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Rama (actress)

2026-05-06T21:20:27Z

SureshAcharya: put up new post

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1968)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rama
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_name = Shanthi
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Pudukkottai, Tamilnadu
| yearsactive = 1990 2010-present
| spouse = Venkatesh (m. 1991–present)
|children = 2
| relatives = Vizhuthugal Serial Latha (Younger sister)
}}

'''Rama''' is an Indian actress who appeared in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]] in 1990. After her marriage in 1991, she stopped acting in movies and settled with her husband Venkatesh and two sons. However she made a film comeback in the 2010 movie ''[[Aval Peyar Thamizharasi]]'' in mother roles and also acting with other supporting roles and TV serials.

==Career==
Shanthi was a volleyball player for the Tamil Nadu team when director [[Bharathiraja]] cast her in ''[[En Uyir Thozhan]]'' (1990). The failure of the film prompted her to stop appearing in Tamil films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.ws/ram_aishoo/EUT.htm |title=Bharathiraja's "En Uyir Thozhan" |work=geocities.ws |access-date=24 May 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013420/http://www.geocities.ws/ram_aishoo/EUT.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hindu">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actress-rama-on-being-back-on-the-sets-after-20odd-years/article6611501.ece |title=Second coming |author=SUBHA J RAO |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 May 2015 |archive-date=27 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127154832/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actress-rama-on-being-back-on-the-sets-after-20odd-years/article6611501.ece? |url-status=live }}</ref>

She made a brief return in 2010, playing a mother role in ''[[Aval Peyar Thamizharasi]]'' before earning critical acclaim as [[Karthi]]’s feisty, possessive mother in [[Pa. Ranjith]]’s ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' (2014). She has since also been a part of [[A. R. Murugadoss]]’ ''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014), where she played [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]’s mother, and the political drama ''[[Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai]]'' (2015). She also acted in television serials such as [[Bharathiraja]]'s ''Appanum Athaalum'' which was telecast on [[Kalaignar TV]] and also in serials ''Avalum Penn Thaane'' and ''Kanavarukaaga'' which were telecast on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref name="hindu"/>

==Personal life==
Rama married Venkatesh in 1991. The couple have two sons.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1990 || ''[[En Uyir Thozhan]]'' || Chittu ||
|-
| ''Anthi Varum Neram'' || Latha ||
|-
| ''Ladies Hostel'' || Geetha ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2010 || ''[[Aval Peyar Thamizharasi]]'' || Tamizharasi's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2011 || ''[[Minsaram]]'' || Ilavarasu's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Maithanam]]'' || Sukumar and Shanthi's mother ||
|-
|''[[Pillaiyar Theru Kadaisi Veedu]]'' || Valli's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Mambattiyan]]'' || Kannathaal's mother ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Vavval Pasanga]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''|| Kaali's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Kaththi]]'' || Jeeva's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2015 || ''[[Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai]]'' || Yamalingam's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016 || ''Avan Aval'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kabali]]'' || Mallika ||
|-
| ''[[Thirunaal]]'' || Vithya's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017 || ''[[Senjittale En Kadhala]]'' || Veera's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Kootathil Oruthan]]'' || Arvind's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Podhuvaga Emmanasu Thangam]]'' || Ganesh's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Kurangu Bommai]]'' || Kathir's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 ||''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]'' || Savitri, Kousalya's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Mohini (2018 film)|Mohini]]''||Mohini's mother
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2019 || ''[[Vaandu]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma]]'' || Shiva's mother ||
|-
|''[[Jiivi]]'' || Sivagami ||
|-
|''[[Kazhugu 2]]'' || Merly's mother ||
|-
|''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' || Maniyakkarar's wife ||
|-
|''[[Bigil]]'' || Angel's mother ||
|-
|''[[Irandam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Gundu]]''|| Selvam's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2021 || ''[[Naanum Single Thaan]]'' || Udhay's mother ||
|-
|''[[Vettai Naai]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Sulthan (2021 film)|Sulthan]]'' || Villager ||
|-
|''[[Kasada Thapara]]'' || Kanmani's mother || Streaming release
|-
|''[[Sabhaapathy]]'' || Saavithri's mother ||
|-
|''[[Sivaranjiniyum Innum Sila Pengalum]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[3:33 (film)|3:33]]'' || Kathir's mother||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022 || ''[[Veetla Vishesham]]'' || Unni's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Yaanai]]'' || Jebarani ||
|-
|''[[Jiivi 2]]'' || Sivagami ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023 || ''[[Ariyavan]]'' ||||
|-
|''[[Parking (2023 film)|Parking]]'' || Selvi ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2024 || ''[[Devil (2024 film)|Devil]]'' || Hema's mother ||
|-
|''[[Veppam Kulir Mazhai]]'' || Pottu ||
|-
|''[[Veerayi Makkal]]'' || Sornam ||
|-
|''[[Sir (2024 film)|Sir]]'' || ||
|-
|[[Miss You (film)|''Miss You'']]
|Jothi ||
|-
|2025
|''[[Perusu]]''
|Kamala
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Program Name
!Role
!Network
!Notes
|-
|2023
|''[[Engga Hostel]]''
|Lecturer
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|
|-
|2023-present
|''[[Singapennae]]''
|Pechiyamma
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Popular actress Rama to play a title role in the upcoming show 'Singa Penne'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-actress-rama-to-play-a-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-singa-penne/articleshow/104108200.cms|access-date=2 October 2023|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003013830/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-actress-rama-to-play-a-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-singa-penne/articleshow/104108200.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Label (TV series)| Label]]''
|Prabha's mother
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rama}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Pudukkottai district]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Baharagora block

2026-05-06T00:12:54Z

SureshAcharya: Made details

{{about|the community development block in Jharkhand|1 its namesake village|Baharagora|2 its name sake assembly constituency|Baharagora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baharagora
| nickname = 
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|22.3485|N|86.7167|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 351.10
| population_total = 153051
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 832101
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 0657
| registration_plate = JH 05
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 64.45%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Baharagora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baharagora]]
| website = {{URL|jamshedpur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Baharagora block''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] that forms an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative division]] in the [[Ghatshila subdivision]] of [[East Singhbhum district]], in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].

==History==
The laying of the foundation stone of the steel plant by [[Tata Steel]] (then known as Tata Iron and Steel Company) in 1907 at Sakchi Kalimati in Singhbhum district marked the beginning of the industrialisation of the area. The first police station in the area was opened in 1912 at [[Jugsalai]]. The Kalimati Sakchi village was renamed ‘[[Jamshedpur]]’ in 1917. [[Dhalbhum subdivision]] was created in 1920 with Jamshedpur as headquarters. Jamshedpur Notified Area was established in 1924. East Singhbhum district, with Jamshedpur as headquarters, was set up in 1990.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | title = District Police Profile – East Singhbhum | work = Brief Summary of the District | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 10 December 2021 | archive-date = 22 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220622213448/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
Baharagora is located at {{coord|22.3485|N|86.7167|E|display=inline}}.

“The district forms a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and is a hilly upland tract”. The Seraikela Dhalbhumgarh upland and the Dalma range are natural divisions of the district. The main rivers are the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] and the [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 7: Natural Divisions |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

The district consists of two subdivisions - (1) Dhalbhum subdivision with Patamda, Boram, Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai and Potka CD blocks, and (2) Ghatshila subdivision with Ghatshila, Dhalbhumgarh, Musabani, Dumaria, Gurbandha, Chakulia and Baharagora CD blocks.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jamshedpur.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ | title = East Singhbhum | work = Subdivisions and blocks | publisher = East Singhbhum district administration | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

Baharagora CD block is bounded by the [[Chakulia block|Chakulia]] CD block on the north, the [[Gopiballavpur I]] and [[Gopiballavpur II]] CD blocks in the Jhargram district of the West Bengal state to the east, the Saraskana CD block in the Mayurbhanj district of the Odisha state on the south, and the [[Gurbandha block|Gurbandha]] CD block on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/purbi-singhbhum.html | title = Purba Singhbhum CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/orissa/tehsil/mayurbhanj.html | title = Mayurbhanj CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/paschim-mednipur.html | title = Paschim Medinipur CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref>
 Note: Jhargram is a new district, carved out of Paschim Medinipur district, in West Bengal and maps are yet to be updated.

Baharagora CD block has an area of 351.10 km2.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2012_PART_B_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Pages 26-27: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref>[[Baharagora#Civic administration|Bahragora]] police station serves Baharagora CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | title = District Police Profile – East Singhbhum | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 8 December 2021 | archive-date = 22 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220622213448/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | url-status = dead }}</ref> The headquarters of Baharagora CD block is located at [[Baharagora]] village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 119: Map of Baharagora CD block |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Baharagora CD block had a total population of 153,051, all of which were rural. There were 78,103 (51%) males and 74,988 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 19,937. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 10,466 (6.84%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 54,968 (35.91%).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Baharagora CD block was 85,794 (64.45% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 50,489 (74.42% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 35,305 (54.09% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 20.32%.<ref name=census2011/>

{{As of|2011}} census, literacy in Purbi Singhbhum district was 76.13%. Literacy in Jharkhand was 67.63% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_jharkhand.html | title= Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011: Jharkhand |work= Provisional Population Totals, Literacy Rate in 2011 column |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Government of India| access-date = 9 December 2021}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |title=Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011|work= Page 110| publisher=Government of India| access-date = 9 December 2021}}</ref>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Purbi Singhbhum district|collapsible=y}}

==Language and religion==
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages in Baharagora CD block (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 59.62 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]]|value2= 18.28 |color2= darkturquoise
|label3 = [[Odia language|Odia]]|value3= 11.88 |color3= saddlebrown
|label4 = [[Mundari language|Mundari ]] |value4 = 8.48 |color4 = teal
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 0.93 |color5= orange
|label6 = Others |value6 = 0.81 |color6 = grey
}}

According to the ''Population by Mother Tongue 2011'' data, in the Baharagora subdistrict, [[Bengali language|Bengali]] was the mother-tongue of 91,255 persons forming 59.62% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) [[Santali language|Santali]] (27,973/18.28), [[Odia language|Odia]] (18,181/11.88), Mundari (12,982/8.48%), [[Hindi]] (1,583/ 1.03%), and persons with other languages as mother-tongue (1,077/ 0.18%).<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

Note: An attempt has been made to include all language groups each with at least 500 persons as their mother-tongue and only those groups with less than 500 persons as their mother-tongue are included in the “other languages” category. Comparatively smaller language groups with 200+ persons as their mother-tongue are mentioned in the text. Many languages have sub-groups. Those who are interested can see the reference for more details.

[[Hindi]] is the [[official language]] in Jharkhand and [[Urdu]] has been declared as an additional official language.<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |pages= 35 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=8 December 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Baharagora CD block (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|80.96}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|17.99}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|0.83}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.22}}
}}

According to the ''Population by Religious Communities 2011'' data, in the Baharagora subdistrict, [[Hindus]] numbered 123,905 and formed 80.96% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) Other religious communities (27,573/ 18.02%), [[Muslims]] (1,270/ 0.83%), [[Christians]] (158/ 0.10%), and persons who did not state their religion (145/ 0.09%).<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Economy==

===Overview===
[[NITI Aayog]] (National Institution for Transforming India) has released the National Multidimensional Poverty Index (NMPI) baseline report in November 2021. “MPI is calculated using 12 segments - nutrition, child and adolescent mortality, antenatal care, years of schooling, school attendance, cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, assets and bank account, as compared to the previous approach of just considering the poverty line”. Approximately 25.01% population of the country was multidimensionally poor. State-wise Bihar was the poorest with 51.91% of the population being poor, followed by Jharkhand with 42.16% of the population being poor.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cclg.in/2021/12/04/national-multidimensional-poverty-index/ | title = National Multidimensional Poverty Index | publisher = The Charter | access-date = 10 December 2021 | archive-date = 11 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211211233100/https://cclg.in/2021/12/04/national-multidimensional-poverty-index/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://journalsofindia.com/national-multidimensional-poverty-index-by-niti-aayog/?print=pdf | title = National Multidimensional Poverty Index by NITI Aayog | publisher = journalsofindia.com | access-date = 10 December 2021 | archive-date = 11 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211211233100/https://journalsofindia.com/national-multidimensional-poverty-index-by-niti-aayog/?print=pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> The silver lining in this scenario is that within Jharkhand, the richest districts are East Singhbhum, Dhanbad, Bokaro, and Ranchi. These districts are having industries and/or mining activity. However, CD blocks still largely dependent on agriculture have remained traditional.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://finance.jharkhand.gov.in/updates/eco-serv2013-14/ExecutiveSummary2013-14.pdf | title = Jharkhand Economic Survey 2013-2014 | publisher = Government of Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021 | archive-date = 11 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211211233057/https://finance.jharkhand.gov.in/updates/eco-serv2013-14/ExecutiveSummary2013-14.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Baharagora CD block'''
|value1 = 17.12
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 63.53
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.48
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 15.87
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Baharagora CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 11,589 and formed 17.12%, agricultural labourers numbered 42,998 and formed 63.53%, household industry workers numbered 2,353 and formed 3.48% and other workers numbered 10,751 and formed 15.87%. Total workers numbered 67,681 and formed 44.22% of the total population non-workers numbered 85,370 and formed 55.78% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Tables 30 and 33, Pages 40, 50-51 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 359 inhabited villages in Baharagora CD block. In 2011, 348 villages had power supply. 10 villages had tap water, 298 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 338 villages had hand pumps, and 4 villages did not have drinking water facility. 34 villages had post offices, 20 villages had sub post offices, 61 villages had telephone (land line), 210 villages had mobile phone coverage. 355 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 56 villages had bus service (public/ private), 43 villages had [[Auto rickshaw|autos]]/ modified autos, 54 villages had taxi/ vans, 97 villages had tractors. 37 villages had bank branches, 6 villages had agricultural credit societies, 24 villages had cinema/ video halls, 48 villages had availability of newspapers, 167 villages had [[public distribution system|ration shops]], 113 villages had weekly [[Haat bazaar|haat]], 168 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 777-781, Appendix I Village Directory |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Baharagora CD block had 22 villages with pre-primary schools, 208 villages with primary schools, 84 villages with middle schools, 20 villages with secondary schools, 2 villages with senior secondary schools, 1 special school for disabled, 143 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 777-778, Appendix I Village Directory |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

Baharagora College was established at [[Baharagora]] in 1969.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.baharagoracollege.org | title = Baharagora College | publisher = BC | access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Baharagora CD block had 3 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 7 villages with primary health subcentres, 5 villages with maternity and child welfares centres, 4 villages with allopathic hospitals, 4 villages with dispensaries, 1 village with veterinary hospital, 3 villages with family welfare centres, 19 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Blocks of Purbi Singhbhum district}}
{{Kolhan Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in East Singhbhum district]]

Kantara: Chapter 1

2026-05-02T14:10:37Z

SureshAcharya:

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Rishab Shetty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kantara- Chapter 1 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rishab Shetty]]
| producer = [[Vijay Kiragandur]] [[Chaluve Gowda]]
| writer = [[Rishab Shetty]] Anirudh Mahesh Shanil Goutham
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Rishab Shetty]]
* [[Jayaram]]
* [[Rukmini Vasanth]]
* [[Gulshan Devaiah]]
}}
| editing = Suresh Mallaiah
| cinematography = [[Arvind S Kashyap]]
| music = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| studio = [[Hombale Films]]
| distributor = [[Kantara: A Legend – Chapter 1#Distribution|see below]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|10|02|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| runtime = 169 minutes<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Search Film: Kantara A Legend Chapter 1|website=Central Board of Film Certification |date= |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMjE1MDkyMDI1MDAwMzA= |access-date=2025-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Fenil |last=Seta |access-date=26 September 2025 |title=EXCLUSIVE: CBFC censors obscene hand gesture in Kantara: A Legend – Chapter 1 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-cbfc-censors-obscene-hand-gesture-kantara-legend-chapter-1-advance-booking-hindi-version-commence-september-26-evening |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=26 September 2025 |archive-date=26 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926105341/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-cbfc-censors-obscene-hand-gesture-kantara-legend-chapter-1-advance-booking-hindi-version-commence-september-26-evening/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| budget = {{INR|125 crore}} <ref>{{cite web
| title = Kantara Chapter 1 Box Office Collection
| url = https://sacnilk.com/movie/Kantara_2_2024
| website = Sacnilk
| access-date = 2026-04-21
}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|850–900 crore}}<ref>{{cite web
| title = Kantara Chapter 1 Box Office Collection
| url = https://sacnilk.com/movie/Kantara_2_2024
| website = Sacnilk
| access-date = 2026-04-21
}}</ref>
}}

'''''Kantara: A Legend – Chapter 1''''' ({{Translation|Mysterious Forest: Chapter 1}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[Fantasy film|mythological]] [[action drama film]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kantara Chapter 1: Jr NTR To Grace Mega Pre-Release Event Of Rishab Shetty's Mythological Epic On THIS Date |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/kantara-chapter-1-jr-ntr-to-grace-mega-pre-release-event-of-rishab-shettys-mythological-epic-on-this-date-article-152899033 |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Times Now |date=26 September 2025 |language=en |archive-date=29 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250929091710/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/kantara-chapter-1-jr-ntr-to-grace-mega-pre-release-event-of-rishab-shettys-mythological-epic-on-this-date-article-152899033 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 2025 |title='Kantara: Chapter 1' preview: What to expect from Rishab Shetty's epic saga that goes back in time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kantara-chapter-1-review-what-to-expect-from-rishab-shettys-epic-saga-that-goes-back-in-time/articleshow/124258941.cms |access-date=4 October 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Simran Singh |date=1 October 2025 |title=Kantara Chapter One FIRST review out: 'Master storyteller' Rishab Shetty blends 'epic visuals with divine aura', prequel of Kantara is 'pure goosebumps' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-kantara-chapter-one-first-review-out-master-storyteller-rishab-shetty-adds-epic-visuals-with-divine-aura-prequel-of-kantara-is-pure-goosebumps-3182498 |access-date=4 October 2025 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|www.dnaindia.com]] |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003153720/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-kantara-chapter-one-first-review-out-master-storyteller-rishab-shetty-adds-epic-visuals-with-divine-aura-prequel-of-kantara-is-pure-goosebumps-3182498 |url-status=live }}</ref> co-written and directed by [[Rishab Shetty]], and produced by [[Vijay Kiragandur]] and [[Chaluve Gowda]] under [[Hombale Films]]. The film stars Rishab Shetty in a [[dual role|four roles]] as Berme, Mayakara, Annappa and Kaadubettu Shiva, along with [[Jayaram]], [[Rukmini Vasanth]], and [[Gulshan Devaiah]]. A prequel to the 2022 film ''[[Kantara (2022 film)|Kantara]]'', the story delves deeper into the origins of the tradition and ancestral conflict introduced in the first film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/kantara-kgf-2-win-national-film-awards-2024-chaluve-gowda-of-hombale-films-reveals-how-it-happened-9517522/|title=Kantara, KGF 2 win National Film Awards 2024; Chaluve Gowda of Hombale Films reveals how it happened: 'Wanted to take Kannada cinema to…'|date=16 August 2024|access-date=16 May 2025|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921013009/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/kantara-kgf-2-win-national-film-awards-2024-chaluve-gowda-of-hombale-films-reveals-how-it-happened-9517522/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=6 February 2023|title=Rishab Shetty: ನೀವು ನೋಡಿದ್ದೇ 'ಕಾಂತಾರ 2', 'ಕಾಂತಾರ-1' ಈಗ ರೆಡಿ ಮಾಡಬೇಕು; ರಿಷಬ್ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಘೋಷಣೆ|newspaper=Vijaya Karnataka|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/rishab-shetty-speaks-about-kantara-2-movie/articleshow/97634099.cms|author=Padmashree Bhat|accessdate=29 August 2023|language=kn|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829140330/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/rishab-shetty-speaks-about-kantara-2-movie/articleshow/97634099.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the release of the predecessor, this film is considered to be the first chapter of the franchise.

Set in pre-colonial [[Kanara|coastal Karnataka]], the prequel blends regional folklore and divinity into a narrative that explores man's relationship with nature. Filming began in November 2023. The first look and the teaser were released on 27 November 2023, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2025 |title=The wait is finally over! Here's when Kantara: Chapter 1 first look will be unveiled |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/rishab-shetty-and-hombale-films-kantara-prequel-first-look-to-be-unveiled-soon-film-titled-kantara-chapter-1/na20231125093941944944662 |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125044928/https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/rishab-shetty-and-hombale-films-kantara-prequel-first-look-to-be-unveiled-soon-film-titled-kantara-chapter-1/na20231125093941944944662 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-27 |title=Kantara 2 Teaser: Rishab Shetty Is Covered in Blood and Has Fire In His Eyes in First Look, Watch |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kantara-2-teaser-rishab-shetty-is-covered-in-blood-and-has-fire-in-his-eyes-in-first-look-watch-8678058.html |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=27 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127133042/https://www.news18.com/movies/kantara-2-teaser-rishab-shetty-is-covered-in-blood-and-has-fire-in-his-eyes-in-first-look-watch-8678058.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] composed the soundtrack and background score. The film was released on 2 October 2025, coinciding with [[Vijayadashami|Dasara]].

Like the predecessor, ''Chapter 1'' received positive reviews from both the critics and the audience, alike. The direction, performances, music, and production values of the cast were highly praised. It went to become a huge commercial success at the box office and is currently the [[List of highest-grossing Kannada films|second highest-grossing Kannada film of all-time]], [[List of Indian films of 2025|second highest grossing Indian film of 2025]] and also ranks among [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian films of all time]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Kaur | first=Arshdeep | title=Kantara Chapter 1 Box Office Day 7: Rishab Shetty's movie earns ₹400+ cr, becomes 2nd highest-grossing Kannada film | website=mint | date=2025-10-08 | url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/kantara-chapter-1-box-office-day-7-rishab-shettys-movie-earns-rs-400-cr-becomes-2nd-highest-grossing-kannada-film-11759925439312.html | access-date=2025-10-11 | archive-date=8 October 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008231057/https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/kantara-chapter-1-box-office-day-7-rishab-shettys-movie-earns-rs-400-cr-becomes-3rd-highest-grossing-kannada-film-11759925439312.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=23 October 2025 |title=Kantara Chapter 1 dethrones Chhaava to become the highest-grossing Indian film of 2025, crosses ₹800 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-box-office-rishab-shetty-film-beats-chhaava-to-become-highest-grossing-indian-film-of-2025-101761206397783.html |access-date=23 October 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-13 |title=Rishab Shetty's 'Kantara: A Legend Chapter 1' beats Prabhas's ' Bahubali- The Beginning' to become 12th biggest hit of Indian Cinema|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/rishab-shettys-kantara-a-legend-chapter-1-beats-prabhass-bahubali-the-beginning-to-become-12th-biggest-hit-of-indian-cinema/articleshow/124517984.cms|access-date=2025-10-13|website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
After Annappa ([[Rishab Shetty]]), Kaadubettu Shiva's father, disappears during the [[Buta Kola]] ritual in 1970 in the mysterious circle of the forest,{{Efn|As depicted in ''[[Kantara (2022 film)|Kantara]]'' (2022)|name=Kantara2022}} a young Shiva questions it in front of his friends and family, to which a villager responds that the circle is a "dhantha kathe", or [[legend]]. It's said that Goddess [[Parvati|Parvathi]] herself created a beautiful garden for her husband [[Shiva|Eeshwara]] for his meditation. Eeshwara, along with his Bhootha [[Gana|Ganas]], [[Panjurli]], Guliga, Huli Daiva, [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandigone]], and Chavundi (not to be confused with [[Chamundi]]) descended to earth to guard the garden.

The story begins during the reign of the [[Kadamba dynasty]], during the 4th century AD. Vijayendra, the tyrannical king of Bangra, is building a granite temple for which he recruits the villagers from Kantara as its builders. But due to harsh working conditions and a worker, Jabbanna, accidentally mutilating his feet, Mayakara helps Jabbanna and the others escape, making Vijayendra infuriated. Vijayendra orders the execution of Mayakara (also [[Rishab Shetty]]), a fisherman, and discovers a pouch of precious spices that sparks his desire to seize the sacred spice garden located within the Kantara forest. When he enters the forest, the [[gana]]s of [[Shiva|Eeshwara]] and guardian daivas, [[Panjurli]] and [[Gulikan Theyyam|Guliga]], manifest and kill him. His son, Rajashekara, traumatised by his father's death, decrees that no one should enter the forest following his coronation. He is portrayed as a just ruler and fathers two children: Kulashekhara, who grows up reckless and indulgent, and Kanakavathi, the more loyal and obedient child.

In the village of Kantara, a sacred well holds a secret. A young boy believed to be born of divine will is found inside and adopted by Jabbanna and Baidi, a tribal woman, who names him Berme (again [[Rishab Shetty]]). As Berme grows up, he ventures beyond the forest and into the Bangra kingdom's port after an encounter with the newly crowned Kulashekhara and his minister, Bhogendra. There, he and his companions discover that the spices from the forest are being exploited through [[Barter|barter trade]]. Berme decides to cultivate and trade spices independently to support his people with Kanakavathi's permission.

Berme and Kanakavathi develop a romantic connection. However, Kulashekhara is angered by Berme's defiance and growing influence. He sends soldiers to punish the Kantara tribe, but they are defeated. Kulashekhara retaliates with a larger attack on the village. During the assault, Baidi is killed, and Guliga emerges from the sacred well to possess Berme. Empowered, Guliga kills Kulashekhara in a manner resembling Vijayendra's death.

Despite Kulashekhara's death, unrest continues. Rajashekara returns to the throne with Kanakavathi. During preparations for a Brahmakalasha ritual, the temple's [[Lingam|Shivalinga]] cracks, threatening the balance between the spiritual and mortal worlds. Kanakavathi asks Berme and the tribal leaders to move their deities to the kingdom temple to restore harmony. The [[ritual]] is completed, but soon after, children in Kantara begin falling unconscious from a mysterious illness. Berme learns that Kanakavathi has been conspiring against the tribe. Revived in her childhood by the evil Kadapa clan, she planned with her father to trap the daivas and harness their power through black magic. She also encouraged Kulashekhara's attack on the tribe. It is revealed that all the rulers of Bangra wanted to seize the holy garden.

Berme declares war against the Bangra kingdom. In battle, Kanakavathi strengthens Rajashekara with the forbidden rituals of the Kadapa people. Mayakara, the fisherman from the beginning, reappears and advises Berme to return to the sacred well. There, Berme discovers a hidden chamber with a Shivalinga and a divine [[Trishula|trishul]]. After almost being defeated by a [[Brahmarakshasa]], upon touching the trident, Berme is possessed by lord Shiva and, with holy powers, frees the Daivas from black magic. As Panjurli ignites a fire around Rajashekara's stronghold, Berme ( possessed again by guliga ) confronts Kanakavathi. When she taunts the daiva, saying that a male Daiva cannot kill a woman, Guliga declares that her destruction will come from ''Chavundi'', the goddess of feminine power, who possesses Berme. In this form, Chavundi defeats and kills both Kanakavathi and Rajashekara, restoring peace to Kantara.

The film closes with Berme diving back into the sacred well and disappearing. The narrator from 1970 reflects on the legend, and the well is revealed as the same circle where Berme, Annappa, and later Kaadubettu Shiva ([[Rishab Shetty]]) himself vanished.{{Efn|As depicted in ''[[Kantara (2022 film)|Kantara]]'' (2022)|name=Kantara2022}} When asked by Shiva what the well holds, the narrator affirms that it is a legend for another day, confirming ''Kantara: Chapter 2''.

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|* [[Rishab Shetty]] in a [[dual role|four roles]] as
** Berme
** Mayakara
** Annappa (Strict mentioning)
** Kaadubettu Shiva (Strict mentioning)
* [[Jayaram]] as King Rajashekara, father of Kulashekara and Kanakavathi
* [[Rukmini Vasanth]] as Princess Kanakavathi, Kulashekara's sister and Rajashekara's daughter
* [[Gulshan Devaiah]] as King Kulashekara, Kanakavathi's brother and Rajashekara's son
* Ramitha Shailendra as Rajamatha Rajalakshmi, Rajashekara's wife; Kulashekara and Kanakavathi's mother
* [[Pramod Shetty]] as Bhogendra, Kulashekara's minister
* [[Naveen D. Padil]] as Booba, Port official
* Rakesh Poojari as Peppe, Booba's son
* [[Prakash Thuminad]] in a dual role as :
** Chenna, soldier
** Raampa (cameo)
* Deepak Rai Panaje as Sankappa
* [[Hariprashanth M G]] as King Vijayendra, Rajashekhara's father
* Mime Ramdas as Ramadasa, a musician
* [[Bala Rajwadi]] as Jabbanna
* [[Sampath Ram]]
* Raghavendra S
* Ranjan Shetty
* Mithun Raj
* Prathima Nayak
* Gagan Murthy
* Goutham Raj
* Ayra Krishna as Kulashekara's wife
* Naveen Bondel
;Cameo appearances
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Dalal, an arab trader
* Pragathi Rishab Shetty as a woman in Bangra
* Ranvit Rishab Shetty as a child in Bangra
* Raadya Rishab Shetty as young Kanakavathi
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Following the success of ''[[Kantara (2022 film)|Kantara]] (2022)'', in February 2023, Rishab Shetty confirmed that a prequel will be made and what was actually shown was the second part.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 February 2023 |title=Rishab Shetty confirms Kantara 2 will be a prequel: 'What you have seen is actually Part 2, Part 1 will come next year' |date=6 February 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rishab-shetty-confirms-kantara-2-will-be-a-prequel-8427827/ |publisher=The Indian Express |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206162353/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rishab-shetty-confirms-kantara-2-will-be-a-prequel-8427827/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was reported that in [[Mangalore]], Shetty had sought the permission of god Panjurli to film a prequel.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 December 2022 |title=Rishab Shetty seeks divine consent for Kantara 2, gets it |date=15 December 2022 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/151222/rishab-shetty-seeks-divine-consent-for-kantara-2-gets-it.html |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215132728/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/151222/rishab-shetty-seeks-divine-consent-for-kantara-2-gets-it.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kantara 2 confirmed! Rishab Shetty gets local God's consent for Kantara sequel. Read here |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/kantara-2-confirmed-rishab-shetty-gets-local-gods-consent-for-kantara-sequel-read-here/articleshow/96224215.cms |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111034022/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/kantara-2-confirmed-rishab-shetty-gets-local-gods-consent-for-kantara-sequel-read-here/articleshow/96224215.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The scripting work was completed in around 8 months, where Shetty collaborated with Shaneel Gautham and Anirudh Mahesh.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 September 2025 |title=Su From So's Shaneel Gautham on the writing process of Kantara Chapter 1: 'There were a lot of re-writes…' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/su-from-sos-shaneel-gautham-on-the-writing-process-of-kantara-chapter-1-there-were-a-lot-of-re-writes/37956f6b1d564 |publisher=OTTPlay |archive-date=11 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011013759/https://www.ottplay.com/news/su-from-sos-shaneel-gautham-on-the-writing-process-of-kantara-chapter-1-there-were-a-lot-of-re-writes/37956f6b1d564 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film throws light on the origin of Panjurli Daiva and Guliga Daiva.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=9 January 2024 |title=Kantara: Chapter 1 to narrate the history of Panjurli Daiva and Guliga Daiva divinities |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/kantara-chapter-1-narrate-history-panjurli-daiva-guliga-daiva-divinities |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=9 January 2024 |archive-date=9 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109143955/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/kantara-chapter-1-narrate-history-panjurli-daiva-guliga-daiva-divinities/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's story is set in pre-colonial Karnataka, during the reign of [[Kadambas]] from [[Banavasi]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 September 2025 |title=8 Things You Need To Know About Rishab Shetty's Kantara Chapter 1 Ahead Of Its Trailer |date=21 September 2025 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/8-things-you-need-to-know-about-rishab-shettys-kantara-chapter-1-ahead-of-its-trailer-article-152866849 |publisher=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 July 2025 |title=What's the story of Kantara Chapter 1 and how does Rishab Shetty's prequel connect to the first part? |date=22 July 2025 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/whats-the-story-of-kantara-chapter-1-and-how-does-rishab-shettys-prequel-connect-to-the-first-part-1394313 |publisher=Pinkvilla |archive-date=24 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724040143/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/whats-the-story-of-kantara-chapter-1-and-how-does-rishab-shettys-prequel-connect-to-the-first-part-1394313 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, Shetty also revealed that basic theme of the film is same as previous part, and focuses on the conflict between the tribals of Kantara forest and a tyrannical king.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-teaser-out-rishab-shettys-prequel-to-be-set-in-300-ce-101701073014752.html|title=Kantara Chapter 1 teaser out: Rishab Shetty's prequel to be set in 300 CE?|date=Nov 27, 2023|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=28 November 2023|archive-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043410/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-teaser-out-rishab-shettys-prequel-to-be-set-in-300-ce-101701073014752.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 September 2025 |title=Rishab Shetty: The basic theme of Kantara Chapter 1 is the same as Kantara, but… |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rishab-shetty-the-basic-theme-of-kantara-chapter-1-is-the-same-as-kantara-but/cb750f2af2580 |publisher=OTTPlay}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began in November 2023, with a formal pooja ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 November 2023 |title=Pooja ceremony of Rishab Shetty's 'Kantara-A Legend Chapter 1' |date=29 November 2023 |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/gallery/gallery-pooja-ceremony-of-rishab-shettys-kantara-a-legend-chapter-1/ |publisher=The South First |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129095317/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/gallery/gallery-pooja-ceremony-of-rishab-shettys-kantara-a-legend-chapter-1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024, major portion was filmed in Shetty's own village [[Keradi]] in [[Kundapura]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/vijay-kiragandur-unveils-exciting-updates-kantara-2-kgf-weve-completed-30-per-cent-filming/|title=Vijay Kiragandur unveils exciting updates on Kantara 2 and KGF: "We've completed about 30 per cent of the filming" : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=10 October 2024|access-date=10 October 2024|archive-date=7 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107183845/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/vijay-kiragandur-unveils-exciting-updates-kantara-2-kgf-weve-completed-30-per-cent-filming/|url-status=live}}</ref> A massive set was created by more than 600 carpenters for the same.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=19 March 2025 |title=Kantara 2: Rishab Shetty Says A Huge Set Has Been Put Up In His Village, Team To Shoot There In April |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kantara-2-rishab-shetty-says-a-huge-set-has-been-put-up-in-his-village-team-to-shoot-there-in-april-8821379.html |publisher=News18 |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404095903/https://www.news18.com/movies/kantara-2-rishab-shetty-says-a-huge-set-has-been-put-up-in-his-village-team-to-shoot-there-in-april-8821379.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 April 2024 |title=Kantara: Chapter 1 gears up for 20-day schedule, team heads to Kundapura; shoot deets inside |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/kantara-chapter-1-gears-20-day-schedule-team-heads-kundapura-shoot-deets-inside |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=30 April 2024 |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430102921/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/kantara-chapter-1-gears-20-day-schedule-team-heads-kundapura-shoot-deets-inside/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Shetty learned horse riding, [[Kalaripayattu]] and sword fighting for his role.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 August 2024 |title=Rishab Shetty prepares for Kantara Chapter 1 with intense Kalaripayattu training, shares photo |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/rishab-shetty-prepares-kantara-chapter-1-intense-kalaripayattu-training-shares-photo |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=22 August 2024 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925192436/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/rishab-shetty-prepares-kantara-chapter-1-intense-kalaripayattu-training-shares-photo/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-04-02 |title='Kantara: Chapter 1' release date confirmed: When will Rishabh Shetty's much-awaited prequel hit the theatres |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/kantara-chapter-1-release-date-confirmed-when-will-rishabh-shettys-much-awaited-prequel-hit-the-theatres/articleshow/119908972.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=2 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402191558/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/kantara-chapter-1-release-date-confirmed-when-will-rishabh-shettys-much-awaited-prequel-hit-the-theatres/articleshow/119908972.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2024, a bus carrying crew members met with an accident near [[Jadkal]] due to which shooting got halted.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 November 2024 |title=Rishab Shetty's 'Kantara: Chapter 1' shoot halts after a bus accident involving junior artists |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rishab-shettys-kantara-chapter-1-shoot-halts-after-a-bus-accident-involving-junior-artists/articleshow/115653797.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 November 2024 |archive-date=26 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126011812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rishab-shettys-kantara-chapter-1-shoot-halts-after-a-bus-accident-involving-junior-artists/articleshow/115653797.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2025, filming moved to the forests of [[Sakleshpur]]. However, later the makers were fined ₹50K for dumping material inside protected forest area.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 January 2025 |title='Kantara Chapter-1' makers fined Rs 50k for forest violation |date=21 January 2025 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2025/Jan/21/kantara-chapter-1-makers-fined-rs-50k-for-forest-violation |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In February 2025, a grand war sequence was filmed which was choreographed by national and international experts. The sequence included over 500 skilled fighters and a total cast of nearly 3,000 people. It was shot on a 25-acre set in Karnataka's mountains, and the sequence took nearly 50 days to film completely.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 February 2025 |title=Kantara Chapter 1: Hombale Films hire over 500 skilled fighters for a never-seen-before war sequence in Rishab Shetty starrer |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/kantara-chapter-1-hombale-films-hire-500-skilled-fighters-never-seen-war-sequence-rishab-shetty-starrer/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=4 February 2025 |archive-date=11 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011013515/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/kantara-chapter-1-hombale-films-hire-500-skilled-fighters-never-seen-war-sequence-rishab-shetty-starrer/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=20 February 2025 |title=Kantara 2: Rishab Shetty To Shoot For The Biggest War Sequence In Karnataka For 50 Days |work=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kantara-2-rishab-shetty-to-shoot-for-the-biggest-war-sequence-in-karnataka-for-50-days-9234192.html |archive-date=20 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220080358/https://www.news18.com/movies/kantara-2-rishab-shetty-to-shoot-for-the-biggest-war-sequence-in-karnataka-for-50-days-9234192.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2025, the film's last schedule was filmed 20 kilometers away from Kundapur.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 May 2025 |title=Kantara – Chapter 1 shooting update: Final schedule of Rishab Shetty starrer begins ahead of October 2 release |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/kantara-chapter-1-shooting-update-final-schedule-rishab-shetty-starrer-begins-ahead-october-2-release |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=8 May 2025 |archive-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508071048/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/kantara-chapter-1-shooting-update-final-schedule-rishab-shetty-starrer-begins-ahead-october-2-release/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same month, reports claimed that actor Rakesh Poojary died on film's set but later makers clarified about his death on a family function and not on film set.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 May 2025 |title=Kantara 2 actor Rakesh Poojary dies of heart attack at 34, days after junior actor drowned |date=12 May 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-2-actor-rakesh-poojary-dies-of-heart-attack-at-34-days-after-junior-actor-drowned-101747036874048.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |archive-date=14 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514021858/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-2-actor-rakesh-poojary-dies-of-heart-attack-at-34-days-after-junior-actor-drowned-101747036874048.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shetty filmed the climax with swollen and bruised legs.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=13 October 2025 |title=Rishab Shetty filmed Kantara Chapter 1 climax despite swollen legs, exhaustion: Pics |date=13 October 2025 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rishab-shetty-kantara-climax-shoot-exhaustion-swollen-leg-15-drafts-prequel-script-2802157-2025-10-13 |publisher=India Today}}</ref> The entire filming was wrapped by July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-07-08 |title='Kantara: Chapter 1' wraps filming, all set for a grand release on Oct 2 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kantara-chapter-1-wraps-filming-all-set-for-a-grand-release-on-oct-2-986358 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en |archive-date=8 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708195550/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kantara-chapter-1-wraps-filming-all-set-for-a-grand-release-on-oct-2-986358 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-07 |title='Kantara: Chapter 1' poster unveiled on Rishab Shetty's birthday; Shoot wrapped, release announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kantara-chapter-1-poster-unveiled-on-rishab-shettys-birthday-shoot-wrapped-release-announced/articleshow/122289173.cms |access-date=2025-07-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708195550/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kantara-chapter-1-poster-unveiled-on-rishab-shettys-birthday-shoot-wrapped-release-announced/articleshow/122289173.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{See also|Kantara: Chapter 1 (soundtrack)}}
The film's soundtrack album and [[background score]] was composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]], who had composed for the prequel, ''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]].''<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 September 2025 |title=Ajaneesh Loknath: Kantara Chapter 1 fuses Carnatic music with tribal rhythms |date=30 September 2025 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Sep/30/kannadainterviews2025sep29ajaneesh-loknath-kantara-chapter-1-fuses-carnatic-music-with-tribal-rhythms |publisher=The New Indian Express |archive-date=1 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001110256/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Sep/30/kannadainterviews2025sep29ajaneesh-loknath-kantara-chapter-1-fuses-carnatic-music-with-tribal-rhythms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first single titled "Brahmakalasha" was released on 28 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 September 2025 |title=Kantara Chapter 1 Brahmakalsha Song: Step Into The Divine World Of Rishab Shetty's Mythical-Actioner |date=28 September 2025 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/kantara-chapter-1-brahmakalsha-song-step-into-the-divine-world-of-rishab-shettys-mythical-actioner-article-152907166 |publisher=Times Now |archive-date=11 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011013801/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/kantara-chapter-1-brahmakalsha-song-step-into-the-divine-world-of-rishab-shettys-mythical-actioner-article-152907166 |url-status=live }}</ref> The second single titled "Rebel Song" was released on 1 October 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 October 2025 |title=Kantara: Chapter 1 {{!}} Kannada Song - Rebel (Lyrical) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/kannada/kantara-chapter-1-kannada-song-rebel-lyrical/videoshow/124281001.cms |work=The Times of India |archive-date=11 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011011742/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/kannada/kantara-chapter-1-kannada-song-rebel-lyrical/videoshow/124281001.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The song's Hindi version was sung by [[Diljit Dosanjh]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 October 2025 |title='Kantara: Chapter 1' makers drop high-energy song by Diljit Dosanjh |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/watch-kantara-chapter-1-makers-drop-high-energy-song-by-diljit-dosanjh-3749325 |publisher=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The full album was released on 11 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-11 |title=Kantara A Legend Chapter 1 - Kannada (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/kantara-a-legend-chapter-1-kannada-original-motion/1845097642 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011142001/https://music.apple.com/in/album/kantara-a-legend-chapter-1-kannada-original-motion/1845097642 |archive-date=2025-10-11 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
[[File:Orion Mall, Rajajinagar, Bangalore (2025) 75.jpg|thumb|right|Premiering of the film in [[Orion Mall]], Bangalore]]
The film's first look teaser was released on 27 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kantara Chapter 1 teaser: Rishab Shetty is fierce and mighty in film's first look. |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kantara-chapter-1-teaser-rishab-shetty-is-fierce-and-mighty-in-films-first-look-first-look-november-27-kantara-2468000-2023-11-27 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=India Today |date=27 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327141320/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kantara-chapter-1-teaser-rishab-shetty-is-fierce-and-mighty-in-films-first-look-first-look-november-27-kantara-2468000-2023-11-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> Another first-look poster was released on 7 July 2025, following the wrap of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kantara Chapter 1 First Look Poster: Rishab Shetty's Fierce, Warrior-Like Avatar Leaves Fans Awestruck |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/kantara-chapter-1-poster-rishab-shettys-fierce-warrior-like-avatar-leaves-fans-awestruck-ws-l-9425383.html |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=8 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708195550/https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/kantara-chapter-1-poster-rishab-shettys-fierce-warrior-like-avatar-leaves-fans-awestruck-ws-l-9425383.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The official trailer was released on 22 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 September 2025 |title='Kantara: A Legend Chapter 1' trailer: Rishabh Shetty leads stunning prequel epic |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kantara-a-legend-chapter-1-trailer-rishabh-shettys-leads-stunning-prequel-epic/article70079383.ece |work=The Hindu |date=22 September 2025 |archive-date=22 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922085233/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kantara-a-legend-chapter-1-trailer-rishabh-shettys-leads-stunning-prequel-epic/article70079383.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the release of the trailer a press meet was held in [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 September 2025 |title=Rukmini Vasanth in tears at 'Kantara Chapter 1' trailer launch: Here's what she revealed about Rishab Shetty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rukmini-vasanth-in-tears-at-kantara-chapter-1-trailer-launch-heres-what-she-revealed-about-rishab-shetty/articleshow/124065824.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 September 2025 |archive-date=24 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924123504/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rukmini-vasanth-in-tears-at-kantara-chapter-1-trailer-launch-heres-what-she-revealed-about-rishab-shetty/articleshow/124065824.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 28 September 2025, a pre-release event was held in [[Hyderabad]] where [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] was invited as chief guest.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 September 2025 |title=NTR backs Rishab Shetty's Kantara: Chapter 1 at Hyderabad pre-release event |date=29 September 2025 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/ntr-backs-rishab-shettys-kantara-chapter-1-at-hyderabad-pre-release-event |publisher=Telangana Today}}</ref> On 30 September 2025, another pre-release event was set to take place in [[Chennai]], however it was cancelled by the makers, following the [[2025 Karur crowd crush]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 September 2025 |title='Kantara: Chapter 1': Makers of the Rishab Shetty starrer CANCEL Chennai event after Karur stampede tragedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kantara-chapter-1-makers-of-the-rishab-shetty-starrer-cancel-chennai-event-after-karur-stampede-tragedy/articleshow/124217062.cms |work=The Times of India |archive-date=29 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250929203418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kantara-chapter-1-makers-of-the-rishab-shetty-starrer-cancel-chennai-event-after-karur-stampede-tragedy/articleshow/124217062.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 7 October 2025, a success meet was held in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 October 2025 |title=Delhi CM Rekha Gupta Meets Rishab Shetty, Lauds Kantara For Reflecting 'Spiritual Depth' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/delhi-cm-rekha-gupta-meets-rishab-shetty-lauds-kantara-for-reflecting-spiritual-depth-ws-l-9619518.html |publisher=News18 |archive-date=7 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007090615/https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/delhi-cm-rekha-gupta-meets-rishab-shetty-lauds-kantara-for-reflecting-spiritual-depth-ws-l-9619518.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Kantara: Chapter 1'' was released in theatres worldwide on 2 October 2025 in standard and [[IMAX]], [[D-Box Technologies|D-Box]], [[PVR INOX|ICE]], [[4DX]], [[Dolby Cinema]] and [[Qube Cinema Technologies|EPIQ]] formats, coinciding with [[Gandhi Jayanti]] and [[Vijayadashami]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 November 2024 |title=Rishab Shetty's 'Kantara: Chapter 1' gets a release date - |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rishab-shettys-kantara-chapter-1-gets-a-release-date/article68878622.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 November 2024 |archive-date=18 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118012235/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rishab-shettys-kantara-chapter-1-gets-a-release-date/article68878622.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 November 2024 |title=Kantara Chapter 1 release date: Rishab Shetty's prequel will be out next year on Gandhi Jayanti |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-release-date-rishab-shettys-prequel-will-be-out-next-year-on-gandhi-jayanti-101731843479883.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 November 2024 |archive-date=17 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117120638/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-release-date-rishab-shettys-prequel-will-be-out-next-year-on-gandhi-jayanti-101731843479883.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Apart from the original [[Kannada]] language it was also released in dubbed versions of [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Malayalam]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 September 2025 |title='Kantara: Chapter 1' to release in Spanish and English |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/09/16/kantara-chapter-1-to-release-in-spanish-and-english.html |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> The English and Spanish version was released with a shortened runtime on 31 October 2025.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |access-date=22 October 2025 |title=Rishab Shetty plans crisper English version for Kantara Chapter 1 globally |date=22 October 2025 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kantara-chapter-1-english-release-31-october-750-crore-global-box-office-success-2806609-2025-10-22 |work=India Today}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
The producers [[Hombale Films]] will distribute the film in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara: Chapter 1 makers lock India and overseas distribution partners; all set for October 2 grand release |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kantara-chapter-1-makers-lock-india-and-overseas-distribution-partners-all-set-for-october-2-grand-release/f6face30f0493 |website=OTTplay |date=6 September 2025 |access-date=8 September 2025 |archive-date=11 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011013851/https://www.ottplay.com/news/kantara-chapter-1-makers-lock-india-and-overseas-distribution-partners-all-set-for-october-2-grand-release/f6face30f0493 |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Kerala]], actor-filmmaker [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]’s company [[Prithviraj Productions]] acquired the theatrical rights, continuing their collaboration from ''[[Kantara (2022 film)|Kantara]]'' (2022).<ref>{{cite web |title=കാന്താര ചാപ്റ്റര്‍1 കേരളത്തിലെ വിതരണം പൃഥ്വിരാജ് പ്രൊഡക്ഷന്‍സിന്, ചിത്രം ഒക്ടോബര്‍ 2ന് തീയേറ്ററില്‍|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kantara-2-prequel-release-date-prithviraj-productions-1.10891522 |website=Mathrubhumi News|language=Malayalam|date=6 September 2025 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref> In [[North India]], [[AA Films]] handled the distribution,<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 September 2025 |title=AA Films to distribute Kantara: Chapter 1 in North India |date=7 September 2025 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Sep/07/kannadanews2025sep05aa-films-to-distribute-kantara-chapter-1-in-north-india |publisher=The New Indian Express |archive-date=24 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924135019/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Sep/07/kannadanews2025sep05aa-films-to-distribute-kantara-chapter-1-in-north-india |url-status=live }}</ref> while in the Telugu-speaking states, [[Mythri Movie Makers]], [[Geetha Arts]], [[Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram]], Vigneshwara Entertainments, SV Cinemas and KSN Telefilms handled the distribution.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 September 2025 |title=Kantara: Chapter 1 locks massive Telugu release rights as global release plans unfold |date=11 September 2025 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Sep/11/kantara-chapter-1-locks-massive-telugu-release-rights-as-global-release-plans-unfold |publisher=Cinema Express}}</ref> In [[Tamil Nadu]], the distribution was handled by Think Studios, M. Movies, Fivestar K. Senthil and S Picture.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1967843366173073885 |user=hombalefilms |title=Delighted to announce our collaboration with the Tamizh distributors to bring the epic saga of #KantaraChapter1 to audiences across 𝐓𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐥 𝐍𝐚𝐝𝐮 🔥 Witness the divine origin of a LEGEND this 𝐎𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐁𝐄𝐑 𝟐𝐧𝐝. |author=Hombale Films |access-date=16 September 2025}}</ref> For overseas markets, distribution was managed by Phars Films.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1964267389832614261 |user=hombalefilms |title=The divine saga spreads its roar beyond borders… ✨🔥 #KantaraChapter1 hits cinemas worldwide from 𝐎𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐁𝐄𝐑 𝟐𝐧𝐝, 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟓. 𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞𝐚𝐬 release by @PharsFilm. |author=Hombale Films |access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref> In [[North America]], distribution was handled by Prathyangira Cinemas.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=20 September 2025 |title=US distributor lits up Kantara Chapter 1 premiere hype |date=20 September 2025 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Sep/20/us-distributor-lits-up-kantara-chapter-1-premiere-hype |publisher=Cinema Express |archive-date=21 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921121316/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Sep/20/us-distributor-lits-up-kantara-chapter-1-premiere-hype |url-status=live }}</ref>
In Malaysia, the film was distribute by DMY Creation and screened in 88 Cinema nationwide in Tamil dub.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=19 November 2025 |title=Kantara A Legend: Chapter 1 |date=20 September 2025 |url=https://www.cinema.com.my/movies/details.aspx?search=2025.20523.kantaraalegendchapter1.39965|publisher=Cinema online}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The digital distribution rights of the film were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] for {{INR|125 [[crore]]}}. Satellite Rights accepted [[Zee Network]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2024-03-21 |title=Rishab Shetty's Kantara Chapter 1 secures digital rights for a whopping price |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Mar/21/rishab-shettys-kantara-chapter-1-secures-digital-rights-for-a-whopping-price |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327141320/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Mar/21/rishab-shettys-kantara-chapter-1-secures-digital-rights-for-a-whopping-price |url-status=live }}</ref> The film began streaming on Amazon Prime Video from 31 October 2025 in Kannada and dubbed versions of Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam languages.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=27 October 2025 |title=Kantara Chapter 1 OTT release: Rishab Shetty's ₹800-cr hit is out on OTT in less than a month - When and where to watch
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-ott-release-rishab-shettys-800-cr-hit-releasing-digitally-in-less-than-a-month-on-prime-video-101761562085228.html
|access-date=27 October 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> The Hindi dubbed version began streaming on the same platform from 27 November 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 November 2025 |title='Kantara: Chapter 1' Hindi version on OTT; When and where to watch the Rishab Shetty starrer, fans celebrate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kantara-chapter-1-hindi-version-on-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-the-rishab-shetty-starrer-fans-celebrate/articleshow/125613397.cms |work=The Times of India |date=27 November 2025 }}</ref>

== Sequel ==
The film's ending revealed that the well Berme jumped into and disappeared in the same place where Annappa and Kaadubettu Shiva disappeared which confirms the next film ''Kantara: Chapter 2.'' It will serve as the sequel to both ''[[Kantara (2022 Indian film)|Kantara]]'' and ''Kantara: Chapter 1'' and will explore more secrets of both the well, forest and new deities (daivas).<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 October 2025 |title=Kantara Chapter 1 ending explained: How Rishab Shetty film's jaw-dropping end sets up another prequel, Kantara Chapter 2 |date=3 October 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-ending-explained-how-rishab-shetty-jaw-dropping-end-sets-up-another-prequel-kantara-chapter-2-101759471249531.html |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Fenil |last=Seta |access-date=3 October 2025 |title=BREAKING: Kantara: A Legend – Chapter 1 ends with a promise of a sequel titled Kantara: A Legend – Chapter 2 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-kantara-legend-chapter-1-ends-promise-sequel-titled-kantara-legend-chapter-2 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2 October 2025 |archive-date=3 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003064235/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-kantara-legend-chapter-1-ends-promise-sequel-titled-kantara-legend-chapter-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box-office ===
The film sold 12.80 lakh tickets online on the first day.<ref name=":3">{{cite web | title='ಕಾಂತಾರ: ಚಾಪ್ಟರ್ 1' ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್: ಮೊದಲ ದಿನವೇ ಭರ್ಜರಿ ಗಳಿಕೆ, ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ಕೊಡುಗೆ ಎಷ್ಟು? | url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/rishab-shetty-rukmini-vasanth-kantara-chapter-1-collection-day-1-box-office-report/articleshow/124289785.cms }}</ref> Though the early estimate suggested the film to have collected ₹75 crore before night shows of the first day,<ref>{{cite web | title=Kantara Chapter 1: ಕಾಂತಾರ 1 ಮೊದಲ ದಿನ ಗಳಿಸಿದ್ದೆಷ್ಟು ಕೋಟಿ? KGF 2 ರೆಕಾರ್ಡ್ ಬ್ರೇಕ್ | url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/hombale-films-rishab-shettys-kantara-chapter-1-first-day-box-office-collection-beats-kgf-2-dvp-ws-l-2198865.html | access-date=3 October 2025 | archive-date=7 October 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007123348/https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/hombale-films-rishab-shettys-kantara-chapter-1-first-day-box-office-collection-beats-kgf-2-dvp-ws-l-2198865.html | url-status=live }}</ref> at the end of day one, the gross collection was reported to be around ₹85{{En dash}}90 crore, with ₹72 crore within India and ₹20 crore in Hindi version alone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara Chapter 1 Worldwide Collection: कांतारा ने हिलाया बाहुबली का सिंहासन, दुनियाभर में कमाई से मचाई तबाही - Kantara Chapter 1 Worldwide Box Office Collection Day 1 Rishab Shetty movie beats Bahubali and Stree |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/box-office-kantara-chapter-1-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-1-rishab-shetty-movie-beats-bahubali-and-stree-24068724.html |access-date=4 October 2025 |archive-date=3 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003172420/https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/box-office-kantara-chapter-1-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-1-rishab-shetty-movie-beats-bahubali-and-stree-24068724.html |url-status=live }}</ref> With ₹89+ crore in worldwide earnings on Day 1, it was reported to have outperformed every other release of the year.<ref>{{cite web | title=Kantara: Chapter 1 shatters record on day 1, opens with Rs 89+ crore collection worldwide | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/kantara-chapter-1-shatters-record-on-day-1-opens-with-rs-89-crore-collection-worldwide-article-13596483.html | access-date=4 October 2025 | archive-date=4 October 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251004043503/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/kantara-chapter-1-shatters-record-on-day-1-opens-with-rs-89-crore-collection-worldwide-article-13596483.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The film crossed ₹100 crore mark in 2 days making it one of the quickest films of 2025 to reach that milestone.<ref>{{cite web | title=Kantara: Chapter 1 box office collection: Rishab Shetty starrer crosses Rs 100 crore within 2 days | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/kantara-chapter-1-box-office-collection-rishab-shetty-starrer-crosses-rs-100-crore-within-2-days-article-13596681.html | access-date=4 October 2025 | archive-date=4 October 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251004035521/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/kantara-chapter-1-box-office-collection-rishab-shetty-starrer-crosses-rs-100-crore-within-2-days-article-13596681.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The worldwide gross at the end of two days was reported to be ₹151 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-04 |title=Kantara Chapter 1 worldwide box office collection |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-2-rishab-shetty-film-mints-150-crore-beat-mirai-sky-force-101759557091412-amp.html|access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Even before the end of third day, the early estimate suggested the film netted ₹162.85 crores.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara Chapter 1 box office collection day 3: Rishab Shetty's film crosses Rs 150 Crores |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/kantara-chapter-1-box-office-collection-day-3-rishab-shetty-s-film-crosses-rs-150-crores-article-13597426.html |access-date=5 October 2025 |archive-date=5 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005035144/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/kantara-chapter-1-box-office-collection-day-3-rishab-shetty-s-film-crosses-rs-150-crores-article-13597426.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Kantara Chapter 1 Box Office Day 3: Rishab Shetty film inches close to Rs 200 crore mark | date=5 October 2025 | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-kantara-chapter-1-box-office-day-3-rishab-shetty-film-inches-close-to-rs-200-crore-mark-3998858/lite/ | access-date=5 October 2025 | archive-date=5 October 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005041943/https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-kantara-chapter-1-box-office-day-3-rishab-shetty-film-inches-close-to-rs-200-crore-mark-3998858/lite/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The worldwide theatrical gross at the end of first Saturday was reported to be ₹225 crore.<ref>{{cite web | title=Kantara Chapter 1 worldwide box office collection day 3: Rishab Shetty film mints ₹225 crore; beats Gangubai Kathiawadi | date=5 October 2025 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-3-rishab-shetty-mints-225-crore-beat-gangubai-kathiawadi-lifetime-101759637129661-amp.html }}</ref> The film grossed ₹325{{En dash}}335 crore in its extended 4-day first weekend thereby implying ₹100 crore gross theatrical collection worldwide on its first Sunday.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara Chapter 1 worldwide box office collection day 4: Rishab Shetty film storms past ₹300 crore; beats KGF, HanuMan |date=6 October 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-4-rishab-shetty-film-earns-300-crore-beats-kgf-chapter-1-hanuman-101759721591709.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara Chapter 1 Box office: मात्र चार दिन में कमाए 335 करोड़, 'कांतारा चैप्टर 1' ने बनाए ये बड़े रिकॉर्ड्स |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/kantara-chapter-1-box-office-records-rishab-shetty-kannada-movie-collection-2025-10-06 |access-date=16 October 2025 |archive-date=6 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006102117/https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/kantara-chapter-1-box-office-records-rishab-shetty-kannada-movie-collection-2025-10-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> Domestically, within 4 days, the film netted ₹75 crore in the Hindi version, ₹47 crore in the Telugu version and ₹22 crore in the Tamil version.<ref>{{cite web | title=Kantara: Chapter 1 crosses Rs 335 crore in just 4 days of its extended opening weekend | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=6 October 2025 | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Oct/06/kantara-chapter-1-crosses-rs-335-crore-in-just-4-days-of-its-extended-opening-weekend | access-date=16 October 2025 | archive-date=8 October 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008135531/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Oct/06/kantara-chapter-1-crosses-rs-335-crore-in-just-4-days-of-its-extended-opening-weekend | url-status=live }}</ref>

The film surpassed ₹350 crore mark on its first Monday.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-07 |title=Kantara Chapter 1 Worldwide Box-Office Collection |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-5-rishab-shettys-juggernaut-beats-pushpa-the-rise-makes-370-cr-101759822853570-amp.html|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The film grossed over ₹400 crores in 6 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-08 |title=Kantara Chapter 1 Worldwide Box-Office Collection |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-6-rishab-shetty-film-crosses-400-crore-beats-kantara-vikram-101759895074481.html#google_vignette|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> By the end of seven days, the worldwide gross stood at ₹450 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-10-09|title=Kantara Chapter 1 Worldwide Box-Office Collection|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-7-rishab-shetty-film-mints-451-crore-beats-brahmastra-3-idiots-101759981724180.html|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=9 October 2025|archive-date=9 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009142054/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-7-rishab-shetty-film-mints-451-crore-beats-brahmastra-3-idiots-101759981724180.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film became the highest-grossing film in the world in the first week of its release with a gross worldwide collection of $53 million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2025 |title=Kantara Chapter 1 is world's highest grossing film this week; beats One Battle After Another, Taylor Swift's movie |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-highest-grossing-film-in-the-world-rishab-shetty-one-battle-after-another-taylor-swift-showgirl-avatar-101759994883776.html |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The film crossed the ₹500 crore mark in its 8-day extended first week and grossed ₹520 crores before the beginning of its second week.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 October 2025|title=Kantara Chapter worldwide box office collection day 9|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-9-rishab-shetty-film-mints-500-crore-beats-coolie-war-lifetime-101760153017312.html|access-date=11 October 2025|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=11 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011153907/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-9-rishab-shetty-film-mints-500-crore-beats-coolie-war-lifetime-101760153017312.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On the online ticketing platform [[Book My Show]], the film sold the third-highest number of tickets in its first week. The film sold approximately 8.20 million tickets in its eight-day opening week on the platform, surpassing the ticket sales of ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' (7.65 million) and ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'' (6.60 million).<ref>{{cite news |date=11 October 2025 |title=Rishab Shetty's Kantara Chapter 1 beats SRK's Jawan, Rajinikanth's Jailer in opening week ticket sales on BookMyShow|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/rishab-shettys-kantara-chapter-1-beats-srks-jawan-rajinikanths-jailer-in-opening-week-ticket-sales-on-bookmyshow-101760188902682.html|work=Hindustan Times |access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref> It crossed the ₹600 crore mark before the beginning of its second weekend.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2025 |title=Kantara Chapter 1 Box Office Day 11: Rishab Shetty-starrer storms past Rs 600 crore worldwide|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-kantara-chapter-1-box-office-day-11-rishab-shetty-starrer-storms-past-rs-600-crore-worldwide-4008507/lite/|work= Financial Express |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref> The film was reported to have grossed over ₹650 crores in 11 days.<ref>{{cite web | title=Rishab Shetty's 'Kantara Chapter 1' crosses Rs 655 crore worldwide in just 11 days | date=14 October 2025 | url=https://udayavani.com/karnataka/rishab-shettys-kantara-chapter-1-crosses-rs-655-crore-worldwide-in-just-11-days-545105?lang=en }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=12ನೇ ದಿನಕ್ಕೆ ಬಾಲಿವುಡ್‌ ಬಾಕ್ಸ್ ಆಫೀಸ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ 'ಕಾಂತಾರ: ಚಾಪ್ಟರ್ 1' ಮ್ಯಾಜಿಕ್; ರಿಷಬ್ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ ಸಿನಿಮಾದ ಹವಾ ಈಗ ಹೇಗಿದೆ? | url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/kantara-chapter-1-hindi-version-box-office-collection-crosses-150-crore-on-12th-day/articleshow/124555523.cms }}</ref> Even before the completion of its second week theatrical run, it surpassed the second week Karnataka gross collections of ''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]''.<ref>{{cite web | title=Kantara box office collection Day 14: Rishab Shetty film beats KGF 2, 777 Charlie in week #2 collections | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kantara-box-office-collection-day-14-rishab-shetty-film-beats-kgf-2-777-charlie-in-week-2-collections/9b85b385eb414 }}</ref> By the end of two weeks, the film emerged as the highest-grossing film of Karnataka grossing ₹200 crore, whilst also becoming the second Kannada film to cross the ₹100 crore mark at the global box office, after ''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]''.<ref>{{cite web | title=Kantara Chapter 1 Box Office Day 14: Rishab Shetty-starrer becomes Karnataka's biggest movie, collects Rs 200 crore from state | date=16 October 2025 | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-kantara-chapter-1-box-office-day-14-rishab-shetty-starrer-becomes-karnatakas-biggest-movie-collects-rs-200-crore-from-state-4012207/lite/ }}</ref>

The film grossed more than ₹730 crores by the end of its third weekend theatrical run.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara: Chapter -1: ಹೊಸ ದಾಖಲೆಯತ್ತ ಮುನ್ನುಗ್ಗುತ್ತಿದೆ ಕಾಂತಾರ ಚಾಪ್ಟರ್ -1 ಸಿನಿಮಾ- ಈವರೆಗಿನ ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್ ಎಷ್ಟು? |url=https://vishwavani.news/cinema/do-you-know-what-the-weekend-collection-of-kantara-chapter-1-58408.html |website=[[Vishwavani News|Vishwavani]] |date=20 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025 |language=kn}}</ref> The film crossed the ₹750 crore mark during the third week of its theatrical run and grossed around ₹765 crores before the end of its third week amidst reports of having grossed ₹800 crores in three weeks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara Chapter 1 to release in English on this date; Rishab Shetty, Rukmini Vasanth film gets crisp runtime |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-to-release-in-english-on-this-date-rishab-shetty-rukmini-vasanth-film-gets-crisp-runtime-101761124875372.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=22 October 2025 |access-date=22 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ದೀಪಾವಳಿಗೆ ಬಂಪರ್ ಲಾಟರಿ; ಡಬಲ್ ಡಿಜಿಟ್ ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್ ಮಾಡಿದ 'ಕಾಂತಾರ: ಚಾಪ್ಟರ್ 1' |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/kantara-chapter-1-rishab-shettys-film-set-for-rs-1000-cr-global-box-office-1097644.html |website=TV9 |date=22 October 2025 |access-date=23 October 2025 |language=kn}}</ref> The film grossed ₹809 crores before the closure of its third week theatrical run and became the [[List of Indian films of 2025|highest grossing Indian film of 2025]] surpassing ''[[Chhaava]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rishab Shetty's Kantara Chapter 1 Overtakes Vicky Kaushal's Chhaava As Highest Grossing Indian Film Of 2025 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/rishab-shettys-kantara-chapter-1-overtakes-vicky-kaushals-chhaava-as-highest-grossing-indian-film-of-2025-ws-kl-9655853.html |website=News18 India |access-date=25 October 2025}}</ref> It grossed ₹850 crores before the beginning of the fourth weekend.<ref name=":8501">{{cite web |title='Kantara' Goes Global in English|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/kantara-goes-global-in-english-1911794|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=22 October 2025 |access-date=27 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8502">{{cite web |title=ದೀಪಾವಳಿ ಕೊನೆಯ ದಿನವೂ 'ಕಾಂತಾರ: ಚಾಪ್ಟರ್ 1' ಅಬ್ಬರ; ಸಾವಿರದ ಕ್ಲಬ್ ಸೇರಲು ಇನ್ನೆಷ್ಟು ಕೋಟಿ ಬೇಕು?|url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/kantara-chapter-1-box-office-rishab-shetty-movie-collects-rs-850-cr-worldwide-1097975.html|website=TV9|date=23 October 2025 |access-date=27 October 2025 |language=kn}}</ref>

It was reported to be the first film to gross over ₹250 crore in Karnataka and also the only film to earn more than ₹200 crore within the state as of 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rishab Shetty's Kantara: Chapter 1 beats lifetime collections of Chhaava, Saiyaara; earns Rs 818 crore globally|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Oct/24/rishab-shettys-kantara-chapter-1-beats-lifetime-collections-of-chhaava-saiyaara-earns-rs-818-crore-globally|website=Cinema Express|date=11 October 2025 |access-date=24 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> It became the sixth Hindi dubbed film to gross ₹200 crore in India after ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'', ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'', ''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]'', ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]'' and ''[[RRR]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara: Chapter 1 Box Office: Film becomes 2nd all-time highest Kannada movie dubbed in Hindi |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/kantara-chapter-1-box-office-film-becomes-2nd-time-highest-kannada-movie-dubbed-hindi/ |access-date=26 October 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=26 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kantara: Chapter 1 turns ancient Indian tales into box-office gold|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/kantara-chapter-1-turns-ancient-indian-tales-into-box-office-gold-article-13614553.html|website=Moneycontrol|access-date=27 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> It became the second Indian film to gross a minimum of ₹50 crores in 5 languages after ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2025 |title=15 ದಿನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ₹717 ಕೋಟಿ ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್; Kantara Chapter 1 ಹೆಸರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಯಾಯ್ತು ಅಪರೂಪದ ದಾಖಲೆ|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/kantara-chapter-1-breaks-rajinikanth-coolie-movie-collection-and-crosses-700-crore-worldwide-box-office/articleshow/124632837.cms|access-date=18 October 2025 |website=Vijaya Karnataka|language=kn}}</ref> It also became the fourth Indian movie to gross over Rs. 50 crore each in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh/Telangana, and Kerala, joining ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'', ''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]'' and ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2025 |title=Kantara Chapter 1 Box Office Day 33: How the Rishab Shetty-starrer is performing post OTT release|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-kantara-chapter-1-box-office-day-33-how-the-rishab-shetty-starrer-is-performing-post-ott-release-4031816/#google_vignette|access-date=4 November 2025 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=en}}</ref>

In Malaysia, the film opened at third place behind the Indonesian movie ''Kitab Sijjin Dan Illiyyin'' and the Tamil film ''[[Idly Kadai]]''.<ref>{{cite web | title=Charts | Cinema Online | url=https://www.cinema.com.my/movies/charts.aspx?date=10/5/2025 }}</ref> If fell to sixth place in its second week<ref>{{cite web | title=Charts | Cinema Online | url=https://www.cinema.com.my/movies/charts.aspx?date=10/12/2025}}</ref> and dropped out of the top ten in third week, before re-entering the chart at eight place during the Deepavali week.<ref>{{cite web | title=Charts | Cinema Online | url=https://www.cinema.com.my/movies/charts.aspx?date=10/26/2025 }}</ref>

===Critical reception===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|82|6.5|11|consensus=|access-date={{RT data|access date}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kantara: A Legend - Chapter 1 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kantara_a_legend_chapter_1 |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=Rotten Tomatoes |archive-date=9 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009051737/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kantara_a_legend_chapter_1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' rated it 4/5 stars and said that "[[Rishab Shetty]]'s film explores the man vs nature conflict and land rights, blending them with divinity, folklore, myth, and faith. The film is a brilliant cinematic showcase."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Janani|last=K|date=2025-10-02|title=Kantara Chapter 1 review: Rishab Shetty's folklore saga is a spellbinding spectacle|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kantara-chapter-1-review-rishab-shetty-folklore-saga-is-a-spellbinding-spectacle-rukmini-vasanth-jayaram-2796510-2025-10-02|access-date=2025-10-03|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=2 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002182902/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kantara-chapter-1-review-rishab-shetty-folklore-saga-is-a-spellbinding-spectacle-rukmini-vasanth-jayaram-2796510-2025-10-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' also gave it 4/5 stars, writing that "On the whole, ''KANTARA: A LEGEND – CHAPTER 1'' is not just a prequel; it’s an experience that deepens the world Rishab Shetty created while taking it to far greater cinematic heights. With a story that blends devotion, power, and destiny, the film grips you with its spine-chilling pre-climax and thunderous climax, leaving behind an unforgettable impact."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|date=2025-10-02|title=Kantara: A Legend Chapter – 1 Movie Review: KANTARA A LEGEND – CHAPTER 1 is an experience.|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kantara-legend-chapter-1/critic-review/kantara-legend-chapter-1-movie-review/kantara-a-legend-chapter-1-is-an-experience/|access-date=2025-10-03|website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|archive-date=3 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003063322/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kantara-legend-chapter-1/critic-review/kantara-legend-chapter-1-movie-review/kantara-a-legend-chapter-1-is-an-experience/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kashvi Raj Singh of ''[[News 18]]'' rated it 3.5/5 stars and said that "Despite some forgivable flaws, the film is a visual treat, and the second half will surely leave you jaw-dropped. ''Kantara: Chapter 1'' is Rishab Shetty’s attempt at amalgamating Indian folklore with mainstream cinema, and this he does well."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Kashbi Raj|last=Singh|date=2025-10-02 |title=Kantara Chapter 1 Review: Rishab Shetty Delivers A Killer Climax, Film Hinges On Music And Visuals|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/reviews/kantara-chapter-1-review-rishab-shetty-delivers-a-killer-climax-film-hinges-on-music-and-visuals-ws-l-9610138.html|access-date=2025-10-03 |website=News 18|language=en}}</ref> Sashidhar Adivi of ''[[Filmfare]]'' also gave it 3.5/5 stars, writing that "''Kantara: Chapter 1'' delivers a powerful visual spectacle that stirs emotions through its grandeur, emotional depth, and powerful performances."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Sashidhar|last=Adivi|date=2025-10-02|title=Kantara: Chapter 1 Review: Rishab Shetty's Film Is a Visual Feast|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/south-movies/kantara-chapter-1-review-rishab-shettys-film-is-a-visual-feast-78172.html|access-date=2025-10-03|website=Filmfare|language=en|archive-date=3 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003113836/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/south-movies/kantara-chapter-1-review-rishab-shettys-film-is-a-visual-feast-78172.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Arjun Menon of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated it 3.5/5 stars and observed that "''Kantara: A Legend Chapter-1'' is an ambitious, bold update of the ideas of the first film on a much bigger canvas."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arjun|last=Menon|date=2025-10-02|title=Kantara: A Legend Chapter-1: Awe And Wonder|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/kantara-a-legend-chapter-1-review/20251002.htm|access-date=2025-10-03|website=Rediff.com|language=en|archive-date=6 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006052149/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/kantara-a-legend-chapter-1-review/20251002.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and wrote that "''Kantara: A Legend – Chapter 1'' is a manic, sometimes befuddling, mix of history, myth, cinematic craft and performative power. When the disparate components and conceits blend well, it is an undeniably compelling watch."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Saibal|last=Chatterjee|date=2025-10-02|title=Kantara A Legend – Chapter 1 Review: The Film Belongs To Rishab Shetty|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kantara-a-legend-chapter-1-review-the-film-belongs-to-rishab-shetty-3-stars-9383472|access-date=2025-10-03|website=NDTV|language=en|archive-date=4 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251004120112/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kantara-a-legend-chapter-1-review-the-film-belongs-to-rishab-shetty-3-stars-9383472|url-status=live}}</ref> Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' also gave 3/5 stars, noting that "While Rishab Shetty's 2022 movie had a soul, which communicated what it wished to say as loudly as the 'Woah!' of Guliga, in ''Kantara 2'', all that remains is the scream, as the soul flickers in and out unsteadily."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Anandu|last=Suresh|date=2025-10-02|title=Kantara Chapter 1 movie review: Rishab Shetty crafts a visual world far beyond expectations, but pays for it with the action drama's soul|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kantara-chapter-1-movie-review-rishab-shetty-crafts-visual-world-beyond-expectations-but-pays-for-it-with-actioners-soul-10282767/|access-date=2025-10-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=3 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003051002/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kantara-chapter-1-movie-review-rishab-shetty-crafts-visual-world-beyond-expectations-but-pays-for-it-with-actioners-soul-10282767/|url-status=live}}</ref> Abhimanyu Mathur of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' also rated it 3/5 stars, stating that "Rishab Shetty almost excels in pulling off a worthy prequel aided by fine performances and visuals, but hurt by an uneven narrative."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Abhimanyu|last=Mathur|date=2025-10-02 |title=Kantara Chapter 1 review: Folk goes mass as Rishab Shetty, Rukmini Vasanth excel in uneven but visually splendid prequel|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-review-folk-goes-mass-as-rishab-shetty-rukmini-vasanth-excel-in-uneven-but-visually-splendid-prequel-101759390665616.html|access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

Pranati A S of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave it 2/5 stars and said that "The visually stunning prequel to ''Kantara'' has its moments, but it could have been better with sharper writing and a more grassroots politics."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Paranati|last=A S|date=2025-10-02|title='Kantara: Chapter 1' review: Contentious mythmaking in a grand spectacle|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kantara-chapter-1-review-contentious-mythmaking-in-a-grand-spectacle-3750263|access-date=2025-10-03|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=2 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002182142/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kantara-chapter-1-review-contentious-mythmaking-in-a-grand-spectacle-3750263|url-status=live}}</ref> Sruthi Ganapathy Raman of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' stated that "There's room for a lot more spectacle, folds in the larger story of resistance, and visual beauty in this ''Kantara'' prequel, even if it comes at the cost of lesser depth in writing."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Sruthi Ganapathy|last=Raman|date=2025-10-02 |title='Kantara: Chapter 1' Movie Review: Rishab Shetty Sparkles In An Intricate, Crammed Prequel|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/kantara-chapter-1-movie-review-rishab-shetty-sparkles-in-an-intricate-crammed-prequel|access-date=2025-10-03 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India|language=en}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' commented that "The 168-minute film sometimes has a little too much going on to be absorbed in a single viewing. Although unwieldy at times, ''Kantara: Chapter 1'' maintains the enchantment through impeccable world-building and a balance of spectacle with ideas."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|date=2025-10-02|title='Kantara: Chapter 1' review: A wooooooaaaav-worthy tale of enchantment|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1087048/kantara-chapter-1-review-a-wooooooaaaav-worthy-tale-of-enchantment|access-date=2025-10-03|website=Scroll.in|language=en|archive-date=2 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002201212/https://scroll.in/reel/1087048/kantara-chapter-1-review-a-wooooooaaaav-worthy-tale-of-enchantment|url-status=live}}</ref> Vivek M.V. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' observed that "Despite flaws, ''Kantara Chapter 1'' is a worthy prequel that rides on its gigantic scale and fine performances of Rishab Shetty and Rukmini Vasanth."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Vivek|last=M.V.|date=2025-10-02|title='Kantara Chapter 1' movie review: Rishab Shetty delivers a spectacle-heavy prequel high on entertainment value|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kantara-chapter-1-movie-review-kantara-rishab-shetty-rukmini-vasanth-ajaneesh-loknath-hombale-films/article70117072.ece|access-date=2025-10-03|website=The Hindu|language=en|archive-date=3 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003075349/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kantara-chapter-1-movie-review-kantara-rishab-shetty-rukmini-vasanth-ajaneesh-loknath-hombale-films/article70117072.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Sajesh Mohan of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' noted that ''Kantara: Chapter 1'' places the tribals at the heart of the narrative, portraying their myths, struggles, and victories as central to the story. He highlighted how the film explores class and caste exploitation, as well as cultural appropriation, but also observed that the story remains largely male-oriented, missing an opportunity to challenge long-standing societal and cinematic stereotypes.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Sajesh|last=Mohan|date=2025-10-04 |title=Decoding 'Kantara: Chapter 1' – a tribal uprising against power|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/10/04/kantara-chapter-1-tribal-resistance.html|access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Onmanorama|language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
* {{BH movie|kantara-legend-chapter-1}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2020s fantasy action films]]
[[Category:2025 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]
[[Category:2025 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rishab Shetty]]
[[Category:Indian prequel films]]
[[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
[[Category:Indian IMAX films]]
[[Category:AA Films films]]
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]
[[Category:Films set in jungles]]
[[Category:Indigenous films]]
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian 4DX films]]
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[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Kannada-language action films]]

Diwan Manna

2026-05-02T05:58:05Z

SureshAcharya: new new article

{{short description|Indian artist and photographer (born 1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Diwan Manna
| image = Diwan Manna, Portrait.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1958}}
| birth_place = [[Bareta]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Government College of Arts, Chandigarh|Government College of Art]], [[Chandigarh]]
| known_for = [[Conceptual photography]]
| notable_works =
| style =
| movement =
| spouse =
| partner =
| awards = National Academy Award (by [[Lalit Kala Akademi]])
| patrons =
| memorials =
| website = {{Official website}}
}}

'''Diwan Manna''' (born 17 June 1958) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Conceptual art|conceptual]] artist and photographer. He completed his study in graphic art and printmaking from the [[Government College of Arts, Chandigarh|Government College of Art]], [[Chandigarh]] in 1982.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/a-unique-combination/article18468010.ece|title=A unique combination|date=13 September 2006|access-date=20 January 2018|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> He exhibited in India, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Poland, and Italy. From 2014 to 2015 he served as the director of [[Triennale India]], organised by [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], National Academy of Art, Ministry of Culture, Govt of India.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/events/Seminar%20Triennale.pdf|title=Peripheries of Globalization : Re-mapping the global contemporary through biennales and triennales|website=Indiaculture.nic.in|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref> He served as the chairman of [[Chandigarh Lalit Kala Akademi]], State Academy of Art, Department of Culture, Chandigarh Administration. Currently, he is serving as the president of [[Punjab Lalit Kala Akademi]], State Academy of Art, Ministry of Culture, Government of Punjab, India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/functioning-of-akademies-should-be-left-to-professionals-diwan-manna-3062435/|title='Functioning of Akademies should be left to professionals': Diwan Manna|date=2016-10-03|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-07-06|language=en-US}}</ref>

He is a recipient of the National Academy Award by the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], New Delhi.<ref name= ":8">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/the-nuances-of-conceptual-photography-defy-mediums|title=The nuances of conceptual photography defy mediums|website=Sunday-guardian.com|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213011651/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/artbeat/the-nuances-of-conceptual-photography-defy-mediums|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some of his artworks include ''Alienation'' (1980), ''Violence'' (1985), ''Waking the Dead'' (1996), ''Shores of the Unknown'' (2000), ''After the Turmoil'' (2003), and ''Master of Light, and Le Corbusier'' (2006).

==Early life==
Manna was born in 1958, in [[Bareta]],<ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100523/spectrum/book7.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|website=Tribuneindia.com|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> a town in [[Bathinda district]] (now [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa district]]) of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India.<ref name=":1" /> He completed his matriculation from the Government High School, Bareta in 1975. In his early years, he studied fiction and poetry, and was active in sports, played leading role as an actor in theatre and local [[Ramlila]], a popular theatrical folk form in India.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19960915-diwan-manna-wins-all-india-fine-arts-crafts-society-national-awards-for-his-photography-834445-1996-09-14|title=Diwan Manna wins All India Fine Arts & Crafts Society's national awards for his photography|date=15 September 1996|website=India Today|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0"/>

He studied [[printmaking]] at the [[Government College of Art, Chandigarh|Government College of Art]], [[Chandigarh]], India, from 1978 to 1982.<ref name="thehindu.com"/><ref name=":1" />

==Career==
Manna has been practising art since 1980. In 2006, he was artist in residence at Firminy, Saint-Etienne, France, as a part of a cultural exchange program to photograph architecture of Le Corbusier.<ref>{{cite book |title=History and Heritage - Government College of Art, Chandigarh (India) |publisher=D S Kapoor |isbn=978-93-5279-401-0 |pages=286 |edition=first}}</ref><ref name="Contemporary Art North India">{{cite book |title=Contemporary Art North India |year=2017 |publisher=Pentagon Press |isbn=978-81-8274-949-8 |pages=109–114}}</ref>

On 17 June 2008, he was appointed the chairman of [[Chandigarh Lalit Kala Akademi]], and held the position until 31 July 2015.<ref name=":7" /> From 2014 to 2015 he served as the director of [[Triennale India]], organised by [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] India's National Academy of Arts, Ministry of Culture, Govt of India.<ref name=":5"/> Since 2016, he is the president of [[Punjab Lalit Kala Akademi]].<ref name=":0"/>

[[File:Shores of the Unknown New 13 by Conceptual Artist Diwan Manna.jpg|thumb|Shores of the Unknown New 13 by Conceptual Artist Diwan Manna|300x300px]]

==Awards==
He is a recipient of the National Academy Award by Lalit Kala Akademi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/a-unique-combination/article18468010.ece|title=A unique combination|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-07-06|language=en}}</ref><ref name= ":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.saffronart.com/artists/diwan-manna|title=Diwan Manna {{!}} Paintings by Diwan Manna {{!}} Diwan Manna Painting - Saffronart.com|website=Saffronart|access-date=2017-07-06}}</ref> He first received the [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society]] award in 1995, and the second time in 1996.<ref name="Art India 1998">{{cite magazine|title=Of Tradition and Change|magazine=Art India : The Art News Magazine of India|year=1998|volume=3|issue=2|publisher=Art India Publishing Company|location=Mumbai|pages=66–68|oclc=80022104}}</ref>

==Artworks==
Manna is one of the first artists from India to practice [[conceptual photography]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Art is the Art of Going Beyond the Obvious |url=http://www.betterphotography.in/perspectives/art-is-the-art-of-going-beyond-the-obvious/44310/ |website=www.betterphography.in |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=5 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105082727/http://betterphotography.in/perspectives/art-is-the-art-of-going-beyond-the-obvious/44310/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> His work combines images with objects, moving within a consciously chosen space in order to create a multimedia reality.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=on Art |first1=Take |title=Symphony of Light |date=January–June 2018 |volume=4 |issue=22 |pages=36–37, 39 }}</ref>

He is known for his work revolving around socio-cultural and socio-political concerns,<ref name=":28">{{cite journal |last1=Cichocka |first1=Marta Eloy |title=Cisza Po Burzy |journal=Biuletyn Fotograficzny |date=December 2006 |volume=26 |page=20,21,22 |url=https://archive.org/details/diwanmannaciszapoburzy/page/n5/mode/2up}}</ref> in which he depicts the collapse of human sensitivities in the face of violence, turbulence, hypocrisy, alienation, dehumanization, war and death.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lal |first1=Pradyot |title=Language of the lens |url=https://archive.org/details/diwanmannaasianagelanguageofthelens |date=August 1997 |work=Asian Age}}</ref> According to the art historian Raffael Dedo Gadebusch in The Museum's Journal, Berlin, "...a rather thoughtfull laconic picture of the social reality emerges from Manna's compositions...".<ref name=":29">{{cite journal |last1=Gadebusch |first1=Raffael Dedo |title=New acquisitions at the Museum for Indian Art |journal=Museum's Journal |date=April 2002 |volume=I6 |issue=II |page=70,71 |url=https://archive.org/details/diwanmanna-derblickdesphotographen/page/n1/mode/2up |issn=0933-0593}}</ref>

By using existing icons and symbols of tradition and culture as a reference point, he creates visuals, which acquire a deeper meaning in the mind of the viewer, leading to a multitude of interpretations. His interest does not lie in creating pretty visuals but to transport the viewers from the image into their own perceived, imagined and lived experiences by inviting them to respond to these.<ref name=":15">{{cite journal |last1=Pande |first1=Alka |title=Of Tradition and Change |journal=The Art News Magazine of India |date=January 1998 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=66–68 |url=https://archive.org/details/diwanmannaartnewsofindiaoftraditionandchange/mode/2up}}</ref>

Diwan has pushed the boundaries of photography by developing a technique of combining painting, acting, and photography to narrate his personal impressions and experiences of the world in and around him. He creates a three-dimensional immersive environment in which there is a painting in the backdrop, actors whose bodies are painted and props<ref name=":28" /> created specifically around the themes he is working on (in the series Violence, Waking the Dead, Shores of the Unknown and After the Turmoil).<ref>{{cite news |title=Diwan Manna: Artist or a Photographer |url=https://archive.org/details/diwanmannaanartistoraphotographer |agency=India Monitor |date=26 November 1995}}</ref> This temporary installation of various elements is photographed on a transparency film which is further exposed in the darkroom on a normal photographic paper by controlling the rendition of images with the play of filters.<ref name=":15" />

His artworks are not frozen mirror images of banal objects but there is certain remoteness from a routine visual experience.<ref name=":18" /> Camera for him is not merely a copying device to document<ref name=":15" /> the existing reality around him rather he constructs it in an effort to look beyond the obvious. He is often seen in the images (series - Waking the Dead, Shores of the Unknown and After the Turmoil), outside it, besides it, looking at it and looking from it thereby inhabiting space which is inner (mind), real (studio) and the social at the same time.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Amarbir Singh |authorlink1=Foreword |editor1-last=Pande |editor1-first=Dr Alka |title=Ages of Separation |date=October 2006 |publisher=Gallery Artroom |location=New Delhi |page=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/exhibitioncatalogueagesofseparationbydiwanmanna_202003/mode/2up}}</ref>
His conceptual artworks began with the series ''Alienation'' in 1980 and continued with the series ''Violence'', ''Waking the Dead'', ''Shores of the Unknown'', ''After the Turmoil'', ''Master of Light-[[Le Corbusier]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-societes-et-representations-2010-2-page-15.htm| title = Regards croisés sur l'architecture: Le Corbusier vu par ses photographes}}{{ISBN|9782859446666}}</ref> over the next three decades.<ref name=":18">Singh, Amarbir (2006). 'Ages of Separation by Diwan Manna'. New Delhi: Exhibition Catalog, Visual Arts Gallery</ref> Through his works, Manna tries to express his concerns about the working class and the social inequality in Indian society.<ref name="Contemporary Art North India"/>
[[File:Shores of the Unknown 1 by Diwan Manna, conceptual artist.jpg|thumb|Shores of the Unknown 1 by Diwan Manna, conceptual artist|300x300px]]
Some of his artworks include:
* ''Alienation'' (1980); 8 photographs created in 1980 revolving around the life of peons in the Government College of Art, Chandigarh, symbolizing increasing alienation in society.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":4" />
* ''Dhaba'' (1987); photographs metaphorically representing darkness in the lives of workers in the local eateries.
* ''Waking the Dead'' (1996); series around various facets of death and life.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" />
* ''Shores of the Unknown'' (2000); The unknown could be the expanse of private memory, the darkness of the [[collective unconscious]], contemporary history, living environment and often the intersection of these spaces. An endless reflection of human predicaments characterizing the complex emotions that death evokes in us. These are the artworks in which Manna himself steps in as an actor to transcend and transform the scene.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":4" />
* ''After the Turmoil'' (2003); based on the theme of optimism trying to come to terms with traumatic past and its newfound freedom.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040110/windows/main2.htm|title=The Tribune - Magazine section - Windows|website=Tribuneindia.com|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=":7" />
* ''Violence'' (1985); work around insidious and unrecognized forms of degradation of a sense of life and honor within ourselves as well as in others.<ref name=":7" />
* ''Master of Light, Le Corbusier'' (2006); images based on the modernist architect [[Le Corbusier]]'s architectural creations. It is an attempt to create an imagery of lyricism, rhythm, and nuances of light, shape, form, volume, and colour based on his encounters with architectural spaces.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":13">{{cite magazine |title=Symphony Of Light|last=Manna|first=Diwan|magazine=Take on India|volume=4|issue=1|date=January–June 2018|pages=36–39|oclc=921866684}}</ref>
*''Corridors of Power'' (2006); symbolic dimension of the administrative buildings in the [[Chandigarh Capitol Complex]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Brasilia Chandigarh Le Havre Portraits of cities |url=http://www.art-of-the-day.info/a5488-brasilia-chandigarh-le-havre-portraits-of-cities.html |access-date=2 June 2016}}</ref>

== Exhibitions==
===Individual===
[[File:Shores of the Unknown 28 by Diwan Manna, conceptual artist.jpg|thumb|Shores of the Unknown 28 by Diwan Manna, conceptual artist|300x300px]]
His individual exhibitions include:<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://www.lalitkalachandigarh.com/page/diwan-manna|title=Diwan Manna - Chandigarh Lalit Kala Akademy|website=Lalitkalachandigarh.com|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref>
* 2006: ''Ages of Separation'' curated by [[Alka Pande]] at [[India Habitat Centre]]<ref name="thehindu.com"/>
* 2003: ''After The Turmoil'' at International Art Centre, Paszkowka Palace, Kraków, Poland.
* 2001: ''Window on Time'' at Galerie [[Bateau Lavoir]], Paris, France.
* 2000: ''Wheel of Time'' at Alliance Francaise de Chandigarh, India
* 2000: ''Alienation, Violence, Dhaba, Goat's Eye and Shores of the Unknown'' at [[Museum of Asian Art]], Berlin, Germany<ref name=":7" />
* 2000: ''Shores of the Unknown'' at Galerie Bellevue, Berlin, Germany
* 1999: ''Rooh Punjab Di'' curated by [[Alka Pande]] at Sector 17, Chandigarh, India
* 1997: ''Waking the Dead'' at [[Shrewsbury Museum and Art Gallery|Rowley's Museum, Shrewsbury]], UK

===Group exhibitions===
[[File:Shores of the Unknown 5 by Diwan Manna, conceptual artist.jpg|thumb|Shores of the Unknown 5 by Diwan Manna, conceptual artist|300x300px]]
His work has been exhibited in some group exhibitions, including:<ref name=":3" />

* 2016: ''Bodhgaya Biennale''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diwanmanna.com/blog/post/world-art-on-one-platform-bodhgaya-biennale-the-tetegraph-calcutta|title=World art on one platform - Bodhgaya Biennale - The Tetegraph, Calcutta - Diwan Manna|website=Diwanmanna.com|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref>
* 2016: ''Le Corbusier - Mastering the Image in India'', in collaboration with Museum of Fine Arts, [[La Chaux-de-Fonds District|La-Chaux-de-Fonds]], Switzerland, and [[Fondation Le Corbusier]], France, at NGMA, Bangalore, at Embassy of Switzerland in Nov 2015 and at Govt. Museum & Art Gallery, Chandigarh, October 2015, curated by Sphie Vantieghem<ref name="chaux-de-fonds.ch">{{cite web|url=http://www.chaux-de-fonds.ch/musees/mba/mba-expositions/expositions-itinerantes/Documents/carton_vernissage_new_dehli.pdf|title=Mastering the Image|website=Chaux-de-fonds.ch|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swissnexindia.org/event/le-corbusier-mastering-the-image-exhibition/|title='Le Corbusier – Mastering the Image' Exhibition|website=Swissnexindia.org|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref>
* 2011: ''Articulate 2011 - An Exhibition of Contemporary photography- Saffron Art and Pratham, UK'', Bond Street, London, UK
* 2011: ''150 Years of Income Tax in India- Lalit Kala Akademi Galleries'', New Delhi, Chandigarh, Lucknow, and Jaipur.
* 2009: ''The Wonder that is India- A Visual Map'', group exhibition of 8 Photographers, curated by [[Alka Pande]], collateral event India Art Summit, [[Instituto Cervantes]] Nueva, Delhi.
* 2008: ''Click! Contemporary Photography in India'', curated by Suneil Gupta and Radhika Singh, at Vadehra Art Gallery in collaboration with Photomedia, New Delhi, India and [[Grosvenor Gallery]], [[London]]
* 2007–2008: ''Regards Croises Franco - Indien (Indo - French Glances) Firminy-Chandigarh, Le Corbusier'', by Diwan Manna and Michel Dieudonne, curated by Martine Dancer, at Alliance Francaise de Chandigarh, Apparao Gallery Chennai, Gallery Romaine Rolland, Alliance Francaise de Delhi, April, Alliance Francaise Trivandrum, Alliance Francaise Kolkata, Alliance Francaise, Bangalore
* 2007: ''Brasilia-Chandigarh-Le Havre, Portraits de Villes, [[Musee Malraux]]'', curated by Annette Haudiquet, Le Havre, France<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muma-lehavre.fr/sites/default/files/atoms/files/dp_2007_brasilia_chandigarh_le_havre_muma.pdf|title=BRASILIA – CHANDIGARH – LE HAVRE : PORTRAITS DE VILLES|date=16 September 2007|website=Muma-lehavre.fr|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref>
* 2006–2007: ''Regards Croises Franco - Indien (Indo - French Glances) Firminy-Chandigarh, Le Corbusier'', by Diwan Manna and Michel Dieudonne, curated by Martine Dancer at Unite de la Habitation, Firminy, St-Etienne, France<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diwanmanna.com/blog/post/tale-of-two-cities-the-hindu-india|title=Tale of two cities - The Hindu, India - Diwan Manna|website=Diwanmanna.com|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref>
* 2006–2007: ''Lille 2007, Le Corbusier a Chandigarh 1951–2006'', by Diwan Manna, Stephane Couturier, and Lucien Harve, curated by Yannick Courbes, Musee des Beaux-Arts, Tourcoing, Lille, France
* 2005: ''Decisive Moment'', New Delhi, India
* 2004: ''Singular Identities'', curated by [[Alka Pande]], at India Habitat Center
* 2000: Group show of five artists at Alliance Francaise, Chandigarh, India
* 1997: Five Artists from Punjab, Galleries of English Bridge Workshop, Abbey Foregate, Shrewsbury, UK
* 1997: ''Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow'', [[Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh]], India
* 1996: 3rd All India Photography Exhibition, All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society, New Delhi and Chandigarh, India
* 1996: National Exhibition of Photography, Lalit Kala Akademi, Delhi, India
* 1995: 2nd All India Photography Exhibition, All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society, New Delhi and Chandigarh, India
* 1995: ''Project Punjab'' at [[National Gallery of Modern Art|National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi]], Mumbai, Chandigarh, India and UK
* 1993: South Asian Visual Arts Festival, [[Wolverhampton Art Gallery]], UK
* 1988: International Exhibition of Graphic Art & Photography, All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society, New Delhi, India
* 1982: National Exhibition of Art, Lalit Kala Akademi, Delhi, India

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

* {{Official website|https://www.diwanmanna.com/}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manna, Diwan}}
[[Category:Indian contemporary artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Interdisciplinary artists]]
[[Category:Photographers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Government College of Art, Chandigarh, alumni]]

State legislative assemblies of India

2026-04-22T04:08:11Z

SureshAcharya: correct references also and improved wording per standard format

{{short description|Lower house (or only house) of an Indian state, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, or Pondicherry}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{for|the upper house|State legislative councils of India}}
{{Politics of India}}
The '''State Legislative Assembly''', also known as the '''Vidhan Sabha''' or the '''Saasana Sabha''',<ref>{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/vidhan+sabha |work=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Harper Collins]] |date=2014 |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302005312/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Vidhan+Sabha |url-status=live }}</ref> is a legislative body in each of the states and certain [[Union territory|union territories]] of [[India]]. [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Members of the legislative assembly]] are often directly elected to serve five year terms from [[Single-member district|single-member constituencies]]. A legislative assembly may be [[dissolution of parliament|dissolved]] in a [[State of Emergency in India|state of emergency]], by the [[Governor (India)|governor]] on request of the [[Chief Minister (India)|chief minister]] of the respective state or union territory, or if a [[motion of no confidence]] is passed against the ruling majority party or coalition.

== Definition and powers ==
As per the [[Constitution of India]], where there is a [[unicameral]] legislature, the legislative body is termed as the legislative assembly.<ref name="COI">{{cite web |title=Constitution of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425183923/https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2018 |access-date=12 December 2018 |work=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>{{rp|page=82}} In [[bicameral]] jurisdictions, there exists a [[State Legislative Council]]. The legislative assembly has the power to create or abolish the legislative council of the respective state or union territory by passing a resolution to that effect by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting.<ref name="COI"/>{{rp|page=82}} The term of a legislative assembly is fixed at five years unless it is dissolved prior to it. In certain cases such as an emergency of the state, the term can be extended by the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]] for one year at a time.<ref name="COI"/>{{rp|page=85}} The [[Governor (India)|Governor]] of the respective state shall convene the assembly periodically, with no more than six months gap between consecutive sessions.<ref name="COI"/>{{rp|page=86}} The assembly is presided over by a speaker, who shall be a member of the assembly and elected by the members of that constituent assembly.<ref name="COI"/>{{rp|page=86}}

The state legislature has the power to enact laws concerning state subjects as defined in the constitution.<ref name="COI"/>{{rp|page=95}} The union territories which have a legislature have certain restrictions in terms of these powers.<ref name="UT">{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/union-territories.php|title=Union territories|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> In a bicameral legislature, a legislative assembly holds equal legislative power with the [[upper house]] of the state legislature, the [[State Legislative Council]], in terms of passing of bills except in case of [[money bill]]s. A normal bill can originate in any of the house, and is deemed to be passed only if it is cleared by both houses.<ref name="COI"/>{{rp|page=95}} If a bill is passed by the legislative assembly, it should not be held for more than three months by the council. If the bill is sent back by the council, and is again passed by the assembly, the council is expected to act on it within one month.<ref name="COI"/>{{rp|page=95}} If the time elapses or if it is sent back, the bill is deemed to have been passed with or without any amendments if any are made by the legislative assembly.<ref name="COI"/>{{rp|page=96}} In case of money bills, it shall be introduced only in the assembly and the assembly can accept or reject the recommendations if any that are communicated from the council.<ref name="COI"/>{{rp|page=96}}

A [[motion of no confidence]] against the government in the state can only be introduced in the state legislative assembly. If it is passed by a majority vote, then the [[Chief Minister (India)|chief minister]] and her/his [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]] must [[cabinet collective responsibility|collectively]] resign.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/58692/1/cabinet_responsibilty_motions_of_confidence.pdf|title=Motions of confidene|work=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=27 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227054901/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/58692/1/cabinet_responsibilty_motions_of_confidence.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Members ==
{{main|Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)}}

The [[Constitution of India]] states that a legislative assembly must have no less than 60 members and a maximum of 500 members.<ref name="COI"/>{{rp|page=82}} However an exception may be granted via an [[List of Acts of the Parliament of India|act]] of the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]] and is the case in the states of [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]], [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Sikkim]], [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Mizoram]] and the union territory of [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]] which have fewer than 60 members.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://unacademy.com/content/clat/study-material/legal-reasoning/state-legislative-assembly/|title=State legislative assembly|work=[[Unacademy]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=3 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503135113/https://unacademy.com/content/clat/study-material/legal-reasoning/state-legislative-assembly/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) is directly elected from [[Single-member district|single-member constituencies]], which are divided roughly equally based on the population of the region. The number of seats may be revised following a census by an act of the parliament.<ref name="COI"/>{{rp|page=82}} A few assemblies have nominated members such as the case of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu and Kashmir]] and Puducherry. To become a [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], a person must be of minimum 25 years of age and be a citizen of India. He/she might not hold any other government office, and should declare the information required by the election commission including any [[criminal procedure]]s against him or her.<ref name="COI"/>{{rp|page=85}}

After the election of a member, he/she is expected to take an oath of affirmation.<ref name="COI"/>{{rp|page=91}} The members are paid salaries and allowances as fixed by the respective assemblies.<ref name="COI"/>{{rp|page=90}} A member of the assembly may resign on his/her own accord. A member can also be disqualified if found to hold another office of profit in the government, is of no sound mind, has been declared insolvent, or ineligible by a court of law.<ref name="COI"/>{{rp|page=91}} Members of the assembly are exempt from any legal cases arising out of what has been said in the assembly.<ref name="COI"/>{{rp|page=94}}

== Legislative assemblies ==
{{Also|State governments of India}}
In [[States and union territories of India|28 states]] and three [[Union territory|union territories]], there is a [[Unicameralism|unicameral legislature]] which is the sole legislative body.<ref name="List">{{cite web|url=https://igod.gov.in/leg/L004/organizations|title=List of state assemblies|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="UT"/> In six states, the legislative assembly is the [[lower house]] of their [[Bicameralism|bicameral legislature]] with the [[upper house]] being the [[State legislative councils of India|State Legislative Council]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-state-legislative-councils-of-india-1621860426-1|title=Legislative Council of India|work=[[Jagran Prakashan]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124191403/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-state-legislative-councils-of-india-1621860426-1|url-status=live}}</ref> Five union territories are governed directly by the [[Government of India|union government]] and have no legislative body.<ref name="UT"/>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 90%"
|+List of legislative assemblies<ref name="List"/>
! Legislative assembly !! Seat(s) !! No. of members<ref name="ECI">{{cite web|title=Terms of the Houses|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/term-of-the-houses|access-date=28 August 2022|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|archive-date=7 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807185225/https://www.eci.gov.in/term-of-the-houses|url-status=live}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Ruling party<ref name="Party"/> !! Current term
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Amaravati]] || align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|175]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|16th]]
|-
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]]|| [[Itanagar]]|| align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|60]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|11th]]
|-
|[[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]] || [[Dispur]] || align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Assam Legislative Assembly|126]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[15th Assam Assembly|15th]]
|-
| [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]] || [[Patna]]
|align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|243]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[18th Bihar Assembly|18th]]
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]]
| [[Raipur]]|| align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|90]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[6th Chhattisgarh Assembly|6th]]
|-
| [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]] || [[New Delhi]] || align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Delhi Legislative Assembly|70]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[8th Delhi Assembly|8th]]
|-
| [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]] || [[Panaji]]
| align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly|40]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[8th Goa Assembly|8th]]
|-
| [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]
| [[Gandhinagar]] || align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly|182]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[15th Gujarat Assembly|15th]]
|-
| [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]] || [[Chandigarh]]|| align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly|90]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[15th Haryana Assembly|15th]]
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh]]|| [[Shimla]] {{small|(summer)}} [[Dharamshala]] {{small|(winter)}}
| align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|68]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[14th Himachal Pradesh Assembly|14th]]
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|| [[Srinagar]] {{small|(summer)}} [[Jammu]] {{small|(winter)}}|| align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|95]]{{efn|name=JK|Five nominated members}}
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|[[13th Jammu and Kashmir Assembly|13th]]
|-
| [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]] || [[Ranchi]] || align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|81]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[6th Jharkhand Assembly|6th]]
|-
| [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]]
|| [[Bangalore]] {{small|(summer)}} [[Belgaum]] {{small|(winter)}}||align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|224]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[16th Karnataka Assembly|16th]]
|-
| [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]] || [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly|140]]
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[15th Kerala Assembly|15th]]
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]] || [[Bhopal]] || align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|230]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[16th Madhya Pradesh Assembly|16th]]
|-
| [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]] || [[Mumbai]] {{small|(summer)}} [[Nagpur]] {{small|(winter)}}
| align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|288]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[15th Maharashtra Assembly|15th]]
|-
| [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]] || [[Imphal]] || align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly|60]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[12th Manipur Assembly|12th]]
|-
| [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]] || [[Shillong]] || align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|60]]
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|[[11th Meghalaya Assembly|11th]]
|-
| [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Mizoram]] || [[Aizawl]] || align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly|40]]
|{{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
|[[9th Mizoram Assembly|9th]]
|-
| [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]] || [[Kohima]] || align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly|60]]
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|[[14th Nagaland Assembly|14th]]
|-
| [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]] || [[Bhubaneshwar]] || align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|147]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[17th Odisha Assembly|17th]]
|-
| [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]] || [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly|33]]{{efn|name=Pudu|Three nominated members}}
|{{Full party name with color|All India N.R. Congress}}
|[[15th Puducherry Assembly|15th]]
|-
| [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]] || [[Chandigarh]] || align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[16th Punjab Assembly|16th]]
|-
| [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]] || [[Jaipur]] || align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|200]]
|{{Full party name with color | Bharatiya Janata Party }}
|[[16th Rajasthan Assembly|16th]]
|-
| [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Sikkim]] || [[Gangtok]] || align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Sikkim Legislative Assembly|32]]
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|[[11th Sikkim Assembly|11th]]
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]] || [[Chennai]] || align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|234]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]]
|-
|[[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]] || [[Hyderabad]] ||align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Telangana Legislative Assembly|119]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[3rd Telangana Assembly|3rd]]
|-
| [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]] || [[Agartala]] || align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|60]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[13th Tripura Assembly|13th]]
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Lucknow]] || align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|403]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th]]
|-
| [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]]|| [[Bhararisain]] {{small|(summer)}} [[Dehradun]] {{small|(winter)}}|| align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|70]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[5th Uttarakhand Assembly|5th]]
|-
| [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]] || [[Kolkata]] || align="center" | [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|294]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[17th West Bengal Assembly|17th]]
|-
! Total
!{{em dash}}
!4,131
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{em dash}}
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== By ruling party ===

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] is in power in 21 legislative assemblies; the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] is in power in eight legislative assemblies while two legislative assemblies are ruled by two other parties <ref name="Party">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/nation/full-list-of-chief-ministers-in-india-2025-bjp-rules-14-states-and-union-territories|title=Full List Of Chief Ministers In India 2025: BJP Rules 14 States And Union Territories|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 April 2025|archive-date=20 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220132059/https://www.ndtvprofit.com/nation/full-list-of-chief-ministers-in-india-2025-bjp-rules-14-states-and-union-territories|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Current ruling alliances in Indian states and union territories 2025.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Colour-coded map of India showing the ruling alliances in various states and union territories:
{{legend|#FF9A30|[[National Democratic Alliance]] (21)}}
{{Legend|#00C0FF|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] (8)}}
{{Legend|#DE5757|Others (2)}}
{{legend|#515151|[[Union territory|No legislature]] (5)}}]]
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 90%"
|+List by ruling party<ref name="Party"/>
!colspan=2|Ruling party
!States/UTs
|-
! colspan="3" |[[National Democratic Alliance]] (21)<ref>{{cite web|date=19 July 2023|title=The 38 parties in the NDA fold|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/38-parties-nda-8848786/|access-date=1 August 2023|work=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=14 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814005655/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/38-parties-nda-8848786/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|16
|-
|{{Full party name with color|All India N.R. Congress}}
|1
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|1
|-
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|1
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|1
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|1
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] (8)<ref>{{cite web|date=19 July 2023|title=Opposition's push for a new name explained|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/india-from-upa-oppositions-push-for-a-new-name-explained-11689748617775.html|access-date=25 July 2023|work=[[Live Mint]]|archive-date=25 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725074244/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/india-from-upa-oppositions-push-for-a-new-name-explained-11689748617775.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|3
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|1
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|1
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|1
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|1
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|1
|-
! colspan="3" |Others (2)
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|1
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
|1
|-
|}

=== Defunct assemblies ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 90%"
! Assembly
! Seat
! Period active
! Abolished by
|-
| [[Ajmer Legislative Assembly|Ajmer]]
|| [[Ajmer]] || 1950–1956 || rowspan="2"|[[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]]
|-
| [[Bhopal Legislative Assembly|Bhopal]]
|| [[Bhopal]] || 1949–1956
|-
| [[Bombay Legislative Assembly|Bombay]]
|| [[Bombay]] || 1950–1960 || Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960
|-
| [[Coorg Legislative Assembly|Coorg]]
|| [[Madikeri|Mercara]] || 1950–1956 || rowspan="3"|[[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]]
|-
| [[Hyderabad Legislative Assembly|Hyderabad]]
|| [[Hyderabad]] || 1948–1956
|-
| Madhya Bharat
|| [[Gwalior]]|| 1948–1956
|-
| [[Madras Legislative Assembly|Madras]]
|| [[Madras]] || 1947–1969 || Madras State (Alteration of Name) Act, 1968
|-
| [[Mysore Legislative Assembly|Mysore]]
|| [[Mysore]] || 1947–1973 || Mysore State (Alteration of Name) Act of 1973
|-
| [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union Legislative Assembly|PEPSU]]
|| [[Patiala]] || 1948–1956 || rowspan="4"|[[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]]
|-
| Saurashtra
|| [[Rajkot]] || 1948–1956
|-
| [[Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly|Travancore-Cochin]]
|| [[Trivandrum]] || 1949–1956
|-
| Vindhya Pradesh
|| [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]] || 1948–1956
|}

== See also ==
*[[Central Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Lok Sabha]]
*[[Rajya Sabha]]
*[[State governments of India]]
*[[State legislature (India)|State Legislature]]
*[[List of Indian state legislative assembly elections]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/ Legislative Bodies in India] website

{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{Elections in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:State Legislative Assembly}}
[[Category:State legislatures of India|*]]
[[Category:State lower houses in India| ]]

Khurai, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:41:47Z

SureshAcharya: Adding First Entry First Draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{for|the constituency in Manipur|Khurai, Manipur Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khurai
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 36
| map_image = Vidhan_Sabha_constituencies_of_Madhya_Pradesh_(36-Khurai).png
| mla = [[Bhupendra Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Bhupendra Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Sagar district|Sagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sagar]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
}}

'''Khurai''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=15 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the 184 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatisticalReports_51_MP.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh|page=6|publisher=Election Commission of India website}}</ref> It was reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Dalit|Scheduled castes]] till 2008.

==Overview==
Khurai (constituency number 36) is one of the 8 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Sagar district]]. This constituency presently covers the Khurai municipality and part of [[Khurai]] and [[malthone]] [[tehsil]] of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=229, 250}}</ref>

Khurai is part of [[Sagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sagar Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Bina Assembly constituency|Bina]], [[Surkhi Assembly constituency|Surkhi]], [[Naryoli Assembly constituency|Naryoli]] and [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Sagar]] in this district and [[Kurwai Assembly constituency|Kurwai]], [[Sironj Assembly constituency|Sironj]] and [[Shamshabad Assembly constituency|Shamshabad]] in [[Vidisha district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
As a double member constituency:
* 1951: Gaya Prasad Mathura Prasad, [[Indian National Congress]] / Ramlal Balchand, [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1957: Bhadai Halke, [[Indian National Congress]] / Rishabh Kumar Mohanlal, [[Indian National Congress]]
As a single member constituency:
* 1962: Nand Lal Parmanand, [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1967: K. L. Choudhari, [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
* 1972: Liladhar, [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
* 1977: Ram Prasad, [[Janata Party]]
* 1980: Harishankar Mangal Prasad Ahirwar, [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
* 1985: Malti Arvind Kumar, [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
* 1990: Dharmu Rai, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* 1993: Dharmu Rai, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* 1998: Dharmu Rai, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* 2003: Dharmu Rai, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* 2008: Arunodaya Choubey, [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
* 2013: [[Bhupendra Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Bhupendra Singh]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name=ceom>{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi)|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/OtherLinks/Election_Result_2008.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=15 February 2011}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bhupendra Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Bhupendra Singh]]<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/madhyapradesh2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=3066|title=Bhupendra Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KHURAI(SAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Khurai<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bhupendra Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Bhupendra Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:106436}}
|percentage = 62.21
|change = {{increase}}11.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bahen Raksha Singh Rajput
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:59111}}
|percentage = 34.55
|change = {{decrease}}6.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Rajak
|votes = {{formatnum:1952}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change = {{decrease}}1.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1325}}
|percentage = 0.77
|change = {{increase}}0.36
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:47325}}
|percentage = 27.66
|change = {{increase}}17.74
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:171098}}
|percentage = 80.03
|change = {{decrease}}1.59
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Khurai<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bhupendra Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Bhupendra Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:78156}}
|percentage = 50.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Arunodaya Choubey (Annu Bhaiya)
|votes = {{formatnum:62861}}
|percentage = 40.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Badal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3981}}
|percentage = 2.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dharmendra Banpuriya S/O Sundar Lal Banpuriya
|votes = {{formatnum:1502}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:630}}
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15295}}
|percentage = 9.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:154120}}
|percentage = 81.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Khurai]]
* [[Barodiya, sagar|Barodiya]]
* [[Bandri, sagar|Bandri]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|24.04|78.33|display=title}}

[[Category:Sagar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

V. Srinivasa Rao

2026-04-13T00:33:10Z

SureshAcharya: creating new bio needs work

{{Infobox officeholder
| office2 = Secretary of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 29 December 2021
| office1 = Member of [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Central Committee]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| term_start1 = 11 April 2005
| predecessor2 = [[Penumalli Madhu]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| occupation = Politician
| image = V Srinivasa Rao.jpg
}}
'''Vankayalapati Srinivasa Rao''' or '''Srinivasa Rao''' is an Indian communist politician and the current Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2021-12-30 |title=Vijayawada: V Srinivasa Rao elected CPM state secretary |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/vijayawada/vijayawada-v-srinivasa-rao-elected-cpm-state-secretary-722295 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-12-30 |title=V Srinivasa Rao CPM's new Andhra Pradesh state secretary |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/Dec/30/v-srinivasa-rao-cpms-new-andhra-pradesh-state-secretary-2401181.html |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He was first elected as the state secretary in the 26th state conference in December 2021 and then re-elected again in the 27th state conference in February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Express News Service|date=2025-01-31 |title=CPM State convention in Nellore from February 1 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Jan/31/cpm-state-convention-in-nellore-from-february-1 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muthe Rajitha |date=2025-02-03 |title=AP CPM : ఏపీ సీపీఎం రాష్ట్ర కార్యదర్శిగా వి. శ్రీనివాసరావు |url=https://www.dishadaily.com/andhrapradesh/ap-cpm-state-secretary-v-srinivasa-rao-409440 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=www.dishadaily.com |language=te}}</ref> He is serving as the Central Committee of the party since 11 April 2005.<ref>{{cite web | title=Documents of the 18th Congress of CPI (M) April 6-11, 2005, New Delhi | date=2005 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeuNAAAAMAAJ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Communist Party of India (Marxist) | url=https://cpim.org/new-central-committee-0/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2015/0426_pd/central-committee-elected-21st-congress | title=Central Committee Elected at the 21st Congress | Peoples Democracy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/full-list-cpim-newly-elected-central-committee-and-politburo-members-sitaram-yechury-5147330/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127111554/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/full-list-cpim-newly-elected-central-committee-and-politburo-members-sitaram-yechury-5147330/ | archive-date=27 November 2024 | title=Full list: CPI(M) newly elected central committee and politburo members | date=22 April 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New Central Committee & Central Control Commission Elected at the 23rd Congress |url=https://cpim.org/pressbriefs-new-central-committee-central-control-commission-elected-23rd-congress/ |website=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]}}</ref>
He was formerly member of CPIM Central Secretariat.<ref>{{cite web | title=CPI(M) gears up for struggle against govt. Policies | work=The Hindu | date=7 January 2015 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/cpim-gears-up-for-struggle-against-govt-policies/article6765622.ece/ }}</ref>

==References==

<references />

[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Jasbir Singh Sandhu

2026-04-07T16:36:02Z

SureshAcharya: Adding The Biography W/ Infobox - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jasbir Singh Sandhu
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Amritsar West Assembly constituency|Amritsar West]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| nickname =
}}
'''Jasbir Singh Sandhu''' is an Indian politician and the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from [[Amritsar West Assembly constituency]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Amritsar West Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Public Undertakings|Committee on Public Undertakings]]<ref name="Committee on Public Undertakings">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=36&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Subordinate Legislation|Committee on Subordinate Legislation]]<ref name="Committee on Subordinate Legislation">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=46&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=16 July 2022}}</ref>

==Assets and liabilities declared during elections==
During the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], he declared Rs. 2,08,62,145 as an overall financial asset and Rs. 15,93,311 as financial liability.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Jasbir Singh Sandhu(AAP):Constituency- AMRITSAR WEST (SC)(AMRITSAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/punjab2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=654 |website=www.myneta.info |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Amritsar West Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Amritsar West Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN Assembly succession box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= [[Amritsar West Assembly constituency|Amritsar West]]
| before= [[Raj Kumar Verka]] (INC)
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandhu, Jasbir Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

Lion-baiting

2026-04-06T12:51:10Z

SureshAcharya: new!

{{Short description|Blood sport}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
[[Image:Lion-baiting3.jpg|thumb|300px|Lion-bait at [[Warwick]] between Wallace and dogs, Tinker and Ball, circa 1827.]]
'''Lion-baiting''' is a [[blood sport]] involving the [[Baiting (blood sport)|baiting]] of [[lion]]s against [[dog]]s.

==Antiquity==
[[Image:Lion-baiting1.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Alexander the Great]]]]
[[Classical antiquity|Antiquity]] has examples where groups of dogs defeat the 'king of beasts', the lion. [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] reflects [[Achilles]]' [[shield]] with the depiction of a fight of his dog against two lions. A second is a report that [[Cambyses II]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] possessed a dog that started a fight with two full-grown lions. A third, is reported by a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] historian, [[Claudius Aelianus]], in which he states [[India]]ns showed [[Alexander the Great]] powerful dogs bred for lion-baiting. Certainly, [[Ancient history|ancient historians]] would embellish and exaggerate their stories, but they do capture the spirit of dog versus lion.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

==Europe==

===17th century===
In 1610, during the reign of [[James I of England]] the practice of lion-baiting was first recorded. The spectacle was staged for the amusement of the court. The King requested [[Edward Alleyn]], Master of the [[Beargarden]], to acquire the three largest and most courageous dogs. The event was as follows:

:"One of the dogs, which was the first to be sent in the cage, was soon put out of action by the lion, which seized it by the head and neck and dragged it through the cage. A second dog was sent in and met with the same fate. The third, however, which came to its aid, immediately seized the lion by the lower jaw and gripped it securely for a considerable time until, severely injured by the lion's claws, it was forced to loosen its grip. The lion itself was injured in the fight and did not wish to continue fighting. With a sudden mighty leap over the dogs, it fled inside its den. Two of the dogs died shortly after the fight from the injuries they had suffered. The last, however, survived this splendid fight and was nursed back to health with great care by the King's son, [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales]]. Prince Henry declared: 'He had fought the king of the wild animals and should never again have to fight baser creatures!' In this way, the dog had gained for itself a safe life at the English Royal court."{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

===18th century===
[[Image:Lion-baiting2.jpg|thumb|[[Cane Corso]]s]]
In 1790, [[The Times]] reported a lion-baiting in [[Vienna]] as follows:

:"There was a lion fight at the amphitheatre of Vienna, in the summer of 1790, which was almost the last permitted in that capital. The amphitheatre at Vienna embraced an area of from eighty to a hundred feet in diameter. The lower part of the structure comprised the dens of the different animals. Above those dens, and about ten feet from the ground, were the first and principal seats, over which were galleries. In the course of the entertainment, a den was opened, out of which stalked, in free and ample range, a most majestic lion; and, soon after, a fallow deer was let into the circus from another den. The deer instantly fled, and bounded round the circular space, pursued by the lion; but the quick and sudden turnings of the former continually baulked the effort of its pursuer. After this ineffectual chase had continued for several minutes, a door was opened, through which the deer escaped; and presently five or six of the large and fierce [[Hungarian Mastiff]]s were sent in. The lion, at the moment of their entrance, was leisurely returning to his den, the door of which stood open. The dogs, which entered behind him, flew towards him in a body, with the utmost fury, making the amphitheatre ring with their barking. When they reached the lion, the noble animal stopped, and deliberately turned towards them. The dogs instantly retreated a few steps, increasing their vociferations, and the lion slowly resumed his progress towards his den. The dogs again approached; the lion turned his head; his adversaries halted; and this continued until, on his nearing his den, the dogs separated, and approached him on different sides. The lion then turned quickly round, like one whose dignified patience could brook the harassment of insolence no longer. The dogs fled far, as if instinctively sensible of the power of wrath they had at length provoked. One unfortunate dog, however, which had approached too near to effect his escape, was suddenly seized by the paw of the lion; and the piercing yells which he sent forth quickly caused his comrades to recede to the door of entrance at the opposite site of the area, where they stood in a row, barking and yelling in concert with their miserable associate. After arresting the struggling and yelling prisoner for a short time, the lion couched upon him with his forepaws and mouth. The struggles of the sufferer grew feebler and feebler, until at length he became perfectly motionless. We all concluded him to be dead. In this composed posture of executive justice, the lion remained for at least ten minutes, when he majestically rose, and with a slow step entered his den, and disappeared. The apparent corpse continued to lie motionless for a few minutes; presently the dog, to his amazement, and that of the whole amphitheatre, found himself alive, and rose with his nose pointed to the ground, his tail between his hind legs pressing his belly, and, as soon as he was certified of his existence, he made off for the door in a long trot, through which he escaped with his more fortunate companions."

J. March's, Zoological Anecdotes, circa 1845, has the story of a second lion-bait, which occurred in Vienna in the year 1791 as follows:

:"Of late years the truth of the accounts which have been so long current, respecting the generous disposition of the lion, have been called in question. Several travellers, in their accounts of Asia and Africa, describe him as of a more rapacious and sanguinary disposition than had formerly been supposed, although few of them have had the opportunity to make him a particular object of their attention. A circumstance that occurred not long since in Vienna seems, however, to confirm the more ancient accounts. In the year 1791, at which period the custom of baiting wild beasts still existed in that city, a combat was to be exhibited between a lion and a number of large dogs. As soon as the noble animal made his appearance, four large bull-dogs were turned loose upon him, three of which, however, as soon as they came near him, took fright, and ran away. One only had courage to remain, and make the attack. The lion, however, without rising from the ground upon which he was lying, showed him, by a single stroke with his paw, how greatly his superior he was in strength; for the dog was instantly stretched motionless on the ground. The lion drew him towards him, and laid his fore-paws upon him in such a manner that only a small part of his body could be seen. Every one imagined that the dog was dead, and that the lion would soon rise and devour him. But they were mistaken. The dog began to move, and struggled to get loose, which the lion permitted him to do. He seemed merely to have warned him not to meddle with him any more; but when the dog attempted to run away, and had already got half over the enclosure, the lion's indignation seemed to be excited. He sprang from the ground, and in two leaps reached the fugitive, who had just got as far as the paling, and was whining to have it opened for him to escape. The flying animal had called the instinctive propensity of the monarch of the forest into action: the defenceless enemy now excited his pity; for the generous lion stepped a few paces backward, and looked quietly on, while a small door was opened to let the dog out of the enclosure. This unequivocal trait of generosity moved every spectator. A shout of applause resounded throughout the assembly, who had enjoyed a satisfaction of a description far superior to what they had expected. It is possible that the African lion, when, under the impulse of hunger, he goes out to seek his prey, may not so often exhibit this [[magnanimity|magnanimous]] disposition; for in that case he is compelled by imperious necessity to satisfy the cravings of nature; but when his appetite is satiated, he never seeks for prey, nor does he ever destroy to gratify a blood-thirsty disposition."

===19th century===
{{multiple image |align=right |direction=vertical |width=175px
|image1=Lion-baiting6.jpg |caption1=Nero
|image2=Lion-baiting ticket.jpg |caption2=Ticket to Nero "Great Lion Fight"
|image3=Nettle-dog.jpg |caption3=Nettel was in the second group of dogs set on Nero
}}
In 1825, two more lion fights took place, staged by a promoter named [[George Wombwell]], who travelled around England with his collection of caged wild animals.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hone |first=William |year=2004 |orig-year=1825–26 |chapter=July |chapter-url=http://www.uab.edu/english/hone/etexts/edb/day-pages/207-july26.html |editor-last=Grimes |editor-first=Kyle |title=The Every-Day Book |publisher=University of Alabama at Birmingham |page=26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624080642/http://www.uab.edu/english/hone/etexts/edb/day-pages/207-july26.html |archive-date=24 June 2008 }}</ref> The fights were arranged in collaboration with dog dealers Ben White and [[Bill George (dog dealer)|Bill George]]. The cage measured fifteen feet square, ten feet high, with an elevated floor six feet from the ground. The old iron bars were wide enough apart for a dog to enter or escape. The first bait involved the lion named "Nero" and the second bait a lion named "Wallace".{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

[[The Morning Herald]] of 26 July 1825, provided the following account:

{{quote|The lion's travelling caravan was drawn close to the fighting cage, so that the door could be opened from one into the other; and the keeper, Wombwell, then going into the travelling caravan, in which another man had already been staying with the lion for some time, the animal followed him into the cage as tamely as a [[Newfoundland (dog)|Newfoundland]] dog. The whole demeanour of the beast, indeed, was so quiet and generous, that at his first appearance, it became very much doubted whether he would attempt to fight at all. While the multitude shouted and the dogs were yelling in the ground below, he walked up and down his cage with the most perfect composure, not at all angered, or even excited.

:In the meantime, Wombwell had quit the cage and the dogs were 'made ready'. These were the fallow-coloured [[Old English Bulldog]], a brown with white legs and a third brown altogether averaging about forty pounds in weight a piece and described in the printed papers, which were distributed by the names 'Captain', 'Tiger' and 'Turk'. As the dogs were held for a minute in slips, upon which they ran from the ground to the stage, the lion crouched on his belly to receive them; but, with so perfect an absence of anything like ferocity, showed clearly that the idea of fighting, or doing mischief to any living creature, never had occurred to him.

:At the first rush of the dogs, which the lion evidently had not expected and did not at all know how to meet, they all fixed themselves upon him, but caught only by the dewlap and the mane. With a single effort he shook them off, without attempting to return the attack. He then flew from side to side of the cage, endeavouring to get away; but in the next moment the assailants were upon him again, and the brown dog, Turk, seized him by the nose, while the two others fastened at the same time on the fleshy part of his lips and under-jaw. The lion then roared dreadfully, but evidently only from the pain he suffered, not at all from anger. As the dogs hung to his throat and head, he pawed them off by sheer strength; and in doing this and in rolling upon them, did them considerably mischief; but it amounted to the most curious fact that he never once bit, or attempted to bite, during the whole contest, or seemed to have any desire to retaliate any of the punishment which was inflicted upon him.

:When he was first 'pinned', for instance, the dogs hung to him for more than a minute and were drawn, holding to his nose and lips, several times round the ring. After a short time, roaring tremendously, he tore them off with his claws, mauling two a good deal in the operation, but still not attempting afterward to act on the offensive. After about five minutes fighting, the fallow-coloured dog was taken away, lame and apparently much distressed and the remaining two continued the combat alone, the lion still working only with his paws, as though seeking to rid himself of a torture, the nature of which he did not well understand. In two or three minutes more, the second dog, Tiger, being dreadfully maimed, crawled out of the business; not the brown dog, Turk, which was the lightest of the three, but was of admirable courage and went on fighting by himself.

:A most extraordinary scene ensued; dog, left entirely alone with an animal twenty time its weight, continued the battle with unabated fury and though bleeding all over from the effect of the lion's claws, seized and pinned him by the nose at least half a dozen times; when, at length, releasing himself with a desperate effort, the lion flung his whole weight upon the dog and held him lying between his fore paws for more than a minute, during which time he could have bitten his head off a hundred times over, but did not make the slightest effort to hurt him. Poor Turk was then taken away by the dog-keepers, grievously mangled but still alive and seized the lion, for at least the twentieth time, the very same moment that he was released from under him.

:The second round of the contest presented only a repetition of the first. However, the second set of dogs being heavier than the first and the lion more exhausted, it became a one-way contest. Nero, bleeding freely from the nose and head, was unable to keep his footing and slipped on the wet boards. The dogs, all three, seized him; the lion endeavoured to get rid of them in the same way as before, using his pawn and not thinking of fighting, but not with the same success. He fell and showed symptoms of weakness, upon which the dogs were taken away. This termination, however, did not please the crowd, who cried out loudly that the dogs were not beaten.

:Some confusion then followed; after which the doges were again put in and again seized the lion, which by this time, as well as bleeding freely from the head appeared to have hurt one of his fore feet. Nero weakened rapidly, Mr. Wombwell announced that he gave on the part of the lion; and the exhibition was declared to at an end. The first round lasting eleven minutes with the second less than five. From the beginning of the contest to the end, the lion was merely a sufferer; he never struck a blow in anger.|[[The Morning Herald]], 26 July 1825}}

====Wallace====
[[Image:Lion-baiting7.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Wallace makes short work of the dogs]]
Wombwell, in the same week, submitted another of his lions to be baited and this match proved to be a very different proposition for the dogs. [[The Times]] gave an account of the contest as follows:

{{quote|"Wombwell has, notwithstanding the public indignation which accompanied the exposure of the lion Nero to the six dogs, kept his word with the lovers of cruel sports by a second exhibition. He matched his 'Wallace,' a fine lion, cubbed in Scotland, against six of the best dogs that could be found. Wallace's temper is the very opposite of that of the gentle Nero. It is but seldom that he lets even his feeders approach him, and he soon shows that he cannot reconcile himself to familiarity from any creature not of his own species. Towards eight o'clock the factory-yard was well attended, at 5s. each person, and soon after the battle commenced. The lion was turned from his den to the same stage on which Nero fought. The match was—1st. Three couples of dogs to be slipped at him, two at a time—2d. Twenty minutes or more, as the umpires should think fit, to be allowed between each attack—3d. The dogs to be handed to the cage once only. Tinker, Ball, Billy, Sweep, Turpin, Tiger.

:In the first round, Tinker and Ball were let loose, and both made a gallant attack; the lion having waited for them as if aware of the approach of his foes. He showed himself a forest lion, and fought like one. He clapped his paw upon poor Ball, took Tinker in his teeth, and deliberately walked round the stage with him as a cat would with a mouse. Ball, released from the paw, worked all he could, but Wallace treated his slight punishment by a kick now and then. He at length dropped Tinker, and that poor animal crawled off the stage as well as he could. The lion then seized Ball by the mouth, and played precisely the same game with him as if he had actually been trained to it. Ball would have been almost devoured, but his second got hold of him through the bars, and hauled him away. Turpin, a London, and Sweep, a Liverpool dog, made an excellent attack, but it was three or four minutes before the ingenuity of their seconds could get them on. Wallace [[Squatting position|squatted on his haunches]], and placed himself erect at the slope where the dogs mounted the stage, as if he thought they dared not approach. The dogs, when on, fought gallantly; but both were vanquished in less than a minute after their attack. The London dog bolted as soon as he could extricate himself from the lion's grasp, but Sweep would have been killed on the spot, but he was released. Wedgbury untied Billy and Tiger, casting a most piteous look upon the wounded dogs around him. Both went to work. Wallace seized Billy by the loins, and when shaking him, Tiger having run away, Wedgbury cried out, 'There, you see how you've gammoned me to have the best dog in England killed.' Billy, however, escaped with his life; he was dragged through the railing, after having received a mark in the loins, which (if he recovers at all) will probably render him unfit for any future contest. The victory of course was declared in favour of the lion. Several well-dressed women viewed the contest from the upper apartment of the factory.|[[The Times]]}}

Wallace was the first African lion to be bred in the UK, having been born in Edinburgh in 1812. He was probably named after Scottish fighter [[William Wallace]]. He died in 1838, and his stuffed body placed in the [[Saffron Walden Museum|museum in Saffron Walden]], Essex. When in 1930, [[Marriott Edgar]] wrote his humorous monologue ''The Lion and Albert'', he called the lion "Wallace".<ref name="RavishingBeasts">{{cite web |publisher=Ravishing Beasts |url=http://www.ravishingbeasts.com/lions/2006/11/3/wallace-the-lion.html |title=taxidermy – Lions & Other Predators – Wallace the Lion |access-date=20 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221000524/http://www.ravishingbeasts.com/lions/2006/11/3/wallace-the-lion.html |archive-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>

===Outrage===
The public were outraged at the promotion of such baiting spectacles and the matter was raised in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].<ref name="Homan">{{citation |last=Homan |first=M. |year=2000 |title=A Complete History of Fighting Dogs |pages=54–61 |publisher=[[Howell Book House]] Inc. |isbn=1-58245-128-1}}</ref> Wombwell's lion baits were the last to be staged in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Homan" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Animals}}
* [[History of lions in Europe]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation |last=Fleig |first=D. |year=1996 |title=History of Fighting Dogs |pages=48–52 |publisher=[[TFH. Publications]] |isbn=0-7938-0498-1}}

{{Baiting}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lion-Baiting}}
[[Category:1610 beginnings]]
[[Category:1610s introductions]]
[[Category:Baiting (blood sport)]]
[[Category:Lions and humans]]
[[Category:Cambyses II]]
[[Category:Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales]]
[[Category:James VI and I]]
[[Category:Obsolete blood sports]]
[[Category:History of lions in Europe]]

Mithran R. Jawahar

2026-04-05T19:25:30Z

SureshAcharya: new

{{short description|Indian Film director and Screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mithran R. Jawahar
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1973|11|20}}
| birth_place = [[Trichy]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = [[Film director]]
[[Screenwriter]]
}}

'''Mithran R. Jawahar''' (born 20 November 1973) is an Indian film director who works predominantly in Tamil cinema.

==Career==
Jawahar, a former assistant of [[Selvaraghavan]], began working on his first film starring [[Dhanush]] in December 2004. A remake of the Telugu film ''[[Arya (2004 film)|Arya]]'' (2004), the film was later put on hold and restarted at a later date.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/11122004-5.shtml|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050204112051/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/11122004-5.shtml|archive-date = 4 February 2005|url-status=dead|title = Danush in Remake Mode}}</ref> As a result, his debut venture was the 2008 film ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]'', starring [[Dhanush]] and [[Nayantara]], which was a runaway hit. The film was a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule]]'', directed by Selvaraghavan.

His next two films ''[[Kutty (2010 film)|Kutty]]'' (2010) and ''[[Uthamaputhiran (2010 film)|Uthamaputhiran]]'' (2010), both again remakes and again featuring Dhanush in the lead role, also became successful.

In 2014, Jawahar began work on ''Saamiyattam'', a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Swamy Ra Ra]]'', produced and featuring [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]] in the lead role, but it was later shelved.

He then moved on to direct a remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]'', titled ''[[Meendum Oru Kadhal Kadhai]]'', in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://silverscreen.in/news/mithran-jawahar-to-remake-thattathin-marayathu/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629125923/http://silverscreen.in/news/mithran-jawahar-to-remake-thattathin-marayathu/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2014 |title=Mithran Jawahar to Remake Thattathin Marayathu |publisher=Silverscreen.in |date= |accessdate=2014-07-15}}</ref>

In 2021, Jawahar made his first original script with the social drama ''[[Mathil]]'', which starred director-actor [[K. S. Ravikumar]] in the lead role which was made for digital platform Zee5.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/03/28001251/1283593/KS-Ravikumar-to-star-in-OTT-film-titled-Mathil-directed-.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418130609/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/03/28001251/1283593/KS-Ravikumar-to-star-in-OTT-film-titled-Mathil-directed-.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2021|title = KS Ravikumar to star in OTT film titled Mathil directed by Mithran Jawahar|date = 28 March 2021}}</ref>

In 2022, he directed the film ''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]'', which was his fourth collaboration with Dhanush, which also went to do well at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=22 August 2022 |title=Dhanush's Thiruchitrambalam turns out to be a huge hit, grosses 50 crores from across the globe |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dhanushs-thiruchitrambalam-turns-out-to-be-a-huge-hit-grosses-50-crores-from-across-the-globe/b6f894343f875 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823042345/https://www.ottplay.com/news/dhanushs-thiruchitrambalam-turns-out-to-be-a-huge-hit-grosses-50-crores-from-across-the-globe/b6f894343f875 |archive-date=23 August 2022 |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |quote=The Mithran Jawahar directorial opened to positive reviews from critics and the audience.}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''Note: All films are in Tamil unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Filmography of Mithran R. Jawahar
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]'' || Remake of ''[[Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule]]'' (2007)
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010 || ''[[Kutty (2010 film)|Kutty]]'' || Remake of ''[[Arya (2004 film)|Arya]]'' (2004)
|-
| ''[[Uthamaputhiran (2010 film)|Uthamaputhiran]]'' || Remake of ''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]] (2008)''
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Meendum Oru Kadhal Kadhai]]'' || Remake of ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]'' (2012)
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Mathil]]'' || Released on [[ZEE5]]
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]'' || Cameo appearance as a traffic police officer
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Ariyavan]]'' ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mithran Jawahar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jawahar}}
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Artists from Tiruchirappalli]]

Giddh (The Scavenger)

2026-04-05T06:31:40Z

SureshAcharya: new stub

{{Short description|2023 Indian short film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Giddh (The Scavenger)
| image = Giddh (The Scavenger) film poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = Manish Saini
| writer = Manish Saini Ashok Sankhla
| producer = Radhika Lavu Amruta Parande
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
* Vaibhav Biniwale
* Raj Vithhapura }}
| editing = Manish Saini
| music = Sagar Desai
| cinematography = Swathy Deepak
| studio = Ellanar Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2023|08}}
| runtime = 24 minutes
| country = [[India]]
}}
{{Italic title|noerror|all=yes}}
'''''Giddh (The Scavenger)''''' is a 2023 [[India]]n [[short film]] directed by [[Manish Saini]]. The film stars Indian actor [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Mishra-starrer Giddh wins Asia International Competition, qualifies for Oscars |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/news-sanjay-mishra-starrer-giddh-joins-oscar-race-wins-asia-international-competition-stst-3049675 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> who plays a poor man who has lost his son to illness and is compelled to find a way to survive. The film has been presented in numerous international film festivals, including the [[Rhode Island International Film Festival]], the [[LA Shorts Fest|LA Shorts International Film Festival]] and the 2023 Short Shorts Film Festival & Asia, where it won an Oscar-qualifying award in the Asia International Competition.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-29 |title=Sanjay Mishra's 'Giddh' wins Asia International Competition, qualifies for Oscars |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-mishras-giddh-wins-asia-international-competition-qualifies-for-oscars/articleshow/101364758.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-29 |title=Sanjay Mishra's short film 'Giddh' wins Asia International Competition, qualifies for Oscars |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/sanjay-mishras-short-film-giddh-wins-asia-international-competition-qualifies-for-oscars-23295018 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
After the death of his son, an old man is compelled to choose unconventional means of making ends meet by reselling the clothes of the dead. Although no longer hungry, he is soon caught up in guilt for what he has done.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bijolia |first=Disha |date=2023-06-29 |title=Short Film 'Giddh' Is A Gripping Depiction Of The Privilege Of Morality |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-creators/short-film-giddh-is-a-gripping-depiction-of-the-privilege-of-morality |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Homegrown |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
* Vaibhav Biniwale
* Raj Vithhapura

== Reception ==
Since its launch, the film has been selected in various festivals and academies around the world:
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Festivals
!Award/Category
!Status
|-
| rowspan="10" |2023
|[https://www.usafilmfestival.com/ USA Film Festival]
|Best Short Film<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad News – Latest & Breaking Ahmedabad News |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/giddh-paves-way-to-oscars-2024/81859153.html |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|[https://www.carmarthenbayfilmfestival.co.uk/ Carmarthen Bay Film Festival]
|Best Short Film<ref name=":1" />
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|[https://www.lashortsfest.com/ LA Shorts International Film Festival]
|Best Short Film
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|37th [[Edmonton International Film Festival]]
|Best Short Film
|{{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[https://shortshorts.org/2021/en/ Short Shorts Film Festival & Asia]
|Best Short Film<ref name=":0" />
|{{won}}
|-
|Asia International Competition<ref name=":0" />
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actor (Sanjay Mishra)<ref name=":0" />
|{{won}}
|-
|[https://iffsatoronto.com/ International Film Festival of South Asia Toronto]
|Official Selection<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=2023 FILM LISTINGS – IFFSA Toronto |url=https://iffsatoronto.com/2023-film-listings/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |language=en-CA}}</ref>
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|[https://tasveerfestival.org/ Tasveer South Asian Film Festival]
|Best Short Film<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-07 |title=Schedule - TasveerFestival 2023 |url=https://tasveerfestival.org/schedule/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|[[54th International Film Festival of India]]
|Indian Panorama<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theprint.in/feature/indian-panorama-announces-official-selection-for-54th-iffi-2023/1816101/ |work=The Print |title=Indian Panorama announces official selection for 54th IFFI 2023 |date=23 October 2023 |access-date=6 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Nominated}}
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfzWD1GQwx4 Official Trailer] on [[YouTube]]
* [https://www.iffigoa.org/indian-panorama-feature-2023-details/giddh-the-scavenger/en ''Giddh (The Scavenger)''] on IFFI

[[Category:Indian short films]]
[[Category:2023 short films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

Murli Manohar Joshi

2026-03-26T13:45:26Z

SureshAcharya: general refine details for consistency and corrected details

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1934)}}
{{Distinguish|Manohar Joshi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Murli Manohar Joshi MP.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1934|01|05}}
| name = Murli Manohar Joshi
| caption = Official portrait, 2014
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[British India]]
| office = [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Union Minister of Human Resource Development]]
| constituency8 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| term = 19 March 1998 – 22 May 2004
| predecessor = [[S. R. Bommai]]
| successor = [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]]
| office1 = 3rd [[National President of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start1 = 1991
| term_end1 = 1993
| predecessor1 = [[Lal Krishna Advani]]
| successor1 = Lal Krishna Advani
| office2 = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister of Home Affairs]]
| prime_minister = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| term_start2 = 16 May 1996
| term_end2 = 1 June 1996
| predecessor2 = [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
| successor2 = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
| office3 = [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Union Minister of Science and Technology]]
| prime_minister2 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee
| term3 = 19 March 1998 – 21 May 2004
| predecessor3 = [[Yoginder K Alagh]]
| successor3 = [[Kapil Sibal]]
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency4 = [[Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start4 = 16 May 2014
| term_end4 = 23 May 2019
| predecessor4 = [[Sriprakash Jaiswal]]
| successor4 = [[Satyadev Pachauri]]
| prime_minister3 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee
| constituency5 = [[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency|Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term5 = 16 May 2009 – 16 May 2014
| predecessor5 = [[Rajesh Kumar Mishra (born 1950)|Rajesh Kumar Mishra]]
| successor5 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| constituency6 = [[Prayagraj Lok Sabha constituency|Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2452.htm | title=Election Commission of India }}</ref>
| term6 = 10 May 1996 — 17 May 2004
| predecessor6 = [[Saroj Dubey]]
| successor6 = [[Rewati Raman Singh]]
| constituency7 = [[Almora Lok Sabha constituency|Almora, Uttar Pradesh]]
| term7 = 22 March 1977 – 10 January 1980
| predecessor7 = [[Narendra Singh Bisht]]
| successor7 = [[Harish Rawat]]
| office8 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start8 = 5 July 1992
| term_end8 = 11 May 1996
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (since 1980)
| other_party = {{ubl|[[Janata Party]] {{nowrap|(1977-1980)}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathew |first1=Liz |date=17 August 2018 |title=Vajpayee’s comrades, LK Advani to Murli Manohar Joshi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/atal-bihari-vajpayees-comrades-lk-advani-to-murli-manohar-joshi-5310851/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="IE_Sep2025">{{cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=Shyamlal |date=4 September 2025 |title=At RSS meeting, concerns raised about income inequality, poor per capita GDP — by BJP stalwart Murli Manohar Joshi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rss-meeting-murli-manohar-joshi-income-inequality-gdp-bhagwat-10228271/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref> |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]{{nowrap| (1957-1977)}}}}<ref name="IE_Sep2025"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Varma |first1=Pavan K |date=13 January 2024 |title=Just Like That {{!}} Murli Manohar Joshi at 90: The storied journey of a politician |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/just-like-that-murli-manohar-joshi-at-90-the-storied-journey-of-a-politician-101705143695660.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref>
| spouse = Tarla Joshi
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2017)
| education = [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]], [[Master of Science|MSc]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Allahabad]]
| signature = MurliManoharJoshi.jpg
}}

'''Murli Manohar Joshi''' (born 5 January 1934) is an Indian politician. He is one of the founding members and a senior leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and served as its President from 1991 to 1993. In addition to his role in the BJP, he has been a lifelong member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Hindutva]] paramilitary organisation. Joshi is the former [[Member of parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] from [[Kanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanpur]] [[Lok Sabha]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/candidates/dr-murli-manohar-joshi|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He is a former professor of physics in [[University of Allahabad]]. Joshi later became the Union [[Ministry of Education (India)|Human Resources & Development Minister]] in the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] government.<ref>{{cite news|author=Debashish Mukerji|title=Our students don know India's problems (Interview with Murli Manohar Joshi)|newspaper=The Week|date=15 November 1998|url=http://www.hindunet.org/hvk/articles/1198/0006.html|access-date=8 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054847/http://www.hindunet.org/hvk/articles/1198/0006.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Joshi was awarded [[Padma Vibhushan]], the second-highest civilian award, in 2017 by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=List of Padma awardees 2017|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/List-of-Padma-awardees-2017/article17092476.ece|access-date=7 March 2021|work=The Hindu|date=25 January 2017}}</ref>

== Background and personal life ==
Joshi was born in [[Delhi]] on 5 January 1934. His family hails from [[Almora]] in [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] region, which is now part of the [[Uttarakhand]] state. His father's name was Manmohan Joshi. In 1966, Joshi was married to Tarla Joshi, a lady of his own community and similar family background, in a match arranged by their families in the usual Indian way. The lifelong marriage has proven entirely harmonious and conventional. The couple are the parents of two daughters, Nivedita and Priyamvada.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |work=ThePrint |access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Pavan K |date=14 January 2024 |title=Joshi at 90: The storied journey of a politician |url=http://epaper.hindustantimes.com/Home/ShareArticle?OrgId=141c9c204ad |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=epaper.hindustantimes.com/ |language=en}}</ref>

==Education==
Joshi had his early education in [[Chandpur, Bijnor|Chandpur]], [[Bijnor district|district Bijnor]] and in [[Almora]], from where his family hails. He completed his B.Sc. from [[Meerut College]] and M.Sc. from [[Allahabad University]]. In Allahabad, one of his teachers was [[Rajendra Singh (RSS)|Rajendra Singh]], who later became the [[List of Sarsanghchalaks of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|Sarsanghchalak]] of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].

Joshi did his doctorate in physics at [[Allahabad University]]. The subject of his doctoral thesis was [[spectroscopy]]. He published a research paper in Physics in [[Hindi]], which was a first of its kind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.drmurlimanoharjoshi.in/evolutions.html|title=Evolution of Dr Joshi - Welcome to Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi|access-date=5 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626053453/http://www.drmurlimanoharjoshi.in/evolutions.html|archive-date=26 June 2011}}</ref> After completing his PhD, Joshi started teaching physics at [[Allahabad University]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=डॉ मुरली मनोहर जोशी: फिजिक्स के इस प्रोफेसर ने लिखी थी हिंदी में थिसिस, बाद में बने बीजेपी की 'तीसरी धरोहर'|url=https://www.abplive.com/news/dr-murli-manohar-joshi-when-physics-professor-wrote-thesis-in-hindi-later-bjps-third-heritage-abpp-2300368/|website=ABP Live|language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Politics and activism ==
Joshi came in contact with the RSS in Delhi at a young age and took part in the Cow Protection Movement in 1953–54, in the Kumbh Kisan Andolan of UP in 1955,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Patrick |first1=French |last2=French |first2=Patrick |title=India: A Portrait |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-14-194700-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf48JIIoLVoC&pg=PT131 |page=131 |language=en}}</ref> demanding halving of land revenue assessment. During the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency period]] (1975–1977) in India, Joshi was in jail from 26 June 1975 until the [[Lok Sabha]] elections in 1977. He was elected Member of Parliament from [[Almora]]. When the [[Janata Party]] (which then included his party) came to power forming the first non-Congress government in Indian history, Joshi was elected General Secretary of the Janata Parliamentary Party. After the fall of the government, his party came out of Janata Party in 1980, and formed the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] or the BJP. Joshi first looked after the Central Office as a General Secretary and later became Party Treasurer. As General Secretary of BJP, he was directly in charge of Bihar, Bengal and North-Eastern States. Later, when BJP formed a government in India under [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], Joshi served as the Human Resource Development Minister in the cabinet.

In December 1991, Joshi held a ''[[yatra]]'', the [[Ekta Yatra|''Ekta'' ''Yatra'']], intended to signal that BJP supported national unity and opposed [[Separatist movements of India|separatist movements]]. It began on 11 December in [[Kanyakumari]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and visited 14 states.<ref name=":02">{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Naresh Kumar |date=22 January 2011 |title=BJP to go ahead with Ekta Yatra in Kashmir |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-to-go-ahead-with-Ekta-Yatra-in-Kashmir/articleshow/7340790.cms |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref> The rally's final stop to hoist the [[Flag of India|Indian flag]] in Jammu and Kashmir on 26 January 1992 was considered unsuccessful, with minimal local participation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |date=15 February 1992 |title=BJP flag-hoisting ceremony in Srinagar turns out to be a damp squib, militancy gets a boost |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19920215-bjp-flag-hoisting-ceremony-in-srinagar-turns-out-to-be-a-damp-squib-militancy-gets-a-boost-765818-2013-06-24 |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Joshi is known to have been influenced by the life and work of [[Babasaheb Ambedkar]], [[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule]] and [[Deendayal Upadhyaya]]. Joshi was a three-term M.P. from [[Allahabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Allahabad]] before he was defeated in the Lok Sabha elections of May 2004. He won election to the 15th Lok Sabha from [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]] as a BJP candidate.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dikshit|first1=Rajeev|title=Joshi beats Mukhtar with big margin Varanasi News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/joshi-beats-mukhtar-with-big-margin/articleshow/4540142.cms|access-date=7 March 2021|work=The Times of India|date=16 May 2009|language=en}}</ref>
He also served as the home minister for 13 days government in 1996.
Joshi was appointed as Chairman of the Manifesto Preparation Board of the BJP in 2009. He was honoured as "Proud Past Alumni" of Allahabad University by Allahabad University Alumni Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auaa.in/proudpast.html|title=Allahbad University Alumni Association : Our Proud Past|work=archive.is|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080115090226/http://www.auaa.in/proudpast.html|archive-date=15 January 2008|date=10 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://auaa.in/?page_id=31|title=Our Proud Past|work=archive.is|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707073335/http://auaa.in/?page_id=31|archive-date=7 July 2012|date=10 November 2018}}</ref>

He was a sitting MP from [[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency|Varanasi]] and he vacated that seat for Narendra Modi in 2014 Lok Sabha Elections. He later contested from [[Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Kanpur]] and won from the constituency by a margin of 2.23 lac votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2443.htm?ac=43|title=Constituency wise-All Candidates|publisher=Eciresults.nic.in|date=17 May 2014|access-date=18 August 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213835/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2443.htm?ac=43|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
===National honours===
*{{flag|India}}
**[[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2017)

===Foreign honours===
*{{flag|Mongolia}}
**[[File:Med friendship rib.PNG|50px]] Friendship Medal (2002)<ref>{{cite web|title=Mongolia bestows top honour on Dr. Joshi; plans afoot for Indian universities abroad|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/release02/lyr2002/rjul2002/29072002/r290720027.html|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=29 July 2002}}</ref>
*{{flag|Russia}}
**[[File:Orden of Friendship.png|50px]] [[Order of Friendship (Russia)|Order of Friendship]] (2013)<ref>{{cite web|title=Murli Manohar Joshi given Russia`s `Order of Friendship` award|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/murli-manohar-joshi-given-russias-order-of-friendship-award_897234.html|publisher=[[Zee News]]|date=16 December 2013}}</ref>

===Honorary degrees===
*{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Kyiv Polytechnic Institute]]:
**[[Doctor of Science]] (DSC) (2003)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ukraine university to honour Dr. Joshi|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/release02/lyr2003/rsep2003/02092003/r020920035.html|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=2 September 2003}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|India}} [[Doon University]]:
**[[Doctor of Science]] (DSC) (2018)<ref>{{cite web|title=Honorary degree to Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi and Mr. Narendra Singh Negi|url=https://www.newspost.live/en/honorary-degree-dr-murli-manohar-joshi-mr-narendra-singh-negi/|publisher=Newspost|date=30 November 2018}}</ref>

===Other awards===
*Honorary Fellow of Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (2001)<ref name=Russia>{{cite web|title=Russian academy honours Joshi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/russian-academy-honours-joshi/articleshow/2120406221.cms|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 July 2001}}</ref>
*Nikolay Rerikh Medal, International Academy of Ecology, Man and Nature Protection Sciences (2001)<ref name=Russia/>
*[[Outstanding Parliamentarian Award]] (2009)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dasmunsi-M-M-Joshi-to-get-Outstanding-Parliamentarian-award/articleshow/6266603.cms |title=Dasmunsi, M M Joshi to get Outstanding Parliamentarian award |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |date=6 August 2010 |access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://drmurlimjoshi.blogspot.com/ Reflections...] Murli Manohar Joshi's blog (last updated 1 October 2009)

{{Navboxes
|title=Offices and distinctions
|list1=
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Narendra Singh Bisht]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Almora (Lok Sabha constituency)|Almora]] |years=1977 – 1980}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Harish Rawat]]}}
{{s-break}}
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{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Allahabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Allahabad]] |years=1996 – 2004}}
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{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Rajesh Kumar Mishra (born 1950)|Rajesh Kumar Mishra]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]] |years=2009 – 2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Narendra Modi]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-par|in-upr}}
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}}
{{Home Ministry (India)}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{16th LS members from Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Murli Manohar}}
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pracharaks]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian physicists]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Presidents of Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:People from Nainital]]
[[Category:Ministers of education of India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Friendship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:Politicians from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kanpur]]
[[Category:Politicians from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:People from Almora district]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Science ministers of India]]

Shubha Tiwari

2026-03-21T05:07:07Z

SureshAcharya: creating new details initial version

{{BLP sources|date=March 2026}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=September 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian academic (born 1968)}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Prof.
| name = Shubha Tiwari
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Academic, Professor
| title = Vice Chancellor, [[Maharaja Chhatrasal Bundelkhand University]]
| employer = [[Maharaja Chhatrasal Bundelkhand University]]
| education = MA, Ph.D.
| years_active =
| known_for =
}}

'''Shubha Tiwari''' is an Indian academic, professor in English who is currently serving as the Vice- Chancellor of [[Maharaja Chhatrasal Bundelkhand University]], [[Chhatarpur]], Madhya Pradesh, India.<ref>{{cite web |title= Maharaja Chhatrasal University (MCU) has appointed Shubha Tiwari as the new Vice-Chancellor of the university. |url= https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/chhatarpur/professor-shubha-tiwari-will-become-the-new-vice-chancellor-of-maharaja-chhatrasal-university-2023-06-17 | website= Amar Ujala |access-date=August 9, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pro. Shubha Tiwari will be the new Vice-Chancellor of the university|url=
https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/tikamgarh/news/pro-shubha-tiwari-will-be-the-new-vice-chancellor-of-the-university-131417352.html | website= Dainik Bhaskar |access-date=August 9, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=VC MCBU |url=https://mcbu.ac.in/vc-desk | website= MCBU |access-date=August 9, 2025}}</ref>

Previously, she was the professor and the head of the English department at Awadhesh Pratap Singh University, Rewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. (Dr.) Smt. Shubha Tiwari |url=
https://www.apsurewa.ac.in/en/faculty-members-eng/prof-dr-smt-shubha-tiwari | website= Apsurewa |access-date=August 9, 2025}}</ref>

==Life and education==

Shubha Tiwari was born on 28 July 1968. She completed her bachelor's degree in arts (BA) (1986), MA (1988) and Ph.D. (1992) from Awadhesh Pratap Singh University.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. (Dr.) Smt. Shubha Tiwari |url=https://mcbu.ac.in/uploads/documents/Prof-Shubha-Tiwari-CV-2.pdf| website= MCBU |access-date=August 9, 2025}}</ref>

==Books==

She has authored two books and edited ten books. Books she has authored include AmitavGhosh: A Critical Study (2003, Atlantic), and The Plays of T.S. Eliot (2007, Atlantic).

Some of the books she has edited include:
* ''Critical Responses To Anita Desai'' (2003, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors) {{ISBN|978-81-269-0341-2}} (Vol.I), {{ISBN|978-81-269-0342-9}} (Vol. II)
* ''Indian Fiction in English Translation'' (2005, Atlantic, {{ISBN|978-81-269-0450-1}})
* ''Education in India'', A Multi Volume Series (Volume 1 to Volume 6, Atlantic, {{ISBN|978-81-269-0529-4}})
* ''Children and Literature'' (2005, Atlantic, {{ISBN|978-81-269-0583-6}})
* ''Contemporary Indian Dramatists'' (2007, Atlantic, {{ISBN|978-81-269-0871-4}})

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Shubha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Syam Pushkaran

2026-03-17T16:19:34Z

SureshAcharya: creating new data w/ sources

{{short description|Indian scriptwriter (born 1984)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Syam|Pushkaran}}
{{Use Indian English|date= February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shyam Pushkaran
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Shyam Pushkaran In 2018 at Al Jamia Santhapuram ArtFest Ceremony
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* [[Screenwriter]]
* [[film producer]]
}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|9|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Cherthala]], [[Kerala]], India
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Unnimaya Prasad]]|2012}}
| yearsactive = 2011{{Endash}}present
| organisation = [[Working Class Hero (film production company)|Working Class Hero]] Bhavana Studios
| awards = [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay]]|
}}

'''Syam Pushkaran'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/syam-pushkaran-winner-of-the-national-award-for-best-original-screenplay-rewinds-his-celluloid-journey/article17951085.ece|title=Scripting reel success|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 April 2017|last1=Sathyendran|first1=Nita}}</ref> (born 6 September 1984) is an Indian [[scriptwriter]] who works in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He is known for his collaborations with directors [[Aashiq Abu]] and [[Dileesh Pothan]]. He made his debut with ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]'' (2011), co-written with [[Dileesh Nair]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Recipe for success|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/recipe-for-success/article2225176.ece|publisher=Thehindu.com|access-date=2015-07-31}}</ref> He has written screenplays for popular films such as ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'' (2012), ''[[Da Thadiya]]'' (2012), ''[[Idukki Gold (film)|Idukki Gold]]'' (2013), ''[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]'' (2014), ''[[Rani Padmini (film)|Rani Padmini]]'' (2015),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Theertha-to-play-the-childhood-of-Manju-Warier/articleshow/47767982.cms |title=Theertha to play the childhood of Manju Warier|publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2015-06-22 |access-date=2015-07-31}}</ref> ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' (2016),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Anusree-is-a-nurse-in-Maheshinte-Prathikaram/articleshow/47372557.cms |title=Anusree is a nurse in Maheshinte Prathikaram|publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2015-05-22 |access-date=2015-07-31}}</ref> ''[[Mayaanadhi]]'' (2017), and ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]'' (2019), and ''[[Joji (film)|Joji]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/shyam-pushkaran-malayalam-movie-scriptwriter-aashiqueabhu-dileesh-pothan-1.2297603|title = സൂപ്പര്‍സ്റ്റാറുകള്‍ ഇനി വേണ്ട, സൂപ്പര്‍ ആക്‌ടേഴ്‌സ് വരട്ടെ: ശ്യാം പുഷ്‌കരന്‍| date=9 October 2017 }}</ref> He also served as co-director and wrote the dialogues for ''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]'' (2017). Pushkaran won the [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]] for ''Maheshinte Prathikaaram'' at the [[64th National Film Awards]] (2016).

== Personal life ==

He is married to [[Unnimaya Prasad]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/syam-pushkaran-winner-of-the-national-award-for-best-original-screenplay-rewinds-his-celluloid-journey/article17951085.ece|title = Scripting reel success|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 12 April 2017|last1 = Sathyendran|first1 = Nita}}</ref> from 2012.

== Film career ==
Syam Pushkaran penned the script for ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]'' along with [[Dileesh Nair]]. In 2012, he wrote the script for ''[[Da Thadiya]]'' (2012); another film directed by [[Aashiq Abu]], along with Dileesh Nair and Abhilash S Kumar. He wrote ''Sethulakshmi'' (Segment) in the anthology film ''[[5 Sundarikal]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Stories-from-the-heart/2013/06/20/article1643498.ece?service=print |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224012/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Stories-from-the-heart/2013/06/20/article1643498.ece?service=print |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title=Stories from the heart |publisher=Newindianexpress.com |date=2013-06-20 |access-date=2015-07-31}}</ref> He was also the writer for another Aashiq Abu film ''[[Idukki Gold (film)|Idukki Gold]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite news|title=High on nostalgia|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/high-on-nostalgia/article5221126.ece|publisher=Thehindu.com|access-date=2015-07-31}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Director !! Notes
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]'' || Co-written with [[Dileesh Nair]] || [[Aashiq Abu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012 || ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'' || Co-written with Abilash S. Kumar || Aashiq Abu ||
|-
| ''[[Da Thadiya]]'' || Co-written with Dileesh Nair and Abhilash S Kumar || Aashiq Abu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[5 Sundarikal]]'' || For segment ''Sethulakshmi'', co-written with Muneer Ali || [[Shyju Khalid]] ||
|-
| ''[[Idukki Gold (film)|Idukki Gold]]'' || Co-written with [[Dileesh Nair]] || Aashiq Abu ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]'' || Co-written with Gopan Chithambaran || [[Amal Neerad]] ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Rani Padmini (film)|Rani Padmini]]'' || Co-written with Ravisankar || Aashiq Abu ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' || Screenwriter || [[Dileesh Pothan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]'' || Creative Director, Dialogues || Dileesh Pothan ||
|-
| ''[[Mayanadhi]]'' || Co-written with Dileesh Nair || Aashiq Abu ||
|-
|2019 || ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]'' || Writer and Co-producer || [[Madhu C Narayanan]]||
|-
|2021
|''[[Joji (film)|Joji]]''
|Writer and Co-producer
|Dileesh Pothan
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/10/03/joji-fahadh-faasil-movie-with-dileesh-pothan-shyam-pushkaran.html|title = Joji: Fahadh Faasil announces next movie with Dileesh Pothan| date=2020-10-03 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dileesh-pothans-next-inspired-macbeth-will-have-fahadh-lead-134452|title = Dileesh Pothan's next is inspired by 'Macbeth', will have Fahadh in the lead|date = 3 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Palthu Janwar]]''
|Co-producer
|Sangeeth P. Rajan
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Thankam (film)|Thankam]]''
|Writer and Co-producer
|Saheedh Arafath
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2024
|''[[Premalu]]''
|Acted as Pambavasan, Co-producer
|[[Girish A.D.|Girish A.D]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-01 |title='Premalu' is the title of Naslen, Mamitha Baiju's next with Girish AD; motion poster out |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/premalu-is-the-title-of-naslen-mamitha-baijus-next-with-girish-ad-motion-poster-out/article67593701.ece |access-date=2023-12-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rifle Club (film)|''Rifle Club'']]
|Co-written with Dileesh Karunakaran, [[Sharfu]] & Suhas
|[[Aashiq Abu]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-20 |title=Aashiq Abu wraps up shoot for 'Rifle Club', starring Anurag Kashyap |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aashiq-abu-wraps-up-shoot-for-rifle-club-starring-anurag-kashyap/article68425441.ece |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
! scope="row" {{pending film|italic=no| ''KH237''}}
|Co-written with [[Kamal Haasan]]
|[[Anbariv]]
|
|-
|2026
|[[Bethlehem Kudumba Unit]]
|Co-producer
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Award
! Category
! Notes
|-
|rowspan=5|2016
|rowspan=5|''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]''
|[[64th National Film Awards|National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]<ref>{{cite news|author=Express Web Desk|title=National Film Awards 2017: Akshay Kumar, Sonam Kapoor felicitated by Pranab Mukherjee|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/national-film-awards-2017-live-ceremony-updates-akshay-kumar-sonam-kapoor-pranab-mukherjee-neerja-pink-kasav-4638813/|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=3 May 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171011184623/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/national-film-awards-2017-live-ceremony-updates-akshay-kumar-sonam-kapoor-pranab-mukherjee-neerja-pink-kasav-4638813/|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[47th Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Awards]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala State Film Awards 2016: Complete winners' list|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kerala-state-winners-2016-complete-winners-list/articleshow/57520218.cms|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 March 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171011183709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kerala-state-winners-2016-complete-winners-list/articleshow/57520218.cms|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|
|-
|North American Film Awards<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=North American Film Awards (NAFA) 2017: Nivin Pauly, Manju Warrier, Tovino Thomas and others in winners list|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/north-american-film-awards-nafa-2017-nivin-pauly-manju-warrier-tovino-thomas-others-winners-714073|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171011181353/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/north-american-film-awards-nafa-2017-nivin-pauly-manju-warrier-tovino-thomas-others-winners-714073|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|Best Screenplay
|
|-
|[[Padmarajan Award]]
|Best Film
|Shared with [[Dileesh Pothan]]
|-
|[[CPC Cine Awards]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/cinema-paradiso-club-vinayakan-maheshinte-prathikaaram.html|title=CPC cine awards 2016: Vinayakan, Sai Pallavi & Rajisha win top honors|work=OnManorama|access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref>
|Best Screenplay
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2017
|rowspan=2|''[[Mayanadi]]''
|[[Padmarajan Award]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/may/11/ashiq-abus-mayanadi-n-prabhakarans-kulipathalam-win-padmarajan-awards-1813327.html|title=Ashiq Abu's 'Mayanadi', N Prabhakaran's 'Kulipathalam' win Padmarajan awards|access-date=3 June 2020|archive-date=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423044603/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/may/11/ashiq-abus-mayanadi-n-prabhakarans-kulipathalam-win-padmarajan-awards-1813327.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|Best Film
|Shared with [[Aashiq Abu]] and [[Dileesh Nair]]
|-
|Movie Street Film Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/02/05/fahadh-manju-aishwarya-corner-movie-street-film-excellence-awards.html|title = Home}}</ref>
|Best Screenplay
|Shared with [[Dileesh Nair]]
|-
|rowspan=4|2019
|rowspan=4|''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]''
|[[Vanitha Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite web | last=Menon | first=Akhila R | title=Vanitha Film Awards 2020: Mohanlal, Prithviraj Sukumaran, Parvathy Thiruvothu Win Top Honours! | website=Filmibeat| date=12 February 2020 | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2020/vanitha-film-awards-2020-mohanlal-prithviraj-sukumaran-parvathy-win-top-honours-294884.html | access-date=2 April 2020}}</ref>
|Best Screenplay
|
|-
|Movie Street Film Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.doolnews.com/movie-street-awards-announced-suraj-venjaramoodu-best-actor-anna-ben-best-actress-123.html|title = മികച്ച നടനായി സുരാജ് വെഞ്ഞാറമൂട്, നടി അന്ന ബെന്‍; മൂവി സ്ട്രീറ്റ് അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു}}</ref>
|Best Screenplay
|
|-
|Critic's Choice Film Awards (Malayalam)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-winners-list-6336210/|title=Critics' Choice Film Awards 2020: Complete winners list|date=28 March 2020}}</ref>
|Best Screenplay
|
|-
|[[CPC Cine Awards]]<ref>{{cite web | last=Menon | first=Akhila R | title=CPC Cine Awards 2019: Virus And Kumabalangi Nights Bag Top Honours! | website=Filmibeat | date=31 January 2020 | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2020/cpc-cine-awards-2019-virus-and-kumabalangi-nights-bag-the-top-honours-294457.html | access-date=2 April 2020}}</ref>
|Best Screenplay
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Joji (film)|Joji]]''
|[[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Award]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/52nd-kerala-state-film-awards-the-full-winners-list-live-updates-7939205/lite/ | title=52nd Kerala State Film Awards: The complete winners list | date=28 May 2022 }}</ref>
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{National Film Award Best Screenplay}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|4544331}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]

Pandavas: The Five Warriors

2026-03-15T05:09:06Z

SureshAcharya:

{{short description|2000 film by Usha Ganesh Raja}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pandavas The Five Warriors.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = Usha Ganesh Raja
| screenplay = [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Mahabharata]]''|[[Vyasa]]}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| studio = [[Pentamedia Graphics]]
| released = {{film date|2000|12|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 110 minutes
| country = India
| language = English
}}

'''''Pandavas: The Five Warriors''''' is a 2000 Indian English-language animated film directed by Usha Ganesh Raja and produced by [[Pentamedia Graphics]]. Based on the five [[Pandava]] brothers from the Indian epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'', it is India's first computer-animated theatrical film and won the [[National Film Award for Best English Feature Film]].

== Plot ==
King [[Pandu]] rules [[Hastinapur]] but has to leave the kingdom due to a curse. He cannot have a child, but his wife [[Kunti]] has a boon that she could have children by praying to the gods. They invoke the gods of the elements and have five children: [[Yudhishthira|Dharma]], [[Bhima]], [[Arjuna|Arjun]], [[Nakula|Nakul]] and [[Sahadeva|Sahadev]]. The five sons become known as the [[Pandava]]s. Pandu has a blind brother, King [[Dhritarashtra|Dhiru]], whose wife gives birth to 101 children, known as the [[Kaurava]]s.

Pandu dies due to his curse and instructs Kunti to take the five children to Hastinapur so Dhiru can take care of them. The cousins all grow up attending school together. From a young age, Bhim demonstrates his strength and Arjun demonstrates his skill in archery. [[Duryodhana|Dhuri]], the eldest Kaurava, becomes jealous of the Pandava brothers. The cousins' uncle, [[Shakuni]], excites Dhuri. He plans to light a palace with the Pandavas in it on fire. Arjuna is sceptical of the palace, and a well-wisher warns them, telling them to find the tunnel for an escape route. When the palace is lit on here, the Pandavas and their mother escape into the forest but everyone believes they died in an accident.

In the forest, the Pandavas learn about a demon who terrorises and devours people. Bhima instigates her by eating the food she had prepared for herself. After a quarrel in which he kills her, the demoness transforms into a princess. She thanks Bhima for saving her. She was a princess who got cursed by a scholar for making fun of him due to her vanity. The scholar said she would be saved by a true saviour, and that she would marry the one who saved her.

King Panchala conducts a ceremony to find a suitor for his daughter, [[Draupadi|Panchali]]. The Pandavas attend in disguise and Arjuna wins the competition. Dhuri also attends recognises them. Dhiru tells him to invite them to their palace apologise, while Shakuni suggests they invite the Pandavas to kill them another way this time. The Pandavas arrive, and Dhuri gives them a separate small palace in Indraprastha. The palace is built of illusions, so when Dhuri visits, he thinks he is stepping on the floor but he falls into a pool of water. Panchali laughs at him, and he feels insulted. This incident sparks his desire for war against the Pandavas.

Dhuri tells Shakuni he seeks revenge. Shakuni advises him that the family will look down on Dhuri starting a war, but that he has a better idea. Shakuni arranges for a game of gambling between the cousins, with loaded dice unbeknownst to the Pandavas. In the heat of the moment, Dharma loses and has to give his kingdom up to Dhuri and Shakuni. In an effort to win back his kingdom, Dharma loses his brothers, palace, and finally Panchali, too. The brothers become slaves to Dhuri and Shakuni. Dhuri begins to disrobe Panchali to humiliate her. She prays to Krishna, who ensures her cloth does not run out and protects her honour.

The Pandavas go into exile in the forest for thirteen years. After their twelfth year in the forest, Yaksha appears to Sahadev and says he must answers questions before drinking water from the lake. Sahadev does not comply, so when he drinks the water, he falls dead. The other brothers also fail to answer the questions before drinking. Dharma answers satisfactorily, and Yaksha resurrects all of his brothers.

After the thirteen years of exile are over, Dhuri refuses to give the Pandavas back their kingdom. In consulting Krishna, Dhuri asks for a large army and Arjun asks for Krishna to be his charioteer. Arjuna expresses his hesitation in fighting against his family, but Krishna explains to him about his duty and the nature of life and death. When Arjuna's son Abhi enters the battlefield, Dhuri unfairly kills him. Krishna devises a plan to help defeat Dronacharya, by spreading the news that Ashwatthama has been killed. Karna uses his most powerful weapon on Bhim's son, Ghatot, which means he cannot use it on Arjuna.

In a fit of rage, Dhuri violates the code of conduct and sets the Pandava's tents on fire, but Krishna protects them with rain. Dhuri jumps into a river to avoid being killed. Krishna tricks him into thinking it is beyond sunset, after which he comes out and fights with Bhima. Bhima kills him and the Pandavas rule Hastinapur righteously and justly.

==Voice cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vijay Adhiraj]] as [[Arjuna]]
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as [[Shakuni]]
*[[Savitha Radhakrishnan]] as [[Kunti]]
*Nilkant as [[Bhima|Bhim]]
*Shaleen Sharma as [[Dharm]]
*Noel James as [[Krishna]]
*Lakshmi Ratan as [[Drona]]
*[[Major Sundarrajan]] as [[Bhishma]]
*Vinod Anand as [[Duryodhana|Dhuri]]
*Revathi as [[Gandhari]]
*[[Pop Shalini]] as Princess
*Vishwa as Dev
}}

== Production ==
''Pandavas: The Five Warriors'' is the first computer-animated theatrical film to be produced by an Indian company — the [[Chennai]]-based multimedia and graphics company [[Pentamedia Graphics]], and is an adaptation of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', focusing specifically on the [[Pandava]] brothers. As the film was mainly targeted at western audiences, some of the characters' names were either anglicised or shortened.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kannan |first=K. |date=11 January 2001 |title=Pandavas go hi-tech |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/01/11/stories/14112185.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519215655/http://www.hindu.com/2001/01/11/stories/14112185.htm |archive-date=19 May 2007 |access-date=8 October 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Ilaiyaraaja]] composed the film's music, and [[J. D.–Jerry]] were signed as the creative directors. [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]] served as the screenwriter, while [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]] were the editors.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=29 December 2000 |title=Film Review: Pandavas-The Five Warriors |url=http://hindu.com/2000/12/29/stories/09290223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130910062958/http://hindu.com/2000/12/29/stories/09290223.htm |archive-date=10 September 2013 |access-date=8 October 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
''Pandavas: The Five Warriors'' was released on 23 December 2000,<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2000 |title=Pandavas: The Five Warriors (2000) Feature Length Theatrical Animated Film |url=http://www.bcdb.com/cartoon/77078-Pandavas_The_Five_Warriors.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130910063038/http://www.bcdb.com/cartoon/77078-Pandavas_The_Five_Warriors.html |archive-date=10 September 2013 |access-date=8 October 2013 |website=[[The Big Cartoon DataBase]]}}</ref> and its television rights were acquired by [[Cartoon Network]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2001 |title=Cartoon Network acquires Pentamedia's Pandavas and Sinbad; to launch in September |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/june/june32.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126124137/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/june/june32.htm |archive-date=26 January 2012 |access-date=8 October 2013 |website=Indian Television}}</ref> where it aired in both English and Hindi languages.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2001 |title=Flight of fancy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/30/stories/09300461.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515090701/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/30/stories/09300461.htm |archive-date=15 May 2018 |access-date=15 May 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' positively reviewed the film and its technical aspects, saying "Each and every frame of the nearly 110-minute-long picture is a marvel and it is the best form of expression on celluloid."<ref name="hindu" /> It won the [[National Film Award for Best English Feature Film]] at the [[48th National Film Awards]].<ref name="48thaward">{{Cite web |title=48th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/69_48thNfacatalogue.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725232402/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/69_48thNfacatalogue.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2020 |access-date=15 January 2025 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |page=90}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Animation Movies |url=http://www.pentamedia.in/index.php/entertainment/animation-movies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180515091553/http://www.pentamedia.in/index.php/entertainment/animation-movies |archive-date=15 May 2018 |access-date=8 October 2013 |website=[[Pentamedia Graphics]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Animation industry in India]]
* [[List of Indian animated films]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Works based on the Mahabharata |state=collapsed}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film English}}
{{India Animation Industry}}

[[Category:2000 computer-animated films]]
[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 English-language films]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s war films]]
[[Category:Animated films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Animated films set in India]]
[[Category:Best English Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:English-language war films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian computer-animated films]]
[[Category:Indian war films]]

Yasahpala of Kannauj

2026-03-07T06:49:46Z

SureshAcharya: creating first details w/ sources

{{Short description|King of Kannauj from 1024 to 1036}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Yasahpala
| succession = King of Kannauj
| reign = 1024–1036
| predecessor = [[Trilochanapala (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Trilochanapala]] (1018–1027)
| successor = ''Kingdom abolished''
| dynasty = [[Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]]
}}

'''Yasahpala''' or '''Jasapala''' was the last king of Kannauj and the last member of the [[Pratihara dynasty|Imperial Pratihara dynasty]],<ref name="Sailendra Nath Sen: Ancient Indian History and Civilization">{{cite book |last1=Nath Sen |first1=Sailendra |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=9788122411980 |pages=668 |edition=Paperback |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA246 |access-date=24 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India: The Ancient Past. A History of the Indian-Subcontinent from 7000 BC to AD 1200|first=Burjor |last=Avari |authorlink=Burjor Avari |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-203-08850-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmB_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT204 | pages=204–205}} Madhyadesha became the ambition of two particular clans among a tribal people in Rajasthan, known as Gurjara and Pratihara. They were both part of a larger federation of tribes, some of which later came to be known as the Rajputs.</ref> who ruled from 1024 till 1036 CE. He succeeded his father, Trilochanapala (1018–1027). The [[Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]] authority had shrunk considerably only to the city of [[Kannauj]] and the surrounding region.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA25 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |first=R. K. |last=Dikshit |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 |page=72 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA27 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |first=Sisirkumar |last=Mitra |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 |pages=72–73 }}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjara-Pratihara king]]
| years = (1204 CE-1036 CE)
| before =[[Trilochanapala (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Trilochanapala]] (1018–1027)
| after = ''last king of his dynasty, dynasty abolished after his death ''
}}
{{S-end}}

[[Category:Pratihara emperors]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Gujarat]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Kings of Kannauj]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Tughluq tombs

2026-03-06T12:38:49Z

SureshAcharya: creating a details nd citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
'''Tughlaq Tombs''' in the Indian subcontinent are mostly simple, monotonous and heavy structures in [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-islamic architecture]] built during the [[Tughlaq dynasty]] (1320–1413). They look more like fortresses with walls surrounding them and have restrained decoration and embellishment compared to both earlier and later Indian Islamic tombs. Their architecture lacks the influence from Dravidian architecture and craftsmanship which was later found in [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] architecture. But Dravidian architecture influence on Tughlaq buildings was not totally absent. Features of Hindu influences on Tughlaq architecture include the flat lintel instead of pointed arch, pillars, windows with balconies and eaves and railings.<ref>Sir John Marshall, Cambridge History of India (Cambridge, 1928), III, 573</ref>

Tughlaqs built three main types of tombs: square, octagonal and pavilion. The last type was the simplest, consisting of a pavilion or a [[chhatri]]. The simple tombs are most likely to be those of nobles and family members of the sultans. It was constructed by Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq.

== Ghiyas ud-Din Tughluq==
[[File:Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq's Tomb In [[Delhi]]]]

[[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyas ud-Din Tughluq]] was the founder of the Tughluq dynasty built by Tughlaqs ([[Tughluq dynasty]]) of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in India. Within a year of his reign he decided to build the new fortified capital of [[Tughluqabad]] very close to the previous capital in [[Delhi]], where he moved three years later. It is believed that Ghiyas built a tomb for himself in [[Multan]] when he was the governor there. However, on becoming Sultan he decided to build another one for himself in Tughluqabad. After his death, his successor [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]], moved back to Delhi and left Tughluqabad to gradually crumble and decay, although the tomb of Ghiyas remains there in a very well preserved condition.{{Citation needed paragraph|date=March 2026}}

=== Architecture ===
The tomb was constructed in 1325 and is built of red sandstone and white marble, materials commonly used in Islamic structures at that time. It has a dome of white marble. It is considered to be one of the earliest masterpieces built of red sandstone and white marble. The square tomb is in the center of a pentagonal enclosure with high walls. There are entrances on the north, east and south sides.<ref name="Welch1983">{{cite journal |last1=Welch |first1=Anthony |last2=Crane |first2=Howard |date=1983 |title=The Tughluqs: Master Builders of the Delhi Sultanate |journal=Muqarnas |publisher=Brill |volume=1 |pages=123–166 |doi=10.2307/1523075 |jstor=1523075}}</ref> There are no [[Minaret]]s surrounding the tomb. The architectural style of the tomb is inspired by the [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] portal- [[Alai Darwaza]]- in the [[Qutb Minar]] complex. This is hardly surprising as Ghiyas was originally a Khalji slave who later became one of the governors.{{Citation needed paragraph|date=March 2026}}
[[File:Tomb of Ghiasuddin Khan 2.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Ghiyas ud-Din Khan]]

A notable feature of the tomb are the sloping walls, at a 75 degree angle with the ground instead of vertical walls. This architectural style is similar to the sloping walls of the [[Hindola Mahal]] (Swing palace) in [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh]]. It is so called because of the distinctive sloping walls which give an impression that the palace is swaying from side to side. Perhaps the wall design was intended to [[buttress]] the heavy stone arches that support the ceiling. The inside walls are vertical and plain.{{Citation needed paragraph|date=March 2026}}

=== Hindu Influences ===
The Ghiyas tomb exhibits peculiar Hindu influences in the form of a ''kalassa ''(pinnacle) on top of the white marble dome and a redundant stone lintel installed just below the arch. The ''kalassa'' adorns tops of most ''shikharas'' of ancient and modern Hindu temples in India. The pinnacle was planted at the apex of the Tughluq dome. The stone lintel was installed either to ensure stability, to fit a rectangular timber door in the arched opening, or purely for aesthetic reasons, to continue the white marble band along the facade. Whatever the reason for it, this 'architectural compromise' became an elegant and effective device in the building style of the Tughluqs as well as their successors.<ref>Contribution of the Firuzian Era to the Creation of Indo-Islamic Building Typologies by Prof. Aruna Ramani Grover</ref><ref>According to Asaru’s-Sanadid by Sayyid Ahmad Khan: "corridors inside this tomb have been constructed in the style of Hindu architecture, and the pillars as well as the beams in the corridors are fully of Hindu fashion". Sayyid Ahmad Khan, Asaru’s-Sanadid, edited by Khaleeq Anjum, New Delhi, 1990. Vol I:p.97</ref>

=== Graves ===
The Ghiyas tomb has three graves. The central grave is known to be that of Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq, other two belong to his son, Muhammad bin Tughluq and his wife, Makhdum-i-Jahan. The grave of Makhdum-i-Jahan must have been added later.<ref>{{cite book |last=Merklinger |first=Elizabeth Schotten |date=2005 |title=Sultanate Architecture of Pre-Mughal India |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-81-215-1088-2}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2016}} There are no epigraphs of any sort.
[[File:Graves of Ghiyas Ud Din, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq.jpg|thumb|Graves inside the tomb]]

=== Tomb in Multan, Pakistan (Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam) ===
[[File:Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam5 by chiltanflats.jpg|thumb|[[Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam]], [[Multan]], [[Pakistan]]]]
{{main|Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam}}
The present day tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam is said to have been built by Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq for himself during the days of his governorship under Ala-ud-din Khalji. It was later given by his son Muhammad, to the followers of Shah Rukn-e-Alam, a renowned Sufi saint of [[Multan]], [[Pakistan]]. The mausoleum, built entirely of red brick, has the thick, sloping walls that characterise Tughluq architecture. The lower walls form a high octagon whose corners are marked by round and tapering buttresses. The second layer has smaller octagonal structure with a narrow, uncovered walkway on the second level. Surmounting this structure is a massive, hemispherical dome, that can be seen from miles away. In the 1970s the mausoleum was renovated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goplaces.in/blog/tughlaq-architecture|title=Goplaces.in}}</ref>

== Firoz Shah Tughluq ==

[[Firoz Shah Tughlaq|Firuz Shah Tughluq]] has contributed to architecture in a similar manner as [[Shah Jahan]] did years later. However, Firoz's buildings were of simpler designs than those built earlier by the Khaljis. The coffers of the Treasury were almost empty when Firoz Shah took over. This meant he had to use simple design and cheap materials such as rubble and whitewashed plaster instead of the stone and marble combination. A few tombs built by Firoz shah are rarely ever mentioned as his name is more associated with townlike{{Citation needed paragraph|date=March 2026}}

Yet the remains of the three tombs built by him in Delhi are still visible. These are: Fateh Khan's tomb, Firoz Shah's tomb, and the tomb of Khan-i-Jahan Tilangani.{{Citation needed paragraph|date=March 2026}}

=== Tomb of Khan-i-Jahan Tilangani ===
[[Malik Maqbul|Khan-i-Jahan Tilangani]] was the Prime minister of Firoz Shah. His tomb is the first octagonal tomb to be built in Delhi. Thus, it is of much historical and architectural significance, even though it is not a royal tomb. It is similar(but not identical) to the [[Dome of the Rock]] in [[Jerusalem]] and Qubbat-i-Sulaibiya in [[Samarra]]. But the Tilangani tomb is built of different materials, grey granite and red sandstone, white marble and plaster instead of the enamelled tiles of the tomb in Samarra. It also suffers from design defects such as very low central and subsidiary domes, very low [[veranda]]h arches and a lack of symmetry. These defects were gradually removed and this tomb became an inspiration for the later [[Sayyid dynasty|Sayyid]] and [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi]] tombs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archnet.org/sites/5009 |title=Khan-i Jahan Maqbul Tilangani Mausoleum |website=Archnet}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bunce |first=Fredrick W. |date=2004 |title=Islamic Tombs in India: The Iconography and Genesis of Their Design |location=New Delhi |publisher=D.K. Printworld |pages=52–55 |isbn=978-81-246-0245-4}}</ref><ref>Sharma, Y.D. 2001. Delhi and its Neighbourhood. New Delhi: Directory General Archaeological Survey of India, 27, 118.</ref>

=== Firoz Shah's Tomb ===
[[File:Feroze Sha's tomb with adjoining Madrasa.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Sultan Feroze Shah Tughlaq's tomb with adjoining Madrassa, in Hauz Khas Complex, Delhi]]

==== Location ====
Firoz Shah's tomb is located in Hauz Khas ([[New Delhi]]), close to the tank built by [[Alauddin Khalji]]. Attached to the tomb is a [[madrasa]] built by Firoz Shah in 1352-53. The entrance to the tomb is through a courtyard. The archway of the entrance gate has a date engraved on it- 1507-08, the reign of [[Sikandar Lodi]], which suggests that he may have had the tomb repaired.{{or?|date=December 2022}}

==== Architecture ====
The tomb is square in plan, heavy and massive in appearance with plain cemented walls unlike the marble on the facade of the Ghiyas tomb, and a slightly pointed dome supported by an octagonal drum. The lower curves of the dome arches are decorated with intersecting coloured bands. The arched pendentives contain Koranic inscriptions and the walls are decorated with floral designs.

Firoz Shah's tomb differs from that of Ghiyas in the use of construction materials. Unlike the latter, it is not built of stone; instead a thick layer of durable [[stucco]] is used which was probably painted. It has a paved verandah, enclosed by Buddhist stone railings of the type found in [[Sanchi]]. It is not clear why these stone railings were used. One view is that Firoz Shah used these pre-Muslim Indian forms as a means of associating himself with earlier greatness.<ref name="Welch1983" />

==== Graves ====
There are no inscriptions on the four graves inside the tomb. It is believed that the central grave is that of Firoz Shah, and the two similar ones are probably those of his son, Nasir ud din Mahmud, and grandson, Ala-ud-din Sikandar Shah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhalla |first=A. S. |date=2009 |title=Royal Tombs of India: 13th to 18th Century |publisher=Mapin |isbn=978-0-944142-89-9}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 14th century]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 15th century]]
[[Category:Tombs in India| ]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Tughlaq dynasty]]

Shivam Bhaargava

2026-03-06T08:28:34Z

SureshAcharya: creating a post nd citations

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shivam Bhaargava
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|10|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]]
| occupation = Actor
}}

'''Shivam Bhaargava''' (born 29 October 1986) is an Indian actor who mainly works in [[Hindi films]] and [[web series]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghost Actor Shivam Bhaargava on Being an Outsider in Film Industry |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/ghost-actor-shivam-bhaargava-on-being-an-outsider-in-film-industry-bollywood-4845592/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-08 |title=I shifted my focus to content driven projects: Shivam |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/i-shifted-my-focus-to-content-driven-projects-shivam-101625762486031.html |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-15 |title=Sanaya Irani and Shivam Bhargava talk about their upcoming movie, Ghost |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/sanaya-irani-and-shivam-bhargava-talk-about-their-upcoming-movie-ghost-21910199 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> He is mostly known for his work in [[Bombers (web series)|''Bombers'']] (2018) [[Ghost (2019 film)|''Ghost'']] (2019), ''[[Tuesdays and Fridays]]'' (2021) and [[Badtameez Dil (TV series)|''Badtameez Dil'']] (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivam Bhaargava on his latest film and scripts that work for him as an actor |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/2021/aug/20/shivam-bhaargava-on-his-latest-film-and-scripts-that-work-for-him-as-an-actor-35230.html |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |date=20 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-23 |title=Vikram Bhatt, Ghost, Sanaya Irani, Shivam Bhaargava |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bollywood-news-ghost-trailer-out-sanaya-irani-shivam-bhaargavas-date-with-horror-will-give-you-sleepless-nights-3781275/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Bhaargava was born on 29 October 1986 in [[Lucknow]]. He belongs to a political and business family. He attended [[Wynberg Allen School]] in [[Mussoorie]]. He completed a Master of Business Administration degree at [[Birmingham University]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

== Career ==
He started his career in 2018 by playing a role in sports drama web series [[Bombers (web series)|''Bombers'']], featuring [[Ranvir Shorey]] and [[Aahana Kumra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaffer |first=Askari |date=2021-07-14 |title=My role in 'Ghost' is the best so far: Actor Shivam Bhaargava |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/my-role-in-ghost-is-the-best-so-far-actor-shivam-bhaargava-695767 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, he starred in [[Vikram Bhatt]]'s horror thriller film [[Ghost (2019 film)|''Ghost'']], alongside [[Sanaya Irani]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2019-09-23 |title='Ghost' trailer: Scares and screams galore in Vikram Bhatt's new film |url=https://scroll.in/reel/938228/ghost-trailer-scares-and-screams-galore-in-vikram-bhatts-new-film |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-23 |title=Ghost trailer: Sanaya Irani promises chills in this Vikram Bhatt film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ghost-trailer-vikram-bhatt-s-new-thriller-takes-supernatural-to-the-court-of-law-watch/story-xWsWgUEmBaMm359YqQzHdJ.html |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-15 |title=Sanaya Irani and Shivam Bhargava talk about their upcoming movie, Ghost |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/sanaya-irani-and-shivam-bhargava-talk-about-their-upcoming-movie-ghost-21910199 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, he featured in [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali|Sanjay Leela Bhansali's]] ''[[Tuesdays and Fridays]]'', which also featured [[Jhataleka]] and [[Zoa Morani]] in lead roles. In the same year, he appeared in [[State of Siege: Temple Attack|''State Of Siege: Temple Attack'']], starring [[Akshaye Khanna]] and [[Gautam Rode]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-09 |title=Shivam Bhaargava talks about his show 'State of Siege: Temple Attack'… |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/shivam-bhaargava-talks-about-his-show-state-of-siege-temple-attack…-280435 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> In 2023, he played a lead role in [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s romantic drama television series [[Badtameez Dil (TV series)|''Badtameez Dil'']], featuring [[Barun Sobti]] and [[Riddhi Dogra]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.(s)
|-
|2019
|''[[Ghost (2019 film)|Ghost]]''
|Karan Khanna
|<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2019-09-23 |title='Ghost' trailer: Scares and screams galore in Vikram Bhatt's new film |url=https://scroll.in/reel/938228/ghost-trailer-scares-and-screams-galore-in-vikram-bhatts-new-film |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Tuesdays and Fridays]]''
|Achal Deoda
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-08 |title=I shifted my focus to content driven projects: Shivam |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/i-shifted-my-focus-to-content-driven-projects-shivam-101625762486031.html |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[State of Siege: Temple Attack|''State Of Siege: Temple Attack'']]
|Capt. Abrar Khan
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivam Bhaargava on his latest film and scripts that work for him as an actor |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/2021/aug/20/shivam-bhaargava-on-his-latest-film-and-scripts-that-work-for-him-as-an-actor-35230.html |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |date=20 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Web Series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.(s)
|-
|2018
|[[Bombers (web series)|''Bombers'']]
|Ron
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaffer |first=Askari |date=2021-07-14 |title=My role in 'Ghost' is the best so far: Actor Shivam Bhaargava |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/my-role-in-ghost-is-the-best-so-far-actor-shivam-bhaargava-695767 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Badtameez Dil (TV series)|''Badtameez Dil'']]
|Ari
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-18 |title='Badtameez Dil' On Amazon MiniTV Review: Barun Sobti-Ridhi Dogra's Mushy Romantic Show Has An Old World Charm |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-badtameez-dil-on-amazon-minitv-review-barun-sobti-ridhi-dogra-s-mushy-romantic-show-has-an-old-world-charm-movie_reviews-295728 |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=Outlook}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|[[Paithani (web series)]]
|Vinay Bhanushali
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khanam |first=Arshi |title=Paithani on ZEE5: Eisha Singh aka Kaveri becomes a determined daughter in new emotionally charged promo |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/paithani-on-zee5-eisha-singh-aka-kaveri-becomes-a-determined-daughter-in-new-emotionally-charged-promo/1dab42373a627 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaargava, Shivam}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Indian web series actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Advaitha (film)

2026-03-04T04:40:59Z

SureshAcharya: Made entry

{{Short description|2013 Indian Kannada-language film}}
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Advaitha
| image = Advaitha film.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = BM Giriraj
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = NM Suresh
| starring = [[Ajai Rao]] [[Harshika Poonacha]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Kiran Sampapura
| editing =
| music = Veer Samarth
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|12|6}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Advaitha''''' is a 2013 Indian Kannada-language suspense thriller film directed by BM Giriraj and starring [[Ajai Rao]] and [[Harshika Poonacha]].

== Cast ==
*[[Ajai Rao]] as Vivek
*[[Harshika Poonacha]] as Ambika
*[[Achyuth Kumar]] as Harsha
*Neenasam Ashwath as Sudarshan

== Production ==
The film began production in early 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-ajay-is-writer-in-advaitha/20110125.htm|title=From Naviladavaru to Advaitha|date=25 January 2011|work=[[Rediff.com]]|accessdate=13 November 2022}}</ref> The shooting for the film was finished by May 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/not-reduced-to-pulp/articleshow/21383091.cms|title=Not reduced to pulp|date=14 May 2012|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> Rao was not paid for the film because of Suresh's financial situation after ''[[Excuse Me (2003 film)|Excuse Me]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ajai-upset-about-delay-in-films/articleshow/22651547.cms|title=Ajai upset about delay in films|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 September 2013|author=Anjali Muthanna}}</ref> The film was Giriraj's first film but released after ''[[Jatta (film)|Jatta]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/three-kannada-films-to-release-on-december-6/articleshow/26796813.cms|title=Three Kannada films to release on December 6|date=3 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-interesting-weekend-for-kannada-movie-goers-south/20131205.htm|title=Interesting weekend for Kannada movie goers!|date=5 December 2013|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

==Release and reception==
The film was released on 6 December 2013, the same day as ''B3'' also starring Poonacha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/nm-suresh-celebrates-10-years-in-sandalwood/articleshow/26838379.cms|title=NM Suresh celebrates 10 years in Sandalwood|date=4 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/harshika-poonachas-panipuri-moment/articleshow/26885832.cms|title=Harshika Poonacha's Panipuri moment|date=5 December 2013|author=Shyam Prasad S.|work=The Times of India }}</ref>

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' said that "With poor script, confusing narration, bad editing that does not link sequences properly, too many characters, turns and twists, director Giriraj has reduced it to a cock and bull story".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/advaitha/movie-review/27036265.cms|title=Advaitha Movie Review|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 December 2013}}</ref> Shyam Prasad S of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' said that "The biggest problem with this film is that the story isn’t believable".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/ajai-rao-harshika-poonacha-achyuth-kumar-neenasam-ashwath/articleshow/27034432.cms|title=Movie review: Advaita|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|author=Shyam Prasad S.|date=8 December 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]

Khatron Ke Khiladi (1988 film)

2026-03-03T23:57:47Z

SureshAcharya: adjust lead per standard format for consistency

{{short description|1988 film by T. Rama Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Khatron Ke Khiladi
| image = Khatron Ke Khiladi (film).jpg
| caption =
| director = [[T. Rama Rao]]
| producer = [[V. B. Rajendra Prasad]]
| writer = M. D. Sunder Faiz Saleem
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Sanjay Dutt]] [[Suresh Oberoi]] [[Madhuri Dixit]] [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = [[S. Gopal Reddy]]
| editing = A. Sanjeevi
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|1988|05|27}}
| runtime = 156 min.
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Khatron Ke Khiladi''''' ({{translation|Daredevils}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[T. Rama Rao]] and produced by V. B. Rajendra Prasad. It stars [[Dharmendra]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Chunky Panday]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Khatron Ke Khiladi (1988) Full HD Movie Online on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/khatron-ke-khiladi/0-0-movie_2095602123 |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=ZEE5 }}</ref> The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Simha Swapnam]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aptalkies.com/movie.php?id=6799&title=Simha%20Swapnam%20(1989) |title=Simha Swapnam (1989) Telugu Movie Review, Cast and Crew, Posters, Audio covers, Song books, Full Movie, Songs, Lyrics, Story |website=www.aptalkies.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724071247/http://www.aptalkies.com/movie.php?id=6799&title=Simha%20Swapnam%20(1989) |archive-date=2014-07-24}}</ref>

==Plot==
Honest truck driver Balwant watches helplessly as the owners of the trucking company he works for maul his brother, Jaswant, to death. When he lodges a complaint with the police, the inspector instead arrests him for this crime; the trucking company owners then burn his house, killing his pregnant wife, Sumati. Years later, Balwant, who now calls himself Karamvir, operates a court called 'Teesri Adalat' by sentencing wrong-doers to death in a judge and executor style. However, he is unaware that Sumati is still alive and has given birth to twins Rajesh and Mahesh; while Mahesh was separated at birth and grew up with Inspector Ram Avtar and his wife, Rajesh is taking care of his mother as she loses her mental balance in the trauma. Rajesh and Mahesh do get to unite as the girls Kavita and Sunita, whom they are in love with, are linked to each other. After a few misjudgments of situations at hand, Rajesh and Mahesh decide that they will bring Teesri Adalat to the court of law - at any cost.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Dharmendra]] as Balwant / Karamveer / Teesri Adalat
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Rajesh
* [[Chunky Panday]] as Mahesh
* [[Madhuri Dixit]] as Kavita
* [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]] as Sunita
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Jaichand
* [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] as Balveer
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as Ranveer
* [[Raza Murad]] as Minister Parshuram
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Bahadur
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as Inspector Amarnath / Daku Jwala
* [[Om Shivpuri]] as ACP Tandon
* [[Shafi Inamdar]] as Inspector Ram Avtar
* [[Satyendra Kapoor]] as Inspector Narayan
* [[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar]] as DCP Harish Thakur
* [[Ram Mohan]] as Dr. Prakash
* [[Anjana Mumtaz]] as Sumati
* [[Siva Krishna]] as Jaswant
* [[Pradeep Shakti]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
Lyrics: [[Anand Bakshi]]

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Song !! Singer
|-
| 1
| "Hum Dono Mein Kuch Na Kuch Hai, Jaane Uska Kya Naam Hai"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 2
| "Koi Shair, Koi Pagal, Koi Bepeer Ban Jaaye"
| [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
| 3
| "Tumse Bana Mera Jeevan, Sundar Sapan Salona" (Happy)
| Mohammed Aziz, [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| 4
| "Tumse Bana Mera Jeevan, Sundar Sapan Salona" (Sad)
| Mohammed Aziz, Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| 5
| "Teri Meri Pyarbhari Baaton Mein, Aag Lag Gayi Barsaaton Mein"
| Mohammed Aziz, Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| 6
| "Hip Hip Hurray, Premyion Ke Dil Panchhi Bankar Ude"
| [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], Mohammed Aziz, Anuradha Paudwal, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]],
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0095440|Khatron Ke Khiladi}}

[[Category:1988 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. Rama Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Muddula Priyudu

2026-03-03T18:24:33Z

SureshAcharya: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Muddula Priyudu
| image = Muddula Priyudu.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
| producer = K. Krishna Mohana Rao
| writer = Satyanand
| starring = [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] [[Ramya Krishna]] [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = [[A. Vincent]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = R.K. Film Associates
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1994|10|1}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Muddula Priyudu''''' ({{translation}} Adorable Lover) is a 1994 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language romantic action film directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rare-pic-venkatesh-ramya-krishna-from-muddhula-priyudu/articleshow/37715964.cms | title=Rare pic : Venkatesh, Ramya Krishna from Muddhula Priyudu | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> Produced by K. Krishna Mohana Rao, the film stars [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Ramya Krishna]] and [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], with music composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movieken.com/movies/item/muddula-priyudu.html|title=Muddula Priyudu |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426011952/http://movieken.com/movies/item/muddula-priyudu.html |archive-date=26 April 2012 |website=movieken.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/muddula-priyudu/cast-crew.html|title= Muddula Priyudu Crew| publisher= Oneindia |access-date= 17 February 2013}}</ref> The film was a failure at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |title=Success and centers list – Venkatesh |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/venkatesh-centers.html |access-date=30 October 2014 |publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> It was dubbed in Tamil as ''Sabash Ramu'', in Hindi as ''Sajna Doli Leke Aana'' and in Malayalam as ''Iniyoru Pranayakadha''.

==Plot==
Ramu, a carefree villager, lives with his widowed mother and is in love with Usha, the daughter of Dharmayya, the [[Sarpanch|village president]]. His life becomes complicated due to frequent clashes with Bujjulu, the son of Kobbarikayala Subbayya, a wealthy landlord and moneylender who is also Dharmayya's brother-in-law. Subbayya schemes to marry Usha to Bujjulu to strengthen his influence in the village. However, Ramu consistently foils his plans, leading Subbayya to falsely accuse Ramu of theft. Ramu manages to expose the truth, resulting in Subbayya's imprisonment.

Despite Subbayya's vengeful threats, Ramu and Usha's marriage is arranged with their families' consent. While traveling to town for wedding preparations, Ramu is attacked by Subbayya's henchmen and left for dead in a river. Believed to be dead, Ramu is rescued by boatmen who nurse him back to health. Suffering from [[amnesia]], he adopts the name Raju and begins a new life. He takes a job tutoring the mischievous grandchildren of Major Narayana Murthy. Through patience and kindness, Raju wins over the children and falls in love with their eldest sister, Sandhya. Narayana Murthy approves their union, and they plan to marry.

Raju’s past resurfaces when Subbayya’s goons attempt to kill him again, triggering the return of his memories of his village and Usha. However, he forgets his time with Sandhya and returns home to reconcile with Usha. Sandhya, heartbroken and determined, tracks him down with the help of her servant and friend, Gundu. She finds him in the village but struggles to connect with him as he does not remember her.

As misunderstandings escalate, Major Narayana Murthy arrives in the village and reveals a secret from Sandhya's past: she was previously married, but her husband died on their wedding day, leading her to suppress parts of her memory. Meanwhile, Subbayya is released from prison and kidnaps Usha in a final attempt to seek revenge. Ramu confronts Subbayya and his goons, ultimately defeating them and rescuing Usha.

In the end, Sandhya accepts her fate and departs, leaving Ramu and Usha to marry and begin their life together.

==Cast==
*[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as Ramu / Raju
*[[Ramya Krishna]] as Sandhya (Voice dubbed by Saritha)
*[[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Usha (Voice dubbed by Shilpa)
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Major Narayana Murthy
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Kobbarikayala Subbayya
*[[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]] as Dharmayya
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]] as Parvathamma, Ramu's mother
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Gundu
*[[Babu Mohan]] as Thannula Swamy
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Bujjulu
*[[Suthivelu]] as Gundu's Uncle
*Ratnasagar as Gundu's Mother
*Chidatala Apparao

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Muddula Priyudu
| type = film
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1994
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 25.48
| label = Supreme Music
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title = [[Gandeevam]]
| prev_year = 1994
| next_title = [[Bobbili Simham]]
| next_year = 1994
}}

Music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]]. Audio soundtrack was released on Supreme Music Company label.
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25.48
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Vasanthamala
| lyrics1 = [[Veturi]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length1 = 5:02

| title2 = Sirichandanapu Chekka
| lyrics2 = Veturi
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length2 = 4:59

| title3 = Evaro Ravali
| lyrics3 = Veturi
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 5:10

| title4 = Nake Ganaka
| lyrics4 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length4 = 4:52

| title5 = Chitapata
| lyrics5 = Veturi
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length5 = 4:00

| title6 = Jai Jai Mahakaya
| lyrics6 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length6 = 2:22

| title7 = Vasanthamala-II
| lyrics7 = Veturi
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length7 =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0257940}}

{{K. Raghavendra Rao}}

[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1994 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1994 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:1990s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1994 musical films]]

Kappe Arabhatta

2026-02-27T22:48:03Z

SureshAcharya: Adding Initial Data First Draft - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Kappe Arabhatta
| image =
| caption =
| location = [[Badami]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| locmapin =
| map_caption =
| map_relief =
| built =
| elevation =
| architecture= inscription consists of five stanzas written out in ten lines
| area =
| nearest_city =
| governing_body =
| website =
}}
[[File:Cliffs overlooking lake badami.JPG|thumb|right|1880s photograph of cliff overlooking the Bhutanatha temple on the eastern end of the artificial lake in [[Badami]]. The ''Kappe Arabhatta'' inscription is carved on a cliff overlooking the ''northeast'' end.]]
'''Kappe Arabhatta''' ({{langx|kn|ಕಪ್ಪೆ ಅರಭಟ್ಟ}}) was a [[Chalukya]] warrior<ref>{{Harvnb|Narasimhia|1941|p=355}}</ref> of the 8th century who is known from a [[Kannada language|Kannada]] verse inscription, dated to c. 700 CE, and carved on a cliff overlooking the northeast end of the artificial lake in [[Badami]], [[Karnataka]], India. The inscription consists of five stanzas written out in ten lines in the [[Kannada script]]. Stanza 2 (Lines 3 and 4) consists of a [[Sanskrit]] ''[[Shloka|śloka]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Narasimhia|1941|p=363}}</ref> Of the remaining stanzas, all except the first are in the ''[[tripadi]]'',<ref>''i.e.'' lines 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10</ref> a Kannada verse [[meter (poetry)|metre]].<ref name="Narasimhia 1941 358">{{Harvnb|Narasimhia|1941|p=358}}</ref>

Stanza 3 (lines 5 and 6), which consists of twelve words of which nine are Sanskrit words in Kannada,<ref>{{Harvnb|Narasimhia|1941|pp=346, 329, 323, 295, 286, 320, 278}}</ref> is well known in a condensed version,<ref name=wellknown>{{Harvnb|Sahitya Akademi|1988|p=1717}}</ref> and is sometimes cited as the earliest example of the ''tripadi'' metre in Kannada.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sahitya Akademi|1988}}, {{Harvnb|Kamath|2001}}</ref> However, neither stanza 3 nor stanza 4 strictly conform to the precise [[Tripadi#Definition|rules]] of the ''tripadi'' metre; they each have more than 18 [[Mora (linguistics)|mora]]s in line two, in excess of the allowed 17.<ref name="Narasimhia 1941 358"/>

==Location==
According to {{Harvnb|Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|1884|p=558}}, the Kappe Arabhatta inscription overlooks the artificial lake (on the south-east corner) of Badami town, and: {{Blockquote|Cut on the cliff, ten or twelve feet from the ground, on the north-west of the hamlet of Tattukoti, on the north-east corner of the lake, is an undated inscription of the sixth or seventh century. The way to the cliff is on the left going up from the reservoir by the rear or east ascent to the Bavanbande-kote or north fort and about half-way up to the shrine of Tattukoti Maruti. The writing covers a space of 3 feet 4½ inches high by 2 feet 10⅓ inches broad. The meaning is not clear, but it seems a record of Kappe Arabhatta, a saint of local fame. Below the inscription and covering a space of about 3 feet 7 inches is cut a round band with a floral device apparently a ten-leaved lotus inside it, and with what seems to be a fillet, with a ribbon crossed in a double loop, handing from it.}}

==Kappe Arabhatta inscription text==
[[File:Kappe Arabhatta inscription at Badami.JPG|thumb|right|250px|upright|The 7th century Kappe Arabhatta inscription]]
The following is the text of the five lines written out in ten lines in the inscription.<ref>{{Harvnb|Narasimhia|1941|p=267}}</ref> The meanings of the words are provided in the footnotes below the text. Lines 3 and 4 consist of a [[Sanskrit]] sloka, and is not translated. Here <nowiki> | </nowiki> denotes the end of each line of the ''[[tripadi]]'' [[Meter (poetry)|metre]] and <nowiki> || </nowiki>, the end of the stanza:
{{blockquote|''c. 700 A. D. Taṭṭukôṭi Inscription I. A. X. 61'' 1. ([[Kannada]]) Kappe1a-Arabhaṭṭan1b Śiṣṭajana1c priyan1c 2. kaṣṭajanavarjitan2a kaliyugaviparītan2b<nowiki> || </nowiki> 3. ([[Sanskrit]] sloka:) varan-tējasvino mṛittyur na tu mānāvakhaṇḍanam- 4. Mṛttyus tatkṣaṇikō duḥkham mānabhamgam dinēdinē <nowiki> || </nowiki> [[Tripadi]]: 5.([[Kannada]]) Sādhuge5a Sādhu5b mādhuryange5c mādhuryam5d '''<nowiki>|</nowiki>''' bādhippa5e 6. kalige6a kaliyuga2b viparītan2b '''<nowiki>|</nowiki>''' mādhavan6b ītan6c pe''r''an6d alla6e '''<nowiki>||</nowiki>''' [[Tripadi]]: ([[Kannada]]) 7. oḷḷitta7a keyvōr7b ār7c polladum7d ada''r''amte7e '''<nowiki>|</nowiki>''' ballittu7f kalige6a 8. viparītā2b purākṛtam8a '''<nowiki>|</nowiki>''' illi8b samdhikkum8c adu8d bamdu8e '''<nowiki> || </nowiki>''' [[Tripadi]]: ([[Kannada]]) 9. kaṭṭida9a Simghaman9b keṭṭodēnemag9c emdu9d '''<nowiki>|</nowiki>''' biṭṭavōl9e kalige6a vi- 10. parītamg2b ahitarkkaḷ10a '''<nowiki>|</nowiki>''' keṭṭar10b mēṇ10c Sattar10d avicāram10e '''<nowiki> || </nowiki>'''}}

==Dictionary for Translation of inscription==

'''1a''' "Kappe," Kannada, "a frog; that which hops" and has cognates in related languages: Telugu "kappa - a frog;" Tulu "kappe - a frog, probably from 'kuppu' - to hop, or 'kappu' - to cover;"<ref name=nara-p-294>{{Harvnb|Narasimhia|1941|p=294}}</ref> '''1b''' "A''r''a" and "bhaṭṭa" are both Prakrit words: the former means "virtue," the latter, itself derives from Sanskrit "bhartā."<ref name=nara-p-294/> '''1c''' ''Śiṣṭajana priyan'': Beloved of the good people. Sanskrit. priya,<ref>{{Harvnb|Narasimhia|1941|p=340}}</ref> 
'''2a''' ''kaṣṭajanavarjitan'': avoided by evil people, adj. s. m. sg. nom. qualifying Kappe-Arabhattan. Sanskrit. ''kaṣṭa'', ''jana'', ''varjita'';<ref>{{Harvnb|Narasimhia|1941|p=296}}</ref> '''2b''' ''kaliyugaviparita'': an exceptional man in the kaliyuga. Sanskrit, ''viparita'' adj. s. m. sg. nom qualifying Kappe-Arabhattan;<ref name="Narasimhia 1941 295">{{Harvnb|Narasimhia|1941|p=295}}</ref> 
'''5a''' ''sadhuge'': to the good people. Sanskrit sadhu, s. n.;<ref name=nara-346>{{Harvnb|Narasimhia|1941|p=346}}</ref> '''5b''' ''sadhu'': Good, kind, person. Sanskrit. s. m.;<ref name=nara-346/> '''5c''' ''madhuryamge'': to the sweet. s. m. sg. dat Sanskrit. madhurya-;<ref name=nara-329>{{Harvnb|Narasimhia|1941|p=329}}</ref> '''5d''' ''madhuryam'': sweetness. s. m. sg. nom. Sanskrit;<ref name=nara-329/> '''5e''' ''bādhippa'': causing distress, fut. p. of badhisu - to cause distress, from Sanskrit bādh - to harass.<ref>{{Harvnb|Narasimhia|1941|p=323}}</ref> 
'''6a''' ''kalige'': to the kali age. s. m. sg. dat. Sanskrit . kali-; kali - hero.;<ref name="Narasimhia 1941 295"/> '''6b''': ''Madhavan'': Visnu, Sanskrit. Madhava - s. m. sg. nom.;<ref name=nara-329/> '''6c''': ''ītan'': this man, dem. pron. m. Telugu: ītadu - probably i + tān - this self (speaker) or ī + tan - this of mine;<ref>{{Harvnb|Narasimhia|1941|p=286}}</ref> '''6d''': ''peran'': another. From pera - outer place; the outside. MK hera; NK hora; Tamil: piran - a stranger; Malayalam: piran - another; Telugu: pera - another;<ref>{{Harvnb|Narasimhia|1941|p=320}}</ref> '''6e''' ''alla'': is not, neg. pr. of intr. ''al'' (to be fit); Tamil ''al'', ''alla-'': no, not; Malayalam ''alla'': no, not.<ref>{{Harvnb|Narasimhia|1941|p=278}}</ref> 
'''7a''' ''oḷḷitta'': what is good (adj. s. n.); '''7b''' ''keyvōr'': those who do; '''7c''' ''ār'': who (inter. pron.); '''7d''' polladum: The evil also. adj. s. n. sg. nom. + um (NK holladu, hole)—Tamil: ''pol''—to agree with, negative of this is ''pollā''. Tamil: ''pollā'', ''pollāda'': bad, vicious (neg. of pon: to shine), Malayalam: ''pollā'' - to be bad, evil; ''pollu'' - hollow, vain, useless; Telugu: ''pollu'' - useless; Tulu: ''polle'' - slander, backbiting.<ref>{{Harvnb|Narasimhia|1941|p=322}}</ref> '''7e''' ''ada''r''amte'' - like that (adv.) (''adara'' stem. pron.) ''amte'': adv. p. of ''an'': to speak.;<ref name="Narasimhia 1941 274">{{Harvnb|Narasimhia|1941|p=274}}</ref> '''7f''' ''ballittu'': Strong adj. s. n.; 
'''8a''': ''purākṛtam'': the ancient karma (Fleet); the deeds done in the past. Sanskrit;<ref>{{Harvnb|Narasimhia|1941|p=319}}</ref> '''8b''' ''illi'': here.<ref>{{Harvnb|Narasimhia|1941|p=104}}</ref> '''8c''': ''samdhikkum'': '''8d''' ''adu'' - it (pron);<ref name="Narasimhia 1941 274"/> '''8e''' ''bamdu'' - having come (adv. pp. of bar - to come. Tamil vandu; Malayalam vandu; Telugu vacci; 
'''9a''' ''kaṭṭida'' - bound pp. of kattu - to bind; Tamil: kaṭṭu, Malayalam: kaṭṭu; Tulu: kaṭṭu - to bind; '''9b''' ''simghaman'' The lion. Sanskrit. simgha-, s. n. sg.; '''9c''' ''keṭṭodē'': harmful thing; '''9d''' ''en'' what (intl pron.) '''9e''' ''biṭṭavōl'': in the same way as releasing. adj.; 
'''10a''' ''ahitarkkaḷ'': the enemies (Sanskrit. ahita- ); '''10b''' ''keṭṭar'' : were ruined; '''10c''' ''mēṇ'': and (conjunction, Middle Kannada (MK) ''mēṇ'' and ''mēṇu'': what is above, from ''mēl'': above. Malayalam: ''mēṇ'': what is above; superiority; ''menavan''—a superior ''śudra'' (modern Malayalam ''mēnon''), replaced by ''mattu'' in Modern Kannada. '''10d''' ''sattar'': died; past pl. of sā - to die. Tamil cā - to die, past. Sattān. Malayalam cā - to die; Telugu - caccu - to die; pp. caccina. Tulu sāy, sāi - to die, pp. satta-;<ref>{{Harvnb|Narasimhia|1941|p=343}}</ref> '''10e''' ''avicāram'': without foresight. (Fleet translates as "without doubt.") Sanskrit. ''avicāra''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Narasimhia|1941|p=279}}</ref>

==Literal translation==
'''1''' Kappe1a Arabhata,1b beloved of the good people1c 
'''2''' avoided by evil people,2a an exceptional man in ''[[Kaliyuga]]''2b 
'''5''' To the good people,5a good;5b to the sweet,5c sweetness;5d <nowiki> | </nowiki> causing distress5e 
'''6''' to the kali age,6a an exceptional man in ''Kaliyuga'',2b <nowiki> | </nowiki>[[Madhava (Vishnu)|Madhava]] (or [[Vishnu]]),6b this man6c another6d is not6e<nowiki> || </nowiki> 
'''7''' What is good7a those who do7b who7c the evil7d like that7e <nowiki> | </nowiki> strong7f 
'''8''' exception to (or opposite)2b the ancient karma8a <nowiki> | </nowiki> here8b ''samdhikkum''8c it8d having come8e <nowiki> || </nowiki> 
'''9''' Bound9a the lion9b harmful thing9c what9d <nowiki> | </nowiki> in the same way as releasing9e (Translated in {{Harv|Narasimhia|1941|p=242}}, "In the same way as releasing the bound lion, saying 'What is the harm to us?'") 
'''10''' exception to or opposite2b the enemies10a <nowiki> | </nowiki> were ruined10b and10c died10d without foresight (or without doubt)10e <nowiki> || </nowiki> (Note: 10c, 10d, and 10e are translated in {{Harv|Narasimhia|1941|p=239}} as "And they died undoubtedly (for want of foresight)")

==Popular version of Stanza 3 in Kannada script==
A condensed version of Stanza 3 seems to be well known, both in the Kannada script:

{{langx|kn|'''ಸಾಧುಗೆ ಸಾಧು''' 
'''ಮಾಧುರ್ಯಂಗೆ ಮಾಧುರ್ಯಂ''' 
'''ಬಾಧಿಪ್ಪ ಕಲಿಗೆ ಕಲಿಯುಗ ವಿಪರೀತನ್''' 
'''ಮಾಧವನೀತಂ ಪೆರನಲ್ಲ!'''}}

and in the English poetic rendering:<ref name=wellknown/>

<blockquote>
"Kind man to the kind, 
Who's sweet to the sweet, 
Very cruel to the cruel 
He was not unlike Lord Vishnu in this regard"
</blockquote>

==See also==
*[[Badami]]
*[[Chalukya dynasty]]
*[[Kannada literature]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{Citation | last = Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency| first = Volume XXIII | title = Bijapur | publisher = Bombay: Government Central Press. Pp. 694 | year = 1884 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=87PQDQ4E0KkC}}
*{{Citation| last = Narasimhia | first = A. N. | author-link=A. N. Narasimhia | title = A Grammar of the Oldest Kanarese Inscriptions (including a study of the Sanskrit and Prakrit loan words | year = 1941 | publisher = Originally published: Mysore: University of Mysore. Pp. 375. Reprinted in 2007: Read Books. Pp. 416 |isbn = 1-4067-6568-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LvkODkXF2-AC}}
*{{Citation| last = Sahitya Akademi | author-link=Sahitya Akademi | title = Encyclopaedia of Indian literature - vol 2 | year = 1988 | publisher = New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi |isbn = 81-260-1194-7}}
*{{Citation| last = Kamath | first = Suryanath U.| year = 2001 | title = A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present| publisher = Bangalore: Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002)}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history1.htm |title=History of Kannada Literature, Dr. Jyotsna Kamat|access-date=2006-11-12 }}

[[Category:Chalukya people]]

[[Category:Badami Chalukya inscriptions]]
[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:7th-century Indian people]]

Krishna Vamsi

2026-02-24T21:06:47Z

SureshAcharya: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian director}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krishna Vamsi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1962|07|28}}
| birth_name = Pasupuleti Venkata Bangarraju<ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishna|date=2019-07-28|title=తెలుగు సినిమా సింధూరం 'కృష్ణవంశీ'|url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/birthday-special-story-on-director-krishnavamshi-by-hmtv--26913|access-date=2021-08-02|website=[[HMTV]]|language=te}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|producer|screenwriter|choreographer}}
| years_active = 1995–2023
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ramya Krishna]]|2003}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Pasupuleti Venkata Bangarraju''' (born 28 July 1962), known professionally as '''Krishna Vamsi''', is an Indian film director, screenwriter, and producer known for his work in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/feb/04chat-with-telugu-director-krishna-vamsi.htm Chat with Telugu director Krishna Vamsi]. Rediff.com (4 February 2009). Retrieved on 8 July 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2621452.ece Arts / Cinema : 'I wanted to do something real']. The Hindu (12 November 2011). Retrieved on 7 July 2012.</ref> In a career spanning three decades, he has received three [[National Film Awards]], nine [[Nandi Awards]], and three [[Filmfare Awards South]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2022 |title='Rangamarthanda' Shows How Money Has Infiltrated Our Sanity: Krishna Vamsi |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-rangamarthanda-shows-how-money-has-infiltrated-our-sanity-krishna-vamsi-news-208406}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Krishna Vamsi: Rangamarthanda is about an actor's life and psyche after his career is over |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2023/jan/04/krishna-vamsi-rangamarthanda-isabout-an-actors-life-and-psycheafter-his-career-is-over-38374.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

Krishna Vamsi began his career as an assistant director to [[Ram Gopal Varma]] and made his directorial debut with the 1995 romantic crime film [[Gulabi (1995 film)|''Gulabi'']]. In 1996, he directed [[Ninne Pelladata (1996 film)|''Ninne Pelladata'']], which became one of the highest-grossing Telugu films at the time. He later directed the critically acclaimed [[Sindhooram (1997 film)|''Sindhooram'']] (1997), under his production house Andhra Talkies. Both films won the [[National Film Award for Best Telugu Feature Film|National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]].<ref name="45thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=45th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf |access-date=11 March 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref><ref name="44thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=44th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/44th_nff_1997.pdf |access-date=9 January 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref> Other notable films directed by Krishna Vamsi include ''[[Anthahpuram]]'' (1998), ''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]'' (2001), ''[[Khadgam]]'' (2002), ''[[Danger (2005 film)|Danger]]'' (2005), ''[[Chandamama (2007 film)|Chandamama]]'' (2007), ''[[Mahatma (film)|Mahatma]]'' (2009), ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]'' (2014), and ''[[Rangamarthanda]]'' (2023).

== Early life ==
Krishna Vamsi was born as Pasupuleti Venkata Bangarraju into a family that frequently relocated due to his father’s job in the [[Public Works Department (India)|Public Works Department]], spending his childhood in various towns including [[Rayalaseema]], [[Godavari district|Godavari]], [[Visakhapatnam|Vizag]], and [[Ongole]]. He developed a passion for films early on, often watching multiple films a day during his school years.<ref name=":0" />

After completing his intermediate education, he aspired to join the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII) in [[Pune]]. However, his father insisted he complete his graduation.<ref name="rediff.com">{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sunil |date=November 17, 1997 |title=I want to be a free bird |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/nov/17kri.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041512/http://www.rediff.com/movies/nov/17kri.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> He completed a [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]] degree from [[Tadepalligudem]] and an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in Agricultural Economics from [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University|Agra University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=16 July 1999 |title=Interview with Krishna Vamsi Part - 1 |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_krishnavamsi.html |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Distribution business ===
After returning from [[Agra]], Krishna Vamsi and his friends ventured into [[film distribution]], leasing theaters and distributing films like [[Khaidi (1983 film)|''Khaidi'']] (1983), starring [[Chiranjeevi]], which proved highly profitable. However, subsequent ventures resulted in significant financial losses.<ref name="rediff.com" />

=== Entry into film industry ===
Lacking his parents' support to pursue a career in cinema, Vamsi left home and moved to [[Chennai|Madras]] (now Chennai) in 1986.<ref name="rediff.com" /> He initially worked as a light boy and later as an assistant cameraman, learning the craft through observation and hands-on experience. In 1987, he began working as an assistant director on a film produced by [[Silk Smitha]].<ref name="rediff.com" /> Although the project faced financial challenges and production delays, Vamsi persevered, gaining valuable experience working with editor Goutham Raju and assistant director [[Siva Nageswara Rao]]. Siva Nageswara Rao, who was co-directing [[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|''Siva'']] (1989), introduced Vamsi to [[Ram Gopal Varma]], then a debutant filmmaker. Vamsi joined ''Siva'' as an assistant director, marking the beginning of a significant collaboration with Ram Gopal Varma.<ref name=":0" />

After ''Siva'', Krishna Vamsi continued working with Ram Gopal Varma on several films, including ''[[Kshana Kshanam]]'' (1991), [[Raat (film)|''Raat'']] (1992), ''[[Antham]]'' (1992), and ''[[Gaayam]]'' (1993).<ref name="rediff.com" /> He later directed [[Money Money (film)|''Money Money'']] (1994), a sequel to [[Money (1993 film)|''Money'']] (1993), under Varma’s banner but was not credited for his work. His next project, ''[[Anaganaga Oka Roju]]'' (1995), faced financial difficulties and creative differences with Ram Gopal Varma, leading to Varma taking over the direction.<ref name=":0" />

=== Directorial career ===
Krishna Vamsi’s subsequent film, [[Gulabi (1995 film)|''Gulabi'']] (1995), marked his directorial debut, though it faced challenges with its cast and production. Despite initial setbacks, the film caught the attention of actor [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], who offered Vamsi the opportunity to direct a film for [[Annapurna Studios]] titled [[Ninne Pelladata (1996 film)|''Ninne Pelladatha'']] (1996), which became one of the highest-grossing Telugu films at the time.<ref name=":0" />

He later directed the critically acclaimed [[Sindhooram (1997 film)|''Sindhooram'']] (1997), under his production house Andhra Talkies. The film examines the complexities of [[Naxalism]] in [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]], focusing on the societal and emotional factors driving educated individuals to join the movement.<ref name="rediff.com2">{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sunil |date=November 17, 1997 |title=I want to be a free bird |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/nov/17kri.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041512/http://www.rediff.com/movies/nov/17kri.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |date=February 4, 2009 |title=I hated ''Slumdog Millionnaire'' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/chat-with-telugu-director-krishna-vamsi/20090204.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107005940/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/chat-with-telugu-director-krishna-vamsi/20090204.htm |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Although the film received critical acclaim for its portrayal of a sensitive subject, it was a commercial failure. It won the [[National Film Award for Best Telugu Feature Film|National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]].<ref name="45thawardPDF2">{{cite web |title=45th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004458/http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=11 March 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>

Krishna Vamsi later directed notable films like ''[[Anthahpuram]]'' (1998), ''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]'' (2001), ''[[Khadgam]]'' (2002), ''[[Danger (2005 film)|Danger]]'' (2005), ''[[Chandamama (2007 film)|Chandamama]]'' (2007), ''[[Mahatma (film)|Mahatma]]'' (2009), ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]'' (2014), and ''[[Rangamarthanda]]'' (2023).

Krishna Vamsi also directed some songs for ''[[Okkadunnadu]]'' (2007) when director [[Chandra Sekhar Yeleti]] was unavailable.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=20 February 2007 |title=Press Meet - Okkadunnadu |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-okkadunnadu.html |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Krishna Vamsi is married to South Indian actress [[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]].<ref>{{cite web |date=11 June 2003 |title=Ramya weds Krishna Vamsi |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jun/11ramya.htm |access-date= |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Krishna Vamsi is jealous of Ramya Krishna |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Krishna-Vamsi-is-jealous-of-Ramya-Krishna/articleshow/14996810.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140213074714/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-16/news-interviews/32697837_1_krishna-vamsi-heroine-film-industry |archive-date=13 February 2014 |access-date=16 July 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Before their marriage in 2003, Ramya Krishna had appeared in his film ''[[Chandralekha (1998 film)|Chandralekha]]'' (1998).<ref name="kvrki">{{cite news |date=10 June 2003 |title=Krishna Vamsi to marry Ramyakrishna |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Krishna-Vamsi-to-marry-Ramyakrishna/articleshow/14715.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430063356/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-06-10/hyderabad/27198854_1_krishna-vamsi-marriage-film-star |archive-date=30 April 2013 |access-date=2 December 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Krishna Vamsi is an admirer of lyricist [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]], who wrote lyrics for several of Vamsi's films. Sitarama Sastry also adopted Krishna Vamsi in the traditional Hindu manner, though not legally.{{Vague|date=October 2025}}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! Notes
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Gulabi (1995 film)|Gulabi]]''
| [[Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director]]
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Ninne Pelladata (1996 film)|Ninne Pelladata]]''
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] [[Filmfare Best Director Award (Telugu)]]
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Sindhooram (1997 film)|Sindhooram]]''
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] (Producer & Director) [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Nandi Award for Second Best Feature Film – Silver]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |1998
| ''[[Chandralekha (1998 film)|Chandralekha]]''
|Remake of ''[[Chandralekha (1997 film)|Chandralekha]]''
|-
| ''[[Anthahpuram]]''
| Filmfare Best Director Award (Telugu)
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Samudram (1999 film)|Samudram]]''
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]''
|Nandi Award for Second Best Feature Film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
| ''[[Shakti: The Power]]''
| Hindi remake of ''[[Antahpuram]]''
|-
| ''[[Khadgam]]''
| [[Nandi Award for Best Director]] 
[[Sarojini Devi Award for a Film on National Integration]] Filmfare Best Director Award (Telugu)
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Sri Anjaneyam]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
| ''[[Chakram (2005 film)|Chakram]]''
| Nandi Award for Best Director
|-
| ''[[Danger (2005 film)|Danger]]''
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Rakhi (2006 film)|Rakhi]]''
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Chandamama (2007 film)|Chandamama]]''
| Nandi Award for Best Director
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
| ''[[Sasirekha Parinayam (film)|Sasirekha Parinayam]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Mahatma (film)|Mahatma]]''
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Mogudu (2011 film)|Mogudu]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
| ''[[Paisa (2014 film)|Paisa]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]''
| [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer]]
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Nakshatram (film)|Nakshatram]]''
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Rangamarthanda]]''
| Remake of ''[[Natsamrat]]''
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0885537}}

{{Pasupuleti Krishna Vamsi}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestTeluguDirector}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Director}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vamsi, Krishna}}
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:People from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1962 births]]

Ajanta range

2026-02-24T15:53:09Z

SureshAcharya: Made stub!

{{Short description|Mountain range in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Ajanta Range
| image = File:Green valley KILLE ANTUR.jpg
| image_caption = Part of Ajanta range around Antur fort
| country = India
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
| elevation_m = 500-700
| map = India Maharashtra
| map_caption = Ajanta range
| map_size = 300
| location = Ajanta Range
| coordinates = {{coord|20.34|75.16|type:mountain_region:IN_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| range_coordinates =
| label_position = right
| type =
| geology =
}}
The '''Ajanta range''' ({{langx|mr|अजिंठा पर्वतरांगा}}) is a mountain range in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[Central India]]. The range forms northern wall of the [[Deccan Plateau]] and acts as a watershed between tributaries of the [[Godavari]] and [[Tapti River|Tapi]] rivers.<ref name="Gazetteer">{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=William Wilson |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1881 |publisher=Trubner & Co. |location=London |page=88 |isbn=978-81-7019-101-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUkcAQAAIAAJ&dq=Ajanta%20Hills&pg=PA88 |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2023}}
Starting from around the east of [[Nandgaon, Maharashtra|Nandgaon]] in [[Nashik district]], the range follows a generally westward course towards the southern parts of [[Jalgaon district]], the north part of [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]], and the south of [[Buldhana district]]. The range peaks around 500–700 metres and acts as a dividing ridge between the Godavari and Tapi-Purna river basins. The rivers [[Dnyanganga River|Dnyanganga]], Vishwaganga, and Nalganga begin from the northern slopes of the range and form tributaries of the Tapi-Purna river system. The rivers [[Purna River (tributary of Godavari)|Khadakpurna]] and [[Painganga River|Painganga]] originate from the southern slope and form part of the Godavari basin.

== Wildlife ==
The hills consist largely of basaltic lava trap soil and are covered with tropical dry [[Deciduous|deciduous forest]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} The [[Gautala Autramghat Sanctuary]] is a wildlife sanctuary in the eastern part and the Dnyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary is in the western part of the range. [[Leopard]]s, [[sloth bear]]s, [[jackal]]s, [[deer]], etc. are found in protected areas of the sanctuaries.<ref name="MahaEco">{{cite web |title=Dnyanganga Wildlife Sanctuary |url=http://mahaecotourism.gov.in/ecotourism/sites/default/files/inline-files/DnyanGanga_0.pdf |website=Maharashtra Eco Tourism |publisher=Government of Maharashtra |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> The forests were home to a significant number of [[tiger]]s until the 19th century; however, the tiger population significantly decreased and tigers are now a rarity in the ranges.<ref name="Mongabay">{{cite web |last1=Suryawanshi |first1=Kulbhushansingh |title=The last tiger of Ajanta |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2020/04/commentary-the-last-tiger-of-ajanta/ |website=Mongabay |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Expand section|date=February 2026|small=no}}
The range is the site of and gives its name to the [[Ajanta Caves]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |title=Ajanta Caves |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/242/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Convention |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> [[Daulatabad fort]] and [[Antur Fort|Antur fort]], both protected historical sites, are located in the Ajanta hills.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Geography of Maharashtra]]

Amit Gilitwala

2026-02-22T08:34:20Z

SureshAcharya: Made a stub

{{Short description|Indian darts player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox darts player
| name = Amit Gilitwala
| image =
| caption =
| fullname =
| nickname = "The Shakti"
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|10|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Surat]], India
| hometown = [[Cardiff, Wales]]
| since = 2011
| darts = 24g Unicorn
| laterality = Right-handed
| music = "[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]" by [[Allah Rakha Rahman]]
| BDO = 2012–2018
| PDC = 2018–
| WDF = 2012–2018
| currentrank =
| BDO World =
| World Masters =
| World Darts Trophy =
| PDC World = Last 96: [[2021 PDC World Darts Championship|2021]]
| Matchplay =
| Grand Prix =
| Grand Slam =
| UK Open =
| European =
| Premier League =
| PC Finals =
| Masters =
| World Series Finals =
| results = {{aligned table|leftright=y|fullwidth=y|class=nowrap
| '''India Ch'ship''' | 2011
}}
}}
'''Amit Gilitwala''' (born 11 October 1995) is an Indian professional [[darts]] player who currently plays in [[Professional Darts Corporation]] (PDC) events. He is an Indian Champion and first player from India who played at the PDC World Youth Championship. He represented his country during the [[PDC World Cup of Darts]], [[WDF World Cup]] and [[WDF Asia-Pacific Cup]]. His biggest achievement to date was a start in the [[2021 PDC World Darts Championship]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pdc.tv/news/2022/10/16/ukraines-omelchenko-seals-cazoo-world-championship-qualification| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016160055/https://www.pdc.tv/news/2022/10/16/ukraines-omelchenko-seals-cazoo-world-championship-qualification| url-status=dead| archive-date=16 October 2022| title=Ukraine's Omelchenko seals Cazoo World Championship qualification| publisher=[[Professional Darts Corporation]]| access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2011, Gilitwala won the Indian Championship just a few months after he started playing darts, by beating [[Ankit Goenka]] in the final by a 4–3 scoreline in legs. In the same year, he took part in the [[2011 WDF World Cup]], competing in the youth competitions. In the singles competition, he was eliminated in the group-stage, after two losses against [[Jake Jones (darts player)|Jake Jones]] and [[Max Hopp]]. In the mixed pairs competition he played for [[India]] with [[Amita-Rani Ahir]], but they lost in the group-stage.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dartswdf.com/players/amit-gilitwala| title=Amit Gilitwala| publisher=[[World Darts Federation]]| access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>

A year later, he was selected by the national federation to represent India during the [[WDF Asia-Pacific Cup]]. In the pairs and team competition he was eliminated, taking the last place in the group. In the singles competition, he was eliminated in the group-stage. In 2014, Gilitwala took part in the PDC Development Tour competition and qualified for the [[2014 PDC World Youth Championship]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/darts/4-reasons-why-india-should-take-up-darts| title=4 reasons why India should take up darts| date=14 February 2020| publisher=sportskeeda.com| access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref> In the first round match, he lost to [[Jake Patchett]] by 0–6 in legs.

In June 2014, he represented his home country at the [[2014 PDC World Cup of Darts]] together with [[Nitin Kumar]]. In the first round match they competed against Belgium ([[Kim Huybrechts]] and [[Ronny Huybrechts]]), but lost by 0–5 in legs. After a longer break with international starts, Gilitwala took part in the PDC Q-School in 2018, but was not successful there.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mastercaller.com/players/amit-gilitwala| title=Amit Gilitwala| publisher=mastercaller.com| access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref> In 2021, he was nominated by Indian Darts Federation for the [[2021 PDC World Darts Championship]]. In the first round match, he lost to [[Steve West (darts player)|Steve West]] by 0–3 in sets. He played an average over 80 points, but had problem on the doubles.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.the42.ie/peter-wright-barry-keane-darts-wrap-5301284-Dec2020/| title=Wright brings festive cheer and opens title defence on a high, Meath teenager bows out at Ally Pally| date=16 December 2020| publisher=the42.ie| access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>

==World Championship results==
===PDC===
* 2021: First round (lost to [[Steve West (darts player)|Steve West]] 0–3) (sets)

==Performance timeline==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:20%; margin:0"
|-
! Tournament !! 2014 !! 2015 !! 2016 !! 2017 !! 2018 !! 2019 !! 2020 !! 2021 !! 2022 !! 2023
|-
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" |'''[[Professional Darts Corporation|PDC]] '''Ranked televised events
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"| [[PDC World Darts Championship|World Championship]]
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; color:#ccc;"|DNQ
| style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;"| [[2021 PDC World Darts Championship|1R]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; color:#ccc;"|DNQ
|-
| colspan="12" style="text-align:left" |'''[[Professional Darts Corporation|PDC]] '''Non-ranked televised events
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | {{nowrap|[[PDC World Cup of Darts|World Cup of Darts]]}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;"|[[2014 PDC World Cup of Darts|1R]]
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center; color:#ccc;"|DNQ
| style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;"|[[2023 PDC World Cup of Darts|RR]]
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | {{nowrap|World Youth Championship}}
| style="text-align:center; background:#afeeee;"|[[2014 PDC World Youth Championship|1R]]
| colspan="9" style="text-align:center; color:#ccc;"|DNQ
|-
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left" |'''Career statistics'''
|-
|- style="background:#efefef"
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{nowrap|Year-end ranking ([[Professional Darts Corporation|PDC]])}}'''
| style="text-align:center;|–
| style="text-align:center;|–
| style="text-align:center;|–
| style="text-align:center;|–
| style="text-align:center;|–
| style="text-align:center;|–
| style="text-align:center;|125
| style="text-align:center;|–
| style="text-align:center;|–
| style="text-align:center;|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gilitwala, Amit}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian darts players]]
[[Category:Professional Darts Corporation associate players]]
[[Category:PDC World Cup of Darts Indian team]]

Nanded Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-22T03:59:10Z

SureshAcharya:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nanded Lok Sabha
| type = LS
| map_image ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Nanded.map}}
| map_caption =Nanded Lok Sabha Constituency map
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| established = 1952
| assembly_cons = [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar]] [[Nanded North Assembly constituency|Nanded North]] [[Nanded South Assembly constituency|Nanded South]] [[Naigaon Assembly constituency|Naigaon]] [[Deglur Assembly constituency|Deglur]] [[Mukhed Assembly constituency|Mukhed]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = 
| mp = [[Ravindra Vasantrao Chavan]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| electors =
| preceded_by = [[Vasantrao Balwantrao Chavan]]
}}
'''Nanded Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, after the implementation of the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies in 2008, Nanded Lok Sabha constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These segments are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archive-date=18 March 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

{|class ="wikitable"
|-
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|85
|[[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Nanded district|Nanded]]
| [[Sreejaya Chavan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|86
|[[Nanded North Assembly constituency|Nanded North]]
|[[Balaji Kalyankar]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|87
|[[Nanded South Assembly constituency|Nanded South]]
|[[Anand Tidke]]
|-
|89
|[[Naigaon Assembly constituency|Naigaon]]
|[[Rajesh Sambhaji Pawar|Rajesh Pawar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|90
|[[Deglur Assembly constituency|Deglur]] (SC)
|[[Jitesh Antapurkar]]
|-
|91
|[[Mukhed Assembly constituency|Mukhed]]
|[[Tushar Rathod]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Shankarrao Telkikar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|Deorao Kamble
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|Deorao Kamble
|-
|[[Harihar Rao Sonule]]
|{{Full party name with color|Scheduled Castes Federation}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Tulsidas Jadhav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Venkatarao Tarodekar]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Keshavrao Dhondage
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|1987^
|[[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Venkatesh Kabde]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Suryakanta Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|Gangadharrao Deshmukh Kunturkar
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Bhaskarrao Bapurao Khatgaonkar Patil|Bhaskarrao Khatgaonkar Patil]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Digambar Bapuji Pawar Patil|Digambar Pawar Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Bhaskarrao Bapurao Khatgaonkar Patil|Bhaskarrao Khatgaonkar Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Prataprao Govindrao Chikhalikar|Prataprao Chikhalikar Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Vasantrao Balwantrao Chavan|Vasantrao Chavan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 elections in India#Lok Sabha by-elections|2024^]]
|[[Ravindra Vasantrao Chavan|Ravindra Chavan]]
|-
|}
^ by-poll

==Election results==
===2024 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=2024 Nanded by-election<ref name="Nanded Lok Sabha bypoll result 2024">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Nanded Lok Sabha bypoll result 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultPcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S1316.htm |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123165051/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultPcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S1316.htm |archive-date=23 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ravindra Vasantrao Chavan]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=5,86,788|percentage=44.81|change={{decrease}}2.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Santukrao Hambarde|Dr. Santukrao Marotrao Hambarde]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=5,85,331|percentage=44.69|change={{increase}}3.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Avinash Vishwanath Bhosikar|party=Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi|votes=80,179|percentage=6.12|change={{decrease}}2.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,911|percentage=0.22|change={{decrease}}0.10}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,457|percentage=0.12|change={{decrease}}5.15}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=13,09,620|percentage=67.81|change={{increase}}6.88}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing = {{decrease}}2.07
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Nanded]]<ref name="d784">{{cite web | title=Election Commission of India | website=Election Commission of India | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1316.htm | access-date=2024-06-05}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate =[[Vasantrao Balwantrao Chavan]]
| votes = 5,28,894
| percentage = 46.88
| change = {{increase}}7.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Prataprao Govindrao Chikhalikar]]
| votes = 4,69,452
| percentage = 41.61
| change = {{decrease}}1.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi
| candidate = Avinash Vishwanath Bhosikar
| votes = 92,512
| percentage = 8.20
| change = {{decrease}}6.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pandurang Rama Adgulwar
|votes =6,901
|percentage = 0.61
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nikhil Laxmanrao Garje
|votes =4,325
|percentage = 0.38
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 3628
| percentage = 0.32
| change ={{down}}0.22
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 59,442
| percentage = 5.27
| change ={{up}}1.72
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 11,28,254
| percentage = 60.93
| change ={{decrease}}4.76
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Nanded]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Prataprao Govindrao Chikhalikar]]
| votes = 4,86,806
| percentage = 43.10
| change = +2.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Ashok Chavan]]
| votes = 4,46,658
| percentage = 39.55
| change = -9.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
| candidate = Prof. Yashpal Bhinge
| votes = 1,66,196
| percentage = 14.72
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 6,114
| percentage = 0.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 40,138
| percentage = 3.55
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 11,29,462
| percentage = 65.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Nanded]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1338.htm?ac=38|title=Maharashtra - Nanded|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=7 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519235035/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1316.htm?ac=16|archive-date=19 May 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ashok Shankarrao Chavan]]
|votes = 4,93,075
|percentage = 48.62
|change = +3.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Digambar Bapuji Pawar Patil]]
|votes = 4,11,620
|percentage = 40.59
|change = +4.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate =Rajratna Ambedkar
|votes = 28,447
|percentage = 2.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Hansraj Vaidya
|votes = 22,809
|percentage = 2.24
|change = -8.70
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 81,455
|percentage = 8.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,14,020
|percentage = 60.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Nanded]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bhaskarrao Bapurao Khatgaonkar Patil]]
|votes = 3,46,400
|percentage = 44.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sambhaji Pawar
|votes = 2,71,786
|percentage = 35.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohammad Makbul Salim
|votes = 84,743
|percentage = 10.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 74,614
|percentage = 9.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,74,590
|percentage = 53.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Nanded district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/maharashtra/nanded-election-results-27_1604.html Nanded lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19.1|77.3|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nanded Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Nanded district]]

Zilla Parishad Primary School Kardelwadi

2026-02-21T10:01:59Z

SureshAcharya: creating some article w/ infobox

{{Infobox school
| name = Zilla Parishad Primary School Kardelwadi
| logo =
| image =
| motto =
| location = Kardelwadi
| schooltype = Primary school
| founded =
| founder =
| sister_school =
| district = [[Pune district]]
| specialist =
| headmaster = Dattatray Sakat
| head =
| faculty = 2
| gender = [[Co-education]]
| lower_age =
| upper_age =
| houses =
| colours =
| publication =
| website = http://www.zpeschoolkardelwadi.org/
| image_size = 260px
| logo_size =
| brother_school =
| head_label =
| chair_label =
| chair =
| enrollment = 100
| campus =
| student_union =
| affiliation =
| free_label2 =
| free_text2 =
| free_label =
| free_text =
}}
'''Zilla Parishad Primary School Kardelwadi''' is a [[primary school]] run by [[Local government in Maharashtra#Zilla parishad|Zilla Parishad]], [[Pune district|Pune]], a district belonging to [[Maharashtra]] an Indian state. The school is located at Kardelwadi village in [[Shirur taluka]] a sub-division of Pune district., The school is notable for being the only school in Maharashtra that works each and every day of the year, for the past 15 years. The school is a two teacher school, the teachers being Dattatray Sakat and his wife Bebinanda.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/five-teachers-from-pune-set-to-get-national-award/|title=Five teachers from Pune set to get National Award|date=2015-08-22|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-12-15}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/MIRRORNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=PMIR%2F2011%2F01%2F19&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T&PageLabel=1&EntityId=Ar00100&AppName=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913073831/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/MIRRORNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=PMIR%2F2011%2F01%2F19&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T&PageLabel=1&EntityId=Ar00100&AppName=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2012|title=Wedded to the school|last=Brahme|first=Nitin|date=2011-01-19|work=Times of India|access-date=2016-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-village-schoolmaster/story-kxvhvBuYfCBbMx0linO10I.html|title=The village schoolmaster|date=2012-05-17|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=2016-12-15}}</ref> Heramb Kulkarni an activist and commentator on education in Maharashtra, writing in [[Loksatta]], mentions the school as an example of excellence in public education in the state, he notes that in consideration of the quality of education imparted by the school, students not only from Kardelwadi but also from the surrounding villages study in the school. It is a Marathi medium school. Every year they receive thousands of application for admissions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.loksatta.com/vishesh-news/voucher-system-in-education-1072966/lite/|title=शिक्षण-अनुदानही 'थेट' द्या! – Loksatta|website=www.loksatta.com|access-date=2016-12-15}}</ref>

== Awards and achievements ==
* National Award from the President on Teacher’s Day- 2015 (5 September) to Bebinanda.<ref name=":0" />
* State Quality Improvement Award in 2010.<ref name=":1" />

=== Initiative by Subhash Kusalkar ===
Subhash Kusalkar a sixty five year old migrant [[Quarry|stone quarry]] worker worked and lived on Raghunath Kardile's stone quarry in Kardelwadi for 12 years. Despite being illiterate he wished his grandchildren and others belong to his community be educated. He encouraged the parents of 23 children to stop migrating for work and relocate from their homes in [[Buldhana district]] to Kardelwadi so that the children get the opportunity to go to Kardelwadi school impressed by the quality of education the school offered. The students who couldn't read and write earlier, gained those skills, could write with a clean hand and showed a remarkable all round improvement in their academic performance in just three months.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://115.112.141.11/lokmat/storypage.php?catid=1&newsid=9990512|title=खाणकामगारांच्या भटक्या मुलांना शिक्षणाचे 'वळण'|website=115.112.141.11|access-date=2016-12-15}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

== Media ==
* On [[DD Sahyadri]].<ref>{{Citation|last=zpschoolkardelwadi|title=kardelwadi school|date=2013-05-09|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MU8Ovd6naM|access-date=2016-12-15}}</ref>
* On [[IBN-Lokmat|IBN Lokmat]].<ref>{{Citation|last=IBN Lokmat|title=Ekla Chalo Re - Shri Sakat Guruji Special interview by Mahesh Mhatre|date=2015-01-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eL6vXrE5GTQ|access-date=2016-12-15}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Coord|18.8115849|74.3155375|display=title}}

[[Category:Primary schools in India]]
[[Category:Schools in Pune district]]

Christianity in Manipur

2026-01-29T17:56:16Z

SureshAcharya: formatting fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
[[File:Imphal - St Josphes cathedral.JPG|thumb|right|260px|St. Joseph's Cathedral, Imphal]]
[[File:Religious map of Manipur.png|thumb|right|260px|Majority religions in Manipur—Christian in blue, Hindu in orange, Muslim in green ]]

[[Christianity]] is the second largest religion in [[Manipur]], a state in Northeast India, according to 2011 census. The tribal communities, [[Kuki people|Kuki-Zomis]] and [[Naga people|Nagas]] are overwhelmingly Christian, along with their kindred communities in the neighbouring states.{{efn|Neighbouring [[Nagaland]] has 88 percent [[Christianity in Nagaland|Christian population]], as does [[Christianity in Mizoram|Mizoram]].}} The dominant [[Meitei people|Meitei]] community has only small numbers of Christians, but Meitei groups claim Christianity to be a threat.<ref name="Scroll 2023"/><ref name="New Lines"/> At the start of the [[2023–2024 Manipur violence]], Meitei mobs burned down 200–300 churches in the [[Imphal Valley]] belonging to all communities, and prohibited pastors from rebuilding them.<ref name="Sky 4 May 2023">
[https://news.sky.com/story/churches-and-homes-attacked-and-set-ablaze-in-india-violence-12872681 Churches and homes attacked and set ablaze in India violence], Sky News, 4 May 2023.
</ref><ref name="Hindu 5 May 2023">
Ziya Us Salam, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/christian-groups-alarmed-by-church-attacks-in-manipur-urge-centre-to-start-talks/article66817700.ece Christian groups, alarmed by church attacks in Manipur, urge Centre to start talks], ''The Hindu'', 5 May 2023. "While the Kukis and other tribals in the districts close to Imphal are the main targets as a community, the churches targeted include those of the Christians in the Meitei community."
</ref><ref name="Mint 19 Jun 2023">
Aman Gupta, [https://www.livemint.com/news/india/manipur-archbishop-claims-249-churches-burnt-in-36-hours-says-collapse-of-constitutional-machinery-11687135842800.html Manipur: Archbishop claims 249 churches burnt in 36 hours, says, 'collapse of constitutional machinery'], Mint, 19 June 2023. "249 churches belonging to Meitei Christians in Manipur have been destroyed within 36 hours, with some pastors told not to rebuild them, according to the Archbishop of Imphal."
</ref>

== Early missionaries {{Anchor|William Pettigrew}} ==
[[File:Rev-willian-pettigrew guess 1902 (cropped).jpg|thumb|300px|Rev Willian Pettigrew guess (1902) - first missionary to the [[Kingdom of Manipur]]]]

Christianity in Manipur can traced back to an [[Anglican Church|Anglican]] named [[William Pettigrew (missionary)|William Pettigrew]],<ref>
{{Cite web |last=Naresh |first=Huirem |title=Reverend William Pettigrew and Modern Education in Manipur - Imphal Times |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/it-articles/item/14437-reverend-william-pettigrew-and-modern-education-in-manipur |access-date=2021-05-16 |website=www.imphaltimes.com |date=10 May 2019 }}
</ref> who lived in India when [[Surchandra Singh]] was the [[maharaja]] of Manipur. Pettigrew, who was born in [[Edinburgh]] and educated in [[London]], applied to work with the [[Robert Arthington#Arthington Aborigines Mission|Arthington Aborigines Mission]] in India and travelled to [[Bengal]] in 1890. He worked for two years in [[Dhaka]] and [[Silchar]]. In 1891, Pettigrew applied for permission to work in Manipur, but this was not granted until 1894. He worked for a time as a teacher in [[Imphal]], teaching the children of government civil servants and soon afterwards opened a school for boys in Manipuri and established a permanent [[Mission (station)|mission station]] there.<ref>
{{Cite web |title=Papers of William Pettigew |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb891-wp |access-date=2021-05-16 |website=Archives Hub, JISC, UK}}
</ref>

==Origins==
The first Meitei to [[Conversion to Christianity|convert]] to Christianity is debated. It is traditionally believed that '''Angom Porom Singh''' of [[Phayeng]] was the first to be converted in around 1896, but another tradition says that '''Ningol Kaboklei''' met a Christian missionary in [[Sylhet]] (presently in Bangladesh) and converted to Christianity in around 1893, a few years prior to the arrival of [[William Pettigrew (missionary)|William Pettigrew]].<ref>
{{Cite web |last=Chandra |first=Madhu |date=12 June 2021 |title=Theological Scholars of Manipur Commemorate Saroj Nalini Arambam, First Theologian and First Woman BA, MA |url=https://imphalreviews.in/theological-scholars-of-manipur-commemorate-saroj-nalini-arambam-first-theologian-and-first-woman-ba-ma/ |website=Imphal Review of Arts and Politics}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite web |date=4 January 2022 |title=Angom Porom Singh remembered |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/1/4/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Jan-4-The-125th-spiritual-rebirth-ceremony-of-Angom-Porom-Singh-the.html |website=The Sangai Express}}
</ref>

In December 1912, Porom Singh became the headmaster of a school at Ukhrul, where his teaching responsibilities included preaching the [[gospel]]. He was one of only seven Christians who stood by Pettigrew. At the outbreak of the [[First World War]], he helped Pettigrew raise a labour corps, later becoming a corps leader and an interpreter.<ref>
{{Cite web |last=Khongsai |first=Doulet |date=2018 |title=THE IMPORTANCE OF CHAKPA COMMUNITY IN RELATION TO THE ORIGIN OF CHRISTIANITY IN MANIPUR |url=https://www.academia.edu/38023829 |website=Commers Arts Science - International Research Journal (CASIRJ)}}
</ref>

==Followers==
[[File:Phungyo Baptist Church Members, 2016.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Phungyo Baptist Church along with its members]]

Protestants (mostly Baptist) outnumber [[Catholics]] in Manipur.<ref>
{{cite web |title=Manipur |publisher=Metro Church of God |url=http://www.metrocog.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=129&Itemid=18&290a7c14d6e615fbd04b2afcf51195c9=hcsbfgyc |archive-date=22 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322091855/http://www.metrocog.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=129&Itemid=18&290a7c14d6e615fbd04b2afcf51195c9=hcsbfgyc}}
</ref> A [[Manipur Baptist Convention]] exists.
The [[Reformed Presbyterian churches|Reformed Presbyterian Church]] North-East India Synod has its seat in Manipur.<ref>
{{cite web |title=Churches in Membership |publisher=The International Conference of Reformed Churches |url=http://www.icrconline.com/members.html |archive-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717064352/http://www.icrconline.com/members.html}}
</ref> The [[Presbyterian Church in India]] and the [[Church of Christ]] are present in the state, too.<ref>
{{citation |title=India |publisher=Luisterend Dienen |lang=nl |url=http://www.luisterenddienen.nl/info.aspx?o=1673&inc=info&rIntNavId=1698&page=3651 |archive-date=22 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322081803/http://www.luisterenddienen.nl/info.aspx?o=1673&inc=info&rIntNavId=1698&page=3651}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |author=Silbano Garcia, II. |title=Manipur – Directory of the churches of Christ |url=http://church-of-christ.org/churches/India/Manipur_S.htm |publisher=Church-of-christ.org |date=17 November 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715192500/http://church-of-christ.org/churches/India/Manipur_S.htm |archive-date=15 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}
</ref> The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Imphal]] has its seat in the state. The Manipur Section of the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] has about forty congregations.<ref>
{{cite web |title=Manipur Conference |publisher=Seventh Day Adventist Church |access-date=16 December 2013 |archive-date=14 December 2013 |url=http://www.adventistyearbook.org/default.aspx?&page=ViewAdmField&AdmFieldID=MNPS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214041557/http://www.adventistyearbook.org/default.aspx?&page=ViewAdmField&AdmFieldID=MNPS}}
</ref>
The [[All Manipur Christian Organisation]] (AMCO) exists.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.golias-editions.fr/article4160.html |title=Golias-editions.fr |date=28 May 2010 |language = fr |publisher=Golias-editions.fr |access-date=16 December 2013}}
</ref>

==Demography==
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|radius=75
|caption = Religion in Manipur (2011)<ref name="religion">
{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by religious community: Manipur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11383/download/14496/DDW14C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=10 August 2023 |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209082749/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11383/download/14496/DDW14C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live }}
</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism in Manipur|Hinduism]] |color1 = orange |value1 = 41.4
|label2 = Christianity |color2 = dodgerblue |value2 = 41.3
|label3 = [[Meitei Pangals|Islam]] |color3 = green |value3 = 8.40
|other-label = Other religion |other-color=pink | other=8.9 (Includes [[Sanamahism|Sanamahis]], [[Jainism|Jains]], [[Sikh]]s, [[Buddhists]]s and others.)
}}
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical Christian Population in Manipur
|type =
|footnote =
|align = right
|width =
|state =
|shading =
|pop_name =
|percentages =
|source = [[Centre for Policy Studies]]<ref name="CPS Christianisation">
{{cite web |title=The Christianisation of the Northeast |publisher=Centre for Policy Studies |url=https://www.cpsindia.org/dl/Blogs/Blog%2028-Northeast%20Web.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403235528/https://www.cpsindia.org/dl/Blogs/Blog%2028-Northeast%20Web.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2018}}
</ref>
|1901 | 45
|1911 | 132
|1921 | 4,050
|1931 | 10,401
|1941 | 25,727
|1951 | 68,394
|1961 | 152,043
|1971 | 279,243
|1981 | 421,702
|1991 | 626,669
|2001 | 857,285
|2011 | 1,179,043
}}
As per the 2011 census, there are 1,179,043 Christians in Manipur, making up 41.3 percent of the population.<ref name="religion 2011"/>
Of these, 1,119,719 people are in the hill districts,{{efn|The hill districts in 2011 were [[Senapati district|Senapati]], [[Tamenglong district|Tamenglong]], [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]], [[Ukhrul district|Ukhrul]] and [[Chandel district|Chandel]].}} where they make up 92 percent of population.<ref name="religion 2011" />

The valley districts{{efn|The valley districts in 2011 were [[Bishnupur district|Bishnupur]], [[Thoubal district|Thoubal]], [[Imphal East district|Imphal East]] and [[Imphal West district|Imphal West]]. (The [[Jiribam district|Jiribam subdivision]] was included in the Imphal East district.)}} have 59,324 Christians, making up 3.6 percent of the population.<ref name="religion 2011">
{{cite web |title=Indian Census 2011 |publisher=Census Department, Government of India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html}}
</ref> The majority of them are expected to be tribals (56,913 in the 2011 census).<ref name="census tribes">
{{citation |title=A-11 Appendix: District wise scheduled tribe population (Appendix), Manipur - 2011 |date=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43013 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India |id=PC11_A11a-14}}
</ref>{{efn|There are 28,205 [[Naga people|Nagas]], 20,618 [[Kuki-Zo people]] and 6,590 [[Old Kukis|Old Kiki/Naga]] people living in the valley districts.<ref name="census tribes"/>}} The remaining 2,000–3,000 people would belong to the non-tribal communities including the [[Meitei people|Meiteis]].{{efn|Estimates of 300,000 (3 lakh) Meitei Christians given by some journalists<ref name="Scroll 2023">
{{cite web |last=Saikia |first=Arunabh |date=31 May 2023 |title=Caught in the middle of Manipur's ethnic conflict, Meiteis who follow Christianity |url=https://scroll.in/article/1049994/caught-in-the-middle-of-manipurs-ethnic-conflict-meiteis-who-follow-christianity |website=Scroll.in}}
</ref><ref name="New Lines">
{{cite news |first1=Makepeace |last1=Sitlhou |first2=Greeshma |last2=Kuthar |title=While the conflict has been ethnic in nature, there has been an underlying communal element to the violence |newspaper=New Lines Magazine |date=27 December 2023 |url=https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/meitei-christians-in-indias-manipur-face-broad-attacks/}}
</ref>
are not supported by the census data. The number is closer to 3,000.}}

===Tribes===
{{Pie chart
|caption= Christianity among social group of Manipur, 2011 census<ref name=Census2011R>{{multiref2
|{{cite web|title=C-01: Population by religious community, India - 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11361/download/14474/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |format=XLS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826023408/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11361/download/14474/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=26 August 2022 |url-status=live}}
|{{cite web|title=ST-14: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Manipur - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11902/download/15015/ST-14-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS
|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}}}</ref>
|value1 = 96.46
|label1 = [[List of Scheduled Tribes#Manipur|Scheduled Tribes]]
|color1= dodgerblue
|other = yes
|other-label = General (incl. converted [[Scheduled Castes]]) population
|other-color = gold
}}

The Christian population in the state is predominantly composed of members of the [[Scheduled Tribe]] communities, accounting for 97.42% of the total Scheduled Tribe population. They are:<ref name="CPS">
{{Citation |title=Christianity among the Scheduled Tribes of the Northeast: Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland |date=18 October 2016 |url=https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/10/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxxi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213131430/https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/10/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxxi.html |archive-date=13 February 2017 |publisher=Centre for Policy Studies}}
</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Tribe'''
! '''Christians'''
! '''Percent'''
|-
| [[Thadou people|Thadou]]
| 211,272
|97.85%
|-
| [[Tangkhul people|Tangkhul]]
| 175,200
|98.11%
|-
| [[Poumai people|Poumai]]
| 126,092
|98.99%
|-
| [[Kabui]]
| 93,416
|89.90%
|-
| [[Mao people (India)|Mao]]
| 92,602
|99.21%
|-
| [[Kacha Naga]]
| 64,357
|97.28%
|-
| [[Paite people|Paite]]
| 54,815
| 98.69%
|-
| [[Hmar people|Hmar]]
| 47,804
| 98.82%
|-
| [[Vaiphei people|Vaiphei]]
| 42,224
| 98.29%
|-
| [[Kuki people|Kuki]]
| 27,784
| 98.03%
|-
| [[Maram people|Maram]]
| 27,221
| 98.90%
|-
| [[Maring people (India)|Maring]]
| 25,858
| 97.86%
|-
| [[Zou people|Zou]]
| 23,718
| 97.63%
|-
| [[Anāl people|Anal]]
| 23,107
| 98.29%
|-
| [[Gangte people|Gangte]]
| 16,859
| 98.14%
|-
| [[Kom people (Manipur)|Kom]]
| 14,345
| 98.74%
|}

== Persecution and violence ==
During the past seven decades, [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] organisations have demanded the revival of the indigenous faiths of tribal communities in [[Northeast India]]. The [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) has also demanded that the [[Scheduled Tribe]] status of tribals should be revoked unless they return to their indigenous faiths or Hinduism.<ref name="Sitlhou Kuthar">
{{cite news |first1=Makepeace |last1=Sitlhou |first2=Greeshma |last2=Kuthar |title=While the conflict has been ethnic in nature, there has been an underlying communal element to the violence |newspaper=New Lines Magazine |date=27 December 2023 |url=https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/meitei-christians-in-indias-manipur-face-broad-attacks/}}
</ref>

It was reported that the Meiteis were alarmed by the rapid rise of Christianity in Manipur in recent years. Claims were made that there was a 62% increase of Christians in the state between 2001 and 2011, and that the valley districts saw a jump of 15%.<ref name="Sitlhou Kuthar"/>{{efn|The census data shows only an increase of 37% and the increase in valley districts could be partly attributed to the migration of tribal Christians into the valley.}} In recent decades, the Meiteis aimed to revive the traditional religion called [[Sanamahism]], and many Meitei Hindus started adopting it. Pressure was brought on Meitei Christians as well to convert to Sanamahism.
The Meitei activists organisations [[Arambai Tenggol]] and [[Meitei Leepun]] instrumental in applying this pressure, as well as the leadership of the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name="Sitlhou Kuthar"/> According to Meitei pastors, the terms of conversion for Meitei Christians required them to personally burn the Bible, remove all Christian symbols from their homes, and sign a legal affidavit declaring their conversion to Sanamahism.<ref name="Sitlhou Kuthar"/>

There were various points of tension between the Meitei Christians and non-Christians in the months prior to May 2023. A rally held by Meitei Christian [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] [[Paonam Brojen Singh]] came in for criticism because he is alleged to have admired tribal Christians for their recent progress and claimed that Meiteis were being held back by their "old religion". After the [[2023–2024 Manipur violence|ethnic violence]] started in May 2023, a mob of several thousand people attacked his house.<ref name="Sitlhou Kuthar"/>

The [[2023–2024 Manipur violence|2023 ethnic violence]] started on 3 May at the border between Kuki-dominated [[Churachandpur district]] and Meitei-dominated [[Bishnupur district]], soon after a tribal solidarity march held by tribals against a Meitei demand for [[Scheduled Tribe]] status.<ref>
Yudhajit Shankar Das, [https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manipur-violence-clashes-nrc-meitei-kuki-naga-imphal-valley-illegal-immigration-myanmar-reserve-forests-biren-singh-2368476-2023-05-04 Manipur violence: State is burning, but what is the decades-old fuel behind the fire], India Today, 4 May 2023. Updated 8 May 2023.
</ref>
The first victim of the violence was a pastor from [[Torbung]]–[[Kangvai]] area called Haopu Kipgen, who was bludgeoned to death.<ref>
Lien Chongloi, [https://thewire.in/rights/manipur-violence-claims-counterclaims-meitei-kuki Dispelling Some Misleading Claims About the Violence in Manipur], The Wire, 27 May 2023.
</ref>
The violence spread to [[Churachandpur Town]] and the [[Imphal City]] on the same day, and to the rest of [[Imphal Valley]] quickly afterwards. A very large number of churches (estimates ranging from 200 to 300) were burnt down by Meitei mobs in the next few days.<ref name="Sky 4 May 2023"/><ref name="Hindu 5 May 2023"/> The Catholic Archbishop of Imphal [[Dominic Lumon]] has said that 249 churches were burnt down in 36 hours.<ref name="IE 18 Jun">
[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/archbishop-imphal-claims-249-churches-burnt-in-manipur-8669677/ Archbishop of Imphal claims 249 churches burnt in Manipur: ‘Religious attack carried out’], The Indian Express, 18 June 2023.
</ref><ref>
{{citation |author=Greeshma Kuthar |title=Fire and Blood: How the BJP is enabling ethnic cleansing in Manipur |newspaper=The Caravan |date=31 July 2023 |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/conflict/how-bjp-enabling-ethnic-cleansing-manipur}}
</ref>
While he claimed that all these churches belonged to Meitei Christians, it was not corroborated by others. Congress leader Bhakta Charan Das said 18 churches belonging to the Meitei community and 2 churches belonging to the Naga community were destroyed, while the others were of unspecified affiliation.<ref>
Vijaita Singh, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ten-kuki-mlas-from-manipur-demand-separate-administration/article66843874.ece Ten Kuki MLAs from Manipur demand 'separate administration'], ''The Hindu'', 12 May 2023.
</ref>
Many of the destroyed churches are believed to have served multiple communities.<ref name="Shilshi p.110">
{{citation |title=The Incredible Journey |first=John S. |last=Shilshi |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |year=2024 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cd_zEAAAQBAJ |page=110}}
</ref>
Some of the pastors had to flee under the cover of darkness to escape death.<ref name="Shilshi p.110"/>

After this initial spurt of destruction, the Christians in the valley appear to have been extensively persecuted. A pastor said that a mob forcefully entered his home and burned all Christian texts, including the Bible. Most pastors were found to be too afraid to speak to journalists. Some were beaten up. Some had fled the state. Others were forced to convert to Sanamahism.<ref name="Sitlhou Kuthar"/>

There were also attempts to downplay the role of extremist Sanamahi groups and push the blame on to the Kuki people. The Meitei Christian Churches Council issued a press statement claiming that all the destruction of Meitei Christian properties was carried out by the Kukis. But the Archbishop denied it, saying there was no evidence for the claim.<ref name="Sitlhou Kuthar"/> Philem Rohan Singh, a celebrity cyclist who emerged as a Meitei Christian leader after the violence, claimed that the Kukis had burnt down Meitei Christian churches in the Kuki-dominated districts, giving a list of such churches. Again this was denied by the Archbishop as well as journalists who verified that many of those churches were still standing unharmed.<ref name="Sitlhou Kuthar"/><ref name="Christianity Today">
Surinder Kaur, [https://www.christianitytoday.com/2023/11/meitei-christians-kuki-manipur-violence-india-persecution/ Meitei Christians Caught in Middle of Manipur Violence], Christianity Today, 30 May 2023.
</ref><ref name="Archbishop">
[[Karan Thapar]], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQSiCYaIus4 249 Meitei Churches in Valley Burnt Not By Kukis But May Be By Tenggol, Leepun: Archbishop of Imphal], The Wire, via Youtube, 1 August 2023.
</ref>
Rohan Singh also claimed that an agreement had been reached with Arambai Tenggol and Meitei Leepun to resume church services in the valley. However the displaced pastors did not believe the claim saying he could have said under threats.<ref name="Sitlhou Kuthar"/>

There were also efforts to paint the Manipur violence as a purely ethnic clash, with no religious angle. The BJP quoted Cardinal Oswald Gracias, the Archbishop of Bombay, as stating this.<ref>
Kumar Shakti Shekhar, [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manipur-violence-is-a-tribal-conflict-not-a-religious-one-bjp-quotes-christian-priest/articleshow/102214962.cms Manipur violence is a tribal conflict, not a religious one: BJP quotes Christian priest], The Times of India, 28 July 2023.
</ref>
However, Archbishop Lumon took a firm stand in an interview with [[Karan Thapar]], pointing out the attacks on Meitei Christian churches and pastors.<ref>
{{citation |title=The Incredible Journey |first=John S. |last=Shilshi |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |year=2024 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cd_zEAAAQBAJ |page=112}}
</ref>
The British Foreign Secretary [[David Cameron]] made a similar point in the House of Lords, based a report by David Campanale.<ref>
Naomi Canton, [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/there-is-a-clear-religious-part-to-strife-in-manipur-uk-ex-pm-david-cameron/articleshow/109382337.cms ‘There is a clear religious part’ to strife in Manipur: UK ex-PM David Cameron], The Times of India, 18 April 2024. "Campanale's report, which TOI has seen, written in June 2023, states: 'It is to be noted that if the conflict is explained by citing ethnic or economic disputes between valley people and tribals from the hills, account still needs to be given as to why churches among both were destroyed. There is a clear religious dimension.'"
</ref>
The Meitei groups continue to make the claim.<ref>
Guru Aribam Naocha, [https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/ongoing-violence-not-a-religious-conflict-calls-for-peace-and-unity-chennai-manipuri-community Ongoing violence not a religious conflict, calls for peace and unity: Chennai Manipuri Community], Imphal Times, 23 September 2023.
</ref>

== List of denominations ==
Sources:<ref>
World Christian Encyclopedia, Second edition, 2001 Volume 1, pp. 369–370.
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=http://in.wowcity.com/imphal/locbus2/13031379269295922722/the-pentecostal-mission-church.htm |title=Imphal The Pentecostal Mission Church | The Pentecostal Mission Church in Imphal, Manipur - WowCity.com |publisher=In.wowcity.com |access-date= 16 December 2013}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=http://kkke.webnode.com/ |title=Kuki Kahi Kakipah E |access-date=2012-02-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813182024/http://kkke.webnode.com/ |archive-date=13 August 2013 }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.cbcnei.in/index.php/conventions/manipur-baptist-convention |title=Manipur Baptist Convention | CBCNEI }}
</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Evangelical Congregational Church]]
* [[United Pentecostal Church International]]
* [[Kuki Baptist Convention]]
* [[Kuki Christian Church]]
* [[Manipur Baptist Convention]]
* [[The Pentecostal Mission]]
* [[Presbyterian Church in India (Reformed)]]
* [[Roman Catholic church]]
* [[Manipur Evangelical Lutheran Church]] (49) 8,500 <ref>
{{cite web |url=http://melcindia.org/about-us/melc-at-a-glance/ |title=MELC at a Glance |date=15 February 2015 |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507160959/http://melcindia.org/about-us/melc-at-a-glance/ |url-status=dead}}
</ref><ref>
[http://melcindia.org MELC INDIA - Manipur Evangelical Lutheran Church, India] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310141128/http://melcindia.org/ |date=10 March 2019 }} (formerly known as Zomi Christian Church)
</ref>
* [[Christian Revival Church]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[List of Christian denominations in North East India]]
* [[Christian Revival Church]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://fiacona.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/List-of-Churches.pdf Churches destroyed during 3–5 May 2023], Federation of Indian American Christian Organizations (FIACONA), 28 May 2023.

{{Christianity in India by region|state=collapsed}}
{{Churches in India}}

[[Category:Christianity in Manipur| ]]

Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute

2026-01-19T21:18:00Z

SureshAcharya: new

{{More citations needed|date=May 2012}}
{{short description|Medical college in Puducherry, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute
| native_name = Collège médical et institut de recherche Mahatma Gandhi
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute
| motto = ''Torches pour demain'' {{small|(French)}}
| mottoeng = ''Torches For Tomorrow''
| established = {{start date and age|2001}}
| type = [[Deemed university|Deemed]] [[Trust (business)|Trust]] [[Medical]] [[University]]<ref>{{cite web |title=NMC Seats Matrix college wise, this is not Government College, claiming false as Government Medical College. Kindly follow serial number 394 of attached source PDF of NMC seat matrix for verification.|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/MCIRest/open/getDocument?path=/Documents/Public/Portal/LatestNews/public%20notice%205.pdf|publisher=National Medical Commission}}</ref>
| endowment =
| staff =
| dean = Dr. Seetesh Ghose
| students =
| undergrad = 250 per year (MBBS) since 2014<ref name="nmc_seats" />
| postgrad = 169 per year<ref name="nmc_seats">{{cite web |title=NMC Seats Matrix college wise|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/college-and-course-search/|publisher=National Medical Commission}}</ref>
| doctoral =
| faculty =
| city = [[Bahour taluk|Bahour]]
| state = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]], {{convert|27|acre|km2}}
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| mascot =
| nickname = MGMCRI
| affiliations = Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth University
| footnotes =
| website = http://www.mgmcri.ac.in
| address = SBV Campus, Pillayarkuppam, Pondicherry 607 402, India
| coor = {{coord|11.81207|79.77805|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| logo =
}}
'''Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute''' ('''MGMCRI''') ([[French language|French]]: ''Collège médical et institut de recherche Mahatma Gandhi'') is a [[Medical school|medical college]] and hospital located in the [[Bahour taluk]], [[Puducherry (Union Territory)|Puducherry]], [[India]]. According to [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) Ranking 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 of Medical |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/MedicalRanking.html}}</ref> MGMCRI ranked 47 among all medical institution categories in India which run by the Institution of Sri Balaji Educational and Charitable Public Trust (SBECPT), was founded by chairman, Shri M.K. Rajagopalan. Admission in MBBS here is solely through NEET UG/PG on merit list basis which is being provided by the [[Medical Counselling Committee|Medical Counselling Committee (MCC)]] a body of Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) affiliated to the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India]].

The institution was recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]]. M.G.M.C.R.I was previously affiliated to Pondicherry University but later M.G.M.C.R.I was recognized as a [[Deemed University]] by [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]], [[New Delhi]], on 4 August 2008 and it is part of Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth University.

The campus is situated at Pillayarkuppam, {{convert|14|km|mi}} from the city of [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], near the town of [[Cuddalore]].

== History ==
In building this institution, Mr. M. K. Rajagopal, the young chairman, was assisted by Prof. Rajaram Pagadala, an eminent medical teacher, CEO and dean of the MGMCRI. Prof. Rajaram had the experience of having been the dean of three other medical schools, including [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research|JIPMER]] in Pondicherry, [[College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur]] in [[Nepal]] and Alluri Sita Ramaraju Academy of Medical sciences (ASRAM) in Eluru in Andhra Pradesh. He was decorated by the [[President of India]] as an Eminent Medical teacher of India and was awarded with Dr. B.C. Roy Award in 1993.

Dr DS Dubey took charge as the director and dean of the institution in 2002. Dr Dubey, an excellent administrator, teacher and clinician, had served as director of many institutions across India, including [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research|JIPMER]]. He also served as an inspector to the prestigious Medical Council of India. It was during his tenure the institution took complete shape and received international reputation. The period referred to as The Golden Period of MGMCRI. He held the office till the first batch of MBBS students passed out of the institution. Dr James Gnanadoss served as the director of the institute after the tenure of Dr Dubey.The first batch of this college started in 2002 April. Post graduate teaching began in April 2007. Its [[alumni association]] came into existence on 16 August 2007 and is known as Mahathma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute Fraternity (MGMCRI Fraternity).
== Ranking ==
{{Infobox India university ranking|NIRF_M_2024=47|type=University and college}}

==See also==
*[[List of medical colleges in India]]
*[[Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.mgmcri.ac.in}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in India]]
[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute| ]]

Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)

2026-01-14T16:02:23Z

SureshAcharya: Refined content and updated sections

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Barathi Kannama TV series.jpg
| caption = Barathi Kannama TV series poster
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator = Pradeep Panicker
| writer = Maruthu Shankar Pradeep Panicker
| director = Praveen Bennett
| starring = {{ubl|
*[[Arun Prasath]]
*[[Vinusha Devi]]
*[[Roshini Haripriyan]]
*[[Farina Azad]]
}}
| opentheme = "Bharathi Kadhaliyae Kannamma"
| theme_music_composer = Ilayavan (background score)
| editor = Vignesh Arjun
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 1036
| list_episodes =
| producer = Ram Kumaradhas
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx.20-22 minutes per episode
| company = Global Villagers
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|02|25|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2023|02|04|df=yes}}
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| screenplay = Arun Bharathi Priya Thambi
| cinematography = Saravanan Venkatesh
| related = [[Bharathi Kannamma 2|Season 2]]
}}

'''''Bharathi Kannamma''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil-language]] television series that aired on [[Star Vijay]] and is available to stream on [[Disney+ Hotstar]], directed by Praveen Bennett.

The first season of the series premiered on 25 February 2019 and ended on 4 February 2023. It is a remake of the [[Malayalam]] series ''[[Karuthamuthu]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=தெலுங்கு மற்றும் மலையாளத்தில் ஒளிபரப்பாகி வரும் பாரதி கண்ணம்மாவில் நடிப்பது இவங்க தான்.|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/bharathi-kannamma-serial-in-telugu-and-malayalam/|url-status=live|website=Behind Talkies|date=15 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524192555/https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/bharathi-kannamma-serial-in-telugu-and-malayalam/ |archive-date=24 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=பாரதி, கண்ணம்மா வாழ்க்கையின் 8 ஆண்டுகள் பயணம்; 3.5 மணி நேர ஸ்பெஷல் எபிசோட்!|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/special-episode-of-bharathi-kannamma-serial-today-with-3-5-hours/articleshow/79713434.cms|url-status=live|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183656/https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/special-episode-of-bharathi-kannamma-serial-today-with-3-5-hours/articleshow/79713434.cms |archive-date=9 July 2021}}</ref> and stars [[Roshini Haripriyan]] as Kannamma (who replaced by [[Vinusha Devi]] in 2022) with [[Arun Prasath]] as Bharathi, along with [[Farina Azad]], [[Roopa Sree]], [[Kanmani Manoharan]] and Agilan Pushparaj in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite news|title=New TV serial Bharathi Kannamma to premiere soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-bharathi-kannamma-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/68093003.cms|url-status=live|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426050500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-bharathi-kannamma-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/68093003.cms |archive-date=26 April 2019 }}</ref> Within a year the series took its generation loop of 8 years was introduced with same cast in addition to, Baby Raksha Shyam and Baby Lisha Rajkumar played Bharathi and Kanamma's twin daughters. The story follows Dr. Bharathi (Arun), who loves and marries a girl named Kannamma (Roshini). However, Bharathi's obsessed lover, Dr. Venba (Farina), vows to destroy Bharathi and Kannamma's relationship and marry Bharathi.

6 February 2023, the series completion of 4 years, a spin-off was introduced with the [[Bharathi Kannamma 2|same title]], premiering on 6 February 2023 starring [[Sibbu Suryan]] as Bharathi whilst [[Vinusha Devi]] and [[Farina Azad]] returned as Kannamma and Venba, along with [[Roopa Sree]] and [[Deepa Shankar]] in the supporting roles.

== Series overview ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" |Season
! rowspan="2" |No.of episodes
! colspan="2" |Original broadcast
|-
!style="padding: 0 8px" | First aired
!style="padding: 0 8px" | Last aired
|-
|align="center" {{yes2|'''1'''}}
| style="text-align:center;"| 1036
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Start date|df=yes|2019|02|25}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{End date|df=yes|2023|02|04}}
|-
|align="center" {{yes|'''[[Bharathi Kannamma 2|2]]'''}}
|style="text-align:center;"| 133
|style="text-align:center;"| {{Start date|df=yes|2023|02|06}}
|6 August 2023
|}

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=November 2025}}

== Cast==

=== Season 1 ===
* [[Roshini Haripriyan]] / [[Vinusha Devi]] as Kannamma – Shanmugam and Shenbagam's daughter; Baakiyalakshmi's step-daughter; Anjali's half-sister; Bharathi's wife; Lakshmi and Jr. Hema's mother.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/bharathi-kannama-serial-actress-roshni-haripriyan-personals-tamil-news-307661/|title="என்னை நானே முதலில் ரசித்த தருணம் அதுதான்" – 'பாரதி கண்ணம்மா' ரோஷ்னி ஹரிப்ரியன் பெர்சனல்ஸ்!|website=tamil.indianexpress|date=27 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/bharathi-kannamma-serial-new-heroine-is-likely-to-be-vinusha-devi|title=பாரதி கண்ணம்மா' தொடரின் அடுத்த கண்ணம்மா இவர்தானா? யார் இந்த வினுஷா தேவி?|website=Vikatan TV|date=27 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/latest-is-this-actress-going-to-replace-roshni-haripriyan-in-bharathi-kannamma.html|title=Latest: Is this actress going to replace Roshni Haripriyan in Bharathi Kannamma? Know here ft Vinusha Devi|date=27 October 2021|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> (2019–2021) / (2022–2023) (Dubbed By: Meenalochani)
* [[Arun Prasath]] as Dr. Bharathi – Soundarya and Venu's elder son; Shruti and Akhilan's brother; Hema's former love-interest; Kannamaa's husband; Lakshmi and Jr. Hema's father. (Dubbed By: Arun Kumar) (2019–2023)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/barathi-kannamma-fame-actor-arun-prasath-is-a-fitness-freak-see-pics/articleshow/69132001.cms|title=Barathi Kannamma fame actor Arun Prasath is a fitness freak; see pics|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=May 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Farina Azad]] as Dr. Venba - Sharmila's daughter; Bharathi's childhood friend and obsessive ex-lover; Rohit's wife; Hema's murderer. (Main Antagonist) (2019–2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/bharathi-kannamma-venba-vijay-tv-bharathi-kannamma-serial-venba-marriage-hotstar-241833/|title=குக்கரி டூ சீரியல் வில்லி… பாரதி கண்ணம்மா வெண்பாவின் சின்னத்திரை வளர்ச்சி!|date=11 January 2021 }}</ref> (Dubbed By: Lakshana Rajeev)
* Raksha Shyam as Lakshmi – Bharathi and Kannamma's elder daughter; Hema's twin sister. (2020–2023)
* Lisha Rajkumar as Jr. Hema – Bharathi and Kannamma's younger daughter; Lakshmi's twin sister. (2020–2023)
* [[Roopa Sree]] as Soundarya – Venu's wife; Shruti, Bharathi and Akhilan's mother; Yazhini, Lakshmi, Jr. Hema and Aadhavan's grandmother. (2019–2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/vijaytv-serial-bharathi-kannamma-soundarya-rupa-sree-biography-301820/|title=80's களின் ஹீரோயின்.. இப்போ 2k கிட்ஸ்களின் ஃபேவரைட் மாமியார்.. பாரதி கண்ணம்மா சவுந்தர்யா லைப் ஸ்டோரி..|date=10 May 2021 }}</ref> (Dubbed By: Jayageetha)
*Rishi Keshav as Venu Gopalakrishnan – Soundarya's husband; Shruti, Bharathi and Akhilan's father; Yazhini, Lakshmi, Jr. Hema and Aadhavan's grandfather. (2019–2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/vijaytv-serial-bharathi-kannamma-bharathi-father-venu-rishi-keshav-biography-309932/|title=சினிமாவில் ஹீரோ என்ட்ரி.. இப்போ சீரியலில் ஹீரோவின் அப்பா.. பாரதி கண்ணம்மா நடிகரின் லைஃப் ட்ராவல்..|date=2 June 2021 }}</ref>
* [[Kanmani Manoharan]] / Aruljothi Arockiaraj as Anjali – Shanmugam and Baakiyalakshmi's daughter; Kannamma's half-sister; Akhilan's wife; Aadhavan's mother.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/bharathi-kannamma-serial-actress-kanmani-interview-aval-vikatan|title=''சீரியலே வேணாம்னு நினைச்சேன்!'' - Serial Actress Kanmani Manoharan Interview | Aval Vikatan|first=SURYAGOMATHI|last=S,தி.ஹரிஹரன்,துரை.நாகராஜன்|website=www.vikatan.com/|date=22 September 2021 }}</ref> (2019–Jan.2022) / (Feb.2022–2023) (Dubbed By: Akshaya Prabha)
* Agilan Pushparaj / Sugesh Rajendran as Akhilan – Soundarya and Venu's younger son; Shruti and Bharathi's brother; Anjali's husband; Aadhavan's father.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/this-bharathi-kannamma-serial-actor-in-prabhu-devas-bagheera.html|title=This Bharathi Kannamma serial actor in Prabhu Deva's Bagheera|date=20 April 2021|website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/akilan-spr-has-quit-television-to-concentrate-on-a-career-in-films/articleshow/86258021.cms|title=Akilan SPR has quit television to concentrate on a career in films|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sugesh-rajendran-joins-the-cast-of-barathi-kannamma/articleshow/85792803.cms|title=Actor Sugesh Rajendran joins the cast of Barathi kanamma|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 August 2021 }}</ref> (2019–Aug.2021) / (2021–2023) (Dubbed By: Vignesh a.k.a. Vicky)
* [[Kaavya Arivumani]] as Arivumani – Soundarya's niece; Shruti, Bharathi, Akhilan's cousin. (2019–2020)
* Shruthi Shanmugapriya as Shruthi – Soundarya and Venu's daughter; Bharathi and Akhilan's sister; Yazhini's mother. (2019–2020)
* Sabarinathan as Rohit – Venba's husband. (2022–2023)
* Sherin Jaanu as Thulasi – A former nurse at Bharathi's hospital, Kanamma's friend. (2020–2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/bharathi-kannamma-serial-actress-sherin-janu-got-chance-in-one-more-serial-342973/|title=புதிய சீரியலில் பாரதி கண்ணம்மா நடிகை… விஜய் டிவிக்கு ரொம்ப பெரிய மனசு!|date=19 September 2021 }}</ref>
* Venkatesh / Muthu Kumara Swamy as Shanmugam – Shenbagam's widower; Baakiyalakshmi's husband; Kannamma and Anjali's father; Lakshmi, Jr. Hema and Aadhavan's grandfather.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bharathi-kannamma-actor-venkatesh-passes-away-55-145747|title='Bharathi Kannamma' actor Venkatesh passes away at 55|date=23 March 2021|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/bharathi-kannamma-serial-popular-actor-joins-the-serial-as-kannammas-father.html|title=Bharathi Kannamma serial - Popular actor joins the serial as Kannamma's father|date=26 June 2021|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> (2019–2021) / (2021–2023)
* [[Senthi Kumari]] as Baakiyalakshmi – Anbukarasi's daughter; Selva's sister; Shanmugam's second wife; Anjali's mother; Kannamma's step-mother; Aadhavan's grandmother; Lakshmi and Jr. Hema's step-grandmother. (2019–2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/vijaytv-barathi-kannamma-chithi-actress-senthilkumari-biography-312286/|title=கனா காணும் காலங்கள் டீச்சர் டூ பாரதி கண்ணம்மா சித்தி.. விஜய் பட நடிகையின் கேரியர் ஸ்டோரி..|date=9 June 2021 }}</ref>
* Rajkumar Manoharan as Selva Ganapathy – Anbukarasi's son; Baakiyalakshmi's brother. (2019–2023)
* Vijayalakshmi as Anbukarasi – Baakiyalakshmi and Selva's mother; Anjali's grandmother. (2019–2020) (Dead)
* [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Sharmila – Venba's mother. (2022–2023)
* Bharath Kalyan as Vikram – Owner of Vikram Babu Hospital; Soundarya and Venu's colleague. (2020–2022)
* [[Praveen Devasagayam]] as "Killer" Durga – Venba's henchman. (2020–2022)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/praveen-devasagayam-joins-the-cast-of-barathi-kannamma/articleshow/77593418.cms|title=Praveen Devasagayam joins one of the cast in Bharathi Kannamma|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 August 2020 }}</ref>
* Neepa as Sumathi – Kannamaa's house owner. (2021)
* Revathee Shankar as Gayatri – Venu's sister. (2019–2020)
* Uma Rani as Shenbagavalli – Soundarya's friend; Manimegalai's mother. (2019–2020)
* Pushpa Vetriselvan as Santhi – Venba's housekeeper. (2019–2022)
* Minor Yogi as Maayandi – Nirmala's husband; Baakiyalakshmi's henchman. (2019–2022)
* Subageetha as Nirmala – Maayandi's wife; Anjali's caretaker. (2019–2021)
* [[M. J. Shriram]] as Venba's uncle (2019–2020) (Dead)
* Balaji Babu as Kumar – Kannamaa's auto-driver. (2020–2022)
* [[Aranthangi Nisha|Arandhangi Nisha]] as Advocate Vadivukkarasi aka Vadivu – Kannamma's neighbour. (2021–2022)
* Thamarai Selvi as Thamarai (2022–2023)

===Mahasangamam [[Pandian Stores]]===
* Stalin Muthu as Sathyamoorthy aka Moorthy – Lakshmi and Pandian's eldest son; Jeeva, Kathir and Kannan's brother; Dhanam's husband. (2020)
* [[Sujitha]] as Dhanalakshmi aka Dhanam – Varadarajan and Kamakshi's daughter; Jaga's sister; Moorthy's wife. (2020)
* [[Venkat Renganathan]] as Jeevanandham aka Jeeva – Lakshmi and Pandian's second son; Moorthy, Kathir and Kannan's brother; Meena's husband. (2020)
* Hema Rajkumar as Meenatchi aka Meena – Janarthanan's elder daughter; Jeeva's wife. (2020)
* Kumaran Thangarajan as Kathiravan aka Kathir – Lakshmi and Pandian's third son; Moorthy, Jeeva and Kannan's brother; Mullai's husband. (2020)
* [[V. J. Chitra]] as Mullai as Mullai Kathiravan - Muruganandham and Parvathy's younger daughter; Malli's sister; Aishu's cousin; Kathir's wife. (2020)
* [[Saravana Vickram]] as Jayakannan aka Kannan – Lakshmi and Pandian's youngest son; Moorthy, Jeeva and Kathir's brother. (2020;2023)

===Mahasangamam Raja Rani 2===
* Alya Manasa (2021) / [[Riya Vishwanathan]] (2022) as Sandhya: Saravanan's wife
* Sidhu Sid as Saravanan: Sandhya's husband, Ravi and Sivagami's elder son; Senthil, Parvathy and Aaditya's elder brother. (2021–2022)
* [[Praveena]] as Sivagami: Ravi's wife; Saravanan, Senthil, Parvathy and Aaditya's mother. (2021–2022)
* Saivam Ravi as Ravi Sundaram: Sivagami's husband, Saravanan, Senthil, Parvathy and Aaditya's father. (2021–2022)
* Balaji Thiyagarajan Dayalan as Senthil: Archana's husband, Ravi and Sivagami's second son, Saravanan's younger brother and Parvathy, Aaditya's elder brother. (2021–2022)
* [[Archana Ravichandran]] as Archana: Senthil's wife.
* Vaishnavi Sundar as Parvathy: Bhaskar's wife, Ravi and Sivagami's daughter, Saravanan and Senthil's younger sister and Aaditya's elder sister (2021–2022)
* VJ Prathosh as Aditya: Ravi and Sivagami's younger son, Saravanan, Senthil and Parvathy's younger brother. (2021–2022)
* Ashwin Kannan as Bhaskar: Parvathy's husband. (2022)
* Unknown as Selvam: A terrorist and former worker at Saravanan's sweet shop (2022)

===Special appearances===
* [[Snehan]] as himself (2019; 2023)
* [[Deepa Shankar]] as Shenbagam – Shanmugam's first wife; Kannamma's mother; Lakshmi and Jr. Hema's grandmother. (2019) (Dead)
* [[Kaaka Muttai]] Shanthi Mani as Paatti (Episode 3) (2019)
* Preethi Sanjeev as Vadivambal - Kannamaa's cousin. (2019)
* [[Arunraja Kamaraj]] as himself – Bharathi's friend. (2019)
* Alya Manasa as Dr. Hema – A [[cardiologist]]; Bharathi's colleague and former love-interest. (2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B3o3TwPl8hj/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/B3o3TwPl8hj |archive-date=24 December 2021 |url-access=limited|title=Alya make a special appearance in Roshni Haripriyan's Bharathi Kannamaa}}{{cbignore}}</ref> (Dead)
* [[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-show-host-mani-megalai-makes-her-acting-debut-with-bharathi-kannamma/articleshow/73957621.cms|title=TV show host Mani Megalai makes her acting debut with Bharathi Kannamma|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 February 2020 }}</ref> as Manimegalai – Shenbagavalli's daughter; Bharathi's proposed bride. (2020)
* [[Raju Jeyamohan]] as Varun Mohan – A poet; Kannamma's classmate and best friend. (2020)
* Madhumitha Illayaraja as Meenatchi - Akhilan's friend. (2020)
* Madurai Mohan as Natraj – A hand carter. (2020)
* Chenniamma as Petchiamma – Natraj's wife. (2020)
* Rohini as Veni – An owner in petrol bunk. (2020)
* Jeya Lakshmi – An incharge in an orphanage. (2020)
* [[Vasu Vikram]] as Mahalingam – Kannamma's MD in a tailoring departmental store. (2020)
* Babitha Jose as Maheshwari Mahalingam – Soundarya's friend; Mahalingam's wife. (2020)
* Yuvan Pattison as Prasad – Bharathi's friend; Mahalingam and Maheshwari's son. (2020)
* KPY Pazhani as Pazhani – Kannamma's neighbour. (2020)
* Nilani as Seetha – Pazhani's wife; Kannamma's friend based in Thiruvallur. (2020)
* Jeyanthi as an IAS officer. (2021)
* Salma Arun as Dr. Priya – Bharathi's friend. (2021)
* [[Aari Arujunan]] as himself (2021)
* [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]] as herself (2021)
* Suresh Chakravarty as himself (2021)
* [[KPY Bala]] as himself (2021)
* [[Archana Chandhoke]] as herself (2021)
* [[Sona Nair]] as a Judge of Court (2021)
* [[Nakshatra Nagesh]] as Saraswathi (2022)
* Sasilaya as IPS Sasikala (2022)
* [[Ajay Rathnam|Ajay Ratnam]] as Police IG (during terrorists hijacks hospital) (2022)
* Kiruba as Hema's mother (2022)
* Shobanaa Uthaman as herself (2023)
* [[Ashwini Aanandita]] as herself (2023)
* [[Deepak Dinkar]] as himself (2023)
* Navin Vetri as himself (2023)
* Dharshna Sripal Golecha as herself (2023)
* [[Swathi Konde]] as herself (2023)
* Kannika Ravi as herself (2023)
* [[RJ Balaji]] as himself (2023)
* Shivin Ganesan as herself (2023)
* K. S. Suchitra Shetty as [[Baakiyalakshmi]] (2023)
* Meena Sellamuthu as [[Baakiyalakshmi|Selvi]] (2023)

==Production==
===Filming===
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, ''Bharathi Kannamma'', and all other Indian television series and films production were suspended on 19 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus: The 'serial' killer|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/jun/10/-coronavirus-the-serial-killer-2154443.html|url-status=live|website=The New Indian Express|date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611115112/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/jun/10/-coronavirus-the-serial-killer-2154443.html |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> Three months later, shooting was permitted and the team commenced filming in July.<ref>{{Cite news|title=This is how Tamil TV serials are being shot in the COVID-19 era|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/this-is-how-tamil-tv-serials-are-being-shot-in-the-covid-19-era/article32336342.ece|website=The Hindu|date=12 August 2020}}</ref> The show commenced telecasting new episodes from 27 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Caution is key as Tamil TV serials resume shooting, fresh episodes to air from July 27|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/caution-is-key-as-tamil-tv-serials-resume-shooting-fresh-episodes-to-air-from-july-27/article32172098.ece|website=The Hindu|date=23 July 2020}}</ref> With the increase in Covid cases in Tamil Nadu, production was again suspended for a few days in mid-May 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Coronavirus {{!}} Film and TV shooting activities to be suspended till May 31, says FEFSI|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/coronavirus-film-and-tv-shooting-activities-to-be-suspended-till-may-31-says-fefsi/article34563982.ece|website=The Hindu|date=15 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fighting Covid: Tamil Nadu extends lockdown till June 7|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/fighting-covid-tamil-nadu-extends-lockdown-till-june-7-1808194-2021-05-28|url-status=live|website=India Today|date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528142929/https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/fighting-covid-tamil-nadu-extends-lockdown-till-june-7-1808194-2021-05-28 |archive-date=28 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ஷாக் நியூஸ்… விஜய் டிவியில் இந்த 2 முக்கிய சீரியல்களும் நிறுத்தம்?|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-vijay-tv-serial-bharathi-kannamma-and-raja-rani-stop-for-covid-lockdown-307961/|url-status=live|website=The Indian Express|date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603170700/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-vijay-tv-serial-bharathi-kannamma-and-raja-rani-stop-for-covid-lockdown-307961/ |archive-date=3 June 2021 }}</ref>

===Crossover episodes===
In January 2020, Bharathi Kannamma had a crossover with ''[[Pandian Stores]]'' for a week.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pandian Stores - Bharathi Kannama serials mega Sangamam|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/pandian-stores-and-barathi-kannamma-serials-merged-373383.html|website=One India|date=6 January 2020}}</ref> It also had a crossover with ''[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani 2]]'' during March 2021 for three weeks and a day (Raja Rani S2 E-108 to E-126).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bharathi Kannamma - Raja Rani 2: பாரதி கண்ணம்மாவில் இணைந்த ராஜா ராணி 2!|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-vijay-tv-bharathi-kannamma-raja-rani-2-mega-sangamam-live-streaming-hotstar-scs-428447.html|url-status=live|website=[[CNN News18]]|date=15 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315093254/https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-vijay-tv-bharathi-kannamma-raja-rani-2-mega-sangamam-live-streaming-hotstar-scs-428447.html |archive-date=15 March 2021 }}</ref> With the suspension in mid-May 2021 and with a few cast availability then for bank episodes, the series crossed over with ''Raja Rani 2''. Again in 2022, the series joined Mahasangamam with Raja Rani 2.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bharathi-kannamma-and-raja-rani-2-set-for-mahasangamam/articleshow/92727599.cms|title=இந்த பாரதி கண்ணம்மா தொல்லை தாங்க முடியல|language=ta|website=The Times of India|date=7 July 2022 }}</ref>

==Reception==
===Viewership and ratings===
Beginning with an average viewership and trp of 5.53, after a year, In September 2020, the sequence of the series where lead Kannamma leaves the house, the series gained viewership and entering top five Tamil television programs.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Kannamma' of Vijay TV soap fame trends the internet|url=https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2020/09/30175231/1254027/Kannamma-of-Vijay-TV-soap-fame-trends-the-internet.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210217101857/https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2020/09/30175231/1254027/Kannamma-of-Vijay-TV-soap-fame-trends-the-internet.vpf|archive-date=17 February 2021|website=[[Dina Thandi]]|date=30 September 2020|access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=நடந்தே கைலாசாவிற்கு போன கண்ணம்மா.... கையெடுத்து கும்பிட்டு வரவேற்ற நித்யானந்தா... வைரலாகும் மீம்ஸ்.....|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/bharathi-kannamma-serial-kannamma-walking-memes-wins-internet-qhf2xz|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210217102750/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/bharathi-kannamma-serial-kannamma-walking-memes-wins-internet-qhf2xz%23image1|archive-date=17 February 2021|website=[[Asianet News]]|access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref> In week 37 of 2020, it became the third-most watched Tamil soap for the first time, garnering 8.254 million impressions and the second [[Star Vijay]] program to enter the top five.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=BARC Data for Week 37: Tamil Programmes|url=https://twitter.com/BARCIndia/status/1309034946867101697|url-status=live|website=[[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925015242/https://twitter.com/BARCIndia/status/1309034946867101697 |archive-date=25 September 2020 }}</ref> However, in week 21 of 2021 when the rival channel [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s top rated soap ''[[Roja (Tamil TV series)|Roja]]'' shifted against Bharathi Kannamma. During Week 32, Bharathi Kannamma defeated Roja by a margin of 2TVR across Urban and Urban+Rural markets, repeatedly leading in the slot.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ரோஜாவுக்கு டஃப் கொடுக்கும் கண்ணம்மா: பாக்யா இந்த லிஸ்ட்லயே இல்லை!|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-serial-trp-rating-update-roja-and-bharathi-kannamama-competition-307924/|url-status=live|website=The Indian Express|date=28 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610072104/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-serial-trp-rating-update-roja-and-bharathi-kannamama-competition-307924/ |archive-date=10 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-serial-trp-rating-in-tamil-bharathi-kannamma-1st-and-raja-serial-2nd-in-serial-trp-336570/|title=தமிழில் டாப் 10 சீரியல்கள் இவைதான்… சன் டிவி- விஜய் டிவி இடையே செம ஃபைட்!|website=tamil.indianexpress|date=28 August 2021 }}</ref>

== Spin-off ==
===Bharathi Kannamma 2 ===
{{Main|Bharathi Kannamma 2}}

It premiered on [[Star Vijay]] on 6 February 2023 from Monday to Saturday at 21:00<ref>{{cite news |title=New TV serial 'Bharathi Kannamma 2' to premiere today; deets inside|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-bharathi-kannamma-2-to-premiere-today-deets-inside/articleshow/97647168.cms?from=mdr|newspaper=The Times of India| date=6 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and is also available on the digital platform on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=பாரதி கண்ணம்மா: பல்வேறு நட்சத்திரங்களின் கேமியோவுடன் முடிவடையும் தொடர் - சீசன் 2-வில் என்ன நடக்கும்?|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/bharathi-kannamma-series-is-to-end-this-week-whats-special-in-the-climax|website=cinema.vikatan.com|date=February 2023 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=யுவராஜ் |first=லாவண்யா |date=7 February 2023 |title=Bharathi Kannamma 2 : ஊர் சுற்றும் குடிகார பாரதி... ஜெயிலில் கண்ணம்மா... மாறுபட்ட கதைக்களத்துடன் பாரதி கண்ணம்மா சீசன் 2 முதல் எபிசோட் |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/bharathi-kannamma-2-1st-episode-today-100231 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta}}</ref> The spin-off stars [[Sibbu Suryan]] as Bharathi while [[Vinusha Devi]] as Kannamma. Along with [[Roopa Sree]] and [[Deepa Shankar]] in the supporting roles.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vijaytv.in Official website] at [[Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|10195820}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Malayalam-language television series]]

Shakambhari

2026-01-14T04:11:08Z

SureshAcharya: stub

{{Short description|Hindu goddess}}
{{for|the ancient town|Sambhar, Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}

{{Infobox deity
| image = Shakambari.jpg
| type = Hindu
| name = Shakambhari
| Devanagari = शाकम्भरी
| festivals = [[Navaratri]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Durga Ashtami]]
| deity_of = Goddess of Nourishment<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LkMAAAAIAAJ&dq=shakambhari+goddess+nourishment&pg=PA439 | title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency | year=1884 | publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press }}</ref>
| venerated_in = [[Hinduism]]
| caption = Artistic depiction of Shakambhari
| affiliation = [[Mahadevi]], [[Parvati]]
}}

'''Shakambhari''' ([[Sanskrit]]: शाकम्भरी, [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Śākambharī), also referred to as '''Shatakshi''', is the goddess of nourishment. She is regarded as a form of [[Mahadevi]], and identified with [[Durga]] in [[Hinduism]].<ref>SINHA, N. (1991). A STUDY OF THE ORIGIN MYTHS: SITUATING THE GUHILAS IN THE HISTORY OF MEWAR (A.D. SEVENTH TO THIRTEENTH CENTURIES). Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 52, 63–71. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44142569</ref> After the malevolent [[asura]] [[Durgasur|Durgamasura]] deprived the earth of nourishment by causing the sages to forget the [[Vedas]], the goddess appeared to offer human beings and [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] sufficient fruits and vegetables to restore their strength.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2018-05-22 |title=Shakambhari, Śākambharī, Śākaṃbharī: 12 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shakambhari |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

{{Saktism}}

== Etymology ==
The word ''śākaṃbharī'' means 'she who bears vegetables'. The word is derived from two words- ''śāka'' (Sanskrit: शाक) which means 'vegetable/vegan food' and ''bharī'' (Sanskrit: भरी) which means 'holder/bearer/wearer' which is ultimately derived from the root word ''bhṛ'' (Sanskrit: भृ) which means 'to bear/to wear/to nourish'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thirugnanam |url=http://archive.org/details/DeviMahatmyamEnglishTransiteration |title=Devi Mahatmyam English Transliteration |access-date=2022-09-18 |date=December 2012}}</ref>

== Legend ==
[[File:Shakambari Mata.jpg|thumb|Shakambhari Mata Temple in Sambhar, Rajasthan]]After the asura [[Durgasur|Durgamasura]] sought to plunge the earth in drought and scarcity, a century of suffering endured on earth, when the sages finally remembered the goddess [[Parvati]] after the asura had made them forget about the Vedas, she appeared upon the worlds in a dark-hued blue form, casting her hundred eyes on the sages. When the sages extolled and chanted the hymns of [[Ishvari]], the [[Chaturbhuja|four-handed]] goddess appeared bearing a lotus, arrows, a great bow, and vegetables, fruits, flower, and roots. According to the [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana|Devi Bhagavata Purana]], seeing the misery of the people, she showered incessant tears from her eyes, streaming into rivers, and offering medicines.

The Uma Samhita of Shiva Purana identifies Devi Satakshi and Shakambari as manifestations of Goddess Parvati. A parallel account is also found in the Skanda Purana and Devi Bhagvatam, where Parvati is said to have slain the demon Durgamasura.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2018-11-04 |title=The incarnation of Śatākṣī etc. [Chapter 50] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/shiva-purana-english/d/doc226610.html |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2013-05-15 |title=On the glory of the Śatakṣi Devī [Chapter 28] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/devi-bhagavata-purana/d/doc57285.html |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Temple ==
There are several temples dedicated to Shakambhari. One temple is located in [[Saharanpur]], Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Shakumbhari Devi Temple {{!}} District Saharanpur, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://saharanpur.nic.in/tourist-place/shakumbhari-devi-temple/ |access-date=2025-09-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Another major temple is in Rajasthan near [[Sambhar Salt Lake|Sambhar Lake]], and a third is located in located in Badami.<ref name=":0" />

== Further reading ==
* [[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapurna]]
* [[Inanna|Ishtar]]
* [[Ceres (mythology)|Ceres]]
* [[Demeter]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Forms of Lakshmi]]
[[Category:Forms of Parvati]]
[[Category:Folk deities of Rajasthan]]

Usinara kingdom

2026-01-02T16:54:34Z

SureshAcharya: creating new stub basic info

{{short description|Ancient Indian kingdom}}
{{About|mythological kingdom|historical Iron Age tribe|Uśīnara}}

The '''Ushinara kingdom''' ({{langx|sa|{{script|Deva|उशीनर}}|translit=Uśīnara}}) was kingdom which appears in the [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]].

== Mahabharata references ==
There are many references to Usinaras in the [[Epic poetry|epic]] [[Mahabharata]]. At several places, it refers to king Usinara and his son prince [[Shibi (king)|Sibi]] or [[Shibi (king)|Sivi]] whose charity has been enormously glorified by sage [[Markandeya]].<ref>Mahabharata 12.29.39; 1.93; 3.197 etc.</ref>

=== Usinara prince in Draupadis’ Sywayamvara ===
''Adi Parva'' of [[Mahabharata]] says that prince Sivi, son of Usinara had attended Draupadi's self-choice (Swayamvara; "groom-choosing") ceremony along with the kings of neighbouring kingdoms viz Shalya, the king of Madra kingdom, with his son, the heroic Rukmangada, Rukmaratha, Somadatta (king of Bahlika kingdom) of the Kuru race with his three sons - Bhuri, Bhurisrava, and Sala and [[Sudakshina Kamboja]] the arch-bowman of the Puru race<ref>Mahabharata 1.185-13-15</ref> '''See Ganguli's Trans''': [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01189.htm].

=== Usinaras in Kurukshetra war ===
The Usinaras had joined the [[Kurukshetra war]] on the side of [[Kaurava]]s. ''Karna Parava'' refers to the [[Kekaya]]s, the Malavas, the [[Madra]]kas, the [[Dravidian people|Dravidas]] of fierce prowess, the [[Yaudheyas]], the Lalittyas, the Kshudrakas, the Usinaras, the Tundikeras, the Savitriputras etc. who had supported [[Karna]] on 17th day of the war, as all having been slain by [[Arjuna]].<ref>Mahabharata 8.5.</ref>

===Usinaras as degraded Kshatriyas===
Anusasana Parva of Mahabharata states that the tribes of the [[Sakas]], [[Yavanas]], [[Kambojas]], [[Dravidas]], [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalingas]], Pulindas, Usinarass, [[khasas]], Kolisarpas, Mahishakas and others were originally noble Kshatriyas but became Vrishalas (degraded Kshatriyas) due to their lose of contact with the Brahmanas.<ref>Mahabharata 13.33.20-21 & Mahabharata 13.35.17-18.</ref>

=== Further epic references ===
According to Mahabharatra, Sibi was son of the king of Usinara country near [[Gandhara]]. The charity and devotion of prince Sibi have been greatly extolled by the sage Markandeya in the epic.

[[Mahabharata]] also speaks of Usinara princes as sacrificing on two small streams near [[Yamuna|Jamna]]<ref>Mahabharata 3.130.21</ref> There was also one king Usinara i.e. king of Usinara country, contemporary of king Janaka of Videha. Garagya Balaki, a contemporary of Janaka lived for some time in Usinara country.

Mahabharata (and ''Katha sarit-sagara'') refer to Usinaragiri which is located near Kankhala at the point where [[Ganges]] issues from the hills.<ref>Mahabharata 5.111.16-23; Katha sarit-sagara, (Ed) Durgaprasad and Kasinath Pandurang Parab, 3rd Edition, p 5. Kankhala is located near Hardwar in Saharanpur District in Uttar Prsdesh.</ref> It is said to be identical with ''Usiragiri'' of Divayavadana and ''Usira-dhvaja'' of Vanaya texts.<ref>Political History of Ancient India, 1006, p 60, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury.</ref>

There is also an epic reference Suyajna, the king of the Usinaras.

In the Sabha Parva of the epic, Krishna tells that Usinara had a daughter named Aushinara. Aushinara married [[Gautama Maharishi|sage Gautama]], at Magadha, the kingdom of [[Jarasandha]]. She gave birth to many children, including monarchs like Kakshivat.

== Bhagavata Purana and the Usinaras ==
[[Bhagavata Purana]] attests that the prince of Usinara along with princes from [[Matsya]], [[Kosala]], Vidharbha, [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]], Srnjaya, [[Kambojas|Kamboja]], [[Kekaya]], [[Madra]], Kunti, Anarta, [[Kerala]] was present at ''Samanta-pancaka'' in Kurukshetra at the occasion of the solar eclipse.<ref>
:Tatragataste dadrśuh suhrt-sambandhino nrpān
:Matsyośīnara-kauśalya-vidarbha-kuru-srnjayān
:Kamboja kaikayān madrān kuntīn ānarta-keralān
:Anyāmś caivātma-paksīyān parāmś ca śataśo nrpa
:Nandādīn suhrdo gopān gopīś cotkanthitāś ciram
:(Bhagavata Purana 10.82.12-13)

:'''Trans''':
:The Yadavas saw that many of the kings who had arrived were old friends and relatives-- the Matsyas, Uśīnaras, Kosalas, Vidarbhas, Kurus, Srnjayas, Kambojas, Kaikayas, Madras, Kuntis and the kings of Ānarta and Kerala. They also saw many hundreds of other kings, both allies and adversaries. In addition, my dear King Parīkṣit, they saw their dear friends Nanda Mahārāja and the cowherd men and women, who had been suffering in anxiety for so long.</ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200641/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/82/12-13/en]

Bhagavata Purana also states that the Usinaras, the Sibi, the [[Madra]]s, and the [[Kekaya]]s were the direct descendants of Yayati's son Anu. Sibi or Sivi is stated to be son of Usinara.<ref>"Anu, the fourth son of Yayati, had three sons, named Sabhanara, Caksu and Paresnu. From Sabhanara came a son named Kalanara, and from Kalanara came a son named Srnjaya. From Srnjaya came a son named Janamejaya. From Janamejaya came Mahasala; from Mahasala, Mahamana; and from Mahamana two sons, named Usinara and Titiksu.The four sons of Usinara were Sibi, Vara, Krmi and Daksa, and from Sibi again came four sons, named Vrsadarbha, Sudhira, Madra and atma-tattva-vit Kekaya...." (Bhagavata Purana, 9.23.1-4).</ref> [http://www.astrojyoti.com/bhagavatam9e.htm]

Consequently, in the literature, the Usinaras are often associated with the [[Shivi]]s or [[Sibi]]s (''Sibois of the Greek writings'') whose chief town Sibipura has been identified with [[Shorkot]], in [[Jhang]] district in Pakistan.
== Usinara in Buddhist literature ==
There is a [[Buddhist]] reference to one Usinara, said to be king of [[Benares]] who lived in the time of Kassapa Buddha. His story is related in the Maha-Kanha Jataka.<ref>Jataka.iv.181ff</ref> He is mentioned in a list of kings who, although they gave great gifts, could not get beyond the domain of sense.<ref>Jataka.VI.99.</ref> It is however, not clear if this Usinara was from the Usinara clan or else it was his personal name only.

== See also ==
* [[Madra kingdom]]
* [[Kekaya kingdom]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]

Muthalamada

2025-12-24T03:45:44Z

SureshAcharya:

{{Short description|Gram Panchayat in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Muthalamada
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Muthalamada, Palakkad.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Muthalamada Railway Station
| pushpin_map = India Kerala #India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.6358|N|76.7987|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Muthalamada Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 66.76
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 37,060
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://dop.lsgkerala.gov.in/ml/article/1031 |title=List of Panchayats in Palakkad district}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = KL-70
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Muthalamada''' is a [[Grama Panchayat]] in the [[Palakkad district]] of [[Kerala]], India. It is a local government organisation that serves the villages of '''Muthalamada-I''' and '''Muthalamada-II'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224696&rlbtype=V |access-date=1 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194225/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224696&rlbtype=V |archive-date=2 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Muthalamada panchayat is one of the largest mango producing areas. The climate and soil is very suitable for mango growing, and the area mainly exports to the UAE and northern states. The nearest town of Muthalamada is [[Kollengode, Palakkad|Kollengode]].

The nearest railway station is Muthalamada between Pollachi and Palakkad Jn. Parambikulam wildlife sanctuary is in this panchayat. It is famous for Kannimara Teak wood and wildlife safari.

==Image gallery==
{{commons category|Muthalamada, Palakkad}}
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Village between Palakkad and Pollachi.jpg|Para, Elappalli
File:Muthalamada.jpg|Muthalamada
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Palakkad district}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Villages in Palakkad district|Muthalamada (gram panchayat)]]

{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}

Abdu Rozik

2025-12-21T19:56:10Z

SureshAcharya:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Short description|Tajikistani singer (born 2003)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abdu Rozik
| native_name = Абдурозиқ Савриқул Муҳаммадрозиқӣ
| birth_name = Abdurozik Savriqul Muhammadroziqi
| image = Abdu-Rozik-attend-the-Midday-India-International-Influencer-Awards-2022.jpg
| caption = Rozik in 2022
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|9|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gizhdarva]], Panjakent, Tajikistan
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|boxer|influencer}}
| known_for = ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 16)|Bigg Boss 16]]''
| height = 115cm<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-12 |title=My fiancée is taller than me, but that doesn’t matter: Abdu Rozik |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/my-fiance-is-taller-than-me-but-that-doesnt-matter-abdu-rozik/articleshow/110052019.cms |access-date=2024-09-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| years_active = 2019–present
}}

'''Abdurozik Savriqul Muhammadroziqi''' ({{langx|tg|Абдурозиқ Савриқул Муҳаммадрозиқӣ}}, {{IPA|tg|æbdurɑˈzɯq sævrɯˈqul muˌɦæmːædrɑzɯˈqiː|}}, born 23 September 2003), known professionally as '''Abdu Rozik''', is a [[Tajikistan|Tajikistani]] playback singer and social media influencer based in [[Dubai]], UAE.<ref>{{cite news|title= World's smallest singer Abdu Rozik Sings Papa Kehta hain at AR Rahman daughter reception|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/world-s-smallest-singer-abdu-rozik-sings-papa-kehte-hain-at-ar-rahman-s-daughter-khatija-s-reception-viral-video-1961889-2022-06-13|work=India Today|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> In 2022, he participated in the Indian reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 16)|Bigg Boss 16]]'' and later in [[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment|''Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment 2'']].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laughter Chefs Season 2: Abhishek Kumar, Elvish Yadav and Abdu Rozik to join the show |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/laughter-chefs-season-2-abhishek-kumar-elvish-yadav-and-abdu-rozik-to-join-the-show_215484 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
As a child, Rozik was diagnosed with [[dwarfism]], a growth hormone deficiency which could be cured with appropriate medical treatment. However, his family could not afford to have him treated, leading to his stunted growth.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bigg Boss 16 Contestant Abdu Rozik talk about his medical condition that stopped him from growing|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-16-contestant-abdu-rozik-talks-about-his-medical-condition-that-stopped-him-from-growing-101664689113581.html|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref>

Due to his family's poverty, Rozik was often out of school. He sang for tips in markets and on streets of [[Panjakent]] in [[Tajikistan]]; along with his family, Rozik also had a beloved pet cat named Renzo, a [[British Shorthair]], who brought him a lot of joy during difficult times.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Watch:Tajik Internet sensation Abdu Rozik trades mic for boxing mitts |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/watch-tajik-internet-sensation-abdu-rozik-trades-mic-for-boxing-mitts-1.80827971 |access-date=26 November 2022 |work=Gulf News|date=23 July 2021 }}</ref>

==Career==
Beginning in 2019, Rozik received mentorship and financial support from Tajikistani rapper-blogger Baron (Behruz). Baron even convinced Rozik's father to let Rozik pursue singing. After getting permission, Rozik and Baron moved to [[Dubai]], UAE.<ref name=":2" />

Rozik sang various Tajikistani songs like ''Ohi Dili Zor'', ''Chaki Chaki Boron'' and ''Modar''. In 2021, he uploaded a video of him singing the Hindi song ''Enna Sona'' by [[Arijit Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/hasbullas-rival-abdu-rozik-just-dropped-enna-sona-cover-and-its-adorable-4550204.html|title=Hasbulla's Rival Abdu Rozik Just dropped Enna Sona Cover and it's adorable|access-date=24 November 2022|work=News18|date=13 December 2021 }}</ref> In 2022, he was invited to attend the [[22nd IIFA Awards]] ceremony in [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]], where he sang the Hindi song "Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga" from the 1994 film ''[[1942: A Love Story]]''. He dedicated the song to [[Salman Khan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Salman Khan meets Tajikistani-Based singer and fan Abdu Rozik|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-meets-tajikistan-based-singer-and-fan-abdu-rozik-see-video-7953815/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref>

In 2021, he challenged Russian MMA fighter and media personality [[Hasbulla Magomedov]], who also has [[dwarfism]], to a fight, but the Russian Dwarf Athletic Association (RDAA) did not approve, calling it unethical.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hasbulla shuts down prospect of fight with social media rival Abdu Rozik|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/other-sports/mma/hasbulla-abdu-rozik-fight-ufc-25675122|access-date=2 December 2022|work=The Mirror|date=11 December 2021 }}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=April 2023|reason=The other source doesn't say anything about a dwarf association condemning the fight}}

In October 2022, he participated in ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 16)|Bigg Boss]]'',<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Abdu Rozik in Bigg Boss|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/who-is-abdu-rozik-the-first-bigg-boss-16-confirmed-contestant-1664338007-1|work=Jagran Josh|access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Bigg Boss 16 contestant Abdu Rozik|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/meet-bigg-boss-16-contestant-abdu-rozik-8182709/lite/ |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=The Indian Express|date=October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> before which he acted in the Hindi film ''[[Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan]]''.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|title=Abdu Rozik in Salman Khan movie Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ka Jaan|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-just-sul-and-abdu-rozik-will-seen-in-salman-khan-s-film-23020148.html|work=Jagran Josh|access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref> In 2023, he joined ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 13]]'' as a guest entrant.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"

|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2022–2023
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 16)|Bigg Boss 16]]''
| Contestant
| Quit
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|rowspan="5" | 2023
|''[[Entertainment Ki Raat Housefull]]''
| rowspan="2" |Himself
| rowspan="5" |Guest
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-10 |title=Mandali Reunion! Abdu Rozik, Shiv Thakare and Sumbul Dance Together On Entertainment Ki Raat; Pics |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/mandali-reunion-abdu-rozik-shiv-thakare-and-sumbul-dance-together-on-entertainment-ki-raat-pics-7773685.html |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2) |Bigg Boss OTT 2]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adke |first=Arti |date=2023-06-30 |title=Abdu Rozik enters 'Bigg Boss OTT 2' house As Wildcard Contestant |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/ott-web-series/abdu-rozik-enters-bigg-boss-ott-2-house-as-wildcard-contestant-806490 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pyar Ka Pehla Naam: Radha Mohan]]''
|Chota Bhaijaan
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-27 |title=Abdu Rozik To Make His Acting Debut On TV With Pyar Ka Pehla Naam: Radha Mohan |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/abdu-rozik-to-make-his-acting-debut-on-tv-with-pyar-ka-pehla-naam-radha-mohan-8186287.html |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 13]]''
|rowspan="3" |Himself
|
|-
|''[[Amazon miniTV Playground|Playground]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-02-22|title=Abdu Rozik turns love guru on 'Playground Season 2'|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/abdu-rozik-turns-love-guru-on-playground-season-2-482136|access-date=2024-03-05|website=[[The Tribune]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]]''
|Season 2
|
|}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"

|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
!Ref.
|-
|2022
|''Chota Bhaijaan''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2022 |title=अब्दू रोजिक का पहला हिंदी सॉन्ग 'छोटा भाईजान' हुआ रिलीज, बोले- हिंदी बोल नहीं सकता, पर... |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/abdu-rozik-first-hindi-song-chota-bhaijaan-release-youtube-salman-khan-look-says-cant-speak-hindi-tmovk-1552213-2022-10-08 |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2022 |title=Abdu Rozik releases his first Hindi single 'Chota Bhaijaan' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/abdu-rozik-releases-his-first-hindi-single-chota-bhaijaan-439887 |website=Tribune India}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Pyar''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: Abdu Rozik releases new song 'Pyar' after getting evicted from Bigg Boss; Will collaborate with Salman Khan |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/watch-abdu-rozik-releases-new-song-pyar-after-getting-evicted-from-bigg-boss-will-collaborate-with-salman-khan/2949110/ |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Financial Express |date=16 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Controversies ==
In July 2025, Rozik was detained at [[Dubai International Airport]] over alleged theft charges.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-13 |title=Bigg Boss Fame Abdu Rozik Detained in Dubai Over Alleged Theft Charges, Reports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-fame-abdu-rozik-detained-in-dubai-over-alleged-theft-charges-reports/articleshow/122415093.cms |access-date=2025-07-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Instagram|id=abdu_rozik}}

[[Category:Tajikistani male boxers]]
[[Category:21st-century Tajikistani sportsmen]]
[[Category:Tajikistani singers]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rozik, Abdu}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Entertainers with dwarfism]]

Digha

2025-12-20T17:27:51Z

SureshAcharya: cleanup

{{short description|Seaside resort town in West Bengal, India}}
{{other uses|Digha (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Digha
| other_name = দীঘা
| native_name_lang = bn
| settlement_type = [[Seaside resort]] town
| nickname =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.6384|N|87.5096|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| image1 = Digha Tourist Lodge front yard 1.jpg
| caption1 = Digha Tourist Lodge
| image2 = Digha sea beach in Digha town 20.jpg
| caption2 = Digha Sea Beach
| image3 = Digha sea beach in Digha town 09.jpg
| caption3 = Sunset at the beach
| image4 = Digha sea beach in Digha town 20.jpg
| caption4 = Coastal view
}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Medinipur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Subdivision (India)|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Contai subdivision]]
| subdivision_type4 = Development Authority
| subdivision_name4 = Digha Sankarpur Development Authority (DSDA)
| established_title =
| established_date =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 6
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 721428<ref name="dsda" />
| registration_plate = WB-31xxxx, WB-32xxxx
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kanthi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanthi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramnagar]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.dsda.org.in/}} {{•}} {{URL|https://mydigha.in/}}
}}
'''Digha''' ({{IPA|bn|ˈdiɡʱa}}) is a [[seaside resort]] town located in the [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Situated at the northern end of the [[Bay of Bengal]], it is a popular coastal tourist destination known for its low gradient and shallow sand beaches.

Referred to as the ''"Brighton of the East"'' by [[Warren Hastings]] in one of his 1780 letters to his wife, Digha has remained a favored holiday spot for decades.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wb.nic.in/westbg/digha.html|title=Digha page in National Informatics Centre site|access-date=2 April 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207135512/http://www.wb.nic.in/westbg/digha.html|archive-date=7 February 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is West Bengal's most visited sea resort, with beaches that stretch over 7 km.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DIGHA {{!}} Purba Medinipur {{!}} India |url=https://purbamedinipur.gov.in/tourist-place/digha/#:~:text=Digha%20is%20West%20Bengal's%20most,extends%207%20kms%20in%20length. |access-date=2025-04-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
Digha historically known as ''Beerkul.''<ref name="wbnic">{{cite web|url=http://www.wb.nic.in/westbg/digha.html|title=Digha page in National Informatics Centre site|access-date=2 April 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207135512/http://www.wb.nic.in/westbg/digha.html|archive-date=7 February 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>

An English businessman John Frank Snaith started living here in 1923 and his writings provided a good exposure to this place.<ref>[https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/midnapore/%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%98-1.118078 বীরকূল পরগনার গ্রামই আজকের দীঘা] ''Anandabazar Patrika''. Retrieved 5 September 2021</ref> He convinced West Bengal Chief Minister [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]] to develop this place to be a beach resort. An old church can be seen near the main gate of Old Digha. This place is also known as Alankarpur. A new mission has been developed in New Digha which is known as Sindhur Tara which is beside Amrabati Park. It's a Church where it is possible to wish for the welfare of family and loved ones. The best way to visit is to book a local rickshaw. There are so many places where one can travel which give mental refreshments, like Tajpur, Odisha Border, Science City etc.<ref name=dsda>{{cite web|url=http://www.dsda.gov.in/index.php/home/about_us|title=About the Place, Digha Sankarpur development Authority|access-date=December 20, 2012|archive-date=15 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315165304/http://www.dsda.gov.in/index.php/home/about_us|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="wbnic"/><ref name="wbtourishm">{{cite web |url=http://westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/digha |title=West Bengal Tourishm, Digha |access-date=29 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626190321/http://westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/digha |archive-date=26 June 2012 }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=350| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|21|48|0|N|87|42|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Contai subdivision of Purba Medinipur district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, S: port, sea-beach Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|21|46|28|N|87|45|0|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1=Contai | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Contai]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|21|49|50|N|87|47|30|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Basantia | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Basantia]] (CT)|shape-color2=#C40000
|mark-coord3={{coord|21|38|0|N|87|31|29|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3=Khadalgobra | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Khadalgobra]] (CT)|shape-color3=#C40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|21|38|18|N|87|30|34|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Digha| numbered4=R| mark-title4= Digha (R)|shape-color4=black| label-size4=13|label-color4=black 
|mark-coord5={{coord|21|40|28|N|87|33|33|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Ramnagar| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur]] (R)|shape-color5=#C40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|21|51|10|N|87|44|36|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Marishda| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Marishda]] (R)|shape-color6=#C40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|0|2|N|87|43|41|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Bhupatinagar| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Bhupatinagar]] (R)|shape-color7=#C40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|21|46|32|N|87|40|30|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Majna| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Majna]] (R)|shape-color8=#C40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|21|52|15|N|87|57|2|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Khejuri| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Khejuri]] (R)|shape-color9=#C40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|21|52|5|N|87|43|52|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Kamarda| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Kamarda]] (R)|shape-color10=#C40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|21|51|20|N|87|54|5|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Janka| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Janka, Contai]] (R)|shape-color11=#C40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|21|40|46|N|87|35|24|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Bara Bankuya| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Bara Bankuya]] (R)|shape-color12=#C40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|21|49|30|N|87|49|55|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Dholmari| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Dholmari]] (R)|shape-color13=#C40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|21|54|52|N|87|55|35|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Baratala| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Baratala]] (R)|shape-color14=#C40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|21|48|38|N|87|46|36|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Durmut| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Durmut]] (R)|shape-color15=#C40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|21|43|59|N|87|32|52|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Depal| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Depal]] (R)|shape-color16=#C40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|21|50|28|N|87|54|5|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Silaberia| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Silaberia]] (R)|shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|21|53|44|N|87|45|2|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Kharipukuria| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Kharipukuria]] (R)|shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|21|36|50|N|87|30|0|E}} | label-pos19=bottom|label19= New Digha| numbered19=S| mark-title19= Digha (S)|shape-color19=#0048BA
|mark-coord20={{coord|21|38|15|N|87|34|11|E}} | label-pos20=right|labela20= Shankarpur| numbered20=S| mark-title20= [[Shankarpur]] (S)|shape-color20=#0048BA
|mark-coord21={{coord|21|38|24|N|87|35|20|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Tajpur Port| numbered21=S| mark-title21= [[Tajpur Port]] (S)|shape-color21=#0048BA
|mark-coord22={{coord|21|39|50|N|87|42|46|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Mandarmani| numbered22=S| mark-title22= [[Mandarmani]]|shape-color22=#0048BA
|mark-coord23={{coord|21|43|29|N|87|48|43|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Junput| numbered23=S| mark-title23= [[Junput]]|shape-color23=#0048BA
|mark-coord24={{coord|21|47|41|N|87|53|0|E}} | label-pos24=bottom|label24= Petuaghat |labela24=Fishing Harbour| numbered24=S| mark-title24= [[Petuaghat Fishing Harbour]]|shape-color24=#0048BA
|mark-coord25={{coord|21|52|0|N|87|46|31|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Dihibahiri| numbered25=H| mark-title25= [[Dihibahiri]] (H)| shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|21|47|40|N|87|51|32|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26= Dariapur| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Dariapur, Purba Medinipur]] (R)|shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|21|58|57|N|87|45|50|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Jukhia| numbered27=H| mark-title27= [[Jukhia]] (H)| shape-color27=#AA6666
|arc-coordA={{coord|21.779123|87.42685}}| arc-textA=West Bengal| arc-text-colorA = dark grey| arc-angleA=30| arc-gapA=3.9| arc-radiusA=0.25| arc-text-sizeA=10
|arc-coordB={{coord|21.724123|87.42685}}| arc-textB=Odisha | arc-text-colorB = dark grey| arc-angleB=48| arc-gapB=6.2| arc-radiusB=0.15| arc-text-sizeB=10
|arc-coordC={{coord|21.59565|N|87.7296|E}}| arc-textC= Bay of Bengal | arc-text-colorC = soft blue| arc-angleC=160| arc-gapC=-1.0| arc-radiusC=1.6| arc-text-sizeC=14}}

===Location===
Digha is located at {{coord|21.6384|N|87.5096|E|format=dms|display=inline}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|6|m}}.

It is {{convert|183|km|abbr=on}} from [[Kolkata]]/[[Howrah]] via [[Mecheda]] and {{convert|234|km|abbr=on}} via [[Kharagpur]], this proximity has probably helped this small hamlet to emerge as a weekend getaway with number of hotels and tourist lodges. Digha is connected to Kolkata/Howrah by a highway and a rail-link via [[Tamluk]]. Now many trains including Howrah-Digha Super AC express, Tamralipta express, Kandari express and EMU locals from [[Santragachhi|Santragacchi]] via Mecheda and Tamluk run between Digha and Howarh and other stations in eastern India.It is also under [[Contai]] Sub division.

===Police stations===
Digha police station has jurisdiction over part of [[Ramnagar I]] (part) CD Block. It covers an area of 3,153 km2 with a population of 35,054. It is in old Digha.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/DIGHA | title = Digha PS | publisher = Purba Medinipur District Police | access-date = 10 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161116231409/http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/DIGHA | archive-date = 16 November 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Digha Mohana Coastal police station is in Digha.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/DIGHAMOHANACOASTAL | title = Digha Mohana Coastal PS | publisher = Purba Medinipur District Police | access-date = 10 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161112031044/http://emdp.co.in/detailstation/DIGHAMOHANACOASTAL | archive-date = 12 November 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Urbanisation===
93.55% of the population of Contai subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 6.45% of the population live in the urban areas and it is considerably behind Haldia subdivision in urbanization, where 20.81% of the population live in urban areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 22 April 2019 }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Hospital==
There is a District Hospital near old Digha. There is [[Contai]] Sub divisional Hospital and Sanjiban Hospital 31 km from Digha.

==Climate==
There are mainly five seasons in Digha, namely summer, monsoon, autumn, winter and spring. Summer starts in April and continues until June with a maximum temperature of {{convert|37|°C}}. Although cold wind from the sea keeps the weather pleasant in this time. Next comes monsoon in July and lasts till the end of September. Digha generally experiences an average rainfall with high humidity in the monsoon season. Autumn sets in October and lasts till mid of December with an average temperature of around 25 degree Celsius. The weather remains very pleasant this time. Winter sets in the second half of December and lasts till mid February with an average temperature of 15/16 degree Celsius. The spring season in Digha starts from mid February to mid April.{{fact|date=August 2020}} The hotels remain full of their capacity as tourist inflow is the highest in this peak season.<ref name="dsda" />

{{Weather box
| location = Digha (1991–2020, extremes 1982–2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 32.9
| Feb record high C = 36.0
| Mar record high C = 38.0
| Apr record high C = 41.3
| May record high C = 42.0
| Jun record high C = 39.0
| Jul record high C = 37.3
| Aug record high C = 36.6
| Sep record high C = 37.1
| Oct record high C = 38.2
| Nov record high C = 34.5
| Dec record high C = 32.5
| year record high C = 42.0
| Jan high C = 25.6
| Feb high C = 28.2
| Mar high C = 31.3
| Apr high C = 32.7
| May high C = 33.5
| Jun high C = 33.1
| Jul high C = 32.0
| Aug high C = 31.8
| Sep high C = 32.1
| Oct high C = 31.8
| Nov high C = 29.6
| Dec high C = 26.9
| year high C = 30.7
| Jan low C = 13.9
| Feb low C = 18.1
| Mar low C = 22.9
| Apr low C = 25.7
| May low C = 26.7
| Jun low C = 27.1
| Jul low C = 26.7
| Aug low C = 26.5
| Sep low C = 26.2
| Oct low C = 23.9
| Nov low C = 19.1
| Dec low C = 14.5
| year low C = 22.6
| Jan record low C = 7.4
| Feb record low C = 8.8
| Mar record low C = 12.6
| Apr record low C = 17.9
| May record low C = 18.3
| Jun record low C = 20.8
| Jul record low C = 20.4
| Aug record low C = 21.4
| Sep record low C = 21.0
| Oct record low C = 15.8
| Nov record low C = 9.8
| Dec record low C = 8.4
| year record low C = 7.4
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 15.8
| Feb rain mm = 20.4
| Mar rain mm = 27.8
| Apr rain mm = 52.7
| May rain mm = 153.9
| Jun rain mm = 279.9
| Jul rain mm = 276.1
| Aug rain mm = 329.9
| Sep rain mm = 331.9
| Oct rain mm = 222.7
| Nov rain mm = 42.5
| Dec rain mm = 6.0
| year rain mm = 1759.6
| Jan rain days = 1.1
| Feb rain days = 1.3
| Mar rain days = 1.8
| Apr rain days = 3.5
| May rain days = 6.2
| Jun rain days = 10.2
| Jul rain days = 13.7
| Aug rain days = 14.1
| Sep rain days = 12.1
| Oct rain days = 7.5
| Nov rain days = 1.8
| Dec rain days = 0.6
| year rain days = 73.9
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 70
| Feb humidity = 72
| Mar humidity = 73
| Apr humidity = 78
| May humidity = 79
| Jun humidity = 81
| Jul humidity = 83
| Aug humidity = 83
| Sep humidity = 81
| Oct humidity = 78
| Nov humidity = 73
| Dec humidity = 70
| year humidity = 77
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Digha Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 251–252
| access-date = 10 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M234
| access-date = 10 January 2021}}</ref>
}}

==Transport==

===Bus service===
There is frequent bus service to Digha from [[Dharmatala]], Baruipur [[Garia]] and [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]] bus stand of Kolkata, [[Burdwan]], [[Bolpur]], [[Siliguri]], [[Asansol]], [[Kirnahar]], [[Baharampur]], [[Serampore]], [[Tarakeswar]] and many other parts of West Bengal. Buses are available from Howrah as well, a connection has been made from Sealdah to Digha where a private bus arrives at 8:30 am throughout the week. It takes the shortest route from Sealdah connecting S.N Banerjee road, Taltala, Wellington, Dharmatala to Howrah station, it departs from Howrah Station within 5 min to Digha. Digha is connected to Kolkata Metropolitan Area with E17 (Barasat), E17/1 (Barasat), E19 (Habra), E19D (Dumdum station), E45 (Joka), E46 (Saltlake Karunamoyee), E54 (Sreerampore), E55 (Madhyamgram), E56 (Baduria), ACT5 (Barasat), ACT8 (Habra), ACT9 (Saltlake Karunamoyee), ST31 (Dharmatala) etc.<ref>[http://transport.wb.gov.in/transport-services/bus-services/ Transport Department, Government of West Bengal: Bus Services]</ref>

===Train service===
In 2004, train services have started for [[Digha railway station]] (Station Code : DGHA). Now there are three new trains from [[Howrah Station]] too.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train Name!! Start <-> Destination
|-
| Tamralipta Express|| [[Howrah railway station|HWH]] <-> [[Digha railway station|DGHA]]
|-
| Paharia Express|| [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|NJP]] <-> [[Digha railway station|DGHA]]
|-
| Vishakapatnam - Digha SF Express||[[Vishakapatnam Junction railway station|VSKP]] <-> [[Digha railway station|DGHA]]
|-
| Kandari Express|| [[Howrah railway station|HWH]] <-> [[Digha railway station|DGHA]]
|-
| Malda Town - Digha Express||[[Malda Town railway station|MLDT]] <-> [[Digha railway station|DGHA]]
|-
| Asansol - Digha Express||[[Asansol Junction railway station|ASN]] <-> [[Digha railway station|DGHA]]
|-
| Puri Digha Superfast Express|| [[Puri railway station|Puri]] <-> [[Digha railway station|DGHA]]
|-
| Mecheda Local || MCA <-> DGHA
|-
| Panskura Local || PKU <-> DGHA
|}

===Air===
* [[Digha Heliport]]

==Area==
[[File:Hotels at Talasari, New Digha Road.jpg|thumb|Hotels at Talasari, New Digha Road, Gadadharpur, Purba Medinipur.]]
Digha's old beach is not as wide as it used to be due to heavy soil erosion. Big stones and concrete steps are used to hold together the beach. The record number of [[storm surge]]s have caused many of the unplanned shacks and smaller hotels to succumb to the sea. Since it is one of very few popular beaches in West Bengal, it gets overcrowded, especially during the cooler winter break.{{fact|date=August 2020}}

A new beach has been developed "New Digha" which is about {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}} from the old beach. This new beach is bigger than the old one.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} It is not surrounded by a congested locality like the older beach. The latest attraction of New Digha is the Science Centre established by the National Council of Science Museums. The entire stretch of the Digha seaface from Old Digha to New Digha is filled with [[casuarina]] plantations.{{fact|date=August 2020}}

==Places of interest==
=== Marine Aquarium and Research Centre (MARC) ===
It was established in the year 1989 during the Seventh Five Year Plan. The major objective of the Centre is to display the marine biodiversity of the region and impart its values to the common people and to carryout the research activities.

=== Jagannath Dham, Digha ===
The [[Jagannath Temple, Digha]] is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Jagannath, located in the coastal town of Digha, Purba Medinipur district, West Bengal. The temple enshrines the deities Jagannath, a form of Vishnu, along with his siblings Balabhadra and Subhadra. The temple was inaugurated on 30 April 2025 after a prana pratishtha (consecration) ceremony.

The temple is sacred to the Vaishnava tradition of Hindus and has been constructed as a replica of the famous Jagannath Temple in Puri, Odisha.

[[Jagannath]], [[Balabhadra]] and [[Subhadra]], along with [[Sudarshana Chakra|Sudarshan]], will be worshipped as deities in the temple.

=== Shiva Temple At Chandaneswar ===
This place is only {{convert|8|km|abbr=on}} away from Digha the century-old Temple of Shiva at [[Chandaneswar]], near Bengal and Orissa Border. Chandaneswar is part of [[Odisha]]. During the Bengali month of [[Chaitra]], an annual fair is organised here. Nearly half million people and pilgrims visit the temple.

=== Digha Gate ===
{{Main|Digha Gate}}
'''[[Digha Gate]]''' is an entrance gate built on the [[National Highway 116B (India)|National Highway 116B]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsda.gov.in/index.php/gallery/welcome_gate|title=~::Welcome to Digha Sankarpur Development Authority::~|website=www.dsda.gov.in|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref> The gate is also known as the ''Gateway of Digha'' and the ''Digha Welcome Gate''.<ref>{{cite news|title= সৈকতশহরের ভোল বদলাতে এ বার তৈরি হচ্ছে ‘গেটওয়ে অফ দিঘা’|url=http://m.eisamay.com/state/digha-to-get-a-face-lift/articleshow/19610891.cms|work = এই সময়|accessdate = 27 August 2017|date = 18 April 2013}}</ref> It is shaped like a [[Fishing vessel|fishing boat]] and painted blue and white. The gate is illuminated at night.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [https://dighabeach.in Digha Beach Website]
* [https://wbtourismgov.in/destination/place/digha West Bengal Tourism site on Digha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223074526/https://wbtourismgov.in/destination/place/digha |date=23 February 2019 }}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}
{{Purba Medinipur District}}

[[Category:Digha| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in India]]
[[Category:Beaches of West Bengal]]

Mercurana

2025-12-18T04:11:47Z

SureshAcharya: stub

{{Short description|Genus of amphibians}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Mercurana.jpg
| image_caption = ''Mercurana myristicapalustris''
| genus = Mercurana
| species = myristicapalustris
| authority = Abraham ''et al.'', 2013
| parent_authority = Abraham ''et al.'', 2013
}}

'''''Mercurana''''' is a genus of arboreal [[frog]]s belonging to the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Rhacophoridae]]. The genus was named from the only known species '''''Mercurana myristicapalustris''''', which was described in 2013 from the [[Western Ghats]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The [[Generic name (biology)|generic name]] was derived from and given as a tribute to [[Freddie Mercury]], the late vocalist of the British rock band [[Queen (band)|Queen]], in combination with the [[Latin]] name for "frog" (''[[Rana (genus)|Rana]]'', which is also the name of the most common frog genus).<ref name=robin>{{cite journal |last=Abraham |first=Robin Kurian |author2=R. Alexander Pyron |author3=Ansil B. R. |author4=Arun Zachariah |author5=Anil Zachariah |year= 2013 |title= Two novel genera and one new species of treefrog (Anura: Rhacophoridae) highlight cryptic diversity in the Western Ghats of India |journal= Zootaxa |volume=3640 |issue= 2 | pages= 177–189 |doi= 10.11646/zootaxa.3640.2.3 |pmid=26000411}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= New frog species named after Freddie Mercury|date= 23 April 2013| url= http://www.kingsnake.com/blog/archives/1265-New-frog-species-named-after-Freddie-Mercury.html |work= kingsnake.com |publisher=OnlineHobbyist.com, Inc. |access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> The frog is different from other related frogs in that it has extensively webbed toes, lives only in swampy lowlands, and lays its eggs on mud with which it carefully mixes leaf litter.

==Discovery and etymology==
The [[type species]] ([[holotype]]) of ''Mercurana'' was collected on 18 May 2012 from bushes at the periphery of a temple compound, Arippa, near Kulathupuzha Reserve Forest, [[Kollam district]], Kerala, India. It was a single adult male. Other two adult males ([[paratype]]s) were found from the same locality on 12 July 2012. The [[Taxonomy (biology)|formal description]] was published on 17 April 2013 in the journal ''[[Zootaxa]]''. The generic name was derived from 'Mercury' as a tribute to [[Freddie Mercury]], the late singer and lyricist of the British rock band [[Queen (band)|Queen]], in combination with the genus name ''Rana'', the most common frog [[taxa]]. The scientists chose 'Mercury' because Mercury's "vibrant music was inspiring", in the author's own account. Further, Mercury was of Indian-[[Parsi]] origin and spent the majority of his childhood in [[Panchgani]], which is located in the northern part of the mountain range from where the frog was discovered.<ref name=reptile>{{cite web |title=Two New Frog Species Discovered in India |date=23 April 2013 |url=http://www.reptilechannel.com/media/reptile-news/2013/04/23/two-frog-species-discovered-in-western-ghats-india.aspx.pdf |work=Reptile Channel |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525074145/http://www.reptilechannel.com/media/reptile-news/2013/04/23/two-frog-species-discovered-in-western-ghats-india.aspx.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Two new genera of tree frogs found in Western Ghats |date=18 April 2013 | url= http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/two-new-genera-of-tree-frogs-found-in-western-ghats/article4627930.ece |work= The Hindu |access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> The specific name is a combination of the words ''[[Myristica]]'' (a genus of the [[nutmeg]] family of trees), and ''palustris'', which is [[Latin]] for "swampy", to indicate the swamp forest habitat dominantly represented by ''Myristica'' trees in which the frog lives. The forest is particularly noted for its fragile and threatened habitat type in the Western Ghats.<ref>{{cite web| author= Aathira Perinchery |title= Two new frog genera discovered in India's Western Ghats, but restricted to threatened swamp-ecosystems |date=22 April 2013 | url= http://news.mongabay.com/2013/0422-perinchery-new-frogs.html |work= Mongabay.com |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref>

==Description==

''Mercurana'' are medium-sized frogs; males are smaller measuring 35 mm in length, while the female is up to 65 mm. They have a slender body which is rusty-brown in colour with small black speckles on the back. Females are more greenish-yellow in colour on the back. The dorsal surface of the skin is a rough [[shagreen]]. The ventral (front) side is gradually lightened and becomes mostly white. Some areas of the underside of the fore-and hind-limbs have patches of yellow colour. The chest, belly and throat are glandular. The snout is rounded and protruding. Unlike other related species, ''Mercurana'' has large webbed toes, while the fingers are free with large discs, and is characterised by the presence of [[vomerine teeth]] and lingual papilla. They have distinct dark eyes, with horizontal and oval-shaped pupil.<ref name=robin/><ref name=amphibia>{{cite web|title=''Mercurana myristicapalustris'' | url= http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Mercurana&where-species=myristicapalustris |work= Amphibian Web |access-date=22 October 2013}}</ref>

==Biology==

''Mercurana'' are arboreal frogs and live in lowland swamp forest. They [[Breeding season|breed]] during the pre-[[monsoon]]. During the breeding season, males [[Mating call|call]] females at sunset while perched on slender trunks of tree saplings, or branches of understorey vegetation, generally 0.25–1.5 m above the forest floor, during the intervals when the intermittent rainfall subsided. Different advertisement call types were observed. Sometimes males engage in combat with each other for optimal perching sites. The female descends to the male's perch and they engage in axillary amplexus. Then they descend to the forest floor and entered the leaf litter to access the soil substrate below. The female (still in amplexus) used her pointed snout to make a shallow burrow in the soil. She then turns around to position the posterior ends of the pair over the freshly made burrow, and initiates oviposition. A clutch of about 130 non-pigmented eggs are deposited in this nest during a period of about one hour. The female then used her hind legs to mix the eggs with the substrate soil. Then the amplectant pair emerge from the leaf and depart. Motile larvae emerge from the jelly capsule after seven days of embryonic development. Early embryonic development occurs in moist mud after the pre-monsoon rains. The [[tadpoles]] are free-living and aquatic. The tadpole is oval and depressed with a brown body and a pale-brown to off-white tail that has translucent fins. The body, tail, and fins have scattered dark brown
spots and blotches.<ref name=robin/><ref name=reptile/><ref name="Abraham-2018">{{cite journal |last1=Abraham |first1=RK |last2=Mathew |first2=JK |last3=Raju |first3=DV |last4=Rao |first4=R |last5=Zachariah |first5=A |title=Reproduction and metamorphosis in the Myristica Swamp tree frog, Mercurana myristicapalustris (Anura: Rhacophoridae) |journal=PeerJ |date=2018 |volume=6 |article-number=e5934 |doi=10.7717/peerj.5934 |pmc=6252067 |pmid=30498632 |doi-access=free }} {{CC-notice|cc=by4|url=https://peerj.com/articles/5934/|author(s)=}}</ref>

==Distribution==

''Mercurana'' is [[Endemism|endemic]] to India. The monotypic species ''Mercurana myristicapalustris'' has been documented only in the western foothills of the [[Agasthyamalai Hills|Agasthyamalai Hill Range]] in Kerala. The habitat preference is also strictly the low-elevation of swampy forest (100 to 300 m [[Above sea level|asl]]) dominated by ''Myristica'' trees.<ref name=robin/><ref name=amphibia/>

== See also ==
* ''[[Cirolana mercuryi]]''
* ''[[Heteragrion freddiemercuryi]]''
* [[List of organisms named after famous people (born 1925–1949)]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://ctdbase.org/detail.go?type=taxon&acc=1323773 Comparative Toxicogenomics Database]
*[https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/1323773 UniProt Taxonomy]
*[http://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.pm166/2 Advertisement call of ''Mercurana myristicapalustris'']
*[http://focusingonwildlife.com/news/two-new-frog-genera-discovered-in-indias-western-ghats-but-restricted-to-threatened-swamp-ecosystems/ Focussing on Wildlife]
*[http://www.indianaturewatch.net/view_cat.php?tag=Mercurana%20myristicapalustris Photograph of ''Mercurana myristicapalustris'']
*[http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/ViewGeneralLatestNews.aspx?Id=1484&Year=2013 Discovery news at ENVIS Centre, Kerala]

{{Freddie Mercury|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q13409361}}

[[Category:Rhacophoridae]]
[[Category:Monotypic amphibian genera]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Fauna of Kerala]]
[[Category:Freddie Mercury]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2013]]

Polavaram, Chittoor

2025-12-02T15:40:39Z

SureshAcharya: put up entry - done

{{Orphan|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Polavaram
| subdivision_name4 = Polavaram
| leader_title1 = Upa-Sarpanch
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| registration_plate = AP 03
| postal_code = 517124
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| leader_name = Nirmala Sirasanambati
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| governing_body = Polavaram [[Gram panchayat]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj]]
| seat = Panchayth Office
| subdivision_name3 = [[Puthalapattu]]
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Gram panchayat]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13.3704894|N|79.1381225|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_label = Polavaram
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| image_skyline = PolavaramChittoor.jpg
| leader_name1 = Dasaradharami Reddy S
}}

'''Polavaram''' is a village in [[Puthalapattu]] Mandal, [[Chittoor district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] state.

== Politics and government ==
Polavaram [[gram panchayat]] is the [[Local self-government in India|local self-government]] of the village. It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member.

As per the recent panchayat election results<ref>Andhra Pradesh [https://sec.ap.gov.in/Doc21/Ele_Relts21/CHITTOOR.pdf Panchayat Election Results]</ref> Smt. Nirmala Sirasanambati is the current sarpanch of the panchayat and Dasaradharami Reddy S is the upa-sarpanch of the panchayat.{{fact|date=June 2023}}

== Agriculture ==
The major crops in this village are Paddy, Sugarcane, Groundnuts, Mango etc., Majority of the land is utilized for agriculture in this village.{{fact|date=June 2023}}

== Education ==
As per the school information report for the academic year 2020–21, the village has one [[Mandal Parishad]] school and one [[Zilla Parishad High School|Zilla Parishad]] school.{{fact|date=June 2023}}

* MPP School, Polavaram
* [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Z.P.+High+School,+Polavaram/@13.3696952,79.1376309,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x3906b0925f8a7e70!8m2!3d13.3696886!4d79.137769 ZP High School, Polavaram]<ref>Information of [https://schools.org.in/chittoor/28235101106/zphs-polavaram.html Polavaram High School]</ref>

== Banks ==
[[Union Bank of India]] (earlier [[Andhra Bank]]) has a [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Andhra+Bank/@13.3708911,79.1381315,20z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb2a6eeb58cd17b:0x1774dcb52a8e4b1!8m2!3d13.3709911!4d79.1381827 branch in this village] with branch code '''809161''' and IFSC as '''UBIN0809161.'''<ref>Union Bank of India [https://eremit.unionbankofindia.co.in/livebranch/BranchList.aspx Branch Locator]</ref>

== Festivals ==
People in this village celebrate the below festivals.

# [[Makar Sankranti|Makara Sankranthi]] (aka [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]]) - 3/4 Days
# [[Ugadi]] - 1 Day
# [[Rama Navami|Sri Rama Navami]] - 1/2 Days
# [[Varalakshmi Vratam|Varalakshmi Vratham]] - 1 Day
# [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Vinayaka Chavithi]] (aka [[Ganesh Chaturthi]]) - 3 Days
# [[Vijayadashami|Vijaya Dasami]] (aka [[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]]) - 1 Day
# [[Diwali|Deepavali]] (aka [[Diwali]]) - 2 Days
# Karthika Pournami - 1 Day

== See also ==
* [[Kanipakam]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kaligiri+Sri+Venkateswara+Swamy+Temple/@13.333871,79.1215156,582m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb2a73845b7af8b:0x84ef5c58997adf1!8m2!3d13.3338793!4d79.1228292 Kalikiri Konda]
* [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Puligundu/@13.3417107,79.2010365,813m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb2a7d8fdc134f1:0xfe03caa2d4888f7!8m2!3d13.3417082!4d79.2031899 Puligundu]

[[Category:Villages in Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Gram panchayats in Andhra Pradesh|Polavaram]]

{{Chittoor-geo-stub}}

Ambassa

2025-12-01T06:24:03Z

SureshAcharya: basic rework intro per standard format and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{For|the plant genus|Ambassa (plant)}}
{{refimprove|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ambassa
| native_name = {{native_name|bn|Āmbāsā}}
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census town
| image_skyline = Ambassa railway station.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = A picture of [[Ambassa railway station]]
| pushpin_map = India Tripura#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tripura, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|55|10.8|N|91|50|42|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tripura]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dhalai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Ambassa Municipal Council
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title = [[Chairman]]
| leader_name = Smt. Mamata Das
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2015 (16407)
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kokborok language|Kokborok]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 799289
| registration_plate = TR-04
| website = {{URL|tripura.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ambassa''' is a [[census town]] located in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]] a Municipal Council in [[Dhalai]] district. Ambassa is also the headquarters of the [[Dhalai]] district.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]], Ambassa had a population of 6,052.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Males constituted 54% of the population and females 46%. Ambassa had an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; 60% of males and 40% of females were literate. 13% of the population were under 6 years of age.

==See also==
* [[List of cities and towns in Tripura]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dhalai district]]
[[Category:Dhalai district]]

{{Tripura-geo-stub}}

Harsh Vardhan

2025-11-25T13:04:58Z

SureshAcharya: Adding Initial Info From Scratch - done

{{Wikt|sa:हर्षवर्धन}}

'''Harsh Vardhan''' or '''Harshavardhan''' may refer to:

*[[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)]] (born 1954), Indian politician who served as Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare
*[[Harsh Vardhan (Uttar Pradesh politician)]] (1947–2016), Indian politician
*[[Harsh Goenka]] (also known as Harsh Vardhan Goenka, born 1957), Indian industrialist
*[[Harsh Vardhan Shringla]] (born 1962), Indian diplomat
*[[Harsha Vardhan]] (born 1974), Indian actor in Telugu films
*[[Harshabardhan]], a fictional Indian character created by Shibram Chakraborty
*Harshavardhan or [[Harsha]], 7th-century Indian emperor
*[[Harshvardhan Chunawala]], Indian cybersecurity researcher and technologist
*[[Harshvardhan Kapoor]] (born 1990), Indian actor in Hindi films
*[[Harshvardhan Rane]] (born 1983), Indian actor in Telugu and Hindi films

==See also==
*{{In title|Harshvardhan}}
*{{In title|Harshavardhan}}
*[[Harsha (disambiguation)]]
*[[Harsh (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation|hn=Vardhan, Harsh|given name}}
[[Category:Hindu given names]]
[[Category:Indian given names]]
[[Category:Telugu names]]
[[Category:Telugu given names]]

Tail Wani

2025-11-22T10:14:40Z

SureshAcharya:

{{Short description|Village in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tail Wani
| other_name = Tailwani
| native_name = Tail Weain
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type = [[List of villages in India|Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.7101|75.2399|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantnag district]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| area_total_ha = 244.4
| elevation_m = 1639
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 4840
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India |date=27 September 2020 |access-date=2 September 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019215035/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | publisher=[[Rising Kashmir]] | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=2 September 2022 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian standard time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 192201
| area_code_type = Census code
| area_code = 003676
| iso_code =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tail Wani''', commonly known as '''Tailweain''', is a village in Anantnag tehsils in [[Anantnag district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. ''Tail Wani'' village is located in [[Anantnag]] Tehsil of [[Anantnag district]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]. It is situated 17 km away from Anantnag.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Data India |journal=Data India |date=2000 |issue=1–16 |pages=86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vf1tAAAAMAAJ&q=%22TailWani%22+-wikipedia |publisher=Press Institute of India |location=New Delhi |language=en |access-date=2022-09-02 |archive-date=2022-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902092041/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Data_India/vf1tAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22TailWani%22+-wikipedia&dq=%22TailWani%22+-wikipedia&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], ''Tail Wani'' village has a total population of 4,840 people including 2,431 males and 2,409 females; and has a literacy rate of 52.44%.<ref name="handbook">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0114_PART_B_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |title=District Census Handbook Anantnag |work=[[Census of India 2011]] |pages=94 |access-date=2 September 2022 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054309/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0114_PART_B_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Jammu and Kashmir - District Anantnag - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6205/download/9282/DDW_PCA0114_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819112618/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6205/download/9282/DDW_PCA0114_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |archive-date=19 August 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Populations
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|Total Population
|4,840
|2,431
|2,409
|-
|Literate Population
|2,538
|1,446
|1,092
|-
|Illiterate Population
|2,302
|985
|1,317
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Villages in Anantnag district}}

[[Category:Villages in Anantnag district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Directional Infrared Counter Measures

2025-11-21T01:41:43Z

SureshAcharya: basic rework intro to improve readability and updated info

{{short description|System to protect aircraft from heat seeking portable missiles}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
[[File:C-17 missile countermeasures laser turret.jpg|thumb|Northrop Grumman AN/AAQ-24 DIRCM]]
'''Directional Infrared Counter Measures''' ('''DIRCM''') are a class of [[anti-missile]] systems produced to protect [[aircraft]] from [[infrared homing]] missiles, primarily [[Man-portable air-defense system|MANPADS]] and similar simple systems.

Earlier [[infrared countermeasures]] like [[flare]]s or hot block systems that produce random flashes of IR light are semi- or omnidirectional. This results in the missile seeker receiving relatively little IR energy due to the [[inverse square law]]. DIRCM systems instead aim their IR output directly at the missile using some source of tracking information and a trainable emitter. This allows a relatively small device to overwhelm the missile seeker by focusing all of its output on it.

Examples are produced by many aerospace companies, such as
[[Aselsan]], [[Leonardo S.p.A.]], [[Elbit Systems]], [[Northrop Grumman]], [[ITT Corporation]], and [[BAE Systems]]. A Russian example is the 101KS-O.

==Method of operation==

The systems use an effective method of jamming [[infrared homing|infrared missile]] seekers through the sensor aperture and can be placed in either active or standby mode. In the standby mode, the [[aircrew]] must select the active mode to begin jamming [[infrared]] (IR) threats. The pulsing flashes of IR energy confuse the missile guidance system, preventing the tracking of the target aircraft.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

== Systems ==

===AN/AAQ-24 Nemesis===
The AN/AAQ-24 system is a directional infrared countermeasure (DIRCM) system. It consists of a missile warning system ([[AN/AAR-54]]), an integration unit, a processor, and laser turrets (Small Laser Transmitter Assembly, SLTA). Early versions of this system used an [[arc lamp]] to generate the jammer [[signal]]. The newer versions of this system manufactured by [[Northrop Grumman]] use diode-based [[laser pumping]] systems known by the name GUARDIAN. These systems are intended for potential fitting to commercial carriers pending the completion of multiple tests on the viability of such options.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

The AN/AAQ-24 system is installed in the [[Northrop Grumman Guardian]] system marketed for commercial aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://investor.northropgrumman.com/news-releases/news-release-details/northrop-grumman-completes-design-commercial-aircraft-protection|title=Northrop Grumman Completes Design of Commercial Aircraft Protection System|website=Northrop Grumman|language=en|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref> The system will be installed by 2025<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://militaryleak.com/2019/01/05/northrop-grumman-receives-3-6-billion-contract-for-large-aircraft-infrared-countermeasure-systems/|title=Northrop Grumman receives $3.6 Billion contract for Large Aircraft Infrared Countermeasure systems|date=2019-01-05|website=MilitaryLeak|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref> on [[C-17 Globemaster III]], [[MC-130]], [[CV-22 Osprey]], and the [[CH-53E Super Stallion]]. In 2010, the US [[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] announced to [[United States Congress|Congress]] a possible sale to Canada of eight AN/AAQ-24(V) DIRCMs including equipment and services for a total value of up to US$72 million.<ref name=dcsa>{{Cite press release|url= https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/canada-anaaq-24v-directional-infrared-countermeasure-systems |title= Canada – AN/AAQ-24(V) Directional Infrared Countermeasure Systems |first1= Charles |last1= Taylor |first2= Paul |last2= Ebner |publisher=Defense Security Cooperation Agency |date= 15 September 2010 |access-date=2024-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328094741/https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/canada-anaaq-24v-directional-infrared-countermeasure-systems |archive-date=2021-03-28}}</ref> Other material and services would include publications and technical documentation, personnel training and training equipment, U.S. Government (USG) and contractor engineering, technical and logistics support services.<ref name=dcsa />

[[Large Aircraft Infrared Counter-Measure]] system (LAIRCM) was a [[US military|US Military]] requirement for protecting its large aircraft from infrared-guided missiles. The AN/AAQ-24 Nemesis system was produced to serve this requirement.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

LAIRCM-Lite is a C-17 program that uses a combination of laser jamming DIRCM and flares due to the limited availability of LAIRCM components.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

===101KS-O===
The 101KS-O is a DIRCM system mounted on the [[Sukhoi Su-57]] fighter jet. It has sensors that are placed in turrets, which are mounted on two points: the dorsal spine and the forward fuselage under the cockpit. It uses [[Modulation|modulated]] laser-based countermeasures to confuse or destroy incoming missiles' tracking mechanisms.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://globaldefencewatch.com/sukhoi-57s-targetting-pod-101ks-n-spotted/ |title=Sukhoi-57's Targetting Pod 101KS-N Spotted |website=Global Defence Watch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203163824/https://globaldefencewatch.com/sukhoi-57s-targetting-pod-101ks-n-spotted/ |archive-date=3 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The 101KS-O is the first DIRCM that is deployed on any fighter aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rogoway |first1=Tyler |title=No, The Su-57 Isn't 'Junk:' Six Features We like on Russia's New Fighter |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/20434/no-the-su-57-isnt-junk-six-features-we-like-on-russias-new-fighter |website=The Drive |date=30 April 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|United States|Electronics|Aviation}}
* {{annotated link|AN/ALQ-144}}
* {{annotated link|YILDIRIM 100}}
* {{annotated link|Civil Aircraft Missile Protection System}}
* {{annotated link|Common Infrared Countermeasures program}}
* {{annotated link|Flight Guard}}
* {{annotated link|Missile approach warning system}}
* [[List of military electronics of the United States]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|AN/AAQ-24}}
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/systems/an-aaq-24.htm Global Security – AN/AAQ-24]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100623063857/http://es.itt.com/microsite/2/index.html ITT – Infrared Countermeasures (IRCM)]

{{Electronic warfare navbox}}

[[Category:Infrared imaging]]
[[Category:Missile countermeasures]]
[[Category:Military electronics of the United States]]
[[Category:Northrop Grumman]]
[[Category:Electronic countermeasures]]
[[Category:Electronic warfare]]

Solanum incanum

2025-11-20T18:08:39Z

SureshAcharya: rework layout further and added references

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{For|the taxon described by Kit.|Solanum villosum}}
{{Redirect|Bitterball|the Dutch food|Bitterballen}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Solanum_incanum_(DITSL).JPG
| image_caption =
| parent = Solanum sect. Melongena
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Solanum incanum
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | accessdate=12 January 2010}}</ref>
| synonyms =
{{Species list
|Solanum coagulans var. griseum|Dunal
|Solanum floccosistellatum|Bitter
|Solanum hierochuntinum|Dunal
|Solanum hierochuntinum var. lanuginosum|Dunal
|Solanum incanum var. brevitomentosum|Bitter
|Solanum incanum subsp. horridescens|Bitter
|Solanum incanum var. integrascens|Bitter
|Solanum incanum var. kavirondoense|Bitter
|Solanum incanum var. pluribaccatum|Bitter
|Solanum incanum subsp. schoanum|Bitter
|Solanum incanum var. unguiculatum|(A.Rich.) Abedin, Al-Yahya, Chaudhary & J.S.Mossa
|Solanum sanctum|L., nom. superfl.
|Solanum undulatum|Poir.
|Solanum unguiculatum|A.Rich.
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO_819567-1>{{Cite POWO|title=''Solanum incanum'' L..|id=819567-1|access-date=2024-01-05|mode=cs1}}</ref>
}}

'''''Solanum incanum''''' is a species of [[Solanum|nightshade]], a [[flowering plant]] in the family Solanaceae. It is native to [[East Africa]], [[West Africa]], the [[Middle East]], and eastwards to India. The species was introduced to Taiwan and Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Solanum incanum L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:819567-1|access-date=2021-09-20|website=Plants of the World Online|language=en}}</ref>

Common names include '''thorn apple''', '''bitter apple''',<ref name="GRIN" /> '''bitterball'''<ref>{{cite book|title=Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UotAQAAMAAJ|date=January 1990|page=57}}</ref> and '''bitter tomato'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dr.Thimmaiah|title=Bitter Tomato : A Potential Underutilized Crop|url=https://www.regenerative-agriculture.net/2012/08/bitter-tomato-potential-underutilized.html|access-date=2021-05-27|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Solanum incanum (grey bitter-apple)|url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/50524|access-date=2021-05-27|website=www.cabi.org}}</ref> It may be confused with the similar ''[[Solanum linnaeanum|S. linnaeanum]]'' where their ranges overlap in Africa. In ancient India, ''Solanum incanum'' was domesticated into the [[eggplant]], ''Solanum melongena''.<ref name="Tsaoand">Tsao and Lo in "Vegetables: Types and Biology". ''Handbook of Food Science, Technology, and Engineering'' by Yiu H. Hui (2006). CRC Press. {{ISBN|1-57444-551-0}}.</ref><ref name="Doijode">Doijode, S. D. (2001). ''Seed storage of horticultural crops'' (pp 157). Haworth Press: {{ISBN|1-56022-901-2}}</ref><ref>[http://www.genetics.org/content/161/4/1697.full Ancestor of brinjal Solanum incanum]</ref>

==Gallery==

<gallery>
File:Solanum incanum 002.JPG
File:Solanum incanum 0.JPG
File:Solanum incanum 001.JPG
File:Solanum incanum 1.JPG
File:Solanum incanum 003.JPG
File:Solanum_incanum_(DITSL).JPG
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Solanum incanum|''Solanum incanum''}}
{{Wikispecies-inline|Solanum incanum}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/solanaceaesource/taxonomy/description-detail.jsp?spnumber=3045 |title=''Solanum incanum'' L., Sp. Pl. 188. 1753 |work=Solanaceae Source |publisher=Natural History Museum }}
*[http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Solanum%20incanum_EN.htm ''Solanum incanum'' L., Prota database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213103621/http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Solanum%20incanum_EN.htm |date=2015-02-13 }}
{{WestAfricanPlants|Solanum incanum}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q311420}}

[[Category:Solanum|incanum]]
[[Category:Desert fruits]]
[[Category:Flora of Western Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Chad]]
[[Category:Flora of Egypt]]
[[Category:Flora of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Flora of Iran]]
[[Category:Flora of Mali]]
[[Category:Flora of Somalia]]
[[Category:Flora of Syria]]
[[Category:Flora of Sudan]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
{{Solanales-stub}}

Tigri, Delhi

2025-10-09T05:01:53Z

SureshAcharya: creating some details w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{for|the disputed area between Guyana and Suriname|Tigri Area}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tigri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|30|N|77|14.21|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Delhi|South]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 44895
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]],
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 244235
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Tigri''' is a [[census town]], near [[Khanpur, Delhi|Khanpur]] in [[South Delhi|South district]] in the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rana |first1=Naveen |title=Tigri New Delhi India|url=https://www.naveenrana.com/p/tigri-new-delhi-india.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127033443/https://www.naveenrana.com/p/tigri-new-delhi-india.html |archive-date=2020-11-27 |access-date=2020-11-19 |website=Naveen Rana|language=en}}</ref>

In 2012 [[Arvind Kejriwal|Arwind Kejriwal]] Launched a 'Bijli-Paani [[Satyagraha]]' (protest against the tariff hike of electricity and water), [[Arvind Kejriwal|Kejriwal]]-led India Against Corruption (IAC) 'restored' power supply to a laborer's house in south Delhi's Tigri.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rana |first1=Naveen |title=Tigri New Delhi India|url=https://www.naveenrana.com/p/tigri-new-delhi-india.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127033443/https://www.naveenrana.com/p/tigri-new-delhi-india.html |archive-date=2020-11-27 |website=Naveen Rana|language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==
At the 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|website=Census Commission of India}}</ref> Tigri had a population of 44,895. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Tigri has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 70%, and female literacy is 51%. In Tigri, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category: Cities and towns in South Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-geo-stub}}

Sukhdev Singh

2025-09-23T08:08:46Z

SureshAcharya: creating first bio needs work

'''Sukhdev Singh''' may refer to:
*[[Sukhdev Singh Kang]] (1931–2012), former Kerala Governor and judge
*[[Sukhdev Singh Libra]] (born 1932), Indian Member of Parliament
*[[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]] (born 1936), former Indian Minister
*[[Sukhdev Singh Babbar]] (1955–1992), co-founder of Babbar Khalsa
*[[Sukhdev Singh Sukha]] (1962–1992), Khalistan Commando Force member
*[[Sukhdev Singh (footballer)]] (born 1991)

==See also==
*[[Sukhdevsinhji]] (born 1936), businessman and first-class cricketer

{{disambiguation}}

K. M. George, Kayalakakam

2025-09-05T17:15:23Z

SureshAcharya: Adding First Details Initial Version - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2009}}

{{Indian name|George|Kayalakakam Mathai}}'''Kayalakakam Mathai George''' (1922–2000) was the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of [[Palai Central Bank]] one of the leading Banks in [[Kerala]], [[India]] in the middle of twentieth century.

He was born on 12 October 1922. He had his schooling in St Thomas School, [[Palai]] and graduated from [[Loyola College, Chennai]]. He took his MA and LLB degrees from [[Bombay University]]. He became the first MBA degree holder of [[Kerala]] when he took the degree from [[List of New York University alumni|New York University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://w4.stern.nyu.edu/alumni/networking.cfm?doc_id=2790 |title=Alumni | Alumni Directory and Networking |access-date=16 December 2009 |archive-date=21 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621120939/http://w4.stern.nyu.edu/alumni/networking.cfm?doc_id=2790 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
in 1948. He worked in [[Palai Central Bank]], [[Palai]] during 1949-60, initially as an Executive, and later as Secretary and Chief Executive Officer. At the age of 34, he was the youngest CEO of a [[scheduled bank]] in [[India]]. During his tenure, the bank's business increased by more than 300% from since the time of his joining. He was the President of the [[Travancore-Cochin]] Bankers’ Association. He was also one of the founder partners in 1946 of "Kayalackakom Company" [[Cochin]], the first stock & share brokers' firm of [[Kerala]]. He moved to [[Trivandrum]] in 1972 and was engaged in the development of plantation and industrial ventures including the Premier-Morarji Chemical Co Ltd, [[Alappuzha]]. He also regularly contributed articles to financial dailies and journals. He retired from active work in 1990 and died on 25 September 2000.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:George, Kayalakakam M.}}
[[Category:People from Pala, Kerala]]
[[Category:New York University Stern School of Business alumni]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]

No. 181 Flight, IAF

2025-08-27T21:57:04Z

SureshAcharya: put up article - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = No. 181 Flight
| image =
| caption =
| dates = 5 August 1978{{ndash}}present
| country = India
| allegiance =
| branch =
| type =
| role = [[Airborne early warning and control]]
| size =
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[Hindan Air Force Station|Hindon AFS]], [[Delhi]]
| garrison_label =
| nickname = "Hawks"
| patron =
| motto = ''Sadaiva Satark'' Ever Vigilant
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| disbanded = 
| commander1 =
| commander1_label =
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
| notable_commanders = 
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label = 
| aircraft_attack =
| aircraft_bomber =
| aircraft_electronic = [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748|Hawker Siddeley 748-R]] [[Boeing 737-200|Boeing 737 SIGNIT]]
| aircraft_fighter =
| aircraft_recon =
| aircraft_trainer =
| aircraft_transport =
}}

'''No. 181 Flight''' is a unit of the [[Indian Air Force]] assigned to [[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]]. The squadron participates in electronic intelligence, reconnaissance, [[Airborne early warning and control]] operations.<ref name=BRakshak>{{cite web|title=No.181 Flight, IAF|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/181+Flt|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>

==History==
181 Flight was initially formed as 171 Flight at [[Palam Air Force Station|Palam]] with two [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748|Hawker Siddeley 748-R]] aircraft.<ref name=BRakshak/>

==Aircraft==
*[[Hawker Siddeley HS 748|Hawker Siddeley 748-R]]
*[[Boeing 737-200]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/india/india-air-force|title=Indian Air Force|publisher=Orbats|access-date=23 November 2023}}</ref><ref name=BRakshak/><ref>{{Cite news|title=Story of Boeing 737, Indian Air Force’s 51-year-old operational aircraft |url=https://zeenews.india.com/aviation/story-of-boeing-737-indian-air-force-s-51-year-old-operational-aircraft-2433392.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons|181]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1978]]
{{improve categories|date=December 2023}}

156 Light AD Missile Regiment (Self propelled)

2025-08-23T08:48:54Z

SureshAcharya: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=156 Light Air Defence Missile Regiment (Self Propelled)
|image=
|caption=
|dates= 1982 – present
|country={{flag icon|India}} [[India]]
|allegiance=India
|branch= [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]
|type= [[Corps of Army Air Defence]]
|role=
|size= Regiment
|command_structure=
|equipment=[[9K35 Strela-10|Strela-10M]]

|Past Commanders=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|notable_commanders=

|identification_symbol=156 Lt AD Msl Regt (SP)
|identification_symbol_label=Abbreviation

|nickname= “The Only Ones”
|patron=
|motto= Nulli Secundus (Latin for "Second to None")
|colors= Sky Blue and Red
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
}}

'''156 Light Air Defence Missile Regiment (Self Propelled)''' is an [[Corps of Army Air Defence|Air Defence]] regiment of the [[Indian Army]].
== Formation ==
The regiment was raised at [[Kamptee]] on 01 May 1982 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel (later Brigadier) SS Gyani. At the time of its formation, the Regiment was equipped with [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/70|40 mm L/70]] guns.<ref name="156APOCover">{{cite web|url= https://www.philamart.com/Listing/Details/2998169/156-Light-Air-Defence-Missile-Regiment-self-PropelledIndian-APO|title=156 AD-Silver Jubilee Indian Army Postal Cover|date=2007-05-01|accessdate=2021-05-14}}</ref>
== History ==
The regiment was initially placed under 97 (Independent) Artillery Brigade of [[Southern Command (India)| Southern Command]]. Between 1983 and 1987, the unit was part of the 611 (Independent) Air Defence Brigade.<ref name="156APOCover"/>

The unit moved to [[Delhi Cantonment]] in 1987 and came under the 627 (Independent) Mechanised Air Defence Brigade, where it was re-organised into a Light Air Defence Missile Regiment (Self Propelled) in 1989 and equipped with the [[9K35 Strela-10|Strela-10M]] weapon system. The unit thus assumed the role of a frontline fighting unit, providing intimate air defence to mechanised forces. The unit became part of 16 (Independent) Armoured Brigade in 1994 and 769 (Independent) Air Defence Brigade in 2001.<ref name="156APOCover"/>
==Operations==
The regiment has taken part in the following operations-<ref name="156APOCover"/>
*[[Operation Brasstacks|Operation Trident]]: It took part between January and March 1987, while part of 611 (Independent) Air Defence Brigade.
*[[Kargil War|Operation Vijay]]: The regiment was deployed along with various combat groups of the 16 (Independent) Armoured Brigade.
*[[2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff|Operation Parakram]]: Between December 2001 to December 2002.
*[[Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir]]: Personnel from the unit have been deployed in counter insurgency operation in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] at various times as part of [[Rashtriya Rifles]] battalions.
==Honours and awards==
*[[Shaurya Chakra]] – Gnr (DMT) Suresh Chand<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000815/main6.htm|title=139 to get gallantry awards|date=2000-08-15|access-date=2021-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/389|title=Gnr Suresh Chand|date=|access-date=2021-05-16}}</ref>
*[[Sena Medal]] – Lieutenant Colonel Surendra Kumar (twice)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=43Xfpg54FFy8k3TQGVbLoQ==&ParentID=2OukO9gAC0LjMIYAhfy4Rw==|title=Army Air Defence Honours And Awards|date=|access-date=2021-05-16}}</ref>
*5 [[Commendation Cards (Indian Army)|COAS Commendation Cards]], 1 DG NSG Commendation Card, 6 GOC-in-C Commendation Cards.<ref name="156APOCover"/><ref>{{cite web|url= https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2025/aug/doc2025814609101.pdf|title=List of personnel being conferred with COAS Commendation Card on the occasion of Independence Day 2025 (Op Sindoor)|date=2025-08-14|access-date=2025-08-22}}</ref>
*The Regiment participated with its Strela missiles in the [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]] in 1990,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwjLzbr0Dxk|title=Republic Day parade 1990|date=|access-date=2021-05-16}}</ref> and with the Tactical Control Radar Reporter in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3e9STxicr4s|title=Republic Day parade 2011|date=|access-date=2021-05-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1982]]
[[Category:Air defence regiments of the Indian Army]]

Mullaithottam metro station

2025-07-23T08:30:31Z

SureshAcharya: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Yellow Line (Chennai Metro)#Stations]]

{{r to list entry}}

Girindra Mallik

2025-07-11T15:19:15Z

SureshAcharya:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Girindra Mallik
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|1 May 1939}}
| parents = Sukhlal Mallik (father) Saudamini Mallik (mother)
| office = Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Border Areas, Jails, Mines and Minerals, [[Government of Assam]]
| term_start = 26 January 2015
| term_end = 24 May 2016
| 1namedata = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| 1blankname = [[List of Chief Ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]]
| predecessor = Tarun Gogoi {{small|(Border Areas)}} [[Akon Bora]] {{small|(Jails)}} [[Khorsing Engti]] {{small|(Mines and Minerals)}}
| successor = [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] {{small|(Border Areas, Jails)}} [[Pramila Rani Brahma]] {{small|(Mines and Minerals)}}

| office1 = [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member of Assam Legislative Assembly]] for [[Dholai Assembly constituency|Dholai]]
| term_start1 = 1996
| term_end1 = 2001
| predecessor1 = [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
| successor1 = Parimal Suklabaidya
| term_start2 = 13 May 2011
| term_end2 = 19 May 2016
| predecessor2 = Parimal Suklabaidya
| successor2 = Parimal Suklabaidya
| spouse = {{marriage|Nillima Mallik |6 June 1963|}}
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Girindra Mallik''' (born 1 May 1939) is a former member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] and represented the [[Dholai Assembly constituency|Dholai constituency]] on two separate occasions. He was first elected to the legislative assembly in 1996 defeating [[Parimal Suklabaidya]] but was defeated in the [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001 Assam Legislative election]] by Suklaibaidya. He was re-elected from the same constituency for a second term in [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]], defeating Suklabaidya.

He was inducted into the [[Third Tarun Gogoi ministry|council of ministers]] of Chief Minister [[Tarun Gogoi]] as the Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Border Areas, Jails, and Mines and Minerals in January 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-23 |title=Tarun Gogoi reshuffles Assam ministry, 11 cabinet ministers join |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/tarun-gogoi-reshuffles-assam-ministry-11-cabinet-ministers-join-2061027.html |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> He contested the [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016 elections]] from the same constituency but was defeated by Parimal Suklabaidya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dholai Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/dholai-assam-assembly-constituency |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mallik, Girindra}}
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

List of Pala emperors

2025-06-27T14:14:36Z

SureshAcharya: new

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox former monarchy
| border = imperial
| royal_title = [[Emperor of Pala Empire]] 
{{small|Gaudeswar}}
| realm = {{small|Pala Empire}}
| coatofarms = {{box|type=transparent|padding=0px|[[File:Royal Seal above the Copper plate inscription of Mahendra Pala- State Archaeological Museum in West Bengal- 1, Satyen Roy Rd, Auddy Bagan Basti, Behala, Kolkata, West Bengal 700034- First Floor- Nandadirghi Vihara, Jagjivanpur Gallery.jpg|300px]]}}
| coatofarmscaption = [[Mahendrapala|'''Imperial seal''' (845–860 CE)]]
| first_monarch = [[Gopala I]]
| last_monarch = [[Govindapala]]
| style = [[His Imperial Majesty]]
| residence ={{plainlist|
* [[Varendra]]
* [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]]
* [[Monghyr]]
}}
| appointer = [[Line of hereditary succession|Hereditary]]
| began = [[Gopala I|750 CE]] ({{age|750}} years ago)
| ended = 1161 CE ({{age|1161}} years ago)
}}
The Pala dynasty ({{langx|sa|पाल राजवंश}} [[IAST]]: {{IAST|Pāla rājavaṅśa)}} was a [[Middle kingdoms of India|Medieval Indian Buddhist Dynasty]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keay |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/mode/1up?q=%22Indian+dynasty%22 |title=India : a history |date=2000 |publisher=New York : Atlantic Monthly Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-87113-800-2 |pages=193}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Art |first=University of Iowa Museum of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm_sAAAAMAAJ |title=Pala Art: Buddhist and Hindu Sculpture from Eastern India, Ca. 800-1200 A. D. |date=1969 |publisher=The Museum |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> founded by [[Gopala I]] that ruled the [[Pala Empire]] of Bengal which lasted from 750 CE to 1161 CE. The Pala Emperors assumed the title Gaudeswar which is known from their inscriptions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvggAAAAMAAJ |title=Readings in Political History of India, Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern |date=1976 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |pages=177 |language=en}}</ref>

==List of Pala Emperors==
Earlier historians like [[R. D. Banerji|R.D. Banerji]], B.C. Sen, [[R. C. Majumdar|R.C. Majumdar]], Atul Roy, [[Niharranjan Ray|Niharranjan Roy]], [[Dineshchandra Sircar|D.C. Sicar]] and others were unaware about the existence of some Pala Emperors because inscriptions of those kings were undiscovered. G. Laha (2017) has reconstructed the chronology and genealogy of the Pala Emperors based on ''latest inscriptional discoveries'' and ''comparative studies of the predecessors'':<ref name=":1" />

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! width="150" | Titular Name
! width="250" | Titles
! width="250" | Reign<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Laha |first=Gopal |date=2017 |title=Revised Genealogy, Chronology & Regnal Years of the Kings of the Pala Dynasty in the Light of the Latest Discoveries, Decipherment and Presentation (750-1200 A.d) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26906092 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=78 |pages=253–259 |jstor=26906092 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>
! width="100" | Regnal year
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Gopala I]]'''
| style="text-align:center;|''Maharajadhiraja''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC&dq=%22Paramabhattaraka%22+%22dharmapala%22&pg=PA183 |title=Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450-1200 A.D. |date=1977 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |pages=183 |language=en |quote=While Gopala was Mahārājādhirāja, Dharmapala was the first Pāla king who assumed full imperial titles-Mahārājādhi-rāja, Parameśvara, Paramabhattāraka.}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|c. 750–768 CE
| style="text-align:center;"|18
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Dharmapala of Bengal|'''Dharmapala''']]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sriman''<ref name=":0" /> ''Paramesvara'' ''Paramabhattaraka'' ''Maharajadhiraja''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Others |first=Muzaffar H. Syed & |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy5gEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Paramabhattaraka%22+%22dharmapala%22&pg=PA285 |title=History of Indian Nation : Ancient India |date=2022-02-20 |publisher=K.K. Publications |pages=285 |language=en |quote=The new imperial status attained by Bengal is reflected in the records of Dharmapala. He assumed full imperial titles Paramesvara, Paramabhattaraka, Maharajadhiraja.}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|c. 768–800 CE
| style="text-align:center;"|32
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Devapala of Bengal|'''Devapala''']]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sriman''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Tandon |first=Pankaj |date=2006 |title=A Gold Coin of the Pāla king Dharmapāla |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42666418 |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |volume=166 |pages=333 |jstor=42666418 |issn=0078-2696}}</ref> ''Paramasaugata'' ''Paramesvara'' ''Paramabhattaraka'' ''Maharajadhiraja''
| style="text-align:center;"|c. 800–839 CE
| style="text-align:center;"|39
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Mahendrapala]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Paramasaugata'' ''Paramesvara'' ''Paramabhattaraka'' ''Maharajadhiraja''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pramanik |first=Sufal Chandra |date=2000 |title=Excavation at Jagjivanpur Malda, West Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144439 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=61 |pages=1268 |jstor=44144439 |issn=2249-1937 |quote=He is described as meditating on the feet of his father Devapala. Both the father and son have the same epithets. viz. Paramasaugata, Paramesvara, Paramabhattaraka and Maharajadhiraja.}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|c. 839–854 CE
| style="text-align:center;"|15
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Shurapala I]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Gaudeswar''
| style="text-align:center;"|c. 854–866 CE
| style="text-align:center;"|12
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Gopala II]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Gaudeswar''
| style="text-align:center;"|c. 866–870 CE
| style="text-align:center;"|4
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Vigrahapala I]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Gaudeswar''
| style="text-align:center;"|c. 870–871 CE
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Narayanapala]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Gaudeswar''
| style="text-align:center;"|c. 871–925 CE
| style="text-align:center;"|54
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Rajyapala]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Gaudeswar''
| style="text-align:center;"|c. 925–962 CE
| style="text-align:center;"|37
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Gopala III]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Gaudeswar''
| style="text-align:center;"|c. 962–973 CE
| style="text-align:center;"|11
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Vigrahapala II]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Gaudeswar''
| style="text-align:center;"|c. 973–978 CE
| style="text-align:center;"|5
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Mahipala|'''Mahipala I''']]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sriman'' ''Paramasaugata'' ''Paramesvara'' ''Paramabhattaraka'' ''Maharajadhiraja'' ''Pravardhamana''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Nagendra Kr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4MkAQAAIAAJ |title=International encyclopaedia of Buddhism. 41. Japan |date=1997 |publisher=Anmol Publ. |isbn=978-81-7488-156-4 |pages=1377 |language=en}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|c. 978–1026 CE
| style="text-align:center;"|48
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Nayapala]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Gaudeswar''
| style="text-align:center;"|c. 1026–1041 CE
| style="text-align:center;"|15
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Vigrahapala III]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Gaudeswar''
| style="text-align:center;"|c. 1041–1067 CE
| style="text-align:center;"|26
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Mahipala II]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Gaudeswar''
| style="text-align:center;"|c. 1067–1068 CE
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Shurapala II]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Gaudeswar''
| style="text-align:center;"|c. 1068–1069 CE
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Ramapala]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Gaudeswar''
| style="text-align:center;"|c. 1069–1122 CE
| style="text-align:center;"|53
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Kumarapala (Pala king)|'''Kumarapala''']]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Gaudeswar''
| style="text-align:center;"|c. 1122–1124 CE
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Gopala IV]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Gaudeswar''
| style="text-align:center;"|c. 1124–1139 CE
| style="text-align:center;"|15
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Madanapala (Pala dynasty)|'''Madanapala''']]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Gaudeswar''
| style="text-align:center;"|c. 1139–1161 CE
| style="text-align:center;"|22
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Govindapala]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|''Gaudeswar''
| style="text-align:center;"|c. 1161–1165 CE
| style="text-align:center;"|4
|-
| style="background-color:#DAF2CE; text-align:center;"|'''Palapala''' (Disputed king)
| style="background-color:#DAF2CE; text-align:center;"|''Gaudeswar''
| style="background-color:#DAF2CE; text-align:center;"|c. 1165–1200 CE
| style="background-color:#DAF2CE; text-align:center;"|35
|}

== Family tree ==

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=yes|Pala dynasty}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Gopala I]]''' (1) r. {{circa}} 8th Century|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Dharmapala (emperor)|Dharmapala]]''' (2) r. {{circa}} 8th–9th Century|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02=Vakapala}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Devapala (Pala dynasty)|Devapala]]''' (3) r. {{circa}} 9th Century|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02=Jayapala}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Mahendrapala]]''' (4) r. {{circa}} 839–854|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Shurapala I]]''' (5) r. {{circa}} 854–866|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03='''[[Vigrahapala I]]''' (7) r. {{circa}} 870–871|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Gopala II]]''' (6) r. {{circa}} 866–870|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Narayanapala]]''' (8) r. {{circa}} 871–925|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Rajyapala]]''' (9) r. {{circa}} 925–962|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Gopala III]]''' (10) r. {{circa}} 962–973|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Vigrahapala II]]''' (11) r. {{circa}} 973–978|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Mahipala]]''' (12) r. {{circa}} 978–1026|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Nayapala]]''' (13) r. {{circa}} 1026–1041|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Vigrahapala III]]''' (14) r. {{circa}} 1041–1067|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | |A03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Mahipala II]]''' (15) r. {{circa}} 1067-1068|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Shurapala II]]''' (16) r. {{circa}} 1068–1069|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03='''[[Ramapala]]''' (17) r. {{circa}} 1069–1122|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Kumarapala (Pala king)|Kumarapala]]''' (18) r. {{circa}} 1122–1124|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Madanapala (Pala dynasty)|Madanapala]]''' (20) r. {{circa}} 1139–1161|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | |A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Gopala IV]]''' (19) r. {{circa}} 1124-1139|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Govindapala]]''' (21) r. {{circa}} 1161-1165|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Pala emperors| ]]
[[Category:People from the Pala Empire]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian monarchs|Pala]]