828.html | language=hi | access-date=11 June 2025|quote=मौजूदा समय में बिहार में 1.10 लाख पुलिसकर्मी हैं। (translation: At present, there are 1.10 lakh police personnel in Bihar.}}</ref>

The present [[Director general of police|DGP]] of Bihar Police is Vinay Kumar, an IPS officer of 1991 batch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Elets News |date=2024-12-14 |title=Vinay Kumar Appointed New DGP of Bihar |url=https://egov.eletsonline.com/2024/12/vinay-kumar-appointed-new-dgp-of-bihar/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Elets eGov |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Nitish Kumar, Samrat Chaudhary and Vijay Kumar Choudhary participated in appointment letter distribution of newly appointed sub-inspectors.jpg|thumb|Nitish Kumar, Samrat Chaudhary and Vijay Kumar Choudhary participating in appointment letter distribution of women police officials in October 2024.]]
There is historical evidence of the adoption of intensive policing practices in the Magadh empire more than 2,000 years ago, where the head of police was known as Dandapala. His main role was to maintain law and order in the society while implementing harsh injunctions of ''[[Arthashastra]]'' to collect taxes and suppress rebellions.

Modern policing in Bihar started in 1862 under the provisions of the ''[[Police Act, 1861]]''. After Bihar was carved out as an independent province in 1912 from Bengal, the basic structure of police was created as it exists today. After its major reorganization several pre-eminent police officers adorned pre-independent Bihar Police Force. These included Mr. Walter Swain of Swain Beat system fame, Shri AK Sinha, the first Indian to become an IGP of any province, [[Bhola Nath Mullik|Shri BN Mullick]], the second director of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau (IB)]], [[Qazi Azizul Haque|Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque]], credited with the primary development of the famous ‘[[Henry Classification System|1024 pigeon holes]]’ cabinet system eventually named after his supervisor, Sir Edward Richard Henry.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=17 June 2021|title=BIHAR POLICE|url=http://biharpolice.bih.nic.in/|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-06-17|website=biharpolice.bih.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018163806/http://biharpolice.bih.nic.in/|archive-date=18 October 2008}}</ref>

Post independence, Bihar Police led innovative policing measures, such as the creation of a Police Welfare fund, Police Hospitals and Police Information Room (PIR) in 1952. Bihar Policemen's Association, which looks after the interests of policemen, was one of the first police welfare associations in all of India in 1967. A Police Commission was also set up in 1958, whose mandate was to bring the police closer to the people.<ref name=":0" /> [[Patna Police]] got its new headquarter Sardar Patel Bhavan, [[Bailey Road, Patna|Bailey Road]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/patna-police-gets-new-headquarter-after-100-years-1367021-2018-10-13|title=Patna police gets new headquarter after 100 years |date=13 October 2018 }}</ref> The seven storied building with a helipad at the top is spread over almost 53,000 sqft area. Prior to this, police headquarter of Bihar Police was located at the [[Patna Secretariat|old secretariat]] building since 1917.

==Organizational structure==
[[File:Nitish Kumar and Samrat Chaudhary distributing appointment letters to 1239 new police sub inspectors.jpg|thumb|Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar and Deputy Chief Minister Samrat Chaudhary distributing appointment letters to 1239 newly appointed police sub-inspectors in October 2024.]]
Bihar Police comes under the direct control of the Department of Home Affairs, [[Government of Bihar]].
It has six divisions under the organizational structure, namely, Human Resource Development and Training Division (TRG), Law & Order Division (L & O), Establishment and Legal Division, Personnel and Welfare Division, Headquarter (DGP Office) and Budget Division (HQRT), and Modernization, Crime Records and Provision Division (SCRB &Mod). These are headed by four Additional Director General (ADGP), where ADGP (HQRT) has an additional charge of Welfare division, and ADGP (L & O) with that of Establishment and Legal Division.<ref name=":0" /> The Training division is headed by DGP (Training), while the latter five are headed by Director General (DGP).

For geographic workload distribution, the state is divided into 12 ranges, each range consisting of 2 to 5 districts. The central range (Patna), Magadh range (Gaya), Tirhut range (Muzaffarpur), Mithila range (Darbhanga) and Purnia range are headed by IG rank officers, while other seven ranges are headed by DIG rank officers. Each district is commanded by a Superintendent of Police (SP), where as Patna is under a Senior Superintendent of Police.<ref name=":0" />

Earlier, the state also had a zonal division into four police zones. Introduced in 1982, each zone consisted of two to four ranges, and was headed by an IG level officer. This system was abolished in 2019, and only rail police zone continues to exist.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=17 Aug 2019 |agency=TNN |title=Government dissolves all four police zones in Bihar {{!}} Patna News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/govt-dissolves-all-four-police-zones-in-state/articleshow/70706122.cms|access-date=2021-06-17|website=The Times of India|date=17 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

===List of ranges===
List of 12 Police Ranges and Police Districts in Bihar is as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
! Sr No
! Police Range
! Police Districts
|-
| 1.
| Begusarai range
| Begusarai & Khagaria
|-
| 2.
| Champaran range
| East Champaran, West Champaran & Bagaha
|-
| 3.
| Eastern range
| Bhagalpur, Banka & Naugachhia
|-
| 4.
| Central range
| [[Patna Police|Patna]] & Nalanda
|-
| 5.
| Mithila range
| Darbhanga, Madhubani & Samastipur
|-
| 6.
| Munger range
| Jamui, Lakhisarai, Munger & Sheikhpura
|-
| 7.
| Magadh range
| Arwal, Aurangabad, Jehanabad, Nawada & Gaya
|-
| 8.
| Purnia range
| Araria, Katihar, Kishanganj & Purnia
|-
| 9.
| Kosi range
| Madhepura, Saharsa & Supaul
|-
| 10.
| Saran range
| Saran, Siwan & Gopalganj
|-
| 11.
| Shahabad range
| Bhojpur, Buxar, Kaimur & Rohtas
|-
| 12.
| Tirhut range
| Muzaffarpur, Sheohar, Sitamarhi & Vaishali
|}

==Hierarchy==

'''Officers'''

* Director General of Police (DGP)
* Additional Director General of Police (ADGP)
* Inspector General of Police (IGP)
* Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)
* Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP)
* [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP)
* Additional Superintendent of Police (Addl.SP)
* Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP) or Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP)

'''Sub-ordinates'''
* Inspector of Police or [[Station house officer|SHO]]
* Sub-Inspector of Police (SI)
* Assistant Sub-Inspector of Police (ASI)
* Head Constable / Havildar
* Senior Constable / Police Naik
* Constable

== Notable initiatives ==

===Ladli Cops===
An initiative in [[Community Policing]] for the safety of Women. The CID Branch of Bihar Police under the Leadership of Alok Raj (IPS) ADG in association with Mr. Roushan Kumar and Dr. Suman Lal founders Ladli Foundation came up with the concept of having Women Community Police to provide a safe and secure atmosphere to the inhabitants. Also to make women become familiar with Police and deeply understand the police system to invoke their taboo to interact with police station/ policemen. For this initiative, volunteer from girls studying in different colleges of Patna were identified and trained. Each of these girls were provided with ID Cards authorised by [[Bihar]] Police and are called Ladli Cops.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://biharpolice.bih.nic.in/news/adgl%26o.pdf|title= An initiative in community policing|website= biharpolice.bih.nic.in|access-date= 2021-04-16|archive-date= 20 December 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161220070310/http://biharpolice.bih.nic.in/news/adgl%26o.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref>

== Controversies and criticism ==
In contrast with several states, the Bihar Police has been notoriously condemned for corruption, colluding with mafias and criminal gangs, political influence and interference, and old school mindset.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/crime/the-badge-that-betrayed-50-bihar-shos-linked-to-sand-and-liquor-mafias-1881194|title= The Badge That Betrayed: 50 Bihar SHOs Linked to Sand and Liquor Mafias|date= 25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bihar-has-a-problem-police-officers-refuse-promotions-in-writing-1442024|title= Bihar Has A Problem. Police Officers Refuse Promotions In Writing}}</ref> Bihar has also been noted to have the lowest police to population ratio of 81 per 100,000 people, which is quite below the national level of 155 while sanctioned strength is 198, and even way below UN recommendations of 222.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newsclick.in/indias-police-prisons-crisis-says-indian-justice-report-2025|title= India's Police, Prisons in Crisis, Says Indian Justice Report 2025|work= NewsClick|date= 7 May 2025}}</ref> As policing is a state responsibility, Bihar Police still follows the colonial and archaic [[Police Act, 1861|Police Act of 1861]], which has negatively impacted law and order, investigations, and led to police brutality.

The Bihar Police was notoriously involved in the [[1980 Bhagalpur blindings]], where acid was poured into the eyes of 31 individuals, either convicted or undertrial. The incident was widely discussed, debated and acutely criticised by several human rights organizations. Given the extreme misconduct, the Supreme Court of India ordered compensation to the victims for violation of basic human rights.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.humanrights-justice.com/landmark_initiative/bhagalpur_blinding_case.php |title=CHRJ Bhagalpur Blinding Case |access-date=18 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929150243/http://humanrights-justice.com/landmark_initiative/bhagalpur_blinding_case.php |archive-date=29 September 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

During the tenure of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] as Chief Minister, he interfered in policing of entire state to prevent any cases against the political leaders as well as party workers. Yadav was also responsible for preventing police reforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/growing-mass-appeal-prevented-lalu-police-reforms-nitish-shot-down-ats-former-bihar-dgp-7946082/|title= Growing mass appeal and hangers-on prevented Lalu from effecting police reforms, Nitish shot down ATS: Former Bihar DGP|date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>

Furthermore, during Yadav's tenure as Chief Minister, Bihar's law and order was at lowest,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farz |first=Ahmed |date=June 10, 2002 |title=Laloo Prasad Yadav's army of raiders ensures his daughter's wedding is not forgotten easily |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20020610-laloo-prasad-yadav-army-of-raiders-ensures-his-daughter-wedding-is-not-forgotten-easily-795122-2002-06-10 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=3 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103111748/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20020610-laloo-prasad-yadav-army-of-raiders-ensures-his-daughter-wedding-is-not-forgotten-easily-795122-2002-06-10 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 24, 1998 |first=Bharat |last=Desai |title=IAS officer's wife charges Laloo Prasad Yadav's associate with rape |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19980824-ias-officers-wife-charges-laloo-prasad-yadavs-associate-with-rape-826927-1998-08-24 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428171130/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19980824-ias-officers-wife-charges-laloo-prasad-yadavs-associate-with-rape-826927-1998-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> kidnapping was on rise and private armies mushroomed.<ref name=low>{{cite news|last=Phadnis|first=Aditi|title=Lalu Prasad Yadav: From symbol of hope to ridicule|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/lalu-prasad-yadav-from-symbol-of-hope-to-ridicule-113093000895_1.html|access-date=1 October 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=30 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002173442/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/lalu-prasad-yadav-from-symbol-of-hope-to-ridicule-113093000895_1.html|archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref> He was also criticized by opposition in the [[Shilpi-Gautam Murder]] case and the death of his daughter Ragini Yadav's friend, Abhishek Mishra, in mysterious circumstances - both cases were heavily covered up by Bihar Police on Yadav's orders, the former of which prompted an investigation from the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 25, 2006 |last=Kislaya |title=Opposition guns for Lalu Prasad Yadav in death of daughter's friend from BIT Ranchi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20061225-abhishek-involved-with-lalu-daughter-ragini-drowned-in-mysterious-circumstances-2006-781827-2006-12-25 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428091350/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20061225-abhishek-involved-with-lalu-daughter-ragini-drowned-in-mysterious-circumstances-2006-781827-2006-12-25 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=जब पटना क एक गराज म मिली दो लाश और हिल गई थी बिहार की सरकार |url=https://www.jansatta.com/crime-news-hindi/bihar-shilpi-jain-and-gautam-singh-case-which-shook-bihar-government/2084830/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Jansatta |date=13 March 2022 |language=hi |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314060755/https://www.jansatta.com/crime-news-hindi/bihar-shilpi-jain-and-gautam-singh-case-which-shook-bihar-government/2084830/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Yadav attempted to also influence the [[Fodder Scam]] investigations, which was subsequently later taken over by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] and led to his conviction.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Fodder-scam-Lalu-Prasad-sentenced-to-5-years-in-jail/articleshow/23456085.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Fodder scam: Lalu Prasad gets five years in jail, Jagannath Mishra four - The Times of India}}</ref>

==Equipment==
All the equipment of the Bihar Police are manufactured indigenously by the [[Indian Ordnance Factories]] controlled by the [[Ordnance Factories Board]], Ministry of Defence, Government of India.

{| class="wikitable" width="100%" border="0"
! width="25%" |Name
! width="25%" |Country of origin
! width="25%" |Type
!References
|-
|[[Pistol Auto 9mm 1A]]
|{{Flag|India}}
|[[Semi-automatic pistol]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Pistol Auto 9mm 1A |url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/7.htm}}</ref>
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch MP5]]
|{{Flag|West Germany}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Submachine gun]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=PSO carrying MP5 |url=http://www.prdbihar.in/AdminPanel/Files/GalleryImages/27-05-2015_15.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623104850/http://www.prdbihar.in/AdminPanel/Files/GalleryImages/27-05-2015_15.jpg |archive-date=2015-06-23}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sterling submachine gun]]
| rowspan="4" |{{Flag|India}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=OFB Submachine Carbine |url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/8.htm}}</ref>
|-
|[[Lee–Enfield|Ishapore 2A1]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Rifle]]
|
|-
|[[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle|1A SLR]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=OFB Rifle 1A1 |url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/15.htm}}</ref>
|-
|[[INSAS]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=OFB INSAS |url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/11.htm}}</ref>
|-
|[[AKM]]
|{{Flag|Soviet Union}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=OFB Assault Rifle 7.62mm |url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/21.htm}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

<ref name="zeenews.india.com">{{Cite web |title=Senior IPS Rajwinder Singh Bhatti appointed new Bihar DGP |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/senior-ips-rajwinder-singh-bhatti-appointed-new-bihar-dgp-2550283.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Patna Police]]
* [[State Armed Police Forces]]

{{Bihar}}
{{State agencies of Bihar}}
{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}

[[Category:Bihar Police| ]]
[[Category:State law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:1935 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1935]]

Phoring

2026-03-04T00:25:41Z

Surojit098: created new stub!

{{Short description|2013 Indian Bengali film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Phoring
| image = Phoring_Title_Art.jpg
| alt = Film title written in Bengali script
| caption = Film Title Art
| director = [[Indranil Roychowdhury]]
| producer = [[Sugata Bal (Das)]] [[Anasua Roychowdhury]] [[Pinaki Shoukalin Ghosh]]
| writer = Indranil Roychowdhury Sugata Sinha
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Akash Adhikari (India)|Akash Adhikari]]<ref name=".telegraphindia2"/> [[Sohini Sarkar]] [[Sourav Basak]] [[Sankar Debnath]] [[Senjuti Roy Mukherji]] [[Dwijen Bandopadhyay]] [[Ritwick Chakraborty]]
| music = [[Prabuddha Banerjee]]
| cinematography = [[Indranil Mukherjee]]
| editing = [[Sumit Ghosh]]
| studio = G B C Enterprise
| released = {{film date|df=y|2013|9|27}}
| runtime = 2hr 07min
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Phoring''''' is a 2013 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] feature drama film directed by [[Indranil Roychowdhury]].<ref name=VC/> It was produced by Chitrabeekshan Audio Visual PVT LTD., and is 126 minutes long. The film won the Prasad Labs post-production completion award for 2012.<ref name=VC/>

==Plot outline==
An adolescent boy (Phoring, Bengali for "Dragonfly") grows up in a back-of-beyond township in [[North Bengal]]. Surrounded by the lush [[Dooars]] countryside, the town barely survives the shutdown of a factory. Maladjusted and a born loser, Phoring fights the voices in his head which he calls God. A new teacher (Doel) arrives in school, and opens up his mind to things unknown. Phoring starts to believe that this is not a dream. Doel invites Phoring to her house to nurture his creative skills. She also presents a cell phone to Phoring during Phoring's birthday. Phoring records a video of Doel while celebrating and dancing. This video tape is leaked out by one of Phoring's classmate Lattu. Doel is harassed by a group of older teachers. Phoring's mother warns Doel to stay away from him. An enraged Doel starts avoiding Phoring. Phoring is suspended from his school. Then Doel's brother comes and resides in Doel's house. One day Phoring and his friend discovers some firearms and a transceiver in the locked down factories. Doel and his brother disappears abruptly leaving behind a trail of doubt and suspicion. Police then searches for them due to be linked with terrorism. Phoring decides to go looking for her in [[Kolkata]]. He stays many a days doing hard labour in a Muslim-owned hotel to survive in the city. At last he meets Doel in a jail. Before departing Doel promises him that she will write letter to him. He ultimately returns to his town.<ref name="timesofindia"/><ref name="indianexpress"/><ref name="telegraphindia1"/>

==Awards and screenings==
Vincent Ward Prize. Asian New Talents Competition. [[Shanghai International Film Festival]].2014
Best Project: Work In Progress Lab. Filmbazar 2012, Goa
Selection, Indian Panorama, 2013
Also Screened at: Indian Film Festival Los Angeles and Indian Film Festival Stuttgart, Chiocago South Asian Film Festival, Indian Film Festival, Prague. all in 2014.

[[Filmfare Awards East 2014|Filmfare Awards East]]:
* Best Cinematography: Indraneel Mukherjee
* Best Background score: Prabuddha Banerjee
* Best Debut Actor: Sohini Sarkar
* Best Debut Director: Indranil Roychowdhury

[[Zee Bangla]] Gaurav Samman:

* Rituporno Ghosh Memorial Award: Akash Adhikary and Indranil Roychowdhury
* Best Actress (Jury) - Sohini Sarkar

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite news |date=9 September 2013 |title='Phoring,' first Bengali film on adolescent psyche |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/phoring-first-bengali-film-on-adolescent-psyche/1166641/ |work = [[Press Trust Of India]] |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |location=[[Kolkata]] |access-date=4 June 2017 }}</ref>
<ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite news |last= Nag |first=Kushali |date=13 September 2013 |title=The growing-up tale of Phoring|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130919/jsp/t2/story_17365031.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315045802/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130919/jsp/t2/story_17365031.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 March 2016 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]] |location=[[Kolkata]] |access-date=4 June 2017 }}</ref>
<ref name=".telegraphindia2">{{cite news |last= Nag |first=Kushali |date=5 September 2013 |title=Akash on playing phoring in Phoring, releasing on September 27 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130905/jsp/t2/story_17312538.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908134205/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130905/jsp/t2/story_17312538.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 September 2013 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]] |location=[[Kolkata]] |access-date=4 June 2017 }}</ref>
<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news |date=18 May 2016 |title=Phoring Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/phoring/movie-review/23355965.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 June 2017 }}</ref>
<ref name="VC">
"'Phoring', 'Chavunilum' win India bazaar awards", Variety.com,
26 November 2012, webpage:
[https://variety.com/2012/film/news/phoring-chavunilum-win-india-bazaar-awards-1118062605/ Var605].
</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Film}}
* {{IMDb title|id=2960004|title=Phoring}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]

Suryavamsha (film)

2026-03-03T21:48:02Z

Surojit098: Put up a page.

{{short description|1999 film by S. Narayan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Suryavamsha
| image = Suryavamsha movie poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[S. Narayan]]
| writer = S Narayan
| story = [[Vikraman]]
| based_on = ''[[Suryavamsam (1997 film)|Suryavamsam]]'' (Tamil)
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Isha Koppikar]] [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]]
| producer = [[Anitha Kumaraswamy]]
| music = [[V. Manohar]]
| cinematography = M. Rajendra
| studio = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy|Chennambika Films]]
| editing = P. R. Soundar Raju
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1999|06|11|df=yes}}
| runtime = 167 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| gross = 15 crore<ref name=":1"/>
}}

'''''Suryavamsha ''''' (English : Solar Dynasty) is a 1999 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[S. Narayan]] and written by [[Vikraman]]. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] in dual role with [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] and [[Isha Koppikar]] (in her Kannada debut). The film's score and soundtrack are composed by [[V. Manohar]]. The movie completed silver jubilee run <ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/3155-2000-year-round-up.html |title=2000 Year Round Up |publisher=[[Chitraloka.com]] |date=2000-12-31 |accessdate=2022-08-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417200019/https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/3155-2000-year-round-up.html|archive-date=17 April 2014}}</ref> and collected 15 crores at the box-office.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.vishnuvardhan.com/archives/screenInterview.htm|title=Interview}}</ref> The movie is a remake of 1997 Tamil movie ''[[Suryavamsam (1997 film)|Surya Vamsam]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=12 March 1999|title=Suryavamsham in Kannada|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/march12/south.htm |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126142142/http://www.screenindia.com/old/march12/south.htm |archive-date=26 November 2010 |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref>

==Plot==

Story is set in rural India. Satyamurthy is Pandavapura's Gram panchayat Sarpanch and "Suryavamsha" aristocrat. A strained relationship exists between Satyamurthy and his youngest son, illiterate Kanakamurthy (Vishnuvardhan, in a dual role). Son Kanakamurthy is a dutiful son to his father and holds him in the highest of respect.
His closest confidant is his mother's brother Dodda.

A visitor named Padma whose brother gets engaged to Kanakamurthy's sister visits their ancestral home. The house treats Satyamurthy's son Kanakamurthy like a servant, which she notices. Her brother marries Kanakamurthy's sister in a grand event. Dodda says Kanakamurthy's low grades and duncedom angered his strict father. Kanakamurthy develops affection for Parimala from his school days and Satyamurthy adopts her after her parents die. Kanakamurthy beats a teacher in anger for punishing Parimala and flees with Parimala after which Kanakamurthy never returns to school, but Parimala studied and kept him close.

Satyamurthy arranges Kanakamurthy and Parimala's wedding assuming they both are in love with each other. Parimala attempts suicide after her wedding is arranged with Kanakamurthy but Kanakamurthy saves her. Parismala's "love" for Kanakamurthy was fake. She devalued illiterate Kanakamurthy and would never marry him and is cordial with him only because his father raised her and sponsored her education as a sign of gratitude which Kanakamurthy mistook for love.

Dodda's sad story about Kanakamurthy makes compassionate Padma fall in love with him, but he doesn't return her love. However, persistent Padma convinces Kanakamurthy to overcome his past and they fall in love.

Padma later writes to Kanakamurthy that her parents arrange her wedding to Karigowda's son. Karigowda, Satyamurthy's archenemy, plans to destroy the Suryavamsha family by forming ties with Padma's family and forcing her wealthy lawyer father to support him. Padma is against the marriage and wants Kanaka to come and stop the wedding

Satyamurthy is advised to keep Kanakamurthy away from Padma because her mother strongly disapproves of their marriage. Satyamurthy says if Kanakamurthy leaves Padma, he will accept Kanakamurthy back as his son. Dodda convinces Kanakamurthy to accept Padma by saying her love for him is genuine and heartfelt.
Kanakamurthy takes Padma to a temple after gatecrashing her wedding with Karigowda's son and rescuing her, as advised by Dodda and marries her. After receiving the news of Kanaka's marriage to Padma and when Kanakamurthy brings Padma to his home, it drives Satyamurthy with anger and he disowns both Kanakamurthy and Padma.

Padma and Kanakamurthy live at nearby village. Padma's uncle (Mukhyamantri Chandru) funds and helps Kanakamurthy to start a successful bus service in his father's name. Padma studies for I.A.S on the persistence of her husband. Kanakamurthy becomes a richer businessman than his father, and Padma becomes district collector. They have son.

At school accidentally Satyamurthy meets Kanakamurthy and Padma's son and admires his values. He discovers the child is Kanakamurthy and Padma's son. Satyamurthy befriends his grandson without Kanakamurthy and Padma's knowledge, or his family knowing. Kanakamurthy is both surprised and pleased that his son is talking to Satyamurthy after his son discloses that he has a new friend. The opening of Kanakamurthy's father's dream charity hospital for the poor is secretly attended by their family. Kanakamurthy shocks his father by saying he respects him and Satyamurthy leaves with immense pride and respect for his even though his wife sees him.

Kanakamurthy gives his son canned kheer to give it to Satyamurthy when he sees him next to show his love. Kanakamurthy's mother Lakshmi finds Satyamurthy secretly meeting his grandson and urges him to reconcile. His wife's words make Satyamurthy realise his mistake.
Satyamurthy vomits blood after eating kheer before talking to Kanakamurthy. Hospitalized Satyamurthy is critically ill.

Hospital is full of Satyamurthy fans. Karigowda proves that the poisoned kheer was from Kanakamurthy and hr tried to kill his father in an act of venegence. Karigowda then orders his henchmen to kill Kanakamurthy and to destroy his arch enemy Sathyamurthy's family. Satyamurthy rescues Kanakamurthy from Karigowda's men. Satyamurthy tells the crowd Karigowda poisoned Kanakamurthy's kheer as he smells perfume in his car which he believes to be Karigowda's. A repentant Satyamurthy reconciles with Kanakamurthy and ends his war with Karigowda. He apologizes to his son and begs for forgiveness after which Satyamurthy and Kanakamurthy fight Karigowda and his men.

The movie ends with the whole family reconciling

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Sathyamurthy and Kanakamurthy (dual role)
*[[Isha Koppikar]] as Padma
*[[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] as Parimala
*[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Sathyamurthy's wife
*[[Hema Choudhary]] as Padma's mother
*[[Ramesh Bhat]] as Padma's father
*[[Doddanna]] as Dodda, Kanakamurthy's uncle
*[[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] as Padma's uncle (military man)
*[[S. Narayan]] as Athmananda (special appearance)
*M. N. Suresh as Chikka: Kanaka's assistant
*Lakshman Rao as Karigowda: rival of Sathya Murthy
*Tension Nagaraj
*Girish Kamplapura
*Vijayakashi
*Sunitha Shetty
*V. Lakshmi
*Master U.P. Chandan as son Kanakamurthy
*[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]]
}}

==Production==
After watching the Tamil film ''Surya Vamsam'', Kumaraswamy decided to remake it in Kannada with Vishnuvardhan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/44238/hdks-dream-film-remains-unrealised.html|title=HDK's dream film remains unrealised|date=1 January 2010|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=16 February 2025}}</ref> The film was launched on 28 February at Pollachi, Tamilnadu. Krishnappa, the president of the Karnataka Development Board switched on the camera while M. Varadegowda, Karnataka State Employment and Training Minister sounded the clap.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/mar19/south.htm|title=Suryavamsam - Vishnuvardhan in double role|website=Express India|access-date=16 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001205063900/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/mar19/south.htm|archive-date=5 December 2000}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
All music are scored by [[V. Manohar]] and lyrics by [[S. Narayan]] and [[Doddarangegowda]].

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl No. !! Song title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1 || "Sevanthiye Sevanthiye" (Male) || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| 2 || "O Meghagala Baagilali" || [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
|-
| 3 || "Onde Ondu Question" || Vishnuvardhan, Ritisha Padmanabh
|-
| 4 || "Pancharangi" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chitra]]
|-
| 5 || "Belli Chukki Baaninalli" || Rajesh Krishnan, Nanditha
|-
| 6 || "Sevanthiye Sevanthiye" (Female) || K. S. Chitra
|}

== Reception ==
V. Maheswara Reddy of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Director S Narayan has done an excellent job not only in direction but also in screenplay, dialogues and lyrics" and added that "Though Vishnuvardhan has acted as the father and son, he excels in the former role. Isha Koppikar, who is making her debut, is charming and carries off the dance sequences gracefully. V Manohar provides some lilting music and cinematographer M Rajendra has done a good job".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/02C9837987378C8B6525694100207BB8?OpenDocument |title=Entertaining |author=V. Maheswara Reddy|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=13 June 1999|via=www.cscsarchive.org |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610063758/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/02C9837987378C8B6525694100207BB8?OpenDocument |archive-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Box office==
The film was a blockbuster and had a theatrical run of more than two hundred days at theaters across Karnataka. The movie completed silver jubilee run <ref name=":0" /> and collected 15 crores at the box-office.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{S. Narayan}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:2000 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Narayan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2000 drama films]]

Kadhaveedu

2026-03-03T20:43:57Z

Surojit098: corrected lead based on references and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kadhaveedu / House of Stories
| image = Kadhaveedu poster.jpg
| caption = Movie poster
| director = [[Sohanlal]]
| producer = Job G. Oommen Bhavesh Patel
| story = [[Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer]] [[Kamala Surayya|Madhavikutty]] [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
| screenplay = Sohanlal
| starring = [[Kunchacko Boban]] [[Rituparna Sengupta]] [[Mallika (actress)|Mallika]] [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]] [[Manoj K. Jayan]] [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] [[Biju Menon]] [[Kalabhavan Shajon]]
| cinematography = T. D. Sreenivasan
| music = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| editing = V. T. Sreejith
| studio = Visual Dreams Productions B Positive Movie Creations
| distributor = Kuttamath Films & Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|11|02}}
| runtime = 110 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}
'''''Kadhaveedu''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam]] [[anthology film]] written and directed by [[Sohanlal]], based on three stories penned by [[Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer]], [[Kamala Surayya|Madhavikutty]], and [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]. The film stars [[Kunchacko Boban]] in the lead role, with [[Biju Menon]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Mallika (actress)|Mallika]], and [[Kalabhavan Shajon]].<ref name=firstschedule>{{cite web |url=http://www.news.etecity.com/sohanlals-kadha-veedu-fast-progressing-in-trivandrum/ |title=Sohanlal's 'Kadha Veedu' fast progressing in Trivandrum |date=17 February 2013 |publisher=Entecity.com |accessdate=28 May 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The film was released on November 2 coinciding with the [[Diwali]] fest.

==Plot==
{{No plot|date=August 2022}} Kadhaveedu revolves around the real life tales of director Raj Karthi (Kunchako Boban). Unable to come to terms with the separation of his parents in his childhood, he struggles to give a firm answer to his girlfriend's proposal. TV anchor Gina (Bhama) has the impending arrival of her parents looming on the horizon. Although they aren't disproving of her being in a live-in relationship with Raj, they yearn to see their daughter, Gina, in martial happiness.
Three tales, all directed by Raj form the backbone of the film. The first one revolves around the love affair of the daughter of a Beedi cottage factory owner and a worker-leader (Manoj K Jayan). As she pines for a Poovan Pazham (a euphemism?), the hero struggles to buy her the same. He returns with a package of oranges and wins her heart. They eventually get married, live happily, have children and grand children. The story fades to Cut with both of them chatting up at the balcony of an Old Age Home. A direct reflection of the depleting social values and societal norms.

The second tale is the darkest of all. Years ago, while scouting for shooting locales as part of his project at Film and Television Institute of India, Pune, Raj runs into a seemingly happy couple - Major Frederick Munkundan (Lal) and Rita. Despite the major being present, Raj and the much older Rita exchange flirtatious looks. The couple strike a cordial friendship with Raj and invite him to their abode “Dar es Salaam” in the hills. Raj, looking for shooting locales, takes up on their offer and furthers their friendship. On the last day of the shoot, Raj thanks the couple for their hospitality and steals a passionate kiss with Rita. In the present day, Raj returns to Dar-es-Salaam to discover that Rita has passed away. Over drinks with Major Frederick, he learns that their marriage wasn't a happy one and that the Major despised Rita for her transgressions and loose moralities. And one day, tired of their virtueless matrimony the Major kills Rita and lays her to rest. Raj, shocked and dismayed, now grows even more distant to Gina's marriage proposals.

The third tale is a heart-wrenching one where the father (Biju Menon, in yet another stirring example of being the true messiah of Malayali middle class) of three children has to bear the burden of making life go on as usual after the sudden demise of his wife.

As the shooting of this film draws to a close, Raj decides that he is ready to take Gina as his lawfully weddings wife. Gina, on the hospital bed, after being critically injured in a RTA, regains strength from Raj's text message. The closing credits show Raj and Gina holding hands and completing the housewarming of their new house.

==Cast==
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as Raj Karthik
** [[Kiran Arakkal Sanand]] as Master Raj Karthik
* [[Biju Menon]] as Balachandran
* [[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Khadar
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Major Chandran Mukundan
* [[Rituparna Sengupta]] as Reeta
* [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]] as Jeena
* [[Mallika (actress)|Mallika]] as Jameela
* [[Kalabhavan Shajon]] as Joseph

==Production==

The film is an anthology with adaptations of stories written by renowned Malayalam fiction writers [[Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer]], [[Kamala Surayya|Madhavikutty]], and [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]. The stories have been tweaked to fit in a modern setting and the script has been conceived by the director himself. Bengali actress Rituparna Sengupta forayed into [[Malayalam cinema]] by playing an important role in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sify.com/movies/rituparna-sengupta-in-kadha-veedu-imagegallery-malayalam-nc2lNCgcfgb.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130228132703/http://www.sify.com/movies/Rituparna-Sengupta-in-Kadha-Veedu-imagegallery-Malayalam-nc2lNCgcfgb.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 28 February 2013 |title=Rituparna Sengupta in 'Kadha Veedu' | author=| date= | website=[[Sify]] |accessdate= 28 May 2013}}</ref> She was suggested for the role by director [[Priyadarshan]] with whom she had worked in the film ''[[Bumm Bumm Bole]]''.<ref name=Bhamaa/> "Director Sohanlal has been pursuing me for the role for a year now. But once I heard the role of Rita, I knew it had all the subtleties for a great performance. Plus, the script read more like poetry rather than a scene-by-scene film," says Rituparna.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thecinenews.com/2013/11/kadhaveedu-movie-review.html |title=Kadhaveedu on the Mollywood screens : What is got the movie from opening |date=November 2013 |publisher=The Cine News |access-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110092506/http://www.thecinenews.com/2013/11/kadhaveedu-movie-review.html |archive-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Rituparna-Sengupta-to-enter-Mollywood-with-Kadhaveedu/etarticleshow/18366890.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022084354/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-07/news-and-interviews/36950488_1_bengali-actress-bengali-movies-bengali-cinema |url-status=live |archive-date=22 October 2013 |title=Rituparna Sengupta to enter Mollywood with Kadhaveedu | author=Sanjith Sidhardhan| date=7 February 2013 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=Indiatimes.com |access-date= 28 May 2013}}</ref> Actress Bhama plays the female lead in MT's script, opposite Kunchacko Boban. She plays the role of a scribe.<ref name=Bhamaa>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Bhamaa-dismisses-criticism-continues-courting-glam-roles/articleshow/19986589.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627062823/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-11/news-and-interviews/39169701_1_bhamaa-kannada-film-malayalam-film |url-status=live |archive-date=27 June 2013 |title=Bhamaa dismisses criticism; continues courting glam roles | author=Parvathy S Nayar| date=11 May 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date= 28 May 2013}}</ref> ''Kadhaveedu'' is Sohanlal's second feature film.

==Soundtrack==
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
Songs were composed by [[M. Jayachandran]], with lyrics written by [[Sohanlal]] and [[O. N. V. Kurup]] ("Aliveni Churulveni").

# "Kaattile poomanam" ([[Shweta Mohan]])
# "Marakkanullathu" ([[K.S.Chitra]])
# "Aliveni Churulveni" ([[Madhu Balakrishnan]], [[Mridula Warrier]])

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title|3604244}}

{{Basheer}}

[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian anthology films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]
[[Category:2013 romantic drama films]]

Teynampet

2026-03-02T16:04:05Z

Surojit098: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Teynampet
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = The first Hyatt Hotel in South India.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = The Hyatt Regency Hotel dominates the Teynampet skyline
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0437|N|80.2523|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai District|Chennai]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chennai]]
| subdivision_type4 = Zone
| subdivision_name4 = 9
| subdivision_type5 = Ward
| subdivision_name5 = 113
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = State
| governing_body = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600 018
| registration_plate = TN-06
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Chennai Central
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Legislative Assembly]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Thousand Lights
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Teynampet''', also '''Teynampettai''', is one of the busiest commercial localities in the city of [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Hidden Gems of Teynampet {{!}} Arihant Spaces|date=18 May 2021|url=https://www.arihantspaces.com/development/hidden-gems-of-teynampet/|access-date=2021-12-15|language=en-US}}</ref> Part of the city's [[central business district]], it is surrounded by [[Gopalapuram, Chennai|Gopalapuram]] in the north, [[Mylapore]] in the east, [[Alwarpet]] in the south, [[Nandanam]] in the south-west and [[T. Nagar|T.Nagar]] in the west.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Teynampet · Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Teynampet,+Chennai,+Tamil+Nadu,+India/@13.0424847,80.2409621,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3a52664bee9ee4b3:0xd784456618700862!8m2!3d13.0404742!4d80.2503335|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Teynampet · Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India|language=en}}</ref> The Teynampet Signal is one of the most important road junctions in Chennai and witnesses some of the worst traffic during peak hours in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-06|title=Traffic worsening at Teynampet junction due to this|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/news-shots/tamilnadu-news/traffic-worsening-at-teynampet-junction-due-to-this.html|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Behindwoods News Shots}}</ref> Teynampet is home to some of the most expensive real estate and properties in Chennai.<ref name=":0" /> The Teynampet section of Anna Salai hosts some of the most important Government offices and luxury hotels in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chennai|first=CREDAI|title=CREDAI Chennai - Real Estate Development in India, Chennai|url=https://credaichennai.in/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=CREDAI Chennai}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Teynampet is along [[Anna Salai]], the arterial road of Chennai. Teynampet derives its name from ''Thennam'' and ''pettai'' (Place of coconut trees) due to the coconut groves that once existed there.

==Geography==
As of 2018, Teynampet zone had a green cover of more than 20 percent, as against the city's 14.9 percent average.<ref name="Hindu_228CrProjectForGreen">{{cite news
| last = Lopez
| first = Aloysius Xavier
| title = A Rs.228-cr. project to take city's green cover to 20%
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages = 4
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 31 August 2018
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-228-cr-project-to-take-citys-green-cover-to-20/article24824653.ece
| access-date = 2 September 2018}}</ref>

==Notable landmarks==
Poes Garden houses two of the most celebrated houses in Chennai—residences of the former [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[J. Jayalalithaa]] named ''Veda Nilayam'' and the [[List of Indian male film actors|actor]] [[Rajinikanth]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2017-06-25|title=Tamil Nadu: {{as written|Wh|o's [sic]}} residence is it anyway? Jayalalithaa's Poes Garden lies unoccupied|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-poes-garden-controversy-who-s-residence-is-it-anyway/story-HJVC4MGtz7InYigJmtWYwL.html|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Poes Garden also houses the residences of the former acting [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|general secretary of the AIADMK]] [[V. K. Sasikala]] named ''Jayalalithaa Illam'' and the [[List of Indian male film actors|actor]] [[Dhanush]].

Gopalapuram area houses the residence of former [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[M. Karunanidhi]]. Teynampet also houses ''Anna Arivalayam'', which is the headquarters of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] party; also [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] party headquarters at Vannia Teynampet<ref>{{cite web|url=http://affidavitarchive.nic.in/Affidavit/archive/Feb2005/parties/state/pmk.htm|title=Pattali Makkal Katchi}}</ref> and upscale hotels such as the [[Hyatt Regency Chennai|Hyatt Regency]] and Marriott Courtyard. The famous Diocesan Church and the [[Anna Flyover]] are also in this region.

==Education==

Teynampet houses two of [[Chennai]]'s well known women's colleges, Justice Basheer Ahmed Sayeed College (more commonly known as SIET) and Stella Maris College. The schools in and around Teynampet include SIET Boys and Girls School, DAV Girls and [[D.A.V. Boys Senior Secondary School|D.A.V Boys School in Gopalapuram]], Sri Sarada Matriculation School in Gopalapuram, National Public School (N.P.S) in Gopalapuram and Church Park Convent.

== Economy ==
Teynampet is a fastest growing retail hub.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Mar 5, 2010|title=Teynampet could become retail hub {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/teynampet-could-become-retail-hub/articleshow/5645148.cms|access-date=2021-12-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Prestige Polygon is home to [[Microsoft|Microsoft Corporation]].

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Semmozhi poonga.jpg|[[Semmozhi Poonga]]
File:St George cathedral,Chennai India (13210210945).jpg|[[St. George's Cathedral, Chennai|St George's Cathedral]]
File:HyattTeynampet.jpg|[[Ramee Mall]]
</gallery>{{Neighborhoods of Chennai}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Chennai]]

{{Chennai-geo-stub}}

Shubh Mangal Saavdhan

2026-03-02T09:47:07Z

Surojit098: typo fix

{{short description|2017 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy film}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shubh Mangal Saavdhan
| image = Shubh Mangal Savdhan Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = R. S. Prasanna
| producer = [[Krishika Lulla]] [[Aanand L. Rai]]
| writer = Hitesh Kewalya
| story = R. S. Prasanna
| based_on = ''[[Kalyana Samayal Saadham]]'' by R.S. Prasanna
| starring = [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] [[Bhumi Pednekar]]
| narrator =
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Tanishk Bagchi|Tanishk–Vayu]] '''Background Score:''' [[Rachita Arora]]
| cinematography = Anuj Rakesh Dhawan
| editing = Ninad Khanolkar
| studio = [[Colour Yellow Productions]] [[Eros International]]
| distributor = Eros International
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|09|01}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}25 crore<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3591 |title=Shubh Mangal Saavdhan - Box Office |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}64.54 crore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-shubh-mangal-saavdhan/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Shubh Mangal Saavdhan |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=2 September 2017 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Shubh Mangal Saavdhan''''' ({{Translation|Let the Marriage be fruitful}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[R. S. Prasanna]] and produced by [[Krishika Lulla]] and [[Aanand L. Rai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shubh-mangal-saavdhan-movie-review-ayushmann-bhumis-film-travels-from-super-fun-to-superficial-3996161.html|title=Shubh Mangal Saavdhan movie review: Bhumi, Ayushmann's film travels from super fun to superficial|work=Firstpost |date=September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/uttar-pradesh-becomes-the-new-flavour-of-bollywood-in-2017-lucknow-central-toilet-ek-prem-katha-4851008/|title=Uttar Pradesh becomes the new flavour of Bollywood in 2017|date=19 September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/entertainment-actor-ayushmann-khurrana-movie-shubh-mangal-savdhan-trailer-trolling-erecticle-dysfunction-bollywood/18516195|title=Ayushmann Khurrana reveals the most amusing comment he received for 'Shubh Mangal Savdhan'|date=19 August 2017 }}</ref> Starring [[Ayushmann Khurrana]] and [[Bhumi Pednekar]], it is the remake of the director's own Tamil film ''[[Kalyana Samayal Saadham]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ayushmann-khurrana-bhumi-begin-shubh-mangal-saavdhan-shoot-in-delhi/story-IEX1ZF2lgcBOhvhs4tP41O.html|title=Ayushmann Khurrana, Bhumi begin Shubh Mangal Saavdhan shoot in Delhi|work=Hindustan Times|date=1 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shubh-mangal-saavdhan-ayushmann-khurrana-bhumi-pednekar-4549367/|title=Shubh Mangal Saavdhan: Ayushmann Khurrana, Bhumi Pednekar begin shooting in Delhi, see pics|website=The Indian Express|date=1 March 2017}}</ref> Released on 1 September 2017,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsnexa.com/entertainment/subh-mangal-savdhan-trailer-released/|title=Ayushmann Khurrana, Bhumi begin Shubh Mangal Saavdhan Trailer released|date=1 August 2017|access-date=2 August 2017|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802133017/https://newsnexa.com/entertainment/subh-mangal-savdhan-trailer-released/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3220|title=Shubh Mangal Saavdhan Has Good Hold on Monday}}</ref> the film revolves around Mudit Sharma, who is about to get married, on how he deals with his [[erectile dysfunction]]{{Efn|Referred to euphemistically in the film itself through myriad of metaphors and as "[[sexual dysfunction#Erectile dysfunction|performance anxiety]]", which is factually a distinct condition than erectile dysfunction in general.}} with his fiancé and family.

At the [[63rd Filmfare Awards]], ''Shubh Mangal Saavdhan'' received 5 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Khurrana), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Pednekar) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Pahwa).

A spiritual successor titled ''[[Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan]]'', also starring Khurrana in the lead and Pednekar in a cameo appearance, was released on 21 February 2020.

== Plot ==
The story is about Mudit Sharma, a Delhi boy with a marketing job, and Sugandha Joshi, a Gurgaon girl whom Mudit falls in love with. Shy by nature, Mudit tries all possible ways to talk to Sugandha but fails. Finally, he decides to send her an online marriage proposal. When the two finally meet, they feel the sparks and decide to take it to the next level. Sugandha takes her time deciding whether to accept the proposal and later calls it her first major decision for her own life. A formal marriage proposal is exchanged between their families.

When Sugandha's parents are out of town, Mudit and Sugandha try getting intimate and when they finally reach the bed, a visibly uncomfortable Mudit declares that he needs to use the washroom. But when he returns, he gets dressed and makes for the main door. When a concerned Sugandha asks him about this sudden change of plans, he simply hints at his problem with the help of a biscuit and tea, getting Sugandha to realize that he is facing a bout of [[erectile dysfunction]] (the condition is referred to only euphemistically in the film itself with metaphors like this one, and as misleading euphemism "[[sexual dysfunction#Erectile dysfunction|performance anxiety]]", an overlapping but generally distinct condition, by a vet character).

Mudit and Sugandha try different ways to solve the problem but fail, and when Mudit comes face to face with the reality of his impending marriage, he decides to cancel it. They argue. Now deeply in love, Sugandha refuses to cancel the wedding and says she will expect him and his ''baaraat'' (wedding procession) at the venue.

Eventually, accompanied by a posse of assorted relatives, Mudit leaves for [[Haridwar]] where the marriage is scheduled to take place. During the journey, Mudit constantly receives calls from someone stating that he is a well-wisher and knows about his problem. When he reaches Haridwar and the calls continue, Sugandha takes the call and showers abuses on the unknown person before suddenly realizing that the well-wisher is none other than Sugandha's father.

Mudit's future father-in-law takes him to consult with a veterinarian who suggests that the cause is stress. A day prior to the wedding, Sugandha and Mudit try getting intimate one more time, egged on by relatives from both sides of the family. When they exit the room sometime later, they find every family member waiting expectantly about Mudit having done 'it'. Mudit says that he managed to perform but Sugandha disagrees. The families are now deeply worried.

As the hour of the wedding approaches and troubles and disagreements pile on, Mudit stands up for Sugandha and their relationship against family/societal expectations. He even risks his life to stand up for the love of his life, Sugandha. He rejects toxic masculinity and they together define their marriage as a team of equal players. The wedding takes place.

In the closing narration, Sugandha says that nothing happened (i.e. Mudit still presumably had erectile dysfunction) on the first night or their honeymoon and then, they simply got busy with their lives. And one fine day, it simply happened, even as the whole family was busy in a ''pooja'' (prayer ceremony).

== Cast ==
*[[Ayushmann Khurrana]] as Mudit Sharma, Sugandha's husband<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/first-look-ayushmann-khurrana-bhumi-pednekar-starrer-shubh-mangal-savdhan/|title=First look of Ayushmann Khurrana, Bhumi Pednekar starrer Shubh Mangal Savdhan|work=Bollywood Hungama|publisher=Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|date=17 January 2017|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref>
*[[Bhumi Pednekar]] as Sugandha Sharma (née Joshi), Mudit's wife
*[[Brijendra Kala]] as Sugandha's uncle
*Sanjay Singh as Ajit
*[[Neeraj Sood]] as Sugandha's father
*[[Seema Bhargava]] as Vimla, Sugandha's mother
*[[Chittaranjan Tripathy]] as Mudit's father
*[[Supriya Shukla]] as Mudit's mother
*Anmol Bajaj as Anu
*Rahul Chauhan as Mudit's uncle Gabloo Chacha
*Shubhankarfft Tripathi
*Anshul Chauhan as Ginni
*[[Gopal Datt]] as veterinary doctor
*Gulzar Dastur as Store Clerk
*[[Jimmy Sheirgill]] as himself in a guest appearance
*Mrinal as God
*Ayush Sehgal as kite flying youngster
*Mihir as God-2

==Production==
The film was extensively shot in Delhi, [[Rishikesh]] and [[Haridwar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/haridwar-and-hrishikesh-play-pivotal-parts-in-shubh-mangal-saavdhan/articleshow/60275318.cms|title=Haridwar and Hrishikesh play pivotal parts in 'Shubh Mangal Saavdhan'|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> Anshul Chauhan was hired to play Bhumi Pednekar's best friend in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/bhumi-pednekar-ayushmann-khurrana-are-sweet-people-anshul-chauhan-1503931.html|title=Bhumi Pednekar, Ayushmann Khurrana are Sweet People: Anshul Chauhan|date=29 August 2017 }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shubh Mangal Saavdhan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Tanishk Bagchi]] and Vayu
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|08|25}}
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film Soundtrack]]
| length = 12:39
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Eros Music]] [[Divo (record label)|Divo]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Bareilly Ki Barfi]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Munna Michael]]
| next_year = 2017
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|9RGNsBsz_Vw|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}
The music of the film is composed by [[Tanishk Bagchi]] and Vayu, who also wrote the lyrics for the songs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/shubh-mangal-saavdhan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1278889106|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229232147/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/shubh-mangal-saavdhan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1278889106|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 December 2017|title=Shubh Mangal Saavdhan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=2017-08-25|website=[[iTunes]]|access-date=2017-09-04}}</ref> The first track of the film "Rocket Saiyyan" sung by [[Ritu Pathak]], [[Brijesh Shandilya]] and Bagchi was released on 7 August 2017. The second song "Laddoo" sung by [[Mika Singh]] and it was released on 21 August 2017. The soundtrack consists of five songs and was released on 25 August 2017.

All songs were written and composed by [[Tanishk Bagchi|Tanishk–Vayu]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Rocket Saiyyan
| length1 = 2:42
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| extra1 = [[Ritu Pathak]], [[Brijesh Shandilya]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| title2 = Laddoo
| length2 = 3:38
| extra2 = [[Mika Singh]]
| title3 = Kankad
| length3 = 3:16
| extra3 = [[Raja Hasan]], [[Shashaa Tirupati]], [[Rajnigandha Shekhawat]], Arman Hasan
| title4 = [[Kanha (song)|Kanha]]
| length4 = 3:03
| extra4 = [[Shashaa Tirupati]]
| title5 = [[Kanha (song)|Kanha]]
| length5 = 3:03
| extra5 = [[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
| total_length = 15:42
| all_writing =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| note4 = Female
| note5 = Male
}}

==Reception==

===Critical response===

[[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[News18]]'' praised the performances of the leading pair, Ayushmann Khurana & Bhumi Pednekar, and concluded his review by saying that, "Shubh Mangal Saavdhan rises above its minor problems to deliver plenty laughs. It's one of the year's most enjoyable films" and gave the film {{rating|3.5|5}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/shubh-mangal-saavdhan-review-one-of-the-years-most-enjoyable-films-1507269.html |title=Shubh Mangal Saavdhan Review: One of This Year's Most Enjoyable Films |date=7 September 2017 |publisher=[[News18]]}}</ref> Neil Soans of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film {{rating|3.5|5}} praising the performances of the actors and the humor of the film but found the climax of the movie to be a letdown.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/shubh-mangal-saavdhan/movie-review/60307031.cms |title=Shubh Mangal Saavdhan Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Ananya Bhattacharya of ''[[India Today]]'' praised the movie saying, "This is easily one of the best films that Bollywood has given us in 2017. Shubh Mangal Saavdhan does not fall flat. It flies" and gave the film {{rating|4|5}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/shubh-mangal-saavdhan-review-ayushmann-khurrana-bhumi-pednekar-1035765-2017-09-01 |title=Shubh Mangal Saavdhan Movie Review: Ayushmann and Bhumi shine in this joyride |date=September 2017 |publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Sweta Kaushal of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film a {{rating|2.5|5}} saying that, "Prasanna presents Shubh Mangal Saavdhan in a rather flat manner and refuses to give space to characters other than the hero and heroine, leaving behind one mess of what could have been a fun-filled entertainer."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/shubh-mangal-saavdhan-movie-review-the-film-fails-to-get-it-up-despite-ayushmann-khuranna-s-fine-act/story-ibSCyy0hwMwBtbKH7ce1pJ.html |title=Shubh Mangal Saavdhan movie review: The film fails to get it up despite Ayushmann Khuranna's fine act |date=September 2017 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film {{rating|2.5|5}} saying that, "overall this comedy of middle-class-Dilli-manners-and-mores suffers from a sit-com flatness, and a sagging climax."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/shubh-mangal-saavdhan-movie-review-ayushmann-khurrana-bhumi-pednekar-star-rating-4821927/ |title=Shubh Mangal Saavdhan movie review: The Ayushmann Khurrana and Bhumi Pednekar film suffers from a sagging climax |date=31 August 2017 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Date of ceremony
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="5" |2 December 2017
| rowspan="5" |[[Screen Awards]]
|Best Playback Singer – Female
|Shashaa Tirupati (for the song "Kanha")
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/star-screen-awards-2017-vidya-balan-rajkummar-rao-full-winners-list-1099753-2017-12-04|title=Star Screen Awards 2017: Dangal wins big, Vidya Balan-Rajkummar Rao named best actor and actress|access-date=2017-12-31}}</ref>
|-
|Best Film
|''Shubh Mangal Saavdhan''
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Best Actor – Male (Popular)
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Best Actor – Female (Popular)
|[[Bhumi Pednekar]]
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female
|[[Seema Bhargava|Seema Bhargava Pahwa]]
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |30 December 2017
| rowspan="5" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|Best Actor – Male (Viewer's Choice)
| rowspan="2" |[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2018/winners/|title=2018 Archives - Zee Cine Awards|website=Zee Cine Awards|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-31}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor – Male (Jury's Choice)
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Debutant Director
|R.S. Prasanna
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Playback Singer – Female
|Shashaa Tirupati (for the song "Kanha")
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Writing
|Hitesh Kewalya
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |20 January 2018
| rowspan="5" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
|Best Actor
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018_-26161-19.html|title=Nominations for the 63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018|work=filmfare.com|access-date=2018-01-18|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Bhumi Pednekar]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Seema Bhargava|Seema Bhargava Pahwa]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Playback Singer – Female
|Shashaa Tirupati (for the song "Kanha")
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Dialogue
|Hitesh Kewalya
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018-complete-winners-list/articleshow/62582673.cms|title=63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018: Complete winners' list|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-21}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[10th Mirchi Music Awards|28 January 2018]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year]]
| Master Armaan Hasan (for the song "Kankad")
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|title=Nominations - Mirchi Music Awards 2017|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year]]
| Rajnigandha Shekhawat (for the song "Kankad")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |20 March 2018
| rowspan="5" |News18 Reel Movie Awards
|Best Film
|''Shubh Mangal Saavdhan''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/reel-movie-awards-2018|title='Newton' & 'Mukti Bhawan' Win Big at the REEL Movie Awards|work=The Quint|access-date=2018-03-21|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Bhumi Pednekar]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Seema Bhargava|Seema Bhargava Pahwa]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Director
|R.S. Prasanna
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |22 June 2018
| rowspan="3" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|Best Dialogue
|Hitesh Kewalya
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-nominations-2018-tumhari-sulu-leads-with-7-nods-newton-follows-1855889|title=IIFA Nominations 2018: Tumhari Sulu Leads With 7 Nods, Newton Follows|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Bhumi Pednekar]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Seema Bhargava|Seema Bhargava Pahwa]]
|{{Nom}}
|}

==Sequel==
Following the commercial success of the film, a [[spiritual successor]] titled ''[[Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan]]'' was announced which is based on homosexuality.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/ayushmann-khurrana-roped-in-for-shubh-mangal-saavdhan-sequel/videoshow/69249671.cms|title=Ayushmann Khurrana roped in for 'Shubh Mangal Saavdhan' sequel|website=Times of India|date=9 May 2019|access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref> [[Ayushmann Khurrana]], the lead actor plays a gay man in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ayushmann-khurrana-play-gay-lover-shubh-mangal-saavdhan-sequel/|title=Ayushmann Khurrana to play a gay lover in Shubh Mangal Saavdhan sequel|date=2019-05-09|website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|access-date=2019-05-09}}</ref> A teaser was released on 9 May 2019 giving the theme of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=BmzV73wEc4I|title=Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan {{!}} Teaser {{!}} Aanand L Rai {{!}} Ayushmann Khurrana {{!}} Eros Now|publisher=Colour Yellow Productions|website=YouTube|date=9 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan-sequel-to-release-on-valentines-day-2020-ayushmann-khurranas-film-to-address-homosexuality-6598711.html|title=Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan to release on Valentines Day 2020; Ayushmann Khurrana's film to address homosexuality|website=First Post|date=9 May 2019|access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref> The film was initially slated to release on 13 March 2020,<ref>{{cite tweet|user=taran_adarsh|author=Taran Adarsh|date=10 September 2019|number = 1171324826566320129 |title=#ShubhMangalZyadaSaavdhan begins... Release date finalized: 13 March 2020... Stars Ayushmann Khurrana... Directed by Hitesh Kewalya... Produced by Bhushan Kumar and Aanand L Rai. https://t.co/J9VxDFQXN4}}</ref> but the release was pushed up to 21 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1195215408933924864?s=19|title=New release date... Ayushmann Khurrana starrer #ShubhMangalZyadaSaavdhan will arrive earlier: 21 Feb 2020... Directed by Hitesh Kewalya... Produced by Bhushan Kumar and Aanand L Rai.pic.twitter.com/6UnWtZMDkh|last=adarsh|first=taran|date=2019-11-14|website=@taran_adarsh|language=en|access-date=2020-01-15}}</ref>

== References and note ==
{{reflist}}
{{notelist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie}}

{{Portal|Bollywood|Film|India}}

[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s sex comedy films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Tanishk Bagchi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Tanishk-Vayu]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Colour Yellow Productions films]]
[[Category:YNOT Studios films]]

Tapan Raychaudhuri

2026-03-01T17:39:37Z

Surojit098: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2015}}
{{Short description|British-Indian historian (1926–2014)}}

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Tapan Raychaudhuri
| image = Tapan RayChaudhuri 2009 Dhaka.JPG
| caption = Raychaudhuri in November 2009
| birth_date = 8 May 1926
| birth_place = Kirtipasha, [[Barisal District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 26 November 2014 (aged 88)
| death_place = [[Oxford]], [[England]]
| fields = [[History]]
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[Barisal Zilla School]], [[Barisal]]
* [[Scottish Church College, Calcutta]]
* [[Presidency College, Calcutta]]
* [[Balliol College, Oxford]]
* [[Delhi School of Economics]]
* [[St. Antony's College, Oxford]]
}}
| doctoral_advisors = Dr. C. C. Davies [[Jadunath Sarkar]]
| notable_students = [[Gyanendra Pandey (historian)|Gyanendra Pandey]], [[Gowher Rizvi]], [[Rudrangshu Mukherjee]]
| awards = [[Watumull Prize]]
}}
'''Tapan Raychaudhuri''' (8 May 1926 – 26 November 2014) was a British-Indian [[historian]] specializing in [[British Raj|British Indian history]], [[Economic history of India|Indian economic history]] and the [[History of Bengal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Amin |first=Shahid |date=2014-12-06 |title=A Man of Many Parts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/a-man-of-many-parts/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2014/48/glimpses-past-web-exclusives/historical-roots-mass-poverty-south-asia.html|title=Tapan Raychaudhuri (1926-2014)| publisher=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
He was the son of Prativa and Amiya Kumar Raychaudhuri, the last ''[[zamindar]]'' of [[Kirtipasha Zamindar Bari|Kirtipasha]] in Barisal district of eastern Bengal. He came from a well-known [[Baidya]] family. He was a nephew of [[Kiran Shankar Roy]]<ref name="ksr">[http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Roy,_Kiron_Sankar Banglapedia: Kiron Shakar Roy]</ref> and [[Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri]], through his paternal aunts.<ref name="kd">Sen Sharma, Tribhanga Mohan (1942). ''Kuladarpanam'', Behrampore: New Art Press. p.369</ref>

He was a student of [[Ballygunge Government High School]], [[Calcutta]] and [[Barishal Zilla School|Barisal Zilla School]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Audio {{!}} Oral history interview with Tapan Raychaudhuri {{!}} ID: 4m90f5423 {{!}} Tufts Digital Library |url=https://dl.tufts.edu/concern/audios/4m90f5423/transcriptonly |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=dl.tufts.edu}}</ref> [[Scottish Church College, Calcutta]], where he completed his I.A. and finally [[Presidency College, Calcutta]], where he completed his B.A. (Hons.) in history with a high first class.<ref name=":1" /> He completed his first [[Ph.D|D.Phil.]] in History at [[Calcutta University]] on ''Bengal Under Akbar and Jahangir''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Shuddhabrata |date=2014-12-30 |title=On “Scandalmongering of the Senile” – Ruminations on Tapan Raychaudhuri, Historian: Ahona Panda |url=https://kafila.online/2014/12/30/on-scandalmongering-of-the-senile-ruminations-on-tapan-raychaudhuri-historian-ahona-panda/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=KAFILA - COLLECTIVE EXPLORATIONS SINCE 2006 |language=en}}</ref> under the supervision of [[Sir]] [[Jadunath Sarkar]], who was his Additional Supervisor and his second D.Phil. at [[Balliol College, Oxford]], under the supervision of Major (Dr.) C.C. Davies on the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company, which was later published as ''Jan Company in Coromandel.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Datta-Ray |first=Sunanda K. |date=2014-12-04 |title=In Praise of a Renaissance Mind |url=https://openthemagazine.com/essays/open-essay/in-praise-of-a-renaissance-mind |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=Open Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
He started his career as a lecturer at the Department of Islamic History and Culture, Calcutta University. After his return from Britain, he became a deputy director of the [[National Archives of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Tirthankar |date=2014-12-01 |title=Problem of the Past |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/problem-of-the-past/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He was a reader and then professor of history and director of the [[Delhi School of Economics]] and professor and the head of the department of history of [[Delhi University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1998/sen-autobio.html |title=Amartya Sen - Biographical |website=Nobelprize.org}}</ref> He was a key figure in setting up the journal, ''Indian Economic and Social History Review.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Rudrangshu |date=28 November 2014 |title=An Indian scholar dies in Oxford |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/an-indian-scholar-dies-in-oxford/cid/1601157 |url-status= |access-date=25 January 2026 |website=Telegraph}}</ref>

He was a reader in modern South Asian history from 1973 to 1993 and then ad hominem professor of Indian history and civilization and fellow of [[St. Antony's College, Oxford]], from 1992 to 1993.<ref name=":0" /> He was an emeritus fellow of St. Antony's College, Oxford, after retirement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crassh.cam.ac.uk/page/861/raychaudhuri-bio.htm |title=Professor Tapan Kumar Raychaudhuri DPhil, DLitt, Bio |website=Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, Cambridge University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002121633/http://www.crassh.cam.ac.uk/page/861/raychaudhuri-bio.htm |archive-date=2 October 2013 |access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref> He also served on the inaugural Social Sciences jury for the [[Infosys Prize]] in 2009.

He became a [[National Research Professor]] in India in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/economic-historian-tapan-raychaudhuri-passes-away/story-UvEiXpbR6eXdMSAQarhp8M.html|title=Economic historian Tapan Raychaudhuri passes away| publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/smriti-irani-picks-three-professors-with-saffron-tinge-for-national-research-professorship-scheme-230822-2014-12-11|title=Smriti Irani picks three professors with saffron tinge for National Research Professorship scheme| publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

==Awards==
* Watumull Prize awarded by the [[American Historical Association]], 1982. (jointly with [[Irfan Habib]]) for the ''Cambridge Economic History of India''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historians.org/prizes/AWARDED/DefunctWinner.htm |title=AHA Award Recipients |website=American Historical Association}}</ref>
* [[DLitt|Doctor of Letters]] 1993, [[University of Oxford]]
* [[DLitt|Doctor of Letters]] ''honoris causa'' by the [[University of Calcutta]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/convocation-2012/hony_degrees.htm |title=Annual Convocation |website=[[University of Calcutta]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528004638/http://caluniv.ac.in/convocation-2012/hony_degrees.htm |archive-date=28 May 2012}}</ref>
* [[DLitt|Doctor of Letters]] ''honoris causa'' by the [[University of Burdwan]]{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
* [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2007 in recognition to his contributions to history.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 January 2007 |title=Padma Vibhushan for Bhagwati, V. Krishnamurthy |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/27/stories/2007012705931300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211231638/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/27/stories/2007012705931300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 February 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |page=1}}</ref><ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2016 |access-date=3 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Death==
He died at home in Oxford (England) on 26 November 2014, after suffering a stroke.<ref name="death">{{cite news |date=27 November 2014 |title=Historian Tapan Raychaudhuri dies |url=http://bdnews24.com/neighbours/2014/11/27/historian-tapan-raychaudhuri-dies |newspaper=bdnews24.com}}</ref>

==Publications==

===Books===
* {{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Tapan |author-mask=2 |date=1953 |title=Bengal Under Akbar and Jahangir: An Introductory Study in Social History |publisher=A. Mukherjee & Co. |location=Calcutta |oclc=906328391}}
* {{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Tapan |author-mask=2 |date=1962 |title=Jan Company in Coromandel, 1605-1690 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |location='s-Gravenhage |oclc=450671}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Neale |first=Walter C. |date=February 1964 |title=Review |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |publisher=Association for Asian Studies |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=318–320 |doi=10.2307/2050166 |jstor=2050166 }}</ref>
* {{cite book |date=1982 |editor1-last=Raychaudhuri |editor1-first=Tapan |editor2-last=Habib |editor2-first=Irfan |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India |volume=I, c. 1200-c. 1750 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-0-521-22802-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Tapan |author-mask=2 |date= 1988 |title=Europe Reconsidered: Perceptions of the West in Nineteenth Century Bengal |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-19-562066-5}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Tanika |date=1990 |title=Book Reviews |journal=Indian Economic & Social History Review |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=370–372 |doi=10.1177/001946469002700314|s2cid=145407547 }}</ref>
* {{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Tapan |author-mask=2 |date=1993|title=Romanthan Athoba Bhimrotiprapter Paracharitcharcha |script-title=bn:রোমন্থন অথবা ভীমরতিপ্রাপ্তর পরচরিতচর্চা |language=bn |publisher=Ananda |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-8177563481}}
* {{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Tapan |author-mask=2 |date=2005 |title=Perceptions, Emotions, Sensibilities: Essays on India's Colonial and Post-colonial Experiences |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-19-567894-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Tapan |author-mask=2 |date=2007 |title=Bangalanama |publisher=Ananda |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-8177566697}}
* {{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Tapan |author-mask=2 |date=2011 |title=The world in our time: a memoir |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers India |location=Noida |isbn=978-9350291320}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Authority control}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raychaudhuri, Tapan}}
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[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
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[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali historians]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:Economic historians]]
[[Category:Fellows of St Antony's College, Oxford]]
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[[Category:Academics from Barisal Division]]

List of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas

2026-03-01T08:37:39Z

Surojit098: content fix

{{Short description|List of all Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya group of schools in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
There are '''661''' [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]] schools in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directory of JNVs |url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/export/sites/nvs/en/Contact-Us/directory-2022-23.pdf |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=navodaya.gov.in |page=46}}</ref> These JNVs are governed by eight different regions. These Regional Offices are at [[Bhopal]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Jaipur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Patna]], [[Pune]] and [[Shillong]] which have jurisdiction over different [[states and union territories of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2020 |title=NVS Regional Offices(ROs) |url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Contact-Us/Regional-Offices/ |access-date= |website=[[Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti]]}}</ref> To get the admission in Navodaya Vidyalayas candidate must pass the exam of [https://jnvstprep.com/jnvst-exam/ JNVST]. The [https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Contact-Us/RO/ list of various Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas in India] listed regionally, including states:

== Bhopal Region ==
There are a total of 113 JNVs in Bhopal Region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2020 |title=List of JNVs in Bhopal Region |url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Contact-Us/bhopal-region/ |website=[[Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti]]}}</ref> The state-wise list is follows:

=== Chhattisgarh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Korba
|2001
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/KORBA/en/home/ JNV Korba]
|-
|2
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mahasamund
|2000
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/MAHASAMUND/en/home/ JNV Mahasamund]
|-
|3
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Raipur
|1986
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/RAIPUR/en/home/ JNV Raipur]
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Rajnandgaon
|1988
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/RAJNANDGAON/en/home/ JNV Rajnandgaon]
|-
|5
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sukma-I
|2017
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/SUKMA-1/en/home/ JNV Sukma-I]
|-
|6
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sukma-II
|2009
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/SUKMA-2/en/home/ JNV Sukma-II]
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mungeli
|2017
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Mungeli/en/home/ JNV Mungeli]
|-
|8
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Balodabazar
|2017
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/BalodaBazar/en/home/ JNV Balodabazar]
|-
|9
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Balrampur
|2017
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Balrampur/en/home/ JNV Balrampur]
|-
|10
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Surguja
|2017
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Surguja/en/home/ JNV Surguja]
|-
|11
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Durg
|1986
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/DURG/en/home/ JNV Durg]
|-
|12
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bilaspur
|1987
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/BILASPUR_MP/en/home/ JNV Bilaspur]
|-
|13
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bijapur
|2017
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Bijapur_B/en/home/ JNV Bijapur]
|-
|14
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kabirdham
|2006
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/KABIRDHAM/en/home/ JNV Kabirdham]
|-
|15
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Surajpur
|1992
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/SURAJPUR/en/home/ JNV Surajpur]
|-
|16
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Janjgir Champa
|2002
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/JANJGIR-CHAMPA/en/home/ JNV Janjgir Champa]
|-
|17
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Gariaband
|2017
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Gariyaband/en/home/ JNV Gariaband]
|-
|18
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Raigarh
|1992
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/RAIGARH/en/home/ JNV Raigarh]
|-
|19
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kanker
|2006
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/KANKER/hi/home/ JNV Kanker]
|-
|20
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bastar
|2005
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/BASTAR/en/home/ JNV Bastar]
|-
|21
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dantewada
|1993
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/DANTEWADA/en/home/ JNV Dantewada]
|-
|22
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Narayanpur
|2017
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Narayanpur/en/home/ JNV Narayanpur]
|-
|23
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Korea
|2006
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Korea/en/home/ JNV Korea]
|-
|24
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kondagaon
|2017
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Kondagaon/en/home/ JNV Kondagaon]
|-
|25
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bemetara
|2017
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Bemetara/en/home/ JNV Bemetara]
|-
|26
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Balod
|2017
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Balod/en/home/ JNV Balod]
|-
|27
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jashpur
|2006
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/JASHPUR/en/home/ JNV Jashpur]
|-
|28
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dhamtari
|2004
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/DHAMTARI/en/home/ JNV Dhamtari]
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Tikamgarh
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/TIKAMGARH/en/home/ JNV Tikamgarh]
|-
|2
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Alirajpur
|1986
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/ALIRAJPUR/en/home/ JNV Alirajpur]
|-
|3
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ashoknagar
|1988
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/ASHOKNAGAR/en/home/ JNV Ashoknagar]
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Anuppur
|1987
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/ANUPPUR/hi/home/ JNV Anuppur]
|-
|5
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ashoknagar
|1988
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/ASHOKNAGAR/en/home/ JNV Ashoknagar]
|-
|6
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Burhanpur
|1986
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Burhanpur/en/home/ JNV Burhanpur]
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya vidyalaya, Chhatarpur
|1987
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/CHHATARPUR/en/home/ JNV Chhatarpur]
|-
|8
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Chhindwara
|1993
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/CHHINDWARA/en/home/ JNV Chhindwara]
|-
|9
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Damoh
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/DAMOH/en/home/ JNV Damoh]
|-
|10
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dewas
|1987
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/DEWAS/en/home/ JNV Dewas]
|-
|11
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dhar
|1987
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/DHAR/en/home/ JNV Dhar]
|-
|12
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dinduri
|2003
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/DINDORI/en/home/ JNV Dindori]
|-
|13
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Gwalior
|1994
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/GWALIOR/hi/home/ JNV Gwalior]
|-
|14
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Harda
|2002
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/HARDA/en/home/ JNV Harda]
|-
|15
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Hoshangabad
|1987
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/HOSHANGABAD/en/home/ JNV Hoshangabad]
|-
|16
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jabalpur
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/JABALPUR/en/home/ JNV Jabalpur]
|-
|17
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jhabua-I
|2017
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/JHABUA1/en/home/ JNV Jhabua-I]
|-
|18
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jhabua-II
|2009
|
|-
|19
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Khandwa
|
|
|-
|20
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Khargone
|
|
|-
|21
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mandla
|
|
|-
|22
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Morena
|
|
|-
|23
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Narsinghpur
|1986
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/NARSINGHPUR/hi/home/ JNV Narsinghpur]
|-
|24
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Betul
|1993
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/BETUL/en/home/ JNV Betul]
|-
|25
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Raisen
|
|
|-
|26
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ratlam-I
|1991
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Ratlam-1/en/home/ JNV Ratlam-I]
|-
|27
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ratlam-II
|
|
|-
|28
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Datia
|
|
|-
|29
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Guna
|
|
|-
|30
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Indore
|1987
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/INDORE/en/home/ JNV Indore]
|-
|31
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Katni
|
|
|-
|32
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mandsaur
|2002
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/MANDSAUR/en/home/ JNV Mandsaur]
|-
|33
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Neemuch
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/NEEMUCH/en/home/ JNV Neemuch]
|-
|34
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Panna
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/PANNA/en/home/ JNV Panna]
|-
|35
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Rewa
|
|
|-
|36
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sagar
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/SAGAR/hi/home/ JNV Sagar]
|-
|37
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Satna
|1992
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/SATNA/hi/home/ JNV Satna]
|-
|38
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sehore
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Sehore/en/home/ JNV Sehore]
|-
|39
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Seoni
|1987
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/SEONI/en/home/ JNV Seoni]
|-
|40
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Shahdol
|
|
|-
|41
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Shajapur
|
|
|-
|42
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sheopur
|
|
|-
|43
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Shivpuri
|
|
|-
|44
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sidhi
|
|
|-
|45
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ujjain-I
|
|
|-
|46
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ujjain-II
|
|
|-
|47
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Umaria
|
|
|-
|48
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Vidisha
|1992
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/VIDISHA/en/home/ JNV Vidisha]
|-
|49
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Barwani
|
|
|-
|50
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Rajgarh
|
|
|-
|51
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bhind
|
|
|-
|52
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bhopal
|
|
|-
|53
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Balaghat
|
|
|-
|54
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Singrauli
|
|
|}

=== Odisha ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bargarh
|
|
|-
|2
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bagudi|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Balasore
|1987
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Balasore/en/home/ JNV Balasore]
|-
|3
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Angul
|
|
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jagatsinghpur
|
|
|-
|5
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jharsuguda
|2002
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Jharsuguda/en/home/ JNV Jharsuguda]
|-
|6
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kalahandi
|1987
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Kalahandi/en/home/ JNV Kalahandi]
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kendrapara
|
|
|-
|8
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Khurda
|2003
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Khurda/en/home/ JNV Khurda]
|-
|9
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Puri
|
|
|-
|10
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Malkangiri-I
|
|
|-
|11
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Malkangiri-II
|
|
|-
|12
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Koraput
|
|
|-
|13
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mayurbhanj
|
|
|-
|14
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Nabarangpur
|
|
|-
|15
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Nayagarh
|
|
|-
|16
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Nuapada
|
|
|-
|17
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Phulbani
|
|
|-
|18
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Rayagada
|2002
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Rayagada/en/home/ JNV Rayagada]
|-
|19
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sambalpur
|1987
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Sambalpur/en/home/ JNV Sambalpur]
|-
|20
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sonipur
|
|
|-
|21
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sundargarh
|1987
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Sundargarh/en/home/ JNV Sundargarh]
|-
|22
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jajpur
|
|
|-
|23
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Keonjhar
|1987
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Keonjhar/en/home/ JNV Keonjhar]
|-
|24
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ganjam
|
|
|-
|25
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Gajapati
|
|
|-
|26
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dhenkanal
|
|
|-
|27
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Deogarh
|
|
|-
|28
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mundali|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Cuttack
|1986
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Cuttack/en/home/ JNV Cuttack]
|-
|29
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Boudh
|
|
|-
|30
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bolangir
|1987
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Bolangir/en/home/ JNV Bolangir]
|-
|31
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bhadrak
|
|
|}

== Chandigarh Region ==
There are a total of 58 JNVs in Chandigarh Region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2020 |title=List of JNVs in Chandigarh Region |url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Contact-Us/chandigarh-region/ |website=[[Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti]]}}</ref> The state-wise list is follows:

=== Chandigarh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Chandigarh
|1995
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/CHANDIGARH/en/home/index.html JNV Chandigarh]
|}

=== Himachal Pradesh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sirmaur]]
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/SIRMOUR/en/home/index.html JNV Sirmaur]
|-
|2
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Una]]
|1987
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/UNA/en/home/index.html JNV Una]
|-
|3
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bilaspur
|
|
|-
|4
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kangra]]
|
|
|-
|5
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kinnaur]]
|1987
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/KINNAUR/en/home/index.html JNV Kinnaur]
|-
|6
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kullu]]
|2010
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/KULLU/en/home/index.html JNV Kullu]
|-
|7
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Solan]]
|1992
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/SOLAN/en/home/index.html JNV Solan]
|-
|8
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Lahaul Spiti
|2000
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/LAHAULANDSPITI/en/home/index.html JNV Lahaul Spiti]
|-
|9
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Hamirpur
|1986–87
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/HAMIRPUR-HP/en/home/index.html JNV Hamirpur]
|-
|10
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Chamba
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/CHAMBA/en/home/index.html JNV Chamba]
|-
|11
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Theog|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Shimla]]
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/SHIMLA/en/home/index.html JNV Shimla]
|-
|12
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mandi]]
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/MANDI/en/home/index.html JNV Mandi]
|}

=== Jammu and Kashmir ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Shopian]]
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/SHOPIAN/en/home/index.html JNV Shopian]
|-
|2
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Rajouri
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/RAJOURI/en/home/index.html Rajouri]
|-
|3
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kathua
|
|
|-
|4
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Doda]]
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/DODA/en/home/index.html JNV Doda]
|-
|5
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Pulwama
|2020
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Pulwama/en/home/index.html JNV Pulwama]
|-
|6
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Bandipora|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bandipora]]
|2020
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Bandipora/en/home/index.html JNV Bandipora]
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Budgam
|1987
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/BUDGAM/en/home/index.html JNV Budgam]
|-
|8
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kishtwar
|
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Kishtwar/en/home/index.html JNV Kishtwar]
|-
|9
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Anantnag
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/ANANTNAG/en/home/index.html JNV Anantnag]
|-
|10
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Baramulla
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/BARAMULLA/en/home/index.html JNV Baramulla]
|-
|11
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ganderbal
|1987
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/GANDERBAL/en/home/index.html JNV Ganderbal]
|-
|12
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jammu-I
|
|
|-
|13
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jammu-II
|2017
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Jammu-2/en/home/index.html JNV Jammu-II]
|-
|14
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kulgam
|2010
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/KULGAM/en/home/index.html JNV Kulgam]
|-
|15
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kupwara
|1985–86
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/KUPWARA/en/home/index.html JNV Kupwara]
|-
|16
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Poonch
|1986–87
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/POONCH/en/home/index.html JNV Poonch]
|-
|17
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ramban
|2019
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/RAMBAN/en/home/index.html JNV Ramban]
|-
|18
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Reasi
|
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/REASI/en/home/index.html JNV Reasi]
|-
|19
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Samba
|1987
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/SAMBA/en/home/index.html JNV Samba]
|-
|20
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Udhampur
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/UDHAMPUR/en/home/index.html JNV Udhampur]
|}

=== Ladakh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kargil
|1988
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/KARGIL/en/home/index.html JNV Kargil]
|-
|2
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Leh
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Ladakh/en/home/index.html JNV Leh]
|}

=== Punjab ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mohali
|2009
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Mohali/en/home/index.html JNV Mohali]
|-
|2
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Pathankot
|1992
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Pathankot/en/home/index.html JNV Pathankot]
|-
|3
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Patiala]]
|1989
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Patiala/en/home/index.html JNV Patiala]
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ropar
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Ropar/en/home/index.html JNV Ropar]
|-
|5
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sangrur
|1985–86
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Sangrur/en/home/index.html JNV Sangrur]
|-
|6
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mansa
|2000–2001
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Mansa/en/home/index.html JNV Mansa]
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kapurthala
|1988
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Kapurthala/en/home/index.html JNV Kapurthala]
|-
|8
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, SBS Nagar
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/sbsnagar/en/home/index.html JNV SBS Nagar]
|-
|9
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jallandhar
|
|
|-
|10
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Gurdaspur
|2019
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Gurdaspur/en/home/index.html JNV Gurdaspur]
|-
|11
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Hoshiarpur
|2002
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Hoshiarpur/en/home/index.html JNV Hoshiarpur]
|-
|12
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Tarn Taran
|1988
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/TARNTARAN/en/home/index.html JNV Tarn Taran]
|-
|13
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Fazilka
|
|
|-
|14
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Fatehgarh Sahib
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/FatehgarhSahib/en/home/index.html JNV Fatehgarh Sahib]
|-
|15
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Faridkot
|2003
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Faridkot/en/home/index.html JNV Faridkot]
|-
|16
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Barnala
|2007
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Barnala/en/home/index.html JNV Barnala]
|-
|17
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Amritsar-I
|2007
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/AMRITSAR1/en/home/index.html JNV Amritsar-I]
|-
|18
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Amritsar-II
|2009
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/AMRITSAR2/en/home/index.html JNV Amritsar-II]
|-
|19
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bathinda
|1994–95
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Bathinda/en/home/index.html JNV Bathinda]
|-
|20
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ferozepur
|1992
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Ferozepur/en/home/index.html JNV Ferozepur]
|-
|21
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ludhiana
|2002
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Ludhiana/en/home/index.html JNV Ludhiana]
|-
|22
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Muktsar
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Muktsar/en/home/index.html JNV Muktsar Sahib]
|-
|23
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Moga
|2002
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Moga/en/home/index.html JNV Moga]
|}

== Amaravati Region ==
There are a total of 19 JNVs in Amaravathi Region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2020 |title=List of JNVs in Hyderabad Region |url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Contact-Us/hyderabad-region/ |website=[[Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti]]}}</ref> The state-wise list of JNVs is follows:

=== Andaman and Nicobar Islands ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, South Andaman]]
|2017
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/South-Andaman/en/home/index.html JNV South Andaman]
|-
|2
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Middle Andaman|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, North & Middle Andaman]]
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/North-and-Middle-Andaman/en/home/index.html JNV North & South Andaman]
|-
|3
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Car Nicobar]]
|1987
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/CarNicobar/en/home/index.html JNV Car Nicobar]
|}

=== Andhra Pradesh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Srikakulam
|
|
|-
|2
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Vizianagaram
|
|
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Visakhapatnam
|
|
|-
|5
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, East Godavari-I
|
|
|-
|6
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, East Godavari-II
|
|
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, West Godavari
|
|
|-
|8
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Veleru|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Krishna]]
|
|
|-
|10
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Guntur
|
|
|-
|11
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Prakasam|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Prakasam-I]]
|
|
|-
|12
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Prakasam-II
|
|
|-
|13
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kadapa
|
|
|-
|14
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kurnool
|
|
|-
|15
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Chittoor
|
|
|-
|16
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ananthapuram
|
|
|}

== Hyderabad Region ==
There are a total of 62 JNVs in Hyderabad Region.<ref name=":0" /> The state-wise list of JNVs is follows:

=== Karnataka ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Koppal
|
|
|-
|2
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bellary
|
|
|-
|3
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bidar
|
|
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Chamrajnagar
|
|
|-
|5
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Chitradurga
|
|
|-
|6
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Gadag
|
|
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Hassan
|
|
|-
|8
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Haveri
|
|
|-
|9
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kolar
|
|
|-
|10
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mandya
|
|
|-
|11
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Raichur]]
|
|
|-
|12
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ramanagara
|
|
|-
|13
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Gajanur|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Shimoga]]
|
|
|-
|14
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Udupi
|
|
|-
|15
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Yadgiri
|
|
|-
|16
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bangalore Urban
|
|
|-
|17
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kothali|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Belagavi]]
|
|
|-
|28
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Chickmagalur
|
|
|-
|19
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dakshina Kannada
|
|
|-
|20
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Davangare
|
|
|-
|21
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kalaburagi - I
|
|
|-
|22
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kalaburagi - II
|
|
|-
|23
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Panchavati|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Uttara Kannada]]
|
|
|-
|24
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bagalkote
|
|
|-
|25
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bijapur
|
|
|-
|26
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dharwad
|
|
|-
|27
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kodagu]]
|
|
|-
|28
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mysuru
|
|
|-
|29
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Tumkur
|
|
|-
|30
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bangalore Rural
|
|
|-
|31
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Chikkaballapura
|
|
|}

=== Kerala ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kollam
|
|
|-
|2
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Idukki]]
|
|
|-
|3
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ernakulam]]
|
|
|-
|4
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Thiruvananthapuram]]
|
|
|-
|5
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Thrissur]]
|
|
|-
|6
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Pathanamthitta]]
|
|
|-
|7
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Palakkad]]
|1988
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/PALAKKAD/en/home/ Jnv palakkad]
|-
|8
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kozhikode]]
|
|
|-
|9
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kottayam]]
|
|
|-
|10
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Alappuzha]]
|
|
|-
|11
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kasaragod]]
|
|
|-
|12
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Malappuram]]
|
|
|-
|13
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Wayanad]]
|
|
|-
|14
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Chendayadu|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kannur]]
|
|
|}

=== Lakshadweep ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Lakshdweep
|
|
|-
|2
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Minicoy]]
|
|
|}
*
=== Puducherry ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Puducherry]]
|
|
|-
|2
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Karaikal]]
|
|
|-
|3
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mahe]]
|
|
|-
|4
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Yanam]]
|
|
|}

=== Telangana ===

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mahabubnagar
|
|
|-
|2
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Medak]]
|
|
|-
|3
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Karimnagar
|
|
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Warangal
|
|
|-
|5
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Khammam
|
|
|-
|6
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ranga Reddy
|
|
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Adilabad (Sirpur)
|
|
|-
|8
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Nizamsagar|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Nizamabad Dist.]]
|
|
|-
|9
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Nalgonda
|
|
|}

== Jaipur Region ==
There are a total of 58 JNVs in Jaipur Region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2020 |title=List of JNVs in Jaipur Region |url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Contact-Us/jaipur-region/ |website=[[Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti]]}}</ref> The state-wise list is follows:

=== Delhi ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mungeshpur|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, North-West Delhi]]
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/NORTH-WEST-DELHI/en/home/index.html JNV North-West Delhi]
|-
|2
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jaffarpur Kalan|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, South-West Delhi]]
|1991
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/SOUTH-WEST-DELHI/en/home/index.html JNV South-West Delhi]
|}

=== Haryana ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Hissar
|
|
|-
|2
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jhajjar
|
|
|-
|3
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Gurugram
|
|
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Nuh
|
|
|-
|5
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jind
|
|
|-
|6
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kaithal
|
|
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kurukshetra
|
|
|-
|8
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mahendragarh
|
|
|-
|9
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Fatehabad
|
|
|-
|10
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Karnal
|
|
|-
|11
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Palwal
|
|
|-
|12
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Rohtak
|
|
|-
|13
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Panchkula
|
|
|-
|14
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Panipat
|
|
|-
|15
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Rewari
|
|
|-
|16
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sirsa
|
|
|-
|17
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Yamuna Nagar
|
|
|-
|18
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ambala
|
|
|-
|19
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bhiwani
|
|
|-
|20
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sonepat
|
|
|-
|21
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mothuka, Faridabad|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Faridabad]]
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/FARIDABAD/en/home/index.html JNV Faridabad]
|}

=== Rajasthan ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sikar
|
|
|-
|2
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Pratapgarh
|
|
|-
|3
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Swai Madhopur
|
|
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Udaipur
|
|
|-
|5
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dungarpur
|
|
|-
|6
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Banswara
|
|
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bhilwara
|
|
|-
|8
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Churu]]
|
|
|-
|9
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Hanumangarh
|
|
|-
|10
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jhunjhunu
|
|
|-
|11
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Nagaur
|
|
|-
|12
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sirohi
|
|
|-
|13
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Tonk
|
|
|-
|14
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sriganganagar-I
|
|
|-
|15
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sriganganaga-II
|
|
|-
|16
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ajmer
|
|
|-
|17
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Alwar
|
|
|-
|18
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Banswara
|
|
|-
|19
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Baran
|1987
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Baran/en/home/ JNV Baran]
|-
|20
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Barmer
|
|
|-
|21
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bharatpur
|
|
|-
|22
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bikaner
|
|
|-
|23
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bundi
|
|
|-
|24
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mandaphia|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Chittorgarh]]
|
|
|-
|25
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dausa
|
|
|-
|26
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dholpur
|
|
|-
|27
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jaipur]]
|
|
|-
|28
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jaisalmer
|
|
|-
|29
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jaswantpura|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jalore]]
|
|
|-
|30
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jhalawar
|
|
|-
|31
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jodhpur
|
|
|-
|32
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Karauli]]
|
|
|-
|33
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kota
|
|
|-
|34
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jojawar|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Pali]]
|
|
|-
|35
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Rajsamand
|
|
|}

== Lucknow region ==
There are a total of 89 JNVs in Lucknow Region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2020 |title=List of JNVs in Lucknow Region |url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Contact-Us/lucknow-region/ |website=[[Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti]]}}</ref> The state-wise list is follows:

===Uttar Pradesh===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Deoria
|
|
|-
|2
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Etah
|
|
|-
|3
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Etawah
|
|
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Fatehpur
|
|
|-
|5
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Firozabad
|
|
|-
|6
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ghazipur
|
|
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Gonda
|
|
|-
|8
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Gorakhpur
|
|
|-
|9
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Hamirpur
|
|
|-
|10
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Hathras
|
|
|-
|11
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jalaun
|
|
|-
|12
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jaunpur
|
|
|-
|13
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kannauj
|
|
|-
|14
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kanpur Dehat
|
|
|-
|15
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kasganj
|
|
|-
|16
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Baghpat
|
|
|-
|17
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Balrampur
|
|
|-
|18
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, GB Nagar
|
|
|-
|19
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, JP Nagar
|
|
|-
|20
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Siddharth Nagar
|
|
|-
|21
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kushinagar
|
|
|-
|22
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Lalitpur
|
|
|-
|23
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Lucknow
|
|
|-
|24
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mahoba
|
|
|-
|25
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bhogaon|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mainpuri]]
|1992
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/MAINPURI/hi/home/ JNV Mainpuri]
|-
|26
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mathura
|
|
|-
|27
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mau
|
|
|-
|28
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mirzapur]]
|
|
|-
|29
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Moradabad
|
|
|-
|30
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Pilibhit
|
|
|-
|31
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Pratapgarh
|
|
|-
|32
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Prayagraj
|
|
|-
|33
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Rampur
|
|
|-
|34
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sambhal
|
|
|-
|35
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Santkabir Nagar
|
|
|-
|36
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Shamli
|
|
|-
|37
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Shravasti
|
|
|-
|38
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sitapur-I
|
|
|-
|39
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sitapur-II
|
|
|-
|40
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Varanasi
|
|
|-
|41
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bhadohi
|
|
|-
|42
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Lakhimpur Kheri
|
|
|-
|43
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sultanpur
|
|
|-
|44
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Hapur
|
|
|-
|45
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bijnor
|
|
|-
|46
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Agra
|
|
|-
|47
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Auraiya
|
|
|-
|48
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Barabanki]]
|
|
|-
|49
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Chandauli
|
|
|-
|50
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Faizabad
|
|
|-
|51
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ghaziabad
|
|
|-
|52
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Hardoi
|
|
|-
|53
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jhansi
|
|
|-
|54
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kanpur Nagar
|
|
|-
|55
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kaushambi
|
|
|-
|56
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Maharajganj
|
|
|-
|57
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Meerut
|
|
|-
|58
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Muzaffarnagar
|
|
|-
|59
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Saharanpur
|
|
|-
|60
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Shahjahanpur
|
|
|-
|61
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sonbhadra
|
|
|-
|62
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Unnao
|
|
|-
|63
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Farrukhabad
|
|
|-
|64
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Raebareli
|
|
|-
|65
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Aligarh
|
|
|-
|66
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ambedakar Nagar
|
|
|-
|67
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Amethi
|
|
|-
|68
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Azamgarh
|
|
|-
|69
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ballia]]
|
|
|-
|70
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Banda
|
|
|-
|71
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bareilly
|
|
|-
|72
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Basti
|
|
|-
|73
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bharaich
|
|
|-
|74
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Badaun
|
|
|-
|75
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bulandshahr
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/BULANDSHAHR/en/home/]
|-
|76
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Chitrakoot
|
|
|}

=== Uttarakhand ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Pauri Garhwal
|2006
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/PAURIGARHWAL/en/home/index.html JNV Pauri Garhwal]
|-
|2
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Tehri Garhwal
|1987
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/TEHRIGARHWAL/en/home/index.html JNV Tehri Garhwal]
|-
|3
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Udham Singh Nagar
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/UDHAMSINGHNAGAR/en/home/index.html JNV Udham Singh Nagar]
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bageshwar
|2004
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/BAGESHWAR/en/home/index.html JNV Bageshwar]
|-
|5
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Haridwar
|1993
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/HARIDWAR/en/home/index.html JNV Haridwar]
|-
|6
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Pithoragarh
|2004
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/PITHORAGARH/en/home/index.html JNV Pithoragarh]
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Rudraprayag
|1987
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/RUDRAPRAYAG/en/home/index.html JNV Rudraprayag]
|-
|8
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Uttarkashi
|1988
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/UTTARKASHI/en/home/index.html JNV Uttarkashi]
|-
|9
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Chamoli
|2001
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/CHAMOLI/en/home/index.html JNV Chamoli]
|-
|10
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Champawat
|1998
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/CHAMPAWAT/en/home/index.html JNV Champawat]
|-
|11
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dehradun
|2007
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/DEHRADUN/en/home/index.html JNV Dehradun]
|-
|12
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Nainital
|2002
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/NAINITAL/en/home/index.html JNV Nainital]
|-
|13
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Almora
|1987
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/ALMORA/en/home/index.html JNV Almora]
|}

== Patna Region ==
There are a total of 84 JNVs in Patna Region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2020 |title=List of JNVs in Patna Region |url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Contact-Us/patna-region/ |website=[[Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti]]}}</ref> The state-wise list is follows:

=== Bihar ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Lakhisarai]]
|2006
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/LAKHISARAI/en/about_us/About-JNV/ lakshmisarai]
|-
|2
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Madhepura]]
|
|
|-
|3
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Munger]]
|
|
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Gaya-I
|
|
|-
|5
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, GAYA-II
|
|
|-
|6
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, East Champaran
|
|
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Rohtas
|
|
|-
|8
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Aurangabad
|
|
|-
|9
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Muzaffarpur
|
|
|-
|10
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Supaul
|
|
|-
|11
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sitamarhi]]
|1994
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/SITAMARHI/en/about_us/About-JNV/ sitamarhi]
|-
|12
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Madhubani
|
|
|-
|13
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Khagaria
|
|
|-
|14
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jamui
|
|
|-
|15
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Darbhanga
|
|
|-
|16
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Begusarai
|
|
|-
|17
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Araria
|
|
|-
|18
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Purnea
|
|
|-
|19
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Nalanda
|
|
|-
|20
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Nawada
|
|
|-
|21
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Arwal
|
|
|-
|22
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kishanganj
|
|
|-
|23
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Saharsa
|
|
|-
|24
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Samastipur
|
|
|-
|25
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Saran
|
|
|-
|26
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sheohar
|
|
|-
|27
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Shekhpura
|
|
|-
|28
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Siwan
|
|
|-
|29
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Vaishali
|
|
|-
|30
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, West Champaran
|
|
|-
|31
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Banka
|
|
|-
|32
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bhagalpur
|
|
|-
|33
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bhojpur
|
|
|-
|34
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Buxar
|
|
|-
|35
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Patna
|
|
|-
|36
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Gopalganj
|
|
|-
|37
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jehanabad
|
|
|-
|38
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kaimur
|
|
|-
|39
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Katihar
|
|
|}

=== Jharkhand ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Saraikela
|
|
|-
|2
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bokaro
|
|
|-
|3
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Deoghar]]
|
|
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dhanbad
|
|
|-
|5
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Garhwa
|
|
|-
|6
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Giridih
|
|
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Godda
|
|
|-
|8
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Hazaribagh
|
|
|-
|9
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jamtara
|
|
|-
|10
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Koderma
|
|
|-
|11
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Latehar
|
|
|-
|12
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Lohardaga
|
|
|-
|13
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Pakur-I
|
|
|-
|14
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Pakur-II
|
|
|-
|15
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Palamu-I
|
|
|-
|16
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Palamu-II
|
|
|-
|17
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Simdega
|
|
|-
|18
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, West Singhbhum
|
|
|-
|19
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, East Singhbhum
|
|
|-
|20
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ramgarh
|
|
|-
|21
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sahibganj]]
|
|
|-
|22
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Chatra
|
|
|-
|23
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dumka
|
|
|-
|24
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Gumla
|
|
|-
|25
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Khunti
|
|
|-
|26
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ranchi
|
|
|}

=== West Bengal ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Cooch Behar]]
|2006
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Coochbehar/en/home/ JNV Cooch Behar]
|-
|2
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Alipurduar]]
|2005
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/ALIPURDUAR/en/home/ JNV Alipurduar]
|-
|3
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jalpaiguri
|2017
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Jalpaigudi/en/home/ JNV Jalpaiguri]
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Darjeeling
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/DARJEELING/en/home/ JNV Darjeeling]
|-
|5
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Uttar Dinajpur]]
|2005
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/UttarDinajpur/en/home/ JNV Uttar Dinajpur]
|-
|6
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dakshin Dinajpur]]
|2009
|[https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Dakshindinajpur/en/home/ JNV Dakshin Dinajpur]
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Murshidabad
|2003
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/MURSHIDABAD/en/home/ JNV Murshidabad]
|-
|8
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Birbhum]]
|2006
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/BIRBHUM/en/home/ JNV Birbhum]
|-
|9
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Nadia
|2003
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/NADIA/en/home/ JNV Nadia]
|-
|10
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Durgapur|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Burdwan]]
|2003
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Burdwan/en/home/ JNV Burdwan]
|-
|11
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Purulia
|2008
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/purulia/en/home/ JNV Purulia]
|-
|12
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bankura]]
|2005
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/BANKURA/en/home/ JNV Bankura]
|-
|13
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Howrah
|2006
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/HOWRAH/en/home/ JNV Howrah]
|-
|14
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Hooghly]]
|2005
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/HOOGHLY/en/home/ JNV Hoogly]
|-
|15
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, East Medinipur
|2004
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Eastmedinipur/en/home/ JNV East Medinipur]
|-
|16
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, West Medinipur
|2006
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Westmedinipur/en/home/ JNV West Medinipur]
|-
|17
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, North 24 Parganas]]
|2003
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/NORTH24PARGANAS/en/home/ JNV North 24 Parganas]
|-
|18
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, S.24 Parganas-I
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/South24Parganas-1/en/home/ JNV S.24 Parganas-I]
|-
|19
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, South 24 Parganas|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, S.24 Parganas-II]]
|2009
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/SOUTH24PARGANAS-2/en/home/ JNV S.24 Parganas-II]
|}

== Pune Region ==
There are a total of 73 JNVs in Pune Region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2020 |title=List of JNVs in Pune Region |url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Contact-Us/pune-region/ |website=[[Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti]]}}</ref> The state-wise list is follows:

=== Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Daman
|1987
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/DAMAN/en/home/index.html# JNV Daman]
|-
|2
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Diu]]
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/DIU/en/home/index.html JNV Diu]
|-
|3
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Silvassa]]
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/DADRAANDNAGARHAVELI/en/home/index.html JNV Silvassa]
|}

=== Goa ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Canacona|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, South Goa]]
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/SOUTHGOA/en/home/index.html JNV South Goa]
|-
|2
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, North Goa]]
|1988
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/NORTHGOA/en/home/index.html JNV North Goa]
|}

=== Maharashtra ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Satara
|1994
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Satara/en/home/ JNV Satara]
|-
|2
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sindhudurg
|
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Sindhudurg/en/home/ JNV Sindhudurg]
|-
|3
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Chandrapur
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Chandrapur/en/home/ JNV Chandrapur]
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dhule
|
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Dhule/en/home/ JNV Dhule]
|-
|5
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Akola
|
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Akola/en/home/ JNV Akola]
|-
|6
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Amravati
|
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Amravati/en/home/ JNV Amravati]
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bhandara
|
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Bhandara/en/home/ JNV Bhandara]
|-
|8
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Gadchiroli
|
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Gadchiroli/en/home/ JNV Gadchiroli]
|-
|9
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Gondia
|
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Gondia/en/home/ JNV Gondia]
|-
|10
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Hingoli
|
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Hingoli/en/home/ JNV Hingoli]
|-
|11
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jalna
|
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Jalna/en/home/ JNV Jalna]
|-
|12
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kolhapur
|
|
|-
|13
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Nagpur
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Nagpur/en/home/ JNV Nagpur]
|-
|14
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Nanded
|
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Nanded/en/home/ JNV Nanded]
|-
|15
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Nashik
|
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Nashik/en/home/ JNV Nashik]
|-
|16
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Palghar
|
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Palghar/en/home/ JNV Palghar]
|-
|17
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Parbhani
|
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Parbhani/en/home/ JNV Parbhani]
|-
|18
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Pune
|2001
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/PUNE/en/home JNV Pune]
|-
|19
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Raigad
|
|
|-
|20
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ratnagiri
|
|
|-
|21
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Aurangabad
|
|
|-
|22
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Wardha
|
|
|-
|23
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ahmednagar
|1987
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Ahmednagar/hi/home/ JNV Ahmednagar]
|-
|24
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Washim
|
|
|-
|25
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Yavatmal
|
|
|-
|26
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Beed
|
|
|-
|27
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Buldhana
|
|
|-
|28
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jalgaon
|
|
|-
|29
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Latur
|
|
|-
|30
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Nandurbar-I
|
|
|-
|31
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Nandurbar-II
|
|
|-
|32
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Osmanabad
|
|
|-
|33
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Solapur
|
|
|-
|34
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sangli
|
|
|}

=== Gujarat ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kutch
|
|
|-
|2
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mehsana
|
|
|-
|3
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Narmada
|
|
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Patan
|
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/PATAN/en/home/ JNV Patan]
|-
|5
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Aravalli
|
|
|-
|6
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Gandhinagar
|
|
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Navsari
|
|
|-
|8
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sabarkantha
|
|
|-
|9
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Porbandar
|1986
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/PORBANDAR/en/home/ JNV Porbandar]
|-
|10
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Rajkot
|
|
|-
|11
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Junagadh
|
|
|-
|12
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Anand
|
|
|-
|13
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bhavnagar
|
|
|-
|14
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Gir Somnath
|
|
|-
|15
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mahisagar
|
|
|-
|16
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Panchmahal
|
|
|-
|17
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Surendranagar
|
|
|-
|18
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Tapi
|
|
|-
|19
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Vadodara
|
|
|-
|20
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Valsad
|
|
|-
|21
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Surat
|
|
|-
|22
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Devbhumi Dwarka
|
|
|-
|23
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Botad
|
|
|-
|24
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dahod
|
|
|-
|25
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dang
|
|
|-
|26
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jamnagar
|
|
|-
|27
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kheda
|
|
|-
|28
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bharuch
|
|
|-
|29
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dahod
|
|
|-
|30
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Amreli
|
|
|-
|31
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ahmedabad
|
|
|-
|32
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Banaskantha
|
|
|-
|33
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Chhota Udepur
|
|
|-
|34
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Morbi
|
|
|}

== Shillong Region ==
There are a total of 98 JNVs in Shillong Region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2020 |title=List of JNVs in Shillong Region |url=https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Contact-Us/shillong-region/ |website=[[Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti]]}}</ref> The state-wise list is follows:

=== Arunachal Pradesh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Upper Siang
|2005
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/UPPERSIANG/en/home/index.html JNV Upper Siang]
|-
|2
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, East Kameng
|
|
|-
|3
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Lower Dibang Valley
|
|
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Longding (Tirap)
|
|
|-
|5
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, East Siang
|
|
|-
|6
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Changlang
|
|
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Lower Subansiri
|
|
|-
|8
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Tawang
|
|
|-
|9
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Anjaw
|
|
|-
|10
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, West Siang
|
|
|-
|11
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Tirap
|
|
|-
|12
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, West Kameng
|
|
|-
|13
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Namsai
|
|
|-
|14
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Megdong|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Upper Subansiri]]
|1987
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/UPPER-SUBANSIRI/en/home/ JNV Upper Subansiri]
|-
|15
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dibang Valley
|
|
|-
|16
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kurung Kumey
|
|
|-
|17
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Papumpare
|
|
|}

=== Assam ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dhemaji]]
|2001
|
|-
|2
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dibrugarh]]
|1994
|
|-
|3
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Goalpara]]
|1997
|
|-
|4
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Golaghat]]
|1995
|jnvgolaghat.in
|-
|5
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jorhat]]
|1995
|
|-
|6
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kamrup]]
|1994
|
|-
|7
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Karimganj]]
|1993
|
|-
|8
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kokrajhar]]
|1995
|
|-
|9
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Lakhimpur]]
|1996
|
|-
|10
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Morigaon]]
|1995
|
|-
|11
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Nalbari]]
|1994
|
|-
|12
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sivasagar]]
|1994
|
|-
|13
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Tinsukia]]
|1995
|
|-
|14
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dima Hasao (N C Hills)]]
|2006
|
|-
|15
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bongaigaon]]
|2006
|
|-
|16
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Udalguri]]
|2006
|
|-
|17
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Nagaon]]
|2006
|
|-
|18
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, West Karbi Anglong]]
|2009
|
|-
|19
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Hailakandi]]
|1997
|
|-
|20
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dhubri]]
|2007
|
|-
|21
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Biswanath]]
|1994
|
|-
|22
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Karbi Anglong]]
|1995
|
|-
|23
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Baksa]]
|2006
|
|-
|24
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Cachar
|1994
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/AS/Cachar JNV Cachar]
|-
|25
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Barpeta]]
|1995
|
|-
|26
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Chirang]]
|2001
|
|-
|27
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Darrang]]
|1995
|
|}

=== Manipur ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Senapati-I
|1988
|[https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/Senapati-1/en/home/ JNV Senapati-I]
|-
|2
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ukhrul
|
|
|-
|3
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bishnupur
|
|
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Churachandpur
|
|
|-
|5
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Imphal East
|
|
|-
|6
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kangpokpi
|
|
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ukhrul
|
|
|-
|8
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Imphal West
|
|
|-
|9
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Tamenglong
|
|
|-
|10
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Thoubal
|
|
|-
|11
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Chandel
|
|
|}

=== Meghalaya ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, North Garo Hills
|
|
|-
|2
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, South Garo Hills]]
|
|
|-
|3
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, West Jaintia Hills
|
|
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, South-West Khasi Hills
|
|
|-
|5
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, East Garo Hills
|
|
|-
|6
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Ri Bhoi
|
|
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, East Jaintia Hills
|
|
|-
|8
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, South-West Garo Hills
|
|
|-
|9
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, West Garo Hills
|
|
|-
|10
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, East Khasi Hills-I
|
|
|-
|11
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, East Khasi Hills-II
|
|
|-
|12
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, West Khasi Hills
|
|
|}

=== Mizoram ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kolasib
|
|
|-
|2
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Saiha
|
|
|-
|3
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Serchhip
|
|
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Lunglei
|
|
|-
|5
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Champhai]]
|
|
|-
|6
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Lawngtlai
|
|
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mamit
|
|
|-
|8
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Aizawl
|
|
|}

=== Nagaland ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Zunheboto
|
|
|-
|2
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kohima
|
|
|-
|3
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Longleng
|
|
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mon
|
|
|-
|5
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Peren
|
|
|-
|6
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Phek
|
|
|-
|7
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Tuensang
|
|
|-
|8
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dimapur
|
|
|-
|9
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kiphire
|
|
|-
|10
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Longnak|JNV, Mokokchung]]
|
|
|-
|11
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Wokha
|
|
|}

=== Sikkim ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, East Sikkim|JNV East Sikkim]]
|
|
|-
|2
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, South Sikkim|JNV South Sikkim]]
|
|
|-
|3
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, North Sikkim|JNV North Sikkim]]
|1993
|
|-
|4
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, West Sikkim|JNV West Sikkim]]
|
|
|}

=== Tripura ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!SL. No.
!Name
!Established
!Website
|-
|1
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Khowai]]
|
|
|-
|2
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, South Tripura
|
|
|-
|3
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Unokoti
|
|
|-
|4
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Sepahijala
|
|
|-
|5
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, West Tripura
|
|
|-
|6
|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, North Tripura
|
|
|-
|7
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Gomati]]
|
|
|-
|8
|[[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dhalai Tripura|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dhalai]]
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya}}
[[Category:Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas|*List]]
[[Category:Lists of schools in India|Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas]]

List of 2014 deaths in popular music

2026-01-31T11:52:38Z

Surojit098: cleaned up formatting after review

{{Short description|none}}
This is a list of notable performers of [[rock music]] and other forms of [[popular music]], and others directly associated with the music as producers, songwriters, or in other closely related roles, who died in 2014.

== 2014 deaths in popular music ==

{{Dynamic list}}
{{Sequence
| prev = [[List of 2013 deaths in popular music|2013]]
| list = [[List of deaths in rock and roll|List of deaths in popular music]]
| curr = 2014
| next = [[List of 2015 deaths in popular music|2015]]
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:150px;"| Name
! style="width:25px;"| Age
! style="width:125px;"| Date
! style="width:200px;"| Location
! style="width:300px;"| Cause of death
|-
| [[Tabby Thomas]] || style="text-align:center;"|84 || January 1, 2014 || [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]], U.S. || <ref>{{cite web|author=Greater New Orleans |url=http://www.nola.com/music/baton-rouge/index.ssf/2014/01/tabby_thomas_founder_of_tabbys.html |title=Tabby Thomas, Founder of Tabby's Blues Box, Dies at 84 |publisher=NOLA.com |access-date=2014-01-02}}</ref>
|-
|[[Thomas Kurzhals]] [[Stern-Combo Meißen]], [[Karat (band)|Karat]]
|60
|January 2, 2014
|[[Glauchau]], [[Saxony]], Germany
|[[Liver Cirrhosis|Liver cirrhosis]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=ONLINE |first=RP |date=2014-01-02 |title=Ex-Karat-Keyboarder: Thomas Kurzhals im Alter von 60 Jahren gestorben |url=https://rp-online.de/kultur/musik/thomas-kurzhals-im-alter-von-60-jahren-gestorben_aid-9518591 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=RP ONLINE |language=de}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jay Traynor]] [[Jay and the Americans]] || style="text-align:center;"|70 || January 2, 2014 || [[Tampa, Florida]], U.S. || Liver cancer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnewsradioonline.com/music-news/2014/1/2/jay-traynor-original-jay-of-jay-and-the-americans-dead-at-69.html|title=Jay Traynor, Original "Jay" of Jay and the Americans, Dead at 69 – Music News Radio|work=ABC News Radio|access-date=26 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Phil Everly]] [[The Everly Brothers]] || style="text-align:center;"|74 || January 3, 2014 || [[Burbank, California]], U.S. || Lung disease<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-25601185|title=US musician Phil Everly dies aged 74|work=BBC News |date=4 January 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Nelson Ned]] || style="text-align:center;"|66 || January 5, 2014 || [[Cotia]], [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] || Pneumonia
|-
| [[Maureen Gray]] || style="text-align:center;"|65 || January 7, 2014 || [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S. || [[Cholangiocarcinoma|Bile duct cancer]]<ref>{{cite news|title= Maureen S. Gray, 65, singer, songwriter |url= http://www.phillytrib.com/obituaries/maureen-s-gray-singer-songwriter/article_43e1a5c5-27b5-514f-b81e-7c0ba7e6537d.html |access-date=October 20, 2016|newspaper =[[Philadelphia Tribune|The Philadelphia Tribune]] |date=January 21, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dennis Frederiksen]] [[Toto (band)|Toto]], [[Angel (American band)|Angel]] || style="text-align:center;"|62 || January 18, 2014 || [[Mound, Minnesota]], U.S. || Cancer<ref>{{cite web |last=Bream |first=Jon |url=http://www.startribune.com/entertainment/blogs/241115351.html |title=Ex-Toto singer Fergie Frederiksen, of Mound, dies at 62. |work=Star Tribune |access-date=2014-02-06 |archive-date=2014-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231601/http://www.startribune.com/entertainment/blogs/241115351.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Rusty York]] || style="text-align:center;"|78 || January 26, 2014 || [[Redington Shores, Florida]], U.S. || Degenerative brain disease
|-
| [[Pete Seeger]] || style="text-align:center;"|94 || January 27, 2014 || [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], U.S. || Natural causes<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/29/arts/music/pete-seeger-songwriter-and-champion-of-folk-music-dies-at-94.html|title=Pete Seeger, Songwriter and Champion of Folk Music, Dies at 94| last=Pareles|first=Jon|date=January 28, 2014|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 28, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[The Mighty Hannibal]] || style="text-align:center;"|74 || January 30, 2014 || [[The Bronx|The Bronx, New York]], U.S. || Respiratory failure<ref>{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.topnewstoday.org/entertainment/article/9711692/ |title=The Mighty Hannibal, Funk-Soul Iconoclast, Dead at 74 |publisher=Entertainment.topnewstoday.org |access-date=2014-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219025804/http://entertainment.topnewstoday.org/entertainment/article/9711692/ |archive-date=2014-02-19 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Anna Gordy Gaye]] || style="text-align:center;"|92 || January 31, 2014 || [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S. ||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=TMZ|url=https://www.tmz.com/2014/01/31/marvin-gaye-ex-wife-anna-gordy-gaye-dies-dead-motown-songwriter|title=Marvin Gaye's Ex-Wife Anna Gordy Gaye Dead at 92|date=January 31, 2014|access-date=February 1, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bunny Rugs]] Bunny & Ricky, [[Third World (band)|Third World]], [[Inner Circle (band)|Inner Circle]] || style="text-align:center;"|65 || February 2, 2014 || [[Orlando, Florida]], U.S. || Leukaemia<ref>Campbell, Howard (2014) "[http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Death-of-a-Reggae-Ambassador_15942934 Death of a Reggae Ambassador]", ''[[Jamaica Observer]]'', 4 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014</ref>
|-
| [[Bob Casale]] [[Devo (band)|Devo]] || style="text-align:center;"|61 || February 17, 2014 || [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S. || Heart failure<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/devo-guitarist-bob-casale-dead-of-heart-failure-at-age-61/ |title=Devo guitarist Bob Casale dead of heart failure at age 61 |publisher=Fox News |date=April 17, 2010 |access-date=February 19, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Duffy Power]] || style="text-align:center;"|72 || February 19, 2014 ||?
|?
|-
| [[Chip Damiani]] [[The Remains (band)|The Remains]] || style="text-align:center;"|68 || February 23, 2014 || [[Waterbury, Connecticut]], U.S. || [[cerebral hemorrhage|Brain hemorrhage]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://06880danwoog.com/2014/02/23/remains-drummer-chip-damiani-dies/ |title=Remains Drummer Chip Damiani Dies | 06880 |website=06880danwoog.com |date=2014-02-23 |access-date=2016-11-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[Franny Beecher]] [[Bill Haley & His Comets]] || style="text-align:center;"|92 || February 24, 2014 || [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S. || Natural causes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/guitarist-franny-beecher-rocks-comets-dies-22663576|title=Entertainment Index|website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|access-date=26 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Paco de Lucía]] || style="text-align:center;"|66 || February 25, 2014 || [[Playa del Carmen]], [[Quintana Roo]], [[Mexico]] || Heart attack
|-
| [[Frank Reed (singer)|Frank Reed]] [[The Chi-Lites]] || style="text-align:center;"|59 || February 26, 2014 || [[Chicago, Illinois]], U.S. || Stroke<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedeadrockstarsclub.com/2014.html#sthash.I1JWrgEv.5JIfmx9w.dpbs |title=January to June 2014 |publisher=The Dead Rock Stars Club |access-date=2014-03-06}}</ref>
|-
| [[Frankie Sardo]] || style="text-align:center;"|77 || February 26, 2014 || [[Somers, New York]], U.S. || Cancer<ref>[http://somers.dailyvoice.com/obituaries/frank-sardo-avianca-77-somers Charles D'Souza, "Frank Sardo Avianca, 77, Of Somers"], ''Somers Daily Voice'', 28 February 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014</ref>
|-
| [[Jerry Corbitt]] [[The Youngbloods]] || style="text-align:center;"|71 || March 8, 2014 ||[[Smiley, Texas]], U.S. || Lung cancer<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cashboxcanada.ca/4869/jerry-corbitt-youngbloods-ri-p |title=Jerry Corbitt of The Youngbloods R.I. P. | Cashbox Magazine Canada |website=Cashboxcanada.ca |date=2014-03-13 |access-date=2016-11-13 |archive-date=2016-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107222425/http://cashboxcanada.ca/4869/jerry-corbitt-youngbloods-ri-p |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Buren Fowler]] [[Drivin N Cryin|Drivin' n' Cryin']], [[R.E.M.]] || style="text-align:center;"|54 || March 8, 2014 || [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], U.S. || ?
|-
| [[Michael Jagosz]] [[L.A. Guns]] || style="text-align:center;"|48 || March 9, 2014 || [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S. || Valvular heart disease
|-
| [[Gary Burger]] [[The Monks]] || style="text-align:center;"|71 || March 14, 2014 || [[Turtle River, Minnesota]], U.S. || Pancreatic cancer
|-
| [[Scott Asheton]] [[The Stooges]] || style="text-align:center;"|64 || March 15, 2014 || [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]], U.S. || Heart attack
|-
| [[Joe Lala]] Co-founder of the [[Blues Image]] || style="text-align:center;"|66 || March 18, 2014 || [[Tampa, Florida]], U.S. || Lung cancer
|-
| [[Dave Brockie]] [[Gwar]] || style="text-align:center;"|50 || March 23, 2014 || [[Richmond, Virginia]], U.S. || Drug overdose.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dave Brockie, Alien-Garbed Leader of Gwar, Dies at 50|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/arts/music/dave-brockie-alien-garbed-leader-of-gwar-dies-at-50.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 25, 2014|access-date=March 26, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Geoff Bradford (musician)|Geoff Bradford]] || style="text-align:center;"|80 || March 23, 2014 || [[London Borough of Enfield|Enfield]], England ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://michaelmesser.proboards.com/thread/7267/geoff-bradford |title=Geoff Bradford: R.I.P. |last=Messer |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Messer |date=6 May 2014 |website=Michael Messer Forum}}</ref>
|-
| [[Billy Mundi]] [[The Paul Butterfield Blues Band]] || style="text-align:center"|71 || March 29, 2014 || ?|| Complications from diabetes
|-
| [[King Fleming]] || style="text-align:center;"|91 || April 1, 2014 || [[Manteno, Illinois]], U.S. || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/music/chi-king-fleming-dead-20140403,0,2000659.story|title=Jazz pianist King Fleming dead at 91|first=Howard|last=Reich|website=Chicago Tribune|date=3 April 2014 |access-date=26 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith]] || style="text-align:center;"|93 || April 3, 2014 || [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], U.S. || <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2014/04/03/4815965/charlottes-arthur-smith-who-wrote.html |title=Charlotte's Arthur Smith, who wrote 'Dueling Banjos,' died Thursday at 93 |newspaper=[[The Charlotte Observer]] |date=2014-04-03 |access-date=2015-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065247/http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2014/04/03/4815965/charlottes-arthur-smith-who-wrote.html#.U_4NOWOOpX0 |archive-date=2014-04-07 }}</ref>
|-
| [[George Shuffler]] [[The Stanley Brothers]], [[The Bailey Brothers and the Happy Valley Boys]] || style="text-align:center;"|88 || April 7, 2014 || [[Valdese, North Carolina]], U.S. ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.acousticguitar.com/News/Bluegrass-guitarist-George-Shuffler-1925-2014 |title=Bluegrass guitarist George Shuffler, 1925 – 2014 |date=April 7, 2014 |work=Acoustic Guitar website |access-date=April 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409002746/http://www.acousticguitar.com/News/Bluegrass-Guitarist-George-Shuffler-1925-2014 |archive-date=April 9, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Jesse Winchester]] || style="text-align:center;"|69 || April 11, 2014 || [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], U.S. || Bladder Cancer<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-passings-20140413-story.html|title=Jesse Winchester dies at 69; singer and songwriter|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=April 12, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Little Joe Cook]] Little Joe & The Thrillers || style="text-align:center;"|91 || April 15, 2014 || [[Framingham, Massachusetts]], U.S. || Cancer
|-
| [[Shane Gibson (musician)|Shane Gibson]] [[Korn]] || style="text-align:center;"|35 || April 15, 2014 || [[Birmingham, Alabama]], U.S. || Blood clotting disorder<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/former-korn-touring-guitarist-shane-gibson-dead-at-35/ |title=Former Korn Touring Guitarist Shane Gibson Dead At 35 |publisher=Blabbermouth.net |date=2013-04-17 |access-date=2014-04-15}}</ref>
|-
| [[Deon Jackson (singer)|Deon Jackson]] || style="text-align:center;"|68 || April 18, 2014 || [[Arlington Heights, Illinois]], U.S. || Brain hemorrhage<ref>{{cite news|last=Goldsborough |first= Bob |title=Deon Jackson, soul singer later worked in education, 1946–2014
|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2014/05/15/deon-jackson-soul-singer-later-worked-in-education-1946-2014/|access-date=April 21, 2015|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=May 15, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://obits.mlive.com/obituaries/annarbor/obituary.aspx?pid=170796832 |title=Deon Jackson Obituary – Ann Arbor, MI | Ann Arbor News |website=Obits.mlive.com |access-date=2017-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=B|first=Bill|title=Deon Jackson Dies|url=http://www.soulandjazzandfunk.com/news/2693-deon-jackson-dies.html|access-date=April 21, 2015|date=April 23, 2014|archive-date=December 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035024/http://www.soulandjazzandfunk.com/news/2693-deon-jackson-dies.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vintagevinylnews.com/2014/04/passings-deon-jackson-1946-2014.html |title=Passings: Deon Jackson (1946–2014) – VVN Music |website=Vintagevinylnews.com |access-date=2017-07-08 |archive-date=2014-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425000926/http://www.vintagevinylnews.com/2014/04/passings-deon-jackson-1946-2014.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[DJ Rashad]] || style="text-align:center;"|34 || April 26, 2014 || [[Chicago, Illinois]], U.S. || Multiple drug overdose<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/dj-rashad-cause-of-death-autopsy-reveals-musician-died-after-drug-overdose-not-blood-clot-as-cousin-9656360.html|title=DJ Rashad cause of death: Autopsy reveals musician died after drug|date=August 8, 2014|newspaper=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>
|-
| DJ E-Z Rock [[Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock]] || style="text-align:center;|46 || April 27, 2014 || [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], U.S. || Diabetic seizure<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Jason|last=Newman |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/dj-e-z-rock-of-it-takes-two-fame-dead-at-46-20140427 |title=DJ E-Z Rock of 'It Takes Two' Fame Dead at 46 |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=2014-04-27 |access-date=2014-05-14}}</ref>
|-
| Cindy Boettcher [[Vixen (band)|Vixen]] || style="text-align:center;"|60 || April 28, 2014 || [[Minnesota]], U.S. || ?
|-
| [[Larry Ramos]] [[The Association]] || style="text-align:center;"|72 || April 30, 2014 || [[Clarkston, Washington]], U.S. || Heart attack
|-
| [[Jessica Cleaves]] [[The Friends of Distinction]], [[Earth, Wind & Fire]] || style="text-align:center;|65 || May 2, 2014 || [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S. || Stroke<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soultracks.com/story-jessica-cleaves-dies|title=Former Earth Wind & Fire and Friends of Distinction singer Jessica Cleaves dies at age 65 |publisher=SoulTracks|access-date=May 3, 2014|date=2014-05-02 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Bobby Gregg]] || style="text-align:center;"|78 || May 3, 2014 || [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], U.S. || ?
|-
| [[Joe Wilder]] || style="text-align:center;"|92 || May 9, 2014 || [[New York City]], U.S. || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/joe-wilder-trumpeter-and-nea-jazz-master-dies-at-92/2014/05/09/385bfbf6-d799-11e3-8a78-8fe50322a72c_story.html|title=Joe Wilder, trumpeter and NEA jazz master, dies at 92|newspaper=Washington Post|date=May 9, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nash the Slash]] || style="text-align:center;"|66 || May 10, 2014 || [[Toronto, Ontario, Canada]] || Heart attack<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/2014/05/12/nash_the_slash_toronto_rock_violinist_dead_at_66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513072106/http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/2014/05/12/nash_the_slash_toronto_rock_violinist_dead_at_66.html|archive-date=May 13, 2014|title=Nash the Slash, Toronto rock violinist, dead at 66 | Toronto Star|newspaper=Toronto Star |date=May 13, 2014|access-date=2020-06-21}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ed Gagliardi]] [[Foreigner (band)|Foreigner]], [[Spys (band)|Spys]] || style="text-align:center;"|62 || May 11, 2014 || [[New York City, New York]], U.S. || Cancer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vintagevinylnews.com/2014/05/passings-ed-gagliardi-original-bassist.html|title=Passings: Ed Gagliardi, Original Bassist For Foreigner (1952–2014) ~ VVN Music|website=Vintagevinylnews.com|access-date=26 May 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513095141/http://www.vintagevinylnews.com/2014/05/passings-ed-gagliardi-original-bassist.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Dave Mills British singer || style="text-align:center;" |78 || May 14, 2014 || [[Perth]], Australia || ?
|-
| Ernie Chataway [[Judas Priest]] || style="text-align:center;" |62 || May 14, 2014 || England || Lung cancer<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hartmann |first=Graham|title=Early Judas Priest Guitarist Ernie Chataway Dies at 62 |url=https://loudwire.com/founding-judas-priest-guitarist-ernie-chataway-dies/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Loudwire |date=14 May 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jerry Vale]] || style="text-align:center;"|83 || May 18, 2014 || [[Palm Desert, California]], U.S. || Natural causes<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/19/jerry-vale-dead-crooner-obituary_n_5349588.html|title=Jerry Vale Dead: Crooner Popular In The 1950s Dies At 83|date=May 19, 2014|work=[[HuffPost]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Doc Neeson]] [[The Angels (Australian band)|The Angels]], Red Phoenix || style="text-align:center;"|67 || June 4, 2014 || [[Sydney]], Australia || Brain tumor<ref>{{cite news | last1 = Vincent | first1 = Peter | last2 = Zuel | first2 = Bernard | author-link2 = Bernard Zuel | title = The Angels' Doc Neeson, 67, Dies | url = https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/the-angels-doc-neeson-67-dies-20140604-zrx5i.html | access-date = 4 June 2014 | newspaper = [[The Sydney Morning Herald]] | date = 4 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Alan Douglas (record producer)|Alan Douglas]] Record producer || style="text-align:center;"|82 || June 7, 2014 || [[Paris]], France|| Complications after a fall
|-
| [[Jim Keays]] || style="text-align:center;"|67 || June 13, 2014 || [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]], [[Australia]] || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/music-master-keays-farewelled-in-melbourne-20140620-zsgti.html|title=Music master Keays farewelled in Melbourne|newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald|date=June 20, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Casey Kasem]] Host of ''[[Casey's Top 40]]'', ''Casey's Top 20'' & ''Casey's Countdown'' || style="text-align:center;"|82 || June 15, 2014 || [[Gig Harbor, Washington]], U.S. || Sepsis<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/16/business/media/casey-kasem-wholesome-voice-of-pop-radio-dies-at-82.html |title=Casey Kasem, Wholesome Voice of Pop Radio, Dies at 82 |last1=Vitello |first1=Paul |date=June 15, 2014 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=June 15, 2014}}{{registration required}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jimmy Scott]] || style="text-align:center;"|88 || June 12, 2014 || [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], U.S. || [[Cardiac arrest]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Quinn|first1=Ben|title=Jimmy Scott, US jazz singer and Twin Peaks star, dies aged 88|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/jun/13/us-jazz-singer-jimmy-scott-dies-aged-88|website=The Guardian|access-date=8 August 2017|date=14 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Horace Silver]] || style="text-align:center;"|85 || June 18, 2014 || [[New Rochelle, New York]], U.S. || [[Alzheimer's disease]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-horace-silver-20140619-story.html#page=1|title=Horace Silver Dies at 85; Pioneering Jazz Pianist and Composer|author=Stewart, Jocelyn Y.|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=June 18, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gerry Goffin]] || style="text-align:center;"|75 || June 19, 2014 || [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S. || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/20/arts/music/gerry-goffin-prolific-pop-songwriter-is-dead-at-75.html |title=Gerry Goffin, Songwriter With Carole King, Dies at 75 |first1=William |last1=Yardley |first2=Peter |last2=Keepnews |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 19, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Teenie Hodges]] [[Hi Rhythm Section]] || style="text-align:center;"|68 || June 22, 2014 || [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], U.S. || Complications of emphysema<ref>{{cite news|last=Sisario|first=Ben|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/26/arts/music/teenie-hodges-soul-guitarist-and-songwriter-dies-at-68.html|title=Teenie Hodges, Soul Guitarist and Songwriter, Dies at 68|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 25, 2014|access-date=June 26, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bobby Womack]] [[The Valentinos]] || style="text-align:center;"|70 || June 27, 2014 || [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], U.S. || Multiple diseases<ref>{{cite news|last= Yan|first= Holly |title= Rock and Roll Hall of Famer Bobby Womack dies |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/27/showbiz/bobby-womack-death/|access-date=April 24, 2015|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=June 28, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Paul Horn (musician)|Paul Horn]] || style="text-align:center;"|84 || June 29, 2014 || [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] || Unspecified brief illness<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timescolonist.com/local-news/obituary-paul-horn-84-his-flute-playing-was-heard-around-the-world-4611045|title=Obituary: Paul Horn, 84; his flute playing was heard around the world|website=Times Colonist|date=July 3, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lois Johnson]] || style="text-align:center;"|72 || July 7, 2014 || [[Nashville, Tennessee]], U.S. ||?
|-
| [[John Spinks (musician)|John Spinks]] [[The Outfield]] || style="text-align:center;"|60 || July 9, 2014 ||[[Kent]], England || Liver cancer<ref>{{cite news|last1=Herbert|first1=Geoff|title=John Spinks dead: The Outfield's 'Your Love' songwriter-guitarist dies at 60|url=http://www.syracuse.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2014/07/john_spinks_dead_the_outfield_your_love_guitarist_dies_cancer.html|access-date=July 11, 2014|work=[[The Post-Standard]]|date=July 10, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Charlie Haden]] || style="text-align:center;"|76 || July 11, 2014 || [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S. || complications from liver disease
|-
| [[Tommy Ramone]] [[The Ramones]] || style="text-align:center;"|65 || July 11, 2014 || [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S. || Bile duct cancer<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/13/nyregion/tommy-ramone-65-dies-gave-punk-rock-its-pulse.html|title= Tommy Ramone Dies at 65; He Gave Punk Rock Its Pulse|date = July 12, 2014|first= Ben| last = Sisario| author-link = Ben Sisario|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]| access-date = July 12, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vange Leonel]] Nau || style="text-align:center;"|51 || July 14, 2014 || [[São Paulo]], Brazil || Ovarian cancer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ego.globo.com/famosos/noticia/2014/07/morre-cantora-vange-leonel-aos-51-anos.html |title=Morre a cantora Vange Leonel aos 51 anos em São Paulo |website=ego.globo.com |access-date=2016-05-25}}</ref>
|-
| [[Johnny Winter]] || style="text-align:center;"|70 || July 16, 2014 || [[Zürich]], Switzerland || Emphysemia and pneumonia<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pennyblackmusic.co.uk/MagSitePages/Article.aspx?id=7781 |title=Paul Nelson – Interview Part 1 |website=Pennyblackmusic.co.uk |access-date=2016-05-25 |archive-date=2018-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901221051/http://www.pennyblackmusic.co.uk/MagSitePages/Article.aspx?id=7781 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Ernie Lancaster]] || style="text-align:center;"|60 || July 17, 2014 || [[Mount Dora, Florida]], U.S. || Cancer<ref>{{cite web|first=Joe|last=Williams |url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2014-08-05/news/os-obit-ernie-lancaster-20140805_1_ernie-lancaster-king-snake-records-guitar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814022455/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2014-08-05/news/os-obit-ernie-lancaster-20140805_1_ernie-lancaster-king-snake-records-guitar |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 14, 2014 |title=Blues musician Ernie Lancaster of Mount Dora was known for his guitar |work=Orlando Sentinel |date=2014-08-05 |access-date=2014-08-13}}</ref>
|-
| [[James Govan]] || style="text-align:center;"|64 || July 18, 2014 || ?|| ?
|-
| [[Christian Falk]] [[Imperiet]] || style="text-align:center;"|52 || July 23, 2014 || [[Stockholm]], Sweden|| Pancreatic cancer<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.svd.se/kultur/artisten-christian-falk-dod_3772934.svd|title=Artisten Christian Falk död|language=sv |work=Svenska Dagbladet|date=24 July 2014|access-date=24 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Adolph Jacobs]] [[The Coasters]] || style="text-align:center;"|74 || July 23, 2014 || U.S. || ?
|-
| [[Johnny Rebb]] || style="text-align:center;"|75 || July 28, 2014 || [[Newcastle, New South Wales]], Australia ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Delbridge|url=http://tributes.smh.com.au/obituaries/smh-au/obituary.aspx?n=donald-delbridge&pid=171936216|access-date=4 August 2014|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=2 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Idris Muhammad]] || style="text-align:center;"|74 || July 29, 2014 || [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]], U.S. || Kidney failure<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|last1=Chinen|first1=Nate|title=Idris Muhammad, Drummer Whose Beat Still Echoes, Dies at 74|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/09/arts/music/idris-muhammad-drummer-whose-beat-still-echoes-dies-at-74.html?_r=0|access-date= April 27, 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 8, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dick Wagner]] [[Alice Cooper (band)|Alice Cooper]], [[The Frost]] || style="text-align:center;"|71 || July 30, 2014 || [[Phoenix, Arizona]], U.S. || Respiratory failure<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6193999/dick-wagner-dies-alice-cooper |title=Dick Wagner, Guitarist for Alice Cooper, Lou Reed & More, Dies at 71 |magazine=Billboard |access-date=2014-07-31}}</ref>
|-
| [[Michael Johns (singer)|Michael Johns]] || style="text-align:center;"|35 || August 1, 2014 || [[Tustin, California]], U.S. || Dilated cardiomyopathy<ref>{{cite web |url=http://radaronline.com/exclusives/2014/08/american-idol-michael-johns-dies/ |title='American Idol' Tragedy: Season 7 Finalist Michael Johns Dies At 35 |date=2 August 2014 |website=RadarOnline}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rosetta Hightower]] [[The Orlons]] || style="text-align:center;"|70 || August 2, 2014 || [[Clapham, London]], England || Brain hemorrhage
|-
| [[Lynwood Slim]] || style="text-align:center;"|60 || August 4, 2014 || ?|| Complications from stroke
|-
| [[Velva Darnell]] || style="text-align:center;"|75 || August 12, 2014 || [[Hudson, Florida]], U.S. ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/thenewsenterprise/obituary.aspx?n=velva-darnell-humphrey-waldman&pid=172107414&fhid=15411 |title=Velva "Darnell" Waldman Obituary – Brandenburg, KY | The News-Enterprise |publisher=legacy.com|access-date=2015-03-27}}</ref>
|-
| [[Buddy Jones (bluegrass musician)|Buddy Jones]] || style="text-align:center;"|77 || August 13, 2014 || [[Barton, Vermont]], U.S. || Complications from dementia<ref>{{cite news|url=http://orleanscountyrecord.com/main.asp?SectionID=4&SubSectionID=36&ArticleID=60633 |title=Buddy Jones – Obituary |publisher=orleanscountyrecord.com |date=August 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905191725/http://orleanscountyrecord.com/main.asp?SectionID=4&SubSectionID=36&ArticleID=60633 |archive-date=September 5, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Rick Parashar]] Record producer for [[Temple of the Dog]], [[Nickelback]], [[Alice in Chains]], [[Litfiba]], [[Pearl Jam]] || style="text-align:center;"|50 || August 20, 2014 || [[Queen Anne, Seattle|Queen Anne, Washington]], U.S. || Natural causes
|-
| [[Jean Redpath]] || style="text-align:center;"|77 || August 21, 2014 || [[Arizona]], U.S.|| Cancer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-28890309 |title=Scottish folk singer Jean Redpath dies |work=BBC News |date=2014-08-22 |access-date=2016-05-25}}</ref>
|-
| [[Joe Bethancourt]] || style="text-align:center;"|68 || August 28, 2014 || [[Phoenix, Arizona]], U.S. || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/music/2014/08/30/joe-bethancourt-obituary-phoenix-musician/14813943/|title=Local musician Joe Bethancourt dies at 68|work=The Arizona Republic|access-date=2014-08-01}}</ref>
|-
| [[Glenn Cornick]] [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]] || style="text-align:center;"|67 || August 28, 2014 || [[Hilo, Hawaii]], U.S. || Heart failure<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2014/08/29/4317103/former-jethro-tull-bass-player.html | title=Former Jethro Tull bass player Glenn Cornick dies | first=Cathy | last=Bussewitz | newspaper=[[Miami Herald]] | date=29 August 2014 | access-date=29 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Jimi Jamison]] [[Survivor (band)|Survivor]] || style="text-align:center;"|63 || August 31, 2014 || [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Tennessee]], U.S. || Cardiovascular disease<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/local-news/memphis-singer-jimi-jamison-dies-at-63_03319771| title = Memphis singer Jimi Jamison dies at 63| access-date = 2014-09-01| date = August 31, 2014| work = [[The Commercial Appeal]]| author = Callahan, Jody}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gustavo Cerati]] [[Soda Stereo]] || style="text-align:center;"|55 || September 4, 2014 || [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina || Respiratory arrest after a stroke<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rohter|first1=Larry|title=Gustavo Cerati, a Star of South America's Pop Scene, Dies at 55|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/08/arts/international/gustavo-cerati-a-star-of-south-americas-pop-scene-dies-at-55.html|access-date=24 September 2014|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=7 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Simone Battle]] [[G.R.L.]] || style="text-align:center;"|25 || September 5, 2014 || [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S. || Suicide by hanging<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2014/09/09/simone-battle-x-factor-grl-suicide-depression/|title=G.R.L. Singer Simone Battle – Money Problems A Factor in Suicide|website=TMZ|access-date=September 20, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerrie Biddell]] || style="text-align:center;"|67 || September 5, 2014 || ?|| Stroke<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/latest-news/australian-jazz-star-kerrie-biddell-dies/story-fn3dxiwe-1227049060465?nk=319482de0ea77e72e6647f8b09ed9c00 |title=Australian jazz star Kerrie Biddell dies |date=5 September 2014 |newspaper=[[The Australian]] |access-date=9 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kwon Ri-se|RiSe]] [[Ladies' Code]] || style="text-align:center;"|23 || September 7, 2014 || [[Suwon]], South Korea || Traffic accident<ref>{{cite news |title=Ladies' Code's RiSe passes away |url=http://www.allkpop.com/article/2014/09/breaking-ladies-codes-rise-passes-away |date=September 6, 2014 |newspaper=Allkpop |access-date=September 7, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gerald Wilson]] || style="text-align:center;"|96 || September 8, 2014 || [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S. || Pneumonia<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-gerald-wilson-20140909-story.html#page=1 |title=Gerald Wilson dies at 96; multifaceted jazz musician |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=2016-05-25}}</ref>
|-
| [[Robert Young (musician)|Robert Young]] [[Primal Scream]] || style="text-align:center;"|49 || September 9, 2014 || [[Hove]], England ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Former Primal Scream guitarist Robert 'Throb' Young dies|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/arts-ents/music/former-primal-scream-guitarist-robert-throb-young-dies.1410429950|access-date=11 September 2014|work=The Herald|date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[John Gustafson (musician)|John Gustafson]] [[Ian Gillan Band]], [[Roxy Music]] || style="text-align:center;"|72 || September 12, 2014 || ?|| Heart failure<ref>{{cite news|url=http://classicrock.teamrock.com/news/2014-09-14/john-gustafson-dead-at-72|title=Bassist Gustafson dead at 72|publisher=Classic Rock|date=14 September 2014}}</ref> or Cancer
|-
| [[Joe Sample]] [[The Crusaders (Houston group)|The Crusaders]] || style="text-align:center;"|75 || September 12, 2014 || [[Houston]], [[Texas]], U.S. || Lung cancer<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/jazz-funk-pioneer-joe-sample-dies-at-75/2014/09/13/fbe9bcac-3ba8-11e4-9c9f-ebb47272e40e_story.html|title=Jazz-funk pioneer Joe Sample dies at 75|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=September 13, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Peter Gutteridge]] || style="text-align:center;"|53 || September 15, 2014 || [[Auckland]], New Zealand ||<ref>{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Hann |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2014/sep/15/rip-peter-gutteridge-new-zealand-the-clean-snapper |title=RIP Peter Gutteridge, one of New Zealand music's spiky heroes |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=2016-05-26}}</ref>
|-
| [[George Hamilton IV]] || style="text-align:center;"|77 || September 17, 2014 || [[Nashville, Tennessee]], U.S. || Complications from a heart attack<ref>{{cite web|title=Opry star George Hamilton IV dead at age 77|url=http://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2014/09/17/george-hamilton-iv-year-opry-star-dies-age/15808327/|work=The Tennessean|access-date=September 17, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kenny Wheeler]] || style="text-align:center;"|84 || September 18, 2014 || [[London]], England || Natural causes<ref>{{cite web|last=Tamarkin |first=Jeff |url=http://jazztimes.com/articles/140380-kenny-wheeler-trumpeter-and-flugelhornist-dies-at-84 |title=Jazz Articles: Kenny Wheeler, Trumpeter and Flugelhornist, Dies at 84 – By Jeff Tamarkin – Jazz Articles |website=JazzTimes |date=1930-01-14 |access-date=2016-05-25}}</ref>
|-
| [[U. Srinivas]] [[Remember Shakti]] || style="text-align:center;"|45 || September 19, 2014 || [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India|| Liver transplant complications<ref>{{cite news|title=U. Shrinivas, 45, Indian Mandolin Virtuoso with Global Reach, Dies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/01/arts/music/u-shrinivas-indian-mandolin-virtuoso-dies-at-45-.html|access-date=September 30, 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 30, 2014|author=Martin, Douglas}}</ref>
|-
| [[Paul Revere Dick|Paul Revere]] [[Paul Revere & the Raiders]] || style="text-align:center;"|76 || October 4, 2014 || [[San Francisco]], [[California]], U.S. || Cancer<ref>{{cite news|title=Paul Revere, '60s rocker and leader of the Raiders, dies at 76|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/05/showbiz/paul-revere-obit/index.html|access-date=October 6, 2014|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=October 6, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mark Bell (British musician)|Mark Bell]] [[LFO (British band)|LFO]] || style="text-align:center;"|43 || October 8, 2014 || [[Wakefield]], [[West Yorkshire]], England || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-29610663|title=Mark Bell, electronic music pioneer, dies aged 43|website=BBC|date=October 14, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sista Monica Parker]] || style="text-align:center;"|58 || October 9, 2014 || [[Modesto, California]], U.S. || Lung cancer
|-
| [[Isaiah "Ikey" Owens]] [[The Mars Volta]], [[Free Moral Agents]] || style="text-align:center;"|39 || October 14, 2014 || [[Cholula, Puebla]], Mexico || Heart attack<ref>{{cite news|last1=Viveros |first1=Ozair |title=Fallece teclista de Jack White en hotel Camino Real de Puebla |url=http://www.periodicodigital.mx/2014/10/14/fallece-teclista-de-jack-white-en-hotel-camino-real-de-puebla/ |access-date=October 14, 2014 |work=Periodico Digital |date=October 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016145648/http://www.periodicodigital.mx/2014/10/14/fallece-teclista-de-jack-white-en-hotel-camino-real-de-puebla/ |archive-date=October 16, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Tim Hauser]] [[The Manhattan Transfer]] || style="text-align:center;"|72 || October 16, 2014 || [[Sayre, Pennsylvania]], U.S. || Cardiac arrest<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.app.com/story/entertainment/music/2014/10/16/shores-tim-hauser-of-manhattan-transfer-has-died/17386263/ |newspaper= [[Asbury Park Press]] |title= Shore's Tim Hauser of Manhattan Transfer has died |last= Jordan |first= Chris |date= October 16, 2014 |access-date= October 17, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Paul Craft]] || style="text-align:center;"|76 || October 18, 2014 || [[Nashville, Tennessee]], U.S. || Multiple diseases<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2014/10/18/paul-craft-songwriters-hall-famer-dies-age/17499253 |title=Paul Craft, Songwriters Hall of Famer, dies at age 76 |website=The Tennessean |date=2014-10-18 |access-date=2016-05-25}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jeanne Black]] || style="text-align:center;"|76 || October 25, 2014 || [[Orem, Utah]], U.S. || Heart failure<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldextra.com/lifestyles/announcements/obituaries/gloria-jeanne-black-shipley/article_f7d6291f-4fe4-54ea-b445-0b61e5552488.html|title=Gloria "Jeanne" Black Shipley|date=November 4, 2014|publisher=heraldextra.com|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=November 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107050339/http://www.heraldextra.com/lifestyles/announcements/obituaries/gloria-jeanne-black-shipley/article_f7d6291f-4fe4-54ea-b445-0b61e5552488.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Alvin Stardust]] || style="text-align:center;"|72 || October 25, 2014 || [[Ifold]], [[West Sussex]], England || Prostate cancer<ref>{{cite news |title=Alvin Stardust, glam rock singer, dies aged 72 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-29741028 |access-date=24 October 2014 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=23 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jack Bruce]] [[Cream (band)|Cream]] || style="text-align:center;"|71 || October 25, 2014 || [[Suffolk]], England || Liver disease<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/26/us/jack-bruce-creams-adventurous-bassist-dies-at-71.html |title=Jack Bruce, Cream's Adventurous Bassist, Dies at 71 |first=Peter |last=Keepnews |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Shin Hae-chul]] || style="text-align:center;"|46 || October 27, 2014 ||[[Seoul]], South Korea || Medical accident{{cn|date=July 2024}}
|-
| [[Wayne Static]] [[Static-X]] || style="text-align:center;"|48 || November 1, 2014 ||[[Landers, California]], U.S. || Drug and alcohol overdose<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/11204709/wayne-static-death-static-x.html|title=Static-X frontman Wayne Static dies at 48 |work=The Daily Telegraph|date=3 November 2014 |access-date=January 15, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Acker Bilk]] || style="text-align:center;"|85 || November 2, 2014 || [[Bath, Somerset]], England ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Jazz legend Acker Bilk dies aged 85|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-29874053|access-date=2 November 2014|work=BBC News|date=2 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Michael Coleman (blues musician)|Michael Coleman]] || style="text-align:center;"|58 || November 2, 2014 || ?|| Heart failure
|-
| [[Rick Rosas]] || style="text-align:center;"|65 || November 6, 2014 || [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S. || Lung disease<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/rick-rosas-dies/|title=Rick Rosas Dies|date=7 November 2014 |publisher=Ultimateclassicrock.com|access-date=2014-11-09}}</ref>
|-
| [[Big Bank Hank]] [[The Sugarhill Gang]] || style="text-align:center;"|58 || November 11, 2014 || [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S. || Cancer<ref>{{cite web |author1=John Petrick |author2=Jay Levin |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/rapper-big-bank-hank-of-englewood-based-sugar-hill-gang-dies-at-age-57-1.1131142 |title=Rapper Big Bank Hank of Englewood-based Sugar Hill Gang dies at age 57 |website=NorthJersey.com |access-date=2016-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608082701/http://www.northjersey.com/news/rapper-big-bank-hank-of-englewood-based-sugar-hill-gang-dies-at-age-57-1.1131142 |archive-date=2016-06-08 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Buddy Catlett]] || style="text-align:center;"|81 || November 12, 2014 || [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], U.S. || Multiple diseases<ref>{{cite web|last1=de Barros|first1=Paul|title=Buddy Catlett, renowned Seattle jazz bassist|url=http://blogs.seattletimes.com/soundposts/2014/11/13/buddy-catlett-renowned-seattle-jazz-bassist-dies/|website=The Seattle Times|access-date=November 13, 2014|archive-date=December 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218180209/http://blogs.seattletimes.com/soundposts/2014/11/13/buddy-catlett-renowned-seattle-jazz-bassist-dies/}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mike Burney]] [[Wizzard]] || style="text-align:center;"|70 || November 13, 2014 || [[Birmingham]], England || Cancer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/news/central/update/2014-11-14/wizzard-star-mike-burney-dies-aged-76/|title=Wizzard star Mike Burney dies aged 76|publisher=ITV|access-date=18 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Glen A. Larson]] [[The Four Preps]] || style="text-align:center;"|77 || November 14, 2014 || [[Santa Monica, California]], U.S. || Esophageal cancer
|-
| [[Jimmy Ruffin]] || style="text-align:center;"|78 || November 17, 2014 || [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], U.S. ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-30111017 |title=Jimmy Ruffin, Motown singer, dies aged 78 |work=BBC News |date=2014-11-20 |access-date=2016-05-26}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dave Appell]] || style="text-align:center;"|92 || November 18, 2014 || U.S. ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/obituaries/20141120_David_Appell__92__musician__composer__producer.html |title=David Appell, 92, musician, composer, producer |website=Philadelphia Daily News |date=2014-11-21 |access-date=2016-05-25}}</ref>
|-
| [[Joe Bonner]] || style="text-align:center;"|66 || November 21, 2014 || [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]], U.S. || Heart disease
|-
| [[Clive Palmer (musician)|Clive Palmer]] [[The Incredible String Band]] || style="text-align:center;"|71 || November 23, 2014 || [[Penzance]], England ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cornishman.co.uk/Musicians-pay-tribute-Cornish-folk-scene-legend/story-24675230-detail/story.html|title=Musicians pay tribute to Cornish folk legend Clive Palmer from Penzance|publisher=The Cornishman|date=25 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208102557/http://www.cornishman.co.uk/Musicians-pay-tribute-Cornish-folk-scene-legend/story-24675230-detail/story.html|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jon Ster]] [[Lillian Axe]]|| style="text-align:center;"|52 || November 29, 2014 || [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], U.S. || Heart failure<ref>{{cite web|title=Former Lillian Axe Guitarist Jon Ster Dies|url=https://loudwire.com/lillian-axe-jon-ster-dies/|website=Loudwire|date=3 December 2014 |access-date=May 18, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bobby Keys]] [[The Rolling Stones]] || style="text-align:center;"|70 || December 2, 2014 || [[Franklin, Tennessee]], U.S. || Cirrhosis<ref>{{cite news|last1=Varga |first1=George |title=Rolling Stones saxophonist Bobby Keys dies at 70 |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/dec/02/stones-saxophonist-bobby-keys-obituary |access-date=December 2, 2014 |work=UT San Diego |date=December 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202215643/http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/dec/02/stones-saxophonist-bobby-keys-obituary/ |archive-date=December 2, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Ian McLagan]] [[Small Faces]], [[Faces (band)|Faces]] || style="text-align:center;"|69 || December 3, 2014 || [[Austin, Texas]], U.S. || Stroke<ref>{{cite news|last=Hernandez |first=Raoul |url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/music/2014-12-03/ian-mclagan-1945-2014/ |title=Ian McLagan 1945–2014: Faces/Small Faces mainstay moved to Austin in 1994 – Music |newspaper=[[The Austin Chronicle]] |date=2014-12-03 |access-date=2016-05-25}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bob Montgomery (songwriter)|Bob Montgomery]] || style="text-align:center;"|77 || December 4, 2014 || [[Lee's Summit, Missouri]], U.S. || Parkinson's disease<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/songwriter-bob-montgomery-dies-age-77-27378444|title=Songwriter Bob Montgomery Dies Age 77|publisher=ABC News|access-date=18 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Brian Roy Goble]] [[Subhumans (Canadian band)|Subhumans]] || style="text-align:center;"|57 || December 7, 2014 || [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], Canada || Heart attack<ref>{{cite web|author=Mackie, John|title=Vancouver punk legend Brian 'Wimpy Roy' Goble has died|url=https://vancouversun.com/health/Vancouver+punk+legend+Brian+Wimpy+Goble+died/10448962/story.html|date=2014-12-07|access-date=2023-08-22|archive-date=2020-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125165926/http://www.vancouversun.com/health/Vancouver+punk+legend+Brian+Wimpy+Goble+died/10448962/story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dawn Sears]] || style="text-align:center;"|53 || December 11, 2014 || [[Gallatin, Tennessee]], U.S. || Lung cancer<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2014/12/12/dawn-sears-time-jumpers-dies/20306397|title=Dawn Sears of Time Jumpers dies at 53|date=December 12, 2014|newspaper=[[The Tennessean]]|access-date=December 12, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Joe Carr (Texas musician)|Joe Carr]] [[Joe Carr & the Texas Lone Star Band]] || style="text-align:center;"|63 || December 14, 2014 || [[Levelland, Texas]], U.S. || Stroke<ref>{{cite web|first=Ashlyn|last=Tubbs |url=http://www.kcbd.com/story/27634876/bluegrass-musician-joe-carr-passes-away-in-levelland |title=Bluegrass musician Joe Carr passes away in Levelland – KCBD NewsChannel 11 Lubbock |website=Kcbd.com |date=16 December 2014 |access-date=2016-05-25}}</ref>
|-
| [[Millie Kirkham]] || style="text-align:center;"|91 || December 14, 2014 || [[Nashville, Tennessee]], U.S. || Complications after stroke<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nashvillescene.com/nashvillecream/archives/2014/12/15/elvis-presley-backup-singer-millie-kirkham-dead-at-91|title=Elvis Presley Backup Singer Millie Kirkham Dies at 91|publisher=ashvillescene.com|date=December 15, 2014|access-date=August 22, 2023|archive-date=December 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230130325/http://www.nashvillescene.com/nashvillecream/archives/2014/12/15/elvis-presley-backup-singer-millie-kirkham-dead-at-91|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Wendy Rene]] || style="text-align:center;"|67 || December 16, 2014 || ?|| [[Stroke|Complications after stroke]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Mehr |first=Bob |url=http://www.commercialappeal.com/go-memphis/music/news/stax-singer-wendy-rene-dies_60750465 |title=Stax singer Wendy Rene dies |website=Commercialappeal.com |date=2014-12-17 |access-date=2016-05-25}}</ref>
|-
| [[John Fry (record producer)|John Fry]] Record producer || style="text-align:center;"|69 || December 18, 2014 || [[Memphis, Tennessee]], U.S.|| Cardiac arrest
|-
| [[Larry Henley]] [[The Newbeats]] || style="text-align:center;"|77 || December 18, 2014 || [[Nashville, Tennessee]], U.S. || Dementia with Lewy bodies<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmt.com/news/1746932/wind-beneath-my-wings-songwriter-larry-henley-dies/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218203928/http://www.cmt.com/news/1746932/wind-beneath-my-wings-songwriter-larry-henley-dies/|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 18, 2014|title="Wind Beneath My Wings" Songwriter Larry Henley Dies|work=CMT News|access-date=18 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Larry Smith (producer)|Larry Smith]] Record producer || style="text-align:center;"|62 || December 19, 2014 || [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S. || ?
|-
| [[Joe Cocker]] [[The Grease Band]] || style="text-align:center;"|70 || December 22, 2014 || [[Crawford, Colorado]], U.S. || Lung cancer<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.prefixmag.com/news/joe-cocker-dies-of-lung-cancer-at-70/78688/ | title=Joe Cocker Dies Of Lung Cancer At 70 | website=Prefixmag.com | date=22 December 2014 | access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Udo Jürgens]] || style="text-align:center;"|80 || December 21, 2014 || [[Münsterlingen]], [[Switzerland]] || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/23/arts/music/udo-jrgens-austrian-singer-and-songwriter-dies-at-80.html|title=Udo Jürgens, Austrian Singer and Songwriter, Dies at 80|date=December 22, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Alberta Adams]] || style="text-align:center;"|97 || December 25, 2014 || [[Dearborn, Michigan]], U.S. ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2014/12/25/detroit-blues-legend-alberta-adams-dies/20898315/ |title=Detroit blues legend Alberta Adams dies |website=Detroit Free Press |date=2014-12-29 |access-date=2016-05-25}}</ref>
|-
| [[Frankie Randall (singer)|Frankie Randall]] || style="text-align:center;"|76 || December 28, 2014 || [[Indio, California]], U.S. || Lung cancer<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-frankie-randall-20150102-story.html |title=Rat Pack singer Frankie Randall, Sinatra's house pianist, dies at 76 |first=David |last=Colker |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=1 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Adolfas Jarulis Lithuanian Pop singer and member of Trimitas, Žėrutis, Nemuno Žiburiai || style="text-align:center;"|73 || December 29, 2014 || [[Vilnius]], Lithuania || ?
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Rock music|Lists}}
*[[List of murdered hip hop musicians]]
*[[27 Club]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2014 deaths in popular music}}
[[Category:Lists of deaths in 2014|*]]
[[Category:2014 in music|Deaths in popular music]]
[[Category:21st-century musicians|*]]
[[Category:Death-related lists|Popular music, 2014]]

Dover Lane Music Conference

2026-01-25T17:40:59Z

Surojit098: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian classical music festival}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox music festival
| music_festival_name = The Dover Lane Music Conference
| image = [[File:Dover Lane Music Festival - 2011.jpg|225px]]
| caption = Performance at the Dover Lane Music Conference
| location = [[Nazrul Mancha]], [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| years_active = 1952 - Present
| founders =
| dates = January 22nd to 25th/26th
| genre = [[Indian classical music|Classical]]
| website = [http://doverlanemusicconference.org/ doverlanemusicconference.org]
}}
'''The Dover Lane Music Conference''' is an annual Indian classical music festival held in the month of January at [[Nazrul Mancha]], an indoor 2400 seat auditorium in south Kolkata.
The Dover Lane Music Conference is an all night concert attended by visitors from all over the world. It typically showcases vocal recital, sitar, sarod, and violin music.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Noone |first1=Mathew |title=North Indian Classical Music and the Kolkata Experience |journal=Ethnomusicology Ireland |date=July 2013 |page=27 |url=http://www.ictm.ie/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/ICTM-journal-Noone.pdf |access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>

==History==
The festival derives its name from the fact that it originally took place at a location on Dover Lane courtesy the patronage of Late Sri Narendra Singh Singhi at his residence, Singhi Park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/02/10/stories/2002021000430400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030630213311/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/02/10/stories/2002021000430400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-06-30 |title=Rhythm of Kolkata |date=2002-02-10 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-01-25}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
* [[List of Indian classical music festivals]]
* [[Swara Samrat festival]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.doverlanemusicconference.org//}}
* {{commons category-inline}}
{{Kolkata topics}}

[[Category:Music of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Hindustani classical music festivals]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1952]]
[[Category:Music festivals established in 1952]]
[[Category:Organised events in Kolkata]]

Modern Hindu law

2026-01-12T13:36:08Z

Surojit098: adjusted content based on references

{{Short description|Personal law system in India}}
'''Modern Hindu law''' is one of the personal law systems of India along with similar systems for Muslims, Sikhs, Parsis, and Christians. This [[Hindu Personal Law]] or modern Hindu law is an extension of the [[Anglo-Hindu Law]] developed during the British colonial period in India, which is in turn related to the less well-defined tradition of [[Classical Hindu Law]]. The time frame of this period of Hindu law begins with the formal independence of India from [[United Kingdom]] on August 15, 1947, and extends up until the present. While modern Hindu law is heralded for its inherent respect for religious doctrines, many still complain that discrimination (especially with the historical tradition of the caste system) still pervades the legal system, though efforts to modernize and increase the legal rights of the marginalized have been made (most notably with the passage of the Hindu Code Bills and the establishment of notable legal precedents).

== History and context ==

With the formal independence of India from United Kingdom on August 15, 1947, India acquired a new [[Indian constitution|constitution]] as well as a complex legal system. While a Western influence is apparent in this system, it is not an exact replication. The Indian legal system has characteristics of [[common law]], but is codified and thus is actually more similar to [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] in nature. The modern Hindu legal system is applied to strictly personal law, including issues of marriage, inheritance and adoption, whereas India's secular legal system is applied to issues of criminal law and civil law.


India's first prime minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and the then law minister, [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]], worked to unify the newly independent India by proposing the reformation and codification of Hindu personal law. Nehru's efforts led to contentious debates over the so-called [[Hindu Code Bill]], which he offered in the Indian parliament, as a way to fix still unclear elements of the Anglo-Hindu law. The [[Hindu Code Bill]] was initially and continues to be very controversial within and outside of the Hindu community. Criticism of the document is based on the belief that the laws in the Hindu Code bill should apply to all citizens regardless of religious affiliation.<ref>Bannigan, John (1952, December 3). The Hindu Code Bill. Far Eastern Survey: American Institute of Pacific Relations, XX1, Retrieved October 22, 2008, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3024109]</ref> Though a small minority suggested some kind of return to classical Hindu law, the real debate was over how to appropriate the Anglo-Hindu law.

Nehru completed codification and partial reform, but overall the legal system only slightly changed. In the end, a series of four major pieces of personal law legislation were passed in 1955-56 and these laws form the first point of reference for modern Hindu law: [[Hindu Marriage Act (1955)]], [[Hindu Succession Act]] (1956), [[Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act]] (1956), and [[Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (1956)]]. Though these legislative moves purported to resolve still unclear parts of the Anglo-Hindu law, the case law and interpretive tradition of British judges and Indian judges in the British employ remained and remains crucial to the application of modern Hindu law.

== Application of modern Hindu law ==

As stated by Article 44 of the [[Indian Constitution]], India is a secular state that strives towards legal uniformity. Many argue that the commitment of the Indian government towards this gradual uniformity of the legal system threatens the minority religious groups that utilize the plurality of the law to maintain traditions and implement their religious laws.

Before discussing the modern application and sources of Hindu law it is important to outline whom these laws govern. In the case of Hindu personal and family laws, as outlined by the Acts of Parliament discussed below, those that are followers the Hindu religion, as well as those who are not Christian, Jewish or Muslim, are held accountable to these laws.<ref name="Nagpal, Ramesh C 1983">Nagpal, Ramesh C. Modern Hindu Law. Allahabad: Manav Law House, 1983.</ref> Therefore, it is assumed that all Indians who are not Muslim, Jewish or Christian are Hindu, disregarding personal religious laws of followers of Buddhist, Jain, Sikh and other religions, creating controversy within these communities. The Indian legal system does recognize Muslim, Jewish and Christian family courts as well as secular family courts.

== Sources of modern Hindu law ==

Sources of Classical Hindu law arose from the religious texts of the ''[[Dharmaśāstra]]'', as well as ''āćāra'' or customs, and commentaries or digests that translated and interpreted the laws. Since British colonial rule, India has codified several aspects of the Hindu tradition into the Indian legal system as well as adopted common and civil legal procedures.<ref name="Nagpal, Ramesh C 1983"/>

=== Legislation ===

Legislation, as created and implemented by the Indian government, is the strongest source of law in all Indian courts. In the case of two conflicting sources, legislation holds the highest jurisdiction.<ref name="Nagpal, Ramesh C 1983"/> While it is not a traditional source of law for the Hindu legal system, it is the latest and most legitimate form.

During colonial rule, the British codified several aspects of the Hindu legal tradition into the Indian legal system, based upon the large number of Hindus residing in British India. Thus upon gaining independence, many of the same laws that governed the country during colonial rule were maintained as such, making the Indian Constitution and legal system heavily influenced with Hindu legal traditions at its foundation.<ref name="Menski, Werner 2006">Menski, Werner. Comparative Law in a Global Context : The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa. New York: Cambridge UP, 2006.</ref>

=== Case law ===

India is based on the British [[Common law|common legal system]], thus the courts rely heavily on ''[[stare decisis]]'', or precedent, when deciding cases. Any case decision made by a higher court is a source of law to all of the lower courts, in the prospect that the laws will be applied in a similar manner. The Hindu family courts are expected to follow laws handed down from previous cases.

Modern Hindu law relies on the interpretation of judges and their ability to decipher mitigating factors within each legal situation.<ref name="Menski, Werner 2006"/> This is reflective of the ancient Hindu legal tradition of working out problems on a case specific basis in finding justice in each specific instance.

=== Notable legal precedents and legislation===
As is the case with many global legal systems that rely on precedents as a source of law, certain cases stand out that have shaped the Indian legal system into what it is today. Not only do they provide the foundation for future legal cases but they also make a statement about the state of the country and what direction it wants to lead. One such case came about during the efforts of modernization reforms in India. Known as the [[Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act (1971)]], the law allowed Indian women to legally obtain abortions. Thus this law made not only a religious statement, as India was trying to become more secular, but also made a statement of equality as it expanded the rights women had.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

Early in December 2008, a marriage between a Hindu and a Christian was deemed invalid under the [[Hindu Marriage Act (1955)]] as the Act provides for only Hindu couples to enter into a wedlock, the Supreme Court has ruled.<ref name="in.news.yahoo.com">{{Cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/48/20081206/804/tnl-hindu-christian-wedlock-invalid-unde.html|title = Yahoo Search - Web Search}}</ref> Allegedly, Raj had misinformed his wife about his social status and she filed for divorce. He claimed that the Hindu Marriage Act does not preclude a Hindu from marrying a person of another faith. Dismissing the Christian husband’s appeal, the apex court upheld the High Courts’s view that the marriage not valid under the Hindu Marriage Act, specifically pointing to the fact that Section 5 of the Act makes it clear that a marriage may be solemnized between any two Hindus if the conditions in the said Section were fulfilled.<ref name="in.news.yahoo.com"/>

=== Hindu code bills ===
{{Main|Hindu code bills}}
Following independence, the [[Government of India|Indian government]] led by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] & Law Minister Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]] completed the codification and reform of Hindu personal law, a process that had been begun by the British. According to the British policy of noninterference, reform of personal law should have arisen from a demand from the Hindu community. This was not the case, as there was significant opposition from various Hindu politicians, organizations, and devotees who saw themselves unjustly singled out as the sole religious community whose laws were to be reformed.<ref>Rina Williams. Postcolonial Politics and Personal Laws. Oxford University Press: New Delhi. 2006. Pg. 18</ref> However, the administration saw such codification as necessary in order to unify the Hindu community, which ideally would be a first step towards unifying the nation.<ref name="Rina Williams 2006. Pg. 107">Rina Williams. Postcolonial Politics and Personal Laws. Oxford University Press: New Delhi. 2006. Pg. 107</ref> They succeeded in passing four Hindu Code Bills, including [[Hindu Marriage Act (1955)]], [[Hindu Succession Act]] (1956), [[Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act]] (1956), and [[Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (1956)]].<ref>Rina Williams. Postcolonial Politics and Personal Laws. Oxford University Press: New Delhi. 2006. Pg. 106</ref>

Nehru and his supporters insisted that the Hindu community, which comprised 80% of the Indian population, first needed to be united before any actions were taken to unify the rest of India. Therefore, the codification of Hindu personal law became a symbolic beginning on the road to establishing the Indian national identity.<ref name="Rina Williams 2006. Pg. 107"/> Nehru also felt that because he was Hindu, it was his prerogative to codify specifically Hindu law, as opposed to Muslim or Jewish law.<ref>Rina Williams. Postcolonial Politics and Personal Laws. Oxford University Press: New Delhi. 2006. Pg. 119</ref>

Those in Parliament who supported the Bills also saw them as a vital move towards the modernization of Hindu society, as they would clearly delineate secular laws from [[religious law]]. Many also heralded the Bill’s opportunity to implement greater rights for women, establishing that such rights were necessary for India’s development.<ref>Rina Williams. Postcolonial Politics and Personal Laws. Oxford University Press: New Delhi. 2006. Pg. 108</ref>

The Hindu Code Bills are still controversial among some communities, including women's, nationalist, and religious groups. At the time of their creation, many portrayed them as a serious deviation from Hindu legal precedent. However, now many, including [[Nivedita Menon]], argue that it is "misleading...to claim that Hindu personal law was reformed [in the 1950s]. It was merely codified, and even that was in the face of stiff resistance from Congress leaders."<ref>Rina Williams. Postcolonial Politics and Personal Laws. Oxford University Press: New Delhi. 2006. Pg. 114</ref>

== Administration and practice ==
There are no religious courts in India, as it is a secular nation. Rather religious personal laws are adjudicated by the state on a case by case basis.

===Courts===
The court system of India is essentially divided into three tiers, the [[Supreme Court of India]] at the apex of the hierarchy for the entire country, twenty-one High Courts at the top of the hierarchy in each State, and subsequent district courts that govern family, criminal and civil laws within the states. The High Courts have jurisdiction over a state, a union territory or a group of states and union territories. District courts are the courts of first resort.
It is within the district courts that Hindu law and other religious laws are administered. State judges apply Hindu law on a case by case basis.

===Judges===
The judges that preside over the district courts in India are state bureaucrats, not religious priests or scholars. Thus it is possible for a Hindu judge to preside over a divorce case between a Muslim couple or for a Christian judge to preside over a case involving a Hindu family. With no formal education on the religious laws of the state, judges may not be well versed in the laws they are to adjudicate. They rely heavily on case precedent and scholarly works to guide them through the cases.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Indian judges must clean up their courts - upiasia.com | url=http://www.upiasia.com/Human_Rights/2008/10/13/indian_judges_must_clean_up_their_courts/2363/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728132721/http://www.upiasia.com/Human_Rights/2008/10/13/indian_judges_must_clean_up_their_courts/2363/ | access-date=2025-07-13 | archive-date=2011-07-28}}</ref>

=== Lawyers===
Lawyers in India are trained in general law schools and receive no formal and specific training on Hindu law, Muslim law, or any other personal religious laws. All lawyers are however required to take courses regarding personal law. These larger courses touch on the variety of personal laws that exist in India, including Hindu Law.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==

* Bannigan, John (1952, December 3). The Hindu Code Bill. Far Eastern Survey: American Institute of Pacific Relations, XX1.
* Kishwar, Madhu (1990, May, 30). Codified Hindu Law: Myth and Reality.
* Menski, Werner. Comparative Law in a Global Context : The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa. New York: Cambridge UP, 2006.
* Nagpal, Ramesh C. Modern Hindu Law. Allahabad: Manav Law House, 1983.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Modern Hindu Law}}
[[Category:Hindu law]]

Ghulam Ali (singer)

2026-01-10T18:57:58Z

Surojit098:

{{Short description|Pakistani singer (born 1940)}}
{{distinguish|Bade Ghulam Ali Khan}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix = [[Ustad]]
| name = Ghulam Ali Khan
| image = Gulam ali copy.jpg
| caption = Ghulam Ali in Chennai
| native_name = غلام علی خان
| native_name_lang = غلام علی
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1940|12|05}}
| birth_place = Galotian Khurd, [[Daska]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj]] (now in [[Sialkot District|Sialkot, Pakistan]])
| background = solo_singer
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Hindustani classical music]]
* [[Ghazal]]
* [[Playback singing]]
}}
| occupation =
| instrument = {{hlist|[[Singing|Vocals]]|[[Harmonium]]|[[Tabla]]}}
| years_active = 1960– present
| label = [[Radio Pakistan]], PTV
}}

'''Ustad Ghulam Ali''' ({{langx|pa|{{Nastaliq|غُلام علی}}}}; born 5 December 1940) is a [[Pakistani]] [[ghazal]] singer of the [[Patiala Gharana]]. Ghulam Ali is considered one of the greatest ghazal singers of his era. He has also been a prominent playback singer in Bollywood. He is a disciple of [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]]. Ali was also trained by Bade Ghulam Ali's younger brothers, Barkat Ali Khan and Mubarak Ali Khan.

His style and variations in singing [[ghazals]] are unique, as he blends [[Hindustani classical music]] with ghazals, unlike any other ghazal singer. He is highly popular in Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, as well as among [[South Asian]] diaspora in the US, the UK and the Middle Eastern countries.<ref name="APNA">{{cite web |author=Amjad Parvez |date=8 April 2014 |title=Legendary singer Ghulam Ali |url=http://apnaorg.com/articles/dailytimes-25/index.shtml |access-date=16 July 2019 |website=Academy of the Punjab in North America (APNA) website}}</ref>
Many of his hit ghazals have been used in [[Bollywood]] movies. His famous ghazals are ''[[Chupke Chupke Raat Din]]'', ''[[Kal Chaudhvin Ki Raat Thi]]'', ''[[Hungama Hai Kyon Barpa]]'', ''Chamakte Chand Ko'', ''Kiya Hai Pyar Jise'', ''May Nazar Se Pee Raha Hoon'', ''Mastana Peeye'', ''Ye Dil Ye Pagal Dil'', ''Apni Dhun Mein Rehta Hoon'' a [[ghazal]] by [[Nasir Kazmi]], ''Ham Ko Kiske Gham Ne Maara''. His album ''Hasratein'' was nominated in the Best Ghazal Album category at the Star GIMA Awards 2014.

==Early life==
Ghulam Ali was born in 1941 in the [[Sialkot District|Sialkot district]] of present-day Pakistan and was a child during the Partition of India, an event he recalls only faintly. He was introduced to music at an early age, coming from a musical family; his father was a musician, being a vocalist who could play the [[sarangi]],<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Parvez |first=Amjad |title=Legendary singer Ghulam Ali – Part I, II, III |url=https://apnaorg.com/articles/dailytimes-24/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226135004/https://apnaorg.com/articles/dailytimes-24/index.shtml |archive-date=26 December 2025 |access-date= |website=[[Academy of the Punjab in North America]] |publisher=}}</ref> and recognized his talent when one of his teachers noticed him humming a song at school and encouraged him to sing. At the age of 8, Ghulam Ali began formal training under his father, who assigned him a [[Raga|raaga]] to practise intensively on the [[Pump organ|harmonium]], laying the foundation for his musical discipline. Though his grandmother initially objected to the rigorous training, his father believed early childhood was essential for building a strong musical base. He was named after the classical vocalist Ustad [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]], whom his father greatly admired, and later had the opportunity to train under the legendary musician. His father aspired for him to become a ghazal singer, and Ghulam Ali began practising seriously from the age of 9.<ref name="easterneye2021">{{cite web |last=Mehta |first=Anjali |date=7 December 2021 |title=Ghazal great Ghulam Ali in his own words |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/ghazal-great-ghulam-ali-in-his-own-words/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226123515/https://www.easterneye.biz/ghazal-great-ghulam-ali-in-his-own-words/ |archive-date=26 December 2025 |access-date= |website=[[Eastern Eye]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=2 January 2007 |title=When Rafi woke up Ustad Ghulam Ali |url=http://update.im.rediff.com/movies/2007/jan/02ali.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226124034/https://update.im.rediff.com/movies/2007/jan/02ali.htm |archive-date=26 December 2025 |access-date= |website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref>

Ghulam Ali encountered Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, for the first time, when he was in his early teens. Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan had toured [[Kabul]], Afghanistan and, on the way back to India, Ghulam Ali's father requested the Ustad to take his son as a disciple. But Khan insisted that since he was hardly in town, regular training wouldn't be possible. But after repeated requests from Ghulam Ali's father, Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan asked the young Ghulam Ali to sing something. It wasn't easy to have the courage to sing before him. He mustered the courage to sing the [[Thumri|rhumri]] ''Saiyyan Bolo Tanik Mose Rahiyo Na Jaye''. After he finished, Ustad hugged him and made him his disciple.<ref name=APNA/> Apart from the harmonium, he would also learn to play the [[tabla]].<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
He was married to Afsana Ali, with whom he has a daughter, Manjari Ghulam Ali. His sons Aamir Ghulam Ali<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2014 |title=Pakistani ghazal singer Ghulam Ali perform with his son Amir at a hotel in Bandra, Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-events/pakistani-ghazal-singer-ghulam-ali-perform-with-his-son-amir-at-a-hotel-in-bandra-mumbai/articleshow/13929341.cms |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> and Nazar Ali Abbas are also musicians.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8-14 August 2003 |title=Wah Ustad! |url=http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=3577 |website=[[Nepali Times]] |quote=Now his son and disciple, Nazar Abbas Ali is following in his father's footsteps.}}</ref>

==Career==

=== Pakistan ===
A strong student academically, Ghulam Ali’s musical talent was soon recognized beyond his household. While practising on a terrace, he was noticed by a representative from [[Radio Pakistan]], leading to an invitation to perform. At the age of 14, he began singing for a children’s programme on Radio Pakistan and within six months advanced to performing at the highest level, marking the beginning of his professional musical career.<ref name="easterneye2021"/>

Along with singing [[ghazal]]s, Ghulam Ali composed music for his ghazals. His compositions are [[raga]]-based and sometimes include a scientific mixture of ragas.  He is known for blending gharana-gaaiaki into ghazal and this gives his singing the capability to touch people's hearts. He sings [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] songs too. Many of his Punjabi songs have been popular and have been part of Punjab's own cultural diaspora.

On being questioned about Pakistani pop groups, Ghulam Ali replied, "Frankly, I am really bewildered at their style of singing. How can you sing a song by running and jumping around the stage? The stage is meant for performing not for [[acrobatics]]."<ref name=APNA/>

=== India ===
Though from Pakistan, Ghulam Ali remains as popular in India as in Pakistan. He first came to India in 1980.<ref name="easterneye2021"/> [[Asha Bhosle]] has done joint music albums with him, beginning with ''Meeraj-E-Ghazal'' in 1984.<ref name="easterneye2021"/> He was introduced to [[Bombay cinema]] with an Urdu film song ''[[Chupke Chupke Raat Din]]'' written by the poet [[Hasrat Mohani]] in [[B R Chopra]]'s film, ''[[Nikaah (film)|Nikaah]]'' (1982).<ref name="IMDb">{{IMDb name|1265094}}, Ghulam Ali Filmography on IMDb. Retrieved 16 July 2019</ref> Other popular ghazals include ''Hungama Hai Kyun Barpa'' and ''[[Awaargi]]''. He tends to select the ghazals of famous poets.[[File:Ghulam Ali.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Ghulam Ali in Hyderabad, 2007]]One of his memorable concerts was at the [[Taj Mahal]].<ref name="TOI">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/City_Supplements/Bombay_Times/Ghulam_Ali_sings_in_praise_of_the_Taj_/articleshow/2189319.cms Ghulam Ali sings in praise of the Taj] ''The Times of India'', published 10 July 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2019</ref> On being asked about the future of [[ghazal]] singers, he said he enjoyed popular [[ghazal]] singer [[Adithya Srinivasan]]'s ghazals, who performed the opening act at his concert in 2012 at [[Bangalore]].<ref name="Deccan">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130721/entertainment-tvmusic/article/words-ghalib |title=Deccan Chronicle / Music : From the words of Ghalib ... |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=21 June 2013 |access-date=16 July 2019|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002513/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130721/entertainment-tvmusic/article/words-ghalib |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref>
Recently, in February 2013, the maestro became the first person to receive the [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]] award. Commenting on this, he said," I am indebted to the Indian government for giving me this award. For me, it is the greatest award I have received because it is named after my guru."
He also received the first Swaralaya Global Legend Award (2016) at [[Trivandrum]], Kerala, India.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/swaralaya-award-presented-to-ghulam-ali/article8110564.ece Ghulam Ali's award info on The Hindu newspaper] Published 15 January 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2019</ref>

=== Nepal ===
Ghulam Ali has also sung some [[Nepali language|Nepali]] ghazals like ''Kina Kina Timro Tasveer'', ''Gajalu Tee Thula Thula Aankha'', ''Lolaaeka Tee Thula'' and ''Ke Chha Ra Diun'' in [[Nepali language]] with [[Narayan Gopal]], a well known Nepali singer, and composer Deepak Jangam. Those songs were written by King [[Mahendra of Nepal]]. These songs were compiled in an album entitled ''[[Narayan Gopal]], Ghulam Ali Ra Ma'', and are popular among Nepali music lovers to this day.<ref name="APNA" />

Furthermore, Ghulam Ali was the singer of choice for His late Majesty the king of Nepal Mahendra Birbikram Shah Dev. Ghulam Ali sang a number of popular songs written by King Mahendra.<ref name="APNA" />

== Musical style ==
Ghulam Ali is known for composing the majority (he estimates at up to 95%) of the ghazals he performs, stating that most of his repertoire consists of his own compositions, while remaining open to singing works by other composers if he finds them musically strong. Over time, he has increasingly performed self-composed material, which has become a defining feature of his musical output.<ref name="easterneye2021"/>

His ghazal singing is firmly grounded in the [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] tradition, drawing extensively from classical raagas while adapting them to the lyrical and emotive structure of the ghazal. He has emphasized that ghazal singing requires rigorous training, particularly in precise pronunciation of Urdu poetry and accurate melodic execution, describing the form as technically demanding and time-intensive to master.

== Controversies ==

=== Performances in India ===
In 2015, due to protest by [[Shiv Sena]] at [[Mumbai]], his concert was cancelled.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/09/world/asia/pakistan-singer-ghulam-ali-concert-canceled-india.html Pakistani Singer's Concerts in India Are Canceled After Shiv Sena Protests] ''The New York Times'', Published 8 October 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2019</ref> After this, he received invitations from Delhi Chief Minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]], West Bengal Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] Chief Minister [[Akhilesh Yadav]].<ref name="NDTV">{{Cite web |title=Ghulam Ali Performs in Lucknow, Meets Akhilesh Yadav |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ghulam-ali-performs-in-lucknow-meets-akhilesh-yadav-1230674 |access-date=16 July 2019 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> After this cancellation, he performed in [[Lucknow]],<ref name="NDTV" /> New Delhi, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], and [[Kozhikode]], India.<ref name="ZeeNews">{{Cite web |title=Ghulam Ali doesn't want to be used for political mileage; won't perform in India |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/music/ghulam-ali-doesn%25E2%2580%2599t-want-to-be-used-for-political-mileage-won%25E2%2580%2599t-perform-in-india_1818138.html |access-date=16 July 2019 |work=Zee News}}</ref>

In a news item reported in 2015, Ghulam Ali has said that he won't perform in India until situation is right for music. He, however, assured that he will visit India when ‘the atmosphere is right.’ He said that he does not want to be used for political mileage.<ref name="ZeeNews" />

==Notable ghazals/songs==
{| class="wikitable"
!Title
!Poet / Lyricist
![[Raga]]
!Year
!Album / Collection
!Film
!Notes
|-
|Aah ko chahiye ik umr asar hone tak
|Mirza Ghalib
|—
|c. 1975
|Classical Ghazals
|Non-film
|
|-
|Ae husn-e-beparwah tujhe shola kahoon ya shabnam
|Bashir Badr
|—
|c. 1980
|Ghazals Vol. 3
|Non-film
|
|-
|Aa gayi yaad shaam dhalte hi
|Munir Niazi
|—
|c. 1979
|Ghazals Vol. 2
|Non-film
|
|-
|Apni dhun mein rehta hoon
|Nasir Kazmi
|—
|c. 1976
|Ghazals Vol. 1
|Non-film
|
|-
|Apni tasveer ko aankhon se
|Shahzad Ahmad
|—
|c. 1977
|Ghazals Vol. 1
|Non-film
|
|-
|Arz-e-gham se bhi faida to nahin
|Raees Warsi
|—
|c. 1982
|Ghazals Vol. 4
|Non-film
|
|-
|Awaargi
|Mohsin Naqvi
|Bhairavi (light)
|1988
|Awaargi
|Non-film
|Title ghazal
|-
|Baharon ko chaman yaad aa gaya
|—
|—
|c. 1981
|Ghazals Vol. 3
|Non-film
|
|-
|Barsan lagi sawan bundiya
|Traditional
|—
|c. 1984
|Folk & Ghazals
|Non-film
|Folk-based
|-
|Bata do tum humein bedaad karna
|Riaz Khairabadi
|—
|c. 1978
|Classical Ghazals
|Non-film
|
|-
|Bechain bahut phirna
|Munir Niazi
|—
|c. 1979
|Ghazals Vol. 2
|Non-film
|
|-
|Chamakte chand ko toota hua taara bana dala
|Anand Bakshi
|—
|1982
|Nikaah (OST)
|Nikaah
|Film song
|-
|Chhup chhupa ke piyo
|—
|—
|c. 1977
|Ghazals Vol. 1
|Non-film
|
|-
|Chupke Chupke Raat Din
|Hasrat Mohani
|Kafi (light)
|1982
|Nikaah (OST)
|Nikaah
|Widely accepted
|-
|Dard-e-dil dard-e-aashna jaane
|Bahadur Shah Zafar
|—
|c. 1976
|Classical Ghazals
|Non-film
|
|-
|Dareeche be-sada koi nahin hai
|Sabir Zafar
|—
|c. 1983
|Ghazals Vol. 4
|Non-film
|
|-
|Dil dhadakne ka sabab yaad aaya
|Nasir Kazmi
|—
|c. 1980
|Ghazals Vol. 3
|Non-film
|
|-
|Dil mein ek lehar si uthi hai abhi
|Nasir Kazmi
|Pilu (light)
|c. 1979
|Ghazals Vol. 2
|Non-film
|
|-
|Fasle aise bhi honge
|Adeem Hashmi
|—
|c. 1985
|Ghazals Vol. 5
|Non-film
|
|-
|Gajalu ti thula thula aankha
|King Mahendra (Nepal)
|—
|c. 1986
|Nepali Ghazals
|Non-film
|Nepali
|-
|Heer
|Punjabi traditional
|—
|c. 1984
|Punjabi Classics
|Non-film
|
|-
|Hum tere shehar mein aaye hain
|—
|—
|c. 1981
|Ghazals Vol. 3
|Non-film
|
|-
|Humko kiske gham ne maara
|Masroor Anwar
|—
|c. 1977
|Classical Ghazals
|Non-film
|
|-
|Hungama Hai Kyun Barpa
|Akbar Allahabadi
|Darbari Kanada
|c. 1978
|Classical Ghazals
|Non-film
|Strong consensus
|-
|Itni muddat baad mile ho
|Mohsin Naqvi
|—
|c. 1987
|Ghazals Vol. 5
|Non-film
|
|-
|Kachchi deewar hoon thokar na lagana
|—
|—
|c. 1982
|Ghazals Vol. 4
|Non-film
|
|-
|Kal Chaudhvin Ki Raat Thi
|Ibn-e-Insha
|Yaman (light)
|c. 1978
|Classical Ghazals
|Non-film
|
|-
|Kehte hain mujhse ishq ka afsana chahiye
|Qamar Jalalabadi
|—
|c. 1979
|Ghazals Vol. 2
|Non-film
|
|-
|Khuli jo aankh
|Farhat Shehzad
|—
|c. 1980
|Ghazals Vol. 3
|Non-film
|
|-
|Khushboo jaise log mile
|—
|—
|c. 1984
|Ghazals Vol. 4
|Non-film
|
|-
|Kiya hai pyaar jise
|Qateel Shifai
|—
|c. 1981
|Ghazals Vol. 3
|Non-film
|
|-
|Koi ummeed bar nahin aati
|Mirza Ghalib
|—
|c. 1976
|Classical Ghazals
|Non-film
|
|-
|Main nazar se pee raha hoon
|—
|—
|c. 1977
|Ghazals Vol. 1
|Non-film
|
|-
|Mehfil mein baar baar
|Agha Bismil
|—
|c. 1978
|Classical Ghazals
|Non-film
|
|-
|Mere shauq da nai aitbaar tenu
|Ghulam Mustafa Tabassum
|—
|c. 1983
|Punjabi Classics
|Non-film
|Punjabi
|-
|Niyat-e-shauq bhar na jaaye kahin
|Nasir Kazmi
|—
|c. 1982
|Ghazals Vol. 4
|Non-film
|
|-
|Ni chambe diye bandh kaliye
|Punjabi traditional
|—
|c. 1984
|Punjabi Classics
|Non-film
|
|-
|Patta patta boota boota haal hamaara jaane hai
|Mir Taqi Mir
|Kafi (light)
|c. 1976
|Classical Ghazals
|Non-film
|
|-
|Phir kisi raahguzar par shayad
|Ahmed Faraz
|—
|c. 1986
|Ghazals Vol. 5
|Non-film
|
|-
|Phir saawan rut ki pawan chali
|Nasir Kazmi
|—
|c. 1980
|Ghazals Vol. 3
|Non-film
|
|-
|Roya karenge aap bhi
|Momin Khan Momin
|—
|c. 1979
|Classical Ghazals
|Non-film
|
|-
|Tamaam umr tera intezaar kiya
|Hafeez Hoshiarpuri
|—
|c. 1981
|Ghazals Vol. 3
|Non-film
|
|-
|Tumhare khat mein naya ik salaam kis ka tha
|Daagh Dehlvi
|—
|c. 1977
|Classical Ghazals
|Non-film
|
|-
|Woh kabhi mil jaayen to
|Akhtar Sheerani
|—
|c. 1982
|Ghazals Vol. 4
|Non-film
|
|-
|Woh jo hum mein tum mein qaraar tha
|Momin Khan Momin
|—
|c. 1976
|Classical Ghazals
|Non-film
|
|-
|Yeh baatein jhooti baatein hain
|Ibn-e-Insha
|—
|c. 1984
|Ghazals Vol. 4
|Non-film
|
|-
|Yeh dil yeh paagal dil
|Mohsin Naqvi
|—
|c. 1989
|Awaargi
|Non-film
|
|-
|Zehaal-e-miskin makun taghaful
|Amir Khusro
|—
|c. 1980
|Classical Ghazals
|Non-film
|}

==Discography==
* ''Tere Shehar Mein'' – 1996<ref name=APNA/>
* ''Lamha Lamha'' – 1997
* ''Mahtab'' – 1997
* ''Madhosh'' – 1999
* ''Khushboo'' – 2000
* ''Rabba Yaar Milaade'' – 2000
* ''Passions'' – 2000
* ''Sajda'' – 2001
* ''Visaal'' – 2004<ref name="Technofundo">[http://www.technofundo.com/fun/music/ga/index.html To Ghulam Ali With Love] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235101/http://www.technofundo.com/fun/music/ga/index.html|date=3 March 2016}} Technofundo.com website, Published 19 September 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2019</ref>
* ''Aabshaar'' – 2006
* ''Parchhaiyan'' – 2006
* ''Husn-E-Ghazal'' – 2007
* ''The Enchanter'' – 2010
* ''Anjuman Behtareen Ghazalein''<ref name=APNA/>
* ''At His Very Best'' Ghulam Ali
* ''Aawargee''
* ''Dillagee''
* ''Ghazalain – Live at Islamabad''<ref name=APNA/>
* ''Ghazals''
* ''Great Ghazals''
* ''Geet Aur Ghazals''
* ''Hungama Live in Concert Vol.1''<ref name=APNA/>
* ''Haseen Lamhe''
* ''Khwahish''
* ''Live in USA Vol 2 – Private Mehfil Series''
* ''Live in USA Vol 1 – Private Mehfil Series''
* ''Mast Nazren -Ecstatic Glances Live in London'', 1984<ref name=APNA/>
* ''Narayan Gopal, Ghulam Ali Ra Ma'' (Nepali Ghazals)<ref name=APNA/>
* ''Once More''
* ''Poems of Love''
* ''Saadgi''
* ''Suraag – In Concert''
* ''Suno''
* ''Soulful''
* ''Saugaat''
* ''The Golden Moments – Patta Patta Boota Boota''
* ''The Finest Recordings of Ghulam Ali''
* ''The Golden Collection''
* ''With Love''
* ''Kalaam-E-Mohabbat'' (Ghazals written by [[Darshan Singh (Sant Mat)|Sant Darshan Singh Ji]])
* ''Chupke Chupke – Live in Concert, England''
* ''Rang Tarang vol 1,2''
* ''Janay Walay''
* ''Heer''
* ''Ghulam Ali – The Very Best''
* ''Ghulam Ali – Mehfil – Collection From Live Concerts''
* ''The Best of Ghulam Ali''
* ''Awargi—Ghulam Ali – Vocal CDNF418/419 Live. Vol.3 & 4.''
* ''Aitbaar''
* ''Aadaab Ustad (Ghazals)''
* ''Ghulam Ali Vol.1 and 2''
* ''A Ghazal Treat – Ghulam Ali in Concert'';;
* ''Ghulam Ali in Concert''
* ''Awargi (Live) Vol 1 and 2''
* ''Moods and Emotions''
* ''Ek Ehsaas – A Confluence of the Finest Ghazal Voices ''
* ''Best of Ghulam Ali''
* ''Greatest Hits Of Ghulam Ali''
* ''The Golden Moments Ghulam Ali'' (Vol.1)<ref name=APNA/>
* ''A Live Concert''
* ''The Best of Ghulam Ali''
* ''Once More''<ref name=APNA/>
* ''Mehraab''
* ''Ghulam Ali Live at India Gate – Swar Utsav 2001 – Songs of the Wandering Soul''<ref name=APNA/>
* ''Ghalib – Ghazals – Ghulam Ali – Mehdi Hassan''
* ''The Latest, the best"\''
* ''Meraj-E-Ghazal, Ghulam Ali & [[Asha Bhosle]]''<ref name=Technofundo/><ref name=APNA/>

==Awards and recognition==
*[[Pride of Performance]] Award in 1979 by the [[President of Pakistan]]
*[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz]] Award (Star of distinction) in 2013 by the [[President of Pakistan]]<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/news/742068/abida-parveen-aleem-dar-among-winners-posthumous-awards-for-manto-mehdi-Hassan Ghulam Ali's award info on Dawn (newspaper)] Published 14 August 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2019</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|GhulamAliKhanOfficial}}

{{Pride of Performance for Arts}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Ghulam}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pakistani ghazal singers]]
[[Category:Pakistani classical singers]]
[[Category:Pakistani folk singers]]
[[Category:Performers of Sufi music]]
[[Category:Pakistani male singers]]
[[Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Sialkot]]
[[Category:Nepali-language singers]]
[[Category:Pakistani playback singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pride of Performance]]
[[Category:Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Patiala gharana]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]

Cholanaikkan language

2026-01-06T14:36:59Z

Surojit098: Made new data...

{{Short description|Dravidian language of India}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Cholanaikkan
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Nilambur]] Valley, [[Malappuram District|Malappuram]], [[Kerala]]
| speakers = 281
| date = 1977
| ethnicity = [[Cholanaikkan]]s
| familycolor = Dravidian
| fam2 = Southern
| fam3 = [[South Dravidian languages|Southern I]]
| fam4 = Tamil–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]
| fam5 = (unclassified)
}}

'''Cholanaikkan''' ({{ipa|kn|t͡ʃoːlɐnaːjkːɐn|ipa}}) is Southern a [[Dravidian language]] spoken by the [[Cholanaikkan]] people in the hilly forests of the [[Nilambur]] Valley of [[Malappuram]] district of [[Kerala]].<ref>http://www.languageinindia.com/july2013/ravisankarkeralatriballanguages.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2025}}</ref> They are largely a primitive hill tribe living in rock shelters near rivers in the valley. Some linguists believe the language to be distinct and that considering it an admixture of Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada is erroneous.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite thesis |title=Sustaining A Lesser Known Language: A Case Study of the Cholanaikkan Language |last=Pradeepkumar |first=Priyanka |publisher=The English and Foreign Languages University |location=Hyderabad |date=2024 |type=PhD |hdl=10603/619820 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/619820}}

{{Dravidian languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dravidian languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Kerala]]
[[Category:Unclassified Dravidian languages]]

{{Dr-lang-stub}}

Ronaldo Laitonjam

2026-01-05T22:17:18Z

Surojit098: created new stub

{{short description|Indian track cyclist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox cyclist
| name = Ronaldo Laitonjam
| image = 2019 UCI Juniors Track World Championships 113 (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Laitonjam in 2019
| full_name = Ronaldo Laitonjam
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2002|04|22}}
| birth_place = Wangkhei,<ref>{{citation|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/manipurs-ronaldo-singh-dreams-of-olympic-glory/|title=About Ronaldo of Northeast|date=2 July 2022 }}</ref> [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], India
| height = {{convert|6|ft|1|in|cm|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|92|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
| currentteam =
| discipline = Track
| role = Rider
| ridertype = Sprinter
| amateuryears1 =
| amateurteam1 =
| proyears1 =
| proteam1 =
| majorwins =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[track cycling]]}} [[File:Cycling (track) pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry| {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Cycling Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Asian Track Cycling Championships|2022 New Delhi]]|Sprint}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2023 Asian Track Cycling Championships|2023 Nilai]]|1 km time trial}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Track Cycling Championships|2022 New Delhi]]|Team sprint}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Track Cycling Championships|2022 New Delhi]]|1 km time trial}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[UCI Junior Track Cycling World Championships|Junior World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 UCI Junior Track Cycling World Championships|2019 Frankfurt]]|Team sprint}}
| show-medals = yes
}}
'''Ronaldo Laitonjam''' is an Indian [[Track cycling|track cyclist]], who competes in sprinting events.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Selvaraj |first=Jonathan |date=2022-06-23 |title=This Ronaldo stays away from football to put India on world cycling map |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/ronaldo-singh-laitonjam-cycling-asian-track-championships-national-record/article38505312.ece |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-01-07 |title=Junior cyclist Ronaldo Singh scripts history, becomes World No 1 in all sprinting events |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/cycling/junior-cyclist-ronaldo-singh-scripts-history-becomes-world-no-1-in-all-sprinting-events/articleshow/73145015.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Abhishek |title=India's junior cyclist Ronaldo Singh creates history, grabs World No. 1 ranking in all sprints |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cycling/india-s-junior-cyclist-ronaldo-singh-creates-history-grabs-world-no-1-ranking-in-all-sprints |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Career ==
He became the first Indian to win a medal at the [[Asian Cycling Championships]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-22 |title=Cyclist Ronaldo Singh creates history, becomes first Indian to win silver in Asian c'ships |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/cyclist-ronaldo-singh-creates-history-becomes-first-indian-to-win-silver-in-asian-cships-338757-2022-06-22 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronaldo shines with Asian record and earned Gold medal. India won 10 medals on Track Asia Cup day two |url=https://cyclingfederationofindia.org/ronaldo-shines-with-asian-record-and-earned-gold-medal-india-won-10-medals-on-track-asia-cup-day-two/ |access-date=2023-03-01 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Track Championship: Cyclist Ronaldo Singh Laitonjam creates history, becomes 1st Indian to win silver medal |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-cyclist-ronaldo-singh-laitonjam-creates-history-becomes-1st-indian-to-win-silver-in-asian-track-championship-2963476 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> He has won three medals (1 silver and 2 bronze).{{fact|date=April 2023}}

He has competed at the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]] in the [[Cycling at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's sprint|sprint]], [[Cycling at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's team sprint|team sprint]] and [[Cycling at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 1 km time trial|1 km time trial]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cycling at Commonwealth Games 2022: Ronaldo Laitonjam loses in pre-quarterfinals of men's sprint event |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/commonwealth-games-2022/story/cycling-at-commonwealth-games-2022-ronaldo-laitonjam-loses-in-pre-quarterfinals-of-men-s-sprint-event-1982135-2022-07-31 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=India Today |date=31 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He also competed at the [[2021 UCI Track Cycling World Championships|2021]] and [[2022 UCI Track Cycling World Championships]]. He finished second overall in the kilometer at the [[2021 UCI Track Cycling Nations Cup]].{{fact|date=April 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Cycling in India]]

==External links==
*{{sports links}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laitonjam, Ronaldo}}

{{India-cycling-bio-stub}}

[[Category:2002 births]]
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Salsa Aher

2026-01-05T22:14:59Z

Surojit098: Put up new post.

{{short description|Indian tennis player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
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'''Salsa Aher''' is an Indian [[tennis]] player from [[Pune]], [[India]]. In 2019 she became the top-ranked junior player in India.<ref name=":0" /> She was introduced to [[tennis]] at the young age of 6 years by her father. She plays left-handed. She is currently pursuing studies at the [[University of Nevada, Las Vegas]] and is a part of the women's tennis team of [[UNLV Rebels]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://unlvrebels.com/sports/womens-tennis/roster/salsa--aher/14659 |title=Salsa Aher |website=UNLV Athletics |accessdate=5 September 2022 }}</ref>

== Career ==

Salsa, who hails from Pune and is a student of [[Symbiosis College of Art and Commerce]], started playing tennis from the age of 6 years. Her mother quit her job so she could support Salsa to train and excel in tennis. She trains at the [[Bounce Sports Academy]] in [[Pune]] under the guidance of Kedar Shah.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/kedar-sir-s-advice-and-working-with-him-has-brought-me-in-top-five-rankings-aher/story-XviMvLygXDZpERzYZsXn8I.html|title=Coach Kedar's advice and working with him has brought me in top five tennis ranking, says Pune's Aher|date=9 December 2018|newspaper=Hindustan Times|accessdate=8 October 2022}}</ref>

In 2016, she won [[Fenesta Open]] in [[Delhi]] which is regarded as the highest ranking [[All India Tennis Association]] tournament in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/pune-girl-wins-highest-ranking-aita-national-tournament-3086569/|title=Pune girl Salsa Aher wins highest ranking AITA national tournament|date=17 October 2016|publisher=}}</ref> She represented [[India]] in [[Women's Tennis Association]] (WTA) [[Future Stars]], 2017 in [[Singapore]] where she won all her round robin matches and reached the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yogems.com/yopedia/wta-future-stars-tournament-pune-girl-to-represent-india-in-singapore/|title=WTA: Pune girl to represent India in Singapore|date=26 September 2017|publisher=|access-date=8 April 2019|archive-date=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311161723/https://www.yogems.com/yopedia/wta-future-stars-tournament-pune-girl-to-represent-india-in-singapore/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/tennis/wta-future-stars-tournament-pune-girl-to-represent-india-in-singapore-4861462/|title=WTA Future Stars Tournament: Pune girl to represent India in Singapore|date=26 September 2017|publisher=}}</ref> She secured the runner-up position at [[ITF Junior]], 2017 in [[Thailand]].<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/>

She was also a part of 2nd HCL Asian B1 Junior Tennis Championship held in [[Pune]], 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/sports/others/six-indian-girls-falter-at-asian-junior-tennis-championship/articleshow/66338305.cms|title=Six indian girls falter at asian junior tennis championship|website=Pune Mirror|access-date=8 April 2019|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127142658/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/sports/others/six-indian-girls-falter-at-asian-junior-tennis-championship/articleshow/66338305.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> Salsa, also took part in [[2019 Australian Open]] and won the first round of qualifiers but was eliminated by [[Federica Rossi]] of [[Italy]] in the Qualifying Competition. Recently, in December 2018, she won the Singles [[International Tennis Federation]] (ITF) Juniors Title in [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/sports/others/salsa-aher-kasidit-samrej-win-gadre-marine-mslta-itf-junior-tennis-championships/articleshow/67000728.cms|title=Salsa Aher, Kasidit Samrej win Gadre Marine MSLTA-ITF Junior Tennis Championships|first1=Avinash|last1=Rajput|website=Pune Mirror|access-date=8 April 2019|archive-date=8 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408071646/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/sports/others/salsa-aher-kasidit-samrej-win-gadre-marine-mslta-itf-junior-tennis-championships/articleshow/67000728.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>
According to the ranking list of [[All India Tennis Association]] 29 April 2019, Salsa is currently ranked [[India]] no. 1 in U-18 Girls Category.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.aitatennis.com/sites/default/files/GU-18_28.pdf|title=Players Ranking - AITA|website=www.aitatennis.com|access-date=13 May 2019|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513114812/http://www.aitatennis.com/sites/default/files/GU-18_28.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{WTA}}
* {{ITF}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aher, Salsa}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female tennis players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Pune]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:UNLV Rebels athletes]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in the United States]]
[[Category:University of Nevada, Las Vegas alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Hanafi school

2025-12-27T06:15:54Z

Surojit098: minor add content for accuracy and improved wording

{{Short description|School of Islamic jurisprudence}}
{{redirect|Hanafi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Sunni Islam|expanded=Schools of Law}}

The '''Hanafi school'''{{efn|{{langx|ar|ٱلْمَذْهَب ٱلْحَنَفِيّ|translit=al-madhhab al-ḥanafī}}|group=lower-alpha}} or '''Hanafism''' is the largest [[Madhhab|school]] of [[Islamic jurisprudence]] out of the four principal schools within [[Sunni Islam]]. It developed from the teachings of the [[Faqīh|jurist]] and theologian [[Abu Hanifa]] ({{circa|699–767 CE}}), who systemised the use of reasoning ({{Transliteration|ar|[[Ahl al-Ra'y#Terminology|ra'y]]}}). Hanafi legal theory primarily derives law from the [[Quran]], the sayings and practices of [[Muhammad]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sunnah|sunna]]}}), scholarly consensus ({{Transliteration|ar|[[ijma]]}}) and analogical reasoning ({{Transliteration|ar|[[qiyas]]}}), but also considers juristic discretion ({{Transliteration|ar|[[istihsan]]}}) and local customs ({{Transliteration|ar|[[urf]]}}). It is distinctive in its greater usage of ''{{Transliteration|ar|qiyas}}'' than other schools.

The school spread throughout the Muslim world under the patronage of various Islamic empires, including the [[Abbasids]] and [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuks]]. The region of [[Transoxiana]] emerged as a centre of classical Hanafi scholarship between the 10th and 12th centuries, which gave rise to the [[Maturidi]] school of theology. The [[Ottoman Empire]] adopted Hanafism as its official school of law and influenced the legal thought of the school, eventually [[Codification (law)|codifying]] it as the {{Transliteration|ota|[[Mecelle]]}} in the 1870s.

Followers of the Hanafi school are called Hanafis, who are estimated to number around 800 million worldwide. As such, it accounts for approximately 45% of all Muslims and remains the largest Islamic school, being predominant in the [[Balkans]], [[Central Asia]], the [[Caucasus]], [[Turkey]], the [[Levant]], and [[South Asia]].

== History ==
The Hanafi school emerged from the legal tradition of [[Kufa]] in [[Iraq]], in which its eponym [[Abu Hanifa]] ({{Died in|150/767}}) resided.{{Sfn|Younas|2018|p=18}} Iraqi jurists were known for their use of independent reasoning (''{{Transliteration|ar|[[Ahl al-Ra'y#Terminology|ra'y]]}}'') in deriving law.{{Sfn|Bardakoğlu|1997}} Kufa, alongside [[Medina]] and [[Basra]], was a centre of legal activity at the beginning of the second Hijri century. Its prominent jurists included [[Amir al-Sha'bi]], [[Ibrahim al-Nakha'i]] and [[Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman]].{{Sfn|Hallaq|2005|pp=64-65}} The opinions of Abu Hanifa and the earlier Kufan jurists closely correspond,{{Sfn|Hanif|2018|p=90}} particularly those of al-Nakha'i.{{Sfn|Sadeghi|2013|p=128}} Abu Hanifa's legal doctrine, as conveyed to his students, was predominantly derived from his own instructors, chiefly Hammad.{{Sfn|Hallaq|2005|p=154}} Abu Hanifa attended Hammad's [[Halaqa|study circle]] for approximately 20 years and inherited it upon Hammad's death.{{Sfn|Yanagihashi|2007}}

=== Formative period ===
[[File:جامع الإمام الأعظم.jpg|thumb|The [[Abu Hanifa Mosque]] in Baghdad, which houses the tomb of Abu Hanifa]]
Abu Hanifa and his students were responsible for systemising the use of ''{{Transliteration|ar|ra'y}}'',{{Sfn|Bardakoğlu|1997}} of which Abu Hanifa was its "unrivalled master".{{Sfn|El Shamsy|2013|p=45}} According to his contemporary [[Shu'bah|Shu'ba ibn Ayyash]], Abu Hanifa was the "most systematic jurist of his time".{{Sfn|Shahawy|2019|p=21}} His legal thought was distinct for its treatment of hypothetical scenarios, which he held would help prepare for disastrous circumstances. It was also distinct for its method of analogical reasoning (''{{Transliteration|ar|qiyas}}''). Abu Hanifa would identify the normative, underlying principles of the law from the Quran, [[hadith]] and practices of [[Muhammad's companions]], and applied these to solve unprecedented legal cases.{{Sfn|ʿAbd-Allāh|1983}} ''{{Transliteration|ar|Qiyas}}'' and adherence to analogical consistency were defining characteristics of early Hanafis,{{Sfn|Shahawy|2019|p=21-23}} who employed juristic discretion ({{Transliteration|ar|istihsan}}) to depart from the results of ''{{Transliteration|ar|qiyas}}'' when deemed appropriate.{{Sfn|Shahawy|2019|p=97}} As ''{{Transliteration|ar|qiyas}}'' enabled the treatment of multiple legal cases from a single case, it facilitated the systematic compilation of legal literature.{{Sfn|ʿAbd-Allāh|1983}}

There is no record of legal treatises authored by Abu Hanifa.{{Sfn|ʿAbd-Allāh|1983}}{{Sfn|Swartz|2003}} His teachings were transmitted by his disciples [[Abu Yusuf]] ({{Died in|182/798}}) and [[Muhammad al-Shaybani]] ({{Died in|189/804}}), the last of whom was the most prolific.{{Sfn|Swartz|2003}} Later Hanafis termed the corpus of al-Shaybani as the "{{Transliteration|ar|zahir al-riwaya}}" and ascribed it an authoritative status.{{Sfn|Younas|2022|p=59}} The students of Abu Hanifa established [[Halaqa|study circles]] in [[Baghdad]], an emerging hub of cultural activity and the seat of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]].{{Sfn|Younas|2018|pp=26–28}} The school won the support of the centralising Abbasid state, which sought to unify the legal system.{{Sfn|Tsafrir|2004|p=17}} The Abbasids' preference for appointing Hanafi judges assisted in spreading the school. Abu Yusuf served as a [[qadi|judge]] in Baghdad; the Abbasid caliph [[Harun al-Rashid]] ({{Reign|786|809}}) later appointed him as the [[Great Qadi|chief judge]]. By the time of al-Shaybani's death, the school had spread to [[Egypt]] and [[Balkh]] in [[Tokharistan]].{{Sfn|Younas|2018|pp=26–28}}
[[File:Chester Beatty T 414 fol 130r Abū Ḥanīfa.jpg|left|thumb|16th-century [[Ottoman miniature]] depicting Abu Hanifa]]
''{{Transliteration|ar|Ra'y}}'' dialectics involved the interlocutors exploring a series of hypothetical legal cases to delineate the limits of legal assumptions.{{Sfn|El Shamsy|2013|pp=24-25}} In practice, it led Hanafis to favour widely accepted hadith, particularly those which enshrined general principles that were applicable to other cases.{{Sfn|El Shamsy|2013|p=27}} When the widespread collection of hadith led to the circulation of reports that contradicted Hanafi positions, the Hanafis prioritised those that were acted upon by the Iraqi legal tradition.{{Sfn|El Shamsy|2013|pp=52-53}} Reports supported by Iraqi juristic practice were deemed more authoritative than those which were not.{{Sfn|Hanif|2018|p=107}} Abu Yusuf and al-Shaybani separately authored works named ''Kitab al-Athar'' ({{Literal translation|Book of Traditions}})'','' which sought to ground Hanafi teachings in the precedent of the early Kufan jurists and the Kufan companions of [[Muhammad]], notably [[Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud]] and [[Ali]].{{Sfn|El Shamsy|2013|pp=47–48}} Abu Hanifa himself is known to have used hadith; in Abu Yusuf's ''[[Ikhtilaf Abi Hanifa wa Ibn Abi Layla|Ikhtilaf Abi Ḥanifa wa-Ibn Abi Layla]]'', which lists cases where Abu Hanifa differed with his contemporary [[Ibn Abi Layla]], Abu Hanifa is quoted as citing a hadith in around 10% of the cases presented, but cites narrations attributed to Muhammad's companions more often.{{Sfn|Yanagihashi|2007}}

In contemporary external sources, members of the nascent school were described as the ''{{Transliteration|ar|ashab Abi Hanifa}}'' ("companions of Abu Hanifa") and the ''{{Transliteration|ar|ashab al-ra'y}}'' ("companions of ''{{Transliteration|ar|ra'y}}''").{{Sfn|Younas|2018|pp=48–51}} Early Hanafi doctrine was attacked by the [[Ahl al-hadith|traditionists]],{{Efn|Also referred to as the ''aṣḥāb al-ḥadīth'' or ''ahl al-hadith''.|group=lower-alpha}} who accused Hanafis of preferring their ''{{Transliteration|ar|ra'y}}'' to hadith.{{Sfn|Sadeghi|2013|pp=130–131}} The traditionists primarily found objectionable the Hanafi practice of sometimes favouring ''{{Transliteration|ar|qiyas}}'' over hadith that were not widely transmitted (''{{Transliteration|ar|ahad}}'').{{Sfn|ʿAbd-Allāh|1983}} The identification of Hanafis with the {{Transliteration|ar|ashab al-ra'y}} in contradistinction to the traditionist ''{{Transliteration|ar|ashab al-hadith}}'' strengthened during the resurgence of the latter following the [[Mihna]].{{Sfn|Younas|2018|p=64}} [[Al-Shafi'i]] ({{born in|150/767}}), too, critiqued the Hanafis' treatment of hadith and their claim that their positions reflected those of the Kufan companions of Muhammad.{{Sfn|El Shamsy|2013|p=47-49}} He further argued that ''{{Transliteration|ar|istihsan}}'' was subjective, which later led to classical Hanafi legal theorists articulating it as being completely dependent on the primary sources of law.{{Sfn|Shahawy|2019|p=250}}

=== Classical period ===
During the 9th century, the Hanafi school transitioned from a "personal school" centered around individual jurists and their study circles to a distinct legal community with a collectively recognised doctrine and authoritative figures.{{Sfn|Younas|2018|p=31}} By the end of the century, the school resembled a professional body with a doctrine that was systematically transmitted from teachers to students, maturing into its classical form.{{Sfn|Younas|2018|pp=131–133}} Hanafis began to write commentaries on earlier works; until the 12th century, these were mostly on the works of al-Shaybani.{{Sfn|Melchert|1997|p=60}} [[Al-Quduri]] ({{Died in|428/1036–37}})'s legal primer {{Transliteration|ar|[[Mukhtasar al-Quduri]]}} was the classical school's first work of the {{Transliteration|ar|[[mukhtasar]]}} genre and the most authoritative after that of al-Shaybani.{{Sfn|Hanif|2017|p=144}}

Criticism from the traditionists led to the Hanafis grounding their positions in hadith over the 9th century.{{Sfn|Melchert|1997|p=48}} Some Hanafis moved towards using the traditionists' method of [[Hadith sciences|hadith criticism]] to justify the school's positions, such as the Egyptian jurist [[al-Tahawi]] ({{Died in|321/933}}).{{Sfn|Melchert|2001|pp=397–398}} Nonetheless, the classical legal theorists focused on formulating a Hanafi approach to hadith criticism that emphasised a hadith's acceptance by early jurists, with [[Biographical evaluation|transmitter analysis]] taking a secondary role.{{Sfn|Hanif|2017|p=49–52}}[[File:Kanz al-daḳāʼik = Treasury of intricacies - DPLA - da273d1d1ba56cc98f89f5a8af6f9f80 (page 355).jpg|thumb|Manuscript of ''{{Transliteration|ar|Kanz al-Daqa'iq}}'', a legal work by Transoxianan jurist [[Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi]] ({{Died in|710/1310}})]]During the 9th century, the Hanafi school also emerged as the prevailing school in [[Transoxiana]] and Tokharistan.{{Sfn|Younas|2018|p=28}} The school was introduced to Transoxiana by the students of Abu Hanifa and al-Shaybani, but became prevalent under the [[Samanids]], during whose rule Hanafi scholars received official favour.{{Sfn|Madelung|1982|p=39}} The Transoxianan Hanafi tradition was highly influential in defining the doctrine of the later school.{{Sfn|Hanif|2017|p=8}} Works authored by Transoxianan jurists and accorded a high status in later Hanafi tradition include:
* The jurisprudential work of [[al-Sarakhsi]] ({{Died in|483/1090}}), known as {{Transliteration|ar|Usul al-Sarakhsi}},{{Sfn|Hanif|2020|p=231}} as well as his legal commentary {{Transliteration|ar|al-Mabsut}}.{{Sfn|Hanif|2020|p=235}}
* The {{Transliteration|ar|[[Al-Hidaya|Hidaya]]}} of [[Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani]] ({{Died in|593/1197}}), which is considered the most authoritative representation of the early classical school.{{Sfn|Hanif|2017|pp=1–2}}
* {{Transliteration|ar|[[Bada'i' al-Sana'i']]}}, a large legal commentary by [[Al-Kasani|Ala al-Din al-Kasani]] ({{Died in|587/1191}}).{{Sfn|Hanif|2021}}
The intellectual descendants of al-Sarakhsi and his teacher, Abd al-Aziz ibn Ahmad al-Halwani ({{Died in|448/1056-57}}), eventually became the primary branch of the Transoxianan tradition. For 300 years after al-Sarakhsi, the Halwani-Sarakhsi branch constituted almost all of the major jurists engaged in rule-formulation{{Efn|Younas cites Talal al-Azem's definition of rule-formulation: the "granting
of preponderance to some opinions [within the school] over others."{{Sfn|Younas|2022|p=59}}|group=lower-alpha}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|tarjih}}'') within the school, and dominated the process. The process contributed to the stabilisation of the school's laws.{{Sfn|Younas|2022|p=88}} The branch also popularised the doctrine of the ''{{Transliteration|ar|zahir al-riwaya}}'': that the opinions transmitted from the school's founders command the highest level of authority within the school.{{Sfn|Younas|2022|p=121}}

In the 10th century, the Hanafi theologian [[Abu Mansur al-Maturidi]] ({{Died in|333/944}}) developed a ''{{Transliteration|ar|[[kalam]]}}'' tradition that crystallised into the [[Maturidi]] school of theology,{{Sfn|Harvey|2021|pp=4–5}} which had descended directly from the theological views of the earliest Hanafis.{{Sfn|Harvey|2021|pp=30–31}} Due to philosophical differences, the Transoxianan Maturidis disagreed with the [[Mu'tazilite]] strain of Iraqi Hanafis on several technical points of legal theory, but saw limited success in expunging the Mu'tazilite influence.{{Sfn|Zysow|2002|p=264}}

The [[Oghuz Turks]] who founded the [[Seljuk Empire]] became attached to the Transoxianan Hanafi tradition. The Seljuks favoured these eastern Hanafis and appointed them to various official positions in their new territories, encouraging their migration out of Central Asia.{{Sfn|Madelung|2002|p=43}} During the Seljuk expansion of the 11th and 12th centuries, the Hanafi and Maturidi schools spread westward into Syria, [[Anatolia]] and western Persia.{{Sfn|Swartz|2003}} In Syria and Iraq, the Central Asian scholars brought with them an increased emphasis on the ''{{Transliteration|ar|zahir al-riwaya}}''.{{Sfn|Younas|2022|p=97}} Hanafi migration out of Central Asia accelerated during the [[Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire|Mongol invasions]], which ravaged the region.{{Sfn|Madelung|2002|p=43}}

=== Mamluk period ===
During the 13th and 14th centuries, the [[Mamluk Sultanate]] saw an influx of Hanafi scholars from Anatolia and Central Asia. Discussions of [[Islamic logic]] and ''{{Transliteration|ar|kalam}}'' in the Mamluk jurisprudential literature reflect the influence of Central Asian scholars.{{Sfn|Başoğlu|2023|pp=72–73}}

Criticism of the Hanafi approach to hadith prompted Mamluk Hanafi scholars to treat the subject in more detail.{{Sfn|Başoğlu|2023|pp=72–73}} In his legal commentary ''{{Transliteration|ar|Fath al-Qadir}}'', the Mamluk jurist [[Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam|Ibn al-Humam]] ({{Died in|861/1457}}) engages with the traditionists' approach to hadith criticism,{{Sfn|Hanif|2020|p=232}} and attempts to navigate the associated legal consequences.{{Sfn|Hanif|2020|p=281}} His approach to hadith influenced later Egyptian and Syrian Hanafi scholars.{{Sfn|Hanif|2020|p=235}} This "Egyptian school" of Hanafi hadith criticism referenced hadith from the [[hadith collections]] instead of Hanafi legal works, and employed the traditionists' terminology to assess their authenticity.{{Sfn|Hanif|2020|p=278}}

Mamluk jurists faced difficulties in interpreting the plurality of legal opinions that had accrued in the school. In his work ''{{Transliteration|ar|al-Tashih wa al-Tarjih}}'', the Mamluk jurist {{Interlanguage link|Ibn Qutlubugha|ar|ابن قطلوبغا|WD=}} ({{Died in|879/1474}}) developed and detailed the process of rule-determination,{{Efn|The combined process of ''tarjih'' (rule formulation; i.e. given multiple legal opinions in the school, "deciding which one he believes should be deemed the doctrinal rule of the school") and ''tashih'' (the review and confirmation of said rules; "confirmation or emendation by post-formulation scholars").{{Sfn|Al-Azem|2017|pp=8–9}}}} clarifying the role of precedent and enabling other jurists to engage in the process themselves, and thus determine the applicable legal ruling for a given case. It marked a shift in the material consulted by muftis from the primary literature of the school to its secondary literature, comprising legal commentaries and compendia which contained rulings.{{Sfn|Al-Azem|2017|pp=220–222}}

=== Ottoman era ===
[[File:Multaqa al abhur.jpg|thumb|17th-century manuscript of Ibrahim al-Halabi's {{Transliteration|ar|Multaqa al-Abhur}}]]
The [[Ottoman Empire]] adopted the Hanafi school as their official legal school.{{Sfn|Hallaq|2009|p=80}} The Ottomans established an extensive network of [[madrasas]] to train jurists, with the most prestigious located in the capital [[Constantinople]].{{Sfn|Hallaq|2009|p=55}} By the 16th century, the [[Seyhülislam|''Şeyḫülislâm'']] emerged as the chief imperial religious and judicial authority.{{Sfn|Burak|2015|p=39}} The ''Şeyḫülislâm'' was appointed by the sultan and presided over the imperial canon,{{Sfn|Burak|2015|p=133}} a collection of legal texts that the [[Ilmiye|imperial religious hierarchy]] was required to consult.{{Sfn|Burak|2015|p=134}} Many jurists from Arab provinces of the empire were critical of the imperial canon, partly because of its inclusion of later works which they judged as contradicting the preferred opinions ({{Transliteration|ar|tarjih}}) of the school.{{Sfn|Burak|2015|pp=157–158}} The sultans influenced the formation of the imperial religious hierarchy by appointing [[muftis]] directly and through the ''Şeyḫülislâm'', delineating the range of legal opinions in the Ottoman Hanafi tradition.{{Sfn|Burak|2015|pp=62–63}} Members of the imperial religious hierarchy were described as "{{Transliteration|ar|[[Al-Rumi|Rumis]]}}".{{Sfn|Burak|2015|p=134}}{{Sfn|Burak|2015|p=65}} Intellectual genealogies ({{Transliteration|ar|[[tabaqat]]}}) authored by the imperial religious hierarchy aimed to demarcate the institution, situate themselves and their endorsed works in the broader Hanafi tradition and construct an unbroken intellectual chain to Abu Hanifa.{{Sfn|Burak|2015|pp=66–67; 12}}

Hanafi law co-existed with the {{Transliteration|ar|[[Qanun (law)|qanun]]}} (dynastic law), decrees and edicts promulgated by the [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|sultans]]. The {{Transliteration|ar|qanun}} often reaffirmed religious laws; in other cases, it authorised actions that the jurists opposed, such as torture.{{Sfn|Hallaq|2009|p=78}} The ''Şeyḫülislâm'' would sometimes request sultanic edicts to require the imperial religious hierarchy to enforce particular rulings of the school.{{Sfn|Burak|2015|p=12}} The ''Maʿrūḍāt'' of the ''Şeyḫülislâm'' [[Ebussuud Efendi]] ({{Died in|982/1574}}), a collection of ''fatwas'' endorsed by [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman I]], contained sultanic edicts and was frequently referenced in later Hanafi works which considered its opinions binding.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2019|p=66}} Late Hanafis believed that judges could act as deputies of the sultan who could thus regulate, ''inter alia'', the legal opinions judges could reference, such as in the case of inter-school disputes.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2019|pp=92–93}} In the 17th and 18th centuries, Hanafi jurists began to incorporate sultanic edicts into authoritative legal works.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2019|pp=92–93}}[[File:Mecelle-yi ahkâm-i adliye - 1305.pdf|thumb|page=171|A page from the [[Ottoman Turkish]] edition of the {{Transliteration|ota|Mecelle}}]]

[[Ibrahim al-Halabi]] ({{Died in|1549}})'s legal manual {{Transliteration|ar|Multaqa al-Abhur}} was among the most popular in the empire and was the subject of over 70 commentaries.{{Sfn|Burak|2015|p=122}} By the 19th century, it had become the standard legal textbook.{{Sfn|Has|1988|p=397}} Other popular Ottoman manuals were the {{Transliteration|ar|Durar al-Hukkam}} of [[Molla Hüsrev]] ({{Died in|885/1479–80}}) and ''[[al-Durr al-Mukhtar]]'' of Haskafi.{{Sfn|Özel|1997}} The {{Transliteration|ar|[[Radd al-Muhtar]]}} of the late Arab Ottoman jurist [[Ibn Abidin]] ({{Died in|1252/1836}}) is considered an authoritative and representative work of the late Hanafi tradition.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2019|pp=95–96}} It lists most opinions within the school and their level of authoritativeness, incorporating most primary Hanafi sources produced until its writing.{{Sfn|Özel|1997}} It employs legal devices such as necessity (''{{Transliteration|ar|darura}}'') to depart from the canonical {{Transliteration|ar|zahir al-riwaya}} where necessary to ensure the continued relevancy of the school, and references sultanic edicts to revise the school's opinions.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2019|p=96}}

Between 1869 and 1877, the Ottomans promulgated the {{Transliteration|ota|[[Mecelle]]}}, a [[Codification (law)|codification]] of Hanafi jurisprudence.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2019|p=131}} The {{Transliteration|ota|Mecelle}} was drafted by a committee led by the jurist [[Ahmed Cevdet Pasha]],{{Sfn|Ayoub|2019|p=131}} who had successfully argued against the implementation of the [[Napoleonic Code]].{{Sfn|Hallaq|2009b|p=411}} It drew from the Hanafi literature on legal maxims ({{Transliteration|ota|qawa'id fiqhiyya}}) and to a great degree favoured the opinions of the late Hanafi tradition.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2019|p=150}} Many of its articles were fully or partially derived from al-Halabi's {{Transliteration|ar|Multaqa al-Abhur}}.{{Sfn|Has|1988|p=410}} However, the {{Transliteration|ota|Mecelle}} also marked the state's assumption of control over jurisprudence, which had previously been the purview of the decentralized juristic community.{{Sfn|Hallaq|2009b|p=412}}

=== Indian subcontinent ===
[[File:Manuscript copy of al-Fatawa al-'Alamgiriyyah.jpg|thumb|[[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]]' manuscript of the ''{{Transliteration|ar|al-Fatawa l-ʿAlamgiriyya}}'']]
The Hanafi school spread to India from Transoxiana and eastern Persia.{{Sfn|Swartz|2003}} To consolidate control over his realm, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Awrangzib]] ({{Reign|1658|1707}}) ordered the compilation of Hanafi {{Transliteration|ar|[[fatwa]]s}}. Completed between 1664 and 1672, the resulting {{Transliteration|ar|[[Fatawa 'Alamgiri|al-Fatawa l-ʿAlamgiriyya]]}} selected legal opinions from earlier Hanafi legal works and is modelled after the {{Transliteration|ar|Hidaya}} of al-Marghinani.{{Sfn|Khalfaoui|2012}}

During the [[colonization of India]], the [[East India Company]] sought to create a "complete digest of Hindu and Mussulman law" to eliminate legal pluralism. The resulting [[Anglo-Muhammadan law]] was based in part on a translation of al-Marghinani's {{Transliteration|ar|Hidaya}}, which was chosen for its brevity and its belonging to the Hanafi school, which most Indian Muslims followed. Consequently, the {{Transliteration|ar|Hidaya}} was effectively codified and severed from the Hanafi commentarial tradition under which it was traditionally interpreted.{{Sfn|Hallaq|2009b|pp=373–375}}

In the 19th century, the [[Barelvi movement|Barelvi]] and [[Deobandi movement|Deobandi]] movements emerged in India.{{Sfn|Dudgeon|2022|p=78}} Their [[Deobandi fiqh|legal views]] included strict adherence ({{Transliteration|ar|[[taqlid]]}}) to a legal school in contradistinction to the [[Ahl-i Hadith]] movement,{{Sfn|Usha|2011}} and emphasised the importance of hadith.{{Sfn|Zaman|2015}} The Deobandi acceptance of Ibn al-Humam's approach to hadith criticism culminated in the {{Transliteration|ar|[[I'la al-Sunan]]}} of Deobandi scholar [[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]] ({{Died in|1974}}),{{Sfn|Dudgeon|2022|p=78}} a work that attempts to justify Hanafi positions using hadith.{{Sfn|Zaman|2015}}

== Demographics ==
[[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|500x500px|Global distribution of the Islamic schools of law]]
Today, the Hanafi school is the largest Islamic school of law, numbering more than 800 million and constituting around 45% of all Muslims.{{Sfn|Esposito|2017}} It is the predominant school in the former Ottoman territories, including [[Albania]], [[Azerbaijan]],{{Sfn|Nielsen|Akgönül|Alibašić|Goddard|2011|p=47}} [[Bosnia]], [[Turkey]], and much of the [[Levant]].{{Sfn|Ziadeh|2022}} It is also predominant amongst [[Pomaks]] in parts of [[Bulgaria]] and [[Crimea]] amongst [[Crimean Tatars]].{{Sfn|Er|Furat|2012}} The [[South Asia|South Asian]] Muslim populations in [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[India]] and, in [[Myanmar]] (amongst [[Rohingya Muslims]]), adheres to the Hanafi school.{{Sfn|Dudgeon|2022|p=78}} [[Egypt]] is a mix of the Hanafi, Maliki and Shafi’i schools.{{Sfn|Sonbol|2020}}

The [[Eurasia|Eurasian]] regions of [[Caucasus]] specifically Western: ([[Adygea]], [[Kabardino-Balkaria]], [[Karachay-Cherkessia]]) and also in Eastern ([[Dagestan]] amongst [[Nogais]]) are also mainly Hanafi.{{Sfn|Coene|2009}} The [[Russia]]<nowiki/>n Muslim minority in [[Tatarstan]] amongst [[Volga Tatars]], [[Bashkortostan]] amongst [[Bashkirs]] are Hanafis.{{Sfn|Pilkington|Yemelianova|2003}} [[Northern Cyprus|Northern Cypriot]] Muslims predominantly follow the Hanafi school.{{Sfn|Rüstem|Duffy|Connell|1987|p=115}} [[Central Asia|Central Asian]] countries such as [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Tajikistan]], practice Hanafi jurisprudence; so do the Muslim [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] minority in [[Xinjiang]], [[China]], and the Muslim Baloch minority in southeastern [[Iran]].{{Sfn|Gorder|2008|p=74}}{{Sfn|Roberts|2022|p=7}} Missionary activates of the [[Tablighi Jamaat]] have promoted the Hanafi school throughout Africa, especially in Somalia,{{Sfn|Abdurahman|2017|p=136}} and South Africa.{{Sfn|Khalili|2016|p=11}} It is one of two dominant schools of thought practiced among [[Islam in the United States|Muslims in the United States]], the other one being Shafi'i.{{Sfn|Hammond|2021}}

The Ottoman ''Mecelle'' was repealed by most post-Ottoman states over the first half of the 20th century. Parts remained in force in [[Jordan]] and [[Israel]] until the 1970s.{{Sfn|Aydın|2003}} Where it is dominant, the Hanafi school is followed in religious observance and, in some regions, continues to govern Muslim [[family law]].{{Sfn|Ziadeh|2022}}

== Legal theory ==
The legal theory ({{Transliteration|ar|[[usul al-fiqh]]}}) of the Hanafi school recognises the following sources of law, listed in order of epistemic authority: the Quran, the practices and sayings of [[Muhammad]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sunnah|sunna]]}}) as documented in the [[hadith]], consensus of opinion ({{Transliteration|ar|[[ijma]]}})'', {{Transliteration|ar|qiyas}}'', ''{{Transliteration|ar|istihsan}}'' and local customs (''{{Transliteration|ar|[[urf]]}}'').{{Sfn|Dudgeon|2022|p=68}} Texts with equal epistemic authority may modify each other; if they are of differing levels, the text with the weaker epistemic authority is rejected in favour of the stronger one.{{Sfn|Hanif|2017|p=50}}

=== Quran ===
The Quran is the primary source of Hanafi law. In Hanafi legal theory, it is considered acceptable to adduce non-canonical [[Qira'at|Quranic readings]] related by the [[companions of Muhammad]] as legal evidence, but they are not treated as part of the Quranic text.{{Sfn|Bardakoğlu|1997}} For example, classical Hanafi jurists are known to have cited the [[Uthmanic codex|non-Uthmanic]] reading of [[Ibn Mas'ud]] but treated it akin to an exegetical gloss.{{Sfn|Harvey|2017|p=89}}

=== Hadith ===
The Hanafis categorise hadith as mass-transmitted (''{{Transliteration|ar|mutawatir}}''), famous (''{{Transliteration|ar|mashhur}}'') or solitary (''{{Transliteration|ar|ahad}}'') depending on the nature of their chain of transmission (''{{Transliteration|ar|[[isnad]]}}''):{{Sfn|Hanif|2018|pp=90–91}}
* A ''{{Transliteration|ar|mutawatir}}'' hadith is transmitted by such a large number of people on each level of its ''{{Transliteration|ar|isnad}}'' that it is impossible for it to have been forged.{{Sfn|Hanif|2018|pp=93-94}} It imparts epistemically certain knowledge about the ''{{Transliteration|ar|sunna}}''.{{Sfn|Bardakoğlu|1997}}
* A ''{{Transliteration|ar|mashhur}}'' hadith is transmitted by a limited number of people at the first level of its ''{{Transliteration|ar|isnad}}'' but was widely acted upon by jurists, beginning with their first generations.{{Sfn|Hanif|2018|pp=94–95}} It imparts epistemically near-certain knowledge about the ''{{Transliteration|ar|sunna}}''.{{Sfn|Bardakoğlu|1997}}
* An ''{{Transliteration|ar|ahad}}'' hadith, also known as a "singular report" (''{{Transliteration|ar|khabar al-wahid}}''), is one which is neither ''{{Transliteration|ar|mutawatir}}'' nor ''{{Transliteration|ar|mashhur}}''.{{Sfn|Hanif|2020|p=241}}
Only ''{{Transliteration|ar|mutawatir}}'' and ''{{Transliteration|ar|mashhur}}'' hadith may [[Naskh (tafsir)|abrogate]] a Quranic verse, whether by replacing, qualifying or restricting its understanding.{{Sfn|Hanif|2018|p=93}} An ''{{Transliteration|ar|ahad}}'' hadith cannot be adduced in legal discussions of "great importance" as Hanafis assume that God would have ensured the reliable transmission of critical religious knowledge; nor can it be used if its early transmitters did not act upon it, as Hanafis assume that their inaction indicates that it is not part of the ''{{Transliteration|ar|sunna}}''.{{Sfn|Brown|2009|p=154}}

=== {{Transliteration|ar|Ijma}} ===
{{Transliteration|ar|Ijma}} refers to the consensus of opinion. {{Transliteration|ar|Ijma}} may be explicit, with all ''[[mujtahid]]s'' agreeing verbally or through actions, or tacit, where some express an opinion while others remain silent. In the Hanafi view, tacit {{Transliteration|ar|ijma}} can only establish a concession ({{Transliteration|ar|rukhsah}}) rather than a strict rule ({{Transliteration|ar|azimah}}).{{Sfn|Kamali|2003|pp=248–249}} The Hanafis believe that the companions of Muhammad reached {{Transliteration|ar|ijma}} on some matters, and some Hanafis regard agreement between [[Abu Bakr]] and [[Umar]], the first two [[Rashidun caliphs]], as being ''{{Transliteration|ar|ijma}}''.{{Sfn|Bardakoğlu|1997}}

=== ''{{Transliteration|ar|Qiyas}}'' ===
''{{Transliteration|ar|Qiyas}}'', also referred to analogical reasoning, involves extending a ruling on an original case (''{{Transliteration|ar|asl}}'') to a subsidiary case (''{{`}}far'') where both cases share an effective cause (''{{`}}illah'')''.''{{Sfn|Kamali|2003|p=267}} For example, because of the prohibition of [[Riba|usury]], it is forbidden to exchange wheat and other commodities for each other unless the transaction is immediate and the amount of both goods are equal. Hanafis extend this prohibition to apples through ''{{Transliteration|ar|qiyas}}'', as they identify the underlying ''{{`}}illah'' as the exchange of a measurable commodity, and apples are measurable.{{Sfn|Kamali|2003|p=284}}

Compared to the other Sunni and [[Shia]] schools of law, Hanafis use ''{{Transliteration|ar|qiyas}}'' more extensively and grant it greater authority.{{Sfn|ʿAbd-Allāh|1983}} However, it is deemed a last resort only to be used when no ruling can be derived from the Quran, ''{{Transliteration|ar|sunna}}'' and {{Transliteration|ar|ijma}}.{{Sfn|Hanif|2017|p=59}} Hanafis view ''{{Transliteration|ar|qiyas}}'' as a means of revealing pre-existing implicit rulings within the law rather than as a source of new rulings.{{Sfn|Bardakoğlu|1997}} Because the law is viewed as coherent and internally consistent, a valid ''{{Transliteration|ar|qiyas}}'' must accord with the internal rationality of the law.{{Sfn|Hanif|2017|p=60}}

If a ruling derived from ''{{Transliteration|ar|qiyas}}'' conflicts with that from an ''ahad'' hadith, the Hanafis disagree on which takes precedence. One group argues that the ''{{Transliteration|ar|ahad}}'' hadith always takes precedence, while a second group, led by [[Isa ibn Aban]] ({{Died in|221/836}}), opine that it only takes precedence if transmitted by a companion of Muhammad known to be a jurist.{{Sfn|Bardakoğlu|1997}} In general, the early classical school always followed hadith transmitted by jurist-companions regardless of its correspondence with ''{{Transliteration|ar|qiyas}}'', but followed hadith transmitted by non-jurist companions only if it corresponded with a possible ''{{Transliteration|ar|qiyas}}'', and thus accorded with the internal rationale of the law.{{Sfn|Hanif|2020|p=237}}{{Efn|Narrators in the first category include [[Ibn Mas'ud]], [[Ibn Abbas]], [[Aisha]] and [[Ibn Umar]]. Narrators in the second category include [[Abu Hurayra]] and [[Anas ibn Malik]].{{Sfn|Hanif|2020|p=237}}}} By the Ottoman period, however, the distinction had become less popular and non-jurist companions were largely treated the same as jurist companions.{{Sfn|Hanif|2020|p=242}}

The Hanafis require the original case to not directly state the ''{{`}}illah''. The ''{{`}}illah'' must be deduced by other means''.''{{Sfn|Kamali|2003|p=267}}{{Sfn|Hanif|2017|p=63}} If the ''{{`}}illah'' is stated, then the ruling is applied to other cases via the "indication of the text" (''dalalat al-nass''), not ''{{Transliteration|ar|qiyas}}''.{{Sfn|Hanif|2017|p=63}} {{Transliteration|ar|Dalalat al-nass}} is an exercise in linguistic interpretation rather than analogical reasoning.{{Sfn|Kamali|2003|p=285}}{{Sfn|Hanif|2017|p=48}}

=== ''{{Transliteration|ar|Istihsan}}'' ===
''{{Transliteration|ar|Istihsan}}'' refers to juristic discretion. The Hanafi jurist [[al-Sarakhsi]] ({{Died in|483/1090}}) describes it as a means through which a jurist can depart from a ruling derived through ''{{Transliteration|ar|qiyas}}'' to ameliorate hardship, where the new ruling is typically supported by a superior proof, such as the Quran, ''{{Transliteration|ar|sunna}}'', necessity (''{{Transliteration|ar|darurah}}'') or an alternative ''{{Transliteration|ar|qiyas}}''.{{Sfn|Kamali|2003|pp=325–327}} For example, by way of necessity, the Hanafi jurists allow a son to buy food or medicine for his ill father from the father's property without his prior permission.{{Sfn|Kamali|2003|p=338}} Hanafi ''{{Transliteration|ar|istihsan}}'' based on necessity is, however, less broad than [[Maliki school|Maliki]] ''{{Transliteration|ar|istihsan}}'' based on public welfare (''{{Transliteration|ar|[[maslaha]]}}'').{{Sfn|ʿAbd-Allāh|1983}}

''{{Transliteration|ar|Istihsan}}'' emerged out of concerns among Hanafis that unrestrained ''{{Transliteration|ar|qiyas}}'' could lead to results that were absurd or contradicted the ''{{Transliteration|ar|sunna}}''.{{Sfn|Shahawy|2019|pp=56–57}} The earliest Hanafis, including Abu Hanifa and al-Shaybani, more frequently used ''{{Transliteration|ar|istihsan}}'' justified by subjective and pragmatic reasoning rather than on evidential grounds.{{Sfn|Shahawy|2019|p=97}} Their use of ''{{Transliteration|ar|istihsan}}'' sought to change the scope or outcome of a ruling due to its potential effects. More often than not, they deployed ''{{Transliteration|ar|istihsan}}'' in a way that cannot be considered as ameliorating hardship, such as establishing the liability of a group of thieves involved in theft even if only one of them carried the stolen goods.{{Sfn|Shahawy|2019|pp=99–104}} Subjective ''{{Transliteration|ar|istihsan}}'' declined due to attacks from [[al-Shafi'i]], and Hanafi legal theorists would systemise it into the form eventually espoused by al-Sarakhsi,{{Sfn|Shahawy|2019|p=250}} attempting to incorporate elements of subjectivity into the definition of necessity.{{Sfn|Shahawy|2019|p=299}}

=== ''{{Transliteration|ar|Urf}}'' ===
''{{Transliteration|ar|Urf}}'' refers to customary practices. The Hanafis consider it as an ancillary source of law that is subordinate to the primary sources of law.{{Sfn|Bardakoğlu|1997}} ''{{Transliteration|ar|Urf}}'' is divided into two types: general ({{Transliteration|ar|al-urf al-amm}}) and special ({{Transliteration|ar|al-urf al-khass}}). A general ''{{Transliteration|ar|urf}}'' refers to a customary practice that is widely accepted among a people regardless of the time period. As part of ''{{Transliteration|ar|istihsan}}'', the Hanafis permit favouring general ''{{Transliteration|ar|urf}}'' over a ruling derived through ''{{Transliteration|ar|qiyas}}''. A special ''{{Transliteration|ar|urf}}'' is more local and is upheld by a particular location or profession. Most Hanafis agree that special ''{{Transliteration|ar|urf}}'' cannot qualify the general meaning of a textual evidence (''{{Transliteration|ar|nass}}''), and that a ruling derived from ''{{Transliteration|ar|qiyas}}'' takes precedence over special ''{{Transliteration|ar|urf}}'', although there is some disagreement on this.{{Sfn|Kamali|2003|p=377}} Turkish academic [[Ali Bardakoğlu]] suggests that the emphasis given to ''{{Transliteration|ar|urf}}'' in Hanafi legal theory can partly explain the spread of the school among disparate non-Arab groups.{{Sfn|Bardakoğlu|1997}}

== List of Hanafite scholars ==
{{further|List of Hanafis}}

== References ==

=== Notes ===
<references group="lower-alpha" />

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|20em}}

== Bibliography ==
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* {{Cite thesis |last=Younas |first=Salman |title=The Ḥanafī school: a study of its social and legal dimensions, 189/805-340/952 |date=2018 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Oxford |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f4d1e057-923f-4c10-957d-cea76a318347}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sadeghi |first=Behnam |author-link=Behnam Sadeghi |title=The Logic of Law Making in Islam: Women and Prayer in the Legal Tradition |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780511920509}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tsafrir |first=Nurit |title=The History of an Islamic School of Law: The Early Spread of Hanafism |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0674014561}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Ayoub |first=Samy A. |title=Law, Empire, and the Sultan: Ottoman Imperial Authority and Late Hanafi Jurisprudence |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780190092924}}
* {{Cite book |last=Burak |first=Guy |title=The Second Formation of Islamic Law: The Hanafi School in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781316106341}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |title=HANEFÎ MEZHEBİ |encyclopedia=[[İslâm Ansiklopedisi|TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi]] |publisher=TDV İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hanefi-mezhebi |last=Bardakoğlu |first=Ali |author-link=Ali Bardakoğlu |publication-date=1997}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1997 |title=HANEFÎ MEZHEBİ - LİTERATÜR |encyclopedia=[[TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi]] |publisher=TDV İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hanefi-mezhebi#2-literatur |last=Özel |first=Ahmet}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1994 |title=EBÛ HANÎFE |encyclopedia=[[TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi]] |publisher=TDV İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ebu-hanife |last=Uzunpostalcı |first=Mustafa}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Hallaq |first=Wael B. |author-link=Wael Hallaq |title=The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-80332-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hallaq |first=Wael B. |author-link=Wael Hallaq |title=An Introduction to Islamic Law |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Dudgeon |first=Hamza |title=Routledge Handbook of Islamic Ritual and Practice |publisher=Routledge |year=2022 |isbn=9780367491246 |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |pages=65–89 |chapter=The Hanafis}}
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* {{Cite conference |last=Hanif |first=Sohail |date=2020 |title=Hadith and Fiqh in the Ottoman Period Between Egyptian and Rumelian Ḥanafīs, 9th–11th Centuries A.H. |url=https://sohailhanif.co.uk/hadith-and-fiqh-in-the-ottoman-period/ |conference=Osmanlı'da İlm-i Hadis, Istanbul |pages=229–285}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Harvey |first=Ramon |year=2017 |title=The Legal Epistemology of Qur'anic Variants: The Readings of Ibn Masʿūd in Kufan "fiqh" and the Ḥanafī "madhhab" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45211304 |journal=[[Journal of Qur'anic Studies]] |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=72–101 |doi=10.3366/jqs.2017.0268 |jstor=45211304 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Jonathan A.C. |author-link=Jonathan A. C. Brown |title=Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications|OneWorld Publications]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-85168-663-6 |location=Oxford}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kamali |first=Mohammad Hashim |author-link=Mohammad Hashim Kamali |title=Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence |publisher=Islamic Texts Society |year=2003 |isbn=9780946621828 |location=Cambridge |publication-date=2003}}
* {{Encyclopædia Iranica|volume=11|fascicle=6|article=HANAFITE MAḎHAB|first=Merlin|last=Swartz|author-link=Merlin Swartz|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hanafite-madhab/|pages=651–653}}
* {{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Ramon |title=Transcendent God, Rational World: A Maturidi Theology |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781474451642}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Younas |first=Salman |year=2022 |title=Authority in the Classical Ḥanafī School: the Emergence & Evolution of Ẓāhir al-Riwāya |journal=Islamic Law and Society |volume=29 |issue=1–2 |pages=58–122 |doi=10.1163/15685195-bja10010}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2021 |title=al-Kāsānī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam|Encyclopaedia of Islam Three]] |publisher=Brill |last=Hanif |first=Sohail}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Madelung |first=Wilferd |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |year=2002 |title=The Westward Migration of Hanafī Scholars from Central Asia in the 11th to 13th Centuries |journal=Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi |volume=43 |issue=2}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Madelung |first=Wilferd |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |year=1982 |title=The early Murji'a in Khurāsān and Transoxania and the spread of Ḥanafism |journal=Der Islam |volume=59 |issue=1 |doi=10.1515/islm.1982.59.1.32}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=al-Fatāwā l-ʿĀlamgīriyya |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam|Encyclopaedia of Islam Three]] |publisher=Brill |last=Khalfaoui |first=Mouez |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27028}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Melchert |first=Christopher |year=2001 |title=Traditionist-Jurisprudents and the Framing of Islamic Law |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3399450 |journal=Islamic Law and Society |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=383–406 |doi=10.1163/156851901317230639 |jstor=3399450}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Zysow |first=Aaron |year=2002 |editor-last=Weiss |editor-first=Bernard |title=Muʿtazilism and Māturīdism in Ḥanafī Legal Theory |journal=Studies in Islamic Law and Society |volume=15 |pages=235–265 |doi=10.1163/9789047400851_013|isbn=978-90-474-0085-1 }}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2007 |title=Abū Ḥanīfa |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam|Encyclopaedia of Islam Three]] |publisher=Brill |last=Yanagihashi |first=Hiroyuki |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_0151}}
* {{Cite book |last=Başoğlu |first=Hasan Tuncay |url=https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/9F99A413DDD944A6BF7E01CEEFC1D9E3 |title=Tradition of Knowledge in the Mamluk Period (13th-14th Centuries) |publisher=Istanbul University Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-605-07-1751-8 |editor-last=Hançabay |editor-first=Halil İbrahim |chapter=Hanafi Usūl Literature in Mamluk Period |doi=10.26650/B/AA07AA25.2023.010 |editor-last2=Buluş |editor-first2=Muhammed Enes |editor-last3=Taş |editor-first3=Mustafa}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2015 |title=Ashraf ʿAlī Thānavī |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam|Encyclopaedia of Islam Three]] |publisher=Brill |last=Zaman |first=Muhammad Qasim |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23968}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2011 |title=Barelwīs |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam|Encyclopaedia of Islam Three]] |last=Usha |first=Sanyal |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23995 |publisher=Brill}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=MECELLE-i AHKÂM-ı ADLİYYE |encyclopedia=[[Islam Ansiklopedisi|TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi]] |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mecelle-i-ahkam-i-adliyye |last=Aydın |first=Mehmet Akif}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2022 |title=Ḥanafī School |encyclopedia=Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection |last=Ziadeh |first=Farhat J. |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L}}
* {{Cite book |last=Melchert |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Melchert |title=The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law, 9th-10th Centuries C.E. |publisher=Brill |year=1997 |isbn=9004109528}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Has |first=Şükrü Selim |year=1988 |title=The Use of Multaqa'l-Abḥur in the Ottoman Madrasas and in Legal Scholarship |url=https://osmanliarastirmalari.isam.org.tr/dergi/article/view/952/974 |journal=Osmanlı Araştırmaları |volume=7/8 |pages=393–418}}
* {{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|volume=1|fascicle=3|article=ABŪ ḤANĪFA|first=U. F.|last=ʿAbd-Allāh|author-link=Umar Faruq Abd-Allah|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-hanifa-noman-b|pages=295–301|access-date=3 January 2025}}
* {{Cite book |last=Al-Azem |first=Talal |title=Rule-Formulation and Binding Precedent in the Madhhab-Law Tradition: Ibn Quṭlūbughā's Commentary on The Compendium of Qudūrī |publisher=Brill |year=2017 |isbn=978-90-04-54423-9 |series=Islamicate Intellectual History, Volume: 2}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Khalili |first=Muhammadullah |date=2016 |title=Influence of Deoband School of Thought In South Africa |url=https://www.academia.edu/34768122 |url-status=live |journal=[[University of KwaZulu-Natal]] |pages=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029023652/https://www.academia.edu/34768122/Influence_of_Deoband_School_of_Thought_In_South_Africa |archive-date=29 October 2022 |access-date=13 February 2023}}
* Branon Wheeler, [https://books.google.com/books?id=slLpouSlzPcC ''Applying the Canon in Islam: The Authorization and Maintenance of Interpretive Reasoning in Ḥanafī Scholarship''] (Albany, SUNY Press, 1996).
* Dudgeon, Hamza (2022). "[https://www.academia.edu/73576195/The_Hanafis The Hanafis]". In Leaman, Oliver (ed.). ''Routledge Handbook of Islamic Ritual and Practice''. Routledge. pp. 65–89. {{ISBN|9780367491246}}.
* Behnam Sadeghi (2013), The Logic of Law Making in Islam: Women and Prayer in the Legal Tradition, Cambridge University Press, Chapter 6, "The Historical Development of Hanafi Reasoning". {{ISBN|978-1107009097}}
* Nurit Tsafrir (2004), ''The History of an Islamic School of Law: The Early Spread of Hanafism'' (Harvard, Harvard Law School, 2004) (Harvard Series in Islamic Law, 3).
* El Shamsy, Ahmed (2013). ''The Canonization of Islamic Law: A Social and Intellectual History''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-1107546073}}.
* Ayoub, Samy A. (2019). ''Law, Empire, and the Sultan: Ottoman Imperial Authority and Late Hanafi Jurisprudence''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|9780190092924}}.
* Burak, Guy (2015). ''The Second Formation of Islamic Law: The Hanafi School in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9781316106341}}.

== External links ==
* [https://irshad.org.uk/library/ A list of Hanafi texts available in the public domain]
* [https://dlme-prod-lb.stanford.edu/library/catalog?f%5Bsubject%5D%5B%5D=Hanafites+Early+works+to+1800. Pre-1800 Hanafi manuscripts on the Digital Library of the Middle East]

{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hanafi school]]
[[Category:Sunni Islam]]
[[Category:Schools of Sunni jurisprudence]]
[[Category:Sunni Islamic branches]]

Dharma Raja Rama Varma

2025-12-25T17:24:05Z

Surojit098: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Dharma Raja]]

Manjiri Asanare–Kelkar

2025-12-17T17:35:56Z

Surojit098: Made first pg nd citations

{{short description|Indian classical vocalist (born 1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Indian name|Manjiri|Asanare–Kelkar}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manjiri Asanare–Kelkar
| image = Manjiri Asanare–Kelkar.png
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|09|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sangli]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Singer
| parents =
| spouse =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| background = solo singer
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]
| instrument = Vocals
| label =
}}
| website = {{website|www.manjiriasanare-kelkar.com}}
|years_active =
| awards = [[Kumar Gandharva Samman]] [[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar]]
}}
'''Manjiri Asanare–Kelkar''' (born 1971) is an Indian [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] vocalist from [[Sangli]], Maharashtra. She is a follower of [[Jaipur-Atrauli gharana]] tradition in Hindustani [[khyal]]. She received many awards including [[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar]] by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] and [[Kumar Gandharva Samman]] by the government of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==Biography==
Manjiri Asanare-Kelkar was born on 25 September 1971,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Manjiri Asnare Kelkar |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1722325868_1%20(2).pdf}}</ref> into a family of musicians in [[Sangli]], Maharashtra.<ref name=":0"/> Her father Anand Asanare was a [[Tabla]] player.<ref name="jhankar"/> She began studying vocal music at the age of six, first under M.T. Mhaiskar and Madhusudan Kanetkar, and later under [[Padma Talwalkar]] and the late [[Kishori Amonkar]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nadadhur |first1=Srivathsan |title=Manjiri Asanare-Kelkar interview: True to Jaipur-Atrauli gharana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/manjiri-asanare-kelkar-interview-true-to-the-jaipur-atrauli-gharana/article19263964.ece |work=The Hindu |date=12 July 2017 |language=en-IN |archive-date=25 June 2023 |access-date=6 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625004855/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/manjiri-asanare-kelkar-interview-true-to-the-jaipur-atrauli-gharana/article19263964.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="darbar">{{cite web |title=Manjiri Asanare-Kelkar {{!}} Darbar |url=https://www.darbar.org/artist/manjiri-asanare-kelkar |website=www.darbar.org |access-date=2025-01-06 |archive-date=2024-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213232246/https://www.darbar.org/artist/manjiri-asanare-kelkar |url-status=live }}</ref> Her first music teacher, Mhaiskar, taught her the basic fundamentals of the [[Khyal]].<ref name=":0" /> Her later guru Kanetkar initially refused to accept her as his disciple, but after hearing Manjiri sing at the age of 18, he agreed to teach her on a trial basis for six months.<ref name=":0" /> This [[Guru–shishya tradition|guru-shishya]] style of study continued and she trained under him for almost 20 years.<ref name=":0" />

Manjiri graduated with a postgraduate degree in English literature and masters degree in music.<ref name=":1" />

==Career==
In [[Hindustani classical music]], Manjiri is a follower of [[Jaipur-Atrauli gharana]] tradition in [[khyal]].<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news |title=On a Classical Note |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/on-a-classical-note-4/ |work=The Indian Express |date=19 February 2015 |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2015 |access-date=6 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706122136/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/on-a-classical-note-4/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Manjiri has performed at many music festivals across India including the [[Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Festival]], [[Tansen Samaroh]]a,and Takshila Utsav<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-10-29 |title=Takshila Utsav begins on Friday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/takshila-utsav-begins-on-friday/articleshow/16999582.cms |access-date=2025-01-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and Shankarlal Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Post |first=Garhwal |date=2024-08-08 |title=Students enjoy Hindustani Vocals by Manjiri Asanare Kelkar {{!}} Garhwal Post |url=https://garhwalpost.in/students-enjoy-hindustani-vocals-by-manjiri-asanare-kelkar/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> Other than singing in various stages across India, she also toured to Dubai, United Kingdom, Holland, Belgium, Australia and New Zealand.<ref name="razafoundation"/>

Manjiri is an approved A-grade vocal artist of the [[All India Radio]].<ref name="Garhwal">{{cite news |last1=Post |first1=Garhwal |title=Students enjoy Hindustani Vocals by Manjiri Asanare Kelkar {{!}} Garhwal Post |url=https://garhwalpost.in/students-enjoy-hindustani-vocals-by-manjiri-asanare-kelkar/ |date=8 August 2024}}</ref> She is also a trained [[Kathak]] dancer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Inamdar |first=Nikhil |date=2019-05-16 |title=Why a 'flag-bearer' of Kishori Amonkar and Alladiya Khan's gharana isn't often seen at big concerts |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/919623/why-a-flag-bearer-of-kishori-amonkar-and-alladiya-khans-gharana-isnt-often-seen-at-big-concerts |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
Manjiri received many awards and honors including Music Scholarship by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]], Government of India, Surashree Kesarbai Kerkar Scholarship instituted by [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]], Mumbai, [[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar]] by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi introduces ' Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=24949}}</ref> the Gaan Hira award by the [[SNDT Women's University]], the [[Kumar Gandharva Samman]] by the government of [[Madhya Pradesh]], Sanskriti Award from the [[Sanskriti Museums|Sanskriti Pratishthan]] in Delhi, and the Gaan Saraswati Puraskar.<ref name="jhankar">{{cite web |title=Jhankar - Greater Cincinnati's Indian Classical Music and Arts Organization |url=https://jhankar.org/events/2018/summary/manjiri.html |website=jhankar.org |access-date=2025-01-06 |archive-date=2024-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806022032/https://jhankar.org/events/2018/summary/manjiri.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="razafoundation">{{cite web |title=Manjiri Asnare {{!}} The Raza Foundation |url=https://www.therazafoundation.org/awards-Manjiri-Asnare |website=www.therazafoundation.org |language=en-us |access-date=2025-01-06 |archive-date=2024-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728210612/https://www.therazafoundation.org/awards-Manjiri-Asnare |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[India Today]] news magazine has described her voice as the "voice that spans not merely two octaves, but two centuries".<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAIN FEATURE: Manjiri Asnare-Kelkar |url=https://sruti.com/index.php/printeditions/sruti-back-issues-individual/manjiri-asnare-kelkar |website=sruti.com |publisher=[[Sruti (magazine)|Sruti magazine]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian women classical musicians]]
[[Category:Women Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:People from Sangli]]
[[Category:1971 births]]

Kendrapara Autonomous College

2025-11-19T06:51:29Z

Surojit098: Creating Data

{{Short description|Educational institution in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=August 2021}}
{{Primary sources|date=August 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Kendrapara Autonomous College
| image = Kendrapara Autonomous College logo.png
| image_size =
| caption =
| motto =
| established = 1959
| type = Co-ed
| parent =
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| academic_affiliation =
| president =
| vice-president =
| principal = Gopal Chandra Behera
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kec.edu.in/principals-desk/ |title=about principal |publisher=kendraparacollege.org }}{{dead link|date=May 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
| dean =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| city = [[Kendrapara]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| campus =
| website = [http://www.kac.edu.in/ kac.edu.in]
| logo =
}}
'''Kendrapara Autonomous College''' is a co-ed non-government autonomous college located in town of [[Kendrapada]], [[Odisha]]. The autonomous college was established in the year 1959. In the year 2005 [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] granted this college its autonomous status to run its undergraduate educational curriculum. The college got its accreditation by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kendraparacollege.org/a-breif-history/ |title=nacc accreditation |publisher=kendraparacollege.org |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709093501/http://www.kendraparacollege.org/a-breif-history/ |archivedate=2015-07-09 }}</ref> with grade ''A'' certification in the year 2005. The autonomous college offers students three years of regular undergraduate courses in degree of [[Bachelor of Arts|Arts]] (B.A), (B.A. Hons), [[Bachelor of commerce|Commerce]] (B.Com, B.Com. Hons) and [[Bachelor of Science|Science]] (B.Sc.) (B.Sc. Hons).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Department of Higher Education, Odisha}}

[[Category:Department of Higher Education (Odisha)]]
[[Category:Autonomous Colleges of Odisha]]
[[Category:Kendrapara district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1959]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Orissa]]
{{coord|20.450126|86.176570|display=title}}

Mohla-Manpur-Ambagarh Chowki district

2025-11-08T09:47:09Z

Surojit098: Made a place needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
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| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
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| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Mohla]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
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| area_total_km2 = 2145.29
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = 132.3
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| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 74.4%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
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| website =
}}

'''Mohla-Manpur-Ambagarh Chowki district''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-02 |title=Chhattisgarh gets 29th district in the form of Mohla-Manpur-Ambagarh Chowki |url=https://theprint.in/india/chhattisgarh-gets-29th-district-in-the-form-of-mohla-manpur-ambagarh-chowki/1114072/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> with district headquarter at [[Mohla]], is one of the four new district in the state of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]] announced by [[Bhupesh Baghel]] on 15 August 2021. It is carved out from existing [[Rajnandgaon district]].<ref name="amarujala">{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh Cm Bhupesh Baghel Announces Four New Districts And 18 Tehsil Independence Day - एलान: स्वतंत्रता दिवस पर सीएम भूपेश बघेल ने की घोषणा, छत्तीसगढ़ में बनेंगे चार नए जिले और 18 तहसील - Amar Ujala Hindi News Live|url=https://www.amarujala.com/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-cm-bhupesh-baghel-announces-four-new-districts-and-18-tehsil-independence-day|access-date=2021-09-02|website=amarujala.com}}</ref><ref name="ndtv">{{cite web|title=4 New Districts, 18 Tehsils In Chhattisgarh: Chief Minister Bhupesh Baghel|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-cm-announces-4-new-districts-18-tehsils-on-independence-day-celebrations-2510844|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ndtv.com}}</ref><ref name="Chhattisgarh">{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh to have 4 new districts, says CM Bhupesh Baghel on Independence Day|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chhattisgarh-to-have-4-new-districts-says-cm-baghel-on-independence-day/articleshow/85345132.cms|access-date=2021-09-02|website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh CM Bhupesh Baghel announces 4 new districts, 18 tehsils - India News|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chattisgarh-cm-bhupesh-baghel-announces-4-new-districts-18-tehsils-1841025-2021-08-15|access-date=2021-09-02|website=indiatoday.in}}</ref>

== Sub Division ==
District is sub divided into five tehsils:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohla-Manpur-Ambagh Chowki becomes the 29th district of Chhattisgarh |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/mohla-manpur-ambagh-chowki-becomes-the-29th-district-of-chhattisgarh/ |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=currentaffairs.adda247.com}}</ref>

# [[Ambagarh Chowki]]
# [[Manpur, Chhattisgarh|Manpur]]
# [[Mohla]]
# [[Aundhi]]
# [[Khadgaon]]

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Mohla-Manpur district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Chhattisgarh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11368/download/14481/DDW22C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|90.85}}
{{bar percent|Other (Tribal religions)|chartreuse|4.35}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|mediumblue|3.07}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|0.90}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Chhattisgarh|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.62}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.21}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, Mohla-Manpur district had a population of 283,947, of which 9,889 (3.49%) live in urban areas. Mohla-Manpur district has a sex ratio of 1027 females to 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 20,722 (7.30%) and 179,662 (63.27%) of the population respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Rajnandgaon|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/328/download/962/DH_2011_2209_PART_A_DCHB_RAJNANDGAON.pdf|website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Mohla-Manpur district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] |value1 = 70.27 |color1 = peachpuff
|label2 = [[Gondi language|Gondi]] |value2 = 20.15 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 5.02 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Halbi language|Halbi]] |value4 = 3.26 |color4 = red
|label5 = Others |value5 = 1.30 |color5 = grey
|thumb=left}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 70.27% of the population in the district spoke [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]], 20.15% [[Gondi language|Gondi]], 5.02% [[Hindi]] and 3.26% [[Halbi language|Halbi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Chhattisgarh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10198/download/13310/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2200.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Districts of Chhattisgarh]]

{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Gosaveedu Shaik Hassan

2025-11-07T12:06:25Z

Surojit098: Made a details

{{Short description|Indian musician (1928–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Gosaveedu Shaik Hassan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|1|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gosaveedu]], [[Gampalagudem mandal]], Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|6|23|1928|1|1|df=y}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Scholar, Nadaswaram player
| years_active = 1950–2021
| known_for = Asthana Vidwan at Sita Ramachandraswamy Temple, Bhadrachalam
| notable_works = Performances at Tyagaraja Aradhana festival
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2022)
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = Meera Saheb (father), Hasan Bee (mother)
| relatives =
| website =
}}

'''Gosaveedu Shaik Hassan''' (1 January 1928<ref name="News" /> - 23 June 2021) was an accomplished scholar and player of the [[Nadaswaram]], a traditional classical instrument popular in [[South India]]. He had served as the [[Asthana Vidushi|''Asthana Vidwan'']] (resident musician and scholar) in the [[Sita Ramachandraswamy Temple, Bhadrachalam]] from 1950 to 1993. He had also served at the [[Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Yadadri]].<ref name="News" />

Gosaveedu Shaik Hassan was born on 1 January 1928 in [[Gosaveedu]], [[Gampalagudem mandal]], [[Krishna District|Krishna district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] as the last child of Meera Saheb and Hasan Bee. He started playing music at the age of eight. At the age of 14, the British authorities imprisoned him for chanting slogans against them. However, they liked his music and voice and released him from prison. He learned [[instrumental music]] at [[Chilakaluripet]], [[Guntur district]] from renowned musician [[Sheik Chinna Moulana]] and [[vocal music]] from renowned singer [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]'s father Mangalampalli Pattabhiramaiah. He had also played Nadaswaram at [[Venkateswara Temple]] at [[Tirupati]].<ref name="News"/>

In addition to training many students in music, he has performed for nearly seven decades continuously in the annual [[Tyagaraja Aradhana]] festival at [[Tiruvaiyaru]] in [[Thanjavur]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]], the place where [[Tyagaraja]] attained [[Samadhi]]. The organisers of the festival honored him with a gold bracelet in 1962 and the Thyagaraja Paraskar Award in 2007.

Shaik Hassan died on 23 June 2021. Govt of India posthumously honored him by conferring the [[Padma Shri]] award in 2022.<ref name="News">{{cite web |title=సంగీతమే ఊపిరిగా... |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/guest-columns/padma-shri-award-gosaveedu-shaik-hassan-guest-column-ram-pradeep-1431037 |website=Sakshi |publisher=sakshi.com |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref>

==Recognition: Padma Shri==

*In the year 2022, Govt of India conferred the [[Padma Shri]] award, the third highest award in the Padma series of awards, on Gosaveedu Shaik Hassan for his distinguished service in the field of art.<ref name="PadmaShri2022">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143803/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-25 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> The award is in recognition of his service as a "Nadaswaram Player and freedom fighter credited with performances spread over seven decades.".<ref name="PadmaShri2022Images">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129172910/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-date=2022-01-29 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>

==Other recognitions/awards==
*Thyagaraja Puraskar Award (2007)<ref>{{cite web |title=AP: Surgeon Adinarayana Oorator Nararasimha Raoo Temple Vidhwan Hassan Saheb Conferred Padma |url=https://newsmeter.in/top-stories/ap-surgeon-adinarayana-orator-narasimha-rao-temple-vidhwan-hassan-saheb-conferred-padma-shri-690312 |website=MewsMeter |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)#Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022|Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Indian musicians]]
[[Category:People from Krishna district]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]

National Highway 41 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-24T06:07:52Z

Surojit098: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 116 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
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K. Pattabhi Jois

2025-10-16T15:38:19Z

Surojit098: Creating Stub

{{Short description|Indian yoga guru (1915–2009)}}
{{EngvarB |date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. Pattabhi Jois
| image = Guruji white.jpg
| caption = In the entrance of his institute in Mysore, India, 2006
| birth_date = {{birth date |df=yes |1915 |07 |26}}
| birth_place = Kowshika, [[Hassan district|Hassan]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]] (now [[Karnataka]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age |df=yes |2009 |5 |18 |1915 |07 |26}}
| death_place = [[Mysore]]
| occupation = Yoga teacher
| known_for = [[Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga]]
| spouse = Savitramma (Amma)
| children = Saraswathi Rangaswamy Mañju Ramesh
| relatives = [[R. Sharath Jois]] (grandson)
}}

'''K. Pattabhi Jois''' (26 July 1915<ref name="times">{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/us-world/article/pattabhi-jois-ashtanga-yoga-guru-8qd37fb73lv |title=Pattabhi Jois: Ashtanga yoga guru |date=31 May 2009 |access-date=18 February 2019 |work=[[The Times]] }}</ref> – 18 May 2009)<ref name="rediff">{{cite web |url=https://news.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/may/19/slide-show-1-yoga-guru-pattabhi-jois-passes-into-the-ages.htm |title=Pattabhi Jois passes into the ages |website=News.rediff.com |access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref> was an Indian [[Modern yoga gurus|yoga guru]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singleton |first1=Mark |author1-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |last2=Goldberg |first2=Ellen |title=[[Gurus of Modern Yoga]] |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0199938728 |pages=107–121}}</ref> who developed and popularized the [[vinyasa|flowing]] style of [[yoga as exercise]] known as [[Ashtanga (vinyasa) yoga]].{{efn|Not to be confused with [[Patanjali]]'s [[Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)]].}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Broad |first=William |author-link=William Broad |year=2012 |title=The Science of Yoga: The Risks and the Rewards |url=https://archive.org/details/scienceofyogaris0000broa |url-access=registration |isbn=9781451641424 | publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/scienceofyogaris0000broa/page/99 99]}}</ref> In 1948, Jois established the Ashtanga Yoga Research Institute<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kpjayi.org | title=The Institute | publisher=Shri K Pattabhi Jois Ashtanga Yoga Institute}}</ref> in [[Mysore]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/2576 |title=In Memoriam |last=Anderson |first=Diane |publisher=[[Yoga Journal]]}}</ref> Pattabhi Jois is one of a short list of Indians instrumental in establishing modern [[yoga as exercise]] in the 20th century, along with [[B. K. S. Iyengar]], another pupil of [[Krishnamacharya]] in Mysore.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Yoga, Meditation, and Mysticism: Contemplative Universals and Meditative Landmarks |last=Rose |first=Kenneth |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1472571687 |location=New York |page=94 |quote=Others on the list include "[[Swami Vivekananda]], [[Paramahansa Yogananda]], [[Swami Sivananda]], [[Swami Vishnudevananda]], [[Swami Satchidananda]], [[B. K. S. Iyengar]], and [[Indra Devi]]."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/08/k-pattabhi-jois-obituary-yoga |title=Obituary: K Pattabhi Jois |first=Robert |last=Wilkins |date=7 June 2009 |access-date=18 February 2019 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Economist">{{cite periodical | url=https://www.economist.com/obituary/2009/06/04/pattabhi-jois | title=Pattabhi Jois | newspaper=[[The Economist]] | date=4 June 2009 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203071358/http://www.economist.com/node/13776890 | archive-date=3 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Thurber |first=Jon |title=K. Pattabhi Jois, leading teacher of Ashtanga yoga, dies at 94 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-pattabhi-jois22-2009may22-story.html |date=22 May 2009}}</ref> Jois [[sexual abuse by yoga gurus|sexually abused some of his yoga students]] by touching inappropriately during adjustments.<ref name="YJ Staff 2018"/> [[Sharath Jois]] has publicly apologised for his grandfather's "improper adjustments".<ref name="Sharath 2019"/>

==Biography==

===Early life===

Krishna Pattabhi Jois was born in Karnataka<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Sri K. Pattabhi Jois? |url=http://www.yogapedia.com/definition/9275/sri-k-pattabhi-jois |access-date=16 January 2022 |website=Yogapedia}}</ref> on 26 July 1915 (''[[Guru Purnima|Guru Pūrṇimā]]'', [[full moon]] day) in the village of Kowshika,<ref name="churumuriRIP">{{cite web |url=https://churumuri.blog/2009/05/18/yoga-guru-k-pattabhi-jois-is-no-more/ |title=Yoga Guru K. Pattabhi Jois is no more. RIP |date=18 May 2009 |website=Churumuri |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107064532/https://churumuri.blog/2009/05/18/yoga-guru-k-pattabhi-jois-is-no-more/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> near [[Hassan district|Hassan]], [[Karnataka]], Southern India. Jois's father was an [[Hindu astrology|astrologer]], priest, and landholder. His mother took care of the house and the nine children - five girls and four boys - of whom Pattabhi Jois was the fifth. From the age of five, he was instructed in Sanskrit and rituals by his father. No one else in his family learned yoga.<ref name="Stern, Eddie 2002">{{cite book |last=Stern |first=Eddie |title=Yoga Mala  |location=New York |publisher=North Point Press |year=2002 |at=Foreword}}</ref>

===Education===

In 1927, at the age of 12, Jois attended a lecture and demonstration at the Jubilee Hall<ref name="mysorean">{{cite web |url=https://churumuri.blog/2006/06/29/the-second-most-famous-mysorean-in-the-world/ |title=churumuriThe second most famous Mysorean in the world |date=29 June 2006 |website=Churumuri.blog |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107070159/https://churumuri.blog/2006/06/29/the-second-most-famous-mysorean-in-the-world/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> in [[Hassan, Karnataka]] by [[Tirumalai Krishnamacharya|T. Krishnamacharya]]<ref name="raghuram">{{cite web |url=https://churumuri.blog/2009/05/19/at-the-pearly-gates-in-dhoti-vibhuti-pump-shoes/ |title=At the pearly gates in dhoti, vibhuti, pump shoes |date=19 May 2009 |website=Churumuri.blog |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107064517/https://churumuri.blog/2009/05/19/at-the-pearly-gates-in-dhoti-vibhuti-pump-shoes/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and became his student the next day. He stayed in Kowshika for two years and practiced with Krishnamacharya every day.<ref name="Stern, Eddie 2002" />

In 1930, Jois ran away from home to [[Mysore]] to study [[Sanskrit]], with 2 rupees.<ref name="times"/><ref name="nyt">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/21/world/asia/21jois.html |title=Krishna Pattabhi Jois, Leading Expert in Yoga, Dies at 93 |last=Bajaj |first=Vikas |date=20 May 2009 |access-date=18 February 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> Around the same time Krishnamacharya departed Hassan to teach elsewhere. Two years later, Jois was reunited with Krishnamacharya, who had also made his way to Mysore. During this time, the [[Maharaja]] of Mysore, [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV|Krishna Rajendra Wodeyar]], had become seriously ill and it is said that Krishnamacharya had healed him, through yoga, where others had failed. The Maharaja became Krishnamacharya's patron and established a yogaśala for him at the [[Jaganmohan Palace]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Singleton |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |title=[[Yoga Body]]: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice |year=2010 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0195395341 |pages=175–210}}</ref> Jois often accompanied Krishnamacharya in demonstrations,<ref name="bakasana">{{cite web |url=https://churumuri.blog/2009/05/18/jois-work-bad-lady-why-forgetting-bakasana/ |title=churumuriJois @ work: 'Bad lady, why forgetting bakasana?' |date=18 May 2009 |website=Churumuri.blog |access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref> and occasionally assisted Krishnamacharya in class and taught in his absence.<ref name="Stern 2002">{{cite book |last=Stern |first=Eddie |title=Yoga Mala |year=2002 |publisher=North Point Press |location=USA |isbn=978-0865477513 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/yogamala0000jois }}</ref>

Jois studied with Krishnamacharya from 1927 to 1929 in his own village, and then in Mysore from 1932 to 1953.<ref>{{cite journal | others=Interview by R. Alexander Medin |title=3 Gurus, 48 Questions |journal=Namarupa |page=9 |url=http://www.namarupa.org/magazine/nr03/downloads/NamaRupa_03_02.pdf | issue=Fall 2004 | year=2004 | access-date=30 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307101611/http://www.namarupa.org/magazine/nr03/downloads/NamaRupa_03_02.pdf | archive-date=7 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kpjayi.org/biographies/k-pattabhi-jois/ |title=K Pattabhi Jois Biography |access-date=2017-10-07 |website=Kpjayi.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322000403/http://kpjayi.org/biographies/k-pattabhi-jois |archive-date=2012-03-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He studied texts such as Patañjali's ''[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sūtra]]'', ''[[Hatha Yoga Pradipika|Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā]]'', ''Yoga Yajñavalkya'' and the ''[[Upanishads|Upaniṣads]].''<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Yoga-exponent-Pattabhi-Jois-dead/article16599056.ece |title=Yoga exponent Pattabhi Jois dead |date=19 May 2009 |access-date=18 February 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In 1924 Krishnamacharya supposedly researched an ancient text which he called the ''[[Yoga Korunta]]''; he described this as badly damaged and with many missing portions,<ref name="Stern 2002"/> and claimed he had learned the text from a teacher named Rama Mohan Brahmachari on a supposed seven-year stay in the Himalayas.<ref name="Singleton 2010 pp184-186"/> Jois began his studies with Krishnamacharya in 1927 and was taught what Krishnamacharya called the ''Yoga Korunta'' method.<ref name="Stern 2002"/> An entire system of practices including [[pranayama]], [[Bandha (yoga)|bandhas]], (core muscular and energetic locks) and [[Drishti (yoga)|drishti]] (visual focal points) were included along with [[āsana]]s (postures) and [[vinyāsa]]s (connecting movements), defining the method that Jois went on to teach.<ref name="Sjoman 1999 49">{{cite book |last=Sjoman |first=N. E. |author-link=Norman Sjoman |title=The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace |year=1999 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=81-7017-389-2 |pages=49, 54}}</ref> Jois stated that he had never seen the text;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/465 |title=Krishnamacharya's Legacy |last1=Ruiz |first1=Fernando |publisher=[[Yoga Journal]] |access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="Stern 2002"/> its authenticity is impossible to validate as no copy has ever been seen by scholars.<ref name="Singleton 2010 pp184-186">{{cite book |last=Singleton |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |title=Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice |url=https://archive.org/details/yogabodyoriginsm00sing |url-access=limited |year=2010 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0195395341 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/yogabodyoriginsm00sing/page/n194 184]-186}}</ref>

A major component of Ashtanga Yoga absent from Krishnamacharya's early teachings was [[Surya Namaskar]], the Sun Salutation. However, Surya Namaskar already existed, and Krishnamacharya was aware of it in the 1930s, as it was being taught, as exercise rather than as yoga, in the hall next to his ''Yogaśala'' in the Mysore palace.<ref name="Singleton 2010 pp203-206">{{cite book |last=Singleton |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |title=Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice |url=https://archive.org/details/yogabodyoriginsm00sing |url-access=limited |year=2010 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0195395341 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/yogabodyoriginsm00sing/page/n190 180]-181, 203-206}}</ref><ref name="Sjoman 1999 49"/>

===Career===

{{further|Ashtanga (vinyasa) yoga}}

[[File:Sanskrit College (cropped).jpg|thumb|Jois taught yoga at the Sanskrit College, Mysore from 1937 to 1973.<ref name="huffington"/>]]

The [[Maharaja]] of Mysore sometimes attended classes when Jois was assisting, and offered Jois a teaching position at the Sanskrit College in Mysore with a salary, scholarship to the college and room and board.<ref name="Stern 2002"/> Jois held a yoga teaching position at the Sanskrit College<ref name="bakasana"/> from 1937 to 1973,<ref name="huffington">{{cite web |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/pattabhi-jois-founder-of_n_204938 |title=Pattabhi Jois, Founder of Ashtanga Yoga, Passes Away at Age 93 |date=18 June 2009 |website=[[HuffPost]] |access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref> becoming ''vidwan'' (professor) in 1956,<ref name="huffington"/> as well as being Honorary Professor of Yoga at the Government College of Indian Medicine from 1976 to 1978.<ref name="thehindu"/>

In 1948, Jois established the Ashtanga Yoga Research Institute at their home in Lakshmipuram.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8058905.stm |title=Yoga pioneer Pattabhi Jois dies |date=20 May 2009 |access-date=18 February 2019 |website=News.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In 1964 he built an extension in the back of the house for a yoga hall.<ref name="Stern, Eddie 2002"/> In 1964, a [[Belgium|Belgian]] named [[André Van Lysebeth]] spent two months with Jois learning the primary and intermediate series of the [[Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga]] system. Not long afterward, van Lysebeth wrote the book ''J'apprends le Yoga'' (1967, English title: ''Yoga Self-Taught'') which mentioned Jois and included his address. This brought Westerners to Mysore to study yoga.<ref name="nyt"/><ref name="Sjoman 1999 49"/> The first Americans came, after Jois's son Manju demonstrated yoga at Swami Gitananda's ashram in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<ref name="Stern, Eddie 2002"/> To accommodate the increasing number of students, he opened a new school in Gokulam in 2002.<ref name="Donahue 2012">{{cite book |last=Donahue |first=Guy |title=Guruji: A Portrait of Sri K. Pattabhi Jois Through the Eyes of His Students |year=2012 |publisher=New York: North Point Press | location=USA |isbn=978-0374532833 }} {{page needed|date=February 2019}}</ref> Jois continued to teach at the Ashtanga Yoga Research Institute in [[Mysore]], now in the neighbourhood of Gokulam,<ref name="churumuriRIP"/> with his only daughter Saraswathi Rangaswamy (b. 1941) and his grandson Sharath for the rest of his life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sonima.com/yoga/honoring-tradition/ |title=Sharath Jois on Honoring Tradition |last1=Jois |first1=Sharath |date=27 February 2017 |publisher=Sonima}}</ref> He published the book ''Yoga Mālā'', in [[Kannada]] in 1958; an English translation appeared in 1999.<ref name="latimes"/>

His first trip to the West was in 1974, to South America, to deliver a lecture in Sanskrit at an international yoga conference.<ref name="huffington"/> In 1975 he stayed for four months in [[Encinitas]], California, marking the beginning of Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga in America.<ref name="latimes">{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/ |title=News from California, the nation and world |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref> '''Norman Allen''', one of his first western students, collaborated with Jois on his trips to America.<ref name="Pizer 2019">{{cite web |last1=Pizer |first1=Ann |title=Power Yoga History and Health Benefits |url=https://www.verywellfit.com/what-is-power-yoga-3566853 |publisher=Very Well Fit |access-date=28 April 2019 |date=8 January 2019}}</ref> He had said on many occasions that there might be only twenty or thirty students practising Ashtanga Yoga in America then, but, 'gradually, gradually, in twenty years, it will be fully spreading'.<ref name="Stern, Eddie 2002"/> He returned to the US several times over the next 20 years, to teach yoga at Encinitas and beyond.<ref name="latimes"/>

''[[Parampara]]'', the passing of knowledge from teacher to pupil (traditionally, from guru to ''[[shishya]]''), is said to lie at the heart of Jois's Ashtanga Yoga.<ref name="Byrne 2014">{{cite book |last=Byrne |first=Jean |chapter='Authorized by Sri K. Pattabhi Jois': The Role of ''Parampara'' and Lineage in Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga |editor1=Singleton, Mark |editor1-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |editor2=Goldberg, Ellen |title=[[Gurus of Modern Yoga]] |year=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | location=USA |isbn=978-0199938728 |pages=107–121}}</ref> Teachers are certified through many years of daily practice and extended trips to Mysore, India, to become authorized "lineage holders".<ref name="Byrne 2014"/> Having studied under Krishnamacharya for many years, Jois expected the same from his students, creating among the most stringent requirements anywhere in [[yoga teacher training]].<ref name="Byrne 2014"/>

===Family life===

On the full moon of June 1933, when Jois was 18 years old, he married Savitramma,<ref name="nyt"/> who affectionately came to be known as Amma by Pattabhi Jois's family and students alike. They had three children: Saraswathi, Mañju and Ramesh.<ref name="kpjayi-kpj">{{cite web |url=http://kpjayi.org/biographies/k-pattabhi-jois |title=K. Pattabhi Jois |publisher=Shri K Pattabhi Jois Ashtanga Yoga Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316003304/http://kpjayi.org/biographies/k-pattabhi-jois |archive-date=16 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="ayny-guruji">{{cite web |url=http://ayny.org/sri-k-pattabhi-jois |title=Guruji |publisher=Ashtanga Yoga New York |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614134328/http://ayny.org/sri-k-pattabhi-jois |archive-date=14 June 2012}}</ref>

In 1948, with the help of his students, Jois purchased a home in the section of town called Lakshmipuram. According to [[Tim Miller (yoga teacher)|Tim Miller]], Jois continued to practice asanas until his son Ramesh committed suicide when Jois was in his early 60s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ashtanga.com/html/article_miller_tim.html |title=Ashtanga.com Articles: Tim Miller Interview by Deborah Crooks |website=Ashtanga.com |access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref>

==Re-evaluation==

===Criticisms===

According to [[B.K.S. Iyengar]], Jois was assigned to teach [[asana]] at the Sanskrit Pathshala when Krishnamacharya's yogaśala was opened in 1933, and was "never a regular student".<ref name="Singleton 2010">{{cite book |last=Singleton |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |title=[[Yoga Body|Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice]] |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195395341 |pages=175–210}}</ref><ref name="Iyengar 2000">{{cite book |last=Iyengar |first=B. K. S. |author-link=B.K.S. Iyengar |title=Astadala Yogamala |year=2000 |publisher=Allied Publishers | volume=1 | location=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-8177640465 |page=53}}</ref> Jois claimed he was [[B. K. S. Iyengar]]'s teacher, although Iyengar has denied this, and the two men's yoga systems are different; both were taught by Krishnamacharya.<ref name="name=Sjoman 1999">{{cite book |last=Sjoman |first=N. E. |author-link=Norman Sjoman |title=The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace | edition=2nd |year=1999 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=81-7017-389-2 |pages=5, 49}}</ref>

The obituary in ''The Economist'' questioned Jois's adherence to the yogic principle of [[ahimsa]] or non-violence, writing that "a good number of Mr Jois's students seemed constantly to be limping around with injured knees or backs because they had received his "adjustments", yanking them into Lotus, the splits or a backbend."<ref name="Economist" /> Adjustments by Jois have been characterized as "overwhelming, producing fear and extreme discomfort in students as they are pushed beyond their physical and psychological comfort zones in often-difficult, even dangerous asana."<ref>{{cite book | editor1-first=Mark |editor1-last=Singleton |editor1-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) | editor2-first=Jean |editor2-last=Byrne |title=Yoga in the Modern World: Contemporary Perspectives | edition=Kindle | year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415452588 |pages=Kindle Locations 4178–4179}}</ref>

=== Sexual abuse ===

{{further|Sexual abuse by yoga gurus}}

''[[The Economist]]'' obituary questioned Jois's adherence to the yogic principle of [[brahmacharya]] or sexual continence, and made the accusation that some students received different "adjustments";<ref name="Economist"/> further evidence and accusations soon emerged in 2009.<ref name="Elephant Journal 2009">{{cite web |url=http://www.elephantjournal.com/2009/09/when-do-yoga-adjustments-cross-the-line/ |title=When do Yoga Adjustments cross the line? |date=22 September 2009 |work=Elephant Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719094940/http://www.elephantjournal.com/2009/09/when-do-yoga-adjustments-cross-the-line |archive-date=19 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="YogaDork 2009">{{cite web |url=http://yogadork.com/news/yoga-teacher-failis-that-pattabhi-jois-photo/ |title=Yoga Teacher FAIL…Is that Pattabhi Jois? [photo] |date=14 September 2009 |work=YogaDork |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605101639/http://www.yogadork.com/news/yoga-teacher-failis-that-pattabhi-jois-photo/ |archive-date=5 June 2012}}</ref> In 2010, it became public knowledge that Jois had systematically [[Sexual abuse by yoga gurus|sexually abused some of his female and male yoga students]], both in Mysore and during his travels, until his death in 2009.<ref name="early abuse reports">Among the reports of abuse from 2010 onwards are:

* {{cite web|date=4 January 2010|title=Have you Experienced: Sexual Harassment in Yoga Class?|url=http://www.elephantjournal.com/2010/01/what-to-do-about-sexual-harassment-in-yoga-studios/|work=Elephant Journal}}
* {{cite web|date=9 December 2010|title=Good Touch, Bad Touch: Gurus, Power, and Adjusting vs. Groping on the Yoga Mat|url=http://yogadork.com/news/good-touch-bad-touch-gurus-power-and-adjusting-vs-groping-on-the-yoga-mat/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923053202/http://www.yogadork.com/news/good-touch-bad-touch-gurus-power-and-adjusting-vs-groping-on-the-yoga-mat/|archive-date=23 September 2011|work=YogaDork}}
* {{cite web|last=Lucas|first=Anneke|title=The Question of Gurus: Who's Got The Power?|url=http://yogacitynyc.com/articles/WeeklyDetails/294|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6FRDM204p?url=http://yogacitynyc.com/articles/WeeklyDetails/294|archive-date=27 March 2013|publisher=YogaCity NYC|ref=none}}
* {{cite news|last=Remski|first=Matthew|author-link=Matthew Remski|title=Yoga's Culture of Sexual Abuse: Nine Women Tell Their Stories|work=[[The Walrus]]|url=https://thewalrus.ca/yogas-culture-of-sexual-abuse-nine-women-tell-their-stories/|access-date=18 February 2019|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Remski|first=Matthew|url=https://embodiedwisdom.pub/product/practice/|title=Practice and All Is Coming|date=2021|publisher=Embodied Wisdom Publishing|ref=none|author-link=Matthew Remski}}</ref> Some of this was straightforward sexual abuse, some under the guise of "adjustments" and sometimes under the guise of "welcoming" and "saying goodbye" to students.<ref name="YJ Staff 2018">{{cite web|last1=Yoga Journal Staff|date=12 February 2018|title=#TimesUp: Ending Sexual Abuse in the Yoga Community|url=https://www.yogajournal.com/lifestyle/timesup-metoo-ending-sexual-abuse-in-the-yoga-community|publisher=[[Yoga Journal]]|quote=Yoga teacher [[Judith Hanson Lasater]]: [While I was] doing drop-backs from [[Tadasana]] (Mountain Pose) to [[Urdhva Dhanurasana]] (Wheel Pose) [Jois] came over to help me and put his pubic bone against my pubic bone, so I could feel him completely. He had me do three or four drop-backs, and when I came up after the last one, I looked around and saw three of my students, who were in the class with me, looking at me, mouths hanging open.}}</ref><ref name="more abuse refs">The many sources for this include:
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/lifestyle/sexual-assault-in-the-ashtanga-yoga-community |title=Sexual Assault in the Ashtanga Yoga Community: A Mea Culpa |last=Priest |first=Genny Willkinson |publisher=[[Yoga Journal]] |date=13 November 2018 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/yoga-reconsiders-the-role-of-the-guru-in-the-age-of-metoo |title=Yoga Reconsiders the Role of the Guru in the Age of #MeToo |last=Griswold |first=Eliza |date=23 July 2019 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Rain |first1=Karen |last2=Cooke |first2=Jubilee |title=How to Respond to Sexual Abuse Within a Yoga or Spiritual Community |publisher=Yoga International |access-date=25 November 2019 |url=https://yogainternational.com/article/view/how-to-respond-to-sexual-abuse-within-a-yoga-or-spiritual-community/ |ref=none}}
* {{Cite news |last=Rosman |first=Katherine |title=Yoga Is Finally Facing Consent and Unwanted Touch |date=8 November 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/08/style/yoga-touch-consent-harassment.html |ref=none}}</ref>
The number of victims is unknown, but women and men have described their experiences of abuse, with video and photographic evidence.<ref name="multiple abuse experiences">The many interviews and first-hand reports include:
* {{Cite web |last=Remski |first=Matthew |author-link=Matthew Remski |url=http://matthewremski.com/wordpress/karen-rain-speaks-about-pattabhi-jois-and-recovering-from-sexual-and-spiritual-abuse-video-interview/ |title=Karen Rain Speaks About Pattabhi Jois and Recovering from Sexual and Spiritual Abuse – Video Interview |ref=none |access-date=24 November 2019 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205182755/https://matthewremski.com/wordpress/karen-rain-speaks-about-pattabhi-jois-and-recovering-from-sexual-and-spiritual-abuse-video-interview/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://gen.medium.com/yoga-guru-pattabhi-jois-sexually-assaulted-me-for-years-48b3d04c9456 |title=Yoga Guru Pattabhi Jois Sexually Assaulted Me for Years |last=Rain |first=Karen |date=30 October 2019 |website=Medium |ref=none }}
* {{Cite web |last=Cooke |first=Jubilee |url=https://decolonizingyoga.com/why-didnt-somebody-warn-me-a-pattabhi-jois-metoo-story-jubilee-cooke/ |title=Why Didn't Somebody Warn Me? A Pattabhi Jois #MeToo Story |date=11 July 2018 |website=Decolonizing Yoga |ref=none }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.yogacitynyc.com/single-post/2016/03/07/Why-The-Abused-Dont-Speak-Up |title=Why The Abused Don't Speak Up |date=7 March 2016 |website=YogaCity NYC |access-date=24 November 2019 |ref=none }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://thewalrus.ca/yogas-culture-of-sexual-abuse-nine-women-tell-their-stories/ |title=Yoga's Culture of Sexual Abuse: Nine Women Tell Their Stories |date=25 April 2018 |publisher=[[The Walrus]] |ref=none }}
* {{Cite web |last=Remski |first=Matthew |author-link=Matthew Remski |url=http://matthewremski.com/wordpress/pattabhi-jois-sexually-assaulted-men-photo-evidence/ |title=Pattabhi Jois Sexually Assaulted Men: Photo Evidence |access-date=24 November 2019 |ref=none }}
* {{Cite web |title=Karen Rain: Ashtanga Yoga and #MeToo |website=Karen Rain: Ashtanga Yoga and #MeToo |url=https://karenrainashtangayogaandmetoo.wordpress.com/ |access-date=24 November 2019 |ref=none }}</ref>
Some well known Ashtanga Yoga teachers have come forward to corroborate the accusations.<ref name="well-known witnesses">Statements from Ashtanga Yoga teachers who witnessed abuse include:
* {{Cite web |last=Harvey-Smith |first=Sarai |title=The Sexual Misconduct of Pattabhi Jois: My Thoughts, Accountability, and 5 Changes to Pledge my Support for the Victims |date=17 March 2018 |website=Directions in Yoga |url=https://saraiyoga.wordpress.com/2018/03/17/the-sexual-misconduct-of-pattabhi-jois-my-thoughts-accountability-and-5-changes-to-pledge-my-support-for-the-victims/ |access-date=24 November 2019 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.jbrownyoga.com/yoga-talks-podcast/2018/11/gregor-maehle |first=Gregor |last=Maehle |title=Truth and Reconciliation in Ashtanga Yoga |website=J. Brown Yoga |access-date=2019-11-24 |ref=none }}
* {{Cite web |last=MacGregor |first=Kino |author-link=Kino MacGregor |title=The House of Yoga is on Fire |website=Kinoyoga |url=https://www.kinoyoga.com/the-house-of-yoga-is-on-fire/ |access-date=24 November 2019 |ref=none }}</ref>

In 2019, [[R. Sharath Jois]] published an acknowledgement of his sadness over his grandfather's conduct, apologising to the students concerned, and encouraging them to forgive his grandfather. "It brings me immense pain that I also witnessed him giving improper adjustments", Sharath wrote.<ref name="Sharath 2019">{{Cite web|title=Sharath Jois, Paramaguru on Instagram: "Growing up I was very close to my grandparents. When I recall learning asana from my grandfather it brings me immense pain that I also…"|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BzuKYVRlUv9/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BzuKYVRlUv9 |archive-date=2021-12-24 |url-access=limited|access-date=11 July 2019|website=Instagram}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Remski |first=Matthew |url=http://matthewremski.com/wordpress/sharaths-statement-on-pattabhi-joiss-assaults-context-links-notes/ |title=Sharath's Statement on Pattabhi Jois's Assaults: Context, Links, Notes |access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref>

===Legacy===

In the early 21st century, Jois's grandson, [[R. Sharath Jois]], led the Ashtanga Yoga community as director of the K. Pattabhi Jois Ashtanga Yoga Institute (KPJAYI) in Mysore.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/business/2012/04/krishna-pattanbhi-trophy-wife-ashtanga-yoga |title=Yoga-for-Trophy-Wives Fitness Fad That's Alienating Discipline Devotees |first=Bethany |last=McLean |website=The Hive |access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/lifestyle/peace-love-and-misunderstanding-a-billionaires-wife-spreads-her-message-of-calm-one-yoga-pose-at-a-time/news-story/9e19896fd80bb4dc420684693d2c7d05 |title=Peace, love and misunderstanding |date=31 March 2012 |website=Dailytelegraph.com.au |access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref> Jois's organization Sonima often provides organizational support to Sharath's world tours, and produces online programs that provide supplementary teaching tools for Ashtanga. Jois's daughter, Saraswathi, and granddaughter, Sharmila, run a yoga school in Mysore and travel the world on teaching tours.<ref name="Byrne 2014"/>

A student, David Life, co-founder of [[Jivamukti Yoga]], has said of Jois, "He was not a monk or a renunciate; he was fearless about combining the path of yogi with the path of participant. He never saw it as separate from our lives. He thought that anyone could attain to yoga if they had the desire and the enthusiasm."<ref name="Fortini">{{cite news |url=http://nymag.com/news/intelligencer/57201/ |title=Ommm Sweaty: Saluting yoga entrepreneur Jois |last=Fortini |first=Amanda |date=15–22 June 2009 |website=Nymag.com}}</ref> A 2006 film ''[[Guru (2006 film)|Guru]]'' was made about him by Robert Wilkins.<ref name="movie">{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0818677/ |title=Guru |access-date=18 February 2019 |website=IMDb.com}}</ref>

==Bibliography==

* Jois, Pattabhi (1999; revised ed. 2012). ''Yoga Mala.'' New York: [[North Point Press]]. {{ISBN |978-0-86547-751-3}}

==See also==

* [[Bikram Choudhury]]

==Notes==

{{notelist}}

==References==

{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Pattabhi Jois}}
*{{official website |http://www.kpjayi.org/ |Official Ashtanga Yoga Institute website}}

{{Yoga as exercise}}
{{Modern yoga gurus}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jois, K. Pattabhi}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Modern Indian yoga gurus]]
[[Category:People from Hassan district]]
[[Category:Modern yoga pioneers]]

List of Hindi films of 1967

2025-09-06T18:35:31Z

Surojit098: slightly add page per standard format and improved wording

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2014}}
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}
{{Bollywood films}}
A list of films produced by the [[Bollywood]] film industry based in [[Mumbai]] in 1967:

==Top-grossing films==
The top ten grossing films at the Indian Box Office in 1967:<ref>{{cite web|author=Box Office India |title=Top Earners 1967 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=173&catName=MTk2Nw%3D%3D |publisher=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=3 March 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207075802/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=173&catName=MTk2Nw%3D%3D |archive-date=7 February 2009 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 1967 rank
! Title
! Cast
|-
| 1.
| '''''[[Upkar]]'''''
| [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Asha Parekh]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
|-
| 2.
| '''''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]'''''
| [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]]
|-
| 3.
| '''''[[Farz (1967 film)|Farz]]'''''
| [[Jeetendra]], [[Babita]]
|-
| 3.
| '''''[[Hamraaz]]'''''
| [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Raaj Kumar]], [[Vimi]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]]
|-
| 5.
| '''''[[Milan (1967 film)|Milan]]'''''
| [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Nutan]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
|-
|6.
|'''''[[Mehrban]]'''''
|[[Sunil Dutt]], [[Nutan]], [[Ashok Kumar]]
|-
| 9.
| '''''[[Patthar Ke Sanam]]'''''
| [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]]
|-
| 7.
| '''''[[Shagird (1967 film)|Shagird]]'''''
| [[Joy Mukherjee]], [[Saira Banu]], [[I. S. Johar]]
|-
| 8.
| '''''[[Jewel Thief (1967 film)|Jewel Thief]]'''''
| [[Dev Anand]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Tanuja]]
|-
| 10.
| '''''[[Raat Aur Din]]'''''
| [[Nargis]], [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]]
|-
| 11.
| '''''[[An Evening in Paris]]'''''
| [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Sharmila Tagore]]
|-
| 12.
|'''''[[Aag (1967 film)|Aag]]'''''
|[[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]]
|-
| 13.
| '''''[[Aamne Samne (1967 film)|Aamne Samne]]'''''
|[[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Sharmila Tagore]]
|}

==Films==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
|''[[6.40 PM]]''||Mani Kaul || || ||
|-
|''[[Aag (1967 film)|Aag]]''||Naresh Kumar || [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]]|| Romance||Music: Usha Khanna
|-
|''[[Aamne Samne (1967 film)|Aamne Samne]]''|| [[Suraj Prakesh]]||[[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Prem Chopra]] || Musical ||
|-
|''[[Aman (film)|Aman]]''||[[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]] ||[[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Saira Banu]] || War/Social ||Music: [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
|-
| ''[[An Evening in Paris]]'' ||[[Shakti Samanta]] ||[[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] ||Romance, Thriller ||Music: [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
|-
|''[[Anita (1967 film)|Anita]]''||[[Raj Khosla]] ||[[Manoj Kumar]], Sadhana, [[I. S. Johar]] || Suspense ||Music: [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
|-
|''[[Around the World (1967 film)|Around the World]]''||Pachhi ||[[Raj Kapoor]], Rajshree, [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Love story||Music: [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
|-
|''[[Aurat (1967 film)|Aurat]]''||[[S. S. Balan]], [[S. S. Vasan]] ||[[Pran (actor)|Pran]], Padmini, [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], [[Rajesh Khanna]] ||Drama ||Music: Ravi
|-
|''[[Badrinath Yatra]]''||Dhirubhai Desai ||Raj Kumar, Nirupa Roy, Jeevan, || ||
|-
|''[[Baghdad Ki Raatein]]''||Nanabhai Bhaat ||Master Baghwan, Mumtaz, Bela Bose || ||
|-
|''[[Baharon Ke Sapne]]''||[[Nasir Hussain]]||Nasir Hussain, [[Asha Parekh]], [[Rajesh Khanna]]||Drama ||Music: [[R. D. Burman]]
|-
|''[[Bahu Begum]]''||M. Sadiq ||[[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[Ashok Kumar]] ||Drama ||Music: Roshan
|-
|''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1967 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]''||[[Chitrapu Narayana Rao]] ||[[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]] ||Mythological ||
|-
| ''[[Boond Jo Ban Gayee Moti]]'' ||[[V. Shantaram]] ||[[Jeetendra]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Nana Palsikar]], [[Lalita Pawar]], Akash Deep, Vaishali ||Social Crime Drama ||Music: Satish Bhatia Lyrics: [[Bharat Vyas]]
|-
| ''[[C.I.D. 909]]'' ||Mohammed Hussain || [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]]|| action||O. P. Nayyar
|-
| ''[[Chand Par Chadayee]]'' ||T. P. Sundaram ||[[Dara Singh]], [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]], [[Padma Khanna]] ||Science Fiction ||
|-
| ''[[Chandan Ka Palna]]'' ||Ismail Memon || [[Dharmendra]], [[Meena Kumari]]||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Chhaila Babu]]'' ||[[Kalpataru]] ||[[Bhagwan Dada|Bhagwan]], [[Salim Khan]], [[Kumari Naaz]], [[Rajendra Nath]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Chhoti Si Mulaqat]]'' ||Alo Sarkar || [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Uttam Kumar]]||Romance, Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Dharti Ki Pukar]]'' ||Khwaja Ahmad Abbas || || ||
|-
| ''[[Dil Ne Pukara]]'' ||Mohan ||Shashi Kapoor, Sanjay Khan, Rajhsree, Mehmood || ||
|-
| ''[[Dilruba (film)|Dilruba]]'' ||Mohammed Hussain ||Shyam Kumar, Kum Kum, Helen, Madhumati, Ajit || ||
|-
| ''[[Diwana (1967 film)|Diwana]]'' ||[[Mahesh Kaul]] || [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Saira Banu]]||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Do Dushman]]'' ||Mohammad Hussain ||Dara Singh, Mumtaz || ||
|-
| ''[[Dulhan Ek Raat Ki]]'' ||[[D. D. Kashyap]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Nutan]], [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]]||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Duniya Nachegi]]'' ||Kalpataru ||[[Kishore Kumar]], Kum Kum, Bhagvan, Aruna Irani || ||
|-
|''[[Farz (1967 film)|Farz]]''||[[Ravikant Nagaich]] ||[[Jeetendra]], Babita ||Spy Thriller ||
|-
| ''[[Gautama the Buddha]]'' ||Bimal Roy || || ||
|-
| ''[[Ghar Ka Chiraag (1967 film)|Ghar Ka Chiraag]]'' ||Jagdev Bhambri || [[Dharmendra]], Biswajeet ,Waheeda Rehman ||Social Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Gunahon Ka Devta (1967 film)|Gunahon Ka Devta]]'' ||[[Devi Sharma (filmmaker)|Devi Sharma]] || Rajshree Shantaram, [[Jeetendra]], [[Leela Chitnis]]||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Gunehgar (1967 film)|Gunehgar]]'' ||R. Thakur ||Sanjeev Kumar, Kum Kum, Madan Puri, Mehmood Jr ||Action Crime ||
|-
| ''[[Hamare Gam Se Mat Khelo]]'' ||Pal Premi ||Barathi Devi, Nasir Hussain, Raza Murad ||Family ||
|-
| ''[[Hamraaz]]'' || B.R. Chopra || [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Raaj Kumar]], Vimi ||Musical/Suspense ||
|-
| ''[[Hare Kanch Ki Chooriyan]]'' ||[[Kishore Sahu]] ||[[Biswajit Chatterjee]], [[Nazir Hussain]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] ||Social Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Hatey Bazarey]]'' ||[[Tapan Sinha]] ||[[Ashok Kumar]], [[Vyjayanthimala]] ||Arthouse ||
|-
| ''[[Hum Do Daku]]'' ||Kishore Kumar ||Kishore Kumar, Anoop Kumar, Ganga ||Comedy ||
|-
| ''[[Jaal (1967 film)|Jaal]]'' ||[[Moni Bhattacharjee]] || [[Mala Sinha]], [[Biswajit Chatterjee]]||Suspense Thriller ||
|-
| ''[[Jab Yaad Kisi Ki Aati Hai]]'' ||Naresh Saigal || [[Dharmendra]], [[Mala Sinha]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Jewel Thief (1967 film)|Jewel Thief]]''||Vijay Anand ||[[Dev Anand]], [[Vyjayanthimala]],Tanuja || ||
|-
| ''[[Johar in Bombay]]'' ||Shantilal Soni ||I. S. Johar, Sonia Sahni, Rajendranath ||Drama. Comedy ||
|-
| ''[[Lamboo in Hong Kong]]'' ||Harsukh Jagneshwar Bhaat ||Mehmood, Sujit Kumar, Helen ||Action. Comedy ||
|-
| ''[[Latt Saheb]]'' ||Hari Walia ||[[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Nutan]] ,Prem Chopra || ||
|-
| ''[[Lav-Kush]]'' || || || ||
|-
| ''[[Majhli Didi]]'' ||[[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Meena Kumari]]||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Maya Sundari]]'' || || || ||
|-
| ''[[Mehrban]]'' ||[[A. Bhimsingh]] || [[Nutan]], [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Ashok Kumar]]||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Mera Bhai Mera Dushman]]'' ||Mohammed Hussain ||Jagdish Kumar, Shyama, Premnath, Laxmi Chahya ||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Mera Munna]]'' ||Madusudhan ||Nutan, Rehman, Sudir, Asit Sen. ||Drama Family ||
|-
| ''[[Milan (1967 film)|Milan]]'' ||[[Adurthi Subba Rao]] || [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Nutan]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] ||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Milan Ki Raat]]'' ||R. Bhattarcharya ||Sanjay khan, Sharmila Tagore, Chan Usmani ||Drama Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Nai Roshni (1967 film)|Nai Roshni]]'' ||[[C. V. Sridhar]] || [[Mala Sinha]], [[Biswajit Chatterjee]], [[Ashok Kumar]], Tanuja||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Naunihaal]]'' ||Raj Marbros ||[[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Balraj Sahni]], [[Indrani Mukherjee]] ||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Nawab Siraz-ud-Daula]]'' ||Khan Ataur Rahman ||Anwar Hussain, Anis ||Drama History ||
|-
| ''[[Naya Raasta (1967)|Naya Raasta]]'' ||Nabyendu Chatterji ||Ashak Parekh, Allauddin ||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Night in London]]'' ||[[Brij Sadanah]] || [[Mala Sinha]], [[Biswajit Chatterjee]]||Crime Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Noor Jehan (film)|Noor Jehan]]'' ||[[Sheikh Mukhtar]] ||Pradeep Kumar [[Meena Kumari]], Helen ||Historical ||
|-
| ''[[Palki (film)|Palki]]'' ||Mahesh Kaul, S. U. Sunny ||[[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Rajendra Kumar]] || ||
|-
|''[[Parivar (1967 film)|Parivar]]''||Kewal P. Kashrap||[[Jeetendra]], [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]]||Drama||
|-
| ''[[Patthar Ke Sanam]]'' ||[[Raja Nawathe]] ||Manoj Kumar, [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] ||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Raat Aur Din]]'' ||[[Satyen Bose]] ||[[Nargis Dutt]], Pradeep Kumar ||Psychological ||
|-
| ''[[Raaz (1967 film)|Raaz]]''||[[Ravindra Dave]] ||[[Rajesh Khanna]], Babita ||Romance, Thriller ||
|-
| ''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]''||[[Tapi Chanakya]] ||[[Dilip Kumar]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] ||Comedy, Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Ram Rajya (1967 film)|Ram Rajya]]'' ||[[Vijay Bhatt]] ||[[Bina Rai]], Kumar Sen, Badri Prasad, [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]], [[Farida Jalal]], Anil Kumar, Jay Vijay ||Religious ||Music: [[Vasant Desai]] Lyrics: [[Bharat Vyas]]
|-
| ''[[Sardar (1967 film)|Sardar]]'' ||Babubhai Mistry ||Dara Singh , Nishi Kholi ,Helen ||Drama. History ||
|-
| ''[[Shagird (1967 film)|Shagird]]'' ||Samir Ganguly ||[[Joy Mukherjee]], [[Saira Bano]] ||Comedy ||
|-
| ''[[Shamsher (film)|Shamsher]]'' ||Babubhai Mistry ||Prithviraj Kapoor, Aruna Irani, Laxmi Chahya, Helen, Jeevan || ||
|-
| ''[[Taqdeer (1967 film)|Taqdeer]]'' ||A. Salaam ||Bharat Bhushan, Shalini, Faridah Jalal, Johnny Walker ||Drama. Family ||
|-
| ''[[Upkar]]''|| Manoj Kumar || [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Asha Parekh]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Madan Puri]], Kanhaiya Lal || Social ||
|-
| ''[[Wahan Ke Log]]'' ||N. A. Ansari ||[[Tanuja]], [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]],Bela Bose, Laxmi Chahya ||Science Fiction ||
|-
| ''[[Woh Koi Aur Hoga]]'' ||A. Shamhseer ||Feroz Khan, Mumtaz, Asit Sen ||Action Drama Mystery ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/List?year=1967&&language=Hindi&&tv=on&&heading=9;1967;Hindi&&related=9;1967;1967;Hindi;Hindi&&nav=/Sections/Years/1967/include-bylanguage Bollywood films of 1967] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
* [http://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/filmi_sangeet/film_song_1967.html Indian Film Songs from the Year 1967] – a look back at 1967 with a special focus on Hindi film songs
*[http://aflatune.com/#/albums?g=year&v=1967&page=1 Listen to songs from Bollywood films of 1967]

{{Bollywood|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1967 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Hindi films by year|1967]]
[[Category:Lists of 1967 films by language|Hindi]]
[[Category:1967 in Indian cinema|Films, Bollywood]]