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Gandabherunda

2026-05-31T12:26:38Z

Suresh330: further improved structure for accuracy and corrected details

{{Short description|Two-headed bird form of Hindu god Vishnu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Relief of Gandaberunda bird (two headed) in the Rameshwara temple at Keladi.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 = Gandabherunda as a roof statue, Rameshvara temple, [[Keladi]]
| caption1 = Gandabherunda as a roof statue, Rameshvara temple, [[Keladi]]
| image2 = GANDA-BHERUNDA.jpg
| width2 = 170
| alt2 = Gandabherunda in a decorative painting, [[Brihadeeswara Temple|Brihadishvara Temple]], [[Thanjavur]]
| caption2 = Gandabherunda in a decorative painting, [[Brihadeeswara Temple|Brihadishvara Temple]], [[Thanjavur]]
| footer = Left: Gandabherunda in a roof statue, Rameshvara temple, [[Keladi]]. Right: Gandabherunda in a decorative painting, [[Brihadeeswara Temple|Brihadishvara Temple]], [[Thanjavur]].
}}

'''Gandabherunda''' ({{IAST3|Gaṇḍabheruṇḍa}}) is a form of [[Vishnu]] in [[Hindu mythology]]. According to legend, [[Narasimha]], an [[avatar]] of Vishnu, assumes this form of a [[double-headed eagle]] to subdue [[Sharabha]], a form of [[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Aiyangar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oym17qIeB-0C&pg=PA252 |title=Essays on Indo - Aryan Mythology - Vol. 1 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0140-6 |pages=252 |language=en}}</ref> Gandabherunda is worshipped along with his consort [[Pratyangira|Narasimhi]], a fierce form of [[Lakshmi]], also revered as Simhamukhi Lakshmi.

==Depiction==
The two headed eagle is holding two [[elephants]] in his [[claw]]s and [[beak]]s, revealing his enormous powers. In a coin found in [[Madurai]], he is holding a [[snake]] in his beak.<ref>Ganesha Coins of Tamilnadu, 13.48</ref> All 2-dimensional depictions show a symmetrical image in which he is a [[double-headed eagle]] while other images show his long tail [[feathers]] like a [[peafowl]]. In the [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur|Chennakeshava Temple]], [[Bēlūru|Beluru]], [[Karnataka]], Gandabherunda as a two headed eagle is carved in a scene of chain of destruction, which results in the destruction of the universe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=kamat.com |first=kamat.com |date=2 February 2014 |title=Kamat's Potpourri: Amma's Column - Gandabherunda-The Two Headed Eagle |url=http://www.kamat.com/jyotsna/blog/blog.php?BlogID=1149 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202000034/http://www.kamat.com/jyotsna/blog/blog.php?BlogID=1149 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=kamat.com}}</ref> Gandabherunda is a form of [[Narasimha]], the fourth incarnation of [[Vishnu]] in the [[Dashavatara]] of [[Vishnu]] and he disemboweled and killed both [[Sharabha]] and [[Hiranyakashipu]] at the same time. He is present in many Hindu scriptures.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVJRAAAAYAAJ&q=gandabherunda+purana |title=The Vedanta Kesari |date=February 1967 |publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math. |language=en}}</ref>

== Legend ==
After [[Narasimha]] disemboweled and killed the asura king [[Hiranyakashipu]], he burned and killed all other asuras and won over them. In the original story of this incident, the asura king Hiranyakashipu and the asura queen Kayudhu's son [[Prahlada]] prayed to him along with the devas and devis and celebrated him, after which Narasimha went to [[Vaikuntha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kaivalya |first1=Alanna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbAeEAAAQBAJ&dq=narasimha+prahlad&pg=PT127 |title=Myths of the Asanas: The Stories at the Heart of the Yoga Tradition |last2=Kooij |first2=Arjuna van der |date=8 September 2020 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-68383-848-7 |language=en}}</ref> However [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] and [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] scriptures tell a story, one that includes [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]]. In this story, the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] and [[devi]]s, thinking that Narasimha would destroy the universe in his fury when fighting with Hiranyakashipu, approached the gods Vishnu and Shiva for help. In order to protect the universe, Shiva took his [[Virabhadra]] form to tell Narasimha to go away, but Narasimha stopped and drove Virabhadra away. Vishnu took the form of Gandabherunda as an alternative form of Narasimha, a two-headed eagle animal, and Shiva took the form of [[Sharabha]], a part-lion and part-eagle animal. Narasimha as Gandabherunda with Sharabha and Hiranyakashipu fought an 18-day battle. On the 18th day, Narasimha as Gandabherunda disemboweled and killed both Sharabha and Hiranyakashipu at the same time. Sharabha then told to Narasimha as Gandabherunda to leave him to go away, after which Narasimha as Gandabherunda became calm. As a mark of respect, Sharabha removed the skin of his body and gave it to Narasimha as Gandabherunda and Narasimha as Gandabherunda wore it as a hide and gave the hide to Sharabha, who attached the hide to his body and grew it as his skin back fully. The universe now being peaceful and intact, Gandabherunda as Narasimha and Sharabha took their true forms of Vishnu and Shiva and went to their respective heavens of Vaikuntha and [[Mount Kailash|Kailasha]] respectively.

== Usage ==
Gandabherunda is the emblem of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] of [[Wadiyar dynasty|Wadiyar rulers]], and after India was united, it was kept by [[Mysore State]] as its emblem. The Mysore State was enlarged in 1956 CE and renamed as [[Karnataka]] in 1973 CE, and Gandabherunda is the official state emblem of [[Karnataka]]. It is used as official [[emblem]] of [[Government of Karnataka]]. It is a [[statue]] [[motif (visual arts)|motif]] in [[Hindu]] temples.<ref>{{cite web |last=kamat.com |first=kamat.com |date=12 April 2007 |title=Mystical Bird Gandabherunda |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/prani/ganda.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415045013/http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/prani/ganda.htm |archive-date=15 April 2007 |accessdate=12 April 2007 |website=kamat.com}}</ref>

A statue showing Gandabherunda is found on the roof of the Rameshvara temple in the temple town of [[Keladi]] in [[Shimoga District]], the capital of the [[Nayakas of Keladi|Keladi Nayakas]]. Gandabherunda is used by the Wadiyar rulers of [[Mysore]] as a royal emblem. [[Government of Karnataka]] has Gandabherunda as a state symbol and is found on bus terminals and tickets issued by [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]]. Gold Coins from the reign of [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] is the first to use Gandabherunda on coins.<ref>{{Cite web |last=coinindia.com |first=coinindia.com |date=2 May 2017 |title=The Coinindia Coin Galleries: Vijayanagara |url=http://coinindia.com/galleries-vijayanagar2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502100819/http://coinindia.com/galleries-vijayanagar2.html |archive-date=2 May 2017 |access-date=23 January 2020 |website=coinindia.com}}</ref> The crests of the [[Indian Navy]] ships named INS Mysore - {{ship|INS|Mysore|C60}} and {{ship|INS|Mysore|D60}} depicts Gandabherunda. Indian navy's "stitched sail" ship [[INSV Kaundinya]]'s sails also depict the motif.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indian Navy |first=Indian Navy |title=TRADITIONALLY BUILT ‘ANCIENT STITCHED SHIP’ INDUCTED INTO THE INDIAN NAVY AS INSV KAUNDINYA |url=https://indiannavy.gov.in/content/traditionally-built-ancient-stitched-ship-inducted-indian-navy-insv-kaundinya |website=Indian Navy}}</ref>

The Gandaberunda is very similar in design to the double-headed eagle used in Western heraldry, used as a symbol by Albania, Serbia, Montenegro and Russia in their respective coats of arms, and as an emblem by a number of Orthodox Christian churches, including the Greek Orthodox Church and the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania.

<gallery>
File:GBerunda.JPG|Gandabherunda as emblem on [[Mysore Palace]].
File:Seal of Karnataka.svg|Gandabherunda as emblem on [[Emblem of Karnataka]], [[India]].
File:Gandaberunda (Lalitha Mahal Palace Hotel, Mysore).jpg|Gandabherunda as emblem on [[Lalitha Mahal|Lalita Mahal Palace Hotel]], [[Mysore]].
</gallery>

==In popular culture==
''[[Gandu Bherunda]]'' is a [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] film directed by S. V. Rajendrasingha Babu and produced by Vajramuni. The playwright of the movie was the celebrated writer, H.V. Subba Rao. The film was released in 1984. The music was composed by [[Satyam (composer)|Sathyam]]. [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] actor [[Amrish Puri]] played the antagonist in the film.

== See also ==
* [[Garuda]]
* [[Pratyangira]]
* [[Roc (mythology)]]
* [[Yali (mythology)|Yali]]
* [[Double-headed eagle]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.srikanta-sastri.org/evolution-of-the-gandabherunda/4576393366 "Evolution of Gandabherunda"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105093741/http://www.srikanta-sastri.org/evolution-of-the-gandabherunda/4576393366 |date=5 January 2016 }}-article by [[S. Srikanta Sastri]]
* http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=iqsc4symp
* A historical and unique sculpture of Gandabherunda from [[Balligavi]]: [https://www.flickr.com/photos/dunkinjalki/5166151080/]

[[Category:Legendary birds]]
[[Category:Legendary creatures in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Heraldic birds]]
[[Category:Indian legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Forms of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Mythical many-headed creatures]]

Tiruvarur Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T15:49:23Z

Suresh330: Creating new stub...

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 168
| map_image = Constitution-Thiruvarur.svg
| established = 1962
| district = [[Tiruvarur district|Tiruvarur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency|Nagapattinam]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#dd1100|'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]'''|border=solid 1px #000}}
| mla = [[K. Poondi Kalaivanan]]
| latest_election_year = 2026
| name = Tiruvarur
| electors = 260,027
| reservation = None
}}

'''Tiruvarur''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Tiruvarur district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}</ref> It was reserved for the [[Scheduled Castes]] before being changed to have no reservation from the 2011 general elections. It consists of Thiruvarur, Koradacherry and part of Kodavasal panchayat union. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Former chief minister M. Karunanidhi representated this two times.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| C. M. Ambikapathy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| P. S. Dhanushkodi
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]

|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan=2|Karunanidhi Thazhai
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan=2|[[M. Sellamuthu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=4|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan=2|[[V. Thambusamy]]
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan=2|[[A. Asokan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[U. Mathivanan]]
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan=2|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|2019^]]
| rowspan=2|[[K. Poondi Kalaivanan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Form 21E (Certificate of Return of Election) |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC168.pdf |access-date=12 Feb 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212090149/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC168.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

^by-election

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#2019 by-election|2019 by-election]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.73}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.77}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|51.22}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|47.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|55.99}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|50.18}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.27}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.46}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|48.04}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.89}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvarur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Poondi Kalaivanan|Poondi K. Kalaivanan]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= 93,408|percentage= 42.87|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Govi Chandru|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=36,387|percentage= 16.7|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Aswini Boopathibalan|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=10,031 |percentage= 4.6|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= V. Veeramani|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=75,260 |percentage= 34.54|change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= 825|percentage=0.38 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,148 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= 217,875|percentage= 83.04|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 260027|change = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvarur<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiruvarur Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a168|access-date= 2 Jul 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Poondi Kalaivanan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=108,906 |percentage=52.29% |change=-9.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. N. R. Pannerselvam|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=57,732|percentage=27.72%|change=+0.73}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Vinothini|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=26,300|percentage=12.63%|change=+11.9}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. A. Naseema Banu [koothanallur]|party=Social Democratic Party of India|votes=6,364|percentage=3.06%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kabilarasan|party=Makkal Needhi Maiam|votes=4,068|percentage=1.95%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thiyagasutharam|party=Tamil Nadu Ilangyar Katchi|votes=1,008|percentage=0.48%|change=-0.31}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=51,174 |percentage=24.57% |change= -10.17% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=208,290|percentage=73.68%|change=-4.04%}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=191|percentage=0.09% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 282,708 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.44% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 by-election===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Thiruvarur<ref>{{Cite web |title=Form 21E (Return of Election) |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC168.pdf |access-date=12 Feb 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214234853/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC168.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2022 }}</ref>
}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[K. Poondi Kalaivanan]]
|votes = 1,17,616
|percentage = 57.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = R. Jeevanantham
|votes = 53,045
|percentage = 25.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[S. Kamaraj]]
|votes = 19,133
|percentage = 9.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Naam Tamilar Katchi
|candidate = R. Vinothini
|votes = 8,144
|percentage = 3.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Makkal Needhi Maiam
|candidate = K. Arun Chidambaram
|votes = 4,251
|percentage = 2.06
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 1,413
|percentage = 0.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 64,571
|percentage = 31.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=226 |percentage=}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,04,935
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,96,159 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvarur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Karunanidhi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=121,473 |percentage=61.73% |change=-1.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Pannerselvam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,107 |percentage=26.99% |change=-6.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Masilamani |party=Communist Party of India |votes=13,158 |percentage=6.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,177 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sivakumar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,787 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thendral Chandrasekar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,427 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Rengadass |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,254 |percentage=0.64% |change=-0.09 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=68,366 |percentage=34.74% |change= 5.72% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=196,795 |percentage=77.71% |change= -4.93% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 253,227 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.23% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvarur<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Karunanidhi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=109,014 |percentage=62.96% |change=+6.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Rajendran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,765 |percentage=33.94% |change=-2.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. N. Sriramachandran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,741 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Pingalan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,263 |percentage=0.73% |change=+0.1 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=50,249 |percentage=29.02% |change= 9.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=173,159 |percentage=82.64% |change= 5.91% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 209,530 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.19% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvarur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[U. Mathivanan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=76,901 |percentage=56.77% |change=+9.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Thangamani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,968 |percentage=36.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Mohankumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=5,198 |percentage=3.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. A. Ganesan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=848 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. P. Veeramani |party=Independent politician |votes=780 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,933 |percentage=19.88% |change= 18.81% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=135,462 |percentage=76.73% |change= 10.04% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,537 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.13% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvarur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Asokan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,425 |percentage=47.63% |change=-12.4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rengasamy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=57,111 |percentage=46.56% |change=+29.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kamalavendhan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,846 |percentage=2.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Veerasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,375 |percentage=1.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. Ulaganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,331 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,314 |percentage=1.07% |change= -37.41% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=122,652 |percentage=66.70% |change= -5.64% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,974 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.40% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvarur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Asokan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,212 |percentage=60.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Arumuga Pandian |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,845 |percentage=21.55% |change=-24.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Veerasamy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=19,551 |percentage=16.96% |change=-34.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ganesan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,275 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=44,367 |percentage=38.48% |change= 33.65% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=115,293 |percentage=72.34% |change= 1.58% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,664 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 8.82% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvarur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Thambusamy]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=55,653 |percentage=51.22% |change=+3.47 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ramasamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=50,406 |percentage=46.39% |change=+26.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pon. Subramanian |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,979 |percentage=1.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Pappaiyan |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=627 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,247 |percentage=4.83% |change= -18.83% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=108,665 |percentage=70.75% |change= -6.82% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,043 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 3.47% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvarur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Thambusamy]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=52,520 |percentage=47.75% |change=-8.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nagooran Raja |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,500 |percentage=24.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Padma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,637 |percentage=19.67% |change=-24.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kamaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=8,543 |percentage=7.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,020 |percentage=23.66% |change= 11.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=109,995 |percentage=77.58% |change= -2.77% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,125 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -8.25% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvarur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sellamuthu |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=56,273 |percentage=55.99% |change=+5.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Selvadurai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=44,227 |percentage=44.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,046 |percentage=11.99% |change= 10.23% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=100,500 |percentage=80.35% |change= 5.25% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 131,246 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 5.81% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvarur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Sellamuthu]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=45,557 |percentage=50.18% |change=+22.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kovi. Kuppusamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,959 |percentage=48.42% |change=+4.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Pannerselvam (Manali Nethaji) |party=Janata Party |votes=1,270 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,598 |percentage=1.76% |change= -14.62% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,786 |percentage=75.10% |change= 1.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,907 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.91% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvarur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Karunanithi Thazhai |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,528 |percentage=44.27% |change=-3.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Dhanushokody |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=24,274 |percentage=27.89% |change=+4.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thangaiyan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=20,221 |percentage=23.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Chellaiya |party=Janata Party |votes=4,008 |percentage=4.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,254 |percentage=16.38% |change= -2.32% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,031 |percentage=73.73% |change= -7.31% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,219 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.19% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvarur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Karunanithi Thazhai |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,828 |percentage=47.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Vedaiyan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,686 |percentage=28.77% |change=-15.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Thambuchchamy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=15,436 |percentage=23.77% |change=-24.28 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,142 |percentage=18.69% |change= 14.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,950 |percentage=81.04% |change= -0.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,603 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -0.58% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvarur<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P.S. Dhanushokody |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=30,510 |percentage=48.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Vedaiyan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,956 |percentage=44.02% |change=-0.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vadivel |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,040 |percentage=7.94% |change=-28.72 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,554 |percentage=4.02% |change= -4.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,506 |percentage=81.62% |change= 6.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,116 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.15% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvarur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=C. M. Ambikapathy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,384 |percentage=44.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vadivelu |party=Communist Party of India |votes=23,993 |percentage=36.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Veeran Ilanchingam |party=Swatantra Party |votes=10,658 |percentage=16.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Santhanam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,419 |percentage=2.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,391 |percentage=8.24% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,454 |percentage=75.12% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,165 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|10|46|02.92|N|79|36|53.37|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tiruvarur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]

Jio Internet Revolution

2026-05-05T10:07:09Z

Suresh330: creating first data added tags

{{Short description|Internet Expansion by Jio Telecom in India}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=January 2026}}
{{AI-generated|date=May 2026}}
{{Lead rewrite|date=May 2026}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2026}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=May 2026}}
}}
The '''Jio Internet Revolution''' (also referred to as the '''Jio Effect''') refers to the period of digital transformation in [[India]] beginning in September 2016, following the commercial launch of [[Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited]]. Major changes happens in telecom industry as data costs were reduced and several other changes happened too.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-12 |title=How Jio, UPI and 5G rewrote India's IT story |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/telecom-news/independence-day-august-15-india-telecom-it-history-mobile-revolution-digital-india-jio-5g/articleshow/123255575.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Background ==
Prior to 2016, the Indians have only access to 2G and 3G technologies.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}} Average prices ranges from ₹200 to ₹300 per gigabyte (GB). In 2015, only about 25% of the Indian population had regular access to the internet, and rural connectivity remained negligible.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pai |first=Vivek |date=2015-11-18 |title=25% of India's population uses the Internet: IAMAI-IMRB Report |url=https://www.medianama.com/2015/11/223-317m-internet-users-india/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=MEDIANAMA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Badola |first=Aditya |date=2025-09-02 |title=How Jio Disrupted India's Telecom Market With Free Data |url=https://arthnova.com/jio-disrupted-india-telecom-free-data/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Arthnova |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=May 2026}}

[[Reliance Industries]], led by Chairman [[Mukesh Ambani]], invested approximately ₹1.5 trillion ($22 billion) to build a greenfield, all-IP (Internet Protocol) [[4G|4G network]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhushan |first=Nyay |date=2016-03-31 |title=India's Reliance Industries Boosts Investment in Mobile Startup to $22.5B |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/indian-mobile-startup-investment-boosted-879581/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> Unlike its competitors, Jio's infrastructure did not support legacy 2G or 3G circuits, focusing entirely on [[Voice over LTE]] (VoLTE).<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETTelecom.com |title=VoLTE: Reliance Jio bets big but Airtel not impressed |url=http://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/volte-reliance-jio-bets-big-but-airtel-not-impressed/50093987 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=ETTelecom.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Launch ==
September 5, 2016, Jio commercially launched its services. To acquire users, the company introduced the "Welcome Offer," providing free unlimited 4G data, voice calls, and SMS until December 31, 2016 (later extended to March 2017 as the "Happy New Year Offer").<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lala |first=Anurag |date=2025-12-13 |title=Jio: Disrupting the Telecom Market Through Strategic Positioning |url=https://www.markhub24.com/post/jio-disrupting-the-telecom-market-through-strategic-positioning |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=MarkHub24 |language=en}}</ref> Jio made domestic voice calls free for life, upending the industry's revenue model, which previously relied on voice for 75% of its earnings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-20 |title=Impact of Reliance's Entry – Institute for Competitiveness |url=https://competitiveness.in/impact-of-reliance-entry/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Following the free period, Jio introduced tariffs at approximately ₹10–₹50 per GB, a reduction of over 90% compared to prevailing market rates.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-06 |title=Reliance Jio completes 5 years of operations; tech world congratulates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/reliance-jio-completes-5-years-of-operations-tech-world-congratulates/articleshow/85978182.cms#:~:text=Since%20the%20beginning%20of%20the,indicators%20reports%20published%20by%20TRAI. |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Jio reached 16 million subscribers in its first month and 100 million in 170 days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reliance Jio: Lessons from the “world's fastest growing technology company” |url=https://inform.tmforum.org/features-and-opinion/reliance-jio-lessons-from-the-worlds-fastest-growing-technology-company |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=inform.tmforum.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Impact ==
Within six months of Jio's launch, India's monthly mobile data consumption jumped from 200 million GB to over 1 billion GB .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-07 |title=Reliance Jio's cheap data turned India's internet dreams into reality |url=https://qz.com/india/2055771/reliance-jios-cheap-data-turned-indias-internet-dreams-into-reality |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref> The entry of Jio led to significant changes in industry. Since, some brands were unable to compete with Jio's pricing, several operators merged or exited the market. Operators like [[Reliance Communications]] (RCom) {{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}and [[Aircel]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}} filed for bankruptcy, while [[Vodafone India]] and [[Idea Cellular]] merged to form [[Vodafone Idea|VI]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}} The only major operator that did not face a major change was [[Bharti Airtel]], which acquired the consumer mobile businesses of [[Tata Docomo]] and [[Telenor India]].<ref name=":0" />{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=May 2026}}

The launch of Jio significantly bridged the urban-rural digital divide. Rural internet subscriptions grew at an annual rate of 35% post-launch.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}}This access facilitated the growth of the [[Digital India]] initiative, enabling millions of first-time users to access government services, online education, and digital payments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sheeba |first=Gopika |last2=P.s |first2=Krishnapriya |last3=Menon |first3=Rashmi J. |date=2020-05-31 |title=THE IMPACT OF RELIANCE JIO ON DIGITAL INDIA INITIATIVE |url=https://www.psychosocial.com/index.php/ijpr/article/view/3695 |journal=International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation |language=en |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=4263–4272 |doi=10.61841/kcdfc026 |issn=1475-7192}}</ref>

Success of Indian startups in sectors such as e-commerce ( like [[Flipkart]]), fintech (like [[PhonePe]] and [[Unified Payments Interface|UPI]]), and EdTech ([[Byju's]]) is linked to the availability of internet.<ref name=":1" /> Video streaming and OTT industry also saw a increase in viewers with India becoming the largest market for platforms like [[YouTube]] and [[Facebook]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-07 |title=Reliance Jio's cheap data turned India's internet dreams into reality |url=https://qz.com/india/2055771/reliance-jios-cheap-data-turned-indias-internet-dreams-into-reality |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref>

It is estimated that Jio's entry contributed to annual consumer savings of roughly ₹60,000 crore ($8 billion) and was projected to boost India's per capita GDP by 5.65% through network effects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-20 |title=Impact of Reliance's Entry – Institute for Competitiveness |url=https://competitiveness.in/impact-of-reliance-entry/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=May 2026}}

== See also ==

* [[Telecommunications in India]]
* [[Digital India]]
* [[Reliance Industries]]
* [[Bharti Airtel]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:21st century in India]]
[[Category:Internet in India]]

Kerala Crime Files

2026-05-03T08:22:28Z

Suresh330:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{confuse|The Kerala Story}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kerala Crime Files.png
| genre = [[Crime drama]] [[Police procedural]]
| creator = [[Ahammed Khabeer]]
| writer = Ashiq Aimar (Season 1) Bahul Ramesh (Season 2)
| director = [[Ahammed Khabeer]]
| starring = [[Aju Varghese]] [[Lal (actor)|Lal]]
| music = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| editor = Mahesh Bhuvanend
| camera = [[Single-camera setup|Single-camera]]
| cinematography = Jithin Stanislaus
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 12
| runtime = 30 minutes
| company = First Print Studios (Season 1) Monkey Business (Season 2)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Crime Files 2 : പുതിയ കേസുമായി 'കേരള ക്രൈം ഫയൽസ്' എത്തുന്നു; വെബ് സീരീസിന്റെ രണ്ടാം സീസൺ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/ott-latest-updates-kerala-crime-files-season-2-announced-malayalam-thriller-web-series-start-streaming-very-soon-184084|access-date=2024-02-13 |website=Zee News India Malayalam|date=13 February 2024 }}</ref>
| producer = [[Rahul Riji Nair]] (Season 1) [[Ahammed Khabeer]] Jithin Stanislaus Hassan Rasheed (Season 2)
| network = [[JioHotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|06|23|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present 
}}

'''''Kerala Crime Files''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[crime drama]] [[streaming television]] series directed by [[Ahammed Khabeer]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-15 |title=Kerala Crime Files teaser: Lal and Aju Varghese promise an intense police procedural |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-crime-files-teaser-lal-and-aju-varghese-promise-an-intense-police-procedural-8610857/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and written by Ashiq Aimar<ref>{{Cite web |title='കേരള ക്രൈം ഫയൽസ്- ഷിജു പാറയിൽ വീട്'; വെബ് സീരീസുമായി ഹോട്ട്‌സ്റ്റാർ {{!}} ടീസർ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kerala-crime-files-shiju-parayil-veedu-teaser-hotstar-specials-aju-varghese-lal-web-series-1.8560325 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Mathrubhumi|date=15 May 2023 }}</ref> starring [[Aju Varghese]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Crime Files Malayalam web series from disney hotstar teaser out now will start streaming soon {{!}} Kerala Crime Files: ഒരു സെക്സ് വർക്കറിന്റെ കൊലപാതകം; ഉദ്വേഗം നിറച്ച് കേരള ക്രൈം ഫയൽസ് ടീസർ {{!}} Movies News in Malayalam |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/kerala-crime-files-malayalam-web-series-from-disney-hotstar-teaser-out-now-will-start-streaming-soon-139403/amp |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref> and [[Lal (actor)|Lal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Crime Files Media News, Latest Kerala Crime Files Stories From BMI |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/search |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=www.bestmediainfo.com}}</ref> in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intense first look poster of 'Kerala Crime Files' hints at a gritty crime drama |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/04/22/kerala-crime-files-first-look-poster-aju-varghese-lal-web-series.html |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref> The series was released on [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]. The first season ''Kerala Crime Files - Shiju, Parayil Veedu, Neendakara'' was released on 23 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Crime Files starring Aju Varghese and Lal teaser is out now! The first ever series from Malayalam expects to be thriller |url=https://stagescreening.blogspot.com/2023/05/kerala-crime-files-starring-aju.html |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=STAGE SCREENing |language=en}}</ref> The second season ''Kerala Crime Files 2 - The Search for CPO Ambili Raju'' released on 20 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Crime Files 2: Makers' drop another trailer showing a police team's inquiry into a senior cop suspect|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kerala-crime-files-2-makers-drop-another-trailer-showing-a-police-teams-inquiry-into-a-senior-cop-suspect/9966521959465|access-date=2025-06-14 |website=OTTPlay|date=2025-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Kerala Crime Files' returns with season 2; Check out the trailer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/malayalam/kerala-crime-files-returns-with-season-2-check-out-the-trailer/articleshow/121467341.cms|access-date=28 May 2025 |website=The Times of India|date=28 May 2025}}</ref> The second season serves as the second installment of Bahul Ramesh's ''Animal Trilogy'' preceded by ''[[Kishkindha Kaandam]]'' (2024) and followed by ''[[Eko (film)|Eko]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2025 |title=‘Eko’ trailer promises another mind-bending mystery; Dinjith Ayyathan expands his ‘Animal Trilogy’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/eko-trailer-promises-another-mind-bending-mystery-dinjith-ayyathan-expands-his-animal-trilogy/articleshow/125360718.cms |access-date=21 November 2025|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The third season of the series is in development.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2025 |title=JioHotstar Announces South Slate With Heartbeart S3, Good Wife S2, Vijay Sethupathi Starrer Kaattaan And Roadies Telugu Debut|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/jiohotstar-announces-south-slate-with-heartbeart-season-3-good-wife-season-2-vijay-sethupathi-starrer-kaattaan-and-roadies-telugu-debut-article-153269427 |access-date=9 December 2025 |website=Times Now|language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
===Season 1===
A team of six [[Police officer|policemen]] led by [[Sub-inspector|Sub-Inspector]] Manoj is on a chase to solve a murder in a suburban lodge room, with just one clue - a fake address, Shiju, Parayil Veedu, Neendakara, from a lodge register.

This story takes place in 2011. It all begins when the [[receptionist]] at a local lodge discovers the dead body of a [[Prostitution|sex worker]] in one of the rooms. [[Circle Inspector]] Kurian Avaran ([[Lal (actor)|Lal]]) and Sub-inspector Manoj Sreedharan ([[Aju Varghese]]) from the Ernakulam North Police Station lead a team of five police officers who are determined to catch the person responsible. But their only clues are a name, "Shiju," and a fake address, "Parayil Veedu, Neendakara," given by the suspect at the lodge.

===Season 2===
Set in 2024, the second season follows SI Noble, who is newly assigned to a remote police station at Kaniyarvila in rural Thiruvananthapuram. He was accompanied by [[Inspector#India|Inspector]]/[[Station house officer|SHO]] Kurian Avaran and team. His first case takes a mysterious turn when a [[Constable#India|civil police officer]] (CPO), Ambili Raju, suddenly goes missing shortly after being transferred under suspicious circumstances linked to his questionable associations. As Noble investigates further, the case widens in scope, uncovering secrets about Ambili's behaviour towards public and his hold. The series unravels the mystery behind Ambili Raju's disappearance while highlighting how Noble and his team navigate through layers of hidden truths to bring justice.

== Cast ==
===Main Cast (Season 1 & 2)===
*[[Aju Varghese]] as [[Sub inspector|SI]] (Season 1) / [[Inspector]] (Season 2) Manoj Sreedharan
*[[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as [[Inspector|CI]] <ref group="note">CI stands for ''Circle Inspector of Police''.</ref> (Season1) / [[Inspector]] <ref group="note">It stands for ''Inspector of Police'' and [[Station House Officer]].</ref> (Season 2) Kurian Avaran
*[[Navas Vallikkunnu]] as [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] Sunil <ref group="note">CPO stands for ''Civil Police Officer'', a designation used for constables working in local police.</ref>
*Sanju Sanichen as [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] (Season 1) / [[Sub inspector|SI]] (Season 2) Vinu
*Zhinz Shan as [[Civil Police Officer|SCPO]] Pradeep<ref group="note">SCPO stands for ''Senior Civil Police Officer''.</ref>

===Season 1===
*Sreejith Mahadevan as Shiju
*Ansal Ben as Union Shiju
*Aji Alok as Karim Ikka
*Ashwathy Manohar as Athira
*Devaki Rajendran as Lathika
*Rooth P. John as Swapna
*Harishankar as Sarath
*Jeevan Baby Mathew as Afzal
*Dr. Nidhinya Anil as [[Civil Police Officer|WCPO]] Sindhu
*Stijo Chemmessery as [[Teahouse|Tea Shop]] Owner
*Prabhakumar as [[Assistant commissioner of police#India|ACP]]
*Abin Paul as Eloor [[Sub-inspector|SI]]
*Pradeep Joseph as Edappally [[Sub-inspector#India|SI]]
*Akhil Raj as Neendakara [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|A.S.I]].
*Roopesh KV as Venjaramoode [[Sub-inspector#India|SI]]
*Pragesh Raj as Palarivattom [[Sub-inspector#India|SI]]
*Jinu Anilkumar as [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] Officer
*Madanan Babu as Athira's father
*Rajeev Thomas as Athul
*MD Rajmohan as Old Husband
*Mini S.K. as Old Wife
*Abhilash K. as BSNL Officer
*Akshay T. as Sainu
*Anoop Raghavan as Ashraf
*Ponnachan as Party Secretary
*Vinod Thomas as Biju
*Jose Praveen as Peter
*Prem Prakash as Devassy
*Baiju Bala as Jacob
*Feby as Sisily

===Season 2===
*[[Arjun Radhakrishnan]] as [[Sub inspector|SI]] Noble
*[[Indrans]] as [[Constable|CPO]] Ambili Raju
*[[Harisree Asokan]] as Ayyappan
*Renjith Shekhar as [[Constable|CPO]] Praveen Chandran
*[[Noorin Shereef]] as Stephy
*[[Fara Shibla]] as Dr. Raveena
*[[Jeo Baby]] as Aashraya Incharge
*[[S. P. Sreekumar]] as Prasannan
*Binu Dev as Aji Vellayani
*Suresh Kumar as [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]] Shaju
*Ramesh Menon as Sudhi
*Prashanth Madhavan as Reji
*Nitheesh as [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam ]] Central [[Inspector]]
*G.Sabu as Advocate Dineshan
*Sudheer Babu as [[Constable|CPO]] Subash
*Sanosh Murali as [[Constable|CPO]] Justin
*Saji Thulasidas as Jose
*Harish as [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Thiruvananthapuram Rural
*Bilas Nair as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]] Murali Krishnan
*Gopan Ramachandran as Dileesh
*Rishikesh as Photographer
*Sona Abraham as Dr. Celin
*Sirajudheen Nazar as Jaismon
*Rahul Shanmughan as Jaismon's
*[[Jijoy Rajagopal]] as Babu [[Police dog|K9]] squad incharge
*Manjusree as Rema
*Soorya S Kurup as Chandra
*Ancy as Vijila
*Shibu as Prasannan's Brother In Law
*Amrutha as Sunil's wife
*Raya Fathima as Sunil's daughter
'''Dogs'''
*Simba as Terry
*Mask as CCTV Dog
*Honey as Tippu
*Jo as Roby

== Episodes ==

{{Series overview

| color1 = 9C2A5D
| link1 = #Season 1
| episodes1 = 6
| released1 = {{Start date|2023|6|23}}

| color2 = 99CCFF
| link2 = #Season 2 (2025)
| episodes2 = 6
| released2 = {{Start date|2025|6|20}}

}}

===Season 1===

{{Episode table |background=#9C2A5D |overall= |season= |title= |director= |directorR= |writer= |writerR= |aux2R= |airdate= |airdateR= |episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Crime Scene
| DirectedBy = Ahammed Khabeer
| WrittenBy = Ashiq Aimar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|06|23}}
| ShortSummary = Swapna, a [[Prostitution|sex worker]], is found dead in a lodge in [[Kochi]]. [[Inspector of Police|Inspector]] [[Station house officer|SHO]] Kurian and [[Sub Inspector]] Manoj of Eranakulam North Police Station begins investigation.

| LineColor = 9C2A5D

}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Mahazar
| DirectedBy = Ahammed Khabeer
| WrittenBy = Ashiq Aimar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|06|23}}
| ShortSummary = The police officers learns that only the Receptionist have seen the culprit. With the help of [[Receptionist]], Investigation team tries to sketch the culprit.

| LineColor = 9C2A5D

}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Detection
| DirectedBy = Ahammed Khabeer
| WrittenBy = Ashiq Aimar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|06|23}}
| ShortSummary = Swapna’s roommate, Lathika, reveals about the meeting of Shiju. The S.I Manoj connects dot after she tells about the cruelty of Shiju

| LineColor = 9C2A5D

}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Findings
| DirectedBy = Ahammed Khabeer
| WrittenBy = Ashiq Aimar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|06|23}}
| ShortSummary = The Police strengthen their search for the culprit. They searches every lodges in Kochi after finding out Shiju have practice of meeting sex workers in such places

| LineColor = 9C2A5D

}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Evidence
| DirectedBy = Ahammed Khabeer
| WrittenBy = Ashiq Aimar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|06|23}}
| ShortSummary = The investigators learn more about Shiju from various places he had worked on. They root out to explore Shiju’s path

| LineColor = 9C2A5D

}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Charge Sheet
| DirectedBy = Ahammed Khabeer
| WrittenBy = Ashiq Aimar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|06|23}}
| ShortSummary = Kurian, Manoj and their team had been chasing Shiju for 6 days, but how can a man hide if his love is genuine.

| LineColor = 9C2A5D

}}
}}

===Season 2===
{{Episode table
| background = #99CCFF
| overall =
| season =
| title =
| director =
| directorR =
| writer =
| writerR =
| aux2R =
| airdate =
| airdateR =

| episodes =

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Shuffle in the Capital
| DirectedBy = Ahammed Khabeer
| WrittenBy = Bahul Ramesh
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|06|20}}
| ShortSummary = A sudden police department shake-up sets the stage of an unexpected convergence of officers Kurian, Noble and Ambili Raju, but Ambili goes missing.
| LineColor = 99CCFF
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Ambili-Ayyappan Puzzle
| DirectedBy = Ahammed Khabeer
| WrittenBy = Bahul Ramesh
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|06|20}}
| ShortSummary = As they dug deeper into Ambili's life, an bizarre connection to an ex-convict, Ayyappan, emerges and raise more questions than answers.
| LineColor = 99CCFF
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Crossing Borders
| DirectedBy = Ahammed Khabeer
| WrittenBy = Bahul Ramesh
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|06|20}}
| ShortSummary = Clues from Thiruvananthapuram and a mysterious incident in Ernakulam involving CI Manoj connect, forming a Jigsaw puzzle for Noble to assemble
| LineColor = 99CCFF
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Noble's Instinct
| DirectedBy = Ahammed Khabeer
| WrittenBy = Bahul Ramesh
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|06|20}}
| ShortSummary = With Manoj's warm support, Nobles's unorthodox approach proves pivotal as he follows his instincts to connect the dots and uncover a crucial lead.
| LineColor = 99CCFF
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Back to Square One
| DirectedBy = Ahammed Khabeer
| WrittenBy = Bahul Ramesh
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|06|20}}
| ShortSummary = New revelations about Ayyappan send Noble and whole team full circle, linking back to the mysterious incidents at the dogs retirement shelter.
| LineColor = 99CCFF
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Noble's Stadium Theory
| DirectedBy = Ahammed Khabeer
| WrittenBy = Bahul Ramesh
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|06|20}}
| ShortSummary = With theories aligning but witnesses lacking, Noble is driven to validate his Central Stadium theory, which he’s deeply invested in.
| LineColor = 99CCFF
}}
}}

==Production==

===Season 1===
Principal photography for the first season of ''Kerala Crime Files'' was conducted in multiple locations of [[Kerala]] primarily in [[Kochi]], [[Kollam]] and [[Kottayam]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Crime Files teaser: Aju Varghese, Lal hunt down a killer with a fake address as the sole clue, in Hotstar series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kerala-crime-files-teaser-aju-varghese-lal-hunt-down-a-killer-with-a-fake-address-as-the-sole-clue-in-hotstar-series/f66fd56f6915 |website=OTTPlay |date=15 May 2023|access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref> The series was directed by [[Ahammed Khabeer]] and produced under the banner of First Print Studios by [[Rahul Riji Nair]]. Filming was completed in early 2023, and the series premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 23 June 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=First official Malayalam web series 'Kerala Crime Files' starring Aju Varghese and Lal to stream soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/first-official-malayalam-web-series-kerala-crime-files-starring-aju-varghese-and-lal-to-stream-soon/articleshow/98516377.cms |website=The Times of India |date=9 March 2023 |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>

===Season 2===
The production of the second season commenced on 19 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Makers announce the second season of Kerala Crime Files Aju Varghese says waiting|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/malayalam/makers-announce-the-second-season-of-kerala-crime-files-aju-varghese-says-waiting/articleshow/107661031.cms |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=[[The Times Of India]]|date=13 February 2024 }}</ref> It is directed and produced by [[Ahammed Khabeer]] under the banner of Monkey Business, the season had its first shooting schedule in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Crime Files 2: Makers wrap up Trivandrum schedule; cast details to be out soon |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kerala-crime-files-2-makers-wrap-up-trivandrum-schedule-cast-details-to-be-out-soon/580734c143234 |website=OTTplay |date=13 March 2024 |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by Bahul Ramesh, who also served as the writer. The entire shoot wrapped up on 29 April 2024 after nearly two months of filming including several other locations like [[Kochi]], [[Thrissur]], [[Wayanad]], [[Coimbatore]] etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=It's a wrap for Kerala Crime Files Season 2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Apr/29/its-a-wrap-for-kerala-crime-files-season-2-52837.html |website=Cinema Express |date=29 April 2024 |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref> Post-production work was completed by August 2024, with the series set for a mid 2025 release on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Crime Files 2 release update: Director Ahammed Khabeer gives promising news |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kerala-crime-files-2-release-update-disney-hotstar-director-ahammed-khabeer/a31538d69b285 |website=OTTplay |date=2 August 2024 |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/May/01/its-a-wrap-for-kerala-crime-files-season-2 |title=It's a wrap for 'Kerala Crime Files Season 2' |website=Indian Express |access-date= 31 October 2024 |date=1 May 2024}}</ref> The trailer of the season was released on 28 May 2025<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Crime Files 2: Trailer of the Aju Varghese-starrer shows a investigative team's frantic search for CPO Ambili Raju|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kerala-crime-files-2-trailer-aju-varghese-arjun-radhakrishnan/907c4dad2c475 |website=OTTplay |date=28 May 2025 |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref> and the season was released on 20 June 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Crime Files Season 2 OTT Release Date: When and where to watch Aju Varghese and Lal's Malayalam series|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/kerala-crime-files-season-2-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-aju-varghese-malayalam-series-660995.html |website=India Times|date=13 June 2025 |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref>

==Reception==

===Season 1===
''Kerala Crime Files'' Season 1 received generally positive reviews from critics.

[[The New Indian Express|''The New Indian Express'']] gave the series a rating of 3.5 out of 5, praising its detailed procedural narrative and long-format storytelling.<ref>{{cite news |title='Kerala crime files' review: Authentic and absorbing police procedural |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/Jun/24/kerala-crim-files-review-authentic-and-absorbing-police-procedural-2587893.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=23 June 2023}}</ref> [[The Hindu|''The Hindu'']] described the show as an "engaging slow-burn police procedural" and praised the performances of Aju Varghese and Lal.<ref>{{cite news |title='Kerala Crime Files' series review: A slow-burn procedural that is engaging |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/kerala-crime-files-web-series-review-an-engaging-slow-burn-police-procedural/article67004615.ece |work=The Hindu |date=23 June 2023}}</ref> ''South First'' appreciated its six-episode structure and engaging moments.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Crime Files review: A perfect thriller that hooks the audience through all episodes |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/kerala-crime-files-web-series-review/ |work=The South First|date=23 June 2023}}</ref> [[India Today|''India Today'']] described it as "well-written and engaging", noting its balance of investigation and character depth.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Crime Files Review: This well-written and engaging Malayalam thriller is a compelling watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/kerala-crime-files-review-this-well-written-and-engaging-malayalam-thriller-is-a-compelling-watch-2396892-2023-06-23 |work=India Today |date=23 June 2023}}</ref> ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' rated 3.5/5 and highlighted its realistic portrayal of policing and its balance between professional and personal lives.<ref>{{cite news |title='Kerala Crime Files' review: A realistic police procedural |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/06/24/kerala-crime-files-review-a-realistic-police-procedural.html |work=The Week |date=23 June 2023}}</ref> [[The Indian Express|''The Indian Express'']] rated 3.5 out of 5 stars noted it as a "tightly-woven police procedural", marking a milestone in Malayalam OTT content.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Crime Files review: A tightly-woven police procedural|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kerala-crime-files-review-tightly-woven-police-procedural-malayalam-aju-varghese-lal-8682717/ |work=The Indian Express |date=23 June 2023}}</ref> [[OTTPlay]] rated 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Aju Varghese’s police procedural marks an engaging Malayalam entry into web series arena".<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Crime Files review: Aju Varghese's police procedural marks an engaging Malayalam entry into web series arena|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/kerala-crime-files-review-aju-vargheses-police-procedural-marks-an-engaging-malayalam-entry-into-web-series-arena/5f7987a9a5165 |work=OTTPlay |date=23 June 2023}}</ref> ''The Daily Jagran'' reviewed as "A Well-Crafted And Heart-Pounding Malayalam Thriller".<ref>{{cite news |title='Kerala Crime Files' Review: A Well-Crafted And Heart-Pounding Malayalam Thriller|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/kerala-crime-files-review-imdb-rating-disneyplus-hotstar-a-wellcrafted-and-heartpounding-malayalam-thriller-aju-varghese-lal-navas-vallikkunnu-zhinz-shan-ahammed-khabeer-murder-mystery-10084161 |work=Jagran |date=23 June 2023}}</ref>

===Season 2===
The second season of ''Kerala Crime Files'' also received critical acclaim upon its premiere.

[[The Indian Express|''The Indian Express'']] rated 3.5 out of 5 stars and praised its gripping procedural narrative, well-crafted screenplay, outstanding performances, realistic police investigation and technical finesse.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Crime Files Season 2 review: Aju Varghese and Lal return in a sequel that's just as gripping as Season 1, if not better |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kerala-crime-files-season-2-review-a-sequel-thats-just-as-gripping-as-season-1-10078155/ |work=The Indian Express |date=20 June 2025}}</ref> [[Times Now|''Times Now'']] rated 3.5 out of 5 stars and lauded as "Subtle Yet Powerful Sequel That Stays True To The Original While Digging Deeper".<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Crime Files Season 2 Review: A Subtle Yet Powerful Sequel That Stays True To The Original While Digging Deeper |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kerala-crime-files-season-2-review-a-subtle-yet-powerful-sequel-that-stays-true-to-the-original-while-digging-deeper-review-152120367 |work=Times Now |date=21 June 2025}}</ref> ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' rated 4 out of 5 stars and appreciated it as best crime series in Malayalam.<ref>{{cite news |title='Kerala Crime Files: Season 2' review: Malayalam cinema just delivered its best crime series yet |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/06/21/kerala-crime-files-season-2-review-malayalam-cinema-just-delivered-its-best-crime-series-yet.html|work=The Week |date=21 June 2025}}</ref> [[Onmanorama]] reviewed the season as a "A smart, subtle thriller that keeps hooked".<ref>{{cite news |title='Kerala Crime Files Season 2' review: A smart, subtle thriller that keeps you hooked |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/06/20/kerala-crime-files-season-2-review-arjun-radhakrishnan-lal-indrans.html |work=Onmanorama|date=21 June 2025}}</ref> [[The Hindu|''The Hindu'']] called the season as a "An intriguing sequel that improves upon the original".<ref>{{cite news |title='Kerala Crime Files 2' web series review: An intriguing sequel that improves upon the original |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kerala-crime-files-2-web-series-review-an-intriguing-sequel-that-improves-upon-the-original/article69718053.ece |work=The Hindu|date=21 June 2025}}</ref> [[OTTPlay]] rated 3.5 out of 5 stars and described the sequel as a "a fitting testament to its genre".<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Crime Files 2 review: Ahammed Khabeer delivers a sequel that is a fitting testament to its genre |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/kerala-crime-files-2-review-ahammed-khabeer-delivers-a-sequel-that-is-a-fitting-testament-to-its-genre/427bdb52cc961 |work=OTTPlay |date=20 June 2025}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' praised the sequel as a "must-watch", highlighting its gripping narrative, emotional depth, and strong performances by [[Harisree Ashokan]], [[Indrans]], and [[Arjun Radhakrishnan]]. The review also appreciated the improved technical quality compared to the first season.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Crime Files 2: From gripping narrative to stellar performances by Harisree Ashokan and Indrans; Here's why the sequel is a must-watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/malayalam/kerala-crime-files-2-from-gripping-narrative-to-stellar-performances-by-harisree-ashokan-and-indrans-heres-why-the-sequel-is-a-must-watch/articleshow/121961234.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 June 2025}}</ref>

==Future==
In June 2025, director Ahammed Khabeer stated in an interview with [[OTTPlay]] that a third season of Kerala Crime Files was under consideration but would not begin soon due to his commitments to other film projects, including a film featuring Tamil actor [[Arjun Das]] in his Malayalam debut.<ref>{{cite web |title=Director Ahammed Khabeer on the possibility of Kerala Crime Files 3 {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/director-ahammed-khabeer-on-the-possibility-of-kerala-crime-files-3-exclusive/2f1543eeb2286 |website=OTTplay |date=22 June 2025 |access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> On 9 December 2025, [[JioHotstar]] officially announced the third season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Crime Files S3, Anali, Roslin and more: JioHotstar announces 5 Malayalam web series for 2026|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kerala-crime-files-s3-anali-roslin-and-more-jiohotstar-announces-malayalam-web-series-for-2026/b965a3493820|website=OTTplay |date=9 December 2025 |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Crime Files Season 3 OTT Release: Aju Varghese Returns in Gritty Crime Drama|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/kerala-crime-files-season-3-ott-release-aju-varghese-returns-rzzdx83|website=Asianet News|date=10 December 2025 |access-date=10 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='കേരള ക്രൈം ഫയൽസ് സീസൺ 3' വരുന്നു; പ്രതീക്ഷയേകി പ്രൊമോ|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/kerala-crime-files-season-3-coming-soon-jiohotstar-articleshow-pe3v539|website=Asianet News|date=10 December 2025 |access-date=10 December 2025}}</ref> Khabeer later clarified that writing and planning for the series would commence only after the completion of his upcoming film, with writer Bahul Ramesh also yet to begin work on the project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Crime Files Season 3 to be scripted by Bahul Ramesh, reveals Ahammed Khabeer; OG cast to return|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kerala-crime-files-season-3-to-be-scripted-by-bahul-ramesh-reveals-ahammed-khabeer/9be24effef988|website=OTTplay |date=16 December 2025 |access-date=2 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Jio Hotstar Web Series: വരുന്നു ആ ഹിറ്റ് സീരീസുകളുടെ തുടർഭാഗം; പ്രഖ്യാപനവുമായി ജിയോഹോട്ട്സ്റ്റാർ|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/jio-hotstar-announced-next-seasons-of-hit-web-series-kerala-crime-files-and-1000-babies-249691|website=Zee News|date=10 December 2025 |access-date=10 December 2025}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt27128638}}

[[Category:Malayalam-language web series]]
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]

Manasollasa

2026-05-01T15:30:35Z

Suresh330:

{{Short description|12th-century Sanskrit encyclopedic work}}
{{good article}}
{{italic title}}
The '''''{{IAST|Mānasollāsa}}''''' ''(मानसोल्लास )'' also known as '''''Abhilashitartha Chintamani''''' ''(अभिलाषितार्थ चिन्तामणि )'', is an early 12th-century Sanskrit text composed by the [[Kalyani Chalukya dynasty|Kalyani Chalukya]] king [[Someshvara III]], who ruled in present-day Karnataka. It is an encyclopedic work covering topics such as polity, governance, ethics, economics, astronomy, astrology, rhetoric, veterinary medicine, horticulture, perfumes, food, architecture, games, painting, poetry, dance and music. The text is a valuable source of socio-cultural information on 11th and 12th century India.

The encyclopedic treatise is structured as five sub-books with a cumulative total of 100 chapters. It is notable for its extensive discussion of arts, particularly music and dance. It is also notable for including chapters on food recipes and festivals, many of which are a part of modern Indian culture.

Another medieval era Sanskrit text with the title ''Mānasollāsa'' also exists, consisting of devotional praise hymns (''[[stotra|stōtra]]''), and it is different from the encyclopedic treatise.{{citation needed|date=February 2026}}

== Nomenclature ==
{{Quote box |width=26em | bgcolor=#FFE0BB |align=right |salign = right
|title=12th century fish recipe
|quote=<poem>Cut fishes into pieces and wash them well.
Cook along with malabar tamarind juice.
Sprinkle well with wheat flour. Fry in heated oil till brown.
Add rock salt. Sprinkle powdered cardamom and pepper.</poem>
|source =—''Manasollasa'' 3.1530–1531<ref name=sadhalenenefish177 />}}
The title ''Manasollasa'' (मानसोल्लास) is a compound Sanskrit word, consisting of ''manas'' (मनस्) or "mind" and ''ullasa'' (उल्लास) or "rejoicing, delighting".<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?beginning=0+&tinput=sollasa&trans=Translate Sollasa], Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany (2012)</ref> It means "the joy, delighter or entertainer of the mind".{{Sfn|Datta|1988|p=1165}}{{Sfn|McHugh|2012|p=118}} Alternatively, the compound word can be broken as ''manasa'' and ''ullasa'', which mean "happiness of mind".<ref>Nalini Sadhale and YL Nene (2010), Bhudharakrida (Royal Enjoyment on a Pleasure-mound) in Manasollasa, Asian Agri-History, Vol. 14, No. 4, pages 319–335</ref><ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?beginning=0+&tinput=+ullasa&trans=Translate Ullasa], Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany (2012)</ref>

The work is divided into five sub-books suffixed as Viṁśati (विंशति) which means 20 and refers to the 20 chapters in the sub-book.<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?beginning=0+&tinput=viMzati+&trans=Translate viMzati], Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany (2012)</ref> In modern scholarship, it is referred by [[IAST]] spellings "Manasollāsa",{{Sfn|Banerji|1989|p=238}} and "Mānasollāsa".{{Sfn|McHugh|2012|pp=154–155}}

It is also known as the ''Abhilashitartha Chintamani'' ({{IAST|Abhilaṣitārtha Cintāmaṇi}}) (literally, the precious gem that fulfills wish).{{Sfn|Kincaid|Parasanisa|1918|pp=32–33}}{{Sfn|Datta|1988|p=1165}} This text title is spelled ''Manasollāsa'',{{Sfn|Banerji|1989|p=238}} and there is another medieval era Indian text with the title, ''Mānasollāsa'' ({{langx|sa|मानसोल्लास}}), written in [[Stotra]] (poetry of praise) style related to [[Dakshinamurthy|Dakshinamurti]], very different in scope and attributed to [[Adi Shankara]] or Suresvara.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/Dakshinamurti.Stotra.of.Sri.Sankaracharya.with.Commentaries/Dakshinamurti.Stotra.of.Sri.Sankaracharya.with.Commentaries.by.Suresvaracharya.Swayamprakasa.Ramatirtha#page/n0/mode/2up Dakshinamurti Stotra], [[Dakshinamurti Stotra]] A Mahadeva Sastri (1895), see Preface section</ref>

== Date and author ==
The text was completed in 1129 CE by Someshvara III. He became the king in 1127,{{Sfn|Kincaid|Parasanisa|1918|pp=32–33}} was part of the Kalyani Chalukya dynasty, and the third king in this dynasty. The year in which he ascended the throne is approximate, and some scholars state it to be 1125 CE.{{Sfn|Scharfe|1989|p=24}} The author hailed from the medieval [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan region]] consisting of large parts of modern [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], western [[Andhra Pradesh]] and southern [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=sadhalenenefish177>Nalini Sadhale and YL Nene (2005), On Fish in Manasollasa (c. 1131 AD), ''Asian Agri-History'', Vol. 9, No. 3, pages 177–199</ref>

== Structure ==
{{Quote box
| width = 26em
| bgcolor = #FFE0BB
| align = right
| salign = right
|title=Veterinary care for [[Elephants]]
|quote=All those diseases of elephants caused by [[Dosha|''Vata'' and ''Pitta'']] are cured without fail, by a mixture of ''[[Tinospora cordifolia|Guduchi]]'', two types of ''[[Merremia emarginata|Parnika]]'', two types of ''[[Polygonatum verticillatum|Meda]]'', '' Jivaka'' and ''[[Malaxis muscifera|Rishabha]]'', two types of '' Kakoli '', ''[[Withania somnifera|Ashvagandha]]'', '' Vidari'' and ''[[Asparagus racemosus|Shatavari]]'', either in powder, paste, or decoction form.
| source = —''Manasollasa'' 2.649–650<ref name=sadhaleneneelephant>Nalini Sadhale and YL Nene (2004), On Elephants in Manasollasa – 2. Diseases and Treatment, ''Asian Agri-History'' Vol. 8, No. 2, pages 115–127</ref>
}}
The ''Manasollasa'' is an encyclopedic treatise written in poetic verse style.{{Sfn|Datta|1988|p=1165}}{{Sfn|Banerji|1989|p=238}}

It is structured into five sub-books and cumulatively contains 100 chapters. The five ''Vinshatis'' (sub-book of 20s) are ''Rājyaprāptikāraṇa'', ''Rājyasya Sthairyakāraṇa'', ''Bhartur Upabhogakāraṇa'', ''Pramoda kāraṇa'' and the ''Krīḍā viṁśati.''{{Sfn|Banerji|1989|p=238}}{{Sfn|Udgaonkar|1986|p=25}} Each chapter deals with a specific topic, ranging from gaining a kingdom, its governance, economics, infrastructure, architecture, medicine,{{Sfn|Joshi|Hebbali|2004}} cuisine, ornaments, perfumery and love-games,{{Sfn|McHugh|2012|pp=118, 131–133}} sports, jewelry, painting, music and dance.{{Sfn|Datta|1988|p=1165}}{{Sfn|Banerji|1989|p=238}}{{Sfn| Shrigondekar|1961|p=vi}} A major part of the text is dedicated to music and musical instruments, with 2500 verses dedicated to it.{{Sfn|Banerji|1989|p=238}}

The number of ''{{IAST|śloka}}s'' in this work are:

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background: #ffad66;" | Twenty-book{{Sfn|Udgaonkar|1986|p=25}} ({{IAST|Viṁśati}})
! style="background: #ffad66;" | Chapters ({{IAST|Adhyāya}})
! style="background: #ffad66;" | Verses ({{IAST|Śloka}})
|-
| I. {{IAST|''Rājyaprāptikāraṇa''}}
| 20
| 308
|-
| II. {{IAST|''Rājyasya Sthairyakāraṇa''}}
| 20
| 1300
|-
| III. {{IAST|''Bhartur Upabhogakāraṇa''}}
| 20
| 1820
|-
| IV. {{IAST|''Pramoda kāraṇa''}}
| 20
| 3219
|-
| V. {{IAST|''Krīḍā viṁśati''}}
| 20
| 1375{{Sfn|Shrigondekar|1961|p=309}}
|-
|}

== Contents ==

=== Kingdom and qualifications of a king: ''Rājyaprāptikāraṇa'' ===
The ''Rajyapraptikarana'' sub-book describes the qualifications of a king and ministers, their duties and moral characteristics that enable the king to rule a stable, prosperous kingdom.{{Sfn|Udgaonkar|1986|p=25}}<ref name=joshijku>{{cite journal|volume =29 |title=Social character of Someshvara III|author=MN Joshi |journal=Journal of the Karnataka University: Humanities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OM5AAAAIAAJ|pages=125–126| year=1985}}</ref>

The chapter asserts that the king should be truthful, avoid anger, be virtuous and lead by example.<ref name=joshijku /> The king, ministers and citizens should, states the ''Manasollasa's'' first sub-book, refrain from injury to others, practice self-restraint and generosity, have faith in gods, feed and support the poor and helpless, and be friendly.{{Sfn|Campbell|1896|p=221}} The king, according to the text, should honour his ancestors and all guests.{{Sfn|Udgaonkar|1986|p=25}}

=== Governance, economics and political stability: ''Rājyasya Sthairyakāraṇa'' ===
The second sub-book ''Rajyasya Sthairyakaraṇa Vimshati'' is dedicated to governance and economic matters to help a king retain the kingdom.{{Sfn|Campbell|1896|p=221}}{{Sfn|Udgaonkar|1986|pp=25–26}} It describes the ministers and their qualifications, the maintenance, equipment and training of an army with a ''[[Senapati]]'' (general) to command the army, the priests and astrologer as advisors to the king, the treasury and methods of taxation.{{Sfn|Campbell|1896|p=221}}

[[J Duncan M Derrett]], a professor of Oriental Laws, states that chapter 2.8 of the text discusses three kinds of constitutions and recommends that the king should delegate large responsibilities to his ministers, a system that implied that the kingdom was virtually ruled through the ministers.{{Sfn|Derrett|1976|p=439 with footnote 31a}} The ''Manasollasa'' gives a significant role to an [[astrologer]] in the council of advisors to the king who would forecast the auspicious time to respond to an attack, which Hartmut Scharfe, a professor of Indo-European Studies, states proved disastrous during foreign [[Muslim]] invasion of the Deccan peninsula.{{Sfn|Scharfe|1989|p=24, 118 with footnote 723}}

The delegated form of governance in the existing or acquired provinces is recommended by the text, with the qualification that the province should be ruled by someone born there. However, all ministers in immediate vicinity of the king must be born in the long established state.{{Sfn|Scharfe|1989|p=136 with footnotes}} The king, states the text, must watch out and act against bureaucrats and officials who torment his subjects.{{Sfn|Scharfe|1989|p=158 with footnotes}} The text cautions that the king should prevent abuse of his subjects from officials, robbers, enemies, king's favorites and his own greed.{{Sfn|Scharfe|1989|p=24}}

This sub-book also describes types of ''shulka'' (taxation).<ref name="Woolf1998">{{cite book|author=Daniel R. Woolf|title=A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing: A-J|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=86SbYzbKvmAC&pg=PA851|year=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-8153-1514-8|pages=851–852}}</ref> In the fourth chapter, it explains the [[Customs|tax collected at port of entry]] on goods that arrive at the border.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mandagadde Rama Jois|title=Legal and Constitutional History of India: Ancient legal, judicial, and constitutional system|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V552bAz5xFAC|year=1984|publisher=Universal Law Publishing|isbn=978-81-7534-206-4|page=271}}</ref>

The second sub-book includes chapters on [[Veterinary medicine|veterinary care]] of animals such as horses and elephants who served the army. Many veterinary ailments are described, ranging from fever to injury to stomach upsets, and the proper nourishment, care of the animals as well as formulations of medicines are outlined in the verses of chapter 2.6, for example.<ref name=sadhaleneneelephant /> The text includes the names of over 40 [[herbs]] used for recipes of veterinary care.<ref name=sadhaleneneelephant />

=== Food and entertainment: ''Bhartur Upabhogakāraṇa'' ===
{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=280
| image1 = Masaladosamumbai.jpg | alt1=[[Dosa (food)|Dosa]]
| image2 = Idli and Medu Vada.JPG | alt2=[[Idli]] and plain [[vada (food)|vada]]
| image3 = Dahi Vada or Dahi Bhalla.JPG | alt3= [[Dahi vada]]|width3=285
| image4 = The real South Indian Bonda.jpg | alt4=[[Bonda (snack)|Bonda]] |width4=305
| footer = The 12th-century text describes foods that continue to be part of modern Indian tradition. Above clockwise from top left in Sanskrit: ''Dosaka'' ([[Dosa (food)|Dosa]]), ''Iddarika'' and ''Vataka'' ([[Idli]] and [[vada (food)|vada]]), ''Parika'' ([[Pakora]]) and ''Kshiravata'' ([[Dahi vada]]).<ref name="Achaya2003">{{cite book|author=K.T. Achaya| authorlink=K. T. Achaya| title=The Story of Our Food|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bk9RHRCqZOkC |year=2003| publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7371-293-7|page=85}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Edward Farnworth| title=Handbook of Fermented Functional Foods, 2nd Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1zMBQAAQBAJ| year=2008| publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-4200-5328-9|pages=15–16}}</ref>
}}
The ''Manasollasa'' contains recipes of vegetarian and non-vegetarian [[cuisines]], which according to [[Mary Ellen Snodgrass]], the editor of ''Encyclopedia of Kitchen History'', preceded the [[Cookbook#History|cookbook writing history]] in Europe by a century.{{Sfn|Snodgrass|2004|p=452}} While the text is not the first among Indian books to describe fermented foods, it contains a range of cuisines based on fermentation of cereals and flours.<ref name="Achaya2003" /><ref name="TamangKailasapathy2010">{{cite book| author1=Jyoti Prakash Tamang| author2=Kasipathy Kailasapathy| title=Fermented Foods and Beverages of the World| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJTLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA16| year= 2010| publisher=CRC Press| isbn=978-1-4200-9496-1| page=16}}</ref> Among meat dishes, the text does not include the meat of cow, horse, elephant, parrot, peacock or eggs. It describes cuisines based on pork, venison, goat meat, and fish among others.{{Sfn|Kamat|1980|p=4}}

The text asserts that fresh water is ''[[Amrita]]'' (nectar) of cuisine, and ''Visha'' (poison) otherwise.{{Sfn|Kamat|1980|p=6}} Someshvara III recommends fresh water from rains (autumn), springs (summer), rivers and lakes (winter) for daily use, after it has been filtered with a clean cloth. The text recommends boiling the water before use and using the water so in a day.{{Sfn|Kamat|1980|p=6}} For drinking, if boiling is not possible, the text recommends alternate purification method based on ''[[Triphala]]'', and then adding a piece of mango, ''patala'' or ''[[Magnolia champaca|champaka]]'' flower or powder of camphor for flavor and delight.{{Sfn|Kamat|1980|p=6}} The text mentions fresh coconut water and a drink called ''[[panakam]]''.{{Sfn|Kamat|1980|pp=6–7}}

The art of preparing wine is described in ''Manasollasa'' from grape and sugarcane, with unusual sources being based on brewing of ''Talimadya'' (palm), ''Narikelasava'' (coconut) and ''Khajurasava'' (date).{{Sfn|Kamat|1980|p=14}}

It includes recipes for the king's favorite [[Sweets from the Indian subcontinent|sweets]]. In addition to milk based sweets it includes recipes for fried sweets like ''golamu'' (a doughnut made with wheat flour), a rice flour based sweet similar to the modern ''[[pantua]]'' and ''[[ledikeni]]'', and ''gharika'' (fried cakes made of [[black gram]] flour).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Krondl |first1=Michael |title=Sweet Invention: A History of Dessert |year=2011 |publisher=Chicago Review Press |pages=41–42 |isbn=9781556529542 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gN6ySQnUnfwC&pg=PA41 }}</ref>

=== Joy and delight: ''Pramoda kāraṇa'' ===
The fourth sub-book of ''Manasollasa'' deals with entertainment such as music, dance, songs and competitive sports. The text covers dance and music in exclusive chapters, dedicating far more verses to these two topics than first two sub-books combined.{{Sfn|Banerji|1989|p=238}}{{Sfn|Chopra|1992|p=97}} This may reflect the importance of performance arts in 12th-century India, since Someshvara III's son and successor to the throne king Jagadekamalla II also wrote a famed treatise ''Sangita-chudamani'', literally "crown jewel of music".<ref>{{cite book|author=Emmie Te Nijenhuis|title=Indian Music: History and Structure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ|year=1974|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-03978-3|pages=5–6}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| width1 = 230
| width2 = 118
| footer = The text discusses many dance forms, including ''[[Tandava]]'' or the vigorous style (left) and ''[[Lasya]]'' or the delicate style (right) of Kathak.{{Sfn|Bose|1991|pp=46–47, 141–142}}
| image1 = Pung Cholam Drummers.jpg
| image2 = Kathak dance India November 2011.jpg
}}
The text describes types of songs and music, instruments and dances along with occasions of their performance.{{Sfn|Nijenhuis|1992|p=67}} The ''[[Tripadi]]'', states the text in chapter 4.16, was performed during harvesting and husking season, the ''[[Shatpadi]]'' was performed by folk story tellers, the ''Dhavala'' sung at marriages, while festivals such as [[Holi]] were celebrated with ''Mangala'' and ''Caccari'' genre of songs and music.{{Sfn|Nijenhuis|1992|pp=67, 563 with footnotes 295–301}} The ''Charya'', asserts the text, were songs of meditation.{{Sfn|Nijenhuis|1992|p=67}} The text claims ''Gana'' (गान) to be a form of "popular music" and that ''Geet'' that is neither fast nor slow, but contains both high and low notes, where the words and musical meter are equally important to be preferred by spiritual teachers.{{Sfn|Nijenhuis|1992|p=67}}

Rhetoric is discussed in chapter 4.17 of ''Manasollasa''.{{Sfn|Shrigondekar|1961}} The text dedicates over 450 verses in chapter 4.18 to dance and describes types of dance forms, musical instruments that go with dance performances, and the occasions when dances were celebrated.{{Sfn|Bose|1991|p=45}} The text discusses six types of performers, their characteristics and their roles — ''Nata'' (actor), ''Nartaka'' (dancer), ''Nartaki'' (danseuse), ''Vaitalika'' (bard), ''Charana'' (wandering performer) and ''Kollatika'' (acrobat).{{Sfn|Bose|1991|p=45}} Their body movements (6 ''Anga'', 8 ''Upanga'' and 6 ''Pratyanga'') are explained with their significance. This discussion is similar to that found in ''[[Natya Shastra]]'', a Sanskrit text composed around 1st-century BCE.{{Sfn|Bose|1991|pp=45–46}} The text thereafter presents the 21 ''Sthanas'' and 26 ''Charis'' of the dance tradition.{{Sfn|Bose|1991|pp=45–46}}

The discussion on dance movements is compiled by six categories — mimetic (''[[natya]]''), delicate (''[[lasya]]''), vigorous (''[[tandava]]''), acrobatic (''visama''), ludicrous (''[[vikata]]'') and graceful (''[[laghu]]'').{{Sfn|Bose|1991|pp=46–47, 141–142}}

The fourth sub-book also describes sports, such as fishing,<ref name=sadhalenenefish177 /> dog (greyhound-type) racing,<ref>Nalini Sadhale and YL Nene (2010), Sarameyavinoda in Manasollasa: Dogs for Recreation and Hunting, ''Asian Agri-History'', Vol. 14, No. 3, pages 273–283</ref> horse racing, elephant racing as well as archery, wrestling and athletics.{{Sfn|Kamat|1980|pp=72–75}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=K. R. Sundararajan|author2=Bithika Mukerji| title=Hindu Spirituality: Postclassical and Modern| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUWIEfAY-mMC | year=2003| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1937-5| page=425}}</ref> The text describes some unique team sports, such as a form of Indian [[polo]] involving two teams of eight members each.{{Sfn|Kamat|1980|pp=81–82}}

=== Games, arts and leisure: ''Krīḍā viṁśati'' ===
The last sub-book of the text discusses recreation through horticulture and the art of creating gardens,<ref name=sadhalenenebim>Nalini Sadhale and YL Nene (2010), Bhudharakrida in Manasollasa, ''Asian Agri-History'', Vol. 14, No. 4, pages 319–335</ref> painting, perfumery, architecture and the training and breeding of horses, elephants, lavakki (a type of [[quail]]), and other wildlife. A chapter is devoted to the royal sport of hunting deer or other wild game.{{Sfn|Geer|2008|p=20}} It deals with 35 ways of game hunting of deer, in addition to hunting with dogs, [[falconry]] and fishing.{{Sfn|Thapar|1998|p=41}}

The [[garden design]], asserts the text, should include rocks and raised mounds of summits, manicured with plants and trees of diverse varieties, artificial ponds and flowing brooks.<ref name=sadhalenenebim /> It describes the arrangement, the soils, the seeds, the distance between types of plants and trees, the methods of preparing manure, proper fertilizing and maintaining the garden, which plants and trees are best planted first, when to plant others, watering, signs of overwatering and underwatering, weeds, means of protecting the garden and other details.<ref name=sadhalenenebim /> Both public parks and woodland gardens are described, with about 40 types of trees recommended for the park in the ''Vana-krida'' chapter.{{Sfn|Shrigondekar|1961}}<ref name=sadhalenenebim />

Other arts and leisure activities described in the fifth sub-book include activities such as garland making and [[perfumery]], wherein the flowers are arranged in patterns of pleasing colors and ones that delight the senses.{{Sfn|McHugh|2012|p=151–155}} The text lists types of aromatic woods, such as [[sandalwood]] and their qualities.{{Sfn|McHugh|2012|p=189–190}} The text describes the art of painting as three types — ''Viddha'' (representational), ''Aviddha'' (sketch, outline) and ''Bhava'' (narrative).<ref>{{cite journal | author=Sivapriyananda | title=South Indian Drawings and Painted Sketches: Some Examples from Mysore | journal=South Asian Studies | volume=15 | issue=1 | year=1999 | pages=1–13 | doi=10.1080/02666030.1999.9628561 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Shrigondekar|1961}} The text includes a recipe for making various types of paints,<ref>{{cite journal | last=Dube | first=R. K. | title=Gold powder: Its preparation | journal=Gold Bulletin | publisher=Springer Science | volume=24 | issue=3 | year=1991 | pages=95–102 | doi=10.1007/bf03214717| doi-access=free }}</ref> as well as crayons for drawing, and then recommends the steps in making a drawing.<ref>{{cite book|author=Isabella Nardi |title=The Theory of Citrasutras in Indian Painting: A Critical Re-evaluation of Their Uses and Interpretations| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9cl8AgAAQBAJ |year=2007| publisher=Routledge| isbn=978-1-134-16524-7|pages=123–}}</ref>

The 12th-century text describes jewelry and make up of women including those applied to their eyelids, lashes, cheeks and forearms, mentioning styles and colors of ''[[Tilak]]'' on their foreheads.{{Sfn|Shrigondekar|1961}}{{Sfn|Kamat|1980|pp=27–28, 53–56}} In jewelry, those for hair and earrings are notable.{{Sfn|Shrigondekar|1961}}{{Sfn|Kamat|1980|pp=27–28, 53–56}}

== Legacy ==
The ''Manasollasa'' has been called an important source on socio-cultural history of medieval India,<ref name="Woolf1998" /> particularly for the history of food, drinks and cuisines{{Sfn|Kamat|1980|pp=1–9}} and of sports.<ref>{{cite book|author=Joseph S. Alter | title=The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMu1xKEWBt4C| year=1992| publisher=University of California Press| isbn=978-0-520-91217-5| page=16}}</ref> Mandakranta Bose, a professor on South Asian studies, describes the text to be of great interest because it is the earliest known text with details on dance genres in India.{{Sfn|Bose|1991|pp=45, 216}} A team consisting of [[Bruno Nettl]], a professor of music and anthropology, has called ''Manasollasa'' an enormous treatise with large sections on music, dance and other performance arts.<ref>{{cite book| author=Bruno Nettl| title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC | year=1998| publisher= Routledge| isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1|page =24|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

== See also ==
*''[[Sushruta Samhita]]''
*''[[Charaka Samhita]]''
*[[Culture of India]]
*[[Indian cookbooks]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
*{{cite book|last= Banerji |first=Sures Chandra |title=A Companion to Sanskrit Literature: Spanning a Period of Over Three Thousand Years, Containing Brief Accounts of Authors, Works, Characters, Technical Terms, Geographical Names, Myths, Legends, and Several Appendices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkOAEdIsdUsC&pg=PA238|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0063-2}}
*{{cite book|first=Mandakranta |last=Bose|title=Movement and Mimesis: The Idea of Dance in the Sanskritic Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3M-8oyu0kvgC|year=1991|publisher=Kluwer Academic, Netherlands|isbn=978-0-7923-1325-0}}
*{{cite book| first=James |last=Campbell | title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Volume 1, Part 2| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SroMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA221| year=1896 | publisher=Government Central Press, Bombay Presidency, British India }}
*{{cite book|last= Chopra |first=Pran Nath|title=Encyclopaedia of India: Karnataka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfNtAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Rima Pub.}}
*{{cite book|first=Amaresh |last=Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0}}
*{{cite book|first=J. Duncan M. |last=Derrett|title=Essays in Classical and Modern Hindu Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQJBHpX0D1EC|year=1976|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-04475-2}}
*{{cite book|last= Geer |first=Alexandra van der |title=Animals in Stone: Indian Mammals Sculptured Through Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fs36CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|date=16 October 2008|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-4356-8}}
*{{cite book| author1=Joshi| author2=Hebbali|title=Mānasollāsa and Āyurveda| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be1jAAAAMAAJ| year=2004| publisher=Sharada Publishing House|isbn=978-81-85616-97-1}}
*{{cite book|first=Jyotsna K. |last=Kamat|title=Social Life in Medieval Karnāṭaka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5CczZrHsc7EC|year=1980|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-8364-0554-5}}
*{{cite book|first=James |last=McHugh |title= Sandalwood and Carrion: Smell in Indian Religion and Culture| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXexWu3OsvsC&pg=PA155| year=2012| publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-991632-0 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Kincaid |first1=Charles |last2=Parasanisa |first2=Dattatraya |title=A history of the Maratha people |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXwNjkn-HPsC&pg=PA33 |year=1918 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
*{{cite book| first=Emmie te |last= Nijenhuis |author-link=Emmie te Nijenhuis | title=Saṅgītaśiromaṇi: A Medieval Handbook of Indian Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGzESuCeK-sC | year=1992| publisher=BRILL| isbn=90-04-09498-9}}
*{{cite book|first=Prabhavati C. |last=Reddy|title=Hindu Pilgrimage: Shifting Patterns of Worldview of Srisailam in South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TkUsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-80631-8}}
*{{cite book|first=Hartmut |last=Scharfe|title=Handbuch der Orientalistik: Indien|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tlbxHiSGczYC|year=1989|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-09060-6}}
*{{cite book|url= https://archive.org/stream/TxtSkt-mAnasOllAsa-Somesvara-Vol3-1961-0024b/TxtSkt-mAnasOllAsa-Somesvara-vol3-1961-0024b#page/n1/mode/2up |title= Manasollasa of King Somesvara (Volume 3)|first= GK|last= Shrigondekar|publisher= Oriental Institute, Baroda|year= 1961|language= Sanskrit}}
*{{cite book|last= Snodgrass |first=Mary Ellen |author-link=Mary Ellen Snodgrass |title=Encyclopedia of Kitchen History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYeOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT452|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-135-45571-6}}
*{{cite book|last= Thapar |first=Romesh |title=Seminar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QX0MAQAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=R. Thapur.}}
*{{cite book|last= Udgaonkar |first=P.B. |title=Political Institutions & Administration| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC&pg=PA25| year= 1986| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.| isbn=978-81-208-2087-6}}
{{ref end}}

== External links ==
*{{cite journal | last=Dube | first=R. K. | title=Aspects of Powder Technology in Ancient and Medieval India | journal=Powder Metallurgy | volume=33 | issue=2 | year=1990 | pages=119–125 | doi=10.1179/pom.1990.33.2.119| bibcode=1990PowM...33..119D }} (Presents powder manufacturing processes mentioned in Manasollasa)
* Walter Kaufmann (1965), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/850238 Rasa, Rāga-Mālā and Performance Times in North Indian Rāgas], Ethnomusicology (Presents music theories in Natyasastra and Manasollasa)
*Elise B. Barnett (1970), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/849802 Special Bibliography: Art Music of India], Ethnomusicology
*Scan of [http://www.ms.uky.edu/~sohum/sanskrit/yogavasishtha/Manasollasa.pdf volume 1 (1925) of Shrigondekar's printed edition of the Manasollasa], University of Kentucky (in Sanskrit, first 4 vimshati) with English introduction

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Non-fiction books about theatre]]
[[Category:Theatre of India]]
[[Category:Musical theatre]]
[[Category:12th-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Dance in India]]
[[Category:Cultural history of India]]
[[Category:Literary theory]]
[[Category:Indian encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Sanskrit encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Cookbooks]]
[[Category:Human–animal interaction]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian books]]

Operation Sankalp

2026-04-28T04:58:25Z

Suresh330:

{{short description|India's maritime security operation}}
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}

{{Infobox military operation
| name = Operation Sankalp
| partof = [[Red Sea crisis]], [[Spillover of the Gaza war]], [[Piracy off the coast of Somalia]], [[2026 Iran war]]
| subtitle =
| image = Operation Sankalp Joint Operation by IN and IAF and rescue crew of MV Ruen.jpg
| image_size = 350 px
| caption = On 16 March 2024, [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster|C-17]], in cooperation with [[INS Kolkata]], paradropped two combat boats, armament load and [[MARCOS]] teams were inserted to rescue 17 crew members of MV Ruen held hostage by 35 pirates.'
| outcome = Ongoing Crisis
| scope =
| type = Naval operation
| location = [[Red Sea]] [[Gulf of Aden]] [[Arabian Sea]] [[Strait of Hormuz]] [[Indian Ocean]]
| planned_by = {{flagu|India}}
| objective = *Protection of Local Commercial Shipping
*Anti-Piracy and Anti-Terrorism operations
* Uninterrupted flow of energy supplies to the country
* Protection of national [[Sea lines of communication]]
| target =
| date = 19 June 2019 – present ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=6|day1=16|year1=2019}})
| place =
| executed_by = {{Tree list}}
* {{armed forces|India}}
** {{flagicon image|Naval Ensign of India.svg}} [[Indian Navy]]
** {{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Indian Air Force]]
{{Tree list/end}}
}}

'''Operation Sankalp''' is the [[Indian Navy]]'s initiative aimed at ensuring the security of the regional maritime domain. The term ''Sankalp'' originates from [[Sanskrit]] and signifies the concept of "''Commitment''". It aligns with the Indian Navy's objective of safeguarding India's shipping interests and trade routes.<ref name="SCstatesman">{{cite news |author1=Sayan Chatterjee |title=Indian Navy's Operation Sankalp; safeguarding India's Maritime Trade routes |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/indian-navys-operation-sankalp-safeguarding-indias-maritime-trade-routes-1502966669.html |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=The Statesman |date=8 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Launched on 19 June 2019, Operation Sankalp primarily focused on guaranteeing the safe transit of Indian-flagged vessels passing through the [[Strait of Hormuz]] amidst escalating security concerns in the area. The protection of India's commercial fleet and maritime commerce is emphasised as a significant goal within the Indian Navy's responsibilities. Due to the intricate nature of the mission and the global context in which Indian Naval vessels operate, Op Sankalp is being executed in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) through active engagement and meticulous coordination with the Indian Ministries of [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence]], [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]], [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|Shipping]], [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Petroleum and Natural Gas]], and the [[Directorate General of Shipping]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Navy Executes OP Sankalp |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1575075 |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=pib.gov.in |agency=[[Press Information Bureau]] |publisher=Ministry of Defence (India), [[Government of India]] |date=20 June 2019 |location=Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Op SANKALP : 3RD YEAR OF INDIAN NAVY'S MARITIME SECURITY OPERATIONS |url=https://english.janamtv.com/news/43057/op-sankalp-3rd-year-of-indian-navys-maritime-security-operations/ |access-date=20 March 2024 |publisher=Janam Online |date=20 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=INS Talwar Deployed in the Gulf as Part of the Navy's Op Sankalp |url=https://forceindia.net/ins-talwar-deployed-gulf-part-navys-op-sankalp/ |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=FORCE Magazine |date=21 June 2022}}</ref>

==Background==
The utilisation of a [[blue-water navy]] relies on its intrinsic characteristics such as reach, flexibility, and visibility. The actions carried out by a country's naval forces to advance its national interest reflect both the nation's interests and political objectives.<ref name="SCstatesman" /> Since 2008, piracy has become a growing concern in the Indian Ocean Region, prompting the deployment of warships from various navies - both regional as well as non-regional naval forces. The Indian Navy has stepped up as the leading force in tackling security issues, positioning itself as the ‘''First Responder''’ and ‘''Preferred Security Partner''’ in the IOR. Through impressive displays of naval strength, aircraft, and Special Forces, the Indian Navy remains steadfast in its mission to protect the seas and ensure the safety of the maritime community in the face of unconventional threats.<ref name=":2">{{Cite press release |title=Indian Navy's ongoing maritime security operations ('Op Sankalp') 14 Dec 23 to 23 Mar 24 |date=2024-03-23 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2016201&reg=3&lang=2 |access-date=2026-04-08}}</ref>

The [[Persian Gulf]] plays a significant role in India's maritime trade with [[West Asia]]. In the fiscal year 2019–2020, India imported about US$66 billion worth of oil from this region, making up 62 per cent of its total oil imports. The trade between India and West Asia during that time stood at US$108.2 billion in imports and roughly US$51 billion in exports. These numbers constitute 8.1% and 11.4% of India's total exports and imports, underscoring the importance of '''Operation Sankalp''' led by the Indian Navy.<ref name="SCstatesman" />

==Early deployments==
From June 2019 to May 2021, fleet of 20 Indian warships were deployed under Operation Sankalp to safeguard the journey of over 200 Indian Flag Vessels transporting more than 21 million tonnes of cargo in the IOR.<ref name="SCstatesman" />

In November 2021, {{INS|Trikand}} was dispatched to the [[Persian Gulf]] and [[Gulf of Oman]] under Operation Sankalp, an initiative by the Indian Navy to uphold a prominent vessel in the area, guaranteeing the unhindered and protected transportation of goods, fostering trust within the maritime community, and actively contributing to the overall security of the regional waters. The ship stopped at [[Manama]] and during its stay at the port, the personnel engaged with Bahrain's counterparts to enhance maritime security. ''Trikand'', a cutting-edge [[frigate]] equipped with [[guided missile]]s and [[stealth technology]], serves as a vital component of the [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]]. It operates under the command of the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Western Naval Command]], which is headquartered in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |title=OP SANKALP - MISSION-BASED DEPLOYMENT TO PERSIAN GULF BY INS TRIKAND |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1772995 |access-date=1 April 2024 |work=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

India enacted its anti-piracy legislation as the '''Maritime Anti-Piracy Act 2022''', on 20 December 2022 criminalising maritime piracy and empowering the Indian Navy and other government agencies with the authority to respond to threats at sea.<ref>{{cite news |title=9 pirates being brought to India to face legal action, says Navy a day after rescuing 23 Pakistani crew from Iranian fishing vessel |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/9-pirates-being-brought-to-india-to-face-legal-action-navy-day-after-rescuing-23-pakistani-crew-from-iranian-fishing-vessel/articleshow/108902077.cms |access-date=9 May 2024 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> In 2024, the then [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of Naval Staff]] [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[R. Hari Kumar]] referred to the new law as a "great enabler" in the navy's anti-piracy success.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-piracy Act has been a great enabler: Navy chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/anti-piracy-act-has-been-a-great-enabler-navy-chief/article67987273.ece |access-date=9 May 2024 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

In regular circumstances, this deployment would have been considered as a standard procedure. Nevertheless, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] situation, the Indian Navy's capability to deploy its warships demonstrated their exceptional operational readiness and availability. This also highlighted the stringent protocols and mechanisms implemented by the Indian Navy to minimise the impact of [[SARS-CoV-2]] on their personnel, thereby ensuring uninterrupted deployments and operations. Consequently, in addition to their continuous anti-piracy patrols and Op-Sankalp, the Indian Navy effectively executed numerous deployments and operations.<ref name="SCstatesman" />

== 2023–24 ==
{{See also|Red Sea crisis}}
On 14 December 2023, Operation Sankalp was re-initiated to ensure the security of the regional maritime domain due to the [[Red Sea crisis]] and sudden increase in marine pirate activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Navy's Ongoing Maritime Security Operations ('OP SANKALP') 14 Dec 23 to 23 Mar 24 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2016201 |access-date=17 May 2024 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> The Indian Navy on 31 December 2023 said it had deployed [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|P-8I Neptune]] and the [[General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper|SeaGuardian]] drones,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=31 December 2023 |title=Attacks on ships: Indian Navy enhances surveillance in Arabian Sea |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/attacks-on-ships-indian-navy-enhances-surveillance-in-arabian-sea/article67693168.ece |access-date=5 January 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> following the distressed faced by two merchant vessels, MV ''Ruen'' and [[2023 attack on the Chem Pluto|MV ''Chem Pluto'']] which were targeted in the sea. MV ''Ruen'' was hijacked (later rescued by [[INS Kolkata|INS ''Kolkata'']]) while MV ''Chem Pluto'' sustained drone hits eventually and making way to port. The Indian Navy deployed a large flotilla of [[destroyer]]s to safeguard international security. The deployment into the Arabian Sea included missile destroyers, including [[INS Kolkata|INS ''Kolkata'']], [[INS Kochi|INS ''Kochi'']], [[INS Mormugao (D67)|INS ''Mormugao'']], [[INS Chennai (D65)|INS ''Chennai'']] and [[INS Visakhapatnam (D66)|INS ''Visakhapatnam'']],<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{Cite web |title=Indian Navy deploys warships and surveillance aircraft to enhance maritime security - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Dec/31/indian-navy-deploys-warships-and-surveillance-aircraft-to-enhance-maritime-security-2646544.html |access-date=5 January 2024 |website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=6 December 2023 }}</ref> almost its entire modern destroyer fleet of its [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]]. INS ''Kolkata'' was deployed at the [[River mouth|mouth]] of the [[Red Sea]], INS ''Kochi'' on the south of [[Yemen|Yemen's]] [[Socotra|Socotra Island]], INS ''Mormugao'' in the west Arabian Sea with INS ''Chennai'' in the central Arabian Sea. INS ''Visakhapatnam'' was also moved in a week later and was tasked to patrol the north Arabian Sea.<ref name="newindianexpress.com" />

From December 2023 to March 2024, around 5,000 troops have been deployed at sea with over 450 ship days have been completed (using over 21 ships), and maritime surveillance aircraft have flown 900 hours under Operation Sankalp.<ref name=":2" />

In 2024, as per a report, the Indian Navy deployed over 30 ships as [[Houthi movement|Houthi militants]] targeted multiple cargo vessels in and around the [[Red Sea]] with drone and missile attacks. "The Navy responded to over 25 such incidents and safely escorted over 230 [[Merchant Vessel|merchant vessels]] carrying around 90 lakh metric tonnes of cargo valued at over USD 4 billion", according to official data.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=26 December 2024 |title=YEAR END REVIEW 2024 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2088180 |access-date=27 December 2024 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=31 December 2024 |title=2024: Indian military maintained assertive approach along LAC; focused on boosting operational might |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/2024-indian-military-maintained-assertive-approach-along-lac-focused-on-boosting-operational-might/articleshow/116821290.cms |access-date=3 January 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Date
!Ship attacked
!Rescued by
!Cause
|-
! colspan="3" |Details
|-
| rowspan="2" |15-19 December 2023
|MV ''Ruen'' {{Flag icon|Malta}}
|[[INS Kolkata|INS ''Kolkata'']], [[INS Subhadra|INS ''Subhadra'']]
|Piracy
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="3" |MV ''Reun'' was attacked and hijacked by Somali pirates in their first attempt since 2017. Indian Navy quickly responded to the situation. Following Indian Navy [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|P-8I Neptune]] MPA locating those ships, ''Kochi'' as well as the [[Spanish frigate Victoria|Spanish ship ''Victoria'']] and the [[JS Akebono (DD-108)|JS ''Akenebono'']] immediately sailed behind them and are proceeding to Mogadishu harbour in Somalia, the estimated location of the pirates are taking the Reun. INS ''Kochi'', on its part, was shadowing MV Ruen in a ''“wait-and-watch”'' mode since a direct intervention could have led to casualties among the crew being held hostage by the pirates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2023 |title=Hijacked tanker proceeds to Mogadishu, INS Kochi monitors the Malta vessel |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hijacked-tanker-proceeds-to-mogadishu-ins-kochi-monitors-the-malta-vessel-101702785775272.html |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Navy intercepts ship hijacked by pirates in the Arabian Sea after SOS message - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2023/Dec/17/navy-intercepts-ship-hijacked-by-pirates-in-the-arabian-sea-after-sos-message-2642219.html |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=7 December 2023 }}</ref>
On 19 December, the hijackers freed a Bulgarian hostage so that he could receive medical assistance after being injured by [[gunshot wound|gunshot]]. The sailor was treated on board and is now being taken to a shore-based medical facility in [[Oman]] for further evaluation. The destroyer kept trailing MV Reun and further action shall be decided by the owners of the shipping company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=Injured sailor from hijacked ship moved to Indian stealth warship for treatment |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/injured-sailor-from-hijacked-ship-moved-to-indian-stealth-warship-for-treatment-101702969485776.html |access-date=19 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2023 |title=Indian Navy evacuates injured sailor from hijacked ship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-navy-evacuates-injured-sailor-from-hijacked-ship/articleshow/106131010.cms?from=mdr |access-date=19 December 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

MV Ruen was intercepted again by [[INS Kolkata]] on 16 March 2024 and the pirates were captured.
|-
| rowspan="2" |18 January 2024
|MV ''Genco Picardy {{Flag icon|Marshall Islands}}''
|[[INS Visakhapatnam (D66)|INS ''Visakhapatnam'']]
|Drone attack
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="3" |''Visakhapatnam'' responded to a [[Distress signal|distress call]] from the [[Marshall Islands|Marshall Island]]-flagged MV ''Genco Picardy'' following a [[Drone warfare|drone attack]] by unknown attackers at 11:11 pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on the night of 17 January. The Indian naval ship acknowledged the [[Distress signal|distress call]] and intercepted the vessel at 12:30 am IST the next day and provided support. ''Genco Picardy'' had 22 crew, including 9 Indian [[sailor]]s. Following an EOD inspection by the ship's specialists, the ship was cleared to continue its journey without any casualties incurred aboard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INS Visakhapatnam Rescues Marshall Island Ship With 9 Indians After Drone Attack In Gulf Of Aden |url=https://zeenews.india.com/world/ins-visakhapatnam-rescues-marshall-island-ship-with-9-indians-from-drone-attack-in-gulf-of-aden-2710907.html/amp |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Naval warship INS Visakhapatnam helps ship under drone attack in Gulf of Aden |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-warship-ins-visakhapatnam-helps-ship-under-drone-attack-in-gulf-of-aden-2490298-2024-01-18 |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=India Today |date=18 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |26 January 2024
|[[Marlin Luanda missile strike|MV ''Marlin Luanda'']] {{Flag icon|Marshall Islands}}
|[[INS Visakhapatnam (D66)|INS ''Visakhapatnam'']], [[USS Carney|USS ''Carney'']], [[French frigate Alsace|French frigate ''Alsace'']]
|Missile strike
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="3" |Following a distress call from the British owned, [[Marshall Islands]] flagged oil tanker ''MV Marlin Luanda'' on the night of 26 January 2024, ''Visakhapatnam'' responded to aid the ship in its fire fighting efforts by deploying its NBCD team (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical Defence and Damage control) along with firefighting equipment on board. The ship was reportedly attacked by the [[Red Sea crisis|Houthis]] at approximately 7:45 pm and it had 22 Indians and one Bangladeshi crew member aboard. {{USS|Carney|DDG 64}} (also targeted by a Houthi missile, but shot down), the [[French frigate Alsace]] and other [[Operation Prosperity Guardian]] coalition ships also responded and rendered assistance. No injuries were reported as the fire had broken out in the cargo compartment. The vessel sailed to a safe harbour under its own power.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2024 |title=Houthi attack: Indian Navy deploys fire-fighting team on board British oil tanker with 22 Indian crew members |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/houthi-attack-ins-visakhapatnam-deploys-fire-fighting-team-on-board-british-oil-tanker-12134171.html |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2024 |title=Indian Navy responds to SOS call from merchant ship in Gulf of Aden after being hit by Houthi anti-ship missile |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-navy-responds-to-sos-call-from-merchant-ship-in-gulf-of-aden/articleshow/107186548.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |29 January 2024
|FV ''Iman {{Flag icon|Iran}}''
|[[INS Sumitra (P59)|INS ''Sumitra'']]
|Piracy
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="3" |INS ''Sumitra'' ''successfully'' rescued fishermen hijacked by pirates along the East coast of [[Somalia]] and the [[Gulf of Aden]]. The naval warship was responding to a distress message regarding hijacking of an [[Iran]]ian-flagged Fishing Vessel (FV) ''Iman''. The pirates boarded the fishing boat and its 17-member crew was taken hostage. Acting in accordance with the Standard Operation Procedures the crew successfully coerced the pirates and released the crew along with the boat. The FV was then sanitised and continued for their destination.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2024 |title=Indian Navy rescues Iranian vessel hijacked by pirates |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/navy-deploys-ins-sumitra-to-rescue-iranian-vessel-hijacked-by-pirates-report-101706518224414.html |access-date=29 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2024 |title=In swift response, Indian Navy saves another hijacked vessel off Somalia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/red-sea-indian-navy-gulf-of-aden-somalia-piracy-ins-sumitra/articleshow/107228412.cms |access-date=29 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |29-30 January 2024
|''FV Al Naeemi {{Flag icon|Iran}}''
|[[INS Sumitra (P59)|INS ''Sumitra'']], [[MARCOS]]
|Piracy
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="3" |INS ''Sumitra'' rescued 19 [[Pakistanis|Pakistani]] sailors after pirates hijacked their [[fishing vessel]] off the east coast of [[Somalia]] the previous day. Eleven armed pirates climbed onto another [[Iran]]ian-flagged fishing vessel ''FV Al Naeemi'' and took 19 crew members, all Pakistanis, as [[hostage]]. The Navy warship intercepted the fishing vessel and coerced the pirates to release the hostages. The Navy warship intercepted the fishing vessel and forced the pirates to release the hostages with the help of [[MARCOS]] on 29 January. Warning shots were then fired in the water to pressurise the Somali pirates who had taken control of the vessel the Indian Navy deployed its [[HAL Dhruv]] as a part of [[psychological warfare]]. The pirates dumped their weapons when INS ''Sumitra'' approached them. Armed with [[IWI Tavor|Tavor TAR-21]] and other combat gear, the MARCOS brought the pirates and were disarmed. No injuries were reported in the swift operation in which the Navy captured [[AK-47]]s and several mobile and [[satellite phone]]s from the pirates' possession.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Warning Shots, Aerial Dominance: How Navy Rescued Vessels From Pirates |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/warning-shots-aerial-dominance-how-navy-rescued-vessels-from-pirates-4968445 |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The incident took place in southern [[Arabian Sea]] approximately [[Nautical mile|850 nm]] west of [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2024 |title=Indian Navy foils second hijacking bid in Arabian Sea in 24 hours |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-navy-foils-2nd-hijacking-bid-in-36hrs-off-somalia-coast-rescues-iranian-boat-101706592501634.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2024 |title=India news updates LIVE: Indian naval ship rescues 19 Pakistani nationals from Somali Pirates |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/world/latest-daily-news-live-india-world-bharat-jodo-nyay-yatra-bjp-workers-bengal-clash-hemant-soren-ed-visit-delhi-weather-cold-wave-aqi-breaking-news-and-updates-liveblog-12148121.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |22 February 2024
|MV Islander ''{{Flag icon|Palau}}''
|[[INS Kolkata|INS ''Kolkata'']]
|Missile attack
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="3" |On 22 February 2024, [[Palau]]-flagged MV Islander came under [[Houthi movement|Houthi]] attack of two [[anti-ship ballistic missile]]s. INS Kolkata, nearest to the ship rushed to assistance and An explosive disposal and medical team was sent to the vessel for assisteance. The ship could continue its journey forward.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2024 |title=Indian warship comes to rescue of merchant vessel under attack in Gulf of Aden |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-warship-rescues-merchant-vessel-under-attack-in-gulf-of-aden/articleshow/107964840.cms |access-date=16 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=15 August 2024 |title=Daring flood rescue to leading a crashing Jaguar jet away from town, tales of India's bravehearts |url=https://theprint.in/defence/daring-flood-rescue-to-leading-a-crashing-jaguar-jet-away-from-town-tales-of-indias-bravehearts/2224782/ |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2024 |title=Capt Sharad Sinsunwal – Shaurya Chakra - Citation |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2024/aug/doc2024814376701.pdf |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=static.pib.gov.on}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |4 March 2024
|MSC ''[[Sky II]] {{Flag icon|Liberia}}''
|[[INS Kolkata|INS ''Kolkata'']]
|Drone attack
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="3" |INS ''Kolkata'', deployed to the [[Gulf of Aden]], responded to a request from MSC ''Sky II'', a [[Liberia]]n [[Ship flag|flagged]] container vessel. The ship had reportedly been attacked by a drone or missile 90 nm southeast of [[Aden]]. The ship's master reported smoke and flames onboard following the attack. INS ''Kolkata'' was quickly redirected to provide the required support and reached the incident site. The ''Kolkata'' then escorted the ship from the area of the incident into the territorial seas of [[Djibouti]]. On 5 March, a specialised firefighting team from ''Kolkata'' boarded the ''Sky II'' and extinguished the remaining fires and an [[explosive ordnance disposal]] team boarded the ''Sky II'' to evaluate residual risk. The crew were safe and the ship then continued sailing towards its next destination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIAN NAVY PROVIDED ASSISTANCE TO LIBERIAN-FLAGGED CONTAINER VESSEL, MSC SKY II |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2011785 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307110502/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2011785 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VIDEO: Indian Navy's Heroic Rescue Of Ship After Houthi Rebels Attacked It In Red Sea |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/video-indian-navy-heroic-rescue-of-ship-msc-sky-ii-after-houthi-rebels-attacked-it-in-red-sea-watch-10138162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305154237/https://english.jagran.com/india/video-indian-navy-heroic-rescue-of-ship-msc-sky-ii-after-houthi-rebels-attacked-it-in-red-sea-watch-10138162 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=English Jagran |date=5 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Navy rescues ship under drone attack in Gulf of Aden, 13 Indians were onboard |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-rescues-liberian-flagged-merchant-ship-gulf-of-aden-drone-attack-indians-2511003-2024-03-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305143253/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-rescues-liberian-flagged-merchant-ship-gulf-of-aden-drone-attack-indians-2511003-2024-03-05 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=India Today |date=5 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |4 January 2024
|MV ''Lila Norfolk'' ''{{Flag icon|Liberia}}''
|[[INS Chennai (D65)|INS ''Chennai'']], [[MARCOS]]
|Piracy
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="3" |MV Lila Norfolk sailing from Port Du Aco in [[Brazil]] to Khalifa Bin Salman in [[Bahrain]] was hijacked by pirates 460 nautical miles east off Somalia. It had sent a message indicating boarding by around five to six unknown armed personnel. Of the 21 crew members, 15 were Indian and the other 6 hailed from the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 January 2024 |title=Indian Navy thwarts hijack attempt, rescues 21 crew members, including 15 Indians |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-navy-thwarts-hijack-attempt-rescues-21-crew-members-including-15-indians/articleshow/106582431.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> INS Chennai was deployed to render assistance while a [[maritime patrol aircraft]] overflew the vessel the next morning and established contact with the vessel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2024 |title=INS Chennai moving towards hijacked vessel off Somalia coast; 15 Indians aboard |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/liberianflagged-ship-hijacked-off-somalia-coast-15-indian-crew-members-aboard-101704431475777.html |access-date=5 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2024 |title=Navy sends INS Chennai to assist vessel hijacked in Arabian Sea, 15 Indians aboard |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/navy-ins-chennai-vessel-hijacked-arabian-sea-15-indians-9096189/ |access-date=5 January 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=5 January 2024 |title=Indian Navy responds to hijack attempt of a Liberian-flagged vessel in Arabian Sea, deploys INS Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-navy-responds-to-hijack-attempt-of-a-liberian-flagged-vessel-in-arabian-sea-deploys-ins-chennai/article67708913.ece |access-date=5 January 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 5 January 2024, after providing warnings, the [[MARCOS]] commandos from the INS Chennai boarded the ship to rescue all crew members. The pirates had abandoned ship prior to the boarding.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/indian-navy-commandos-board-hijacked-ship-clear-it-of-hijackers/20240105.htm | title=Indian Navy commandos board hijacked ship, rescue all 21 on board }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |6 March 2024
|MV ''[[MV True Confidence|True Confidence]] {{Flag icon|Barbados}}''
|[[INS Kolkata|INS ''Kolkata'']]
|Drone/missile attack
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="3" |INS ''Kolkata'' responded to another crisis in the [[Gulf of Aden]]. About 55 nautical miles southwest of Aden, a drone or missile struck the [[Barbados]]-flagged bulk carrier MV ''[[MV True Confidence|True Confidence]]''. When INS ''Kolkata'' arrived on the site, it used its onboard aircraft and boats and rescued 21 crew members, including an Indian national, via life rafts. The injured crew members received vital medical attention from the ship's medical experts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=7 March 2024 |title=Indian Navy comes to the rescue of missile-hit ship in Gulf of Aden |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-navy-comes-to-rescue-of-missile-hit-ship-in-gulf-of-aden/articleshow/108287063.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307055107/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-navy-comes-to-rescue-of-missile-hit-ship-in-gulf-of-aden/articleshow/108287063.cms |archive-date=7 March 2024 |access-date=7 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Watch: Indian Navy Warship Rescues 21 From Ship Hit By Houthi Missile |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-indian-navy-warship-ins-kolkata-rescues-21-from-ship-hit-by-houthi-missile-5192833 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307110409/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-indian-navy-warship-ins-kolkata-rescues-21-from-ship-hit-by-houthi-missile-5192833 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |access-date=7 March 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |16 March 2024
|''ex-''MV ''Ruen'' ''{{Flag icon|Malta}}''
|[[INS Kolkata|INS ''Kolkata'']], [[INS Subhadra (P51)|INS ''Subhadra'' (P51)]], [[MARCOS]]
|Piracy
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="3" |Indian Navy's Marine Commandos ([[MARCOS]]) were deployed via [[Indian Air Force|IAF]]'s [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]] aircraft in a rescue operation involving the bulk carrier MV Ruen, which had been seized by [[Somalian pirates]]. The cargo vessel was taken near the [[Yemen]]i island of [[Socotra]] in December 2023 and was located approximately 2,600 km away from the Indian Coast. This successful counter-piracy operation received assistance from the Indian warship [[INS Subhadra (P51)|INS ''Subhadra'']], [[INS Kolkata|INS ''Kolkata'']], [[General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper|MQ-9B SeaGuardian]] drones and a [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|P8I]] maritime patrol aircraft. The “high tempo” mission aboard merchant vessel lasting for about 40 hours concluded by safely evacuating 17 crew members and compelling 35 pirates to surrender.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 March 2024 |title=Indian Navy and Air Force Conduct Complex Anti-Piracy Operation |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/03/indian-navy-and-air-force-conduct-complex-anti-piracy-operation/ |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=Naval News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 March 2024 |title=IAF Shares Visuals of C-17 Precision Airdrop from Joint Op with Navy, Leading to Surrender of 35 Somali Pirates |url=https://www.news18.com/india/iaf-shares-visuals-of-c-17-precision-airdrop-from-joint-op-with-navy-leading-to-surrender-of-35-somali-pirates-8818990.html |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |26 April 2024
|MV ''Andromeda Star'' ''{{Flag icon|Panama}}''
|[[INS Kochi|INS ''Kochi'']]
|Missile attack
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="3" |INS Kochi rescued 30 persons from a [[Panama]]-flagged and [[Seychelles]]-operated oil tanker, MV Andromeda Star, which was attacked by [[Houthi movement|Houthi]] missiles earlier. An official reconnaissance was conducted by a helicopter after which the explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) reached the vessel to "residual risk assessment". Out of 30 crew members, 22 were Indian nationals. Later the ship continued towards her next destination. According to the [[United States Central Command|US Central Command]], three anti ship ballistic missiles were launched by Houthis to attack MV ''Maisha'' and MV ''Andromeda Star''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2024 |title=Indian warship INS Kochi renders help to vessel attacked in Red Sea |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-warship-ins-kochi-renders-help-to-vessel-attacked-in-red-sea-101714314260231.html |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=28 April 2024 |title=Indian Navy comes to tanker's aid after Houthi missile attack |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-navy-comes-to-tankers-aid-after-houthi-missile-attack/article68118224.ece |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

== 2025 ==
With tensions arising in the middle east following a [[2026 United States military buildup in the Middle East|United States buildup of ships]] between December 2025 and March 2026, multiple Indian naval assets were deployed across the [[Persian Gulf]], the [[Red Sea]] , [[Strait of Malacca|Southeast Asia]] and the central Indian Ocean,aimed at boosting naval diplomacy efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-05 |title=‘Presence across critical...’: Defence analyst hails Indian Navy as it shields energy tankers - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/presence-across-critical-defence-analyst-hails-indian-navy-as-it-shields-energy-tankers-524093-2026-04-05 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

== 2026 ==
{{Main|Operation Urja Suraksha}}

{{See also|2026 Strait of Hormuz crisis}}
While the Iran conflict begun, an Indian Navy destroyer and a frigate was kept deployed in the [[Gulf of Oman]] and the [[Gulf of Aden]] under Operation Sankalp. As on 2 March, India was "closely monitoring" the situation while the warships could be immediately diverted for HADR operations, as per a senior defence official.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2 March 2026 |title=Indian warships in the Gulf on standby for humanitarian operations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-warships-in-the-gulf-on-standby-for-humanitarian-operations/article70696250.ece |access-date=3 March 2026 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>On 10 March, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that the Indian government was evaluating options to escort the Indian-[[Flagging (shipping)|flagged]] vessels that were stuck near the crisis-hit [[Strait of Hormuz]]. As of then, there were 36–38 such vessels with 1,100 sailors, all of which were safe with the crew members having sufficient provisions. The ships are complying to "enhanced safety protocols" including reporting to authorities at a higher frequency. Indian ship owners had requested to government for naval escorts. .<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-11 |title=India considering naval escort for ships in Strait of Hormuz amid Iran war: Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-considering-naval-escort-for-ships-in-strait-of-hormuz-amid-iran-war-report/articleshow/129405940.cms |access-date=2026-03-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haq |first=Zia |date=2026-03-10 |title=India weighs options to escort stuck ships out of choked Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-weighs-options-to-escort-stuck-ships-out-of-choked-strait-of-hormuz-us-iran-war-oil-middle-east-101773106433525.html |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Navy warships deployed near Persian Gulf, on standby to assist merchant vessels: Report |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/indian-navy-warships-deployed-near-persian-gulf-on-standby-to-assist-merchant-vessels-report-1773521887461 |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref>

Unlike the passive monitoring protocols seen in previous years, the Navy implemented close-protection escorts for India-flagged Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and crude oil tankers. Through [[Track II diplomacy|back-channel negotiations]] led by the [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]], [[Ajit Doval]], India may have secured an informal guarantee from [[Tehran]] for the safe passage of Indian vessels, provided they are escorted by Indian naval assets and do not carry coalition materiel.<ref name=":9" />{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} On 25 March, '''Operation ''Urja Suraksha''''' was reported to have been initiated to secure oil supplies from the [[Middle East]] to India.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Network |first=MI News |date=2026-03-25 |title=Indian Navy Launches ‘Operation Urja Suraksha’ To Secure India-Bound Ships Passing Through Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.marineinsight.com/indian-navy-launches-operation-urja-suraksha-to-secure-india-bound-ships-passing-through-strait-of-hormuz/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=Marine Insight |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-26 |title=Op Urja Suraksha: Navy deploys 5 warships to guide cargo vessels exiting troubled Strait of Hormuz |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/op-urja-suraksha-navy-deploys-5-warships-to-guide-cargo-vessels-exiting-troubled-strait-of-hormuz/articleshow/129813914.cms |access-date=2026-03-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Urja Suraksha: How India is securing oil flows through Strait of Hormuz {{!}} Mathrubhumi English |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/amp/news/india/operation-urja-suraksha-indian-navy-strait-of-hormuz-jlttryiw |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=english.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref> The Navy provides critical precise instructions to each ship through the Iran-controlled route, closer to the Iran coast than the official shipping lanes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Navy is Quietly Guiding the Country’s Ships Through Strait of Hormuz |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/indian-navy-is-quietly-guiding-the-country-s-ships-through-strait-of-hormuz |website=The Maritime Executive |language=en |date=26 March 2026}}</ref>

India was also among the five nations, including [[China]], [[Russia]], [[Iraq]] and [[Pakistan]] whose ships were allowed to transit the Strait of Hormuz. This was announced by the [[Foreign Minister of Iran]], [[Abbas Araghchi]] on 26 March.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2026-03-26 |title=India among five nations granted passage through Strait of Hormuz by Iran |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-among-five-nations-granted-passage-through-strait-of-hormuz-by-tehran/article70786984.ece |access-date=2026-03-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
==Achievement==
Due to the impact made in addressing maritime challenges, preventing the resurgence of piracy, and significantly decreasing drug trafficking in the Indian Ocean Region, as well as in protecting India's maritime concerns, the Indian Navy's strategic response, creativity, and unwavering determination during the continuous maritime security operations under 'Op Sankalp' have garnered international recognition.<ref name=":2" />

By the end of 2023, a total of 41 warships have been deployed by the Indian Navy to provide escort services for around 624 Lakh Tons of cargo carried by 503 Indian Flagged Merchant Vessels.<ref>{{cite news |title=MINISTRY OF DEFENCE - YEAR END REVIEW 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1989502 |access-date=1 April 2024 |work=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

As of March 2024, the Indian Navy has demonstrated its dedication to guaranteeing the maritime safety and security by escorting about {{Val|15000000|ul=Tg|fmt=commas}} of vital commodities under transit in the region and has given over 450 [[Merchant Vessel|merchant vessels]] confidence from being present in the IOR. It has a remarkable record of saving over 110 lives which includes 45 Indian seafarers. The Indian Navy has apprehended [[contraband]] and approximately {{convert|3000|kg|lbs}} of [[narcotic drugs]].<ref name=":2" />

Around 23 warships has been deployed in the [[Gulf of Oman]] and [[Persian Gulf]] region as of March 2026.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-15 |title=Navy warships keep watch on India-bound vessels in Hormuz |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/navy-warships-keep-watch-on-india-bound-vessels-in-hormuz/articleshow/129583293.cms |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Operation Prosperity Guardian]]
* [[Operation Aspides]]
* [[Operation Atalanta]]
* [[2024 missile strikes in Yemen]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2019 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 2019]]
[[Category:Naval units and formations of India]]

Velaikkaran (2017 film)

2026-04-25T20:38:30Z

Suresh330: Creating stub

{{short description|2017 film by Mohan Raja}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Velaikkaran
| image = Velaikkaran_Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mohan Raja]]
| producer = [[R. D. Raja]] N. Ramasamy Hema Rukmani N. Murali
| writer =
| screenplay = Mohan Raja N. Baskaran [[Subha (writers)|D. Suresh]] [[Subha (writers)|A.N. Balakrishnan]]
| story = Mohan Raja Venkatesh Babu Krishnasamy
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{ubl| Mohan Raja N. Baskaran}}
}}
| starring = [[Sivakarthikeyan]] [[Fahadh Faasil]] [[Nayanthara]] [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] [[Prakash Raj]]
| music = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| cinematography = [[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]]
| editing = [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]] [[Vivek Harshan]] Gowtham G.A. Vetre Krishnan
| studio = [[R. D. Raja|24AM Studios]]
| distributor = [[Fox Star Studios]] [[Thenandal Studio Limited|Sri Thenandal Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|12|22|India}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}35 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2018 |title=Movie Velaikkaran Budget |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/velaikkaran-box-office-collection-sivakarthikeyans-film-beats-remo-grosses-over-rs-50-crore-755460 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012141805/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/velaikkaran-box-office-collection-sivakarthikeyans-film-beats-remo-grosses-over-rs-50-crore-755460 |archive-date=12 October 2019 |access-date=12 October 2019 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}86 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2024 |title=From Rajini Murugan to Amaran: Sivakarthikeyan's Top Box Office Hits
|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/top-listing/from-rajini-murugan-to-amaran-sivakarthikeyans-top-box-office-hits-5-3377.html |website=[[Filmi Beat]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Velaikkaran''''' ({{translation|Worker}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sivakarthikeyan: You can expect a lot of surprises in 2018 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan-you-can-expect-a-lot-of-surprises-in-2018-news-tamil-rmvkeiadehhid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222001032/http://www.sify.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan-you-can-expect-a-lot-of-surprises-in-2018-news-tamil-rmvkeiadehhid.html |archive-date=22 December 2017 |website=[[Sify]] |quote=It was Raja sir’s idea to do a film like Velaikkaran, an intense action thriller”, says Sivakarthikeyan.}}</ref> written and directed by [[Mohan Raja]]. Produced by [[R. D. Raja]] under his banner 24AM Studios. The film stars [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] and [[Prakash Raj]] in lead roles. [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], [[Sathish]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]], [[RJ Balaji]], [[Vijay Vasanth]], [[Robo Shankar]] and [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] play supporting roles. The film's music is composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], with cinematography by [[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]]. The film is based on a sales executive named Arivazhagan (Sivakarthikeyan) who fights against food adulteration committed by high-class companies.

The film was released on 22 December 2017 to positive reviews with praise for Sivakarthikeyan and Fahadh Fassil's performance, story, social message, screenplay, cinematography, Anirudh's soundtrack and background score.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=20 December 2017 |title=Velaikkaran is Sivakarthikeyan's most important film to date: There's a lot at stake for the rising star |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/velaikkaran-is-sivakarthikeyans-most-important-film-to-date-theres-a-lot-at-stake-for-the-rising-star-4268147.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522154406/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/velaikkaran-is-sivakarthikeyans-most-important-film-to-date-theres-a-lot-at-stake-for-the-rising-star-4268147.html |archive-date=22 May 2021 |access-date=22 May 2021 |publisher=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Velaikkaran review- an honest film that hits the right notes |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/velaikkaran-review--an-honest-film-that-hits-the-right-notes-review-tamil-rmwljKdhcehdb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222081423/http://www.sify.com/movies/velaikkaran-review--an-honest-film-that-hits-the-right-notes-review-tamil-rmwljKdhcehdb.html |archive-date=22 December 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=May 2024}}
Arivazhagan, also known as Arivu, is a socially conscious and determined young man from Kolaikkara Kuppam, a slum in Chennai. Wanting to uplift his community, he starts a local radio station, Kuppam FM 90.8, with help from the area gangster Kasi. However, Arivu’s true goal is to free his people from Kasi’s control, as Kasi keeps them dependent to maintain his power. Arivu succeeds in turning the people against Kasi, breaking his influence over the area.

Following this, Arivu joins a major FMCG company called Saffron, working under Stella Bruce in the sales department. He also helps his childhood friend Bhagya leave Kasi’s gang and get a job in Saffron. There, he meets brand manager Aadhi, who becomes a mentor figure and teaches him how to grow through smart work. But tragedy strikes when Bhagya is murdered by Kasi in Saffron’s warehouse. Kasi later reveals that he acted on the orders of Saffron’s president, Jayaram, because Bhagya was helping a woman named Kasthuri, who had filed a case against the company for selling adulterated products that led to her son’s death.

Shocked by the truth, Arivu vows to fight against food adulteration across not just Saffron, but all major food companies, including one owned by powerful businessman Madhav Kurup. Arivu shares his mission with Aadhi, unaware that Aadhi is actually Adhiban Madhav, the son of Madhav Kurup, who has joined Saffron to learn its secrets and merge it with his father’s empire.

Arivu manages to inspire workers across companies to manufacture only quality products and shows symbolic unity by making them wear kerchiefs. But Aadhi manipulates events, takes control of the companies, and turns the employees against Arivu by framing him as a traitor. He also burns down a stock of pure products and reveals his true identity, declaring himself the next CEO and vowing to resume adulteration without the workers’ knowledge.

On the night before May 1st, Arivu goes live on Radio Mirchi and reveals that despite the sabotage, many Saffron employees, inspired by department head Karpaga Vinayagam, continued to produce only unadulterated products. Workers like Kennedy, Vinoth, Ansari, and Sivaranjani confirm their commitment to ethical manufacturing.

Arivu ends his speech by urging workers everywhere not to waste their loyalty on corrupt employers, but to stand up for honesty and public welfare. His message resonates across the city. The employees threaten to rebel against Aadhi if he brings back adulteration, and Arivu’s efforts are finally recognized. The film concludes with Arivu celebrating his victory with Mrinalini, his friends, his slum, and the people of Chennai, showing that truth, unity, and courage can bring real change..

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Sivakarthikeyan]] as Arivazhagan (Arivu)
* [[Fahadh Faasil]] as Adhiban Madhav (Aadhi)
* [[Nayanthara]] as Mirnalini "Miru", Arivu's love interest
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] as Kasthuri
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Kasi
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Stella Bruce
* [[RJ Balaji]] as Sriram
* [[Sathish]] as Hari
* [[Vijay Vasanth]] as Bhagya
* [[Robo Shankar]] as Chinna Thambi
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Ponni - Arivu's mother
* [[Charle]] as Murugesan- Arivu's father
* [[Ramdoss]] as Karpaga Vinayagam
* [[Aruldoss]] as Ansari
* [[Kaali Venkat]] as Vinoth
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Kennedy
* [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Sivaranjani
* [[Mime Gopi]] as Kishta
* Syed as Syed
* [[Y. G. Mahendra]] as Narayanan
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Madhusudhan
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Madhav Kurup
* [[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as Doss
* [[Anish Kuruvilla]] as Jayaram (voice over by [[Amit Bhargav]])
* [[Nagineedu]] as Loknath
* [[Vivek Prasanna]] as Babu
* [[Uday Mahesh]] as Naga Sudarshan
* [[Balaji Venugopal]] as Saffron Assistant Senior Manager
* [[Saravana Subbiah]] as TV Host
* [[Maya S. Krishnan]] as Actress
* Vazhakku Enn Muthuraman as Food Inspector
* Shyam Prasad as one of the Board of Directors of Saffron Company
* Vijayraj as Saffron Staff
* Mithun Raj as Saffron Interview Candidate
* Rajie Vijay Sarathy as Sriram's mother
* Abdool as TV Stabilizer Salesman
* Yuva Lakshmi as Vani
* RJ Sha as himself ([[cameo appearance]])
{{colend}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In December 2015, an official press announcement from producer [[R. D. Raja]] revealed that director [[Mohan Raja]] and [[Sivakarthikeyan]] would collaborate for his second production venture.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cinema Plus |date=13 December 2015 |title=Sivakarthikeyan teams up with Mohan Raja - Chennai |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/sivakarthikeyan-teams-up-with-mohan-raja/article7981467.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206022420/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/sivakarthikeyan-teams-up-with-mohan-raja/article7981467.ece |archive-date=6 February 2017 |access-date=2017-02-16 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohan Raja to direct Sivakarthikeyan! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mohan-raja-to-direct-sivakarthikeyan-news-tamil-pmlmvGiiecgag.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211172323/http://www.sify.com/movies/mohan-raja-to-direct-sivakarthikeyan-news-tamil-pmlmvGiiecgag.html |archive-date=11 December 2015 |access-date=2017-02-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A launch event for the film was held on 11 March 2016, with the team announcing their intentions of starting the shoot in late 2016.

=== Cast and crew ===
[[Nayanthara]] signed the film in April 2016, in collaboration with Sivakarthikeyan, while Malayalam actor [[Fahadh Faasil]] was also brought in to appear in a pivotal role in the film, marking his debut in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-11 |title=Fahadh Faasil thrilled to work with Sivakarthikeyan, Jayam Raja | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-fahadh-faasil-thrilled-to-work-with-sivakarthikeyan-jayam-raja-2200850 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422023619/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-fahadh-faasil-thrilled-to-work-with-sivakarthikeyan-jayam-raja-2200850 |archive-date=22 April 2016 |access-date=2017-02-16 |publisher=Dnaindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-03 |title=Sivakarthikeyan to romance Nayanthara in Mohan Raja's next : Regional cinema, News - India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sivakarthikeyan-to-romance-nayanthara-in-mohan-rajas-next-316119-2016-04-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206022210/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sivakarthikeyan-to-romance-nayanthara-in-mohan-rajas-next/1/634236.html |archive-date=6 February 2017 |access-date=2017-02-16 |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in}}</ref> Prior to the start of shoot, several actors were finalised for supporting roles including [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] and [[Thambi Ramaiah]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-16 |title=Thambi Ramaiah on being a part of Mohan Raja's next with Sivakarthikeyan |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/thambi-ramaiah-on-being-a-part-of-mohan-rajas-next-with-sivakarthikeyan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206104205/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/thambi-ramaiah-on-being-a-part-of-mohan-rajas-next-with-sivakarthikeyan.html |archive-date=6 February 2017 |access-date=2017-02-16 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prakash Raj on board for Mohan Raja's next with Sivakarthikeyan! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prakash-raj-on-board-for-mohan-raja-s-next-with-sivakarthikeyan-news-tamil-qjvlBNcfajfch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927065133/http://www.sify.com/movies/prakash-raj-on-board-for-mohan-raja-s-next-with-sivakarthikeyan-news-tamil-qjvlBNcfajfch.html |archive-date=27 September 2016 |access-date=2017-02-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-31 |title=Sneha signs Sivakartheyan-Mohan Raja film! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sneha-signs-Sivakartheyan-Mohan-Raja-film/articleshow/53943115.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211070607/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sneha-signs-Sivakartheyan-Mohan-Raja-film/articleshow/53943115.cms |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=2017-02-16 |website=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-03 |title=Rohini to play Sivakarthikeyan's mother in Mohan Raja directorial film |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/rohini-to-play-sivakarthikeyans-mother-in-mohan-raja-directorial-film.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123001137/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/rohini-to-play-sivakarthikeyans-mother-in-mohan-raja-directorial-film.html |archive-date=23 January 2017 |access-date=2017-02-16 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> [[RJ Balaji]] and [[Sathish]] also joined the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RJ Balaji and Sathish confirmed for Sivakarthikeyan's next |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rj-balaji-and-sathish-confirmed-for-sivakarthikeyan-s-next-news-tnpsc-qisj02hhaffhj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824223450/http://www.sify.com/movies/rj-balaji-and-sathish-confirmed-for-sivakarthikeyan-s-next-news-tnpsc-qisj02hhaffhj.html |archive-date=24 August 2016 |access-date=2017-02-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Vivek Harshan]] and [[T. Muthuraj]] joined the team as the music composer, editor and art director respectively. Likewise [[Anal Arasu]] was selected as the stunt choreographer, while [[Vishnu Govind]] and Sree Sankar were put in charge of sound editing and mixing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2016 |title=Anirudh Ravichander to score music for Sivakarthikeyan Mohan Raja film - Tamil Movie News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/anirudh-ravichander-to-score-music-for-sivakarthikeyan-mohan-raja-film-tamil-news-156985.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421163554/https://www.indiaglitz.com/anirudh-ravichander-to-score-music-for-sivakarthikeyan-mohan-raja-film-tamil-news-156985.html |archive-date=21 April 2023 |access-date=2017-02-16 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> In a turn of events, editor [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]] replaces Vivek Harshan, which is evident on the latest film poster released for Deepavali season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2017 |title=A Big Change In Sivarthikeyan's Velaikkaran Is Here! Check Out! |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sivakarthikeyans-velaikkaran-has-a-change-of-editor.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023062948/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sivakarthikeyans-velaikkaran-has-a-change-of-editor.html |archive-date=23 October 2017 |access-date=2017-10-22 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

=== Filming and post-production ===
Production started with the film as yet untitled in November 2016, in T Nagar, Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sivakarthikeyan-Mohan Raja film from Nov 11 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan-mohan-raja-film-from-nov-11-news-tamil-qkok3Bdfjbccc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017201429/http://www.sify.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan-mohan-raja-film-from-nov-11-news-tamil-qkok3Bdfjbccc.html |archive-date=17 October 2016 |access-date=2017-02-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The shoot continued throughout January at Prasad Studios in Chennai where art director Muthuraj had erected a large set resembling Chennai's slums.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sivakarthikeyan-Mohan Raja film progresses! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan-mohan-raja-film-progresses-news-tamil-rcbsHEaadhafg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205053315/http://www.sify.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan-mohan-raja-film-progresses-news-tamil-rcbsHEaadhafg.html |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=2017-02-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In February 2017, Behindwoods reported that the film tentatively being given the title of ''Velaikkaran.'' This was after the team bought the title rights from [[Vijay Vasanth]] who had registered it for a future film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-05 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's next film has been tentatively titled as Velaikaran |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sivakarthikeyans-next-film-has-been-tentatively-titled-as-velaikaran.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206104203/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sivakarthikeyans-next-film-has-been-tentatively-titled-as-velaikaran.html |archive-date=6 February 2017 |access-date=2017-02-16 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2017 |title=Vijay Vasanth joins Sivakarthikeyan and Nayanthara |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/240217/vijay-vasanth-joins-sivakarthikeyan-and-nayanthara.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224141746/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/240217/vijay-vasanth-joins-sivakarthikeyan-and-nayanthara.html |archive-date=24 February 2017 |access-date=23 February 2017}}</ref> Behindwoods also reported that Fahadh Faasil would dub himself in Tamil in this movie, a first for him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-07-13 |title=Fahadh Faasil dubs in Tamil for Velaikkaran |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/fahadh-faasil-dubs-in-tamil-for-velaikkaran.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716003029/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/fahadh-faasil-dubs-in-tamil-for-velaikkaran.html |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=2017-07-13 |work=Behindwoods}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Velaikkaran
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 3 December 2017
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio = Albuquerque Records, Chennai
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:06
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| producer = Anirudh Ravichander
| prev_title = [[Vivegam]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Agnyaathavaasi]]
| next_year = 2017
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Velaikkaran
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Karuthavanlaam Galeejaam
| single1date = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|08|29}}
| single2 = Iraiva + Uyire
| single2date = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|11|02}}
}}
}}

The soundtrack album and background score of this film were composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Velaikkaran movie info - MovieTeT |url=http://www.movietet.com/movie-review/m/velaikkaran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127094100/http://www.movietet.com/movie-review/m/velaikkaran |archive-date=27 January 2019 |access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref> The album consists of five songs with [[Madhan Karky]] and [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] penning one song, and the rest of the songs were penned by [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]].

The album was released by [[Sony Music India]]. The first single track "Karuthavanlaam Galeejaam" sung by Anirudh and written by Viveka was released on 28 August 2017, which picturises the life of the slum people, and also notes, that the lyrics intent to celebrate the working class and their contribution towards the development of the city.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2017 |title=Karuthavanlam Galeejam song from 'Velaikaran' celebrates the working class |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karuthavanlam-galeejam-song-velaikaran-celebrates-working-class-67625?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421165054/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karuthavanlam-galeejam-song-velaikaran-celebrates-working-class-67625?amp |archive-date=21 April 2023 |access-date=2019-10-22 |website=newsminute.com}}</ref> The song is filmed, in a huge set erected at [[Prasad Studios|Prasad Labs]], [[Chennai]] for a slum like concept. The second single was released on 2 November 2017. The combined single track "Iraiva + Uyire" sung by Anirudh and [[Jonita Gandhi]] consists of two songs "Iraiva" and "Uyire" which deals about love and life respectively. The song genres in these two of these, were alternatively different. While "Iraiva" is a solo number which consists of a slow melody with rock beats in between, "Uyire" is a slow enhancing duet, with beats involved in it. [[Sivakarthikeyan]] and [[Nayanthara]] went to [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] in September 2016, to shoot this duet in the picturesque locations of the country.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-02 |title=Velaikkaran song Iraiva:The song's transition from a slow romantic beat to a groovy tune is kickass! |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/velaikkaran-song-starring-siva-karthikeyan-and-nayanthara-iraiva-the-songs-transition-from-a-slow-romantic-beat-to-a-groovy-tune-is-kickass-1093723/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022114240/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/velaikkaran-song-starring-siva-karthikeyan-and-nayanthara-iraiva-the-songs-transition-from-a-slow-romantic-beat-to-a-groovy-tune-is-kickass-1093723/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |access-date=2019-10-22 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en-EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-02 |title=Velaikkaran song Iraiva: This Sivakarthikeyan-Nayanthara song is high on life and love |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/velaikkaran-song-iraiva-this-sivakarthikeyan-nayanthara-song-is-high-on-life-and-love/story-mY06e2hqLTgV7E6HMMcJRK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022123046/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/velaikkaran-song-iraiva-this-sivakarthikeyan-nayanthara-song-is-high-on-life-and-love/story-mY06e2hqLTgV7E6HMMcJRK.html |archive-date=22 October 2019 |access-date=2019-10-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The tracklist was released on 2 December 2017, through the official [[Twitter]] account of the production house.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-02 |title=Velaikkaran tracklist to be revealed on December 2 |url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/velaikkaran-tracklist-to-be-revealed-on-december-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022114436/https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/velaikkaran-tracklist-to-be-revealed-on-december-2.html |archive-date=22 October 2019 |access-date=2019-10-22 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The audio launch event for the film was held on 3 December 2017 at [[ITC Grand Chola Hotel]] in [[Chennai]] where Sivakarthikeyan, [[Mohan Raja]] and Anirudh Ravichander along with other cast and crew, were present at the venue, while Nayanthara and [[Fahadh Faasil]] did not attend the audio launch. The event was streamed live on [[Facebook]], [[YouTube]] and [[Twitter]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-04 |title=At Velaikkaran audio launch, Sivakarthikeyan vows not to 'endorse brands and act in ads henceforth' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/at-velaikkaran-audio-launch-sivakarthikeyan-vows-not-to-endorse-brands-and-act-in-ads-henceforth-4240725.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022114709/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/at-velaikkaran-audio-launch-sivakarthikeyan-vows-not-to-endorse-brands-and-act-in-ads-henceforth-4240725.html |archive-date=22 October 2019 |access-date=2019-10-22 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Velaikkaran Audio Launch Live {{!}} Anirudh {{!}} Sivakarthikeyan, Nayanthara l Mohan Raja |date=5 December 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTV_mnPZbAE |access-date=2019-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408060411/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTV_mnPZbAE |archive-date=8 April 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> The songs were released simultaneously in other digital streaming platforms.<ref>{{Citation |title=Velaikkaran (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Anirudh Ravichander |date=4 December 2017 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/velaikkaran-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1320730090 |access-date=2019-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022114954/https://music.apple.com/us/album/velaikkaran-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1320730090 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live |language=en-us}}</ref> Later, the audio launch was telecasted on [[Star Vijay]] on 10 December 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Velaikkaran audio launch to be aired on Vijay TV |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/velaikkaran-audio-launch-to-be-aired-on-vijay-tv/articleshow/61980874.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117014209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/velaikkaran-audio-launch-to-be-aired-on-vijay-tv/articleshow/61980874.cms |archive-date=17 November 2019 |access-date=2019-10-22 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Velaikkaran audio launch on Vijay TV today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/velaikkaran-audio-launch-on-vijay-tv-today/articleshow/62008426.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117014207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/velaikkaran-audio-launch-on-vijay-tv-today/articleshow/62008426.cms |archive-date=17 November 2019 |access-date=2019-10-22 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| title1 = Karuthavanlaam Galeejam
| lyrics1 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| extra1 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| length1 = 3:28
| title2 = Iraiva
| lyrics2 = Viveka
| extra2 = Anirudh Ravichander, [[Jonita Gandhi]]
| length2 = 4:57
| title3 = Vaa Velaikkara
| lyrics3 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| extra3 = [[Shakthisree Gopalan]], [[Bjorn Surrao]]
| length3 = 2:35
| title4 = Idhayane
| lyrics4 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra4 = Anirudh Ravichander, [[Neeti Mohan]]
| length4 = 3:41
| title5 = Ezhu Velaikkara
| lyrics5 = Viveka
| extra5 = [[Siddharth Mahadevan]]
| length5 = 5:05
| total_length = 19:06
| all_writing =
}}
The album received positive reviews from critics. Behindwoods rated the album 3 out of 5 stars, with a quote "Variety is the name of the game, and Anirudh is one of its best players!"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-03 |title=Velaikkaran (aka) Vellaikkaran Songs review |url=http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/velaikkaran/velaikkaran-songs-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911011243/http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/velaikkaran/velaikkaran-songs-review.html |archive-date=11 September 2019 |access-date=2019-10-22 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Hindustan Times gave positive reviews stating "Anirudh Ravichander delivers a box full of surprises". Studioflicks rated 3.5 out of 5 and gave a verdict "Sivakarthikeyan-Anirudh duo strikes gold again" stating that "Velaikkaran strikes spectacularly with three instant hits that includes Idhayane, Karuthavanlaam Galeejaam, and Iraiva. The other tracks sounding like signature songs will definitely gain its impact with the visuals."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekar |date=2017-08-28 |title=Velaikkaran Music Review {{!}} Velaikkaran Songs Review {{!}} Studio Flicks |url=https://www.studioflicks.com/reviews/velaikkaran-music-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022120314/https://www.studioflicks.com/reviews/velaikkaran-music-review/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |access-date=2019-10-22 |website=StudioFlicks |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
On the first day of the film's shoot, the producer R. D. Raja revealed that the film would have a theatrical release on 25 August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-11 |title=Release date of Sivakarthikeyan - Mohan Raja project announced |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/release-date-of-sivakarthikeyan-mohan-raja-project-announced.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120004837/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/release-date-of-sivakarthikeyan-mohan-raja-project-announced.html |archive-date=20 January 2017 |access-date=2017-02-16 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> In April 2017, the production house has announced that the release date is postponed to 29 September 2017. Due to delays in post production, the film's release date was shifted to the [[Christmas season]], 22 December 2017.

===Marketing===
The first look poster was initially slated to release on 1 May 2017, coinciding with the Labour Day. But it was released on 5 June 2017, which features Sivakarthikeyan as a marketing executive, with a bag in one hand and a knife in another hand. The second look poster of the film was released on 8 August 2017, on actor Fahadh Faasil's birthday, which features Sivakarthikeyan and Fahadh Faasil. Following this, the teaser of the film was released on 14 August 2017. A motion poster, describing the film's cast was released on 6 December 2017.

===Home media===
The film is dubbed in [[Hindi]] as ''Ghayal Khiladi'' and released on [[YouTube]] on 6 January 2019 by Goldmines Telefilms.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/4ZmBu9PtdZw Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190107104900/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZmBu9PtdZw&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite web |date=6 January 2019 |title=Ghayal Khiladi (Velaikkaran) 2019 New Released Hindi Dubbed Full Movie {{!}} Sivakarthikeyan, Nayanthara |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZmBu9PtdZw&t=1959s |website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Reception ==
===Box office===
The film collected {{INRConvert|50|c}} in [[Tamil Nadu]] and close to {{INRConvert|18|c}} in overseas. The film collected over {{INRConvert|86|c}} at the worldwide box office and was declared a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2024 |title=From Rajini Murugan to Amaran: Sivakarthikeyan's Top Box Office Hits
|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/top-listing/from-rajini-murugan-to-amaran-sivakarthikeyans-top-box-office-hits-5-3377.html |website=[[Filmi Beat]]}}</ref>

===Critical response===
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for [[Film Companion]], "The addressing of class in Tamil films is nothing new – and we know slum-resident Arivu (Sivakarthikeyan) is going to run a scratch across these rich men’s lives – but the dignity in this film is. It wants to be a crowd-pleaser, but with class."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=16 January 2018 |title=Velaikkaran is a first-half sprint, a second-half stumble |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/velaikkaran-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007090036/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/velaikkaran-movie-review |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=7019820}}

{{M. Raja}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mohan Raja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Chandrarekha Dhadwal

2026-04-24T07:53:04Z

Suresh330: New

{{Short description|Indian writer and poet (born 1951)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chandrarekha Dhadwal
| image = Chandrarekha_Dhadwal.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|4|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Dharamshala
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Writer, poet, novelist, retired lecturer
| notable_works = Akkhar-Akkhar Jugnu Samay Mere Anuroop Hua Seevanein Udhadti Hui
| awards =
}}
'''Chandrarekha Dhadwal''' (born 15 April 1951, also known as '''Rekha Dhadwal''', and simply as '''Chandrarekha''') is a writer from [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. She is noted for her short stories, poems, novels, and [[Ghazal|ghazals]] in [[Hindi]] and [[Pahari language|Pahari]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=चंद्र रेखा ढडवाल - Gadya Kosh - हिन्दी कहानियाँ, लेख, लघुकथाएँ, निबन्ध, नाटक, कहानी, गद्य, आलोचना, उपन्यास, बाल कथाएँ, प्रेरक कथाएँ, गद्य कोश |url=http://gadyakosh.org/gk/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=gadyakosh.org |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=All Products - Chandrarekha Dhadwal |url=https://rekhtabooks.com/collections/all-products/chandrarekha-dhadwal?srsltid=AfmBOooPYLsH4QyvwTtroMznMEKK-SKT7qEdG8WPW7GJH2cKR_HORXDn |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Rekhta Books |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2020 |title=Pankaj Bisht ke yogdan ka mulyankan |url=https://janchowk.com/lekhak/evaluation-of-contribution-of-writer-pankaj-bisht/ |work=Janchowk |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=हिमाचल की समकालीन गज़ल- द्विजेन्द्र द्विज का आलेख |url=https://www.abhivyakti-hindi.org/rachanaprasang/2009/himachal_ghazal.htm |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=www.abhivyakti-hindi.org |language=hi}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Chandrarekha was born in [[Dharamshala]]. She taught Hindi for 34 years, and retired as senior lecturer and the head of Hindi department at the Government College in Dharamshala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Shriniwas |date=25 May 2019 |title=A woman who speaks of women |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal-tribune/a-woman-who-speaks-of-women-778116 |work=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=चंद्र रेखा ढडवाल / परिचय - कविता कोश |url=http://kavitakosh.org/kk/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_/_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=kavitakosh.org |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Self Appraisal Report Submitted to NAAC by the Govt. College of Teacher Education, Dharamshala |url=https://gctedharamshala.ac.in/files/NAAC/GCTE_NAAC_2014_SAR.pdf |website=gctedharamshala.ac.in}}</ref>

== Works ==
Chandrarekha's ouvre is highly regarded for its nuanced portrayal of the struggles and difficulties faced by women in hill societies, as well as their innate power. Her work is noted for its pithy and witty sentences, as embodied in the following two-liner by her: "On a heated pan/by sprinkling water/the woman cooking [[roti]]/learns the art of living".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vidyanidhi |date=2021 |title=हिमाचल के विशेष सन्दर्भ में स्त्री विमर्श |work=Divya Himachal |language=hi}}</ref>

[[Shriniwas Joshi]] notices a "stream of feminist activism" in ''Zaroorat Bhar Suvidha'' (2016), Chandrarekha's first anthology of poems in Hindi. He writes that in these poems, Chandrarekha revolts against patriarchal privileges and biases of men, and the lack of alternatives in social roles for women, other than being housewives.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Shriniwas |date=6 December 2016 |title=A poetry book that highlights few choices for women |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/a-poetry-book-that-highlights-few-choices-for-women-332735 |work=The Tribune}}</ref>

=== ''Samay Mere Anuroop Hua'' and ''Seevanein Udhadti Hui'' ===
Chandrarekha's novel ''Samay Mere Anuroop Hua'' and her anthology of short stories ''Seevanein Udhadti Hui'' both came out in 2019, and often received critical appreciation together. Shriniwas Joshi considers both works as [[Feminism|feminist]] in nature. He characterizes her position in these two works as being that a woman should not follow the rut of tradition, but must educate herself, be robust, and individual. He compares Chandrarekha's writing to [[Mary Ellmann]]'s ''Thinking About Women'' and [[Germaine Greer]]'s ''[[The Female Eunuch]]''.<ref name=":0" />[[File:Chandrarekha Dhadwal.png|thumb|358x358px|Chandrarekha Dhadwal at a younger age. ]]
Kamlananda Jha of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] positively appraises ''Samay'' ''Mere Anuroop Hua'' for its complex, multi-layered, and uplifting portrayal of female psychology.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhadwal |first=Chandrarekha |title=Samay Mere Anuroop Hua |date=2019 |publisher=Antika Prakashan |language=hi |chapter=Critical note by Kamlananda Jha}}</ref> Of the short story collection, Jha says that Chandrarekha develops a compelling narrative style, where her prose frequently becomes poetry, blurring the boundaries between the two genres. A lot gets conveyed through bare, unfinished sentences. But this style never becomes overwhelmingly dramatic, and allows Chandrarekha to have a dialogue with the reader through her story.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jha |first=Kamlanand |date=April–June 2019 |title=प्रेम और पाखण्ड को नापति कहानियाँ |journal=Baya |language=hi |pages=30–31}}</ref>

[[Suraj Paliwal]] observes a rare sensitivity in ''Samay Mere Anuroop Hua'' portrayal of the alienation and lack of consideration faced by women growing up in Indian families, as well as a distinct personal voice in Chandrarekha's short story collection.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paliwal |first=Suraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSW9EAAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&pg=PA14 |title=Ikkisvi sadi ka doosraa dashak aur Hindi upanyas |date=2022 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |location=New Delhi |pages=14 |isbn=978-93-5518-852-6 |language=hi}}</ref> [[Abdul Bismillah]] deems the novel to be the modern version of [[Premchand]]'s celebrated novel [[Nirmala (novel)|Nirmala]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=29 December 2019 |title=इस वर्ष महिला साहित्यकारों ने सृजन को दी नयी ऊँचाई |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%9C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88+&sca_esv=e4392de686f6f47e&tbm=nws&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LW5ld3MiUOCkpuCkv-CkteCljeCkryDgpLngpL_gpK7gpL7gpJrgpLIg4KS44KWA4KS14KSo4KWH4KSCIOCkieCkp-ClnOCkpOClgCDgpLngpYHgpIggMgcQIRigARgKMgcQIRigARgKMgcQIRigARgKMgcQIRigARgKMgcQIRigARgKSOzdAVCGA1jO2wFwAHgAkAEAmAHUAaAB0QOqAQUwLjIuMbgBA8gBAPgBAfgBApgCAqAC4ALCAggQABiABBixA8ICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIMBwgIFEAAYgASYAwCIBgGSBwUwLjEuMaAHkxM |work=Divya Himachal |language=hi}}</ref> The novelist Gyan Ranjan considers the novel to be a realistic depiction of contemporary middle-class Indian households.<ref name=":1" /> The poet Namita Singh remarks that in ''Seevanein Udhardti Hui'', Chandrarekha locates human values squarely between deep sensitivity and inner contradictions.<ref name=":1" />

'''Others'''

Chandrarekha has also collected and analysed endangered [[Kangri language|Kangri]] folk songs in three published volumes, in collaboration with the musicologist Janmejai Singh Guleria (see Bibliography).

== Recognition ==
* In 2025, Chandrarekha was awarded the Himachal Gaurav Award by the [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Tribune News Service |date=August 17, 2025 |title=Kangra's literary gem honoured |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/kangras-literary-gem-honoured/ |work=The Tribune}}</ref>
* In 2022, she was awarded the Chandradhar Guleri Bhasha Samman.<ref name=":2" />
* In 2019, she was the Himachal Kala Sahitya Samman.<ref name=":2" />
* In 2016, she was awarded the Pahadi Sahitya Puraskar by the Government of Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2022 |title=Samay par diye jaane chaahiye saahitya ke agle puraskaar - Jairam |url=https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/bharat-ratna-atal-bihari-vajpayee-shikhar-sahitya-samman-to-acharya-keshav-and-dr-handa |url-status= |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
* In 2009, Chandrarekha's poems were featured among others in an anthology of representative poetry from Himachal Pradesh, by the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's national academy of letters.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |title=Pratinidhi Himachali Kavya Sankalan |date=2009 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |editor-last=Guleri |editor-first=Pratyush |location=New Delhi |language=hi}}</ref>
* Regarded as a well-known author and poet in Himachal Pradesh, Chandrarekha has regularly spoken at literary festivals and book festivals in Dharamshala and [[Shimla]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=July 2013 |title=Dharamshala Book Fair |url=https://www.nbtindia.gov.in/writereaddata/attachment/tuesday-june-25-201311-45-42-amnewsletter-july-2013-for-web.pdf |journal=NBT Newsletter |volume=31 |issue=7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018 |title=Iss baar gaiety ke pustak mele mein Himachal ke lekhakon ki kitaben bani aakarshak |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/latest-shimla-news-020502-2073659.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 2011 |title=Sahityakaron ka azadi ke vishay mein yogdan |url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/mandi-8492724.html |work=Jaagran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Aggarwal |first=Sanjay |date=25 March 2022 |title=Made aware of literature in Kavi Sammelan |url=https://www.yugmarg.com/edition/2022/03/25/pages.pdf |work=Yugmarg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohan |first=Lalit |date=8 April 2023 |title=Dharamshala Literature Fest concludes |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/dharamsala-literature-fest-concludes-495641/ |work=The Tribune}}</ref>

== Select bibliography ==

* Dhadwal, Chandrarekha. 2015. ''Akkhar-Akkhar Jugnu'' (in Pahadi). Des Sangeet Prakashan, Dharamshala.
* Dhadwal, Chandrarekha and Janmejai Singh Guleria. 2015. ''Lokbhav Svaranjali.'' Des Sangeet Prakashan, Dharamshala.
* Dhadwal, Chandrarekha. 2016. ''Zaroorat Bhar Suvidha'' (in Hindi). Antika Prakashan, Ghaziabad.
* Dhadwal, Chandrarekha and Janmejai Singh Guleria. 2017. ''Lokbhav Svaranjali - II.'' Des Sangeet Prakashan, Dharamshala.
* Dhadwal, Chandrarekha. 2019. ''Samay Mere Anuroop Hua'' (in Hindi). Antika Prakashan, Ghaziabad.
* Dhadwal, Chandrarekha. 2019. ''Seevanein Udhati Huin'' (in Hindi). Antika Prakashan, Ghaziabad.
* Dhadwal, Chandrarekha. 2022. ''Aag'' (in Hindi). Antika Prakashan, Ghaziabad.
* Dhadwal, Chandrarekh and Janmejai Singh Guleria. 2023. ''Lokbhav Svaranjali - III.'' Des Sangeet Prakashan, Dharamshala.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhadwal, Chandrarekha}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Poets from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Novelists from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Dharamshala]]
[[Category:People from Kangra district]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language novelists]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian musicologists]]

Ranbir Singh Pathania

2026-04-23T06:10:19Z

Suresh330: Done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ranbir Singh Pathania
| image = Ranbir Singh Pathania Portrait.jpg
| caption = Ranbir Singh Pathania
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| profession = [[Lawyer]], [[Politician]]
| office = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| constituency = [[Udhampur East Assembly constituency|Udhampur East]]
| predecessor = ''Newly created constituency''
| office1 = Spokesperson of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| term_start1 = 2017
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| office2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 23 December 2014
| term_end2 = 21 November 2018
| constituency2 = [[Ramnagar, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]]
| predecessor2 = [[Harsh Dev Singh]]
| successor2 = [[Sunil Bhardwaj]]
| spouse = Juhi Manhas
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Ranbir Singh Pathania''' (born 1979) is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir]] who is a Member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Udhampur East Assembly constituency|Udhampur East Vidhan Sabha]] associated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Result of Assembly Constituency 60 - UDHAMPUR EAST (Jammu & Kashmir)|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0860.htm|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref> He was also member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly of erstwhile State of Jammu and Kashmir]] from [[Ramnagar, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Ramnagar Vidhan Sabha]] before delimitation of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-21 |title=Orders of J&K Delimitation Commission take effect |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/orders-of-j-k-delimitation-commission-take-effect-101653071632723.html |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranbir Singh Pathania, MLA Ramnagar meets Governor |url=http://www.5dariyanews.com/news/249309-Ranbir-Singh-Pathania-MLA-Ramnagar-meets-Governor |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=5 Dariya News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Legislative Assembly Elections 2014-Affidavits of Contesting Candidates-62-Ramnagar|url=https://ceojk.nic.in/LA_62_Ramnagar_Aff_2014.htm|access-date=27 March 2024|website=ceojk.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranbir Singh Pathania(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RAMNAGAR(UDHAMPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=193 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramnagar Constituency |url=http://www.udhampur.net/ramnagar-constituency/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Udhampur |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=6 candidates file nominations for Udhampur, Ramnagar, Chenani constituencies - Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir |url=https://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=135756 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=www.earlytimes.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Asma |first=Syed |date=2014-12-29 |title=A Panther Without Dots |url=https://kashmirlife.net/a-panther-without-stripes-issue-41-vol-06-70793/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref> He is also the Spokesperson of the Party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2023-03-01 |title=Govt's tough stance on militancy has yielded results: Pathania |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/govts-tough-stance-on-militancy-has-yielded-results-pathania/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=हाशिए पर खड़ी ताकतें कर रहीं तबाही मचाने का प्रयास पठानिया - BJP state spokesman Ranbir Singh Pathania press conference - Jammu and Kashmir Udhampur Local News |url=https://www.jagran.com/jammu-and-kashmir/udhampur-bjp-state-spokesman-ranbir-singh-pathania-press-confrence-22771737.html |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

==Political career==
During his first tenure as MLA of Ramnagar, Pathania worked on various infrastructural projects in his constituency. Ramnagar which lacked road connectivity saw various roads and bridges being built during his tenure.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hollow promises on Degree College at Majalta unacceptable: Pathania|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/hollow-promises-degree-college-majalta-unacceptable-pathania/|work=Daily Excelsior|date=10 May 2016 |accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref> Two degree colleges were sanctioned by the Department of Higher Education, Govt of Jammu and Kashmir, due to his efforts. One at Majalta and other at Dudu-Basantgarh.<ref>{{cite web|title=
Sanctioning of college a historic decision for Dudu-Basantgarh: MLA|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/sanctioning-of-college-a-historic-decision-for-dudu-basantgarh-mla/|work=Daily Excelsior|date=14 May 2018 |accessdate=15 May 2018}}</ref> Pathania was adjudged as “Best Legislator for year 2016”. A lawyer turned politician, Pathania was the youngest legislator in the erstwhile State to be awarded with such coveted honour at the time.<ref>{{cite web|title=
Pathania accorded warm welcome in Majalta|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/pathania-accorded-warm-welcome-in-majalta/|work=Daily Excelsior|date=5 February 2017 |accessdate=6 February 2017}}</ref>

On 29 January 2018, Pathania countered the stand of Kashmir-based politicians including the then Chief Minister [[Mehbooba Mufti]] and the then leader of the opposition [[Omar Abdullah]] over the killings in Ganawpora, Shopian, in which an FIR had been regisatered on [[Indian Army]] personnel belonging to [[Rashtriya Rifles]]. He demanded the immediate withdrawal of FIR register against the army and ask for governmental inquiry in the matter.<ref>{{cite web|title=
Shopian Killings: The Assembly Debate|url=https://kashmirlife.net/shopian-killings-the-assembly-debate-163589/|work=Kashmir Life|date=29 January 2018}}</ref>

He is known for organising monthly public grievance redressals in his constituency in presence of concerned officers. He has timely raised his voice for the lower allocation of funds regarding welfare of SCs and STs in the budget of J&K, consumer protection law, ration supply, demand for take-over of historic religious shrines of Chountara Mata and Pingla Mata, separate Hill Development Council for under-developed areas, application of Minimum Wages Act, Special Police Officers (SPO), Rehbar-e-Taleem teachers (ReT), daily wagers, contractual workers, transfer policy for ReTs, Shortage of staff in health institutes, etc.<ref>{{cite web|title=
Pathania accorded warm welcome in Majalta|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/pathania-accorded-warm-welcome-in-majalta/|work=Daily Excelsior|date=5 February 2017 |accessdate=6 February 2017}}</ref>

Pathania lauded the [[One Hundred and Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam]], 2023 (106th constitutional amendment bill) standing for 1/3rd women in Parliament & State Assemblies. He called it the greatest step towards women empowerment in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=
Nari Shakti Vandan A big step towards women empowerment|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/nari-shakti-vandan-a-big-step-towards-women-empowerment/|work=Daily Excelsior|date=24 September 2023}}</ref>

===Second Tenure as MLA===
After getting elected to [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] for the second time, Pathania promised his constituents with overall development of [[Udhampur East Assembly constituency]] and making it a model constituency.<ref>{{cite web|title=
Pathania for making Udhampur East a model constituency|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/pathania-for-making-udhampur-east-a-model-constituency/|work=Daily Excelsior|date=2 January 2025}}</ref> Pathania raised the issue of illegal mining in Jammu and Kashmir which lead to his confrontation with DyCM [[Surinder Kumar Choudhary|Surinder Choudhary]].<ref>{{cite web|title=
Heated exchanges between Dy CM, BJP MLAs on illegal mining|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/heated-exchanges-between-dy-cm-bjp-mlas-on-illegal-mining/|work=Daily Excelsior|date=5 March 2025}}</ref> Pathania is known for his development oriented workstyle and fulfilling his election time promises in time bound manner.<ref>{{cite web|title=
Pathania promises improved road connectivity in Udhampur|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/pathania-promises-improved-road-connectivity-in-udhampur/|work=Daily Excelsior|date=23 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=
Enemies of peace will not be spared: Pathania|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/enemies-of-peace-will-not-be-spared-pathania/|work=Daily Excelsior|date=1 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=
Pathania inaugurates NABARD road project in Udhampur East|url=http://dailyexcelsior.com/pathania-inaugurates-nabard-road-project-in-udhampur-east/|work=Daily Excelsior|date=4 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=
Improved & metalled roads made Udhampur number one in PMGSY: Pathania|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/improved-metalled-roads-made-udhampur-number-one-in-pmgsy-pathania/|work=Daily Excelsior|date=20 April 2025}}</ref>

Pathania has said that it is his vision to “make [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]] a model district for voluble, all-weather connectivity, reaching the last man in the last village.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-15 |title=Will make Udhampur model distt: R S Pathania |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu/will-make-udhampur-model-distt-r-s-pathania/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=www.greaterkashmir.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>

During and in the aftermath of [[2025 India–Pakistan floods|2025 floods]] Pathania toured his constituency extensilvely. He toured with the concerned officials and assured that the administration and relief teams are working around the clock to provide immediate relief and carry out rescue operations. He also said that administration is bound to repair all damaged infrastructure. He appealed to locals to cooperate with officials and remain patient in this difficult time. He asked the UT administration to amend [[Search and rescue|SDRF]] norms to ensure every rain-affected family was indemnified and immediately restore drinking water supply in affected areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-21 |title=Land acquisition for NH: R S Pathania questions 13-year delay in compensation to affected families|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu/land-acquisition-for-nh-r-s-pathania-questions-13-year-delay-in-compensation-to-affected-families/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=www.greaterkashmir.com |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-28 |title=MLA Ranbir Singh Pathania Assures Full Support to Landslide-Hit People in Udhampur |url=https://www.kashmirindepth.com/2025/08/28/mla-ranbir-singh-pathania-assures-full-support-to-landslide-hit-people-in-udhampur/ |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=www.kashmirindepth.com |language=en-IN}}</ref> He blamed the illegal mining for increasing the magnitude of the damage done by rains and flash floodings. He further said that unscientific activities have resulted in the havoc which is much severe than other districts of J&K.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-29 |title=Illegal mining led to flood havoc: R S Pathania |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/gk-top-news/illegal-mining-led-to-flood-havoc-r-s-pathania/ |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=www.greaterkashmir.com |language=en-IN}}</ref> He pressed on utilisation of sustainable methods of development, especially the flood management and rainwater harvesting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-07 |title=Flood management, rainwater harvesting for sustainable development: Pathania |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/flood-management-rainwater-harvesting-for-sustainable-development-pathania/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.dailyexcelsior.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Ranbir Singh Pathania in J&K Legislative Assembly 3.jpg|Pathania speaking in J&K Legislative Assembly in March 2025. [[Daleep Singh Parihar]], MLA [[Bhaderwah Assembly constituency|Bhaderwah]] on his right and [[Narinder Singh Raina]], MLA [[Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South Assembly constituency|Jammu South]] in his background.
File:Ranbir Singh Pathania in J&K Legislative Assembly 2.jpg|Pathania speaking in J&K Legislative Assembly. [[Shakti Raj|Shakti Raj Parihar]], MLA [[Doda West Assembly constituency|Doda]] on his left, [[Narinder Singh Raina]] MLA [[Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South Assembly constituency|Jammu South]] and [[Yudhvir Sethi]] MLA [[Jammu East Assembly constituency]] in his background.
File:Ranbir Singh Pathania, New Delhi.jpg|Pathania at a function in New Delhi along with [[B L Santhosh]], National Gen Sec (Org), BJP and [[Nirmal Kumar Singh|Dr Nirmal Singh]] former DyCM, J&K.
</gallery>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Udhampur East Assembly constituency|Udhampur East]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||41.64%||Pawan Khajuria||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||38.67%||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Udhampur East|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0860.htm|access-date=9 July 2025|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709132739/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0860.htm|archive-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]||[[Ramnagar, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||55.71%||[[Harsh Dev Singh]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party}}||34.56%||<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]||[[Ramnagar, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||{{Lost}}||14.31%||[[Harsh Dev Singh]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party}}||47.18%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
* {{cite news |title=BJP committed to setup AIIMS in Jammu, says MLA R S Pathania |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-committed-to-setup-aiims-in-jammu-says-mla-r-s-pathania/articleshow/47865481.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=29 June 2015 |date=29 June 2015}}

[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:People from Udhampur district]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Independent politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]

Marghoob Ahmad Lari

2026-04-20T02:21:26Z

Suresh330: started some details added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician (1947 – 2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Marghoob Ahmad Lari
| image =
| honorific_suffix =
| office = Member [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] [[India]]
| constituency = [[Salempur, Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 1990
| term_end = 1996
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1947|12|28}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2020|01|31|1947|2|28}}
| birth_place = [[Lar, Uttar Pradesh|Lar, India]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
| party = [[Chandra Shekhar]]'s Janata Dal (Socialist) party, [[Samajwadi Party]], [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Marghoob Ahmad Lari''' or '''Margoob Ahmad Lari''' (28 December 1947 to 31 January 2020) was a politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. In 1991, he served as a Minister of State, Tourism Department under the government of Chief Minister [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="our publication1">State Minister Marghoob Ahmad Lari, Tourism in the Parliamentary and Constitutional Developments {{cite web|title= The Journal of Parliamentary Information|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/763142/1/jpi_March_1991.pdf}} K.C. Rastogi, ed, p 55</ref><ref>Former state minister Marghoob Ahmad Lari {{cite news|title=The Latest |newspaper=Indianexpress |date=October 17, 2010 |url=
https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/the-latest-35/}}</ref>

==Political life==
Marghoob Ahmad Lari was born on 28 December 1947 at [[Uttar Pradesh|Lar]] [[Deoria district|Deoria]] and completed his post graduation, M.A. degree, from [[Lucknow]] where he resided due to his family business.<ref name="our publication2">{{cite news|title= MA Lari is no more |newspaper=Amar Ujala, Gorakhpur Bureau|year=2020|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/deoria/ma-lari-ka-nidhan-deoria-news-gkp339396079}} 01 Feb edition</ref>
His political career was rooted around his birth place in [[Deoria district]]. He worked in the beginning with [[Chandra Shekhar]]'s Janata Dal (Socialist) party becoming a member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] MLC on the ticket from the aforementioned party during 1990 to 1996. In addition, in 1991 he was the Minister of State, Tourism department in Uttar Pradesh government.<ref name="our publication1"/> Later in his career, he worked with other socialist Parties i.e Bahujan Samajwadi Party and Samajwadi Party of Mulyam Singh Yadav in U.P.<ref>{{cite web|title=Muslim count in UP assembly – 2007|newspaper=milli gazette |url=https://www.milligazette.com/dailyupdate/2007/200706152_muslim_count_politicians_up_india.htm}},retrieved 20 Feb 2025</ref> He is credited to establish a Girls degree college in the town of his birth [[Uttar Pradesh|Lar]].<ref>102, Khudaija Bibi Makhdoom Bakhsh Girls Degree College, Laar, Deoria {{cite web |title= Affiliated Colleges|url=https://ddugu.ac.in/newweb/affiliated-colleges.php#gsc.tab&gsc.tab=0 }}, retrieved 20 Feb 2025</ref>

==Death==
He died in Lucknow on 31 January 2020 and was buried in his ancestral town [[Lar, Uttar Pradesh|Lar]], [[Deoria district|Deoria]].<ref name="our publication2"/>

==References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lari, Marghoob Ahmad}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow]]
[[Category:People from Deoria district]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iraqi descent]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]

Sikandra, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:35:14Z

Suresh330: Creating a article...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sikandra
| map_image = 207-Sikandra, Uttar Pradesh.svg
| mla = Ajit Singh Pal
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2019
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,16,055 (2017)
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 207
}}

'''Sikandra Assembly constituency''' is a part of the [[Kanpur Dehat district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and it comes under [[Etawah Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Election!!Member!!Party
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| Indra Pal Singh
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || [[Mathura Prasad Pal]] ||rowspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| [[Seventh Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|2017]]* ||rowspan="2" |[[Ajit Singh Pal]]
|-
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

* *By Poll

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sikandara|Sikandra]]<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ajit Singh Pal
|votes = {{formatnum:89461}}
|percentage = 44.89
|change = {{decrease}}0.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Prabhakar Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:57894}}
|percentage = 29.05
|change = {{increase}}7.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lal Ji
|votes = {{formatnum:36033}}
|percentage = 18.08
|change = {{decrease}}7.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shubham Pal
|votes = {{formatnum:6180}}
|percentage = 3.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Naresh Chandra
|votes = {{formatnum:5162}}
|percentage = 2.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1395}}
|percentage = 0.7
|change = {{decrease}}0.05
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:31567}}
|percentage = 15.84
|change = {{decrease}}3.83
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:199307}}
|percentage = 60.1
|change = {{decrease}}0.21
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2017 bypoll===
{{Election box begin | title=By Election, 2017: Sikandra<ref name="results2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ajit Singh Pal
|votes = 73,325
|percentage = 44.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Seema Sachan
|votes = 61,455
|percentage = 37.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prabhakar Pandey
|votes = 19,090
|percentage = 11.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Brajendra Trivedi
|votes = 3,614
|percentage = 2.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Santosh Shukla
|votes = 1,120
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 1,418
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,870
|percentage = 7.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,63,443
|percentage = 50.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sikandra<ref name="results2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mathura Prasad Pal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:87879}}
|percentage = 45.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mahendra Katiyar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:49776}}
|percentage = 25.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Seema Sachan
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:42010}}
|percentage = 21.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Prabhakar Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:6381}}
|percentage = 3.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Mithlesh Katiyar
|votes = {{formatnum:1961}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1442}}
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:38103}}
|percentage = 19.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:193753}}
|percentage = 60.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sikandara|Sikandra]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Indra Pal Singh
|votes = 54,482
|percentage = 29.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Devendra Singh Bhole]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 52,293
|percentage = 28.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Kamlesh Kumar Pathak
|votes = 46,271
|percentage = 25.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Lalla Man Singh
|votes = 14,541
|percentage = 7.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = [[Mahan Dal|MD]]
|candidate = Sushila Mishra
|votes = 4,377
|percentage = 2.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 2,189
|percentage = 1.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,82,334
|percentage = 61.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Akbarpur-Raniya Assembly constituency]]
*[[Bhognipur Assembly constituency]]
*[[Rasulabad Assembly constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*"{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174515/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=754&cid=207 Sikandra Assembly Election 2012, Uttar Pradesh]}}". Empowering India. Retrieved 8 July 2014.

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kanpur Dehat district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Alot Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:53:31Z

Suresh330: new - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Alot
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 223
| map_image = 223-Alot.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Ratlam district|Ratlam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujjain]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Chintamani Malviya]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Manoj Chawla
}}

'''Alot Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 assembly constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] a central Indian state. Alot is also part of [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/alot.html Alot (Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections]</ref><ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref><ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website|access-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155640/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name="election1957">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3728-madhya-pradesh-1957/ |title=Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election -1957 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|Devisingh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name="election1962">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3729-madhya-pradesh-1962/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| Mayaram Nanda
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name="election1967">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3730-madhya-pradesh-1967/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| Madanlal
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jan Sangh}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name="election1972">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3731-madhya-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | Lila Devi Choudhary
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name="election1977">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3732-madhya-pradesh-1977/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name="election1980">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3733-madhya-pradesh-1980/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name="election1985">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3734-madhya-pradesh-1985/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|Nathulal Sisodiya
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name="election1990">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3735-madhya-pradesh-1990/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Thawar Chand Gehlot]]
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name="election1993">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3736-madhya-pradesh-1993/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name="election1998">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3737-madhya-pradesh-1998/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|[[Manohar Untwal]]
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name="election2003">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3738-madhya-pradesh-2003/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|[[Premchand Guddu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|[[Manohar Untwal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|Jitendra Gehlot
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|Manoj Chawla
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Chintamani Malviya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Alot<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Chintamani Malviya]]
|votes = {{formatnum:106762}}
|percentage = 57.44
|change = +11.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Premchand Guddu]]
|votes = {{formatnum:37878}}
|percentage = 20.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Manoj Chawla
|votes = {{formatnum:33565}}
|percentage = 18.06
|change = -31.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Govardhan Parmar
|votes = {{formatnum:3417}}
|percentage = 1.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1899}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change = -0.48
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:68884}}
|percentage = 37.06
|change = +33.72
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:185873}}
|percentage = 83.65
|change = +1.03
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Alot<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Manoj Chawla]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:80821}}
|percentage = 49.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jitendra Thawarchand Gehlot
|votes = {{formatnum:75373}}
|percentage = 46.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Sangharsh Dal
|candidate = Mukesh Panchola Tal
|votes = {{formatnum:1687}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vinod Katariya
|votes = {{formatnum:1565}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2450}}
|percentage = 1.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5448}}
|percentage = 3.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:163555}}
|percentage = 82.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Ratlam]]
* [[Alot, Madhya Pradesh|Alot]]
* [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|23.76|75.56|display=title}}

[[Category:Ratlam]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ratlam district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Sajin Gopu

2026-04-11T16:59:27Z

Suresh330: Creating article

{{Short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sajin Gopu
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor}}
| years_active = 2015–present
| known_for =
| birth_name = Sajin Gopu
| birth_date =
| image =
| caption = Sajin Gopu in 2023
| birth_place = [[Aluva]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = De Paul Institute of Science & Technology
}}
'''Sajin Gopu''' is an Indian film actor who works in [[Malayalam cinema]]. Hailing from [[Aluva]], he made his acting debut in the 2015 film ''[[Mumbai Taxi]]'' in a minor role.<ref>{{Cite web |title='പുതപ്പിക്കും ഞാൻ': അർജുനെ കാണുമ്പോഴേ ചിരി വരും: രോമാഞ്ചത്തിലെ 'നിരൂപ്' അഭിമുഖം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2023/02/13/chat-with-sajin-gopu.html |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=www.manoramaonline.com}}</ref> Gopu first made his breakthrough with ''[[Churuli]]'' in 2021, and later that year with ''[[Jan.E.Man]]'' as well as ''[[Romancham]]'' in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title='ഇനി ചെയ്യുന്ന വേഷങ്ങൾ വ്യത്യസ്തമായിരിക്കും; നെഗറ്റീവും ഹ്യൂമറും സീരിയസ്സുമെല്ലാം ചെയ്യും': അഭിമുഖം: സജിൻ ഗോപു - ജൂട്ടു |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/sajin-gopu-interview/articleshow/98728348.cms |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sajin Gopu was born in [[Aluva]] as the eldest son of Gopalakrishnan and Pramila. He completed his high school education at the [[Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam|SNDP]] school and higher secondary education from Aluva Boys higher secondary school. Gopu completed college at the De Paul Institute of Science & Technology in [[Angamaly]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=M. V. |title=സജിന്‍റെ സിനിമാവഴികൾ... |url=https://www.metrovaartha.com/entertainment/sajin-gopu-interview-read-entertainment-movies |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Metrovaartha |date=20 April 2023 |language=ml}}</ref>

==Career==
Sajin made his big screen debut in 2015 with ''[[Mumbai Taxi]]'' where he played a minor role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=അനു |date=2023-03-26 |title=ടീമിനൊപ്പമായാലും ഒറ്റയ്ക്ക് നിന്നാലും സീനില്‍ ശരിക്കും ഡോമിനേറ്റ് ചെയ്യും!!! |url=https://ml.b4blaze.com/nibin-post-about-sajin-gopu/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Malayalam Film News Portal |language=en-US |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509180427/https://ml.b4blaze.com/nibin-post-about-sajin-gopu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He then played another minor role in the film ''Thilothama'' . Gopu's role of the jeep driver in [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]'s ''[[Churuli]]'' in 2021 became a turning point in his career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ചുരുളിയിലെ ജീപ്പ് ഡ്രൈവർ, ജാനേമന്നിലെ സജിയണ്ണൻ; സജിൻ ഗോപുവിന് ഇത് ഡബിൾ ലോട്ടറി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2021/11/25/interview-with-actor-sajin-gopu.html |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> The same year he played the character of Saji Vypin in ''[[Jan.E.Man]]'', where his performance was acclaimed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sajin Gopu: Lijo Jose Pellissery is on every actor's bucket list |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2021/nov/22/sajin-gopu-lijo-jose-pellissery-is-on-every-actors-bucket-list-27989.html |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=22 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, he starred in one of the lead roles in the horror-comedy ''[[Romancham]]'' and his character Niroop was well received by the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |title=വിതരണക്കാർപോലും തഴഞ്ഞ ചിത്രം; 5 കോടിയിൽ താഴെ മുതൽ മുടക്ക്; 'രോമാഞ്ചം' 50 കോടി ക്ലബ്ബിൽ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/02/27/romancham-bumber-hit.html |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> Sajin received much critical praise for his role as Ambaan in [[Jithu Madhavan]]'s gangster action comedy ''[[Aavesham (2024 film)|Aavesham]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2024-04-25 |title=Sajin Gopu on 'Aavesham': 'Playing Ambaan was a tightrope walk' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-sajin-gopu-on-playing-the-goofy-rowdy-in-the-blockbuster-malayalam-film-aavesham-starring-fahadh-faasil/article68100711.ece |access-date=2024-09-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Vignesh Madhu of [[The New Indian Express]] wrote, "Ranga's right-hand man is Ambadi, who he fondly—and funnily—calls Ambaan. It is an equally caricaturish role with the might of a beast and the heart of a baby. Sajin Gopu, in this role, is a ball of fire and perfectly complements [[Fahadh Faasil|Fahadh]]’s madness. These two characters ignite the film everytime it seems to run out of steam."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2024-04-12 |title='Aavesham' movie review: Fahadh & Sajin Gopu scream through this laugh riot |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Apr/12/aavesham-movie-review-fahadh-sajin-gopu-scream-through-this-laugh-riot |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2015 || ''[[Mumbai Taxi]]'' || Terrorist Zia Thakbeer|| Film debut
|-
| ''Thilothama'' || Robi||
|-
|2016
|[[Marubhoomiyile Aana]]
|Sughu's Friend
|Uncredited Role
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[Churuli]]'' || Jeep Driver ||<ref name="churuli">{{Cite web |title=Lijo Jose Pellissery is on every actor's bucket list: Churuli actor Sajin Gopu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/nov/23/lijo-jose-pellisseryis-on-every-actors-bucket-list-churuli-actor-sajin-gopu-2386820.html |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=The New Indian Express|date=23 November 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jan.E.Man]]'' || Saji Vypin ||<ref name="churuli"/>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2023 || ''[[Romancham]]'' || Niroop ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director Jithu Madhavan wants to see his blockbuster Romancham remade in other languages I Exclusive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/romancham-director-jithu-madhavan-wants-to-see-his-blockbuster-romancham-remade-in-other-languages-i-exclusive-2340246-2023-02-27 |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=India Today |date=27 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Neymar (film)|Neymar]]'' || Kannan ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-04 |title=Hit duo Mathew Thomas and Naslen K Gafoor set to return with Neymar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mathew-thomas-naslen-k-gafoor-latest-film-neymar-8591967/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chaaver]]'' || Asif ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-22 |title=Chaaver trailer: Kunchacko Boban promises a high-energy, tension-filled actioner |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/chaaver-trailer-kunchacko-boban-promises-a-high-energy-tension-filled-actioner-8951800/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Aavesham (2024 film)|Aavesham]]'' || Amban ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-26 |title='Aavesham' teaser: Fahadh Faasil, Jithu Madhavan promise a wacky ride |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aavesham-teaser-fahadh-faasil-jithu-madhavan-promise-a-wacky-ride/article67779459.ece |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2025 || ''[[Ponman]]'' || Mariyano ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-19 |title='Ponman' first look unveiled: Basil Joseph continues to shine after recent success |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ponman-first-look-unveiled-basil-joseph-continues-to-shine-after-recent-success/articleshow/112616132.cms |access-date=2024-09-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Painkili]]'' || Suku Sujithkumar
||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-02 |title=Sajin Gopu-Anaswara Rajan Film Title, First Look Revealed! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/sajin-gopu-anaswara-rajan-film-title-first-look-revealed-article-115906113 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film| Oru Durooha Saahacharyathil }} || {{TableTBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-03-08 |title=It's a wrap for Kunchacko Boban's Oru Durooha Saahacharyathil |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/08/its-a-wrap-for-kunchacko-bobans-oru-durooha-saahacharyathil |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{pending film|Dhoomakethu}}|| {{TableTBA}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-01 |title=Title poster of ‘Dhoomakethu’ revealed, with Nikhila Vimal, Shine Tom and Sajin Gopu leading the cast |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/dhoomakethu-movie-title-poster-release-le613nj9 |access-date=2025-12-08 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-01 |title=Nikhila Vimal, Shine Tom Chacko, Sajin Gopu and others to lead Dhoomakethu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Dec/01/nikhila-vimal-shine-tom-chacko-sajin-gopu-and-others-to-lead-dhoomakethu |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award !! Category !! Film
!Result
!Ref
|-
|2024
|[[Mazhavil Entertainment Awards]]
|The Entertainer of the Year
|[[Aavesham (2024 film)|''Aavesham'']]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards 2024: Jagathy is ultimate entertainer; Urvashi, Sathyan Anthikad honoured |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/08/21/mazhavil-entertainment-awards-jagathy-sreekumar-mohanlal-mammootty-amma.html |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards 2024: Jagathy is ultimate entertainer; Urvashi, Sathyan Anthikad honoured |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm13205277}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopu, Sajin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:People from Aluva]]
[[Category:Actors from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]

List of members of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh

2026-04-05T07:07:36Z

Suresh330:

{{Short description|none}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2019}}
{{Incomplete list|section|reason=add other members here A-Z|date=November 2019}}
The [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) is a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Hindu nationalist]] [[Paramilitary|paramilitary organisation]]. Formed in 1925, the RSS is widely regarded as the ideological parent of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), India's ruling political party.<ref name="McLeod2002">{{cite book|last=McLeod|first=John|title=The history of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAwmUphO6eAC&pg=PA209|accessdate=11 June 2010|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-31459-9|pages=209–}}</ref><ref>{{citation |first1=Walter K. |last1=Andersen |first2=Shridhar D. |last2=Damle |author-link1=Walter K. Andersen |title=The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_9tAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Vistaar Publications |location=Delhi |year=1987 |isbn=9788170360537 |page=111}}</ref><ref name=Horowitz>{{cite book|last=Horowitz|first=Donald L.|title=The Deadly Ethnic Riot|year=2001|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0520224476|page=[https://archive.org/details/deadlyethnicriot00horo/page/244 244]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/deadlyethnicriot00horo/page/244}}</ref><ref name="Haynes2003">{{cite book|author=Jeff Haynes|title=Democracy and Political Change in the Third World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdWAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|date=2 September 2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-54184-3|pages=168–}}</ref> Though the organisation does not have records of its membership, it is estimated to have around 4 million members.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/01/inside-the-rss-india-hindu-nationalism |title='Nobody knows what I know': how a loyal RSS member abandoned Hindu nationalism |first=Rahul |last=Bhatia |date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801042118/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/01/inside-the-rss-india-hindu-nationalism |archive-date=1 August 2024 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> The following is a list of major members of the RSS.

==Political leaders==
=== Bharatiya Janata Party politicians ===
* [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] — [[Prime Minister of India]] (1998–2004)
* [[L. K. Advani]] — [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]] (2002–2004)
* [[Murli Manohar Joshi]] — [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]], [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
* [[Narendra Modi]] — [[Prime Minister of India]] (2014–present)
* [[Rajnath Singh]] — [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] (2019–present)
* [[Ram Nath Kovind]] — [[President of India]] (2017–2022)
* [[Venkaiah Naidu]] — [[Vice President of India]] (2017–2022)
* [[Nitin Gadkari]] — [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways]] (2014–present)
* [[Manohar Parrikar]] — [[Chief Minister of Goa]] (2000–2005)
* [[Amit Shah]] — [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] (2019–present)
* [[Vijay Rupani]] — [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]] (2016–2021)
* [[Devendra Fadnavis]] — [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] (2014–2019)
* [[Shankersinh Vaghela]] — [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]] (1996–1997)
* [[Keshubhai Patel]] — [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]] (1995; 1998–2001)
* [[Pramod Mahajan]] — [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of Communications and Information Technology]] (2001–2003)
* [[Gopinath Munde]] — [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] (2009–2014)
* [[Biplab Kumar Deb]] — [[Chief Minister of Tripura]] (2018–2022)
* [[Manoharlal Khattar]] — [[Chief Minister of Haryana]] (2014–present)
* [[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]] — [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] (2019–2024)
*[[B. S. Yediyurappa]] — [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]] (2019–2021)
* [[Ram Madhav]] — National General Secretary of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2014–present).
*[[Jai Ram Thakur]] - [[List of chief ministers of Himachal Pradesh|Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh]] (2017–2022)
*[[Suresh Bhardwaj (politician)|Suresh Bhardwaj]] - Himachal Pradesh Cabinet Minister (2017–2022)
*[[Naresh Bansal]] — [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
*[[Kirit Parmar]] — [[Mayor of Ahmedabad]]
*[[G. Kishan Reddy]] — Union Cabinet Minister (2021–present)
*[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]] — BJP national general secretary (2023–present) <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=संघ के स्वयंसेवक किरीट परमार ने अहमदाबाद के मेयर का पद संभाला, उनकी सादगी की पूरे गुजरात में चर्चा हो रही |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/gujarat/news/ahmedabads-new-mayor-kirit-parmar-lives-in-a-one-room-roofed-house-in-hirabhagats-chali-in-bapunagar-128308974.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Other party leaders ===
* [[Deendayal Upadhyaya]]— former president of [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] from 1967–1968.

==See also==
* [[List of leaders of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sangh Parivar}}

[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]

Albion Rajkumar Banerji

2026-04-02T05:02:54Z

Suresh330: stub - done

{{Short description|Indian civil servant and administrator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sir Albion Rajkumar Banerji
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]]
| image = Albion_Rajkumar 1912.jpg
| caption = c. 1911
| order1 = [[List of Prime and Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Prime Minister]] of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Kashmir]]
| term_start1 = 1927
| term_end1 = 1929
| lieutenant =
| monarch1 = [[Hari Singh]]
| predecessor1 = [[Padam Deo Singh]]
| successor1 = [[G. E. C. Wakefield]]
| order2 = 21st [[Diwan of Mysore|Diwan of the Mysore kingdom]]
| term_start2 = 1922
| term_end2 = 1926
| monarch2 = [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]]
| predecessor2 = [[M. Kantaraj Urs]]
| successor2 = [[Sir Mirza Ismail]]
| order3 = Diwan of [[Cochin kingdom]]
| term_start3 = 1907
| term_end3 = 1914
| predecessor3 = [[Nemali Pattabhirama Rao]]
| successor3 = [[J. W. Bhore]]
| birth_date = 10 October 1871
| birth_place = [[Bristol]], United Kingdom
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1950|02|25|1871|10|10}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], India
| spouse =
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] [[Balliol College, Oxford]]
| occupation = Civil Servant
| profession =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sir''' '''Albion Rajkumar Banerji Esq. M.A.I.C.S.''' (10 October 1871 – 25 February 1950) was an Indian civil servant and administrator who served as the Diwan of Cochin from 1907 to 1914, 21st [[Diwan of Mysore]] from 1922 to 1926, and as Prime Minister of Kashmir from 1927 to 1929.

==Early life and education==
Banerji was born in [[Bristol]] in the [[Bengali people|Bengali]] [[Brahmo]] family of [[Sasipada Banerji]]. His father was a noted social reformer and labour activist from [[Baranagar]] near [[Calcutta]]. His mother [[Rajkumari Banerji]] was one of the first upper class Indian women to visit England. The family returned to India in 1872 and he was educated at the [[Scottish Church College|General Assembly's Institution]] and graduated from the [[University of Calcutta]]. Subsequently, he earned his master's degree at the [[Balliol College, Oxford]] and joined the Indian Civil Services in 1895.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/indianbiographic00raoc/page/n62/mode/1up|title=The Indian Biographical Dictionary| author=Rao, C. Hayavadana|year=1915|page=23|publisher=Pillar & Co.|place=Madras}}</ref>

He married Nalini Gupta, daughter of [[Krishna Govinda Gupta|Sir Krishna Govinda Gupta]], the 6th Indian to join the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|ICS]], who, towards the end of his distinguished career in the civil service, went to the Secretary of State's Council in London.

==Career==

===Magistrate===
He cleared the [[Imperial Civil Service]] examinations in 1894 and was appointed Assistant Collector and Magistrate in the [[Madras Presidency]].
[[File:Albion_Rajkumar.jpg|thumb|Diwan A. R. Banerji]]'''Foundational Contributions'''

Sir Albion Rajkumar Banerji Esq. M.A.I.C.S. presented the Diwan's Cup for the inter-school sports held in February 1908.

==== Premierships ====

==== Kingdom of Cochin ====
Banerji was appointed Diwan of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] in May 1907 and served till 1914.<ref name="Southern India">{{cite book |author1=Somerset Playne |author2=J. W. Bond |author3=Arnold Wright |title= Southern India: its history, people, commerce, and industrial resources|publisher= Asian Educational Services|orig-date= 1914|year= 2004|page= 372 }}</ref> He introduced ''The Cochin State Manual''.<ref name="Cochin State Manual">{{cite book |last= Achyutha Menon|first= C|title= Cochin State Manual|publisher= Cochin State|year= 1911 }}</ref>

==== Kingdom of Mysore ====
Banerji became a minister (councillor as they were known) in Diwan [[Visvesvaraya|Sir M. Visvesvaraya]]'s cabinet in 1914. After the resignation of Visvesvaraya as Diwan, Banerji became the First Councillor in Diwan [[M. Kantaraj Urs|Sir M. Kantaraj Urs]]'s cabinet. Banerji would have left [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] service much earlier but ended up as the Diwan of Mysore since Urs resigned owing to ill health. He served as Diwan from 1922 to 1926. In 1923, he sought the help of [[Brajendra Nath Seal|Brajendranath Seal]] to create a constitution for the Kingdom of Mysore.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parasher |first=Tejas |date=2022 |title=Federalism, Representation, and Direct Democracy in 1920s India |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1479244320000578/type/journal_article |journal=Modern Intellectual History |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=444–472 |doi=10.1017/S1479244320000578 |issn=1479-2443|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He signed the 1924 Cauvery accord with the [[Madras Presidency]].

==== Kingdom of Kashmir ====
Banerji was appointed the first and only prime minister of [[Kashmir]] in 1927 to [[Hari Singh|Maharaja Hari Singh]]. He resigned in 1929 over differences with maharaja on the grounds of his lavish lifestyle sustained by a poor population. His wrote:

{{blockquote|Jammu and Kashmir state is labouring under many disadvantages, with a large Mohammedan population absolutely illiterate, labouring under poverty and very low economic conditions of living in the villages, and practically governed like dumb driven cattle. There is no touch between the government and the people, no suitable opportunity for representing grievances... The administration has at present no or little sympathy with people's wants and grievances...<ref>
Geelani, Syed Bismillah. ''Kashmir, Kashmiris and Kashmiriyat'' in ''Manufacturing terrorism: Kashmiri encounters with media and the law''. Promilla and Co., Publishers, page 33.</ref>}}

==Publications==
*Indian Affairs (a quarterly journal published from London).
*[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.146325|Indian Tangle]] (Hutchinson—London)
*Indian Path-Finder (Kemp Hall Press—Oxford)
*Rhythm Of Living (Ryder & Co -London)
*Looking Ahead in Wartime (Harmony Press-London)
*[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.539422|What is Wrong with India]] (Kitabistan—Allahabad)
*[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.222269|Through an Indian Camera]] (Bangalore Press)

== Honours ==
*[[Order of the Indian Empire|Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (1912)
*[[Order of the Star of India|Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] (1921)
*Knighthood (1925)

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== References ==

* {{cite book|title=Who's who – India|pages=14|publisher=Tyson & Co|year=1927}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, A. R.}}
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Brahmos]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Diwans of Cochin]]
[[Category:Dewans of Mysore]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Civil servants from Bristol]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]

Democratic Movement of Kerala

2026-03-30T14:06:35Z

Suresh330: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Trinamool Congress#Democratic Movement of Kerala]] {{R from merge}} {{R to section}}

Kamal Haasan filmography

2026-03-27T10:41:41Z

Suresh330:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
[[File:Kamal Haasan by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|Haasan at [[San Diego Comic-Con]] in 2023]]
[[Kamal Haasan]]{{efn|In an interview, Haasan revealed that Parthasarathy was one of the names given to him.<ref>{{cite web|title=59 Years of Kamal Haasan: Lesser known facts about the Ulaganayagan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/59-years-of-kamal-haasan-lesser-known-facts-about-the-ulaganayagan/photostory/65452293.cms|date=29 August 2019|website=Times of India|access-date=15 August 2025|archive-date=31 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531102938/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/59-years-of-kamal-haasan-lesser-known-facts-about-the-ulaganayagan/photostory/65452293.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He was initially named after the Parthasarathy deity at Pallava-era temple in Chennai. Later his father changed his name to Kamal Haasan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan turns 70: Let's take a look at his filmy family tree |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/kamal-haasan-turns-70-let-s-take-a-look-at-his-filmy-family-tree/ar-AA1tF1vO |website=MSN}}</ref> His name as per the records of Rajya Sabha is Shri Kamal Haasan.<ref name="List of Members">{{Cite web |title=List of Members |url=https://sansad.in/rs/members |website=Rajya Sabha Council of States |access-date=15 August 2025 |archive-date=29 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529091102/https://sansad.in/rs/members |url-status=live }}</ref>}} (born 7 November 1954) is an Indian actor, filmmaker and politician who works primarily in [[Tamil cinema]], and currently serving as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] for [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="List of Members">{{Cite web |title=List of Members |url=https://sansad.in/rs/members |website=Rajya Sabha Council of States |access-date=15 August 2025 |archive-date=29 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529091102/https://sansad.in/rs/members |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-07 |title=The 12 best Bollywood actors |url=https://www.timeout.com/film/best-bollywood-actors |website=TimeOut}}</ref>

==Overview==
Regarded as one of the greatest and most versatile actors of all time,<ref name="KH1">
* {{Cite web |quote=Kamal sir is not just one of the greatest actors of all time, but also one of the greatest minds. |date=2023-06-15 |title=I Want To Die In One Of His Films Because...: Anurag Kashyap On Working With Lokesh Kanagaraj |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/i-want-to-die-in-one-of-his-films-because-anurag-kashyap-on-working-with-lokesh-kanagaraj-8087491.html |website=News18 |access-date=13 August 2025 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616234634/https://www.news18.com/movies/i-want-to-die-in-one-of-his-films-because-anurag-kashyap-on-working-with-lokesh-kanagaraj-8087491.html |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |quote=Indian superstar Kamal Haasan turned 68 today. He is considered as one of the greatest actors of all time. |date=2022-11-07 |title=KAMAL HAASAN'S BEST FILMS YOU CAN'T MISS |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/web-stories/entertainment/kamal-haasans-best-films-you-cant-miss/photostory/95355515.cms |website=Times Now }}
* {{Cite web |quote=Kamal Haasan is widely regarded as one of the greatest actors of all time. |date=2023-11-06 |title=Celebrating the Cinematic Brilliance Of Kamal Haasan: Highest-Earning Movie Picks |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/entertainment/celebrities/best-kamal-haasan-movies-to-watch/ |website=Lifestyle Asia |access-date=13 August 2025 |archive-date=17 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417003729/https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/entertainment/celebrities/best-kamal-haasan-movies-to-watch/ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |quote=On meeting Kamal Haasan: He is, without a doubt one of the greatest actors we have in Indian cinema as well as the world. |date=2008-06-06 |title=Kamal Haasan is the best we've got |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/06jaya.htm |website=Rediff |access-date=13 August 2025 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015220216/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/06jaya.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |quote=Kamal Haasan, one of the greatest actors India has ever produced, is unique in many ways. He has usually gone beyond just enacting a role to completely immersing himself in it. |date=2024-07-05 |title=New book throws light on Kamal Haasan's cinematic journey exploring his illustrious career |url=https://theprint.in/softcover/new-book-throws-light-on-kamal-haasans-cinematic-journey-exploring-his-illustrious-career/2161753/ |website=The Print }}
* {{Cite web |quote=Being the most versatile actor, filmmaker and social activist, Haasan has reenvisioned the landscape of the Tamil cinema industry and beyond. |title=Kamal Haasan turns 70: Let's take a look at his filmy family tree |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/kamal-haasan-turns-70-let-s-take-a-look-at-his-filmy-family-tree/ar-AA1tF1vO |website=MSN }}
* {{Cite web |quote=Kamal Haasan has been associated with show business since he was a child and has proved his mettle as one of the most versatile and successful actors of all time. |date=2023-09-21 |title=Mansions to Magnificent cars: Here are the most expensive things owned by Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-mansions-to-magnificent-cars-here-are-the-most-expensive-things-owned-by-kamal-haasan-3244922/lite/ |website=Financial Express }}
* {{Cite web |quote=One of the most versatile actors of all time, Kamal Haasan turns 64 today! |date=2018-11-07 |title=Kamal Haasan Birthday Special: 5 Unforgettable Roles Fans Must Revisit On The Superstar's Special Day! |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/south/kamal-haasan-birthday-special-5-unforgettable-roles-fans-must-revisit-on-the-superstars-special-day-476154.html/ |website=LatestLY }}
* {{Cite web |quote=universal star Kamal Haasan is one of the most versatile actors we had seen on big screen |date=2017-04-14 |title=Kamal Proves Indisputable Versatility |url=https://www.m9.news/movienews/kamal-haasan-proves-indisputable-versatility/ |website=M9 News }}
* {{Cite web |quote=The versatile actor in the industry who amazes everyone with his acting |date=2020-01-14 |title=These Talents Proved Kamal Haasan Is The Most Versatile Person |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/photos-movies/talents-proved-kamal-haasan-versatile-person/2020/01/14 |website=IWM Buzz }}</ref> Haasan is renowned for portraying diverse and complex roles, across multiple genres, often involving physical transformations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title= This multi-talented South superstar once worked as a make-up artist in Sylvester Stallone's Rambo 3 |url=https://www.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/this-multitalented-south-superstar-once-worked-as-a-makeup-artist-in-sylvester-stallones-rambo-3/articleshow/121364091.cms |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> He is also known for pushing creative boundaries<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-07 |title= Celebrating Kamal Haasan's legendary style moments: A cinematic chameleon's transformations |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Nov/07/celebrating-kamal-haasans-legendary-style-moments-a-cinematic-chameleons-transformations |website=Indulge (Indian Express)}}</ref> and pioneering many new technologies in [[Indian cinema]].<ref name="KH2">
* {{Cite web |quote= In his career spanning more than six decades, the versatile cinematic magician has done everything that is related to Cinema. Kamal Haasan took Indian Cinema forward with his vision and finesse. He pioneered many techniques in the industry. He introduced many first of its kind technologies to the Indian industry. |last=Sumanth |date=2022-06-01 |title=10 First Of Its Kind Technologies Introduced By Kamal Haasan To Indian Cinema |url=https://wirally.com/10-first-of-its-kind-technologies-introduced-by-kamal-haasan-to-indian-cinema/ |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=Wirally |language=en-US |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613044738/https://wirally.com/10-first-of-its-kind-technologies-introduced-by-kamal-haasan-to-indian-cinema/ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |last=Athimuthu |first=Soundarya |date=2022-04-27 |title=Vishwaroopam to Vikram: Kamal Haasan & Tech Innovation in His Films |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/vishwaroopam-to-vikram-technologies-brought-in-by-kamal-haasan-in-his-films |website=The Quint |access-date=2022-07-03 |quote=Kamal Haasan, also referred to as the 'Ulaganayagan' (the world’s actor), is known for introducing interesting technologies to the Indian cinema. |language=en }}
* {{Cite web |date=2020-08-12 |title=61 years of Kamal Haasan: Ten remarkable techniques that were introduced by Ulaganayagan to Tamil or Indian cinema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/61-years-of-kamal-haasan-ten-remarkable-techniques-that-were-introduced-by-ulaganayagn-to-tamil-or-indian-cinema/photostory/77504008.cms |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=The Times of India |quote=He has also brought many new techniques with his films, and been a lesson for many. |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703042107/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/61-years-of-kamal-haasan-ten-remarkable-techniques-that-were-introduced-by-ulaganayagn-to-tamil-or-indian-cinema/photostory/77504008.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Filmmakers{{efn|Jackie Chan,<ref>{{Cite web |quote=Kamal can do stunts, sing, dance, fight and romance. He's incredible. |date=2008-05-04 |title=I'm a true Gandhian |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/im-a-true-gandhian/articleshow/3008562.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref> Ang Lee,<ref>{{Cite web |quote=Haasan is not only an amazing actor but a great human being who knows everything about world-class cinema. |date=2012-11-02 |title=Ang Lee: Stunned by Kamal Haasan's brilliance |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ang-lee-stunned-by-kamal-haasans-brilliance-519709.html |website=News18 |access-date=5 August 2025 |archive-date=10 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410010621/http://www.news18.com/news/india/ang-lee-stunned-by-kamal-haasans-brilliance-519709.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Barrie M. Osborne,<ref>{{Cite web |quote=The international filmmaker says Kamal is like a cinema encyclopedia. |date=2012-08-08 |title=Kamal Haasan to go international |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/kamal-haasan-to-go-international-112667-2012-08-07 |website=India Today}}</ref> A. R. Rahman,<ref>{{Cite web |quote=He also called Kamal Haasan an 'encyclopedia', and said that the Ulaganayagan is a university by himself. |date=2024-10-16 |title=AR Rahman calls Rajinikanth and Kamal Haasan the 'Oxygen' and 'Hydrogen' of film industry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ar-rahman-calls-rajinikanth-and-kamal-haasan-the-oxygen-and-hydrogen-of-film-industry/articleshow/114273846.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref> Amitabh Bachchan,<ref>{{Cite web |quote=Amitabh, who was on a video call told him, “Stop being so modest, Kamal, you are much, much greater than all of us. |date=2023-07-21 |title=Kamal Haasan tells Amitabh Bachchan he hated Sholay, 'couldn't sleep' the night he watched it |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kamal-haasan-tells-amitabh-bachchan-he-hated-sholay-couldnt-sleep-101689917623592.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Shah Rukh Khan,<ref>{{cite news |quote=I find Haasan greater than [[Dustin Hoffman]] and [[Robert De Niro|De Niro]] put together. He's a technician par excellence. That kind of knowledge and control every actor should strive to get. |author=S. Shiva Kumar |date=25 August 2006 |title=A dream come true for him |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2006/08/25/stories/2006082502240100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111062838/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2006/08/25/stories/2006082502240100.htm |archive-date=11 November 2012 |access-date=21 January 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Atlee,<ref>{{Cite web |quote=He called Haasan the bible and encyclopedia of Indian cinema. |date=2024-06-26 |title=Atlee expresses wish to work with Kamal Haasan: Someday, I will crack a script |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/atlee-kamal-haasan-indian-2-trailer-launch-mumbai-2558295-2024-06-26 |website=India Today |access-date=5 August 2025 |archive-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626223413/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/atlee-kamal-haasan-indian-2-trailer-launch-mumbai-2558295-2024-06-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> Daggubati Venkatesh,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-31 |quote=Kamal sir is an actor par excellence. He is the global star with unparalleled talent. |title=Kamal Is A Global Star With Unparalleled Talent: Venky |url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/173790/kamal-is-a-global-star-with-unparalleled-talent-venky |website=Gulte}}</ref> Pawan Kalyan,<ref>{{Cite web |quote=Haasan's exceptional command over every aspect of filmmaking as a writer, singer, director, producer, and actor is truly inspiring. He is a true master of the craft. |date=2025-06-29 |title=Proud Pawan Kalyan LAUDS 'True Master' Of Cinema Kamal Haasan On The Academy Invitation: Phenomenal Acting Career |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/proud-pawan-kalyan-lauds-true-master-of-cinema-kamal-haasan-on-the-academy-invitation-phenomenal-acting-career-article-152176219 |website=Times Now |access-date=5 August 2025 |archive-date=24 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724115755/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/proud-pawan-kalyan-lauds-true-master-of-cinema-kamal-haasan-on-the-academy-invitation-phenomenal-acting-career-article-152176219 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jaideep Ahlawat,<ref>{{Cite web |quote=Describing Kamal Haasan as an “encyclopedia” of knowledge, Jaideep praised his co-actor’s depth of research and understanding of various aspects of filmmaking. |date=2025-01-30 |title=An encyclopedia...intense focus: Jaideep Ahlawat recalls working with Kamal Haasan, Ranbir Kapoor |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/an-encyclopediaintense-focus-jaideep-ahlawat-recalls-working-with-kamal-haasan-ranbir-kapoor20250130224454/ |website=Asian News International}}</ref> Pooja Kumar<ref>{{Cite web |quote=Mr Haasan has an immense knowledge on history, science and philosophy. He is a walking encyclopedia. |date=2013-07-11 |title=Pooja Kumar: Working with Kamal Haasan, experience of a lifetime |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pooja-kumar-working-with-kamal-haasan-experience-of-a-lifetime-612788 |website=New Delhi TeleVision}}</ref>}} have described Haasan as "cinema encyclopedia" for his immense knowledge and mastery of various aspects of filmmaking as an actor, director, producer, screenwriter, singer, lyricist, and dancer.<ref>{{Cite web |quote=If there’s one Indian actor who is a one-man industry in himself, it’s Kamal Haasan who has always taken the road less travelled. A polymath in the truest sense, Kamal has made sure he goes beyond the realms of acting — he’s a dancer, singer, director, producer, lyricist, technician and make-up artist too! |date=2019-11-07 |title=Happy Birthday Kamal Haasan: Ten lesser known facts about the legend as he turns 65 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-birthday-kamal-haasan-ten-lesser-known-facts-about-the-legend-as-he-turns-65/story-atCTXSYuOCMdO15wy869FK.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=13 August 2025 |archive-date=3 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103171022/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-birthday-kamal-haasan-ten-lesser-known-facts-about-the-legend-as-he-turns-65/story-atCTXSYuOCMdO15wy869FK.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |quote=Kamal Haasan is a multi-faceted personality who is a master of many aspects of filmmaking. In his almost seven-decade-long career, the actor has managed to learn every aspect of filmmaking. |date=2024-11-07 |title=Photography to learning musical instruments: Kamal Haasan's passion beyond cinema |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/photography-to-learning-musical-instruments-kamal-haasan-passion-beyond-cinema-2629698-2024-11-07 |website=India Today}}</ref> He has also worked as an assistant director, choreographer, editor, make-up artist, narrator, television host, and a distributor of films. He founded a magazine, ''Maiam'' ({{translation|''Center''}}), which he edited, and has written over 100 poems and [[Kamal Haasan#Literary_works|some books]]. In his cinematic career spanning more than 65 years, he has made over 250 films in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] languages.<ref>
* {{Cite web |quote=I have acted in over 250 films, the veteran actor added. |date=2024-07-16 |title=Kamal Haasan Overjoyed With Kalki 2898 AD's Massive Success: 'A Moment To Be Celebrated' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kamal-haasan-overjoyed-with-kalki-2898-ads-massive-success-a-moment-to-be-celebrated-8968007.html |website=News18 }}
* {{Cite news |quote=actor Kamal Haasan’s career, spanning over 250 films |date=2024-08-26 |title=Kamal Haasan wants to be the best 'rasigan' above everything: Film historian K. Hariharan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kamal-haasan-wants-to-be-the-best-rasigan-above-everything-film-historian-k-hariharan/article68565989.ece/ |website=The Hindu }}
* {{Cite web |quote=Haasan has been a part of over 250 films |date=2021-08-12 |title=Ulaganayagan Kamal Haasan Is The Man Who Inspired Quentin Tarantino |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ulaganayagan-kamal-hassan-is-the-man-who-inspired-quentin-tarantino/articleshow/85265470.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref> Haasan has won numerous accolades, including five [[National Film Awards]],{{efn|
* 1. [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]] for [[Moondram Pirai]] (1982)
* 2. Best Actor in a Leading Role for [[Nayakan]] (1987)
* 3. Best Actor in a Leading Role for [[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]] (1996)
* 4. [[National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film|Best Tamil Feature Film]] for [[Thevar Magan]] (1992)
* 5. [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]] for [[Kalathur Kannamma]] (1960) (The award for best acting was given out as a [[Rashtrapati Award]] (President's Gold Medal) until the 14th National Film Awards ceremony held in 1967, when the National Awards were called as the "State Awards for Films". They were renamed to the current [[National Film Awards]] from the 15th National Film Awards ceremony held in 1968.)<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web |quote=Kamal had won the best child actor National Award for his performance in his debut film. |date=2009-08-10 |title=Kamal Haasan celebrates 50 years in films! |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kamal-haasan-celebrates-50-years-in-films/story-GaBya7QITzCIdowfoIdCCP.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 August 2025 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127180852/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kamal-haasan-celebrates-50-years-in-films/story-GaBya7QITzCIdowfoIdCCP.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}} twenty-one [[Filmfare Awards]],{{efn|
* 1. [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor – Malayalam]] for [[Kanyakumari (film)|Kanyakumari]] (1974)
* 2. [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]] for [[Apoorva Raagangal]] (1975)
* 3. Best Actor – Tamil for [[Oru Oodhappu Kan Simittugiradhu]] (1976)
* 4. Best Actor – Tamil for [[16 Vayathinile]] (1977)
* 5. Best Actor – Tamil for [[Sigappu Rojakkal]] (1978)
* 6. Best Actor – Malayalam for [[Eeta]] (1978)
* 7. [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]] for [[Varumayin Niram Sivappu|Aakali Rajyam]] (1981)
* 8. Best Actor – Tamil for [[Raja Paarvai]] (1981)
* 9. Best Actor – Telugu for [[Sagara Sangamam]] (1983)
* 10. [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor – Hindi]] for [[Saagar (film)|Saagar]] (1985)
* 11. [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor – Kannada]] for [[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]] (1987)
* 12. Best Actor – Telugu for [[Indrudu Chandrudu]] (1989)
* 13. Best Actor – Tamil for [[Gunaa]] (1991)
* 14. Best Actor – Tamil for [[Thevar Magan]] (1992)
* 15. Best Actor – Tamil for [[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]] (1995)
* 16. Best Actor – Tamil for [[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]] (1996)
* 17. Best Actor – Tamil for [[Hey Ram]] (2000)
* 18. Best Actor – Tamil for [[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]] (2022)
* 19. [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]] for [[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]] (1989)
* 20. Best Film – Tamil for ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]'' (2024)
* 21. [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story – Hindi]] for [[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]] (1997)}} eleven [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]],{{efn|
* 1. [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for [[16 Vayathinile]] (1977)
* 2. Best Actor for [[Varumayin Niram Sivappu]] (1980)
* 3. Best Actor for [[Moondram Pirai]] (1982)
* 4. Best Actor for [[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]] (1989)
* 5. Best Actor for [[Thevar Magan]] (1992)
* 6. Best Actor for [[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]] (1996)
* 7. Best Actor for [[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]] (2006)
* 8. Best Actor for [[Dasavathaaram]] (2008)
* 9. [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Feature Film (Second Prize)]] for [[Thevar Magan]] (1992)
* 10. [[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award#M.G.R. Award|MGR Award]] (1989) and
* 11. [[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award#Sivaji Ganesan Award|Nadigar Thilagam Sivaji Ganesan Award]] (1999) for Contributions to the development of Tamil cinema}} and five [[Nandi Awards]].{{efn|
* 1. [[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for [[Sagara Sangamam]] (1983)
* 2. Best Actor for [[Swathi Muthyam]] (1986)
* 3. Best Actor for [[Indrudu Chandrudu]] (1989)
* 4. [[NTR National Award]] (2014) for Lifetime achievements and contributions to Indian cinema
* 5. [[P. Jairaj|Paidipati Jairaj Award]] (2026) for Outstanding contributions to the growth and development of Indian cinema (given as [[Telangana Gaddar Film Awards]] from 2025)}} He was honoured with the [[Kalaimamani]] in 1978, the [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1990–1999)|Padma Shri]] in 1990, the [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2010–2019)|Padma Bhushan]] in 2014, and the [[List of members of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Order of Arts and Letters]] (''Chevalier'') by the [[Government of France]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|author=|date=22 August 2016|title=Tamil film actor Sivaji Ganesan Dead Kamal Haasan to get prestigious French honour|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kamal-haasan-to-be-conferred-frances-chevalier-honour/article9014634.ece|url-status=live|access-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821152327/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kamal-haasan-to-be-conferred-frances-chevalier-honour/article9014634.ece|archive-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> He was invited by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] in 2025 to become a member of its actors' branch, for being one of the "exceptionally talented individuals having made indelible contributions to global filmmaking community."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-26 |title=THE ACADEMY INVITES 534 TO MEMBERSHIP |url=https://press.oscars.org/news/academy-invites-534-membership |website=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |quote=Through their commitment to filmmaking and to the greater movie industry, these exceptionally talented individuals have made indelible contributions to our global filmmaking community. |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2025 |access-date=27 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627075036/https://press.oscars.org/news/academy-invites-534-membership |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-03 |title=Bollywood movies to watch out for in 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bollywood-movies-to-watch-out-for-in-2013/articleshow/17853739.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>

Haasan started his career at the age of 5 in the 1960 Tamil film [[Kalathur Kannamma]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-19 |title=Here's how Kamal Haasan made his debut in 'Kalathur Kannamma' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-how-kamal-haasan-made-his-debut-in-kalathur-kannamma/articleshow/97131669.cms |access-date=2025-04-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204232843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-how-kamal-haasan-made-his-debut-in-kalathur-kannamma/articleshow/97131669.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> which earned him the [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|National Award for Best Child Artist]].{{efn|The award for best acting was given out as a [[Rashtrapati Award]] (President's Gold Medal) until the 14th National Film Awards ceremony held in 1967, when the National Awards were called as the "State Awards for Films". They were renamed to the current [[National Film Awards]] from the 15th National Film Awards ceremony held in 1968.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web |quote=Kamal had won the best child actor National Award for his performance in his debut film. |date=2009-08-10 |title=Kamal Haasan celebrates 50 years in films! |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kamal-haasan-celebrates-50-years-in-films/story-GaBya7QITzCIdowfoIdCCP.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 August 2025 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127180852/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kamal-haasan-celebrates-50-years-in-films/story-GaBya7QITzCIdowfoIdCCP.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}} After playing a few supporting roles, he progressed to lead role in the 1974 Malayalam film [[Kanyakumari (film)|Kanyakumari]], for which he won his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Filmfare Award for Best Actor]]. He then earned three [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|National Awards for Best Actor]] for [[Moondram Pirai]] (1982), [[Nayakan]] (1987) and [[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]] (1996). Haasan has won 21 Filmfare Awards in total, the most for any actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-06 |title=A true Ulaganayagan (Global Hero) and a cinematic pioneer! |url=https://x.com/filmfare/status/1975135786283475182 |quote=With 20 Filmfare Awards to his name, Kamal Haasan stands alone, holding the record for the most Filmfare Awards won by any actor in Indian cinema! This staggering record, which includes the most Filmfare Awards for Best Actor, is a proof of his unmatched versatility across Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Hindi films. |website= Filmfare magazine on X}}</ref> He holds the record for the most Filmfare Awards for Best Actor, with a total of 18 wins – [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|eleven]] in Tamil, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|three]] in Telugu, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|two]] in Malayalam, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|one]] in Hindi, and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|one]] in Kannada.{{efn|
* Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil:
* 1. [[Apoorva Raagangal]] (1975)
* 2. [[Oru Oodhappu Kan Simittugiradhu]] (1976)
* 3. [[16 Vayathinile]] (1977)
* 4. [[Sigappu Rojakkal]] (1978)
* 5. [[Raja Paarvai]] (1981)
* 6. [[Gunaa]] (1991)
* 7. [[Thevar Magan]] (1992)
* 8. [[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]] (1995)
* 9. [[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]] (1996)
* 10. [[Hey Ram]] (2000)
* 11. [[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]] (2022)
* Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu:
* 1. [[Varumayin Niram Sivappu|Aakali Rajyam]] (1981)
* 2. [[Sagara Sangamam]] (1983)
* 3. [[Indrudu Chandrudu]] (1989)
* Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam:
* 1. [[Kanyakumari (film)|Kanyakumari]] (1974)
* 2. [[Eeta]] (1978)
* Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Hindi:
* [[Saagar (film)|Saagar]] (1985)
* Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada:
* [[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]] (1987)}} He has been nominated for 64 Filmfare Awards, the most for any actor.{{efn|
* 35 nominations for Best Actor – Tamil
* 10 nominations for Best Film – Tamil
* 2 nominations for Best Director – Tamil
* 1 nomination for Best Playback Singer– Tamil
* 7 nominations for Best Actor – Telugu
* 4 nominations for Best Actor – Hindi
* 1 nomination for Best Story – Hindi
* 1 nomination for Best Supporting Actor – Hindi
* 2 wins for Best Actor – Malayalam
* 1 win for Best Actor – Kannada}} He also holds the record for the most Filmfare Award nominations for acting, with 50 nominations. He is the only actor who has won Filmfare Awards across five different languages. He won his 18th [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] for ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' (2022).{{efn|Though Haasan wrote a letter to the organisation asking them to not give him any more awards after his win for [[Hey Ram]] (2000),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-07 |title=Kamal Haasan Birthday: From Being the First Choice for Robot to Most Number of Filmfare Awards, Here Are Some Surprising Facts about the Actor |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/south/kamal-haasan-birthday-from-being-the-first-choice-for-robot-to-most-number-of-filmfare-awards-here-are-some-surprising-facts-about-the-actor-1318834.html/ |website=LatestLY}}</ref> he won his eighteenth Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Male) for [[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]] (2022) at the 68th Filmfare Awards South 2023 - Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=68th Filmfare Awards South 2023 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2023/tamil/winners |website=Filmfare |access-date=15 August 2025 |archive-date=14 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214094228/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2023/tamil/winners |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Besides several acting awards for his acclaimed performances,{{efn|
* Films for which Haasan won other acting awards (other than National Award and Filmfare Award):
* 1. For [[Varumayin Niram Sivappu]] (1980), Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor
* 2. For [[Swathi Muthyam]] (1986), Asia-Pacific Film Festival Award for Best Actor, Nandi Award for Best Actor
* 3. For [[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]] (1989), Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor
* 4. For [[Chanakyan]] (1989), Cinema Express Award for Best Actor – Malayalam
* 5. For [[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]] (1990), Cinema Express Award for Best Actor – Tamil
* 6. For [[Chachi 420]] (1997), Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role
* 7. For [[Pammal K. Sambandam]] (2002), V Shantaram Award for Best Actor – Tamil
* 8. For [[Anbe Sivam]] (2003), Southern India Cinematographers Association Award for Best Actor
* 9. For [[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]] (2006), Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor, Film Fans' Association Award for Best Actor
* 10. For [[Dasavathaaram]] (2008), Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor, Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Actor, Vijay Awards for Best Comedian, Best Villain and Favourite Hero, Film Fans' Association Award for Best Actor
* 11. For [[Vishwaroopam]] (2013), Vijay Award for Best Actor, Behindwoods Gold Medal Award for Legendary Performance as Actor
* 12. For [[Uttama Villain]] (2015), Los Angeles Independent Film Festival (LAIFF) Award for Best Actor, MGR-SIVAJI Academy Award for Best Actor
* 13. For [[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]] (2015), MGR-SIVAJI Academy Award for Best Actor
* 14. For [[Thoongaa Vanam]] (2015), MGR-SIVAJI Academy Award for Best Actor
* 15. For [[Kalki 2898 AD]] (2024), South Indian International Movie Award (SIIMA) for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu}} he has won many other cinematic awards for producing, directing, screenwriting, singing, lyric writing, choreographing and dancing.{{efn|
* Films for which Haasan won other cinematic awards (other than acting awards):
* 1. For [[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]] (1989), Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil and Cinema Express Award for Best Film – Tamil
* 2. For [[Thevar Magan]] (1992), National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film, Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Feature Film (Second Prize) and Cinema Express Award for Best Film – Tamil
* 3. For [[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]] (1995), Cinema Express Award for Best Film – Tamil
* 4. For [[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]] (1997), Filmfare Award for Best Story – Hindi and Screen Award for Best Story
* 5. For [[Hey Ram]] (2000), Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Most Outstanding Work of the Year
* 6. For [[Virumaandi]] (2004), Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival (PiFan) Best Asian Film Award
* 7. For [[Dasavathaaram]] (2008), Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Screenplay, Vijay Awards for Best Story, Screenplay Writer and Best Dialogue Writer
* 8. For [[Manmadan Ambu]] (2010), Vijay Music Awards for Best Lyricist and Best Song sung by an Actor (Song: Neela Vaanam)
* 9. For [[Vishwaroopam]] (2013), Vijay Award for Favourite Director, Behindwoods Gold Medal Award for Legendary Performance as Director, Writer, Producer and Singer, Jagran Film Festival Special Jury Award for raising the bar of mainstream Indian cinema to International level
* 10. For [[Uttama Villain]] (2015), Los Angeles Independent Film Festival (LAIFF) Awards for Best Picture, Best Produced Screenplay and Best Original Song (Song: Iraniyan Naadagam), Behindwoods Gold Medal Award for Best Song Choreographer
* 11. For [[Thoongaa Vanam]] (2015), MGR-SIVAJI Academy Award for Best Film
* 12. For [[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]] (2022), South Indian International Movie Award (SIIMA) for Best Playback Singer (Male) – Tamil (Song: Pathala Pathala), Osaka Tamil International Film Festival Award for Best Tamil Film
* 13. For [[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]] (2024), Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil, South Indian International Movie Award (SIIMA) for Best Film – Tamil, Chennai International Film Festival Award for Best Tamil Feature Film
* 14. Haasan has also received the [[Big FM Tamil Entertainment Awards|Big FM Tamil Entertainment Award]] for Best Bharatanatyam Dancer}} Haasan is also distinguished for starring in the highest number of films submitted by India for [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Feature Film]] at the [[Academy Awards]], with seven films – [[Saagar (film)|Saagar]] (1985), [[Swathi Muthyam]] (1986), [[Nayakan]] (1987), [[Thevar Magan]] (1992), [[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]] (1995), [[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]] (1996), and [[Hey Ram]] (2000) which he directed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-29 |title=Kamal Haasan Films Top The List of Oscar Submissions From India |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kamal-haasan-films-top-the-list-of-oscar-submissions-from-india-4605548.html |quote=Kamal Haasan enjoys the rare feat of the highest number of films featuring him being sent to Oscars from India. |website=News18}}</ref> He has won [[List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan#Film Festival Awards|many awards]] at various international film festivals,{{efn|
* Haasan's films that were screened at film festivals in countries other than India:
* 1. [[Sagara Sangamam]] (1983) – Asia-Pacific Film Festival, Moscow International Film Festival
* 2. [[Swathi Muthyam]] (1986) – Asia-Pacific Film Festival, Moscow International Film Festival
* 3. [[Nayakan]] (1987) – International Film Festival Rotterdam
* 4. [[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]] (1987) – Cannes Film Festival, International Film Festival Rotterdam, Shanghai International Film Festival
* 5. [[Thevar Magan]] (1992) – International Film Festival Rotterdam, Toronto International Film Festival
* 6. [[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]] (1994) – International Film Festival Rotterdam
* 7. [[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]] (1995) – International Film Festival Rotterdam
* 8. [[Hey Ram]] (2000) – International Film Festival Rotterdam, Toronto International Film Festival, Locarno Film Festival
* 9. [[Aalavandhan]] (2001) – Fantastic Fest
* 10. [[Virumaandi]] (2004) – International Film Festival Rotterdam, Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival (PiFan)
* 11. [[Vishwaroopam]] (2013) – India International Film Festival of Tampa Bay
* 12. [[Uttama Villain]] (2015) – Los Angeles Independent Film Festival (LAIFF)
* 13. [[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]] (2022) – Busan International Film Festival, Osaka Tamil International Film Festival
* 14. [[Kalki 2898 AD]] (2024) – Busan International Film Festival}} including the inaugural Best Asian Film Award for his directorial feature ''[[Virumaandi]]'' (2004) at the [[Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival]], [[South Korea]].{{efn|The European jury of eminent filmmakers said, "[[Virumaandi]] successfully manages to combine social and political drama, romance, humour, musical and spectacular action in one story of epic proportions. All the more impressive is the fact that it has been written, produced and directed by one man who also plays the lead role. It is a film that should easily appeal to audiences from all over the world." [[:nl:Jan Doense|Jan Doense]], filmmaker and a member of the jury gave the award to Haasan and said, "Astounding", even as he appreciated the ethnicity of the film.<ref>{{cite news |date=2004-07-30 |title= Award, accolade and much more ... |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 January 2011 |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/07/30/stories/2004073001610100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125134302/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/07/30/stories/2004073001610100.htm |archive-date=25 November 2010 }}</ref>}} ''[[Uttama Villain]]'' (2015) won six awards, including four for Haasan – Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Screenplay and Best Song at the Los Angeles Independent Film Festival, [[United States]]. His production company [[Raaj Kamal Films International]] has produced many of his films, including ''[[Thevar Magan]]'' (1992) for which he won the [[National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film|National Award for Best Tamil Film]] as a producer. He won his 21st [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Filmfare Award]] for producing ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]'' (2024), which was also nominated for the prestigious [[IFFI Best Film Award|Golden Peacock Award]].

[[File:Kamal Haasan interviews Ang Lee.jpg|thumb|alt=Ang Lee, a grey-haired man, looking at Haasan (who is speaking)|Haasan with [[Ang Lee]]]]

Haasan's portrayal of an innocent man in [[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]] (1994), was selected by [[Forbes India]] as one of the 25 greatest acting performances of Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-27 |title=25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0 |website=Forbes India}}</ref> [[Hindustan Times]] hailed him as "A polymath in the truest sense, Kamal has given silver jubilee films{{efn|A silver jubilee film is a movie that ran continuously in theatres for 25 consecutive weeks without any interruptions.}} in five languages. If there's one Indian actor who is a one-man industry in himself, it's Kamal Haasan."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-07 |title=Happy Birthday Kamal Haasan: Ten lesser known facts about the legend as he turns 65 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-birthday-kamal-haasan-ten-lesser-known-facts-about-the-legend-as-he-turns-65/story-atCTXSYuOCMdO15wy869FK.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He was honoured with the French honour, [[:fr:Prix Henri-Langlois|Henri Langlois Prize]] in 2016 and [[P. Jairaj|Paidipati Jairaj Award]] in 2026, for his outstanding contributions to international cinema and Indian cinema respectively.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Chiranjeevi and Kamal Haasan Get Special Honours At Telangana Gaddar Film Awards |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/chiranjeevi-and-kamal-haasan-get-special-honours-at-telangana-gaddar-film-awards |magazine=The Hollywood Reporter India |date=2026-03-20}}</ref> Six of his films received special screening as "Kamal Haasan Focus" at the 2001 [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]], [[Netherlands]] – ''[[Hey Ram]]'' (2000), ''[[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]]'' (1995), ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]'' (1994), ''[[Thevar Magan]]'' (1992), ''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987), and ''[[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]'' (1987) which is Haasan's only silent film to date. He received the first Golden Beaver Award at the 2025 Indian Film Festival of [[Alberta]], [[Canada]], for "transforming cinema — bridging cultures, breaking barriers, and inspiring audiences worldwide." He was awarded the "Original Pan-India Superstar" Special Award at the 2022 [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA 2022 Winners |url=https://siima.in/awards-2022 |website=South Indian International Movie Awards (SIIMA)}}</ref> The [[Directorate of Film Festivals]] organised a three-day "Kamal Haasan Film Festival" from 2 to 4 July 2010,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-29 |title=Kamal Haasan film festival in New Delhi |url=https://www.chitramala.in/kamal-haasan-film-festival-in-new-delhi-120791.html |website=Chitramala}}</ref> and showcased seven of his best films – [[Sagara Sangamam]] (1983), [[Nayakan]] (1987), [[Thevar Magan]] (1992), [[Hey Ram]] (2000), [[Anbe Sivam]] (2003), [[Virumaandi]] (2004), and [[Dasavathaaram]] (2008) in which he played ten distinct roles. [[Nayakan]] (1987) was chosen as one of the 100 greatest films of all time by the American magazine [[Time (magazine)|TIME]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2005-02-12 |title=All-TIME 100 Movies |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2005/02/12/all-time-100-movies/slide/all/ |magazine=TIME}}</ref> [[Anbe Sivam]] (2003) was selected as one of the 25 best Indian movies of the 21st century by [[The Hollywood Reporter India]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2025-11-10 |title=THR India's 25 in 25: The Best Indian Movies of the 21st Century |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/the-best-indian-movies-of-the-21st-century |magazine=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> On October 16, 1997, [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] publicly launched Haasan's unfinished historical film [[Marudhanayagam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-09 |title=When Queen Elizabeth graced the launch of Kamal Haasan's unfinished film Marudhanayagam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/when-queen-elizabeth-graced-the-launch-of-kamal-haasan-s-unfinished-film-marudhanayagam-1998209-2022-09-09 |website=India Today}}</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = "Kamal Haasan falls under a special category, as his cinema broke barriers of language and region. He has been honoured with several awards. In fact, he may be the most awarded person in the country."
|author = – Former [[Minister of Information and Broadcasting]] of India, Smt. [[Ambika Soni]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Retrospective of Kamal Haasan films opens |access-date=18 January 2011 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/03/stories/2010070364451600.htm |date=3 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808202224/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/03/stories/2010070364451600.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date= 8 August 2010}}</ref>
|align = center
|border = 2px
|fontsize = 100%
|bgcolor = Cornsilk
}}

Haasan received the [[CNN-News18 Indian of the Year#Special awards|CNN-IBN Indian of the Year Special Award]], from the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Manmohan Singh]], for completing 50 years in cinema in 2009. He was named one of the 50 most powerful Indians by [[India Today]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-14 |title=50 power people: Presenting the definitive list of India's 50 most powerful. |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20170424-india-today-top-50-powerful-indians-mukesh-ambani-ratan-tata-kumar-mangalam-birla-gautam-adani-anand-mahindra-srk-amitabh-bacchan-986203-2017-04-14 |quote=Because his 58-year-long association with the industry as actor, screenwriter, director and producer enables him today to experiment and innovate with remarkable ease. |website=India Today}}</ref> He has been conferred two [[Honorary Doctorates]], one by [[Sathyabama University]] in 2005, one by [[Centurion University]] in 2019. He received the first [[Abraham Kovoor#Legacy|A. T. Kovoor National Award for the Secular Artist]] in 2005, in acknowledgment of his humanist and philanthropic activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AWARD |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=4356114 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> He was the first Tamil actor to convert his fan clubs into welfare associations, and has been consistently involved in many social services, including donating food and medicines to the needy, helping with children's education, and promoting blood and organ donation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-07 |title=Kamal Haasan on a noble cause |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/kamal-haasan-on-a-noble-cause/articleshow/10617254.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref> He was appointed an ambassador by the [[United Nations]] in 2007, for its joint campaign with the Tamil Nadu State AIDS Control Society to protect the rights of people living with [[HIV]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-11-29 |title=Kamal to be ambassador for rights of HIV infected |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/11/29/kamal-to-be-ambassador-for-rights-of-hiv-infected-1196358830.html |website=OneIndia}}</ref> On 21 February 2018, Haasan launched a political party, [[Makkal Needhi Maiam]] ({{translation|Centre for People's Justice}}).<ref name="political">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/live-updates-kamal-haasan-political-party-launch/liveblog/63007615.cms|title=Kamal Haasan Live: The six hands in my flag stands for the six south Indian states|website=The Times of India|date=21 February 2018 |access-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629192438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/live-updates-kamal-haasan-political-party-launch/liveblog/63007615.cms|archive-date=29 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 July 2025, he took oath as a member of [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States), the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]].

== As actor ==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of Kamal Haasan film credits as an actor
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 1960
! scope="row" | ''[[Kalathur Kannamma]]''
| Selvam
| rowspan="3" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| rowspan="6" | Child artist
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web|access-date=20 September 2020 |title=Kamal Haasan completes 61 years in the industry, fans celebrate with special poster |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/kamal-haasan-completes-61-years-in-the-industry-fans-celebrate-with-special-poster/story-btxvhb3iK7aioR1C4jpY4J.html |date=12 August 2020 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |first=Karthik |last=Kumar|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927052848/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/kamal-haasan-completes-61-years-in-the-industry-fans-celebrate-with-special-poster/story-btxvhb3iK7aioR1C4jpY4J.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1962
! scope="row" | ''[[Parthal Pasi Theerum]]''
| Babu and Kumar
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sivaji Ganesan has a film appreciation society all to himself |date=23 January 2012 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sivaji-ganesan-has-a-film-appreciation-society-all-to-himself-191400.html |publisher=Firstpost |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519133047/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sivaji-ganesan-has-a-film-appreciation-society-all-to-himself-191400.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Paadha Kaanikkai]]''
| Ravi
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=30 May 2015 |title=Paatha Kaanikkai 1962 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-past-paatha-kaanikkai-1962/article7264206.ece |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170902/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-past-paatha-kaanikkai-1962/article7264206.ece |archive-date=4 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kannum Karalum]]''
| Babu || [[Malayalam]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=30 December 2012 |title=Kannum Karalum 1962 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kannum-karalum-1962/article4252881.ece |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171323/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kannum-karalum-1962/article4252881.ece |archive-date=4 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1963
! scope="row" | ''[[Vanambadi]]''
| Ravi
| rowspan="4" | Tamil
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=உலக நாயகன் கமல் பிறந்தநாளையொட்டி சிறப்பு பகிர்வு.. |url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/coverstory/34468.art |date=7 November 2014 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta |trans-title=Kamal Birthday Special Article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205120920/http://www.vikatan.com/news/coverstory/34468.art |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Anandha Jodhi]]''
| Balu
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birthday Special: Kamal Haasan's 60 years of excellence |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/birthday-special-kamal-haasans-five-decades-of-excellence/20141107.htm |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=7 November 2014 |work=Rediff.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205120614/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/birthday-special-kamal-haasans-five-decades-of-excellence/20141107.htm |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 1970
! scope="row" | ''[[Maanavan]]''
| Student
|Special appearance in the song "Visiladichan Kunjugala"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kamal Haasan's first role as an adult was in Maanavan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/Kamal-Haasans-first-role-as-an-adult-was-in-Maanavan/articleshow/45069838.cms |website=The Times of India |date=7 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205133111/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/Kamal-Haasans-first-role-as-an-adult-was-in-Maanavan/articleshow/45069838.cms |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 1971
! scope="row" | ''[[Annai Velankanni]]''
| [[Jesus]]
| Cameo
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Velankanni">{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=20 December 2015 |title=Velankanni Mathavu – 1977 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/velankanni-mathavu-1977/article8011033.ece |access-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201171518/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/velankanni-mathavu-1977/article8011033.ece |archive-date=1 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|1972
! scope="row" | ''[[Prathikaram]]''
|Punjabi singer
| Malayalam
|Special appearance in the song "Madhuram Madhuram"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m7xmcdma6Ns |title=Prathikaram | പ്രതികാരം | Super Hit Malayalam Movie | Thikkurissi | Jayabharathi kanna nalama|website=YouTube |date=8 July 2021 | access-date=4 July 2022 | archive-date=4 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704051534/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m7xmcdma6Ns | url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kurathi Magan]]''
| || rowspan="6" | Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=தண்ணி கருத்திருச்சு... – கல்கி – Kalki — Tamil weekly supplements |url=http://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=23290&ncat=19&Print=1 |website=Dinamalar |language=ta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203054038/http://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=23290&ncat=19&Print=1 |archive-date=3 February 2017 |access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1973
! scope="row" | ''[[Arangetram (1973 film)|Arangetram]]''
| Thiagu ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="ArangetramAaina">{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan: My best roles came from Balachandersaab |url=http://inwww.rediff.com/movies/report/kamal-haasan-my-best-roles-came-from-balachandersaab/20141218.htm |date=18 December 2014 |work=Rediff.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201161914/http://inwww.rediff.com/movies/report/kamal-haasan-my-best-roles-came-from-balachandersaab/20141218.htm |archive-date=1 February 2017 |access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sollathaan Ninaikkiren]]''
| Kamal ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Aiyyaa">{{Cite web |title=கே.பாலசந்தரை அய்யா என்று அழைக்கும் ரஜினி-கமல்! |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/20056/cinema/Kollywood/Rajini---Kamal-calls-K.Balachander-as-Aiyyaa.htm |website=Dinamalar |date=9 July 2014 |language=ta |trans-title=Rajini-Kamal call K. Balachander as sir! |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712003926/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/20056/cinema/Kollywood/Rajini---Kamal-calls-K.Balachander-as-Aiyyaa.htm |archive-date=12 July 2014 |access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" |1974
! scope="row" | ''[[Paruva Kaalam]]''
| Chandran ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Gumasthavin Magal]]''
| Mani ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=கமல் 25 : பிறந்தநாள் ஸ்பெஷல் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/52826/cinema/Kollywood/Kamal-25-Birthday-special.htm |date=7 November 2016 |website=Dinamalar |language=ta |trans-title=Kamal 25 – Birthday special |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205121027/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/52826/cinema/Kollywood/Kamal-25-Birthday-special.htm |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-pimhCn7Xc&t=455s |title=Gumasthavin Magal |last=Nagarajan |first=A. P. |publisher=C. N. V. Movies |year=1974 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212052317/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-pimhCn7Xc&t=455s |archive-date=12 February 2017 |medium=motion picture |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Naan Avanillai (1974 film)|Naan Avanillai]]''
| Appu ||Cameo
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Aiyyaa" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kanyakumari (film)|Kanyakumari]]''
| Sankaran || Malayalam ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=கமல் 60 – 60 – பிறந்தநாள் ஸ்பெஷல் ஸ்டோரி!! |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/23686/special-report/Kamal-60-60---Birthday-Special-story.htm |date=7 November 2014 |website=Dinamalar |language=ta |trans-title=Kamal 60-60 – Birthday Special story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205121310/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/23686/special-report/Kamal-60-60---Birthday-Special-story.htm |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Anbu Thangai]]''
| [[Buddha]]
| Tamil
| Special appearance in the song "Mannargal Vanagum"
| style="text-align: center;" |{{sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=63}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muthuraman |first=S. P. |date=30 September 2015 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 28 – 'சிவாஜிக்கு முன், சிவாஜிக்குப் பின்' |language=ta |trans-title=Before Sivaji, after Sivaji |work=[[The Hindu (Tamil)|The Hindu]] |url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/cinema-others/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-28-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D/article7705686.ece |access-date=5 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205133450/http://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/cinema-others/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-28-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D/article7705686.ece |archive-date=5 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vishnu Vijayam]]''
| Vishnu || Malayalam ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=உலக கலைஞன் கமல் – ஆறிலிருந்து அறுபது வரை: கமல்ஹாசன் 60வது பிறந்த நாள் ஸ்பெஷல் ஸ்டோரி! – Kamal Haasan's 60th Birthday Special story |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/23675/special-report/Kamal-hassans-60th-Birthday-Special-story.htm |date=6 November 2014 |website=தினமலர் – சினிமா |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205121922/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/23675/special-report/Kamal-hassans-60th-Birthday-Special-story.htm |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aval Oru Thodar Kathai]]''
| Gopal || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Hari |date=29 December 2014 |title=His vision is an idealistic continuum... |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-by-the-way/article6735370.ece |access-date=31 January 2017 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131030732/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-by-the-way/article6735370.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Panathukkaga]]''
| Kumar ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aaina (1974 film)|Aaina]]''
| Prem Kapoor || [[Hindi]] || Cameo
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/aaina/user-reviews/|title=Aaina 1974 Movie User Reviews - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=1 January 1974}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="14" |1975
! scope="row" | ''[[Cinema Paithiyam]]''
| Natarajan || rowspan="7" | Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pattampoochi (1975 film)|Pattampoochi]]''
| Siva ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aayirathil Oruthi]]''
| Kamal ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Then Sindhudhe Vaanam]]''
| Ravi ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Melnaattu Marumagal]]''
| Raja ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Thangathile Vairam]]''
| Kumar ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pattikkaattu Raja]]''
| Mahesh ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Njan Ninne Premikkunnu]]''
| Suresh || Malayalam ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Maalai Sooda Vaa]]''
| Murali || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Apoorva Raagangal]]''
| Prasanna ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=422}}<ref name="indiatoday7Nov2016">{{Cite news |last=Srivatsan |date=7 November 2016 |title=Happy Birthday Kamal Haasan: A lone wolf of Indian cinema who never compromised |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/happy-birthday-kamal-haasan-a-lone-wolf-of-indian-cinema-best-films-350573-2016-11-07 |url-status=live |access-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170131025749/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/happy-birthday-kamal-haasan-a-lone-wolf-of-indian-cinema-best-films/1/804181.html |archive-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Thiruvonam (film)|Thiruvonam]]''
| Prem Kumar || rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mattoru Seetha]]''
| Gopi ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Raasaleela]]''
| Devan ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Andharangam]]''
| Kaanthan || Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
| rowspan="18" |1976
! scope="row" | ''[[Agni Pushpam]]''
| Somu || rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Appooppan]]''
| Babumon ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Samasya]]''
| ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Manmadha Leelai (1976 film)|Manmadha Leelai]]''
| Madhu || Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=428}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Anthuleni Katha]]''
| Arun || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Cameo
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="KamalNews18" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Swimming Pool (1976 film)|Swimming Pool]]''
| || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aruthu]]''
| ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Satyam (1976 film)|Satyam]]''
| Kumaran || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Oru Oodhappu Kan Simittugiradhu]]''
| Ravi ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R14dURILRyo |title=Oru Oodhappu Kan Simittugiradhu |date=23 June 2016 |type=Motion picture |publisher=Biscoot Tamil Movies HD |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405164749/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R14dURILRyo |archive-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Unarchigal (1976 film)|Unarchigal]]''
| Selvam ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_U9JeX9KF4I |title=Unarchigal |date=13 January 2015 |type=Motion picture |publisher=Simply South |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406061636/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_U9JeX9KF4I |archive-date=6 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kuttavum Shikshayum (1976 film)|Kuttavum Shikshayum]]''
| || Malayalam ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kumara Vijayam]]''
| Kumar || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2uBfGGtMnBI&spfreload=5 |title=Kumaara Vijayam |date=4 January 2016 |type=Motion picture |publisher=PlayEven Tamil |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405140148/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2uBfGGtMnBI&spfreload=5 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Idhaya Malar]]''
| Mohan ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ponni (1976 film)|Ponni]]''
| Maran || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2015 |title=Ponni: 1976 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/ponni-1976/article6899408.ece |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205080937/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/ponni-1976/article6899408.ece |archive-date=5 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Nee Ente Lahari''
| ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Moondru Mudichu]]''
| Balaji || rowspan="4" | Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="NDTV" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mogam Muppadhu Varusham]]''
| Ramesh ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Lalitha (film)|Lalitha]]''
| Balu ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
| rowspan="18" |1977
! scope="row" | ''[[Uyarnthavargal]]''
| Aarumugam ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JUabUCB9rq8 |title=Uyarndhavargal |date=21 August 2014 |type=Motion picture |publisher=Cinema Junstion |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405155530/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JUabUCB9rq8 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Siva Thandavum]]''
| || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan sings in English |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/09kamal.htm |work=Rediff.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225107/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/09kamal.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aasheervaadam]]''
| ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Avargal]]''
| Janardhan (Johnny) || Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=430}}{{sfn|Ramachandran|2012|pp=58–59}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Madhura Swapanam]]''
| || Malayalam ||
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite book |last=Film News Anandan |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/kamal-films.asp |title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru |publisher=Sivakami Publishers |location=Chennai |language=Tamil |trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films |author-link=Film News Anandan |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210612101253/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/kamal-films.asp |archive-date=12 June 2021 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sreedevi (film)|Sreedevi]]''
| Venugopal || Malayalam ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Unnai Suttrum Ulagam]]''
| Raja || Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kabita]]''
| Gopal || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan with the woman he once wanted to marry! |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1131113/jsp/t2/story_17558760.jsp |website=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110220209/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131113/jsp/t2/story_17558760.jsp |archive-date=10 January 2016 |access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ashtamangalyam]]''
| || rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Nirakudam]]''
| Devan ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ormakal Marikkumo]]''
| Chandrasekharan ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[16 Vayathinile]]''
| Gopalakrishnan (Chappani)
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=66}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aadu Puli Attam (1977 film)|Aadu Puli Attam]]''
| Madan ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=69}}{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aanandham Paramaanandham]]''
| Babu || Malayalam ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Naam Pirandha Mann]]''
| Ranjith || Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gb7a9ET1L58 |title=Naam Pirandha Mann |date=22 July 2015 |type=Motion picture |publisher=Cinecurry Tamil |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405153619/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gb7a9ET1L58 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kokila (1977 film)|Kokila]]''
| Vijaykumar || [[Kannada]] ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Best Films of Balu Mahendra |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-best-films-of-balu-mahendra-south/20140213.htm |date=13 February 2014 |work=Rediff.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205121819/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-best-films-of-balu-mahendra-south/20140213.htm |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Satyavan Savithri]]''
| Sathyavan || rowspan="6" | Malayalam ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aadhya Paadam]]''
| ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
| rowspan="20" |1978
! scope="row" | ''[[Madanolsavam]]''
| Raju ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kaathirunna Nimisham]]''
| Raju ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Anumodhanam]]''
| Rajappan ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Avalude Ravukal]]''
| {{Unknown}}
| Guest appearance
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IV Sasi's 'Her Nights' was a bold take on sex work that was unfairly dismissed as porn |url=https://scroll.in/reel/855475/iv-sasis-her-nights-was-a-bold-take-on-sex-work-that-was-unfairly-dismissed-as-porn |last=Babu |first=Subash |website=Scroll.in |date=27 October 2017 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214093124/https://scroll.in/reel/855475/iv-sasis-her-nights-was-a-bold-take-on-sex-work-that-was-unfairly-dismissed-as-porn |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Nizhal Nijamagiradhu]]''
| Sanjeevi || Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aval Viswasthayayirunnu]]''
| Anto || Malayalam || Guest appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 1978 |title=Gazette of India, 1978, No. 439 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1978.439/page/n52/mode/2up?q=Aval |access-date=7 July 2021 |publisher=[[The Gazette of India]] |pages=1601}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Maro Charitra]]''
| Balaji S. a.k.a. Baloo || Telugu ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 2010 |title=The saga returns |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/The-saga-returns/article15705077.ece |access-date=31 January 2017 |archive-date=1 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201162931/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/The-saga-returns/article15705077.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ilamai Oonjal Aadukirathu]]''
| Prabhu || Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=78}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''Amara Prema''
| Raju || Telugu || Partially reshot, remake of ''[[Madanolsavam]]''
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sattam En Kaiyil]]''
| Babu, Rathinam || Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Padakuthira]]''
| || Malayalam || Guest appearance
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vayasu Pilichindi]]''
| Raja || Telugu ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=79}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vayanadan Thamban]]''
| Vayanadan Thamban || Malayalam ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sakka Podu Podu Raja (1978 film)|Sakka Podu Podu Raja]]''
| {{Unknown}} || rowspan="4" | Tamil || Guest appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1tl05w_sakka-podu-podu-raja-1978-full-tamil-movie_shortfilms |title=Sakka Podu Podu Raja |date=5 August 2014 |type=Motion picture |publisher=Biscoot Tamil |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222114658/http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1tl05w_sakka-podu-podu-raja-1978-full-tamil-movie_shortfilms |archive-date=22 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sigappu Rojakkal]]''
| Muthu / Dileep ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balakrishnan |first=Ravi |date=17 November 2017 |title=A rose by any name |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-of-bollywood/a-rose-by-any-name/articleshow/2547342.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170131025543/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-of-bollywood/a-rose-by-any-name/articleshow/2547342.cms |archive-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Manidharil Ithanai Nirangala!|Manidharil Ithanai Nirangala]]''
| Velu ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aval Appadithan]]''
| Arun ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=85}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Thappida Thala]]''
| rowspan="2" | Amrit Lal || Kannada || rowspan="2" | Guest appearance
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}{{sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=83}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''Thappu Thalangal''
| Tamil
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Eeta|Yaetta]]''
| Ramu || Malayalam ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
| rowspan="16" | 1979
! scope="row" | ''[[Sommokadidi Sokokadidi]]''
| Rangadu, Shekar || Telugu ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sigappukkal Mookkuthi]]''
| || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Neeya?]]''
| Kamal ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Allauddinum Albhutha Vilakkum]]''
| [[Aladdin|Alauddin]] || Malayalam ||
| style="text-align:center;"| {{sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=90}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''Allaudinaum Arputha Vilakkum''
| Alauddin
| rowspan="3" | Tamil
|
| style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=90}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Thaayillamal Naan Illai]]''
| Raja ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=90}}
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (1979 film)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]''
| Chandru ||
| style="text-align:center;"| {{sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=91}}
|-
! scope="row"| ''Andamaina Anubhavam''
| Chandru || rowspan="2" | Telugu
|
| style="text-align:center;"| {{sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=91}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Idi Katha Kaadu]]''
| Janardhan ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="KamalNews18">{{Cite web |title='Papanasam' to 'Ek Dujje Ke Liye': 10 memorable remakes featuring the indomitable Kamal Haasan |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/from-papanasam-to-ek-dujje-ke-liye-memorable-remakes-starring-the-unbeatable-kamal-haasan-1013346.html |last=Rajpal |first=Roktim |date=29 June 2015 |website=[[News18]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205133706/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/from-papanasam-to-ek-dujje-ke-liye-memorable-remakes-starring-the-unbeatable-kamal-haasan-1013346.html |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kalyanaraman (1979 film)|Kalyanaraman]]''
| Raman, Kalyanam || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="BirthdaySpecial" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''Nool Veli''
| Kamal Haasan || rowspan="2" | Guest appearance as himself
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Nool Veli |last=Balachander |first=K. |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Kalakendra Movies |year=1979}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Guppedu Manasu |last=Balachander |first=K. |type=motion picture |language=te |publisher=Kalakendra Movies |year=1979}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Guppedu Manasu]]''
| Kamal Haasan
| Telugu
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mangala Vaathiyam]]''
| || rowspan="7" | Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Neela Malargal]]''
| Chandran ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Azhiyatha Kolangal]]''
| Gowrishankar || Cameo
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pasi (film)|Pasi]]''
| Himself || Guest appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9HQZsKrDJo |title=Pasi |last=[[Durai (director)]] |language=ta |publisher=Sunitha Cine Arts |year=1979 |trans-title=Hunger |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406083856/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9HQZsKrDJo |archive-date=6 April 2017 |medium=motion picture |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1980
! scope="row" | ''[[Ullasa Paravaigal]]''
| Ravi ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Natchathiram]]''
| Himself || Guest appearance
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Guru (1980 film)|Guru]]''
| rowspan="2" | Guru ||
| style="text-align:center;"| {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
| Telugu
|
| style="text-align:center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Varumayin Niram Sivappu]]''
| Rangan || Tamil || Simultaneously filmed in Telugu as ''Aakali Rajyam''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unemployment exchange |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/LGl0q0QJ36CZo6nP9fexeK/Unemployment-exchange.html |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=13 January 2013 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201171344/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/LGl0q0QJ36CZo6nP9fexeK/Unemployment-exchange.html |archive-date=1 February 2017 |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Maria My Darling]]''
| rowspan="2" | Raghu || Kannada || rowspan="2" | Bilingual film
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aG0tlUAGgnk |title=Maria, My Darling |date=4 April 2015 |type=Motion picture |publisher=Cinecurry Tamil |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406062209/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aG0tlUAGgnk |archive-date=6 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Saranam Ayyappa]]''
| || Guest appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-rwIJkVgvY |title=Saranam Ayyappa |date=8 September 2016 |type=Motion picture |publisher=Cinecurry Tamil |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406072322/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-rwIJkVgvY |archive-date=6 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="12" | 1981
! scope="row" | ''Aakali Rajyam''
| J. Ranga Rao || Telugu || Simultaneously filmed in Tamil as ''[[Varumayin Niram Sivappu]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="speed" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Meendum Kokila]]''
| Subramaniam || rowspan="5" | Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=நான் டப்பிங் கொடுப்பதை நாகேஷ் ரசித்துப் பார்ப்பார்: 'நாகேஷ்' கிருஷ்ணமூர்த்தி |url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF/article6076240.ece |date=3 June 2014 |website=The Hindu |language=ta |trans-title=Nagesh would enjoy watching me dub: 'Nagesh' Krishnamoorthy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170206121713/http://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF/article6076240.ece |archive-date=6 February 2017 |access-date=6 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ram Lakshman (film)|Ram Lakshman]]''
| Ram ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Raja Paarvai]]''
| Raghu || {{ubl | 100th Film{{efn|Raja Paarvai was Haasan's 100th film as an actor, without counting uncredited roles and guest appearances.|name=|group=}} | Simultaneously filmed in Telugu as ''Amavasya Chandrudu''}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="BirthdaySpecial" /><ref name="speed">{{Cite web |title=My focus is to give quality films at great speed |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kamal-haasan-my-focus-is-to-give-quality-films-at-great-speed/article7837607.ece |last=Devi Dundoo |first=Sangeetha |date=3 November 2015 |website=The Hindu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310205105/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kamal-haasan-my-focus-is-to-give-quality-films-at-great-speed/article7837607.ece |archive-date=10 March 2016 |access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Thillu Mullu]]''
| Charu Haasan || Guest appearance
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=106}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kadal Meengal]]''
| Selvanayagam, Rajan ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ek Duuje Ke Liye]]''
| Vasudevan (Vasu) || Hindi ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakar |first=Rajiv |date=10 June 2011 |title=Timeless Love |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/timeless-love/ |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201171210/http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/timeless-love/ |archive-date=1 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Savaal]]''
| P. P. Raja || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="rebirth" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sankarlal]]''
| Dharmalingam, Mohan || Simultaneously filmed in Telugu as ''Andagaadu''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''Amavasya Chandrudu''
| Chandram || Telugu || Simultaneously filmed in Tamil as ''[[Raja Paarvai]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="speed" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Tik Tik Tik (1981 film)|Tik Tik Tik]]''
| Dileep || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="rebirth" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ellam Inba Mayyam]]''
| Velusamy ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="BirthdaySpecial" />
|-
| rowspan="14" | 1982
! scope="row" | ''[[Vazhvey Maayam]]''
| Rajashekar ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal's most memorable romantic films |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-s-most-memorable-romantic-films-news-tamil-kmwjxMjihefsi.html |website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205133827/http://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-s-most-memorable-romantic-films-news-tamil-kmwjxMjihefsi.html |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=dead |access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Andagaadu''
| Dharmalingam, Mohan || Telugu || Simultaneously filmed in Tamil as ''[[Sankarlal]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Anthiveyilile Ponnu]]''
| || Malayalam ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2016 |title=MA Nishad stars with Anu Hasan in Vakku |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/MA-Nishad-stars-with-Anu-Hasan-in-Vakku/articleshow/50483158.cms |url-status=live |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170205140841/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/MA-Nishad-stars-with-Anu-Hasan-in-Vakku/articleshow/50483158.cms |archive-date=5 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Neethi Devan Mayakkam''
| Military officer
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
| Simultaneously shot in Telugu as ''[[Edi Dharmam Edi Nyayam?]]'' (Guest appearance)
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neethi Devan Mayakkam (1982) – Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/neethi-devan-mayakkam-23709 |website=Cinestaan |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130011316/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/neethi-devan-mayakkam-23709 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Moondram Pirai]]''
| Srinivasan (Seenu) ||[[National Film Award for Best Actor]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="BirthdaySpecial" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=30th National Film Festival, 1983 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm30thNFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=45 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003130200/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm30thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=3 October 2015 |access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Maattuvin Chattangale''
| Drummer
| Malayalam
| Special appearance in the song "Maattuvin Chattangale"
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPG7LkDXu8E |title=Maattuvin Chattangale |date=23 September 2015 |type=Motion picture |publisher=Malayalam Movie Club |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405160151/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPG7LkDXu8E |archive-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Simla Special]]''
| Gopu || Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (1982 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]''
| Sunil Sharma || Hindi ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanam Teri Kasam |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sanam-teri-kasam/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=14 May 1982 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170206141440/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sanam-teri-kasam/cast/ |archive-date=6 February 2017 |access-date=6 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (1982 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]''
| Velusamy || Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="rebirth" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ezham Rathri]]''
| || Malayalam || rowspan="2" | Guest appearance
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Rani Theni]]''
| Miller || Tamil
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Yeh To Kamaal Ho Gaya]]''
| Ratan Chander, Ajay Saxena || Hindi ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yeh To Kamal Ho Gaya Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/yeh-to-kamal-ho-gaya/cast/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=December 1981 |access-date=15 February 2018 |archive-date=16 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025126/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/yeh-to-kamal-ho-gaya/cast/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pagadai Panirendu]]''
| Anand || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=117}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Agni Sakshi (1982 film)|Agni Sakshi]]''
| Himself || Guest appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajinikanth and Kamal Haasan to Share Screen Space in Shankar's Next? |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-share-screen-space-shankars-next-629641 |date=18 April 2015 |website=International Business Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205133941/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-share-screen-space-shankars-next-629641 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1983
! scope="row" | ''[[Zara Si Zindagi]]''
| Rakesh Kumar Shastri || Hindi ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Uruvangal Maralam]]''
| Himself || rowspan="2" | Tamil || Guest appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="rebirth" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sattam]]''
| Inspector Raja ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sagara Sangamam]]''
| Balakrishna || Telugu ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=462}}<ref name="indiatoday7Nov2016" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sadma]]''
| Somu || Hindi ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal-Sridevi's 'Sadma' remake on the cards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kamal-Sridevis-Sadma-remake-on-the-cards/articleshow/49827975.cms |website=The Times of India |date=18 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205134115/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kamal-Sridevis-Sadma-remake-on-the-cards/articleshow/49827975.cms |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Poikkal Kudhirai (1983 film)|Poikkal Kudhirai]]''
| {{Unknown}} || Tamil || Guest appearance
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Benkiyalli Aralida Hoovu]]''
| Bus conductor || Kannada || Guest appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="KamalKannada">{{Cite web |title=Bangalore is a happening place |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/interview.php?id=13806440&cid=2404 |website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205085609/http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/interview.php?id=13806440&cid=2404 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=dead |access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yyDViKhncVE |title=Benkiyalli Aralida Hoovu |date=6 February 2015 |type=Motion picture |publisher=Simply South |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406091106/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yyDViKhncVE |archive-date=6 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey]]''
| Gopi, Vinoth
| Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="rebirth" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/thoongathe_thambi_thoongathe? |title=Thoongathe Thambi Thoongathe (1982) |website=Rottentomatoes.com|access-date=24 November 2021|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430062749/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/thoongathe_thambi_thoongathe|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1984
! scope="row" | ''[[Yeh Desh]]''
| Inspector Mathur || rowspan="4" | Hindi ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ek Nai Paheli]]''
| Sandeep ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unraveling the puzzle |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sunday-Hans/2016-02-21/Unraveling-the-puzzle/208716 |date=21 February 2016 |website=[[The Hans India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205085550/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sunday-Hans/2016-02-21/Unraveling-the-puzzle/208716 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Yaadgaar (1984 film)|Yaadgar]]''
| Rajnath ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Raaj Tilak]]''
| Suraj ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raj Tilak |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raj-tilak-2/cast/ |last=Bhagat |first=Pranay |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=31 August 1984 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206124551/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raj-tilak-2/cast/ |archive-date=6 February 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=6 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Enakkul Oruvan (1984 film)|Enakkul Oruvan]]''
| Madhan, Upendhra || Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="indiatoday7Nov2016" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Karishmaa]]''
| Sunny || Hindi ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1985
! scope="row" | ''[[Oru Kaidhiyin Diary]]''
| David, James / Shankar || rowspan="4" | Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="BirthdaySpecial" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kaakki Sattai]]''
| Murali ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Andha Oru Nimidam]]''
| Kumar ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Uyarndha Ullam]]''
| Anandh ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Saagar (film)|Saagar]]''
| Raja || rowspan="2" | Hindi ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=473}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mário Cabral e Sá |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aeRkAAAAMAAJ&q=saagar+kamal+raja |title=Location Goa |publisher=Department of Information and Publicity, Government of Goa |year=2006 |pages=95 |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206093920/https://books.google.com/books?id=aeRkAAAAMAAJ&q=saagar+kamal+raja |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Geraftaar]]''
| Kishan Kumar Khanna ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Giraftaar |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/giraftaar/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 September 1985 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206121539/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/giraftaar/cast/ |archive-date=6 February 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=6 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mangamma Sabadham (1985 film)|Mangamma Sabatham]]''
| Ashok, Raja || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Japanil Kalyanaraman]]''
| Kalyanam, Raman ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sequels a reliable recipe for hit films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sequels-a-reliable-recipe-for-hit-films/articleshow/55992609.cms |website=The Times of India |date=15 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205134308/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sequels-a-reliable-recipe-for-hit-films/articleshow/55992609.cms |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dekha Pyar Tumhara]]''
| Vishal || Hindi ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1986
! scope="row" | ''[[Swathi Muthyam]]''
| Sivayya || Telugu ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=34th National Film Festival – 1987 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm34ndNFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=122 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205060141/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm34ndNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Naanum Oru Thozhilali]]''
| Bharath || rowspan="3" | Tamil || Simultaneously shot in Telugu as ''Andarikante Ghanudu''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]''
| Commander [[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Arun Kumar Vikram]] ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Tamil Cinema's Women Scientists – Sassy, Nerdy, and Still Tamil |url=http://www.tarshi.net/inplainspeak/review-female-scientist-tamil-movie/ |last=Viswanathan |first=Vani |date=15 July 2016 |website=In Plainspeak |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170205141018/http://www.tarshi.net/inplainspeak/review-female-scientist-tamil-movie/ |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Manakanakku]]''
| Film director || Guest appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="rebirth" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnulu]]''
| Krishna || Telugu ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Punnagai Mannan]]''
| Sethu, "Chaplin" Chellappa || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="BirthdaySpecial" />
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1987
! scope="row" | ''[[Kadhal Parisu]]''
| Mohan ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="fromSelvamToSuyambulingam" />{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vrutham]]''
| Balu || Malayalam ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kadamai Kanniyam Kattupaadu]]''
| Himself || rowspan="3" | Tamil || Guest appearance
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Per Sollum Pillai]]''
| Ramu ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="fromSelvamToSuyambulingam" />{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Nayakan]]''
| Sakthivel Naiker
| [[National Film Award for Best Actor]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title='Of course Velu Nayakan doesn't dance' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/of-course-velu-nayakan-doesnt-dance/article4008896.ece |last=Haasan |first=Kamal |author-link=Kamal Haasan |date=20 October 2012 |website=The Hindu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618014621/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/of-course-velu-nayakan-doesnt-dance/article4008896.ece |archive-date=18 June 2013 |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=35th National Film Festival, 1988 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm35thNFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=122 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714102331/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm35thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2016 |access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]''
| Unemployed graduate ||[[Sound film|Sound]] ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=481}}<ref name="NDTV">{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan@60: His 10 Best Films |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/kamal-haasan-60-his-10-best-films-690017 |date=7 November 2014 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205134423/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/kamal-haasan-60-his-10-best-films-690017 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1988
! scope="row" | ''[[Sathya (1988 film)|Sathyaa]]''
| Sathyamurthy || Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="BirthdaySpecial" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Daisy (1988 film)|Daisy]]''
| James || Malayalam ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan to make a Malayalam film? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Kamal-Haasan-to-make-a-Malayalam-film/articleshow/26361953.cms |last=Prakash |first=Asha |date=26 November 2013 |website=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170207081138/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Kamal-Haasan-to-make-a-Malayalam-film/articleshow/26361953.cms |archive-date=7 February 2017 |access-date=7 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Soora Samhaaram]]''
| ACP Athiveera Pandiyan || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="fromSelvamToSuyambulingam" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamalhasans latest performance dwarfs his earlier hits |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19890531-kamalhasans-latest-performance-dwarfs-his-earlier-hits-816123-1989-05-30 |date=31 May 1989 |website=India Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205085137/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kamalhasans-latest-performance-dwarfs-his-earlier-hits/1/323484.html |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]''
| Udhayamoorthy ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jallikattu row: These Tamil films reflected the current situation earlier |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jallikattu-row-tamil-films-ramana-aayutha-ezhuthu-vip-956573-2017-01-23 |last=Srivatsan |date=23 January 2017 |website=India Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201163951/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jallikattu-row-tamil-films-ramana-aayutha-ezhuthu-vip/1/864244.html |archive-date=1 February 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1989
! scope="row" | ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]''
| Sethupathi, Appadurai, Rajadurai
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="BirthdaySpecial" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Chanakyan]]''
| Johnson || Malayalam ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan and I were destined to do a film together |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/kamal-haasan-and-i-were-destined-to-do-a-film-together/20160522.htm |last=Saraswathi |first=S |date=22 May 2016 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170203092648/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/kamal-haasan-and-i-were-destined-to-do-a-film-together/20160522.htm |archive-date=3 February 2017 |access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vetri Vizha]]''
| Vetrivel IPS || Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="fromSelvamToSuyambulingam" />{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Indrudu Chandrudu]]''
| G. K. Rayudu, Chandru || Telugu ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indrudu Chandrudu (Telugu,1989) |url=http://www.sureshkrissna.in/blog/2011/07/indrudu-chandrudu-telugu1989/ |last=Krissna |first=Suresh |author-link=Suresh Krissna |publisher=Suresh Krissna |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203093649/http://www.sureshkrissna.in/blog/2011/07/indrudu-chandrudu-telugu1989/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan's many talents |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/29slid8.htm |work=Rediff.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170203093238/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/29slid8.htm |archive-date=3 February 2017 |access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 1990
! scope="row" | ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]''
| Michael James, Madhanagopal, Kameshwaran, Subramaniya Rajan
| rowspan="10" | Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhashyam |first=Srinivas |date=11 January 2016 |title=Michael Madana Kamarajan (Tamil) |work=Outlook |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/michael-madana-kamarajan-tamil/296238 |access-date=31 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131035928/http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/michael-madana-kamarajan-tamil/296238 |archive-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>{{Sfn|Pillai|2015|p=242}}
|-
| 1991
! scope="row" | ''[[Gunaa]]''
| Gunasekharan ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Gunaa25">{{Cite news |last=Srivatsan |date=5 November 2016 |title=25 Years of Gunaa: Why Kamal Haasans classic didnt make the cut |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/25-years-of-gunaa-why-kamal-haasans-classic-didnt-make-the-cut-350327-2016-11-05 |access-date=31 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131030236/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/25-years-of-gunaa-why-kamal-haasans-classic-didnt-make-the-cut/1/803056.html |archive-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992
! scope="row" | ''[[Singaravelan]]''
| Singaravelan ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Aachi Manorama: A look at the best performances of the legend |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/remembering-aachi-manorama-take-a-look-at-few-drops-from-her-oceanic-performances-267541-2015-10-11 |website=India Today |date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205084707/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/remembering-aachi-manorama-take-a-look-at-few-drops-from-her-oceanic-performances/1/495934.html |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Thevar Magan]]''
| Sakthivel Thevar ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=40th National Film Festival – 1993 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=166 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602174839/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=2 June 2016 |access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1993
! scope="row" | ''[[Maharasan]]''
| Vadivelu ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kalaignan]]''
| Indrajith ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="fromSelvamToSuyambulingam" />{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=118}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1994
! scope="row" | ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]''
| Krishnaswamy ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=41st National Film Festival – 1994 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm41thNFAAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=184 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313075852/http://iffi.nic.in/dff2011/frm41thnfaaward.aspx |archive-date=13 March 2016 |access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Magalir Mattum (1994 film)|Magalir Mattum]]''
| Madhan Kumar || Cameo
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=520}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Nammavar]]''
| V. C. Selvam ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title=Karthick Naren wants Lokesh Kanagaraj to write more characters like JD |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthick-naren-wants-lokesh-kanagaraj-to-write-more-characters-like-jd/articleshow/81350836.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410155007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthick-naren-wants-lokesh-kanagaraj-to-write-more-characters-like-jd/articleshow/81350836.cms |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=521}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1995
! scope="row" | ''[[Sathi Leelavathi (1995 film)|Sathi Leelavathi]]''
| Dr. Sakthivel Gounder ||
| style="text-align: center;" | {{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=531}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Subha Sankalpam]]''
| Dasu || Telugu ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subha Sankalpam |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/subha-sankalpam/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=January 1995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203111123/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/subha-sankalpam/cast/ |archive-date=3 February 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]]''
| Adhi Narayanan IPS || Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="BirthdaySpecial" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''Drohi''
| Adhi Narayan Rao IPS || Telugu ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="BirthdaySpecial" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1996
! scope="row" | ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]''
| Veerasekharan Senapathy "Indian" / Chandrabose Senapathy "Chandru" || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||[[National Film Award for Best Actor]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Southscope" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Avvai Shanmugi]]''
| Pandian / Avvai Shanmughi ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Southscope" />
|-
| 1997
! scope="row" | ''[[Chachi 420]]''
| Jaiprakash Paswan / Lakshmi Godbhole || Hindi ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chachi 420 (1997) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/chachi_420/ |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170131145132/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/chachi_420/ |archive-date=31 January 2017 |access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chachi 420 |date=19 December 1997 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chachi-420/cast/ |publisher=Planet Bollywood |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206124501/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chachi-420/cast/ |archive-date=6 February 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=6 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 1998
! scope="row" | ''[[Kaathala Kaathala]]''
| Ramalingam || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="KamalAthiest?">{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan an atheist? His works suggest otherwise |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kamal-haasan-an-atheist-his-works-suggest-otherwise-609809.html |last=Narayan |first=Anantha |date=1 February 2013 |website=Firstpost |access-date=31 January 2017 |archive-date=1 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201163225/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kamal-haasan-an-atheist-his-works-suggest-otherwise-609809.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2000
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Hey Ram]]''
| rowspan="2"|Saket Ram
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=T. Krithika |date=25 February 2000 |title=Film Review: ''Hey! Ram'' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/02/25/stories/09250221.htm |access-date=31 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170404075449/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/02/25/stories/09250221.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=4 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie review: Kamal Haasans Hey Ram |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/20000228-movie-review-of-kamal-haasan-hey-ram-777128-2000-02-27 |last=Renuka |first=Methil |date=28 February 2000 |website=India Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205084226/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/movie-review-of-kamal-haasan-hey-ram/1/243555.html |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Thenali]]''
| Thenali Soman || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=3 November 2000 |title=Film Review: Thenali |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/11/03/stories/09030225.htm |access-date=31 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201172516/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/11/03/stories/09030225.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=1 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2001
! scope="row" | ''[[Aalavandhan]]''
| Major Vijay Kumar, Nandha Kumar
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2001 |title=Music with a sixth sense |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/19/stories/09190704.htm|access-date=31 January 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131113052/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/19/stories/09190704.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Abhay (2001 film)|Abhay]]''
| Major Vijay Kumar, Abhay Kumar
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal falls... hard! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/13abhay.htm |last=Swaminathan |first=R |date=13 November 2001 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170131051923/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/13abhay.htm |archive-date=31 January 2017 |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Paarthale Paravasam]]''
| Himself || rowspan="8" | Tamil || Guest appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fear becomes him: Getting under Kamal Haasan's skin |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/10kamal.htm |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |work=Rediff.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201164651/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/10kamal.htm |archive-date=1 February 2017 |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002
! scope="row" | ''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]''
| Pammal Kalyana Sambandham (PKS) ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=18 January 2002 |title=Pammal K. Sambandham |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/01/18/stories/2002011801400201.htm |access-date=6 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206111825/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/01/18/stories/2002011801400201.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=6 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Panchatanthiram]]''
| Ramachandramurthy ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="fromSelvamToSuyambulingam" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2002 |title=Pancha-thanthiram |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/05/stories/2002070501040200.htm |access-date=31 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226053937/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/05/stories/2002070501040200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=26 February 2008}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003
! scope="row" | ''[[Anbe Sivam]]''
| Nallasivam ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=17 January 2003 |title=Anbe Sivam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011701310200.htm |access-date=31 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226022012/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011701310200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=26 February 2008}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Nala Damayanthi (2003 film)|Nala Damayanthi]]''
| Himself
| Guest appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=NALA DAMAYANTI (2003) |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8deab6f8 |website=[[British Film Institute]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223073000/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8deab6f8 |archive-date=23 February 2018 |access-date=23 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004
! scope="row" | ''[[Virumaandi]]''
| Virumaandi Thevar ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2004 |title=Virumaandi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/01/23/stories/2004012301530300.htm |access-date=31 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005160608/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/01/23/stories/2004012301530300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=5 October 2009}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]''
| Rajaraman (Vasool Raja) ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vasoolraja MBBS |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vasoolraja-mbbs-review-tamil-pclv5udgadiaa.html |date=12 August 2004 |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170131043232/http://www.sify.com/movies/vasoolraja-mbbs-review-tamil-pclv5udgadiaa.html |archive-date=31 January 2017 |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005
! scope="row" | ''[[Mumbai Xpress]]''
| Avinasi ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review : Mumbai Xpress |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mumbai-xpress-review-tamil-pclvIGecccedg.html |date=15 April 2005 |website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118192517/http://www.sify.com/movies/mumbai-xpress-review-tamil-pclvIGecccedg.html |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mumbai Xpress (2005 Hindi film)|Mumbai Xpress]]''
| Avinash || Hindi ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal fails to deliver in Mumbai Xpress |url=http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/15mumbaixp.htm |work=Rediff.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201170733/http://ia.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/15mumbaixp.htm |archive-date=1 February 2017 |access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Rama Shama Bhama]]''
| Dr. Shyam Sajjan || Kannada ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rama Shama Bhama |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rama-shama-bhama-review-kannada-pclvOqhjabicg.html |date=11 December 2005 |website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201165817/http://www.sify.com/movies/rama-shama-bhama-review-kannada-pclvOqhjabicg.html |archive-date=1 February 2017 |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
! scope="row" | ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]''
| DCP Raghavan IPS ||rowspan="3"| Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2006/08/27/review-vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu/ |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=27 August 2006 |website=Baradwaj Rangan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010224122/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2006/08/27/review-vettaiyaadu-vilaiyaadu/ |archive-date=10 October 2016 |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
! scope="row" | ''[[Dasavathaaram]]''
| {{hlist | Govindarajan Ramaswamy | Rangarajan Nambi | Christian Fletcher | Balram Naidu | Krishnaveni | Vincent Poovaragan | Khalifulla Khan | Avatar Singh | Shinghen Narahashi | [[George W. Bush]]}} || || style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Southscope" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
! scope="row" | ''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Unnaipol Oruvan]]''
| rowspan="2" | The anonymous caller
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unnaipol Oruvan |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/unnaipol-oruvan-review-tamil-pclxpjccacjjb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201170601/http://www.sify.com/movies/unnaipol-oruvan-review-tamil-pclxpjccacjjb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2017 |date=18 September 2009 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Birthday Kamal Haasan: Nayagan to Neta, a look at Haasan's Dasavatharam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/happy-birthday-ulaganayagan-kamal-haasan-journey-politics-1080944-2017-11-07 |last=Srivatsan |date=7 November 2017 |website=India Today |language=en |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202022055/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/happy-birthday-ulaganayagan-kamal-haasan-journey-politics-1080944-2017-11-07 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''Eenadu''
| Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eenadu Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/eenadu/movie-review/5033874.cms |website=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170201172853/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/eenadu/movie-review/5033874.cms |archive-date=1 February 2017 |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
! scope="row" | ''[[Four Friends (2010 film)|Four Friends]]''
| Himself || Malayalam || Guest appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Four Friends review: A bad copy of a good film |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/i-four-friends-i-review-a-bad-copy-of-a-good-film-review-malayalam-pclxITbagjddi.html |date=29 October 2010 |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170131052817/http://www.sify.com/movies/i-four-friends-i-review-a-bad-copy-of-a-good-film-review-malayalam-pclxITbagjddi.html |archive-date=31 January 2017 |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Manmadan Ambu]]''
| Major Raja Mannar || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan delivers with Manmadhan Ambu |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/reviekeywords/south-review-of-manmadhan-ambu/20101223.htm |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=23 December 2010 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141223214832/http://www.rediff.com/movies/reviekeywords/south-review-of-manmadhan-ambu/20101223.htm |archive-date=23 December 2014 |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
! scope="row" | ''[[Vishwaroopam]]''
| rowspan="2"|Wisam Ahmed Kashmiri / Vishwanath
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=8 February 2013 |title=Vishwaroopam: Terror messages |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/vishwaroopam-terror-messages/article4392667.ece |access-date=31 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131035912/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/vishwaroopam-terror-messages/article4392667.ece |archive-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Vishwaroop''
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie review: Vishwaroop |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/viswaroopam-movie-review-by-kaveree-bamzai-153069-2013-02-01 |website=India Today |date=February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326224327/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/viswaroopam-movie-review-by-kaveree-bamzai/1/248549.html |archive-date=26 March 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015
! scope="row" | ''[[Uttama Villain]]''
| Manoranjan || rowspan="3"|Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=2 May 2015 |title=Uttama Villain: A superb core let down by lacklustre filmmaking |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/uttama-villain-a-superb-core-let-down-by-lacklustre-filmmaking/article7164505.ece |access-date=31 January 2017 |archive-date=11 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170511030954/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/uttama-villain-a-superb-core-let-down-by-lacklustre-filmmaking/article7164505.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]''
| Suyambulingam
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2015 |title=Papanasam movie review: Where 'actor' Kamal Haasan supersedes the 'superstar' |work=The Indian Express |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/papanasam-movie-review-where-actor-kamal-haasan-supersedes-the-star/ |access-date=31 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201170953/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/papanasam-movie-review-where-actor-kamal-haasan-supersedes-the-star/ |archive-date=1 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Thoongaa Vanam]]''
| rowspan="2"| C. K. Diwakar
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thoongaavanam Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thoongaavanam/movie-review/49744186.cms |last=Suganth |first=M. |website=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170205134803/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thoongaavanam/movie-review/49744186.cms |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Cheekati Rajyam''
| Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title='I couldn't do a mythological film till date'- Kamal Haasan |url=http://m.iqlikmovies.com/news/article/2015/11/04/kamal-hassan-cheekati-rajyam-interview/11951 |date=4 November 2015 |publisher=iQlik |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201164843/http://m.iqlikmovies.com/news/article/2015/11/04/kamal-hassan-cheekati-rajyam-interview/11951 |archive-date=1 February 2017 |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
! scope="row" | ''[[Meen Kuzhambum Mann Paanaiyum]]''
| Swami
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
| Cameo
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meen Kuzhambum Mann Paanaiyum movie review: What critics say about the Prabhu, Kalidas Jayaram-starrer |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/meen-kuzhambum-mann-paanaiyum-movie-review-what-critics-say-about-prabhu-kalidas-jayaram-starrer-703639 |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=12 November 2016 |website=[[International Business Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109184630/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/meen-kuzhambum-mann-paanaiyum-movie-review-what-critics-say-about-prabhu-kalidas-jayaram-starrer-703639 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
! scope="row" | ''[[Vishwaroopam II]]''
| rowspan="2"|Wisam Ahmed Kashmiri
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishwaroopam 2 Movie Review: Kamal Haasan's Film Fires Blanks – Noisy But Of No Use |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vishwaroopam-2-movie-review-kamal-haasans-film-fires-blanks-1-5-stars-out-of-5-1898182 |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=10 August 2018 |website=[[NDTV]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180810044937/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vishwaroopam-2-movie-review-kamal-haasans-film-fires-blanks-1-5-stars-out-of-5-1898182 |archive-date=10 August 2018 |access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Vishwaroop II''
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/vishwaroop-ii/critic-review/vishwaroop-ii-movie-review/ |title=Vishwaroop II Movie Review: A highly avoidable flick. Vishwaroop II has too many tracks and the narration and execution is flawed and weak. |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 August 2018 |access-date=7 August 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803095822/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/vishwaroop-ii/critic-review/vishwaroop-ii-movie-review/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
! scope="row"| ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''
| Agent Arun Kumar Vikram || Tamil ||
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Vikram Movie Review: An ambitious, but somewhat underwhelming action film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vikram/amp_movie_review/91974358.cms |website=[[The Times Of India]]|access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=24 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424051247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vikram/amp_movie_review/91974358.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024
! scope="row"| ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
| Supreme Yaskin
| {{ubl | Telugu }}
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2023 |title=It's official! Kamal Haasan joins Project K |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kamal-haasan-joins-project-k-alongside-amitabh-bachchan-prabhas-and-deepika-padukone-2397653-2023-06-25 |access-date=25 June 2023 |website=[[India Today]] |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625071432/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kamal-haasan-joins-project-k-alongside-amitabh-bachchan-prabhas-and-deepika-padukone-2397653-2023-06-25 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Indian 2]]''
| Veerasekharan Senapathy "Indian"/ Chandrabose Senapathy "Chandru" / Veerasekharan Balaraman "Bala"
| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2019 |title=Shooting of Kamal Haasan's 'Indian 2' begins
|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/shooting-kamal-haasans-indian-2-begins-107098 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812231549/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/shooting-kamal-haasans-indian-2-begins-107098 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
|-
|2025
! scope="row" | ''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]''
| Rangaraya Sakthivel "Sakthi" Nayakar
|
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2024 |title=KH-234 title announcement |url=https://x.com/ikamalhaasan/status/1721490178940821563?s=20|access-date=26 January 2024 |website=[[X (Twitter)|X]]|archive-date=6 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206093920/https://twitter.com/ikamalhaasan/status/1721490178940821563?s=20|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|TBA
! scope="row" {{pending film|italic=no|''Indian 3''}}
| Veerasekharan Senapathy "Indian"/ Veerasekharan Balaraman "Bala"
|Delayed
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! scope="row" {{pending film|italic=no|''Kalki 2898 AD : Part 2''}}
|Supreme Yaskin
|Telugu
|Filming
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! scope="row" {{pending film|italic=no|''KH 237''}}
|{{tba}}
|rowspan="2"|Tamil
|Pre-production
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web
|date=7 November 2025 |title=Kamal Haasan's KH237 begins shoot with Anbariv
|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/kh-237-kamal-haasan-to-begin-shooting-with-anbariv-jakes-bejoy-comes-onboard-as-composer}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" {{pending film|italic=no|''KH × RK''}}
|{{tba}}
|Pre-production
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}

== As director, producer, and writer ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Kamal Haasan film credits as director, producer, and writer
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:35px;" | Year
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:250px;" | Title
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Language
! colspan="3" scope="col" style="width:195px;"| Credited as
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="text-align:center; width:310px;" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
! scope="col" style="width:65px;" | Director
! scope="col" style="width:65px;" | Producer
! scope="col" style="width:65px;" | Writer
|-
| 1980
| ''[[Guru (1980 film)|Guru]]'' || rowspan="3" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || || || rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || rowspan="4" | Credited along with his brothers as "Hasan Brothers"
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1981
| ''[[Meendum Kokila]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Paarvai]]'' || || rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}}
|-
| ''Amavasya Chandrudu'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]'' || rowspan="4" | Tamil || ||
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Kadamai Kanniyam Kattupaadu]]'' || || ||
|-
| 1988
| ''[[Sathya (1988 film)|Sathya]]'' || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1989
| ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]'' || || rowspan="32" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} ||
|-
| ''[[Indrudu Chandrudu]]'' || Telugu || || ||
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]'' || rowspan="6" | Tamil || || ||
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Gunaa]]''
|
|
| Wrote dialogues for the song "[[Kanmani Anbodu Kadhalan]]"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/director-santhana-bharathi-talks-about-making-of-kanmani-anbodu-song-manjummel-boys-video-trending-170344|title=Manjummel Boys: இணையத்தை கலக்கும் "கண்மணி அன்போடு" பாடல் - உருவான விதம் தெரியுமா?|work=[[ABP Live]]|date=1 March 2024|first=பேச்சி|last=ஆவுடையப்பன்|language=ta|access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Thevar Magan]]'' || || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994
| ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Magalir Mattum (1994 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'' || || rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1995
| ''[[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Drohi'' || Telugu || ||
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Chachi 420]]'' || [[Hindi]] || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || ||
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Kaathala Kaathala]]''|| rowspan="2" | Tamil || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000
| ''[[Hey Ram]]'' || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} ||
|-
| ''Hey Ram'' || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001
| ''[[Aalavandhan]]'' || Tamil || || ||
|-
| ''[[Abhay (2001 film)|Abhay]]'' || Hindi || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"| ||
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Panchatanthiram]]'' || rowspan="5" | Tamil || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003
| ''[[Anbe Sivam]]'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Nala Damayanthi (2003 film)|Nala Damayanthi]]'' || || rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} ||
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Virumaandi]]'' || style="text-align:center;" |{{y}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
| ''[[Mumbai Xpress]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mumbai Xpress (2005 Hindi film)|Mumbai Xpress]]'' || Hindi || ||
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' || rowspan="2" | Tamil || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
| ''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Unnaipol Oruvan]]'' || || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} ||
|-
| ''Eenadu'' || Telugu|| ||
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Manmadan Ambu]]'' || rowspan="2" | Tamil || || || Also lyricist for all songs
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''[[Vishwaroopam]]'' || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |{{y}} || rowspan="14" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || Also lyricist for two songs
|-
| ''Vishwaroop'' || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015
| ''[[Uttama Villain]]'' || rowspan="2" | Tamil || || Also lyricist for 5 songs
|-
| ''[[Thoongaa Vanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Cheekati Rajyam'' || Telugu|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| ''[[Vishwaroopam II]]'' || Tamil || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} ||
|-
| ''Vishwaroop II'' || Hindi ||
|-
| 2019
|''[[Kadaram Kondan]]''|| rowspan="7" | Tamil|| || ||<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1085054992266887173 |user=ikamalhaasan |title=With lot of pride and happiness, I present you the teaser of Kadaram Kondan & Chiyaan Vikram in @RajeshMSelva's second directorial in RKFI. wishing My entire team all the very best..! https://t.co/zBajprRXkD |author=Kamal Haasan |date=15 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]''
|
|style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}
|co-produced and co-written with [[Mani Ratnam]]
|-
|2026
|{{Pending film|Seyon}}
|
|
|
|-
|2027
|{{Pending film|Thalaivar 173}}
|
|
|
|-
|{{tba}}
|{{Pending film|KH 237}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}
|
|}

=== As distributor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable
|+ List of Kamal Haasan film credits as distributor
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnulu|Hare Radha Hare Krishna]]'' || rowspan="7" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Released Tamil dubbed version
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Gunaa]]'' ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Subha Sankalpam|Paasavalai]]'' || Released Tamil dubbed version
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Avvai Shanmughi]]'' ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Kaathala Kaathala]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002 || ''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Panchathantiram]]'' ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Rama Shama Bhama]]'' || [[Kannada language|Kannada]] || Remake of ''[[Sathi Leelavathi (1995 film)|Sathi Leelavathi]]''
|-
| 2021 || ''[[83 (film)|83]]'' || Tamil || Released Tamil dubbed version
|}

== Other crew positions ==
{| class="wikitable
|+ List of Kamal Haasan film credits in other crew positions
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Position
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1971
| ''[[Nootrukku Nooru]]''|| rowspan="3" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Assistant director, Assistant choreographer
| style="text-align: center;" |
<ref name="Galata" />
|-
|''[[Sudarum Sooravaliyum]]'' ||Voice artist; dubbed for Chandramohan ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2015 |title=ஏவி.எம்மின் பெருந்தன்மை! |trans-title=AVM's generosity! |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=5475&id1=40&issue=20150706 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727043948/http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=5475&id1=40&issue=20150706 |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Savaale Samali]]''|| rowspan="2" | Assistant choreographer
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="Galata" />
|-
| ''[[Srimanthudu (1971 film)|Srimanthudu]]''||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="Galata" />
|-
| ''[[Annai Velankanni]]''|| rowspan="3" | Tamil || Assistant director, Assistant choreographer
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="Velankanni" /> <ref name="Galata" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |1972
|''[[Sange Muzhangu]]''
| Assistant choreographer
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="MGR">{{Cite web |last=Saxena |first=Prasanth |date=18 December 2020 |title=Of human bondage: How Kamal can claim a share of MGR's legacy |url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/of-human-bondage-how-kamal-can-claim-a-share-of-mgrs-legacy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420052146/https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/of-human-bondage-how-kamal-can-claim-a-share-of-mgrs-legacy/ |archive-date=20 April 2021 |access-date=2 June 2021 |website=The Federal |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Naan Yen Pirandhen]]''
| Assistant choreographer {{small|(along with Puliyur saroja)}}
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="MGR" />
|-
| ''[[Nrithasala]]''|| [[Malayalam]] || rowspan="3" | Assistant choreographer
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1973
| ''[[Kasi Yathirai]]'' || rowspan="3" | Tamil
| style="text-align: center;" |
<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |title=Kasi Yathirai (1973) TAMIL |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Kasi-Yathirai-1973-TAMIL/article16706253.ece |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-date=27 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127132031/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Kasi-Yathirai-1973-TAMIL/article16706253.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Suryagandhi]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |
<ref>{{Cite news |title=DID YOU KNOW KAMAL HAASAN HAD CHOREOGRAPHED FOR JAYALALITHAA? |work=behindwoods.com |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/kamal-haasan-choreographed-jayalalithaa-in-suryakanthi.html |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=24 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524102827/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/kamal-haasan-choreographed-jayalalithaa-in-suryakanthi.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sollathaan Ninaikkiren]]''|| Assistant director
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Cupid calling">{{Cite web |date=11 December 2010 |title=Cupid calling |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Cupid-calling/article15589255.ece |access-date=9 June 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216013204/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article945879.ece |archive-date=16 December 2010}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1974
| ''[[Manyasree Viswamithran]]''|| Malayalam || Choreographer
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2017 |title=ഇന്ത്യൻ സിനിമയിലെ അത്ഭുതങ്ങളാണ് മമ്മൂട്ടി സാറും മോഹൻലാൽ സാറും – കമൽഹാസൻ |language=ml |last=Bhanuprakash |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/kamalhasan-mohanlal-mammootty-malayala-cinema-sathyan-nazeer-madhu-kottarakkara-sreedharan-nair-1.2369094 |access-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210601072244/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/kamalhasan-mohanlal-mammootty-malayala-cinema-sathyan-nazeer-madhu-kottarakkara-sreedharan-nair-1.2369094 |archive-date=1 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vellikizhamai Viratham]]''|| rowspan="3" | Tamil || rowspan="4" | Assistant choreographer
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sivakumar |first=K. |author-link=Sivakumar |date=21 May 2021 |title=திரைப்படச்சோலை 33: வெள்ளிக்கிழமை விரதம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/673297-thiraippada-solai-33.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521231711/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/673297-thiraippada-solai-33.html |archive-date=21 May 2021 |access-date=2 June 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Naan Avanillai (1974 film)|Naan Avanillai]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| ''[[Panathukkaga]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2016 |title=ஜுபிடர் காசியின் அதிசய அனுபவங்கள் |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2016/06/19225118/1020047/Cinema-History-June-19.vpf |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210513125144/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2016/06/19225118/1020047/Cinema-History-June-19.vpf |archive-date=13 May 2021 |access-date=2 June 2021 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aaina (1974 film)|Aaina]]''||[[Hindi]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| 1975
| ''[[Then Sindhudhe Vaanam]]''|| rowspan="4"|Tamil || Choreographer {{small|(The song "Yezhuthatha Paadal")}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2013 |title=கமலின் எக்ஸ்பிரஸ் வேகம்! |url=http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=4766&id1=3&issue=20130121 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522054955/http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=4766&id1=3&issue=20130121 |archive-date=22 May 2021 |access-date=2 June 2021 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| 1976
| ''[[Unarchigal (1976 film)|Unarchigal]]''|| Assistant director
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| 1977
| ''[[Avargal]]''|| rowspan="4"|Choreographer
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="Kamal style">{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=16 October 2014 |title=Enriching cinema, Kamal style |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/enriching-cinema-kamal-style/article6506926.ece |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205084043/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/enriching-cinema-kamal-style/article6506926.ece |archive-date=5 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|1982|| ''[[Simla Special]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Kamal style" />
|-
| ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (1982 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]''|| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Kamal style" />
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Uruvangal Maralam]]''|| Tamil
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Kamal style" />
|-
| 1988
| ''[[Rambo III]]''|| rowspan="2" |English || Assistant Make-up artist {{small|(worked under [[Michael Westmore]])}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/did-you-know-ulaganayagan-kamal-haasan-was-a-makeup-artist-for-sylvester-stallone-s-rombo-3/ar-BB1pcFBc|title = Did you know Ulaganayagan Kamal Haasan was a makeup artist for Sylvester Stallone's Rombo 3? | website=[[MSN]] }}</ref>
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Star Trek: First Contact]]''|| Assistant Make-up artist {{small|(worked under [[Michael Westmore]])}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kamal-haasan-make-up-artist-star-trek-1354571-2018-10-03|title = Did you know Ulaganayagan Did you know Kamal Haasan worked as a make-up assistant on Star Trek sets? | date=3 October 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Hey Ram]]''|| rowspan="10" | Tamil || Choreographer
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Virumaandi]]''|| Choreographer Co-Editor
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 January 2004 |title=Variety fare for Pongal |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/01/09/stories/2004010901320300.htm |access-date=4 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205083937/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/01/09/stories/2004010901320300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=5 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Keerthi Chakra (film)|Aran]]''|| rowspan="2" | Narrator for Tamil dubbed version
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/jeeva-gets-kamals-backing-tamil-news-24452 |title=Jeeva gets Kamal's backing : Tamil News |date=12 August 2006 |website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=24 November 2021|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711130441/https://www.indiaglitz.com/jeeva-gets-kamals-backing-tamil-news-24452|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (film)|Pazhassi Raja]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2009/sep/28/kamal-mohan-lal-and-shah-rukh-in-pazhassi-raja-90004.html |title=Kamal, Mohan Lal and Shah Rukh in 'Pazhassi Raja |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=24 November 2021|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711130417/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2009/sep/28/kamal-mohan-lal-and-shah-rukh-in-pazhassi-raja-90004.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2015|| ''[[Uttama Villain]]''|| Choreographer
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title='Uttama Villain is Kamal Haasan's gift to me' |url=http://inwww.rediff.com/movies/report/uttama-villain-is-kamal-haasans-gift-to-me-south/20150324.htm |date=24 March 2015 |work=Rediff.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205135455/http://inwww.rediff.com/movies/report/uttama-villain-is-kamal-haasans-gift-to-me-south/20150324.htm |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thoongaa Vanam]]''|| Make-up artist
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan turns make-up artist |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kamal-haasan-turns-make-up-artist/ |date=7 June 2015 |website=The Indian Express |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029234655/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kamal-haasan-turns-make-up-artist/ |archive-date=29 October 2015 |access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]'' || Narrator for Tamil dubbed version{{efn|Kamal Haasan provided narration for the Tamil dubbed version of the film.}} || style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kamal lends his voice for Chiranjeevi's Sye Raa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-lends-his-voice-for-chiranjeevis-sye-raa/articleshow/71350821.cms |website=The Times of India |date=28 September 2019 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418004429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-lends-his-voice-for-chiranjeevis-sye-raa/articleshow/71350821.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022||''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''|| rowspan="2" | Narrator
|
|-
|rowspan=2 |2023||''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' || Voice-over
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/when-vikram-met-leo-das-kamal-haasan-vijays-pic-from-leo-days-go-viral-2460205-2023-11-08 |title=When Vikram met Leo Das! Kamal Haasan, Vijay's pic from 'Leo' days go viral |website=India Today|date=8 November 2023 |access-date=10 November 2023|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110223828/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/when-vikram-met-leo-das-kamal-haasan-vijays-pic-from-leo-days-go-viral-2460205-2023-11-08|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2024||''[[Manorathangal]]''||Malayalam||Narrator||
|-
|}

== Television ==

=== As a host and guest ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: margin;"
|+ List of Kamal Haasan television credits as host and guest
|-
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
! scope="row"| ''Pattimandram''
| 2014
| [[Jaya TV]]
| Tamil
| '''Debate Title''' Ulaganayakanin Uyarvukku Karanam
* Kalainayam Mikka Patankala?
* Commercial Patankala?
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Jananayakanoppam Ulakanayakanum''
|2017||[[Asianet News]]||Malayalam || Host ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatv.in/jananayakanoppam-ulakanayakanum/ |title=Jananayakanoppam Ulakanayakanum – Special Chat Show on Asainet |date=2 September 2017|access-date = 30 January 2022|archive-date = 30 January 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220130090233/https://www.keralatv.in/jananayakanoppam-ulakanayakanum/|url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil]]''
| 2017–2023
| [[Star Vijay]]
| Tamil
| Reality show Host Seasons [[Bigg Boss Tamil 1|1]], [[Bigg Boss Tamil 2|2]] [[Bigg Boss Tamil 3|3]], [[Bigg Boss Tamil 4|4]], 5, 6 and 7
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 2017 |title=Actor Kamal Haasan to be Bigg Boss host in TN |work=[[Business Line]] |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/actor-kamal-haasan-to-be-bigg-boss-host-in-tn/article9713488.ece |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702065546/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/actor-kamal-haasan-to-be-bigg-boss-host-in-tn/article9713488.ece |archive-date=2 July 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2018 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil: Kamal Haasan will return with season 2 on this date |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-tamil-season-2-launch-date-kamal-haasan-5203587/ |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319061555/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-tamil-season-2-launch-date-kamal-haasan-5203587/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 5: ஆரம்பிக்கலாமா.. கமலின் தெறிக்கும் வசனத்துடன் பிக் பாஸ் 5 ப்ரொமோ |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-tamil/bigg-boss-5-tamil-first-promo-released-by-vijay-tv-kamal-asks-arambikalama/articleshow/85799964.cms|access-date=31 August 2021 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831140051/https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/bigg-boss-tamil/bigg-boss-5-tamil-first-promo-released-by-vijay-tv-kamal-asks-arambikalama/articleshow/85799964.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Bigg Boss Malayalam (Season 1)]]''
| rowspan="2" |2018
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Malayalam
|Guest

|
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Bigg Boss Telugu (Season 2)]]''
|[[Star Maa]]
|Telugu
|Guest
|
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)]]''
|2019
|[[Colors TV]]
|Hindi
|Guest
|
|-
! scope="row"|[[Rockstar (TV series)|''Rockstar'']]
|2021
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|rowspan="2"|Tamil
|Guest
|<ref>{{Citation |title=ROCKSTAR- GRAND FINALE with Kamal Haasan {{!}} 26 Sep Sunday at 6.30 PM |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dT9oc1aZjAM|language=en|access-date=2 October 2021|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002135118/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dT9oc1aZjAM|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Bigg Boss Ultimate]]''
| rowspan="2" |2022
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Reality show Host
|
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 4)]]''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Malayalam
|Guest
|
|}

== Music video appearances ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: left;"
|+ List of Kamal Haasan music video appearances
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
!Composer
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Performer(s)
! scope="col" | Released
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 1988
! scope="row"| {{nowrap|"[[Mile Sur Mera Tumhara]]"}}
|
| Himself
| Various
|
|
|-
|1999
!scope="row"|"[[The Blast (album)|The Blast]]"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|Playback Singer
|Various
|
|
|-
| 2020
! scope="row"| "[[Arivum Anbum]]"
|[[Ghibran]]
| Lyricist
| [[Ghibran]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Anirudh Ravichander]] and eight others
|23 April 2020 (video)
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDUqOcvUVIQ |title=Arivum Anbum - Official Video {{!}} Dr. Kamal Haasan {{!}} Ghibran {{!}} Raaj Kamal |publisher=[[Think Music India]] |via=YouTube |date=23 April 2020}}</ref>
|}

== Documentaries ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+ List of Kamal Haasan documentary credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Director(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2018
! scope="row" |''[[Amoli (film)|Amoli]]''
| Tamil
| Narrator
| [[Jasmine Kaur Roy]], Avinash Roy
| 2019 National Award Winner – Best Investigative Film
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan, Rajkummar lend voice to film on sexual exploitation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/may/07/kamal-haasan-rajkummar-lend-voice-to-film-on-sexual-exploitation-1811023.html |website=newindianexpress.com |date=7 May 2018 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |location=India |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430032603/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/may/07/kamal-haasan-rajkummar-lend-voice-to-film-on-sexual-exploitation-1811023.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan, Rajkummar Rao lend voice to film on sexual exploitation titled Amoli: Priceless |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/kamal-haasan-rajkummar-rao-amoli-priceless-documentary-5165545/ |date=6 May 2018 |website=indianexpress.com |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |location=India |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430032856/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/kamal-haasan-rajkummar-rao-amoli-priceless-documentary-5165545/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/national-film-awards-2019-full-winners-list-5892272/ |title=National Film Awards 2019: Full winners list |website=[[Indian Express]] |date=19 August 2019 |quote=Best Investigative Film: Amoli |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021032439/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/national-film-awards-2019-full-winners-list-5892272/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects]]
* [[List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan]]
* [[Kamal Haasan discography]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="fromSelvamToSuyambulingam">{{Cite web |title=கமல்ஹாசன் 60 – 'செல்வம்' முதல் 'சுயம்புலிங்கம்' வரை...! – பிறந்தநாள் ஸ்பெஷல் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/23685/special-report/Kamal-60th-Birthday-Special---Selvam-to-Suyambulingam.htm |date=7 November 2014 |website=Dinamalar |language=ta |trans-title=Kamal Haasan 60 – From Selvam to Suyambulingam...! Birthday Special |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170206103837/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/23685/special-report/Kamal-60th-Birthday-Special---Selvam-to-Suyambulingam.htm |archive-date=6 February 2017 |access-date=6 February 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Galata">{{Cite web |title=Before All The Galata |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/before-all-the-galata/282743 |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |date=5 November 2012a |website=Outlook |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123034524/http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/before-all-the-galata/282743 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="rebirth">{{Cite web |title=Between Reviews: Rebirth of the Cool? |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2009/08/22/between-reviews-rebirth-of-the-cool/ |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=22 August 2009 |website=Baradwaj Rangan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203140236/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2009/08/22/between-reviews-rebirth-of-the-cool/ |archive-date=3 February 2017 |access-date=3 February 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="BirthdaySpecial">{{Cite web |title=கமலும், கதாபாத்திரங்களும் – பிறந்தநாள் ஸ்பெஷல் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/39542/special-report/Kamal-Birthday-Special.htm |date=7 November 2015 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta |trans-title=Kamal and his characters — Birthday Special! |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170202142240/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/39542/special-report/Kamal-Birthday-Special.htm |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=2 February 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Southscope">{{Cite web |title=Southscope July 2010 – Side A |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDiv2uFwbIwC&q=indian+kamal+senapathy+chandru&pg=PA53 |website=[[South Scope]] |pages=50–53 |access-date=31 January 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729185615/https://books.google.com/books?id=XDiv2uFwbIwC&q=indian+kamal+senapathy+chandru&pg=PA53 |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{cite book
|author = K. Hariharan
|author-link = K. Hariharan (director)
|date = July 10, 2024
|title = Kamal Haasan: A Cinematic Journey
|edition = 1st
|publisher = [[HarperCollins|HarperCollins Publishers India]]
|pages = 280 pages
|isbn = 9789354899621
|quote = One of the greatest actors India has ever produced, Kamal Haasan is unique in many ways. He has usually gone beyond just enacting a role to completely immersing himself in it.
|no-pp=yes
}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=Swarnavel Eswaran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HreICwAAQBAJ |title=Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-515-0121-3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212200347/https://books.google.com/books?id=HreICwAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=12 February 2020 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mzyPGSfwKMC |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] Limited |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108153955/https://books.google.com/books?id=3mzyPGSfwKMC |archive-date=8 January 2017 |url-status=live}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=0352032}}
*
{{Kamal Haasan}}
{{Raaj Kamal Films International}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haasan, Kamal filmography}}
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Kamal Haasan|Filmography]]
[[Category:Director filmographies]]

Number theory

2026-03-24T09:15:31Z

Suresh330: added article and added references

{{Short description|Branch of pure mathematics}}
{{distinguish|Number Theory (book)|Numerology}}
[[File:A 150x150 Ulam spiral of dots with varying widths (emphasis primes).svg|thumb|The distribution of [[prime number]]s, a central point of study in number theory, illustrated by an [[Ulam spiral]]. It shows the conditional [[Independence (probability theory)|independence]] between being prime and being a value of certain quadratic polynomials.]]
{{Math topics TOC}}
'''Number theory''' is a branch of [[pure mathematics]] devoted primarily to the study of the [[integer]]s and [[arithmetic function]]s. Number theorists study [[prime number]]s as well as the properties of [[mathematical object]]s constructed from integers (for example, [[rational number]]s), or defined as generalizations of the integers (for example, [[algebraic integer]]s).

Integers can be considered either in themselves or as solutions to equations ([[Diophantine geometry]]). Questions in number theory can often be understood through the study of [[Complex analysis|analytical]] objects, such as the [[Riemann zeta function]], that encode properties of the integers, primes or other number-theoretic objects in some fashion ([[analytic number theory]]). One may also study [[real number]]s in relation to rational numbers, as for instance how irrational numbers can be approximated by fractions ([[Diophantine approximation]]).

Number theory is one of the oldest branches of mathematics alongside geometry. One quirk of number theory is that it deals with statements that are simple to understand but are very difficult to solve. Examples of this are [[Fermat's Last Theorem]], which was proved 358 years after the original formulation, and [[Goldbach's conjecture]], which remains unsolved since the 18th century. German mathematician [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] (1777–1855) once remarked, "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences—and number theory is the queen of mathematics."{{sfn|Long|1972|p=1}} It was regarded as the epitome of pure mathematics, with no applications outside mathematics, until the 1970s, when prime numbers became the basis for the creation of [[public-key cryptography]] algorithms, such as the [[RSA cryptosystem]].

== Definition ==
Number theory is the branch of mathematics that studies [[Integer|integers]] and their [[Property (mathematics)|properties]] and relations.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Karatsuba |first=A.A. |date=2020 |title=Number theory |url=https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Number_theory |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=Encyclopedia of Mathematics |publisher=Springer}}</ref> The integers comprise a [[Set (mathematics)|set]] that extends the set of [[Natural number|natural numbers]] <math>\{1, 2, 3, \dots\}</math> to include number <math>0</math> and the negation of natural numbers <math>\{-1, -2, -3, \dots\}</math>. Number theorists study [[Prime number|prime numbers]] as well as the properties of [[Mathematical object|mathematical objects]] constructed from integers (for example, [[Rational number|rational numbers]]), or defined as generalizations of the integers (for example, [[Algebraic integer|algebraic integers]]).<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Patrick |title=The Gale Encyclopedia of Science |publisher=Gale |year=2004 |isbn=0-7876-7559-8 |editor-last=Lerner |editor-first=K. Lee |edition=3rd |volume=4 |pages= |language=en |chapter=Number theory |editor-last2=Lerner |editor-first2=Brenda Wilmoth}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

Number theory is closely related to arithmetic and some authors use the terms as synonyms.<ref>{{multiref|{{harvnb|Lozano-Robledo|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ESiODwAAQBAJ&pg=PR13 xiii]}}|{{harvnb|Nagel|Newman|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WgwUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 4]}}}}</ref> However, the word "arithmetic" is used today to mean the study of numerical operations and extends to the [[Real number|real numbers]].<ref>{{multiref|{{harvnb|Romanowski|2008|pp=302–303}}|{{harvnb|HC staff|2022b}}|{{harvnb|MW staff|2023}}|{{harvnb|Bukhshtab|Pechaev|2020}}}}</ref> In a more specific sense, number theory is restricted to the study of integers and focuses on their properties and relationships.<ref>{{multiref|{{harvnb|Wilson|2020|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fcDgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1–2]}}|{{harvnb|Karatsuba|2020}}|{{harvnb|Campbell|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yoEFp-Q2OXIC&pg=PT33 33]}}|{{harvnb|Robbins|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TtLMrKDsDuIC&pg=PR12-IA1 1]}}}}</ref> Traditionally, it is known as higher arithmetic.<ref>{{multiref|{{harvnb|Duverney|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sr5S9oN1xPAC&pg=PR5 v]}}|{{harvnb|Robbins|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TtLMrKDsDuIC&pg=PR12-IA1 1]}}}}</ref> By the early twentieth century, the term ''number theory'' had been widely adopted.<ref group="note">The term 'arithmetic' may have regained some ground, arguably due to French influence. Take, for example, {{harvnb|Serre|1996}}. In 1952, [[Harold Davenport|Davenport]] still had to specify that he meant ''The Higher Arithmetic''. [[G. H. Hardy|Hardy]] and Wright wrote in the introduction to ''[[An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers]]'' (1938): "We proposed at one time to change [the title] to ''An introduction to arithmetic'', a more novel and in some ways a more appropriate title; but it was pointed out that this might lead to misunderstandings about the content of the book." {{harv|Hardy|Wright|2008}}</ref> The term number means whole numbers, which refers to either the natural numbers or the integers.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Effinger |first1=Gove |title=Elementary Number Theory |last2=Mullen |first2=Gary L. |publisher=CRC Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-003-19311-1 |location=Boca Raton |language=en |chapter=}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Weisstein |first=Eric W. |title=CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics |publisher=Chapman & Hall/CRC |year=2003 |isbn=1-58488-347-2 |edition=2nd |pages= |language=en |chapter=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Weisstein |first=Eric W. |title=CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics |publisher=Chapman & Hall/CRC |year=2003 |isbn=1-58488-347-2 |edition=2nd |pages=3202 |language=en |chapter=Whole Number}}</ref>

[[Elementary number theory]] studies aspects of integers that can be investigated using elementary methods such as [[Elementary proof|elementary proofs]].<ref name=":3">{{multiref|{{harvnb|Page|2003|pp=[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B0122274105005032 18–19, 34]}}|{{harvnb|Bukhshtab|Nechaev|2014}}}}</ref> [[Analytic number theory]], by contrast, relies on [[complex numbers]] and techniques from analysis and [[calculus]].<ref>{{multiref|{{harvnb|Page|2003|p=[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B0122274105005032 34]}}|{{harvnb|Karatsuba|2014}}}}</ref> [[Algebraic number theory]] employs [[algebraic structures]] such as [[Field (mathematics)|fields]] and [[Ring (mathematics)|rings]] to analyze the properties of and relations between numbers. [[Geometric number theory]] uses concepts from geometry to study numbers.<ref>{{multiref|{{harvnb|Page|2003|pp=[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B0122274105005032 34–35]}}|{{harvnb|Vinogradov|2019}}}}</ref> Further branches of number theory are [[probabilistic number theory]],<ref>{{harvnb|Kubilyus|2018}}</ref> [[combinatorial number theory]],<ref>{{harvnb|Pomerance|Sárközy|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5ktBP5vUl5gC&pg=PA969 969]}}</ref> [[computational number theory]],<ref>{{harvnb|Pomerance|2010}}</ref> and applied number theory, which examines the application of number theory to science and technology.<ref>{{multiref|{{harvnb|Yan|2002|pp=12, 303–305}}|{{harvnb|Yan|2013a|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=74oBi4ys0UUC&pg=PA15 15]}}}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Plimpton 322.jpg|thumb|alt=Babylonian tablet listing Pythagorean triples.|The Babylonians demonstrated an early understanding of Pythagorean triples.]]
In recorded history, knowledge of numbers existed in the ancient civilisations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and India.<ref>{{harvnb|Dunham|2025}}</ref> The earliest historical find of an arithmetical nature is the [[Plimpton 322]], dated c. 1800 BC. It is a broken clay tablet that contains a list of [[Pythagorean triple]]s, that is, integers <math>(a,b,c)</math> such that <math>a^2+b^2=c^2</math>. The triples are too numerous and too large to have been obtained by [[brute force method|brute force]].<ref>{{harvnb|Neugebauer|Sachs|1945|p=40}}. The term {{tlit|akk|takiltum}} is problematic. Robson prefers the rendering "The holding-square of the diagonal from which 1 is torn out, so that the short side comes up...".{{harvnb|Robson|2001|p=192}}</ref> The table's layout suggests that it was constructed by means of what amounts, in modern language, to the [[Identity (mathematics)|identity]]<ref>{{harvnb|Robson|2001|p=189}}. Other sources give the modern formula <math>(p^2-q^2,2pq,p^2+q^2)</math>. Van der Waerden gives both the modern formula and what amounts to the form preferred by Robson.{{harv|van der Waerden|1961|p=79}}</ref><math display="block">\left(\frac{1}{2} \left(x - \frac{1}{x}\right)\right)^2 + 1 = \left(\frac{1}{2} \left(x + \frac{1}{x} \right)\right)^2,</math>which is implicit in routine [[Old Babylonian language|Old Babylonian]] exercises.<ref>Neugebauer {{harv|Neugebauer|1969|pp=36–40}} discusses the table in detail and mentions in passing Euclid's method in modern notation {{harv|Neugebauer|1969|p=39}}.</ref> It has been suggested instead that the table was a source of numerical examples for school problems.{{sfn|Friberg|1981|p=302}}<ref group="note">{{harvnb|Robson|2001|p=201}}. This is controversial. See [[Plimpton 322]]. Robson's article is written polemically {{harv|Robson|2001|p=202}} with a view to "perhaps [...] knocking [Plimpton 322] off its pedestal" {{harv|Robson|2001|p=167}}; at the same time, it settles to the conclusion that

<blockquote>[...] the question "how was the tablet calculated?" does not have to have the same answer as the question "what problems does the tablet set?" The first can be answered most satisfactorily by reciprocal pairs, as first suggested half a century ago, and the second by some sort of right-triangle problems {{harv|Robson|2001|p=202}}.</blockquote>

Robson takes issue with the notion that the scribe who produced Plimpton 322 (who had to "work for a living", and would not have belonged to a "leisured middle class") could have been motivated by his own "idle curiosity" in the absence of a "market for new mathematics".{{harv|Robson|2001|pp=199–200}}</ref> Plimpton 322 tablet is the only surviving evidence of what today would be called number theory within Babylonian mathematics, though a kind of [[Babylonian mathematics#Algebra|Babylonian algebra]] was much more developed.{{sfn|van der Waerden|1961|p=63–75}}

Although other civilizations probably influenced [[Ancient Greek mathematics|Greek mathematics]] at the beginning,<ref>{{harvnb|van der Waerden|1961|p=87–90}}</ref> all evidence of such borrowings appear relatively late,<ref name="vanderW2">[[Iamblichus]], ''Life of Pythagoras'',(trans., for example, {{harvnb|Guthrie|1987}}) cited in {{harvnb|van der Waerden|1961|p=108}}. See also [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]], ''Life of Pythagoras'', paragraph 6, in {{harvnb|Guthrie|1987|para=6}}</ref><ref name="stanencyc">Herodotus (II. 81) and Isocrates (''Busiris'' 28), cited in: {{harvnb|Huffman|2011}}. On Thales, see Eudemus ap. Proclus, 65.7, (for example, {{harvnb|Morrow|1992|p=52}}) cited in: {{harvnb|O'Grady|2004|p=1}}. Proclus was using a work by [[Eudemus of Rhodes]] (now lost), the ''Catalogue of Geometers''. See also introduction, {{harvnb|Morrow|1992|p=xxx}} on Proclus's reliability.</ref> and it is likely that Greek {{tlit|grc|arithmētikḗ}}, the theoretical or philosophical study of numbers, is an indigenous tradition.{{sfn|Boyer|Merzbach|1991|p=82}} Ancient Greek mathematicians conventionally separated numbers (mostly positive integers but occasionally rationals) from magnitudes or lengths, with only the former being the subject of arithmetic.

A keen interest in [[divisibility]] is found in early Greek arithmetic. [[Pythagoreans]] often attributed mystical qualities to [[Perfect number|perfect]] and [[amicable numbers]], and dedicated time to the study [[polygonal number|polygonal]] or [[figurate numbers]].{{sfn|Heath|1921|p=76}} Later, Euclid devoted part of his ''[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]'' to topics that belong to elementary number theory, including [[Prime number|prime numbers]] and [[Divisibility rule|divisibility]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Corry |first=Leo |title=A Brief History of Numbers |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-870259-7 |language=en |chapter=Construction Problems and Numerical Problems in the Greek Mathematical Tradition}}</ref> He gave the [[Euclidean algorithm]] for computing the [[greatest common divisor]] of two numbers and a [[Euclid's theorem|proof implying the infinitude of primes]]. Building on the works of the earlier Pythagoreans, [[Nicomachus of Gerasa]] wrote an ''Introduction to Arithmetic'' that was to be influential in later centuries, while [[Theon of Smyrna|Theon of Smyrna's]] ''Mathematics Useful For Understanding Plato'' discusses the idea of [[Modular arithmetic#Congruence|congruences]]. The most important late antique author was arguably [[Diophantus of Alexandria]], who probably lived in the 3rd century AD. He wrote the ''[[Arithmetica]]'', a collection of worked-out problems where the task is invariably to find rational solutions to a system of polynomial equations, usually of the form <math>f(x,y)=z^2</math> or <math>f(x,y,z)=w^2</math>. In modern parlance, [[Diophantine equation]]s are [[polynomial equation]]s to which rational or integer solutions are sought.

After the fall of Rome, development shifted to Asia, albeit intermittently. The [[Chinese remainder theorem]] appears as an exercise<ref>''Sunzi Suanjing'', Chapter 3, Problem 26. This can be found in {{harvnb|Lam|Ang|2004|pp=219–220}}, which contains a full translation of the ''Suan Ching'' (based on {{harvnb|Qian|1963}}). See also the discussion in {{harvnb|Lam|Ang|2004|pp=138–140}}.</ref> in ''[[Sunzi Suanjing]]'' (between the third and fifth centuries).<ref name="YongSe">The date of the text has been narrowed down to 220–420 AD (Yan Dunjie) or 280–473 AD (Wang Ling) through internal evidence (= taxation systems assumed in the text). See {{harvnb|Lam|Ang|2004|pp=27–28}}.</ref> The result was later generalized with a complete solution called ''Da-yan-shu'' ({{lang|zh|大衍術}}) in [[Qin Jiushao]]'s 1247 ''[[Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections]].''<ref>{{harvnb|Dauben|2007|page=310}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Libbrecht|1973}}</ref> There is also some numerical mysticism in Chinese mathematics,<ref group="note">See, for example, ''Sunzi Suanjing'', Ch. 3, Problem 36, in {{harvnb|Lam|Ang|2004|pp=223–224}}:<blockquote>
[36] Now there is a pregnant woman whose age is 29. If the gestation period is 9 months, determine the sex of the unborn child. ''Answer'': Male. 
''Method'': Put down 49, add the gestation period and subtract the age. From the remainder take away 1 representing the heaven, 2 the earth, 3 the man, 4 the four seasons, 5 the five phases, 6 the six pitch-pipes, 7 the seven stars [of the Dipper], 8 the eight winds, and 9 the nine divisions [of China under Yu the Great]. If the remainder is odd, [the sex] is male and if the remainder is even, [the sex] is female.</blockquote>
This is the last problem in Sunzi's otherwise matter-of-fact treatise.</ref> but, unlike that of the Pythagoreans, it seems to have led nowhere. While Greek astronomy probably influenced Indian learning{{sfn|Plofker|2008|p=119}} it seems to be the case that Indian mathematics is otherwise an autochthonous tradition.<ref name="Plofbab">Any early contact between Babylonian and Indian mathematics remains conjectural {{harv|Plofker|2008|p=42}}.</ref>{{sfn|Mumford|2010|p=387}} [[Āryabhaṭa]] (476–550 AD) showed that pairs of simultaneous congruences <math>n\equiv a_1 \bmod m_1</math>, <math>n\equiv a_2 \bmod m_2</math> could be solved by a method he called ''kuṭṭaka'', or ''pulveriser'';<ref>Āryabhaṭa, Āryabhatīya, Chapter 2, verses 32–33, cited in: {{harvnb|Plofker|2008|pp=134–140}}. See also {{harvnb|Clark|1930|pp=42–50}}. A slightly more explicit description of the kuṭṭaka was later given in [[Brahmagupta]], ''Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta'', XVIII, 3–5 (in {{harvnb|Colebrooke|1817|p=325}}, cited in {{harvnb|Clark|1930|p=42}}).</ref> this is a procedure close to the Euclidean algorithm.{{sfn|Mumford|2010|p=388}} Āryabhaṭa seems to have had in mind applications to astronomical calculations.{{sfn|Plofker|2008|p=119}} Brahmagupta (628 AD) started the systematic study of indefinite quadratic equations—in particular, the [[Pell equation]]. A general procedure for solving Pell's equation was probably found by [[Jayadeva (mathematician)|Jayadeva]]; the earliest surviving exposition appears in [[Bhāskara II]]'s Bīja-gaṇita (twelfth century).{{sfn|Plofker|2008|p=194}}

In the early ninth century, the caliph [[al-Ma'mun]] ordered translations of many Greek mathematical works and at least one Sanskrit work.<ref>{{harvnb|Colebrooke|1817|p=lxv}}, cited in {{harvnb|Hopkins|1990|p=302}}. See also the preface in
{{harvnb|Sachau|Bīrūni|1888}} cited in {{harvnb|Smith|1958|pp=168}}</ref><ref name="Plofnot">{{harvnb|Pingree|1968|pp=97–125}}, and {{harvnb|Pingree|1970|pp=103–123}}, cited in {{harvnb|Plofker|2008|p=256}}.</ref> Diophantus's main work, the ''Arithmetica'', was translated into Arabic by [[Qusta ibn Luqa]] (820–912).
Part of the treatise ''al-Fakhri'' (by [[al-Karajī]], 953 – c. 1029) builds on it to some extent. According to Rashed Roshdi, Al-Karajī's contemporary [[Ibn al-Haytham]] knew{{sfn|Rashed|1980|pp=305–321}} what would later be called [[Wilson's theorem]]. Other than a treatise on squares in arithmetic progression by [[Fibonacci]] no number theory to speak of was done in western Europe during the Middle Ages. Matters started to change in Europe in the late [[Renaissance]], thanks to a renewed study of the works of Greek antiquity. A catalyst was the textual emendation and translation into Latin of Diophantus' ''Arithmetica''.<ref>[[Bachet]], 1621, following a first attempt by [[Guilielmus Xylander|Xylander]], 1575</ref>

French mathematician [[Pierre de Fermat]] (1607–1665) never published his writings but communicated through correspondence and wrote in marginal notes instead.{{sfn|Weil|1984|pp=45–46}} His contributions to number theory brought renewed interest in the field in Europe. He conjectured [[Fermat's little theorem]], a basic result in modular arithmetic, and [[Fermat's Last Theorem]], as well as proved [[Fermat's right triangle theorem]].<ref name=":7"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Number theory {{!}} Definition, Topics, & History {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/number-theory |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> He also studied prime numbers, the [[four-square theorem]], and [[Pell's equations]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tFFDwAAQBAJ |title=Numbers and Measurements |last1=Faulkner |first1=Nicholas |last2=Hosch |first2=William L. |date=2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |isbn=978-1-5383-0042-8 |access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref>{{sfn|Weil|1984|p=92}}

The interest of [[Leonhard Euler]] (1707–1783) in number theory was first spurred in 1729, when a friend of his, the amateur<ref group="note">Up to the second half of the seventeenth century, academic positions were very rare, and most mathematicians and scientists earned their living in some other way {{harv|Weil|1984|pp=159, 161}}. (There were already some recognisable features of professional ''practice'', viz., seeking correspondents, visiting foreign colleagues, building private libraries {{harv|Weil|1984|pp=160–161}}. Matters started to shift in the late seventeenth century {{harv|Weil|1984|p=161}}; scientific academies were founded in England (the [[Royal Society]], 1662) and France (the [[Académie des sciences]], 1666) and [[Russian Academy of Sciences|Russia]] (1724). Euler was offered a position at this last one in 1726; he accepted, arriving in St. Petersburg in 1727 ({{harvnb|Weil|1984|p=163}} and
{{harvnb|Varadarajan|2006|p=7}}).
In this context, the term ''amateur'' usually applied to Goldbach is well-defined and makes some sense: he has been described as a man of letters who earned a living as a spy {{harv|Truesdell|1984|p=xv}}; cited in {{harvnb|Varadarajan|2006|p=9}}). Notice, however, that Goldbach published some works on mathematics and sometimes held academic positions.</ref> [[Christian Goldbach]], pointed him towards some of Fermat's work on the subject.{{sfn|Weil|1984|pp=2, 172}}{{sfn|Varadarajan|2006|p=9}} This has been called the "rebirth" of modern number theory,{{sfn|Weil|1984|pp=1–2}} after Fermat's relative lack of success in getting his contemporaries' attention for the subject.<ref>{{harvnb|Weil|1984|p=2}} and {{harvnb|Varadarajan|2006|p=37}}</ref> He proved Fermat's assertions, including [[Fermat's little theorem]]; made initial work towards a proof that every integer is the sum of four squares;{{sfn|Weil|1984|pp=178–179}} and specific cases of Fermat's Last Theorem.<ref>{{harvnb|Varadarajan|2006|p=39}} and {{harvnb|Weil|1984|pp=176–189}}</ref> He wrote on the link between [[simple continued fraction|continued fractions]] and Pell's equation.<ref name="Eulpell">{{harvnb|Weil|1984|p=174}}. Euler was generous in giving credit to others {{harv|Varadarajan|2006|p=14}}, not always correctly.</ref>{{sfn|Weil|1984|p=183}} He made the first steps towards analytic number theory.<ref>{{harvnb|Varadarajan|2006|pp=45–55}}; see also chapter III.</ref>

Three European contemporaries continued the work in elementary number theory. [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange]] (1736–1813) gave full proofs of the [[four-square theorem]], [[Wilson's theorem]], and developed the basic theory of Pell's equations. [[Adrien-Marie Legendre]] (1752–1833) stated the [[Quadratic reciprocity|law of quadratic reciprocity.]] He also conjectured what amounts to the [[prime number theorem]] and [[Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions]]. He gave a full treatment of the equation <math>a x^2 + b y^2 + c z^2 = 0</math>.{{sfn|Weil|1984|pp=327–328}} In his old age, he was the first to prove Fermat's Last Theorem for <math>n=5</math>.{{sfn|Weil|1984|pp=337–338}} [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] (1777–1855) wrote ''[[Disquisitiones Arithmeticae]]'' (1801), which had an immense influence in the area of number theory and set its agenda for much of the 19th century. Gauss proved in this work the law of [[quadratic reciprocity]]{{sfn|Weil|1984|pp=332–334}} and developed the theory of quadratic forms. He also introduced some basic notation to [[congruences]] and devoted a section to computational matters, including primality tests.{{sfn|Goldstein|Schappacher|2007|p=14}} He established a link between [[roots of unity]] and number theory.<ref>From the preface of ''Disquisitiones Arithmeticae''; the translation is taken from {{harvnb|Goldstein|Schappacher|2007|p=16}}</ref> In this way, Gauss arguably made forays towards [[Évariste Galois]]'s work and the area [[algebraic number theory]].

[[File:Georg_Friedrich_Bernhard_Riemann.jpeg|thumb|alt=Photograph of Bernhard Reimann.|The Riemann hypothesis is of interest in analytic number theory.]]
Starting early in the nineteenth century, the following developments gradually took place:
* The rise to self-consciousness of number theory (or ''higher arithmetic'') as a field of study.<ref>See the discussion in section 5 of {{harvnb|Goldstein|Schappacher|2007}}. Early signs of self-consciousness are present already in letters by Fermat: thus his remarks on what number theory is, and how "Diophantus's work [...] does not really belong to [it]" (quoted in {{harvnb|Weil|1984|p=25}}).</ref>
* The development of much of modern mathematics necessary for basic modern number theory: [[complex analysis]], [[group theory]], [[Galois theory]]—accompanied by greater rigor in analysis and abstraction in algebra.
* The rough subdivision of number theory into its modern subfields—in particular, [[analytic number theory|analytic]] and algebraic number theory.

Algebraic number theory may be said to start with the study of reciprocity and [[cyclotomy]], but truly came into its own with the development of [[abstract algebra]] and early ideal theory and [[valuation (algebra)|valuation]] theory; see below. A conventional starting point for analytic number theory is [[Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions]] (1837),{{sfn|Apostol|1976|p=7}}{{sfn|Davenport|Montgomery|2000|p=1}} whose proof introduced [[L-functions]] and involved some asymptotic analysis and a limiting process on a real variable.<ref>See the proof in {{harvnb|Davenport|Montgomery|2000|loc=section 1}}</ref> The first use of analytic ideas in number theory actually goes back to Euler (1730s),{{sfn|Iwaniec|Kowalski|2004|p=1}}{{sfn|Varadarajan|2006|loc=sections 2.5, 3.1 and 6.1}} who used formal power series and non-rigorous (or implicit) limiting arguments. The use of ''complex'' analysis in number theory comes later: the work of [[Bernhard Riemann]] (1859) on the [[Riemann zeta function|zeta function]] is the canonical starting point;{{sfn|Granville|2008|pp=322–348}} [[Jacobi's four-square theorem]] (1839), which predates it, belongs to an initially different strand that has by now taken a leading role in analytic number theory ([[modular form]]s).<ref>See the comment on the importance of modularity in {{harvnb|Iwaniec|Kowalski|2004|p=1}}</ref>

The [[American Mathematical Society]] awards the ''[[Cole Prize]] in Number Theory''. Moreover, number theory is one of the three mathematical subdisciplines rewarded by the ''[[Fermat Prize]]''.

== Main subdivisions ==
=== Elementary number theory ===
[[File:Paul Erdos with Terence Tao.jpg|thumb|upright=1.22|alt=Paul Erdős (left) teaching a young Terence Tao (right).|Number theorists [[Paul Erdős]] and [[Terence Tao]] in 1985, when Erdős was 72 and Tao was 10]]

Elementary number theory deals with the topics in number theory by means of basic methods in arithmetic.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Tanton |first=James |title=Encyclopedia of Mathematics |publisher=Facts On File |year=2005 |isbn=0-8160-5124-0 |location=New York |pages=359–60 |language=en |chapter=Number theory}}</ref> Its primary subjects of study are [[divisibility]], [[factorization]], and [[primality]], as well as [[Modular arithmetic|congruences]] in [[modular arithmetic]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nathanson |first=Melvyn B. |title=Elementary Methods in Number Theory |publisher=Springer |year=2000 |isbn=0-387-98912-9 |language=en |chapter=Preface}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Other topics in elementary number theory include [[Diophantine equation|Diophantine equations]], [[continued fractions]], [[Integer partition|integer partitions]], and [[Diophantine approximation|Diophantine approximations]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bukhshtab |first=A.A. |date=2014 |title=Elementary number theory |url=https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Elementary_number_theory |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=Encyclopedia of Mathematics |publisher=Springer}}</ref>

Arithmetic is the study of numerical operations and investigates how numbers are combined and transformed using the arithmetic operations of [[addition]], [[subtraction]], [[multiplication]], [[Division (mathematics)|division]], [[exponentiation]], extraction of [[Nth root|roots]], and [[logarithm]]s. Multiplication, for instance, is an operation that combines two numbers, referred to as factors, to form a single number, termed the [[Product (mathematics)|product]], such as <math>2 \times 3 = 6</math>.<ref>{{multiref|{{harvnb|Romanowski|2008|p=303}}|{{harvnb|Musser|Peterson|Burger|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8jh7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101 101–102]}}}}</ref>

Divisibility is a property between two nonzero integers related to division. An integer <math>a</math> is said to be divisible by a nonzero integer <math>b</math> if <math>a</math> is a multiple of <math>b</math>; that is, if there exists an integer <math>q</math> such that <math>a = bq</math>. An equivalent formulation is that <math>b</math> divides <math>a</math> and is denoted by a vertical bar, which in this case is <math>b | a</math>. Conversely, if this were not the case, then <math>a</math> would not be divided evenly by <math>b</math>, resulting in a remainder. [[Euclid's division lemma]] asserts that <math>a</math> and <math>b</math> can generally be written as <math>a = bq + r</math>, where the remainder <math>r</math> accounts for the smallest positive leftover quantity. Elementary number theory studies [[divisibility rules]] in order to quickly identify if a given integer is divisible by a fixed divisor. For instance, it is known that any integer is divisible by 3 if its decimal [[digit sum]] is divisible by 3.<ref name="Richmond-Richmond-2009">Richmond & Richmond (2009), [{{Google books|plainurl=y|id=HucyKYx0_WwC|page=102|text=divisible by}} Section 3.4 (Divisibility Tests), p. 102–108]</ref><ref name=":4"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ore |first=Oystein |title=Number Theory and Its History |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1948 |edition=1st |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Continued fraction sqrt3.svg|thumb|alt=√3 = 1 + 1/(1 + 1/(2 + 1/(1 + 1/(2 + 1/...))))|Example of a continued fraction.]]
A common divisor of several nonzero integers is an integer that divides all of them. The [[greatest common divisor]] (gcd) is the largest of such divisors. Two integers are said to be coprime or relatively prime to one another if their greatest common divisor, and simultaneously their only divisor, is <math>1</math>. The [[Euclidean algorithm]] computes the greatest common divisor of two integers <math>a,b</math> by means of repeatedly applying the division lemma and shifting the divisor and remainder after every step. The algorithm [[Extended Euclidean algorithm|can be extended]] to solve a special case of [[Linear Diophantine equation|linear Diophantine equations]] <math>ax + by = 1</math>. A Diophantine equation has several unknowns and integer coefficients. Another kind of Diophantine equation is described in the [[Pythagorean theorem]], <math>x^2 + y^2 = z^2</math>, whose solutions are called Pythagorean triples if they are all integers.<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":6"/> Another kind of expression is the [[continued fraction]], which writes a sum of an integer and a fraction whose denominator is another such sum.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watkins |first=John J. |title=Number Theory: A Historical Approach |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-691-15940-9 |pages=76–80 |language=en |chapter=Divisibility}}</ref>

Elementary number theory studies the divisibility properties of integers such as [[Parity (mathematics)|parity]] (even and odd numbers), [[prime numbers]], and [[perfect numbers]]. Important number-theoretic functions include the [[Divisor function|divisor-counting function]], the [[divisor summatory function]] and its modifications, and [[Euler's totient function]]. A [[prime number]] is an integer greater than <math>1</math> whose only positive divisors are <math>1</math> and the prime itself. A positive integer greater than <math>1</math> that is not prime is called a composite number. [[Euclid's theorem]] demonstrates that there are infinitely many prime numbers that comprise the set <math>\{2,3,5,7,11,\cdots\}</math>. The [[sieve of Eratosthenes]] was devised as an efficient algorithm for identifying all primes up to a given natural number by eliminating all composite numbers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nathanson |first=Melvyn B. |title=Elementary Methods in Number Theory |publisher=Springer |year=2000 |isbn=0-387-98912-9 |language=en |chapter=Divisibility and Primes}}</ref>

[[Factorization]] is a method of expressing a number as a [[Product (mathematics)|product]]. Specifically in number theory, [[integer factorization]] is the decomposition of an integer into a product of integers. The process of repeatedly applying this procedure until all factors are prime is known as [[prime factorization]]. A fundamental property of primes is shown in [[Euclid's lemma]]. It is a consequence of the lemma that if a prime divides a product of integers, then that prime divides at least one of the factors in the product. The [[Fundamental theorem of arithmetic|unique factorization theorem]] is the fundamental theorem of arithmetic that relates to prime factorization. The theorem states that every integer greater than <math>1</math> can be factorised into a product of prime numbers and that this factorisation is unique up to the order of the factors. For example, <math>120</math> is expressed uniquely as <math>2 \times 2 \times 2 \times 3 \times 5</math> or simply <math>2^3 \times 3 \times 5</math>.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tanton |first=James |title=Encyclopedia of Mathematics |publisher=Facts On File |year=2005 |isbn=0-8160-5124-0 |location=New York |language=en |chapter=Fundamental theorem of arithmetic}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

[[Modular arithmetic]] works with finite sets of integers and introduces the concepts of congruence and residue classes. A congruence of two integers <math>a, b</math> modulo <math>n</math> (a positive integer called the modulus) is an [[equivalence relation]] whereby <math>n | (a - b)</math> is true. Performing [[Euclidean division]] on both <math>a</math> and <math>n</math>, and on <math>b</math> and <math>n</math>, yields the same remainder. This written as <math display="inline">a \equiv b \pmod{n}</math>. In a manner analogous to the 12-hour clock, the sum of <math>4</math> and <math>9</math> is equal to <math>13</math>, yet congruent to <math>1</math>. A residue class modulo <math>n</math> is a set that contains all integers congruent to a specified <math>r</math> modulo <math>n</math>. For example, <math>6\Z + 1</math> contains all multiples of <math>6</math> incremented by <math>1</math>. Modular arithmetic provides a range of formulas for rapidly solving congruences of very large powers. An influential theorem is [[Fermat's little theorem]], which states that if a prime <math>p</math> is coprime to some integer <math>a</math>, then <math display="inline">a^{p - 1} \equiv 1 \pmod{p}</math> is true. [[Euler's theorem]] extends this to assert that every integer <math>n</math> satisfies the congruence<math display="block">a^{\varphi(n)} \equiv 1 \pmod{n},</math>where Euler's totient function <math>\varphi</math> counts all positive integers up to <math>n</math> that are coprime to <math>n</math>. Modular arithmetic also provides formulas that are used to solve congruences with unknowns in a similar vein to equation solving in algebra, such as the [[Chinese remainder theorem]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shoup |first=Victor |title=A Computational Introduction to Number Theory and Algebra |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-511-11363-5 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Analytic number theory ===
{{Main|Analytic number theory}}

[[File:Complex zeta.jpg|thumb|[[Riemann zeta function]] ζ(''s'') in the [[complex plane]]. The color of a point ''s'' gives the value of ζ(''s''): dark colors denote values close to zero and hue gives the value's [[Argument (complex analysis)|argument]].]]
[[File:ModularGroup-FundamentalDomain.svg|thumb|The action of the [[modular group]] on the [[upper half plane]]. The region in grey is the standard [[fundamental domain]].]]

Analytic number theory, in contrast to elementary number theory, relies on [[complex numbers]] and techniques from analysis and calculus. Analytic number theory may be defined
* in terms of its tools, as the study of the integers by means of tools from [[Real analysis|real]] and [[Complex analysis|complex]] analysis;{{sfn|Apostol|1976|p=7}} or
* in terms of its concerns, as the study within number theory of estimates on the size and density of certain numbers (e.g., primes), as opposed to identities.<ref>{{harvnb|Granville|2008|loc=section 1}}: "The main difference is that in algebraic number theory [...] one typically considers questions with answers that are given by exact formulas, whereas in analytic number theory [...] one looks for ''good approximations''."</ref>
It studies the distribution of primes, behavior of number-theoretic functions, and irrational numbers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karatsuba |first=A.A. |date=2014-10-18 |title=Analytic number theory |url=https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Analytic_number_theory |website=Encyclopedia of Mathematics}}</ref>

Number theory has the reputation of being a field many of whose results can be stated to the layperson. At the same time, many of the proofs of these results are not particularly accessible, in part because the range of tools they use is, if anything, unusually broad within mathematics.<ref>See, for example, the initial comment in {{harvnb|Iwaniec|Kowalski|2004|p=1}}.</ref> The following are examples of problems in analytic number theory: the [[prime number theorem]], the [[Goldbach conjecture]], the [[twin prime conjecture]], the [[Hardy–Littlewood conjecture]]s, the [[Waring problem]] and the [[Riemann hypothesis]]. Some of the most important tools of analytic number theory are the [[circle method]], [[sieve theory|sieve methods]] and [[L-functions]] (or, rather, the study of their properties). The theory of [[modular form]]s (and, more generally, [[automorphic forms]]) also occupies an increasingly central place in the toolbox of analytic number theory.<ref>See the remarks in the introduction to {{harvnb|Iwaniec|Kowalski|2004|p=1}}: "However much stronger...".</ref>

[[Mathematical analysis|Analysis]] is the branch of mathematics that studies the [[Limit (mathematics)|limit]], defined as the value to which a sequence or function tends as the argument (or index) approaches a specific value. For example, the limit of the sequence <math>0.9, 0.99, 0.999, ...</math> is <math>1</math>. In the context of functions, the limit of <math display="inline">\frac1x</math> as <math>x</math> approaches infinity is <math>0</math>.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tanton |first=James |title=Encyclopedia of Mathematics |chapter=Limit}}</ref> The complex numbers extend the real numbers with the imaginary unit <math>i</math> defined as the solution to <math>i^2 = -1</math>. Every complex number can be expressed as <math>x + iy</math>, where <math>x</math> is called the real part and <math>y</math> is called the imaginary part.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weisstein |first=Eric W. |title=CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics |year=2002 |chapter=Complex Numbers}}</ref>

The [[distribution of primes]], described by the function <math>\pi</math> that counts all primes up to a given real number, is unpredictable and is a major subject of study in number theory. Elementary formulas for a partial sequence of primes, including [[Lucky numbers of Euler|Euler's prime-generating polynomials]] have been developed. However, these cease to function as the primes become too large. The prime number theorem in analytic number theory provides a formalisation of the notion that prime numbers appear less commonly as their numerical value increases. One distribution states, informally, that the function <math>\frac{x}{\log(x)}</math> approximates <math>\pi(x)</math>. Another distribution involves an offset logarithmic integral which converges to <math>\pi(x)</math> more quickly.<ref name=":5" />
[[File:Riemann_Explicit_Formula.gif|thumb|Corrections to an [[Prime-counting function#Exact form|estimate]] of the prime-counting function using zeros of the zeta function]]
The [[zeta function]] has been demonstrated to be connected to the distribution of primes. It is defined as the series<math display="block"> \zeta(s) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{n^s} = \frac{1}{1^s} + \frac{1}{2^s} + \frac{1}{3^s} + \cdots</math>that converges if <math> s</math> is greater than <math>1</math>. Euler demonstrated a link involving the infinite product over all prime numbers, expressed as the identity <math display="block">\zeta(s) = \prod_{p \text{ prime}} \left(1 - \frac{1}{p^{s}}\right)^{-1}.</math>Riemann extended the definition to a complex variable and conjectured that all nontrivial cases (<math>0 < \Re(s) < 1</math>) where the function returns a zero are those in which the real part of <math>s</math> is equal to <math display="inline">\frac12</math>. He established a connection between the nontrivial zeroes and the prime-counting function. In what is now recognised as the unsolved [[Riemann hypothesis]], a solution to it would imply direct consequences for understanding the distribution of primes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tanton |first=James |title=Encyclopedia of Mathematics |year=2005 |chapter=Zeta function}}</ref>

One may ask analytic questions about [[algebraic number]]s, and use analytic means to answer such questions; it is thus that algebraic and analytic number theory intersect. For example, one may define [[prime ideal]]s (generalizations of [[prime number]]s in the field of algebraic numbers) and ask how many prime ideals there are up to a certain size. This question [[Landau prime ideal theorem|can be answered]] by means of an examination of [[Dedekind zeta function]]s, which are generalizations of the [[Riemann zeta function]], a key analytic object at the roots of the subject.<ref>{{harvnb|Granville|2008|loc=section 3}}: "[Riemann] defined what we now call the Riemann zeta function [...] Riemann's deep work gave birth to our subject [...]"</ref> This is an example of a general procedure in analytic number theory: deriving information about the distribution of a [[sequence]] (here, prime ideals or prime numbers) from the analytic behavior of an appropriately constructed complex-valued function.<ref name=":0">See, for example, {{harvnb|Montgomery|Vaughan|2007}}, p. 1.</ref>

Elementary number theory works with ''[[elementary proof|elementary proofs]]'', a term that excludes the use of [[complex numbers]] but may include basic analysis.<ref name=":2" /> For example, the [[prime number theorem]] was first proven using complex analysis in 1896, but an elementary proof was found only in 1949 by [[Paul Erdős|Erdős]] and [[Atle Selberg|Selberg]].{{sfn|Goldfeld|2003}} The term is somewhat ambiguous. For example, proofs based on complex [[Tauberian theorem]]s, such as [[Wiener–Ikehara theorem|Wiener–Ikehara]], are often seen as quite enlightening but not elementary despite using [[Fourier analysis]], not complex analysis. Here as elsewhere, an ''elementary'' proof may be longer and more difficult for most readers than a more advanced proof.

Some subjects generally considered to be part of analytic number theory (e.g., [[sieve theory]]) are better covered by the second rather than the first definition.<ref group="note">Sieve theory figures as one of the main subareas of analytic number theory in many standard treatments; see, for instance, {{harvnb|Iwaniec|Kowalski|2004}} or {{harvnb|Montgomery|Vaughan|2007}}</ref> Small sieves, for instance, use little analysis and yet still belong to analytic number theory.<ref group="note">This is the case for some combinatorial sieves such as the [[Brun sieve]], rather than for [[Large sieve|large sieves]]. The study of the latter now includes ideas from [[Harmonic analysis|harmonic]] and [[functional analysis]].</ref>

=== Algebraic number theory ===
{{Main|Algebraic number theory}}

An ''algebraic number'' is any [[complex number]] that is a solution to some polynomial equation <math>f(x)=0</math> with rational coefficients; for example, every solution <math>x</math> of <math>x^5 + (11/2) x^3 - 7 x^2 + 9 = 0 </math> is an algebraic number. Fields of algebraic numbers are also called ''[[algebraic number field]]s'', or shortly ''[[number field]]s''. Algebraic number theory studies algebraic number fields.{{sfn|Milne|2017|p=2}}

It could be argued that the simplest kind of number fields, namely [[Quadratic field|quadratic fields]], were already studied by Gauss, as the discussion of quadratic forms in ''Disquisitiones Arithmeticae'' can be restated in terms of [[ideal (ring theory)|ideals]] and
[[Norm (mathematics)|norms]] in quadratic fields. (A ''quadratic field'' consists of all
numbers of the form <math> a + b \sqrt{d}</math>, where
<math>a</math> and <math>b</math> are rational numbers and <math>d</math>
is a fixed rational number whose square root is not rational.)
For that matter, the eleventh-century [[chakravala method]] amounts—in modern terms—to an algorithm for finding the units of a real quadratic number field. However, neither Bhāskara nor Gauss knew of number fields as such.

The grounds of the subject were set in the late nineteenth century, when ''ideal numbers'', the ''theory of ideals'' and ''valuation theory'' were introduced; these are three complementary ways of dealing with the lack of unique factorization in algebraic number fields. (For example, in the field generated by the rationals
and <math> \sqrt{-5}</math>, the number <math>6</math> can be factorised both as <math> 6 = 2 \cdot 3</math> and
<math> 6 = (1 + \sqrt{-5}) ( 1 - \sqrt{-5})</math>; all of <math>2</math>, <math>3</math>, <math>1 + \sqrt{-5}</math> and
<math> 1 - \sqrt{-5}</math>
are irreducible, and thus, in a naïve sense, analogous to primes among the integers.) The initial impetus for the development of ideal numbers (by [[Ernst Kummer|Kummer]]) seems to have come from the study of higher reciprocity laws,{{sfn|Edwards|2000|p=79}} that is, generalizations of [[quadratic reciprocity]].

Number fields are often studied as extensions of smaller number fields: a field ''L'' is said to be an ''extension'' of a field ''K'' if ''L'' contains ''K''.
(For example, the complex numbers ''C'' are an extension of the reals ''R'', and the reals ''R'' are an extension of the rationals ''Q''.)
Classifying the possible extensions of a given number field is a difficult and partially open problem. Abelian extensions—that is, extensions ''L'' of ''K'' such that the [[Galois group]]<ref group="note">The Galois group of an extension ''L/K'' consists of the operations ([[isomorphisms]]) that send elements of L to other elements of L while leaving all elements of K fixed.
Thus, for instance, ''Gal(C/R)'' consists of two elements: the identity element
(taking every element ''x'' + ''iy'' of ''C'' to itself) and complex conjugation
(the map taking each element ''x'' + ''iy'' to ''x'' − ''iy'').
The Galois group of an extension tells us many of its crucial properties. The study of Galois groups started with [[Évariste Galois]]; in modern language, the main outcome of his work is that an equation ''f''(''x'') = 0 can be solved by radicals
(that is, ''x'' can be expressed in terms of the four basic operations together
with square roots, cubic roots, etc.) if and only if the extension of the rationals by the roots of the equation ''f''(''x'') = 0 has a Galois group that is [[solvable group|solvable]]
in the sense of group theory. ("Solvable", in the sense of group theory, is a simple property that can be checked easily for finite groups.)</ref> Gal(''L''/''K'') of ''L'' over ''K'' is an [[abelian group]]—are relatively well understood.
Their classification was the object of the programme of [[class field theory]], which was initiated in the late nineteenth century (partly by [[Leopold Kronecker|Kronecker]] and [[Gotthold Eisenstein|Eisenstein]]) and carried out largely in 1900–1950.

An example of an active area of research in algebraic number theory is [[Iwasawa theory]]. The [[Langlands program]], one of the main current large-scale research plans in mathematics, is sometimes described as an attempt to generalise class field theory to non-abelian extensions of number fields.

=== Diophantine geometry ===
{{Main|Diophantine geometry}}

The central problem of Diophantine geometry is to determine when a [[Diophantine equation]] has integer or rational solutions, and if it does, how many. The approach taken is to think of the solutions of an equation as a geometric object.

For example, an equation in two variables defines a curve in the plane. More generally, an equation or system of equations in two or more variables defines a [[algebraic curve|curve]], a [[algebraic surface|surface]], or some other such object in {{math|''n''}}-dimensional space. In Diophantine geometry, one asks whether there are any ''rational points'' (points all of whose coordinates are rationals) or
''integral points'' (points all of whose coordinates are integers) on the curve or surface. If there are any such points, the next step is to ask how many there are and how they are distributed. A basic question in this direction is whether there are finitely
or infinitely many rational points on a given curve or surface.

Consider, for instance, the [[Pythagorean equation]] <math>x^2+y^2 = 1</math>. One would like to know its rational solutions, namely <math>(x,y)</math> such that ''x'' and ''y'' are both rational. This is the same as asking for all integer solutions
to <math>a^2 + b^2 = c^2</math>; any solution to the latter equation gives us a solution <math>x = a/c</math>, <math>y = b/c</math> to the former. It is also the
same as asking for all points with rational coordinates on the curve described by <math>x^2 + y^2 = 1</math> (a circle of radius 1 centered on the origin).

[[File:ECClines-3.svg|thumb|Two examples of [[elliptic curve]]s, that is, curves of genus 1 having at least one rational point]]

The rephrasing of questions on equations in terms of points on curves is felicitous. The finiteness or not of the number of rational or integer points on an algebraic curve (that is, rational or integer solutions to an equation <math>f(x,y)=0</math>, where <math>f</math> is a polynomial in two variables) depends crucially on the [[genus (mathematics)|genus]] of the curve.<ref group="note">The ''genus'' can be defined as follows: allow the variables in <math>f(x,y)=0</math> to be complex numbers; then <math>f(x,y)=0</math> defines a 2-dimensional surface in (projective) 4-dimensional space (since two complex variables can be decomposed into four real variables; that is, four dimensions). The number of doughnut-like holes in the surface is called the ''genus'' of the curve of equation <math>f(x,y)=0</math>.</ref> A major achievement of this approach is [[Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem]], for which other geometrical notions are just as crucial.

There is also the closely linked area of [[Diophantine approximations]]: given a number <math>x</math>, determine how well it can be approximated by rational numbers. One seeks approximations that are good relative to the amount of space required to write the rational number: call <math>a/q</math> (with <math>\gcd(a,q)=1</math>) a good approximation to <math>x</math> if <math>|x-a/q|<\frac{1}{q^c}</math>, where <math>c</math> is large. This question is of special interest if <math>x</math> is an algebraic number. If <math>x</math> cannot be approximated well, then some equations do not have integer or rational solutions. Moreover, several concepts (especially that of [[Glossary of arithmetic and diophantine geometry#H|height]]) are critical both in Diophantine geometry and in the study of Diophantine approximations. This question is also of special interest in [[transcendental number theory]]: if a number can be approximated better than any algebraic number, then it is a [[transcendental number]]. It is by this argument that [[Pi|{{pi}}]] and [[e (mathematical constant)|e]] have been shown to be transcendental.

Diophantine geometry should not be confused with the [[geometry of numbers]], which is a collection of graphical methods for answering certain questions in algebraic number theory. [[Arithmetic geometry]] is a contemporary term for the same domain covered by Diophantine geometry, particularly when one wishes to emphasize the connections to modern algebraic geometry (for example, in [[Faltings' theorem]]) rather than to techniques in Diophantine approximations.

=== Other subfields ===
{{Main|Probabilistic number theory}}

Probabilistic number theory starts with questions such as the following: Take an integer {{mvar|n}} at random between one and a million. How likely is it to be prime? (this is just another way of asking how many primes there are between one and a million). How many prime divisors will {{mvar|n}} have on average? What is the probability that it will have many more or many fewer divisors or prime divisors than the average?{{Main|Arithmetic combinatorics|Additive number theory}}

Combinatorics in number theory starts with questions like the following: Does a fairly "thick" [[infinite set]] <math>A</math> contain many elements in arithmetic progression: <math>a</math>,
<math>a+b, a+2 b, a+3 b, \ldots, a+10b</math>? Should it be possible to write large integers as sums of elements of <math>A</math>?{{Main|Computational number theory}}

[[File:Computer History Museum (4145886786).jpg|thumb|A [[Lehmer sieve]], a primitive [[digital computer]] used to find [[primes]] and solve simple [[Diophantine equations]]]]There are two main questions: "Can this be computed?" and "Can it be computed rapidly?" Anyone can test whether a number is prime or, if it is not, split it into prime factors; doing so rapidly is another matter. Fast algorithms for [[primality test|testing primality]] are now known, but, in spite of much work (both theoretical and practical), no truly fast algorithm for factoring.

== Applications ==
For a long time, number theory in general, and the study of prime numbers in particular, was seen as the canonical example of pure mathematics, with no applications outside of mathematics other than the use of prime numbered gear teeth to distribute wear evenly.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bryant |first1=John |title=How Round is Your Circle?: Where Engineering and Mathematics Meet |title-link=How Round Is Your Circle |last2=Sangwin |first2=Christopher J. |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-691-13118-4 |at=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iIN_2WjBH1cC&pg=PA178 p. 178]}}</ref> In particular, number theorists such as [[United Kingdom|British]] mathematician [[G. H. Hardy]] prided themselves on doing work that had absolutely no military significance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hardy |first1=Godfrey Harold |author1-link=G. H. Hardy |title=A Mathematician's Apology |title-link=A Mathematician's Apology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-521-42706-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EkY2im6xkVkC&pg=PA140 140] |oclc=922010634 |quote=No one has yet discovered any warlike purpose to be served by the theory of numbers or relativity, and it seems unlikely that anyone will do so for many years. |orig-year=1940}}</ref> The number-theorist [[Leonard Dickson]] (1874–1954) said "Thank God that number theory is unsullied by any application". Such a view is no longer applicable to number theory.<ref>''The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Number Theory'', Stefan Andrus Burr, George E. Andrews, American Mathematical Soc., 1992, {{isbn|978-0-8218-5501-0}}</ref>

This vision of the purity of number theory was shattered in the 1970s, when it was publicly announced that prime numbers could be used as the basis for the creation of [[public-key cryptography]] algorithms.<ref>{{cite book|title=Elementary Number Theory|series=Textbooks in mathematics|first1=James S.|last1=Kraft|first2=Lawrence C.|last2=Washington|publisher=CRC Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4987-0269-0|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4NAqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7}}</ref> Schemes such as RSA are based on the difficulty of factoring large composite numbers into their prime factors.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351664110 |title=An Introduction to Number Theory with Cryptography |date=2018 |publisher=Chapman and Hall/CRC |isbn=978-1-351-66411-0 |edition=2nd |doi=10.1201/9781351664110 |access-date=2023-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301144259/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781351664110/introduction-number-theory-cryptography-james-kraft-lawrence-washington |archive-date=2023-03-01 |url-status=live}}</ref> These applications have led to significant study of [[Algorithm|algorithms]] for computing with prime numbers, and in particular of [[Primality test|primality testing]], methods for determining whether a given number is prime. Prime numbers are also used in computing for [[Checksum|checksums]], [[Hash table|hash tables]], and [[Pseudorandom number generator|pseudorandom number generators]].

In 1974, [[Donald Knuth]] said "virtually every theorem in elementary number theory arises in a natural, motivated way in connection with the problem of making computers do high-speed numerical calculations".<ref>Computer science and its relation to mathematics" DE Knuth – The American Mathematical Monthly, 1974</ref>
Elementary number theory is taught in [[discrete mathematics]] courses for [[computer scientist]]s. It also has applications to the continuous in [[numerical analysis]].<ref>"Applications of number theory to numerical analysis", Lo-keng Hua, Luogeng Hua, Yuan Wang, Springer-Verlag, 1981, {{isbn|978-3-540-10382-0}}</ref>

Number theory has now several modern applications spanning diverse areas such as:
* [[Computer science]]: The [[fast Fourier transform]] (FFT) algorithm, which is used to efficiently compute the discrete Fourier transform, has important applications in signal processing and data analysis.<ref>{{cite book | last=Krishna | first=Hari | title=Digital Signal Processing Algorithms | publisher=Routledge | date=2017 | location=London | isbn=978-1-351-45497-1}}</ref>
* [[Physics]]: The [[Riemann hypothesis]] has connections to the distribution of prime numbers and has been studied for its potential implications in physics.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Physics of the Riemann Hypothesis |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=307–330 |first1=Daniel |last1=Schumayer |first2=David A. W. |last2=Hutchinson |year=2011 |arxiv=1101.3116 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.83.307 |bibcode=2011RvMP...83..307S |s2cid=119290777}}</ref>
* [[Error correction code]]s: The theory of finite fields and algebraic geometry have been used to construct efficient error-correcting codes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baylis |first=John |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351449847 |title=Error-Correcting Codes: A Mathematical Introduction |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-75667-6 |doi=10.1201/9780203756676 |access-date=2023-02-22}}</ref>
* Study of musical scales: the concept of "[[equal temperament]]", which is the basis for most modern Western music, involves dividing the [[octave]] into 12 equal parts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cartwright |first1=Julyan H. E. |last2=Gonzalez |first2=Diego L. |last3=Piro |first3=Oreste |last4=Stanzial |first4=Domenico |date=2002-03-01 |title=Aesthetics, Dynamics, and Musical Scales: A Golden Connection |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/jnmr.31.1.51.8099 |journal=Journal of New Music Research |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=51–58 |doi=10.1076/jnmr.31.1.51.8099 |hdl=10261/18003 |s2cid=12232457 |issn=0929-8215 |hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This has been studied using number theory and in particular the properties of the 12th root of 2.

== See also ==
{{portal|Mathematics}}
* [[Arithmetic dynamics]]
* [[Algebraic function field]]
* [[Arithmetic topology]]
* [[Finite field]]
* [[p-adic number]]
* [[List of number theoretic algorithms]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|30em}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===

{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite book |last=Apostol |first=Tom M. |author-link=Tom M. Apostol |year=1976 |title=Introduction to analytic number theory |series=[[Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics]] |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |isbn=978-0-387-90163-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Il64dZELHEIC |access-date=2016-02-28}}
*{{citation |first=Ulrich |last=Libbrecht |title=Chinese Mathematics in the Thirteenth Century: the "Shu-shu Chiu-chang" of Ch'in Chiu-shao |publisher=Dover Publications Inc |isbn=978-0-486-44619-6 |date=1973}}
* {{cite journal |last=Apostol |first=Tom M. |year=1981 |title=An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers (Review of Hardy & Wright.) |journal=Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet) |mr=0568909 |publisher=[[American Mathematical Society]]}} (Subscription needed)
* {{cite journal |last=Becker |first=Oskar |year=1936 |author-link=Oskar Becker |language=de |title=Die Lehre von Geraden und Ungeraden im neunten Buch der euklidischen Elemente |journal=Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Mathematik, Astronomie und Physik |series=Abteilung B:Studien |volume=3 |pages=533–553}}
* {{cite book |last1=Boyer |first1=Carl Benjamin |last2=Merzbach |first2=Uta C. |author2-link=Uta Merzbach |year=1991 |author-link=Carl Benjamin Boyer |title=A History of Mathematics |edition=2nd |orig-year=1968 |location=New York |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=978-0-471-54397-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye}} [https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfMathematics 1968 edition] at archive.org
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* {{cite book |last1=Davenport |first1=Harold |author-link=Harold Davenport |year=2000 |last2=Montgomery |first2=Hugh L. |author2-link=Hugh Montgomery (mathematician) |title=Multiplicative Number Theory |edition=revised 3rd |series=Graduate Texts in Mathematics |volume=74 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |isbn=978-0-387-95097-6}}
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* {{cite journal |last=Friberg |first=Jöran |date=August 1981 |title=Methods and Traditions of Babylonian Mathematics: Plimpton 322, Pythagorean Triples and the Babylonian Triangle Parameter Equations |journal=Historia Mathematica |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=277–318 |doi=10.1016/0315-0860(81)90069-0 |doi-access=free}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Gauss |ref={{harvid|Gauss, Disqu. Arith.||}} |first1=Carl Friedrich |translator-last=Waterhouse |translator-first=William C. |year=1966 |author-link=Carl Friedrich Gauss |title=Disquisitiones Arithmeticae |orig-year=1801 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-96254-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LcK_CwzMpQC}}
* {{cite web |last=Goldfeld |first=Dorian M. |author-link=Dorian M. Goldfeld |year=2003 |title=Elementary Proof of the Prime Number Theorem: a Historical Perspective |url=http://www.math.columbia.edu/~goldfeld/ErdosSelbergDispute.pdf |access-date=2016-02-28 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234413/http://www.math.columbia.edu/~goldfeld/ErdosSelbergDispute.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Goldstein |first1=Catherine |author-link=Catherine Goldstein |last2=Schappacher |first2=Norbert |year=2007 |editor1-last=Goldstein |editor1-first=C. |editor2-last=Schappacher |editor2-first=N. |editor3-last=Schwermer |editor3-first=Joachim |chapter=A book in search of a discipline |title=The Shaping of Arithmetic after C.F. Gauss's "Disquisitiones Arithmeticae" |location=Berlin & Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-20441-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUFTcOsMTysC |pages=3–66 |access-date=2016-02-28}}
* {{cite book |last=Granville |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Granville |year=2008 |editor1-last=Gowers |editor1-first=Timothy |editor1-link=Timothy Gowers |editor2-last=Barrow-Green |editor2-first=June |editor3-last=Leader |editor3-first=Imre |editor3-link=Imre Leader |chapter=Analytic number theory |title=The Princeton Companion to Mathematics |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-11880-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOfUsvemJDMC&pg=PA332 |access-date=2016-02-28 |title-link=The Princeton Companion to Mathematics}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Guthrie|1920}} |translator-last=Guthrie |translator-first=K. S. |translator-link=Kenneth Sylvan Guthrie |year=1920 |last1=Porphyry |author1-link=Porphyry (philosopher) |title=Life of Pythagoras |location=Alpine, New Jersey |publisher=Platonist Press |url=http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/porphyry_life_of_pythagoras_02_text.htm |access-date=2012-04-10 |archive-date=2020-02-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229061904/http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/porphyry_life_of_pythagoras_02_text.htm |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Guthrie |first=Kenneth Sylvan |year=1987 |author-link=Kenneth Sylvan Guthrie |title=The Pythagorean Sourcebook and Library |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |publisher=Phanes Press |isbn=978-0-933999-51-0}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hardy |first1=Godfrey Harold |author1-link=G. H. Hardy |last2=Wright |first2=E. M. |title=An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers |orig-year=1938 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |edition=6th |isbn=978-0-19-921986-5 |mr=2445243 |year=2008 |title-link=An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers}}
* {{cite book |last=Heath |first=Thomas L. |year=1921 |author-link=Thomas Little Heath |title=A History of Greek Mathematics, Volume 1: From Thales to Euclid |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekma01heat |access-date=2016-02-28}}

* {{cite book |last=Hopkins |first=J. F. P. |editor1-last=Young |editor1-first=M. J. L. |editor2-last=Latham |editor2-first=J. D. |editor3-last=Serjeant |editor3-first=R. B. |year=1990 |chapter=Geographical and Navigational Literature |title=Religion, Learning and Science in the 'Abbasid Period |series=The Cambridge history of Arabic literature |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-32763-3}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Huffman |first=Carl A. |editor1-last=Zalta |editor1-first=Edward N. |date=8 August 2011 |title=Pythagoras |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy |edition=Fall 2011 |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/pythagoras/ |access-date=7 February 2012 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202071830/http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/pythagoras/ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Iwaniec |first1=Henryk |author-link=Henryk Iwaniec |last2=Kowalski |first2=Emmanuel |year=2004 |title=Analytic Number Theory |series=American Mathematical Society Colloquium Publications |volume=53 |location=Providence, RI |publisher=American Mathematical Society |isbn=978-0-8218-3633-0}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Jowett|1871}} |translator-last=Jowett |translator-first=Benjamin |translator-link=Benjamin Jowett |year=1871 |last1=Plato |author1-link=Plato |title=Theaetetus |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/theatu.html |access-date=2012-04-10 |archive-date=2011-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709194524/http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/theatu.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lam |first1=Lay Yong |last2=Ang |first2=Tian Se |year=2004 |author-link=Lam Lay Yong |title=Fleeting Footsteps: Tracing the Conception of Arithmetic and Algebra in Ancient China |edition=revised |location=Singapore |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-238-696-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fGYmpWE5UZgC |access-date=2016-02-28}}
* {{ cite book |last=Long |first=Calvin T. |year=1972 |title=Elementary Introduction to Number Theory |edition=2nd |publisher=[[D.C. Heath and Company]] |location=Lexington, VA |lccn=77171950}}
* {{cite book |last=Mahoney |first=M. S. |year=1994 |title=The Mathematical Career of Pierre de Fermat, 1601–1665 |edition=Reprint, 2nd |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-03666-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=My19IcewAnoC |access-date=2016-02-28}}
* {{cite web

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|first=J. S.
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|title=Algebraic Number Theory
|url=https://www.jmilne.org/math/CourseNotes/ant.html
|access-date=7 April 2020}}
* {{cite book |last1=Montgomery |first1=Hugh L. |author-link=Hugh Montgomery (mathematician) |year=2007 |last2=Vaughan |first2=Robert C. |author2-link=Bob Vaughan |title=Multiplicative Number Theory: I, Classical Theory |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-84903-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGb1NADRWgcC |access-date=2016-02-28}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Morrow|1992}} |translator-last=Morrow |translator-first=Glenn Raymond |author=Euclid |year=1992 |last2=Proclus |author2-link=Proclus |title=A Commentary on Book 1 of Euclid's Elements |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-02090-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZEHj2fEmqAC&pg=PA52}}
* {{cite journal |last=Mumford |first=David |author-link=David Mumford |title=Mathematics in India: reviewed by David Mumford |journal=Notices of the American Mathematical Society |date=March 2010 |volume=57 |issue=3 |page=387 |issn=1088-9477 |url=https://www.ams.org/notices/201003/rtx100300385p.pdf |access-date=2021-04-28 |archive-date=2021-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506220302/https://www.ams.org/notices/201003/rtx100300385p.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Neugebauer |first=Otto E. |year=1969 |author-link=Otto E. Neugebauer |title=The Exact Sciences in Antiquity |volume=9 |location=New York |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=978-0-486-22332-2}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Neugebauer|Sachs|1945}} |last1=Neugebauer |first1=Otto E. |last2=Sachs |first2=Abraham Joseph |last3=Götze |first3=Albrecht |year=1945 |author-link=Otto E. Neugebauer |author2-link=Abraham Sachs |title=Mathematical Cuneiform Texts |series=American Oriental Series |volume=29 |publisher=[[American Oriental Society]] etc.}}
* {{cite web |last=O'Grady |first=Patricia |author-link=Patricia O'Grady |date=September 2004 |title=Thales of Miletus |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/thales/ |publisher=The Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy |access-date=7 February 2012 |archive-date=6 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106182825/http://www.iep.utm.edu/thales/ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Pingree|1968}} |last1=Pingree |first1=David |last2=Ya'qub |first2=ibn Tariq |author1-link=David Pingree |author2-link=Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq |year=1968 |title=The Fragments of the Works of Ya'qub ibn Tariq |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=26}}
* {{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Pingree|1970}} |last1=Pingree |first1=D. |author1-link=David Pingree |last2=al-Fazari |year=1970 |author2-link=al-Fazari |title=The Fragments of the Works of al-Fazari |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=28}}
* {{cite book |last=Plofker |first=Kim |author-link=Kim Plofker |year=2008 |title=Mathematics in India |title-link=Mathematics in India (book) |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12067-6}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Qian |editor1-first=Baocong |year=1963 |language=zh |title=Suanjing shi shu (Ten Mathematical Classics) |location=Beijing |publisher=Zhonghua shuju |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/53797787/Jigu-Suanjing%E3%80%80%E7%B7%9D%E5%8F%A4%E7%AE%97%E7%B6%93-Qian-Baocong-%E9%8C%A2%E5%AF%B6%E7%90%AE |access-date=2016-02-28 |archive-date=2013-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102154812/http://www.scribd.com/doc/53797787/Jigu-Suanjing%E3%80%80%E7%B7%9D%E5%8F%A4%E7%AE%97%E7%B6%93-Qian-Baocong-%E9%8C%A2%E5%AF%B6%E7%90%AE |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rashed |first=Roshdi |year=1980 |title=Ibn al-Haytham et le théorème de Wilson |journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=305–321 |doi=10.1007/BF00717654 |s2cid=120885025}}
* {{cite journal |last=Robson |first=Eleanor |author-link=Eleanor Robson |year=2001 |title=Neither Sherlock Holmes nor Babylon: a Reassessment of Plimpton 322 |volume=28 |journal=Historia Mathematica |issue=3 |pages=167–206 |doi=10.1006/hmat.2001.2317 |url=http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/people/robson/neither-sherlock.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021070742/http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/people/robson/neither-sherlock.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-21}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sachau |first1=Eduard |author-link=Eduard Sachau |last2=Bīrūni |first2=̄Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad |author2-link=Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī |year=1888 |title=Alberuni's India: An Account of the Religion, Philosophy, Literature, Geography, Chronology, Astronomy and Astrology of India, Vol. 1 |location=London |publisher=Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. |url=http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Sachau%2C%20Eduard%2C%201845-1930 |access-date=2016-02-28 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235035/http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Sachau,%20Eduard,%201845-1930 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Serre |first=Jean-Pierre |year=1996 |orig-year=1973 |author-link=Jean-Pierre Serre |title=A Course in Arithmetic |series=Graduate Texts in Mathematics |volume=7 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |isbn=978-0-387-90040-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/courseinarithmet00serr}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=D. E. |year=1958 |title=History of Mathematics, Vol I |location=New York |publisher=Dover}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Tannery|Henry|1891}} |last1=Tannery |first1=Paul |author1-link=Paul Tannery |editor1=Charles Henry |editor1-link=Charles Henry (librarian) |year=1891 |last2=Fermat |first2=Pierre de |author2-link=Pierre de Fermat |language=fr, la |title=Oeuvres de Fermat |series=(4 Vols.) |location=Paris |publisher=Imprimerie Gauthier-Villars et Fils |url=https://archive.org/details/oeuvresdefermat01ferm}} [https://archive.org/details/oeuvresdefermat01ferm Volume 1] [https://archive.org/details/oeuvresdefermat02ferm Volume 2] [https://archive.org/details/oeuvresdefermat03ferm Volume 3] [https://archive.org/details/oeuvresdefermat04ferm Volume 4 (1912)]
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Taylor|1818}} |translator-last=Taylor |translator-first=Thomas |translator-link=Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist) |year=1818 |author1=Iamblichus |author1-link=Iamblichus |title=Life of Pythagoras or, Pythagoric Life |location=London |publisher=J. M. Watkins}} For other editions, see [[Iamblichus#List of editions and translations]]
* {{cite book |last=Truesdell |first=C. A. |author-link=Clifford Truesdell |year=1984 |translator-last=Hewlett |translator-first=John |chapter=Leonard Euler, Supreme Geometer |title=Leonard Euler, Elements of Algebra |edition=reprint of 1840 5th |location=New York |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=978-0-387-96014-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkOhy6v7kIsC}} This Google books preview of ''Elements of algebra'' lacks Truesdell's intro, which is reprinted (slightly abridged) in the following book:
* {{cite book |last=Truesdell |first=C. A. |author-link=Clifford Truesdell |year=2007 |editor1-last=Dunham |editor1-first=William |chapter=Leonard Euler, Supreme Geometer |title=The Genius of Euler: reflections on his life and work |series=Volume 2 of MAA tercentenary Euler celebration |location=New York |publisher=[[Mathematical Association of America]] |isbn=978-0-88385-558-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4-zUnrSxNoC |access-date=2016-02-28}}
* {{cite book |last=Varadarajan |first=V. S. |year=2006 |title=Euler Through Time: A New Look at Old Themes |publisher=[[American Mathematical Society]] |isbn=978-0-8218-3580-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CYyKTREGYd0C |access-date=2016-02-28}}
* {{cite journal |last=Vardi |first=Ilan |title=Archimedes' Cattle Problem |date=April 1998 |journal=American Mathematical Monthly |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=305–319 |doi=10.2307/2589706 |url=https://www.cs.drexel.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Cattle/cattle_vardi.pdf |jstor=2589706 |citeseerx=10.1.1.383.545 |access-date=2012-04-08 |archive-date=2012-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715031904/https://www.cs.drexel.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Cattle/cattle_vardi.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=van der Waerden |first1=Bartel L. |translator-last=Dresden |translator-first=Arnold |year=1961 |author-link=Bartel Leendert van der Waerden |title=Science Awakening |volume=1 or 2 |location=New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}

* {{cite book |last=Weil |first=André |year=1984 |author-link=André Weil |title=Number Theory: an Approach Through History – from Hammurapi to Legendre |location=Boston |publisher=Birkhäuser |isbn=978-0-8176-3141-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XSV0hDFj3loC |access-date=2016-02-28}}
{{refend}}
* {{Citizendium}}

== Further reading ==
Two of the most popular introductions to the subject are:
* {{Cite book |first1=G. H. |last1=Hardy |author1-link=G. H. Hardy |first2=E. M. |last2=Wright |title=An introduction to the theory of numbers |year=2008 |orig-year=1938 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rey9wfSaJ9EC |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |edition=rev. by D. R. Heath-Brown and J. H. Silverman, 6th |isbn=978-0-19-921986-5 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Vinogradov |first=I. M. |author1-link=Ivan Matveyevich Vinogradov |title=Elements of Number Theory |location=Mineola, NY |publisher=Dover Publications |year=2003 |orig-year=1954 |edition=reprint of the 1954}}

Hardy and Wright's book is a comprehensive classic, though its clarity sometimes suffers due to the authors' insistence on elementary methods ([[#CITEREFApostol1981|Apostol 1981]]).
Vinogradov's main attraction consists in its set of problems, which quickly lead to Vinogradov's own research interests; the text itself is very basic and close to minimal. Other popular first introductions are:
* {{Cite book |author1=Ivan M. Niven |author1-link=Ivan M. Niven |author2=Herbert S. Zuckerman |author3=Hugh L. Montgomery |author3-link=Hugh L. Montgomery |title=An introduction to the theory of numbers |year=2008 |orig-year=1960 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V52HIcKguJ4C |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |edition=reprint of the 5th 1991 |isbn=978-81-265-1811-1 |access-date=2016-02-28}}
* {{Cite book |first=Kenneth H. |last=Rosen |title=Elementary Number Theory |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqycRAAACAAJ |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |edition=6th |isbn=978-0-321-71775-7 |access-date=2016-02-28}}

Popular choices for a second textbook include:
* {{cite book |last1=Borevich |first1=A. I. |last2=Shafarevich |first2=Igor R. |author-link1=Borevich |author-link2=Igor Shafarevich |title=Number theory |volume=20 |year=1966 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njgVUjjO-EAC |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |location=Boston, MA |series=Pure and Applied Mathematics |isbn=978-0-12-117850-5 |mr=0195803}}
* {{cite book |last=Serre |first=Jean-Pierre |year=1996 |orig-year=1973 |author-link=Jean-Pierre Serre |title=A course in arithmetic |series=[[Graduate Texts in Mathematics]] |volume=7 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-90040-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/courseinarithmet00serr |ref=none}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Number_theory Number Theory] entry in the [[Encyclopedia of Mathematics]]
* [http://www.numbertheory.org/ Number Theory Web]
{{Number theory}}
{{Number theory tables}}
{{Areas of mathematics}}
{{Computer science}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Number theory| ]]

Kasthooriman (TV series)

2026-03-23T02:53:49Z

Suresh330: creating new details initial version.

{{Short description |Indian soap-opera television series}}
{{About|the 2017 Malayalam soap opera|the 2003 Malayalam film|Kasthooriman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kasthooriman TV series.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| creator =
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Sense and Sensibility]]''|[[Jane Austen]]}} and ''[[The Parent Trap (film series)|The Parent Trap]]''
| developer = Ayman Creative Team
| writer = N. Vinu Narayanan (episodes 1-400)
*Ayman Creative Team (episodes 400-880)
*Krishna Poojappura (episodes 880-905)
| director = [[Sunil Kariattukara]] (episodes 1–105)
* Krishna Moorthy (episodes 105–190)
* Sachin K. Ibaque (episodes 190–905)
| creative_director = M C Ratheesh
| presenter = Shan A
| starring = {{unbulleted list
|[[Sreeram Ramachandran]]
|[[Rebecca Santhosh]]
}}
| judges =
| opentheme = "Mangalyam Thanthunane"
| endtheme = "Jeevaanantham maangalyam"
| composer = Saanandh George
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_episodes = 905 (2 Seasons)
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Shan A
| editor = {{unbulleted list
|Ajay Prasannan
|Gigo George
}}
| location = [[Trivandrum]]
| cinematography = {{unbulleted list
|Manoj Kalagrammam
|Anuragh Guna
}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22minutes
| company = Airmen Creations
| network = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|12|11}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2021|03|27}}
| related = {{Plainlist|
* ''Chandanamazha''
* ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
}}
| image_alt =
| num_seasons =
| story =
| theme_music_composer = Vishwajith
}}

'''''Kasthooriman ''''' (''Musk Deer'') is an Indian [[Malayalam]] television series directed by Sachin K. Ibaque. The show premiered on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] on 11 December 2017. It stars [[Sreeram Ramachandran]] and [[Rebecca Santhosh]] along with senior actors [[Praveena]], [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]], [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]], and [[Beena Antony]].<ref name="televisionpost">{{cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/asianet-to-air-kasthooriman-from-11-dec/|website=televisionpost.com|title=Asianet to air 'Kasthooriman' from 11 Dec|access-date=2017-12-18|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222050901/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/asianet-to-air-kasthooriman-from-11-dec/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It aired on Asianet and on-demand through [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. The show aired its last episode on 27 March 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kasthooriman-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/81509625.cms|title=Kasthooriman to go off-air soon|work=The Times of India|date=15 March 2021}}</ref>

Set in [[Trivandrum]] and the family's ''kalakshetra'' (traditional artists' studio), the story revolves around the family life of widow Sethulakshmi and her three unwed daughters, and their determination to have a happy family life despite the lack of a male head of household.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kasthooriman-a-new-serial-on-asianet/articleshow/62070122.cms|title=Kasthooriman, a new serial on Asianet|work=The Times of India|date=14 December 2017 }}</ref>

The first season of the show was based on the English novel ''[[Sense and Sensibility]]'' by [[Jane Austen]]. The show deviated from the novel because of audience request, and started airing the second season with the story line of the movie ''[[The Parent Trap (1998 film)|The Parent Trap]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Malayalam/tv-serials/kasthooriman|title=Malayalam Tv Serials Kasthooriman|website=nettv4u|language=en|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref> The show is also dubbed into Hindi as ''Adhoore Hum Adhoore Tum'' on [[StarPlus]].<ref>https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/adhoore-hum/1271269324{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Seasons==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Season
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Episodes
|-
|1
|11 December 2017 – 3 July 2020
|684
|-
|2
|13 July 2020 – 27 March 2021
|219
|-
|}

== Plot ==
===Season-1===

Kavya's latest attempt at marriage fails when her fiancé's family demands her to transfer her family's ancestral property to her future husband's name, which would leave her widow mother and unwed younger sisters homeless. Kavya later falls in love with her friend and tenant Sreejith, only learning after they are engaged that he loves her sister Keerthi.

Keerthi begins working for Siddharth, and after a time they confess their love for each other. However, his best friend Jeeva expects Siddharth to marry Shivani, Jeeva's sister. Shivani presumes that it is Kavya that Siddharth loves, and so in a misguided attempt to come between them, Jeeva marries Kavya. Kavya later learns of this and accepts her presumed role to protect Keerthi. Marriage plans are finalized for Siddharth and Shivani, but he abandons her to secretly date Keerthi.

Jeeva and Kavya become closer. Jeeva's ex-girlfriend Neethu tries to get Jeeva back by claiming that he is the father of her unborn child, faking a [[DNA paternity testing|DNA test]]. She, Shivani, and Dhyan (the biological father of Neethu's child) then attempt to kill Jeeva. This fails, and Vijaylakshmi, Jeeva's grandmother gives ownership of Ishwaramatam Group to Kavya. Later, Jeeva and Vijaylakshmi work together to expose Neethu and Dhyan, who are thrown out of Ishwaramatam.

Shivani and her mother, Indira Bhai plot to have Neethu suffer a miscarriage, and they blame it on Kavya. Neethu presses charges against Kavya, but Jeeva sets himself up as the culprit to save Kavya, jeopardizing his film career. Kavya and Sreejith save Jeeva and Indira is arrested.

Shivani steals money which was meant for Jeeva's new film project, and uses it to release Indira from prison. Conflict results as blame shifts over the lost funds. Keerthi resigns from the company along with Siddhu, whom she pressures into marriage. With Indira's help, Shivani plots against her brother Shiva, having him kidnapped but saying that Kavya and Jeeva won't pay the ransom to turn Shiva against them.

Indira blocks the sale of a property needed to finance Jeeva's new film project, leading to her expulsion and a lawsuit. Kavya is pressured to appear in the film. Shivani destroys evidence and frames Siddhu, causing a rift between Kavya and Keerthi. Pregnant Kavya is hospitalized when Shivani poisons her food. The machinations eventually become too much for Shiva, who admits to his misdeeds with his mother in order to protect Sreejith's sister, Sreekutty's baby.

Jeeva suffers [[amnesia]] following an auto collision, with the family warned not to force his memories. He misbehaves and quarrels with Kavya, who is explained to be his nurse, but when she leaves he has her brought back as his secretary. Although Shivani schemes against Kavya, Jeeva realizes his feelings and arranges to propose to Kavya. Kavya learns of this and gently tries to explain their life together but Jeeva develops a severe headache and cannot understand.

Jeeva is arrested for abducting Abhirami, said to be his wife, who is found in a mental asylum. She and the police convince Jeeva to take responsibility and bring her home, and he tries to make amends though others in the family say she is a fake. Abhirami schemes to have Kavya expelled from the house. Jeeva reads Kavya's diary and realizes that she is his wife and carrying his child; uncertain of who his enemies are, he feigns ignorance of this but is more caring toward Kavya. After Abhirami's claims become more outrageous, Jeeva confides to Kavya that he remembers her, and asks her help catch those responsible for his automobile collision.

Later another girl, Sahira, is appointed to take care of Kavya's health. Kavya, however, miscarries the baby and requests Sahira to be a surrogate mother of Kavya and Jeeva's child. In return, Kavya takes care of the expenses of Sahira's sister's treatment. Sahira accepts the proposal. However things took a turn when another man, Shankar, claims that Kavya is his wife and shows photographs to Sahira. He raises the claim in court. However Kavya proves him wrong in Court. Things go downhill when Sahira miscarries the child. Later Kavya finds that she is again pregnant with Jeeva's child.

A marriage proposal comes Shivani's way. The guy, Jayesh, is a doctor. Indira wants Shivani to marry Jayesh thinking about the status they could get once Shivani is married to a doctor. The astrologer, however, tells Vijaylakshmi and others, that if this marriage is solemnised, it could create problems in the groom's family. Later Kavya and Jeeva plans to trick Indira. They make Shivani and Indira observe several poojas. The marriage finally took place and the situation quickly deteriorates.

Neethu and Dhyan tries to ruin the marriage by telling Jayesh about the relationship Shivani once had with Sidharth. Shivani seeks help from Kavya and Kavya discloses the truth to Jayesh. He, however, states that he is not bothered by such stories and fires Dhyan.

Listening to her mother's advice, Shivani creates havoc in Jayesh's house. Jayesh slaps Shivani when she questions about the purity of his mother, Vanaja, who is a retired school teacher. Indira challenges him claiming that she will make him pay for slapping her daughter, Shivani. A case is filed and Kavya appears for Jayesh and his mother and pleads not guilty. They win the case and Shivani and her mother feel disappointed. Later Shivani finds that she is pregnant with Jayesh's baby. Indira, however, forces her to abort the baby. Dr. Annie Thomas who is an old friend of Dr. Jayesh, informs him about Shivani's pregnancy. He requests her to somehow convince Shivani and Indira not to abort the baby. In an attempt to cause abortion, Indira mixes poison in the pudding made by Vijaylakshmi. Shivani is suspicious and seeks help from Jeeva and Kavya. Also Shivani finds Jayesh with a new girl. She is disturbed and follows Jayesh. Kavya and Jeeva later decide to take Shivani back to Ishwaramatam with them. It turns out that the girl Shivani saw with Jayesh was his cousin, Devika. Jeeva and Kavya, however, on Jayesh's direction, conceals it from Shivani. Shivani is disturbed and wants Jayesh back. Months later, Jeeva is shown waiting before the Labour room and appears very tensed and Vijaylakshmi consoles him. Dr. Gayathri arrives and tells Jeeva that Kavya has delivered twin girls who are named Riya and Diya.

===Season-2 (Years later)===

Kavya and Jeeva are now separated. Kavya has the custody of Diya and Jeeva has the custody of Riya. Kavya and Diya are living with Sreejith who has a son named Appu. (Sreejith is like a guardian for Kavya, they are not married).Achamma who is saddened with Kavya's separation from Ishwaramatam compels Jeeva to remarry. Diya wishes to go to Jeeva's house for an interview for a project from school not knowing that he is her father as Kavya hadn't said to her about Diya's father or his family. Now enters at Ishwaramatam, Urmila in the name of writing a biography of Jeeva. Actually she is sent by G.K who wants Appu. Then Adv. Kavya comes to Kochi to present a divorce case of a minister son named Juan.She stayed at the same resort where Kavya and Jeeva spent there honeymoon. Those memories of Jeeva threats Kavya. On the other hand, Jeeva too comes to the same resort for the shooting of his new film. After some delima Kavya realised that Jeeva is staying in the same resort next to her room. During this time Juan falls in love with Kavya and he proposes an upset minded Kavya. (Kavya during this time was upset minded thinking about Jeeva and is not hearing what Juan says.) During this time, Jeeva realised that Kavya too is there in that resort from the resort manager. After freezing the shooting he returned to the resort but with a fraction of a second Kavya leaves the resort, after learning that Diya is not well. Jeeva finds Kavya's presence from the CCTV footage. Later, he went back after taking a short shoot break. Kavya too returns home. Later Juan surprises Kavya by paying a surprise visit to her. But Sreejith didn't digest with this, he insulted Juan. Kavya and Sreejith made heated argument about Juan's behavior. Later Juan's sister, Jennifer stuns Kavya by making a surprise visit to her. She also gifted Kavya a golden ring. On the otherside Riya overhears Jeeva's conversation with Achamma (Vijayalekshmi) about what had happened at the resort. Riya discovers that she had a younger sister and her mother's name is "Kavya". Later Riya tries to call all the people named Kavya in Facebook. After many attempts she called a fraud lady with a fake Account in name of "Kavya". She pretend Riya that she is her mother. Later Riya went to meet the lady. She misleads Riya about her sister. She manages to get money by fooling the little girl. Later the fraud lady along with her two friends set trap for Riya. Their plan was to kidnap Riya for getting money. They took Riya with them pretending her to meet her younger sister. On their way, Urmila saw Riya travelling with the frauds in the car, and informs Jeeva about the same. Jeeva rescues Riya.

Jeeva and Kavya coincidentally send their daughters to the same summer camp, where they meet and take an immediate dislike to one another. They play pranks on each other and after one prank goes too far, the two girls are isolated together as punishment until camp is over. One night they discover they are twin sisters and hatch a plan: To switch places in order to meet the parents they have never met and to eventually reunite them. Riya visits Kavya's house as Diya and Diya visits Ishwaramatam as Riya. The duo face difficulties to hide their identities from their parents. Later Kavya and Jeeva faces Bhaskarji's threat but comes out of it. Appu finds about Riya and teams up with her. After a lot of hurdles Riya and Diya decides to reunite their parents by meeting in the same resort but fails. Later, Kavya and Jeeva gets suspicious of Riya and Diya's changed behaviour and keeps an eye on them. Vijayalakshmi is hospitalized which makes the family worried. Kavya learns about Vijayalakshmi's condition and decides to meet her with the help of her friend. Kavya meets Vijayalakshmi without Jeeva's knowledge and Jeeva gets suspicious of it. Appu gets emotional after overhearing Kavya and Sreejith's conversation. Riya tries to console an upset Appu. In a twist Jeeva comes to learn about Riya and Diya. It is later revealed that Kavya's sister Kalyani is Appu's mother. Although Kavya goes to meet Kalyani, the latter doesn't remember her. Vijayalakshmi meets Kavya and Kavya reveals that Kalyani was raped by GK's son Abhijith. GK had accidentally killed Abhijith by mistake, and put the blame on Kavya. Jeeva realises the truth and reunites with Kavya. The story ends with the family celebrating Diya's and Riya's birthday while the doctor announces that Kavya is pregnant with twins again.

==Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Sreeram Ramachandran]] as Jeeva/Kannan: A film star, Shiva and Shivani's brother, Vijayalakshmi's grandson, Kavya's husband, Riya and Diya's father
* [[Rebecca Santhosh]] as [[Advocate]] Kavya, the eldest daughter of Sethulakshmi, Keerthy and Kalyani's sister, Jeeva's wife, Riya and Diya's mother
* Pooja Nithya Menon in a dual role as:
** Riya, Kavya's and Jeeva's elder twin,
** Diya, Kavya's and Jeeva's younger twin
* [[Praveena]] as Sethulakshmi, A self-made artist who was gifted a kalakshetra by the [[Travancore royal family|king of Travancore]]. She is a widow with three daughters: Kavya, Keerthy and Kalyani, mother-in-law of Jeeva and Sidharth
* Nikitha Murali as meenakshy

=== Recurring===
* Akash Mahesh as Appu: Kalyani's son, Riya and Diya's cousin and adopted brother
* [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] as Vijayalakshmi: Jeeva, Shiva and Shivani's grandmother
* Siddharth Venugopal → Pramod Mani as Sidharth/Sidhu: Keerthy's husband, CEO of Ishwaramatam Group and Jeeva's best friend
* Della George as Keerthy: The second daughter of Sethulakshmi, wife of Sidharth, sister of Kavya and Kalyani
* Kiran Aravindakshan as Sreejith Bhaskar: An advocate and friend of Kavya, and tenant on the kalakshetra, who is Sreekutty's brother
* [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] as Kalamandalam Krishnankutty Ashan: Kavya, Keerthy and Kalyani's grandfather, and Sethulekshmi's father-in-law
* Ramiz Raja → [[Jeevan Gopal]] as Shiva: Jeeva's half brother, Shivani's brother, and Sreekuty's husband
* Binny George as Bincy : Shivani's Friend
* [[Pratheeksha G Pradeep]] as Shivani: half sister of Jeeva, sister of Shiva, wife of Jayesh
* [[Beena Antony]] as Indhira Bhai: Mother of Shiva and Shivani, step-mother of Jeeva
* [[Haritha G Nair]] as Sreekuty: Wife of Shiva, sister of Sreejith
* Bincy Joseph as Sreekutty's Friend
* Shreya Raj Nair → Angelina Lyson as Neethu: Jeeva's ex-girlfriend
* Hareendran as Jayesh: Husband of Shivani, brother-in-law of Jeeva and Shiva
* Sreekala V.K. as Vanaja teacher: Jayesh's mother, Shivani's mother-in-law
* Krishnapriya K Nair → Devika Unni as Kalyani/Kallumol: The third daughter of Sethulakshmi, Appu's mother, sister of Kavya and Keerthy and sister-in-law of Jeeva and Sidharth
* Resh Lakshana as Abirami "Abhi"
* Rohit as Jayakrishnan: Jeeva, Shiva and Shivani's father, Vijayalakshmi's son
* [[Sajan Surya]] as Shankar: Kavitha's husband
* Devendranath as Dr. George, Jeeva's doctor
* Sindhu Jacob as Sreejith's and Sreekutty's mother
* Maneesh Krishnan as Shyam: Kavya's ex-fiancée
* [[Ranjith Raj]] as Dhyan: Neethu's boyfriend
* Manu Mohan as Aravind
* Haridas as Akhil: Shyam's close friend
* Ambarish M S as Vinod: Sreejith's friend
* Sangeetha Rajendran as Radhika: Aunt of Kavya, Keerthy, Kalyani, wife of Sethumadhavan, sister-in-law of Sethulakshmi
* Albert as Sethumadhavan: Brother of Sethulakshmi
* [[Anju Aravind]] as Sulochana: Shyam's mother
* Kottayam Rashid as David
* Parvathy Raveendran as Dr. Gayathri
* [[Rini Raj]] as Urmila, a spy sent by GK and also Kavya's gynaecologist
* Chilanka as Sahira: Kavya's caretaker, Kavya and Jeeva's surrogate
* Santhosh Kurup as Sahira's father
* Arya Sreeram as Devika
* Prajusha as Advocate
* Kavitha Lakshmi as Anitha
* Aparna Ramesh as Remya: Step-sister of Jeeva from his father's third marriage
* Sumi Santhosh as: Jeeva's father's third wife
* Lakshmi Sanal as Raji
* Alice Christy as Actress
* [[Sethu Lakshmi]] as Thankam
* Badri as Devan: Kalyani's husband
* Nandan Senanipuram : as resort staff and art associate at crew

=== Cameos ===
* [[Isha Talwar]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/isha-talwar-to-do-a-cameo-in-the-malayalam-tv-serial-kasthooriman/articleshow/63541881.cms|date=30 March 2018|newspaper=The Times of India|title=Isha Talwar to do a cameo in the Malayalam TV serial 'Kasthooriman'|first=Deepa|last=Soman|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref> as Herself [''Episode 91, 92, 95 and 96'']
* [[Aju Varghese]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/aju-varghese-attends-jeevas-wedding-in-kasthooriman/articleshow/63582453.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|title=Aju Varghese attends Jeeva's wedding in Kasthooriman|date=2 April 2018 }}</ref> as himself [''Episode 95 and 96'']
* [[Ratheesh]] as Jeeva's father (photo presence)
* [[Soundarya]] as Jeeva's mother (photo presence)
* [[Rebecca Santhosh]] (dual role)
**As Kavitha: Shankar's wife (photo presence)
* [[Pauly Valsan]] as Nalini

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable" width=100%
|-
! width=5% | Year
! width=20%| Award
! width=20%| Category
! width=20%| Recipient
! width=10%| Result
|-
| rowspan="13" |2018
| rowspan="11" |{{center|[[Asianet Communications|Asianet Television Awards]]}}
| Best Actress
| ''[[Rebecca Santhosh]]''
| rowspan=2 {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|Best Debut Female
| ''Della & Krishnapriya''
|-
| ''Haritha Nair''
| rowspan=2 {{won}}
|-
|rowspan=4| Best Debut Male
| ''Kiran Aravindakshan''
|-
| ''[[Sreeram Ramachandran]]''
|rowspan=3 {{nom}}
|-
| ''Sidharth Venugopal''
|-
| ''Ramiz Raja''
|-
| Best Serial
| ''Kasthooriman''
| rowspan=6 {{won}}
|-
| Best Character Actress
| ''[[Praveena]]''
|-
| Lifetime Achievement Award
| ''[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]]''
|-
| Youth Icon
| ''[[Sreeram Ramachandran]]''
|-
| Nimali Chinmayam Awards||New face||rowspan=2|''[[Rebecca Santhosh]]''
|-
| Jaycee Foundation Awards||Best Actress
|-
| rowspan="16" |2019
| rowspan="14" |{{center|[[Asianet Communications|Asianet Television Awards]]}}
| Best Actor||rowspan=2| [[Sreeram Ramachandran]]||{{won}}
|-
| Most Popular actor||{{nom}}
|-
| Best Serial||rowspan=2|Kasthooriman||{{nom}}
|-
| Most Popular serial||{{nom}}
|-
| Best director||Sachin||{{nom}}
|-
| Most Popular Actress||rowspan=2|[[Rebecca Santhosh]]||{{Won}}
|-
| Best Actress||{{nom}}
|-
| Best Character actress||[[Sreelatha Namboothiri]]||{{Nom}}
|-
| Best Videographer||Anurag Guna||{{Won}}
|-
| Best actress in a negative role||[[Beena Antony]]||{{Nom}}
|-
| Best Dubbing Artist Female || [[Devi S.]]||{{won}}
|-
| Best Dubbing Artist male||Shankar Lal||{{nom}}
|-
| Best Editor || Ajay Prasannan||{{Won}}
|-
| Best Star Pair||Sreeram & Rebecca||{{nom}}
|}

==Reception==
The show was launched on 11 December 2017 at 8.30 PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-14 |title=Kasthooriman, a new serial on Asianet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kasthooriman-a-new-serial-on-asianet/articleshow/62070122.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Later the show was moved to 9.00 PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]. In December 2019, The channel decided to move the show to afternoon slot of 2.30 PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] for the launch of ''[[Mounaragam (Malayalam TV series)|Mounaragam]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-21 |title=Asianet Serials Time Schedule From 24 June, Vanambadi At 8 PM |url=https://www.keralatv.in/asianet-serials-time-schedule/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> but due to high requests from audience the channel decided to maintain it in primetime and from 16 December 2019, it began airing at 9.30 PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=KS |first=Anish |date=2019-12-12 |title=Kasthooriman Serial Time Changed To Monday To Saturday At 9.30 P.m On Asianet |url=https://www.keralatv.in/kasthooriman-serial-time-change/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> After [[COVID-19]] related break for about 2 months, show began airing from 1 June 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/new-episodes-of-manjil-virinja-poovu-kudumbavilakku-and-other-tv-shows-to-air-soon/articleshow/75998002.cms|title=New episodes of Manjil Virinja Poovu, Kudumbavilakku and other TV shows to air soon|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> But after a month, the show took a one-week break again due to [[COVID-19]] and from 13 July 2020, second season of the show began airing at 6.30 PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] with slight new cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-09 |title=Malayali Life {{!}} The Largest Malayalam Online Lifestyle Portal |url=https://malayalilife.com/channel/s/kasthooriman-serial-takes-a-break-11628.html |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=malayalilife.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.keralatv.in/triple-lock-down-trivandrum-asianet-fpc/ | title=Triple Lock Down in Trivandrum - Asianet Making Changes in FPC | date=6 July 2020 }}</ref> But the second season received slight criticism for its change in storyline.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-gossips/social-media-discussing-about-kasthooriman-serial/articleshow/80432182.cms|title='കൂട്ടുകാരന്റെ കൂടെ ഒരു മകളെയും കൊണ്ട് കറങ്ങി നടന്നു ജീവിക്കുന്ന കാവ്യ; കൂടെ ഒരു ചെറിയ കുരുപ്പും; കസ്തൂരിമാൻ പരമ്പരക്കെതിരെ സോഷ്യൽ മീഡിയ!|work=Samayam|language=ml}}</ref> Despite this, the show performed well in evening slot and went off-air on 27 March 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sreeram-ramachandran-on-kasthooriman-going-off-air-i-dont-feel-like-the-show-is-over/articleshow/81776408.cms|title=Sreeram Ramachandran on 'Kasthooriman' going off-air: I don't feel like the show is over|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Notes
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Kasthooriman'' കസ്തൂരിമാൻ
| 11 December 2017
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| 27 March 2021
| Original
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Siri Siri Muvvalu'' ಸಿರಿ ಸಿರಿ ಮುವ್ವಲು
| 21 January 2019
| [[Star Maa]]
| 28 August 2020
| rowspan="4"| Remake
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Chhatriwali]]'' छत्रीवाली
| 18 June 2018
| [[Star Pravah]]
| 21 September 2019
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Bayasade Bali Bande'' ಬಯಸದೆ ಬಲಿ ಬಂದೆ
| 15 April 2019
| [[Star Suvarna]]
| 10 April 2020
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Ogo Nirupoma]]'' ওগো নিরুপমা
| 5 October 2020
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 1 August 2021
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.hotstar.com/tv/kasthooriman/15934 Official website on Hotstar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219210747/http://www.hotstar.com/tv/kasthooriman/15934 |date=19 December 2017 }}
* {{IMDb title|tt8661502}}

{{Asianet programs}}

[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Television series based on Sense and Sensibility]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Rudra Mahalaya Temple

2026-03-21T16:29:55Z

Suresh330: Done

{{Short description|Desecrated Hindu temple in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Rudra Mahalaya Temple
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Ruins of the Rudra Mala at Siddhpur, Gujarat, retouched.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = 
| image_caption = Ruins of main portal, ''Toran'', of Rudra Mahalaya, 1874
| pushpin_map_alt =

| pushpin_mapsize =
| coordinates = {{coord|23|55|09|N|72|22|45|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat
| map_caption = Location in Gujarat
| pushpin_label = Rudra Mahalaya
| pushpin_relief =
| former_names =
| alternate_names = Rudra Mala
| etymology =
| status = ruined
| cancelled =
| topped_out =
| type =
| architectural_style = [[Māru-Gurjara architecture]]
| classification =

| location = [[Siddhpur]], [[Patan district]], [[Gujarat]]
| address =
| town =
| location_country = India
| altitude =
| current_tenants =
| namesake =
| groundbreaking_date =
| construction_start_date = 943 CE
| construction_stop_date =
| est_completion =
| topped_out_date =
| completion_date =
| opened_date = 1140 CE
| inauguration_date =
| relocated_date =
| renovation_date =
| closing_date =
| destruction_date = 1296 CE and 1414 CE
| cost =
| height =
| architectural =

| roof =
| top_floor =
| observatory =
| diameter =
| circumference =
| weight =
| other_dimensions =
| structural_system =
| material = sandstone
| size =
| floor_count = 2
| floor_area =
| elevator_count =
| grounds_area =

| designations = [[Archeological Survey of India|ASI]] [[Monument of National Importance]] (N-GJ-164 for temple/163 for mosque)
| known_for =

| url = 
| embed =
| embedded =
{{Infobox Mandir
| name =
| image = 12th century Rudra Mahalaya temples complex, Siddhpur Gujarat.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Plan of Rudra Mahalaya temple

| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Rudra]]
| festivals =
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = [[Mularaja]], [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]] and other [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya kings]]
| website =
}}

| references =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Rudra Mahalaya Temple''', also known as '''Rudramal''', is a destroyed/desecrated [[Hindu]] temple complex at [[Siddhpur]] in the [[Patan district]] of [[Gujarat, India]]. Its construction was started in 943 CE by [[Mularaja]] and completed in 1140 CE by [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]], a ruler of the [[Chaulukya dynasty]]. The [[Hindu temple]] was destroyed by the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]], [[Alauddin Khalji]], and later the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultan of Gujarat]], [[Ahmed Shah I]] (1410–1444) desecrated and substantially demolished the temple, and also converted part of it into the congregational [[mosque]] (Jami Masjid) of the city. Two ''torans'' (porches) and four pillars of the former central structure still stand along with the western part of the complex used as a congregational mosque.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

==History==
[[File:Four great pillars and architrave of the ruined Rudra Mahalaya Temple, Siddhapur.jpg|thumb|Four pillars and architrave of the ruined Rudra Mahalaya Temple|left]]
Sidhpur, under the rulers of [[Chaulukya dynasty]], was a prominent town in the tenth century. An inscription from 986–987 CE mentions in passing that [[Mularaja]], the founder of the Chaulukya dynasty of Gujarat, had offered prayers to Rudra Mahalay. Colonial sources say that Muladev ordered the construction of a shrine there to atone for his earlier sins,<ref name="Burgess1874">{{cite book|last1=Burgess|last2=Murray|title=Photographs of Architecture and Scenery in Gujarat and Rajputana|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/photographsofarc00murr#page/n17/mode/2up|access-date=23 July 2016|year=1874|publisher=Bourne and Shepherd|page=19|chapter=The Rudra Mala at Siddhpur}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> but it is possible that a temple existed at the place even before his reign. Archaeological evidence suggests that an existing structure was removed and a new complex was built on top of the existing foundation in twelfth century.<ref name="Patel 2004" />

=== Consecration ===
It was during the 12th century, in 1140 CE, that [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]] (1094–1144) consecrated the temple complex in worship of Shiva.<ref name="Burgess1874" />{{efn|According to one legend, two Parmars from [[Malwa]], named Govinddas and Madhavdas, took up their haunt among the rush grass that covered the neighbourhood of the Rudra Mahalaya, and lived by plunder. There they found the foundations of a temple and Shiva linga, and said that in the night they had seen heavenly beings. This was told to Siddharaj and led to the erection or completion of the temple.<ref name="Burgess1874"/>}}{{efn|In ''Mirat-i-Ahmadi'', Ali Muhammad Khan writes, "The king on signifying his intention of building the temple, requested the astrologers, it is said, to appoint a fortunate hour; and they at this time predicted the destruction of the building." Then Siddha Raja caused images of "horse lords" and other great kings to be placed in the temple, and "near them a representation of himself in the attitude of supplication, with an inscription praying that, even if the land was laid waste, this temple might not be destroyed."<ref name="Burgess1874"/>}} This act continued the long-running patronage of the city by the Chalukyas.<ref name="Patel 2004" />

=== Dismantling ===
The temple was destroyed during the siege of the city by [[Ahmad Shah I]] (1410–44) of [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarid]] dynasty; parts of it were reused in setting up a new congregational mosque.<ref name="Patel 2004">{{cite journal | last=Patel | first=Alka | title=Architectural Histories Entwined: The Rudra-Mahalaya/Congregational Mosque of Siddhpur, Gujarat | journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians | volume=63 | issue=2 | year=2004 | pages=144–163 | doi=10.2307/4127950 | jstor=4127950 }}</ref> ''Mirat-i-Sikandiri'', the earliest extant chronicle in Persian documenting Shah's campaigns, attributes the destruction to religious zealotry{{Efn|The parts were quoted from ''Tarikh-e Ahmad Shahi'', a Persian historical poem by Hulvi Shiraz. Shiraz's text does not survive.}}

==Architecture==
The temple was built in [[Māru-Gurjara architecture]] style.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Elevation of Kirtistambh Rudramahalaya Sidhpur Gujarat India.jpg|Elevation of Kirti Torana
File:Architecture at the Rudra Mahalaya at Sidhpur, Gujarat.jpg|Carving of the lintel
File:Sculpture ruins at the 12th century Rudra Mala temple at Siddhpur Gujarat, 1886 sketch.jpg|Drawing of sculptures
File:Rudramahalaya - sidhdhpur, Gujarat 03.jpg|One of the surviving porches
File:રૂદ્રમહલ.jpg|Rudramahal
File:Rudramahalaya - sidhdhpur, Gujarat 08.jpg|Surviving western part
File:Rudramahalaya - sidhdhpur, Gujarat 02.jpg|Surviving ''torana''
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commons category}}
*[[List of Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|last1= Sastri|first1=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta|last2= Congress |first2=Indian History |title=A Comprehensive History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEwwAQAAIAAJ|year=1907|publisher=Orient Longmans|isbn=978-81-7304-561-5}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Māru-Gurjara architecture]]
[[Category:Siddhpur]]
[[Category:Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Mosques converted from Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Former Hindu temples in India]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures destroyed in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]

West Phaileng

2026-03-17T03:32:45Z

Suresh330: Creating a post...

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = West Phaileng
| settlement_type = Census town
| pushpin_map = India Mizoram#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mizoram, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.7440|N|92.3837|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mamit district|Mamit]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_m = 110
| population_total = 6,066
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Mizo language|Mizo]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 796431
| registration_plate = MZ-09
| website = {{URL|mizoram.nic.in}}
}}

'''West Phaileng''' is a census town in [[Mamit district]], in the Indian state of [[Mizoram]]. It is one of the largest settlements in the district and serves as a key administrative and economic center for the western region of Mizoram.<ref name="mamitgov">{{cite web|title=District Profile: Mamit|url=https://mamit.nic.in/about-district/|publisher=District Administration, Mamit|access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 Census of India, West Phaileng had a population of 6,066.<ref>{{cite web|title=West Phaileng (Mamit, Mizoram, India) - Population Statistics|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/mizoram/mamit/1540102000__west_phaileng/|access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref> The official language is [[Mizo language|Mizo]]. The majority of the population belongs to the Mizo ethnic group, and the town has a high literacy rate, consistent with the state average.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Deka |first1=Jatindra Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYHgEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22West+Phaileng%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA81 |title=Emerging Technology for Sustainable Development: Select Proceedings of EGTET 2022 |last2=Robi |first2=P. S. |last3=Sharma |first3=Bobby |date=2023-10-31 |page=-81 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-99-4362-3 |language=en| quote=... West Phaileng area using hydrogeochemical composition and formulating the dominant conceptual processes that is of recharge. 2. Study. Area. The study area West Phaileng is a block situated in Mamit district in Mizoram. The area is ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Daman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXuCEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22West+Phaileng%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA207 |title=The Last Frontier: People and forests in Mizoram |date=1996-01-18 |publisher=The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) |isbn=978-81-85419-17-6 |language=en|quote=... West Phaileng block, where the number of beneficiaries exceed the number of families enumerated in the 1991 census by an amazing 45 per cent. Commodity procurement by government has prompted the creation of generously staffed mega ...}}</ref>

== Education ==
West Phaileng has several government and private schools providing primary and secondary education, including West Phaileng Higher Secondary School. The town is a local educational center for the surrounding rural areas.<ref name="mamitgov"/>

== Healthcare ==
The town has a government-run Community Health Centre (CHC) and several private clinics serving residents and nearby villages.<ref name="mamitgov"/>

== Administration ==
West Phaileng is an important administrative center for the western part of Mamit district and hosts several government offices, including those related to rural development and forest management.<ref name="mamitgov"/>

== See also ==

* [[Dampa Tiger Reserve]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mamit district}}

[[Category:Mamit]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Mamit district]]

{{Mizoram-geo-stub}}

Mama Bagunnava

2026-03-03T18:23:50Z

Suresh330: started new pg v1...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mama Bagunnava
| image = Mama Bagunnava.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Thotapalli Madhu {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[Panju Arunachalam]]
| screenplay = Kodi Ramakrishna
| producer = Jayakrishna
| director = [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
| starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] [[Bhanupriya]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = B. N. Rao
| editing = Suresh Tata
| based_on = ''[[Vanaja Girija]]'' (1994)
| studio = Jayakrishna Movies<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0276314/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_47 |title=Mama Bagunnava (Overview) |work=IMDb}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1997|4|15}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/mama-bagunnavaa--telugu-movie/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820055452/http://spicyonion.com/title/mama-bagunnavaa--telugu-movie/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=20 August 2016 |title=Mama Bagunnava (Release Date) |work=Spicy Onion}}</ref>
| runtime = 135 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mama Bagunnava''''' ({{translation}} ''Father-in-law, Are You Fine'') is a 1997 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]], produced by Jayakrishna under the Jayakrishna Movies banner<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tollywoodtimes.com/en/movie/review/Mama-Bagunnava/fvnva9ri27 |title=Mama Bagunnava (Banner) |work=Tollywood Times.com |access-date=22 July 2016 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005072220/http://www.tollywoodtimes.com/en/movie/review/Mama-Bagunnava/fvnva9ri27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and directed by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Mama-Bagunnavaa?/12232 |title=Mama Bagunnava (Direction) |work=Know Your Films }}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It stars [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]], [[Bhanupriya]] and music composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/maamaa-baagunnaaraa-movie/18443 |title=Mama Bagunnava (Cast & Crew) |work=gomolo.com |access-date=6 June 2016 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005072300/http://www.gomolo.com/maamaa-baagunnaaraa-movie/18443 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film is remake of the 1994 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] movie ''[[Vanaja Girija]]'' which itself was a remake of 1974 Tamil movie ''[[Engamma Sapatham]]'' which had already been remade earlier in Telugu in 1975 as ''Ammayila Sapatham''. The film was recorded as a ''flop'' at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/1214?ed=Tolly |title=Mama Bagunnava (Review) |work=The Cine Bay |access-date=6 June 2016 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005153544/https://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/1214?ed=Tolly |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with avaricious, spiteful Dhanumjayam, a tycoon who lives with his wife, Sundarambal Iyer, and two sons, Gopala Krishna, a veterinarian & Janakiram, a doctor. Besides, the two brave siblings, Jaya & Vijaya, pledge to hit the male dominance, and they reside with their mother, Parthamma. Society blocklisted them by their father, Prakash Rao's treacherous deed of heisting & fleeing with the workers' bonus amount. Whereat, Jaya & Vijaya claim the fact when Parvatamma spins back. Prakash Rao antagonized Dhanumjayam a few years ago for workers' communal rights despite being his General Manager. So, Dhanumjayam ruses with his acolyte Thokka. He consigns the bonus amount to Prakash Rao, conducts a burglary, and incriminates him. Thus, the sisters seek vengeance against Dhanumjayam by knitting his sons. Accordingly, they detect their diverse stipulations for nuptials. Gopala Krishna aims to unite two beneficial animals, and Janakiram wants to invite medicine to cure the still-existing disease. The two clutch & crush them based on their interests. Being mindful of it, Dhanumjayam enrages & imperils Parvatamma, but the catty girl deftly espouses his sons and sets foot into the house. From there, they ball up about daily household tasks, which go haywire, so Dhanumjayam decides to hire a maid. At that time, Jaya & Vijaya encounter Gowri, a naïve green whom they artfully intrude into the home and move the pawns, i.e., forging Dhanumjayam is an alcoholic, attributing an affair with Gowri, set the sons as rivals against father, etc. Now, the two sons dethrone Dhanumjayam by expelling him from power. Hearing it, Parvatamma rebukes her daughters, and Gowri also callowly makes them eat humble pie. Parallelly, Thokka backstabs Dhanumjayam and abducts to usurp his wealth, where he spots Prakash Rao also seized all these years. At last, the whole family shields them when remorseful Dhanumjayam pleads pardon and bestows workers' dues. Finally, the movie ends happily with a complete house mingling Gowri.

==Cast==
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Gopala Krishna
*[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Janaki Ram
*[[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Jaya
*[[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] as Vijaya
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Dhanumjayam
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Compounder
*Costume Krishna as Thokku
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Priest
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Police Inspector
*[[Suthi Velu]] as Talupulu
*Eeswar Rao as Prakash Rao
*[[Bhanupriya]] as Gowri
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Sundarambal Iyer
*[[Shubha (actress)|Subha]] as Parvathamma

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mama Bagunnava
| type = film
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1997
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 22:13
| label = Supreme Music
| producer = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| prev_title = [[Thaali (1997 film)|Thaali]]
| prev_year = 1997
| next_title = Aayanagaru
| next_year = 1998
}}

Music composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. Music released on Supreme Music Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/3395/Mama%20Bagunnava(1997)/ |title=Mama Bagunnava (Songs) |work=Cineradham}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:13
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Ramudu Mechina Udatha
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 = 4:16

| title2 = Chinnari Chikatela
| lyrics2 = Siva Ganesh
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length2 = 4:13

| title3 = Udyagamistanu
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Chitra
| length3 = 4:17

| title4 = Gaajula Chetiki Meesam
| lyrics4 = Vadepalli Krishna
| extra4 = Chitra, Gayatri
| length4 = 4:27

| title5 = Iditirani Tiyani Daham
| lyrics5 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Gayatri
| length5 = 5:00
}}

==Other==
* VCDs and DVDs on - VOLGA Videos, [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

*
*
*
*

==External links==
{{Kodi Ramakrishna}}

[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kodi Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:1997 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1997 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]

Kasu (film)

2026-03-03T04:28:59Z

Suresh330: creating some stub initial version.

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kasu
| image = Kasu (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Gowri Manohar
| producer = S. M. Jalaludeen
| writer = Gowri Manohar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]|[[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]]|[[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]]}}
| music = V. S. Udhaya
| cinematography = Hari Babu
| editing = Ganeshkumar
| distributor =
| studio = Palavodai Amman Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|12|29}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kasu''''' ({{translation|Money}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[romantic drama film]] directed by Gowri Manohar. The film stars [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] and [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]], with [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Charle]], [[Rizabawa]], [[Poornam Viswanathan]], [[Mamukkoya]], Sobaran and [[Bonda Mani]] playing supporting roles. The film, which began production in 1998, was released on 29 December 2006.

==Plot==
Karan arrives in [[Kerala]] with his best friend Sandy to meet the businessman Dileep. At his office, the employees tell them that Dileep is abroad and the two friends decide to stay in Kerala until his return. Karan then comes across Prarthana on multiple occasions and they eventually fall in love with each other. Upon his return, Karan meets Dileep and Dileep refuses to help him. Karan discovers that Prarthana is Dileep's sister. Dileep proposes Karan a deal: either Karan marries his sister without any dowry or Karan takes a huge sum to let go of his sister. Karan surprisingly accepts the money thus breaking Prarthana's heart.

In a flashback, Karan lived with his mentor Viswanathan and his daughter Thulasi. At Thulasi's engagement, the groom's family asked for a huge sum of money and Viswanathan reluctantly accepted. Viswanathan planned to withdraw a property case in Kerala and to take the money so he requested Karan to go to Kerala and to solve the issue.

Back to the present, Karan returns to [[Chennai]] with the money to pay the dowry. The day of the wedding, the groom's family ask for more money and the wedding is eventually cancelled. The circumstances force Karan to marry Thulasi on the spot and Viswanathan died of a heart attack that day. Thereafter, Karan becomes a wealthy businessman while Prarthana is diagnosed with depression and has lost all her memory. To cure his sister, Dileep begs Karan to come to the hospital and a remorseful Karan secretly meets her at the hospital. Later, Prarthana regains her memory but the doctor warns them to not mention Karan's marriage. When Thulasi learns of it, she decides to sacrifice her life and attempts to kill herself with sleeping pills. At the hospital, Thulasi is saved and Prarthana realises that Karan sacrificed their love for the good of a family. Prarthana praises Karan for being a genuine person and she accepts her fate. The film ends with Karan and Thulasi hugging each other.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Karan
*[[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] as Prarthana
*[[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]] as Thulasi
*[[S. S. Chandran]] as Rathnam
*[[Charle]] as Sandy
*[[Rizabawa]] as Dileep
*[[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Viswanathan
*[[Mamukkoya]] as Taxi driver
*Sobaran
*[[Bonda Mani]] as Servant
*Akbar
*Raghuvaran
*Salomon
*Periyasamy
*Vasuki as Lakshmi
*[[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]]
*Ganga
*Kavitha Solairaj as Sailaja
*Nirmala Suresh as Herself (cameo appearance)
*V. G. Santhosham as Himself (cameo appearance)
*[[Yaar Kannan]] as Himself (cameo appearance)
}}

==Production==
The film began production under the title ''Uravukku Mariyathai'' and was completed in the late 1990s but it remained unreleased for unknown reasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/5-06-98/rahmaan.htm |title=Dinakaran |website=www.dinakaran.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980615065915/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/5-06-98/rahmaan.htm |archive-date=15 June 1998 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After the surprise success of ''[[Uyir]]'' (2006) starring [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]], the producer and the director prompted to release the project.<ref name="filmibeat1">{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/specials/rasika-061207.html|title=கேம் ஆடும் சங்கீதா!|date=7 December 2006|access-date=26 November 2019|language=Tamil|trans-title=Sangeetha presents game show in RAJ TV|publisher=filmibeat.com}}</ref><ref name="filmibeat2">{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/specials/sangeetha-2.html|title=கலக்க வரும் காசு சங்கீதா!|date=14 November 2006|access-date=26 November 2019|language=Tamil|trans-title=Sangeetha in Kasu|publisher=filmibeat.com}}</ref><ref name="indiaglitz">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kasu-review-tamil-movie-8803|title=Kasu review|date=29 December 2006|access-date=26 November 2019|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref name="chennaionline">{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/001kasu.asp|title=Kasu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070124210023/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/001kasu.asp|archive-date=24 January 2007|access-date=26 November 2019|publisher=chennaionline.com|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Kasu (Uravukku Mariyathai)
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = V. S. Udhaya
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 35:44
| label = Music Master
| producer = V. S. Udhaya
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film score and the soundtrack were composed by V. S. Udhaya. The soundtrack features 8 tracks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mio.to/album/Uravukku+Mariyathai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613121938/http://mio.to/album/Uravukku+Mariyathai|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2017|title=Uravukku Mariyathai - Udhayaa|access-date=27 November 2019|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/uravukku-mariyathai/QAjuWgMdt6Y_|title=Uravukku Mariyathai|date=29 January 2018 |access-date=27 November 2019|publisher=jiosaavn.com}}</ref>

{{track listing|
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|headline=Tracklist
|all_lyrics=[[Mu. Metha]]
|total_length=30:46
|title1=Kaadhal Channel|extra1=[[P. Unnikrishnan]]|length1=4:43
|title2=Aayiram Kodi Thaimadi|extra2=P. Unnikrishnan|length2=4:41
|title3=Innisai Mazhaithanil|extra3=Nirosha|length3=5:00
|title4=Nee Oru Paarvai (duet)|extra4=[[Unni Menon]], Nirosha|length4=5:23
|title5=Nandavanath Thendral|extra5=[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]|length5=5:44
|title6=Nee Oru Paarvai (solo)|extra6=Unni Menon|length6=1:13
|title7=Aavanik Katru Veesum|extra7=[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]|length7=4:20
|title8=Kankaliley Computer|extra8=[[Anuradha Sriram]]|length8=4:40
}}

==Release and reception==
Following the rising status of actress [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] after ''[[Uyir]]'' (2006), the producer and the director took efforts to get the film released which had been in the cans for years.<ref name="filmibeat1"/><ref name="filmibeat2"/>

''Indiaglitz'' wrote, "Both Sangeetha and Rehman have come up with good performance. Sangeetha, who looks younger, plays the role with ease" and concluded that the film was a disappointment.<ref name="indiaglitz"/> Malini Mannath said, "A weak screenplay, uninspiring narration and some lacklustre characters and performances make ''Kasu'' a film better forgotten".<ref name="chennaionline"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13683304}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2006 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2006 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Fort Kochi water metro station

2026-03-01T08:52:00Z

Suresh330: Created

{{Short description|Station of Kochi Water Metro}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Fort Kochi water metro station
| name_lang = ml
| native_name = ഫോർട്ട് കൊച്ചി വാട്ടർ മെട്രോ സ്റ്റേഷൻ
| native_name_lang =
| symbol =
| symbol_location =
| type =
| image = Fort Kochi Water metro station IMG 20250624 133846846.jpg
| alt = Fort Kochi Water metro station
| caption = Fort Kochi Water metro station
| other_name =
| address =
| borough =
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates =
| grid_name =
| grid_position =
| elevation =
| owned = [[Kochi Water Metro Limited]]
| operator = [[Kochi Water Metro]]
| manager = [[Kochi Metro Rail Limited]]
| transit_authority =
| line =
| distance =
| bus_routes =
| bus_stands =
| bus_operators =
| connections =
| structure =
| depth =
| levels =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| accessible =
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| status =
| code =
| iata =
| zone =
| classification =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date|2024|04|21|df=y}}
| opening =
| closed = 
| rebuilt =
| former =
| original =
| pregroup =
| postgroup =
| prenational =
| years =
| events =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank =
| services =
| other_services =
| other_services_collapsible =
| other_services_header =
| other_services2 =
| other_services2_collapsible =
| other_services2_header =
| footnotes =
| mapframe =
| mapframe-custom =
}}

'''Fort Kochi''' is a station of [[Kochi Water Metro]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-04-18 |title=Water Metro service to Fort Kochi to begin on Sunday |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/water-metro-service-to-fort-kochi-to-begin-on-sunday/article68080772.ece |access-date=2024-10-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The station is located near to the Fort Kochi beach. This station is connected with [[High Court water metro station]]. It was opened to public on 21 April 2024 as a part of the first phase of the water metro system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-04-19 |title=Fort Kochi to be part of Kochi Water Metro network from April 21 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Apr/19/fort-kochi-to-be-part-of-kochi-water-metro-network-from-april-21 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}
{{Kochi Water Metro}}
[[Category:Kochi Water Metro stations]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Ferry terminals in India]]

List of infectious sheep and goat diseases

2026-02-25T11:21:25Z

Suresh330: Done...

{{Short description|none}}
'''Sheep and goats''' are both small [[ruminant]]s with [[cosmopolitan distribution]]s due to their being kept historically and in modern times as grazers both individually and in herds in return for their production of [[milk]], [[wool]], and [[meat]].<ref name="Pugh">{{Cite book | last1 = Pugh | first1 = D. G. | title = Sheep and Goat Medicine | year = 2002 | publisher = Saunders | location = Philadelphia | isbn = 0-7216-9052-1 }}</ref> As such, the diseases of these animals are of great economic importance to humans.

==Prion diseases==
*[[scrapie]]

==Viral diseases==
Diseases caused by [[virus]]es include:
*[[Akabane virus]] infection
*[[bluetongue disease]]
*[[border disease]] (hairy shaker disease)
*[[Cache Valley virus]] infection
*[[caprine arthritis encephalitis]] (CAE)
*[[enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma]]
*[[foot-and-mouth disease]]
*[[mastitis]]
*[[Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus]] (NSDV) infection
*[[Orf (disease)|orf]], also known as contagious ecthyma, contagious pustular dermatitis, infectious labial dermatitis, thistle disease, sore mouth, or scabby mouth
*ovine encephalomyelitis ([[louping ill]])
*[[ovine progressive pneumonia]] (OPP)
*[[ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma]]
*[[ovine rinderpest]], also known as peste des petits ruminants (PPR)
*[[Rift Valley fever]]
*[[Schmallenberg virus]] infection
*ulcerative dermatosis
*variola caprina ([[goatpox]])
*variola ovina ([[sheeppox]])
*[[Wesselsbron virus]] infection

==Bacterial diseases==
Diseases caused by [[bacteria]] include:
*[[anaplasmosis]]
*[[Blackleg (disease)|blackleg]]
*[[braxy]]
*[[brucellosis]]
*[[caseous lymphadenitis]]
*[[chlamydiosis]], also known as enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE)
*[[contagious caprine pleuropneumonia]]
*[[dermatophilosis]], also known as cutaneous streptothricosis, rainscald, rain rot, lumpy wool, or strawberry footrot
*[[ehrlichiosis]]
*[[enterotoxemia]]
*[[enzootic posthitis and vulvitis]], also known as sheath rot, pizzle rot, or enzootic balanoposthitis
*[[foot rot]]
*[[infectious necrotic hepatitis]]
*[[lamb dysentery]] (Clostridium perfringens type B disease)
*[[leptospirosis]]
*[[listeriosis]]
*[[mastitis]]
*[[mycoplasmosis]]
*[[paratuberculosis]] (Johne's disease)
*[[pasteurellosis]]
*[[Q fever]]
*[[salmonellosis]]
*[[struck (disease)|struck]] (Clostridium perfringens type C disease)
*[[tularemia]]
*[[ulcerative balanoposthitis and vulvitis]], also known as necrotic balanoposthitis/vulvitis, pizzle disease, knobrot, or peestersiekte
*[[vibriosis]]

==Fungal diseases==
[[Image:A sheep with facial eczema.jpg|thumb|A sheep showing clinical symptoms of facial eczema.]]
Diseases caused by [[fungus]]es include
*[[candidiasis]]
*[[cryptococcosis]]
*[[facial eczema]]
*[[fungal placentitis]]
*[[sporotrichosis]]
*[[zygomycosis]]

==Parasitic diseases==
[[Parasitism|Parasite]]s causing disease in sheep and goats include diseases caused by [[protozoa]], [[helminths]], [[cestoda|tapeworms]] and [[Nematode|roundworm]]s.

===Protozoa===
*''[[Babesia]]'' species
*''[[Cryptosporidium parvum]]''
*''[[Eimeria]]'' species
*''[[Giardia lamblia|Giardia intestinalis]]''
*''[[Neospora caninum]]''
*''[[Sarcocystis]]'' species
*''[[Theileria lestoquardi]]'' (''hirsi'')<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kirvar |first1=E |last2=Ilhan |first2=T |last3=Katzer |first3=F |last4=Wilkie |first4=G |last5=Hooshmand-Rad |first5=P |last6=Brown |first6=D |title=Detection of Theileria lestoquardi (hirci) in ticks, sheep, and goats using the polymerase chain reaction. |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |date=29 June 1998 |volume=849 |pages=52–62 |pmid=9668449 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11033.x}}</ref>
*''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]''
*''[[Trypanosoma]]'' species

===Helminths===
====Flatworms====
*''[[Dicrocoelium dendriticum]]''
*''[[Fasciola hepatica]]''
*''[[Fasciola gigantica]]''
*''[[Fascioloides magna]]''
*''[[Schistosoma bovis]]''

====Tapeworms====
[[Image:Echinococcus Life Cycle.svg|right|thumb|250px|''E. granulosus'' life cycle]]
*''[[Echinococcus granulosus]]''
*''[[Moniezia]]'' species
*''[[Taenia ovis]]''
*''[[Taenia hydatigena]]''

====Roundworms====
*''[[Chabertia ovina]]''
*''[[Dictyocaulus filaria]]''
*''[[Elaeophora schneideri]]''
*''[[Haemonchus contortus]]''
*''[[Cooperia (nematode)|Cooperia]]'' species
*''[[Muellerius capillaris]]''
*''[[Nematodirus]]'' species
*''[[Neostrongylus linearis]]''
*''[[Oesophagostomum]]'' species
*[[parasitic bronchitis]], also known as "hoose"
*''[[Protostrongylus refescens]]''
*''[[Teladorsagia circumcincta]]''
*''[[Trichostrongylus]]'' species
*''[[Trichuris ovis]]''

===Arachnids and insects===
====Ticks====
*''[[Amblyomma]]'' species
*''[[Boophilus]]'' species
*''[[Dermacentor]]'' species
*''[[Haemaphysalis]]'' species
*''[[Hyalomma]]'' species
*''[[Ixodes]]'' species
*''[[Rhipicephalus]]'' species

====Mites (mange)====
*''[[Chorioptes bovis]]''
*''[[Demodex ovis]]''
*''[[Demodex caprae]]''
*''[[Psorobia ovis]]''<ref name="Merck_mange">{{cite web | title=Mange in Sheep and Goats | work=The Merck Veterinary Manual | url=https://www.merckvetmanual.com/integumentary-system/mange/mange-in-sheep-and-goats | access-date=2019-06-17 }}</ref>
*''[[Psoroptes ovis]]''
*''[[Sarcoptes scabiei]]'' var. ''caprae''
*''[[Sarcoptes scabiei]]'' var. ''ovis''

====Lice====
*[[chewing lice]]<ref name="Merck_lice">{{cite web | title=Lice in Sheep and Goats | work=The Merck Veterinary Manual | url=https://www.merckvetmanual.com/integumentary-system/lice/lice-in-sheep-and-goats | access-date=2019-06-17 }}</ref>
**''[[Damalinia caprae]]'' (goats)
**''[[Damalinia crassipes]]'' (goats)
**''[[Damalinia limbata]]'' (goats)
**''[[Damalinia ovis]]'' (sheep)
*[[sucking lice]]<ref name=Merck_lice/>
**''[[Linognathus africanus]]'' (sheep and goats)
**''[[Linognathus ovillus]]'' (sheep)
**''[[Linognathus pedalis]]'' (sheep)
**''[[Linognathus stenopsis]]'' (Gots
)

====Flies====
*mosquitoes
**''[[Aedes]]'' species
**''[[Anopheles]]'' species
**''[[Culex]]'' species
*[[myiasis]]
**[[fly strike in sheep|fly strike]]
***''[[Chrysomya]]'' species
***''[[Lucilia (fly)|Lucilia]]'' species
**''[[Oestrus ovis]]'' (sheep bot fly)
*sheep ked (''[[Melophagus ovinus]]'')

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sheep and goat diseases| ]]

Suleka Mathew

2026-02-12T02:59:43Z

Suresh330: quick cleaned up references for clarity and added references

{{short description|Canadian actress}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suleka Mathew
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India<ref name=tv/>
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1988–present
| mother =
| father =
}}

'''Suleka Mathew''' is a Canadian actress, best known for her lead roles on television series ''[[Claws]]'' (TNT) as Arlene Branch,<ref name=deadline2/> ''[[Red Widow]]'' ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]) as Dina Tomson,<ref name=tvseriesfinale/> ''[[Men in Trees]]'' ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]) as Sara Jackson,<ref name=deadline1/> and ''[[Da Vinci's Inquest]]'' ([[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]) as Dr. Sunita Raman for which she was nominated 3 times for best actress at the ''[[Leo Awards]]''.<ref name=tvsa/> Notable guest starring roles include ''[[The West Wing]]'' and ''[[Flashpoint (TV series)|Flashpoint]]''. Her film roles include romantic comedies [[Touch of Pink]] which premiered at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] and the upcoming movie [[That's Amor]] ([[Netflix]]).

She was born in [[Kerala]], India, raised in [[Vancouver]], British Columbia and currently resides in Los Angeles, California.<ref name=tv/>

In addition to film and television, Mathew has also done audio work, including narrating the [[Audie Award]] nominated book ''The Sad Truth About Happiness'' by [[Anne Giardini]] and ''The Management of Grief'' by [[Bharati Mukherjee]]. She was also a cast in [[Rohinton Mistry]]'s ''[[A Fine Balance]]'' and [[Veronica Tennant]]'s ''Shadow Pleasures'' inspired by Michael Ondaatje.

Her most recent{{when|date=February 2026}} theatre work includes starring as Phyllis in [[Annie Baker]]'s ''[[Body Awareness]]'' for Mitch and Murray Productions.

Mathew has volunteered for non-profit organizations such as [[Habitat for Humanity]], [[MPTF]], and Performers for Literacy.{{citation needed|date=February 2026}}

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Film
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1991
|''[[Run (1991 film)|Run]]''
|Casino Cashier
|
|-
|1991
|''{{sortname|The|Hitman}}''
|Attendant
|
|-
|1995
|''Dangerous Indiscretion''
|Nancy Coles
|
|-
|2000
|''Lift''
|Pride
|Short film
|-
|2001
|''Lola''
|Coffee Shop Woman
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Life or Something Like It]]''
|Airline Attendant
|
|-
|2003
|''{{sortname|The|Republic of Love}}''
|Yasmine
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Touch of Pink]]''
|Nuru Jahan
|
|-
|2005
|''{{sortname|The|Score|nolink=1}}''
|Annette
|
|-
|2005
|''Bear with Me''
|TV Reporter
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Midnight Sun (2018 film)|Midnight Sun]]''
|Dr. Paula Fleming
|
|-
|2020
|''That's Amor''
|Kerala
|
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Television
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1988
|''[[21 Jump Street]]''
|Valerie
|Episode: "Whose Choice Is It Anyway?"
|-
|1989
|''[[MacGyver (1985 TV series)|MacGyver]]''
|Darlene
|Episode: "The Challenge" Episode: "Runners"
|-
|1989
|''[[21 Jump Street]]''
|Elena
|Episode: "Loc'd Out: Part 1"
|-
|1990
|''[[Neon Rider]]''
|Jody Dixon
|Episode: "The Mighty Quinn"
|-
|1990
|''[[Always Remember I Love You]]''
|Pam
|TV movie
|-
|1993
|''{{sortname|The|Commish}}''
|Sue
|Episode: "Eastbridge Boulevard"
|-
|1994
|''{{sortname|The|Commish}}''
|Assistant D.A.
|Episode: "Working Girls" Episode: "Born in the USA"
|-
|1994
|''{{sortname|The|X-Files}}''
|Lisa Dole
|Episode: "[[Roland (The X-Files)|Roland]]"
|-
|1995
|''{{sortname|A|Family Divided|nolink=1}}''
|Christine
|TV movie
|-
|1995
|''[[Highlander: The Series]]''
|Vashti
|Episode: "The Wrath of Kali"
|-
|1996
|''Have You Seen My Son''
|Reader
|TV movie
|-
|1996
|''{{sortname|The|X-Files}}''
|Agent Caleca
|Episode: "[[Apocrypha (The X-Files)|Apocrypha]]"
|-
|1996
|''[[Profit (TV series)|Profit]]''
|
|Episode: "Pilot"
|-
|1998
|''[[Viper (TV series)|Viper]]''
|Sue Sanchez
|Episode: "Trust No One"
|-
|1998
|''{{sortname|The|Net|The Net (U.S. TV series)}}''
|Technician
|Episode: "Harvest"
|-
|1998–1999
|''{{sortname|The|Crow: Stairway to Heaven}}''
|D.A. Cordelia Warren
|7 episodes
|-
|1998–2003
|''[[Da Vinci's Inquest]]''
|Dr. Sunita 'Sunny' Ramen
|66 episodes
|-
|2000
|''{{sortname|The|Man Who Used to Be Me|nolink=1}}''
|Lt. Betsy Franklin
|TV movie
|-
|2000
|''[[Secret Agent Man (TV series)|Secret Agent Man]]''
|Ellen
|Episode: "The Breach"
|-
|2000
|''[[Dark Angel (2000 TV series)|Dark Angel]]''
|News Reporter
|Episode: "Pilot" Episode: "C.R.E.A.M."
|-
|2001–2002
|''[[Stargate SG-1]]''
|Kali
|Episode: "Summit"
Episode: "Last Stand"
|-
|2002
|''{{sortname|The|Eleventh Hour|The Eleventh Hour (Canadian TV series)}}''
|Christine Mehta
|Episode: "Mad as Hatters"
|-
|2003
|''{{sortname|A|Crime of Passion|nolink=1}}''
|Det. Holloway
|TV movie
|-
|2003
|''[[Battlestar Galactica (miniseries)|Battlestar Galactica]]''
|Reporter
|TV miniseries
|-
|2003–2006
|''[[Stephen King's Dead Zone]]''
|Dr. Janet Gibson
|6 episodes
|-
|2004
|''{{sortname|The|West Wing}}''
|Ms. Chakrabarthi
|Episode: "The Hubbert Peak" Episode: "The Dover Test"
|-
|2006
|''[[Final Days of Planet Earth]]''
|Marianne
|TV movie
|-
|2006–2008
|''[[Men in Trees]]''
|Sara Jackson
|28 episodes
|-
|2009–2011
|''[[Hawthorne (TV series)|Hawthorne]]''
|Charge Nurse & Interim Chief Nursing Officer of James River Bobbie Jackson
|30 episodes
|-
|2010
|''[[Stargate Universe]]''
|Constance
|Episode: "Human"
|-
|2011
|''Good Morning, Killer''
|Barbara Sullivan
|TV movie
|-
|2012
|''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]''
|Navy Commander Maria Castro
|Episode: "[[The Missionary Position (NCIS)|The Missionary Position]]"
|-
|2012
|''[[Flashpoint (TV series)|Flashpoint]]''
|Dr. Bell (Psychologist)
|Episode: "Fit for Duty"
|-
|2013
|''[[Red Widow]]''
|Dina Tomlin
|Episode: "Pilot"
|-
|2014
|''[[Almost Human (TV series)|Almost Human]]''
|Kay Stenson
|Episode: "Disrupt"
|-
|2015
|''[[Castle (TV series)|Castle]]''
|Detective Neely
|Episode: "I, Witness"
|-
|2017–2019
|''[[Claws (TV series)]]''
|Arlene Branch
|Main role
|-
|2020
|''[[Another Life (2019 TV series)|Another Life]]''{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}
|Callie
|Episode: "Gift from the Gods"
|-
|2023
|''[[Mayfair Witches]]''
|Arjuna
|4 episodes
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=tvsa>{{cite web
| title = Suleka Mathew biography
| website = tvsa.co.za
| url = https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=7134
| accessdate = 2019-07-15}}</ref>
<ref name=tv>{{cite web
| title = Suleka Mathew biography
| website = [[TV.com]]
| url = http://www.tv.com/people/suleka-mathew/
| accessdate = 2019-07-15}}</ref>

<ref name=deadline1>{{cite news
| first = Amanda
| last = N'Duka
| title = 'Men in Trees' Creator Talks Reboot: "There Have Been Some Discussions" – ATX
| date = 2019-06-08
| website = [[Deadline Hollywood]]
| url = https://deadline.com/2019/06/men-in-trees-abc-creator-reboot-atx-television-festival-1202629480/
| accessdate = 2019-07-15}}</ref>
<ref name=deadline2>{{cite news
| first = Erik
| last = Pedersen
| title = Suleka Mathew To Recur On 'Claws'
| date = 2017-06-07
| website = [[Deadline Hollywood]]
| url = https://deadline.com/2017/06/sukela-mathew-claws-max-casella-shades-of-blue-marvelous-mrs-maisel-1202109283/
| accessdate = 2019-07-15}}</ref>
<ref name=tvseriesfinale>{{cite news
| title = Red Widow
| date = 2013-03-03
| website = tvseriesfinale.com
| url = https://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/red-widow/
| accessdate = 2019-07-15}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0558598|Suleka Mathew}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathew, Suleka}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Actresses from Vancouver]]
[[Category:Canadian television actresses]]
[[Category:Canadian film actresses]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Malayali descent]]
[[Category:Canadian actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Canadian expatriate actresses in the United States]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian actresses]]

{{Canada-screen-actor-stub}}

O. K. Harsh

2026-02-11T03:37:31Z

Suresh330: Started

{{Short description|Indian-born Australian scholar}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Om Kumar Harsh
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|09|12}}
| birth_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Vice-chancellor]], [[scholar]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''O. K. Harsh''' (born 12 September 1952) is an Indian-Australian [[scholar]] and [[academician]].<ref name="eu">{{cite web |title=Alumnus learnt value of knowledge at UNE |url=https://www.une.edu.au/about-une/news-and-events/news/2018/11/distinguished-alumni-learnt-the-power-and-value-of-knowledge-at-une |website=www.une.edu.au}}</ref>

He is currently an International Academic and Research Advisor at the Brit College of Engineering and Technology [[London]], [[United Kingdom]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Brit College of Engineering & Technology (BCET) - Teachers |url=https://bcet.uk/teachers |website=BCET.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=बीकानेर के प्रोफेसर ओम कुमार हर्ष ब्रिट कॉलेज लंदन में अंतरराष्ट्रीय सलाहकार नियुक्त |url=https://www.khaskhabar.com/local/rajasthan/bikaner-news/news-bikaner-professor-om-kumar-harsh-appointed-as-international-advisor-at-brit-college-london-news-hindi-1-651515-KKN.html |website=khas khabar |language=hi |date=6 July 2024}}</ref> an Advisor at Vikrant University, and Honorary [[Pro-chancellor]] at Glocal University, India. Formerly he has served as a [[vice-chancellor]] at Glocal University and [[Tantia University]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahajan |first1=Dr Krishan |title=Legally Victimising National Monuments: Role of Parliament, Union Government & Supreme Court |date=30 May 2018 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64324-012-1 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Legally_Victimising_National_Monuments/HdVdDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=prof+om+kumar+Harsh&pg=PT26&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dr Om Kumar Harsh - researchr profile |url=https://researchr.org/profile/dromkumarharsh |website=researchr.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. (Dr) Om Kumar Harsh - glocalnew |url=https://glocaluniversity.edu.in/prof-dr-om-kumar-harsh/ |website=Glocaluniversity.edu.in |date=10 October 2024}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
He was born on 12 September 1952 in [[Calcutta]] but his root belongs to [[Bikaner]].<ref>{{cite web |title=बीकानेर नगर के गौरव डॉक्टर ओम कुमार हर्ष का सम्मान किया |url=https://www.tharexpressnews.com/honored-dr-om-kumar-harsh-the-pride-of-bikaner-city/ |website=थार एक्सप्रेस |date=22 March 2024}}</ref> Om Kumar Harsh has academic portfolio with four research degrees, in areas such as [[Semiconductor]], [[Plasma (physics)]], [[electrical engineering]] and [[Computer science]]. He is a [[alumni|distinguished alumnus]] of the [[University of New England (Australia)]].<ref name="eu"/>

==Career==
O. K. Harsh has served as the [[Vice-chancellor]] of [[Tantia University]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tantia University {{!}} Sri Ganganagar Best Private University |url=https://www.tantiauniversity.com/About/Authority?type=Advisory_Board |website=Tantiauniversity.com |language=en}}</ref>

He has about 135 publications to his name and these publications have been cited by hundred of citations.<ref>{{cite web |title=O. K. Harsh |url=https://scholar.google.com.au/citations?hl=en&pli=1&user=I2QFQdEAAAAJ |website=scholar.google.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Om Kumar Harsh - Glocal University |url=https://independent.academia.edu/OmKumarHarsh |website=nios-openboardresults.academia.edu |language=en}}</ref>

Dr Harsh has been invited to lecture and keynote at numerous workshops and seminars in India, Australia and overseas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alumnus learnt value of knowledge at UNE |url=https://www.une.edu.au/about-une/news-and-events/news/2018/11/distinguished-alumni-learnt-the-power-and-value-of-knowledge-at-une |website=www.une.edu.au |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=OUR SPEAKER MEMBERS - RESEARCH CULTURE SOCIETY |url=https://researchculturesociety.org/our-speaker-members/ |website=Researchculturesociety.org |date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and accolades==
He was awarded the UNE Alumni Award 2018 by the [[University of New England (Australia)]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2018 UNE Alumni Awards announced |url=https://www.armidaleexpress.com.au/story/5770854/2018-une-alumni-awards-announced/ |website=Armidaleexpress.com.au |language=en-au |date=21 November 2018}}</ref>

==Notable publications==
*"[https://journals.klalliance.org/index.php/JKMP/article/view/283 Three dimensional knowledge management and explicit knowledge reuse]", 2009, OK Harsh, Journal: Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, Cited by 72
*"[https://journals.aps.org/prb/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevB.19.4336 Low-energy plasmon K β′ satellite in the K β 1, 3 x-ray emission spectra of Mn, Cr, and their compounds]", 1979, KS Srivastava, RL Shrivastava, OK Harsh, V Kumar, Vol:19, Cited by 38
*"[https://www.ijiet.org/papers/247-T0030.pdf A self review and external review model for teaching and assessing novice programmers]", 2013, Vol:3, Issue:2, p:120, Cited by 31
*"[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6644388 Mobile devices supported learning for novice programmers]", 2013, Sohail Iqbal, Morshed U Chowdhury, Om Kumar Harsh, p:277-282, Cited by 22
*"[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0022369779900660 X-ray K-absorption edge shifts in transition elements]", 1979, KS Srivastava, RL Shrivastava, OK Harsh, V Kumar, vol:40, Issue:6, p:489-491, Cited by 17
*"[https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/irrodl/2002-v3-n2-irrodl05612/1072885ar/abstract/ Role of delivery, course design and teacher-student interaction: Observations of adult distance education and traditional on-campus education]", 2002, Om Kumar Harsh, M Sadiq Sohail, vol:3, Issue:2, p:1-10, Cited by 16
*"[https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/entities/publication/81ace265-1c5f-4a1e-801e-a89945472816/full Involvement of free and bound excitons and exciton molecules in transport and recombination in silicon solar cells and related devices], 1997, pub: UNSW, Sydney

==Read more==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XeyLfNBhMbA Interview of "Prof. Om Kumar Harsh"]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harsh, O.K.}}
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Australia]]
[[Category:University of New England (Australia) alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kunal Jaisingh

2026-02-07T23:46:15Z

Suresh330: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1989)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kunal Jaisingh
| image = Kunal Jaisingh.png
| caption = Jaisingh in 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|07|29|df=yes}}<ref name="birthday" />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actor
| notable_works = ''[[The Buddy Project]]'' ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'' ''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]'' ''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka|Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka 2]]'' ''[[Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye]]''
| years_active = 2011–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Bharati Kumar]]|2018}}
}}

'''Kunal Jaisingh''' (born 29 July 1989) is an Indian actor who predominantly works in Hindi television. Jaisingh is widely recognised for his portrayal of Omkara Singh Oberoi in ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'' and its spin-off series, ''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]''. The former earned him an [[Indian Telly Awards|Indian Telly Award]] and a [[Gold Awards|Gold Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kunal-jaisingh-im-never-shy-to-learn-something-new-or-polish-my-skills-be-it-from-anyone/articleshow/94002361.cms |title=Kunal Jaisingh: I'm never shy to learn something new or polish my skills, be it from anyone |website=The Times of India |date=5 September 2022 |access-date=29 July 2023}}</ref>

Jaisingh made his acting debut in 2011 with ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''. He is known for playing Ranveer Shergill in ''[[The Buddy Project]]'', Reyansh Khurana in ''[[Pavitra Bhagya]]'', Veer Pratap Singh in ''[[Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye]]'' and Kabir Singh Shekhawat ''[[Muskuraane Ki Vajah Tum Ho]]''. Jaisingh made his web debut with ''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka|Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka 2]]'' as Ruhaan.

== Early life ==
Jaisingh was born on 29 July 1989 in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] into a [[Hindu]] family.<ref name="birthday">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kunal-jaisingh-ishqbaaaz-actor-birthday-best-photos-5281508/|title=Birthday boy Kunal Jaisingh is Mr Perfect|website=The Indian Express|date=29 July 2018|accessdate=17 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ishqbaaz-fame-kunal-jaisingh-on-celebrating-birthdays-i-spend-my-birthday-with-family-like-a-ritual-exclusive/articleshow/102274175.cms|title= Kunal Jaisingh on celebrating birthdays: I spend my birthday with family like a ritual |website=The Times of India|date=31 July 2023|access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref> Jaisingh completed his graduation from [[H.R. College of Commerce and Economics]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=College Profile and Alumni – HR College of Commerce & Economics |website=H.R. College |url=https://www.hrcollege.edu/college-profile/ |access-date=28 December 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/my-dad-gave-me-the-best-that-life-could-offer-kunal-jaisingh/articleshow/90750888.cms|title=My Dad gave me the best that life could offer: Kunal Jaisingh |website=The Times of India|date=9 April 2023 |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Debut and early work (2011-2015) ===
Jaisingh made his acting debut with ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]'' where he played a mute guy, Sarang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/lucknow/lucknow-traffic-is-scary-kunal-jaisingh/articleshow/61964977.cms|title=Lucknow traffic is scary! Kunal Jaisingh|website=The Times of India|language=en|accessdate=11 January 2018}}</ref> From 2012 to 2014, Jaisingh played Ranveer Shergill, his first lead role as a college student in ''[[The Buddy Project]]'', opposite [[Palak Jain (actress, active since 2003)|Palak Jain]]. The series was well received.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/New-faces-to-revamp-popular-show/Article1-552043.aspx
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018024434/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/New-faces-to-revamp-popular-show/Article1-552043.aspx
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=18 October 2012
|title=New faces to revamp popular show|work=Hindustan Times|first=Anushka|last=Venkatram|date=3 June 2010|access-date=4 December 2012}}</ref>

In 2014 and 2015, Jaisingh played Prince Jeet Singh and Abhishek respectively in two episodes of ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''. In 2015, he also played Chiku Gaurav Singh in ''[[Doli Armaano Ki]]'' and Aryan in ''Twist Wala Love'' opposite [[Bharati Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=bindass.com Yeh Hai Aashiqui Season 1 |url=http://www.bindass.com/shows/yeh-hai-aashiqui/1 |publisher=Bindass.com |access-date=24 July 2016 |archive-date=27 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627022950/http://www.bindass.com/shows/yeh-hai-aashiqui/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Success with ''Ishqbaaaz'' and beyond (2016-present) ===
In 2016, Jaisingh first appeared in the short film ''It Happened That Night'', alongside Bharati Kumar. In the same year, he played episodic roles of Arjun and Ruzbeh in ''[[Savdhaan India]]'' and ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]'' respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/ishqbaaz-star-kunal-jaisingh-reveals-why-he-believes-in-staying-grounded-1186104-2018-03-10 |title=Ishqbaaz fame actor Kunal Jaisingh reveals why he believes in staying grounded|website=India Today |accessdate=31 January 2022}}</ref>

From 2016 to 2018, Jaisingh played Omkara Singh Oberoi in ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'' opposite [[Shrenu Parikh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-video-after-confirming-surbhi-chandna-aka-anika-s-exit-gul-khan-now-bids-good-bye-to-the-super-six-of-ishqbaaz-2688890|title=Producer Gul Khan bids good-bye to the 'Super Six' of Ishqbaaz|website=Daily News and Analysis |accessdate=30 September 2022}}</ref> The show proved to be a major success and earned him recognition. He later won the [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role]] and [[Gold Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role]] for the show. In 2017, he played Omkara in Indian television's first [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] series, ''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]'' opposite Shrenu Parikh.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The promo of India's first spin off tv series 'Dil Bole Oberoi' is here and it looks very promising |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-first-promo-of-dil-bole-oberoi-is-here-and-it-looks-very-promising/articleshow/56806340.cms|website=Times of India |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/indian-television-first-spin-off-show-dil-bole-oberoi-ishqbaaaz-television-news/18389162|title=Indian television's first spin-off show 'Dil Bole Oberoi' to go off air and merge with Ishqbaaz|work=Mid Day|access-date=15 September 2019|language=en}}</ref>

Jaisingh made his web debut in 2019 with ''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka|Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka 2]]'', playing Ruhan opposite [[Tejasswi Prakash]] and [[Aneri Vajani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/ishqbaaz-s-kunal-jaisingh-to-play-the-lead-in-silsila-badalte-rishton-ka-season-2-1459600-2019-02-19|title=Ishqbaaz's Kunal Jaisingh to play the lead in Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka Season 2 on Voot|website=India Today|accessdate=23 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-silsila-badalte-rishton-ka-2-aneri-vajani-kunal-jaisingh-tejasswi-prakash-s-promo-piques-twitterati-s-interest-2725420|title=Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka 2: Aneri Vajani, Kunal Jaisingh, Tejasswi Prakash's promo piques Twitterati's interest|date=1 March 2019|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref> In 2020, Jaisingh played Reyansh Khurana in ''[[Pavitra Bhagya]]'' opposite Aneri Vajani, which was ended abruptly.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Pavitra Bhagya new promo: Reyansh refuses to take daughter Jugnu's responsibility and admits he's selfish|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pavitra-bhagya-new-promo-reyansh-refuses-to-take-daughter-jugnus-responsibility-and-admits-hes-selfish/articleshow/76810210.cms|access-date=21 October 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Kunal Jaisingh: It didn't come as a surprise to me when 'Pavitra Bhagya' went off air|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/kunal-jaisingh-it-didnt-come-as-a-surprise-to-me-when-pavitra-bhagya-went-off-air/videoshow/78753961.cms|access-date=22 November 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Then in 2021, Jaisingh played a prince Veer Pratap Singh in ''[[Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye]]'', opposite [[Gracy Goswami]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maheshwri|first=Neha|title=Kunal Jaisingh to join the cast of Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye; will be paired opposite Gracy Goswami|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-kunal-jaisingh-to-be-paired-opposite-gracy-goswami-in-kyu-utthe-dil-chhod-aaye/articleshow/81616645.cms|access-date=31 October 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kunal-jaisingh-turns-adventurous-sequence-sets-kyun-utthe-dil-chhod-aaye/|title=Kunal Jaisingh turns adventurous for a sequence in SET's Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>

Jaisingh played a businessman Kabir Singh Shekhawat, in ''[[Muskuraane Ki Vajah Tum Ho]]'', opposite Tanvi Malhara in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-24 |title=Kunal Jaisingh to play the lead in Colors TV's Muskurane Ki Wajah Tum Ho |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/kunal-jaisingh-to-play-lead-role-in-muskurane-ki-wajah-tum-ho-hot-news-1528050 |access-date=11 September 2022 |website=ABP News Live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kunal Jaisingh confirms Muskurane Ki Vajah Tum Ho going off-air in September; says, I'm wrapping up my shoots|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-kunal-jaisingh-confirms-muskurane-ki-wajah-tum-ho-going-off-air-in-september-says-im-wrapping-up-my-shoots/articleshow/94268911.cms |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=30 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, he played Anirban Banerjee opposite [[Adrija Roy]] and Rachi Sharma in ''[[Durga Aur Charu]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kunal Jaisingh replaces Mohit Kumar in Durga Aur Charu: I'm absolutely thrilled for the show|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/kunal-jaisingh-replaces-mohit-kumar-in-durga-aur-charu-480652 |newspaper=The Tribune India|access-date=19 February 2023|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Jaisingh met actress [[Bharati Kumar]] on the set of ''[[The Buddy Project]]'' in 2012. The two were in a relationship for five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/ishqbaaz-actor-kunal-jaisingh-on-why-he-kept-his-relationship-under-wraps-for-5-years-1193279-2018-03-20|title=Ishqbaaz actor Kunal Jaisingh on why he kept his relationship under wraps for 5 years|website=India Today|accessdate=26 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kunal-jaisingh-i-dont-care-where-i-am-and-what-i-am-doing-its-home-for-me-if-bharati-kumar-is-around/articleshow/66951148.cms|title=Kunal Jaisingh: I don't care where I am and what I am doing, it's home for me if Bharati is around|website=The Times of India|access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> Jaisingh and Kumar got engaged on 18 March 2018 and married each other on 20 December 2018 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ishqbaaz-actor-kunal-jaisingh-engaged-to-girlfriend-bharati-kumar-see-pics/story-nGf1LEN8RyJITburebKhuI_amp.html |title=Ishqbaaz actor Kunal Jaisingh engaged to girlfriend Bharati Kumar. See pics|website=Hindustan Times|accessdate=24 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ishqbaaz-actor-kunal-jaisingh-tied-knot-with-bharati-kumar-inside-pics-and-videos-1413803-2018-12-20|title=Ishqbaaz actor Kunal Jaisingh tied the knot with actress Bharati Kumar. Check out inside pics|website=India Today|accessdate=21 December 2018}}</ref>

== In the media ==
In UK-based newspaper ''[[Eastern Eye]]'''s list of 50 Sexiest Asian Men, Jaisingh was placed 48th in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Korean pop group BTS named Sexiest Asian men in UK list |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/article/pti-stories/south-korean-pop-group-bts-named-sexiest-asian-men-in-uk-list-118121201197_1.html |website=Business Standard |accessdate=16 December 2019}}</ref> In [[The Times of India|Times' Most Desirable Men on TV]], Jaisingh was placed 17th in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet The Times 20 Most Desirable Men On Television In 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-men-on-television-2020/articleshow/83403113.cms |website=Times of India |access-date=27 September 2021}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2016
| ''It Happened That Night''
| War
| Short film
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''
| Sarang "Gunga"
|
|
|-
| 2012–2014
| ''[[The Buddy Project]]''
| Ranveer Shergill
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Channel V to shut down; these TV shows will live on|work=India Today|date=23 November 2017|access-date=28 March 2021|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/photo/channel-v-tv-shows-sadda-haq-gumraah-the-buddy-project-lifetv-1092812-2017-11-23/1}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| rowspan="2"|''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
| Prince Jeet Singh
| Episode: "Didi Se Dhoka"
|
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2015
| Abhishek
| Episode: "The Driving Force"
|
|-
| ''[[Doli Armaano Ki]]''
| Chiku Gaurav Singh
|
|
|-
| ''Twist Wala Love''
| Aryan
|
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2016
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Arjun
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
| Ruzbeh
| Season 6
|
|-
| 2016–2018
| ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
| rowspan = "2" | Omkara "Om" Singh Oberoi
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ishqbaaz-and-dil-bole-oberoi-will-be-merging-both-shows-need-each-other-producer-gul|title=Ishqbaaz and Dil Bole Oberoi will be merging, both shows need each other: Producer Gul Khan|website=Pinkvilla|date=30 June 2017|access-date=2017-07-09|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331065546/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ishqbaaz-and-dil-bole-oberoi-will-be-merging-both-shows-need-each-other-producer-gul|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]''
|
| <ref>{{cite web|title=What makes TV shows' spin-offs work|work=The Times of India|date=22 November 2018|access-date=26 December 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/what-makes-tv-shows-spin-offs-work/articleshow/63986624.cms}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" |2020
| ''[[Pavitra Bhagya]]''
| rowspan = "2" | Reyansh Khurana
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aneri-vajani-to-pair-opposite-kunal-jaisingh-for-ekta-kapoors-next/articleshow/74012399.cms|title=Aneri Vajani to pair opposite Kunal Jaisingh for Ekta Kapoor's next|first=|date=|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''
| Special appearance
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye]]''
| Veer Pratapsingh
|
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye stars Kunal Jaisingh and Gracy Goswami share fun moments on the sets|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=13 August 2021|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kyun-utthe-dil-chhod-aaye-stars-kunal-jaisingh-gracy-goswami-share-fun-moments-sets/}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2022
| ''[[Muskuraane Ki Vajah Tum Ho]]''
| rowspan = "2" | Kabir Singh Shekhawat
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Kunal Jaisingh and Tanvi Malhara roped in for 'Muskuraane Ki Wajah Tum Ho' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kunal-jaisingh-and-tanvi-malhara-roped-in-for-muskuraane-ki-vajah-tum-ho/articleshow/91228841.cms |access-date=2022-06-11 |newspaper=The Times of India | date=1 May 2022|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Saavi Ki Savaari]]''
| Special appearance
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Durga Aur Charu]]''
| Anirban Banerjee
|
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]''
| Ruhaan
| Season 2
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/watch-silsila-badalte-rishton-ka-2-s-promo-introduces-the-promising-star-cast-1467974-2019-03-01|title=Watch: Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka 2's promo, introduces promising star cast|website=India Today|language=en|accessdate=29 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2017
| '' Pehla Pyaar ''
| Shilpa Joshi
|
|-
| 2024
| ''Boondhe Baarish Ki ''
| [[Akhil Sachdeva]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=V3V6D7AAFAI|title=Boondhe Baarish Ki - Akhil Sachdeva ft. Kunal Jaisingh and Shubhi Srivastava |website=Zee Music - YouTube|language=en|accessdate=27 January 2024}}</ref>
|
|-
| 2024
| ''Zikr Tera ''
| [[Naman Pareek]], [[KavyaKriti]]
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| [[ITA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
| rowspan="4"|''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2017-winners-list-jennifer-winget-nakuul-mehta-vivian-dsena-see-photos-videos-4924530/|title=ITA Awards 2017 winners list: Jennifer Winget, Vivian Dsena and Nakuul Mehta take home the trophies|date=2017-11-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Gold Awards]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Gold Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=10th BOROPLUS GOLD AWARDS, WINNERS 2017|url=https://boroplusgoldawards.weebly.com/2017.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152134/https://boroplusgoldawards.weebly.com/2017.html|archive-date=5 October 2017|work=Gold Awards|accessdate=28 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/zee-gold-awards-2018-karan-patel-hina-khan-jennifer-winget-win-big-5225230/|title=Gold Awards 2018 - Complete Winners List|website=The Indian Express|access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2019
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
|
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-telly-awards-2019-winners-list-divyanka-tripathi-hina-khan-nakuul-mehta-5636869/|title=Indian Telly Awards 2019: Complete list of winners|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=28 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Gold Awards]]
| Best Actor Popular - OTT
| ''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka|Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka 2]]''
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/gold-awards-2019-winners-list-shivangi-joshi-mohsin-khan-surbhi-chandna-hina-khan-and-others-win-big-479248|title=Gold Awards 2019 Winners List: Shivangi Joshi, Mohsin Khan, Surbhi Chandna, Hina Khan and others win big|website=Pinkvilla|language=en|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-date=12 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012033330/http://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/gold-awards-2019-winners-list-shivangi-joshi-mohsin-khan-surbhi-chandna-hina-khan-and-others-win-big-479248|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Most Stylish Actor - OTT
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian television actors]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|8322315}}
* {{Instagram|kunaljaisingh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaisingh, Kunal}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]

1962 Rajshahi massacres

2026-01-26T06:20:04Z

Suresh330: improve details based on references and fixed typos

{{Short description|Ethnic violence against Hindus in East Pakistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}

The Rajshahi massacres, marked by widespread ethnic violence and killings of minority Hindus, took place in April 1962 in the [[Rajshahi District|Rajshahi]] and [[Pabna District|Pabna]] districts of [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="dey">{{cite journal |last=Dey |first=Ishita |date=June 2009 |title=On the Margins of Citizenship: Principles of Care and Rights of the Residents of the Ranaghat Women's Home, Nadia District |journal=Refugee Watch |publisher=Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group |location=Kolkata |issue=33 |page=4 |issn=2347-405X |url=http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rw%20files/RW33/RW33.pdf |accessdate=23 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="sen2011">{{cite journal |last=Sen |first=Uditi |year=2011 |title=Spinster, Prostitute or Pioneer? Images of Refugee Women in Post-Partition Calcutta |journal=EUI Working Papers |publisher=European University Institute |location=Florence |volume=34 |issn=1830-7728 |url=http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/19216/MWP_Sen_2011_34.pdf?sequence=1 |accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref> People and property were attacked.<ref name="kpm45">{{cite book |title=Partition, Bengal and After: The Great Tragedy of India |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Kali Prasad |year=2007 |publisher=Reference Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-8405-034-9 |page=45}}</ref> Around three hundred non-Muslims died in the massacre.<ref name="ray216">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Jayanta Kumar |date=September 1968 |title=Democracy and Nationalism on Trial |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10689/12643 |edition=First |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |location=Shimla |page=216}}</ref> In 1958, the military junta led by [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]] came to power in Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

== Killings ==
On 22 March 1962, an ethnic riot broke out between the [[Santhals]] and the Muslims in the [[Malda district]] of [[West Bengal]]. The Santhals, armed with bows and arrows, shot dead three Muslims, while six were burnt to death. Between 16 and 20 April, the ethnic tension between the two groups led to another ethnic riot.<ref name="kca">{{cite news |url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/1310-1962-xx-xx-KS-a-JZW.pdf |title=Earlier Communal Disturbances |work=Keesing's Contemporary Archives |page=20186 |accessdate=22 August 2014 |via=Stanford University}}</ref>

The Pakistani press not only published exaggerated figures of Muslim casualties in [[Maldah district]], even though there was no incident of ethnic violence in the district. [[Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation|Pakistan Radio]] also broadcast false stories of atrocities on minorities in India.<ref name="ray216"/> On 22 April, Lieutenant General [[Azam Khan (general)|Muhammad Azam Khan]], the Governor of East Pakistan, delivered an inflammatory speech with claims of torture of minorities in India. On 23 April, the Bengali Hindus and other ethnic minorities were attacked in the [[Rajshahi Division]]. The District Magistrate of Rajshahi did not take any steps to stop the attacks. Killings, rape, loot, and arson continued for days. They were attacked in the passenger trains at the Rajshahi railway station and in the market adjacent to the Natore railway station.<ref name="lahiry54">{{cite book |last=Lahiry |first=Pravash Chandra |title=India Partitioned And Minorities in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uME5AQAAIAAJ |year=1964 |publisher=Writer's Forum |pages=54–55}}</ref> In Darusha village of Hujuri Para Union under [[Paba Upazila|Paba police station]], the Hindus were attacked, and many were seriously afflicted.<ref name="hb">{{cite web |url=http://www.hellobangladesh.biz/Bangladesh/District/Thana_Upazila/paba_upazila.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140828172526/http://www.hellobangladesh.biz/Bangladesh/District/Thana_Upazila/paba_upazila.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=28 August 2014 |title=Paba Upazila |work=Hello Bangladesh |accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref> In Darusha village under Paba police station, 10 people were killed. Thousands of non-Muslims were offered shelter in a school, but brutally it was burnt. <ref name="lahiry54"/> An estimated 3000 non-Muslims were killed in Rajshahi district.<ref name="lahiry54"/>

The Assistant High Commissioner in Rajshahi came to the rescue of the minorities. The intervention of the Indian Assistant High Commission resulted in the troops being called, and the massacre was stopped.<ref name="ray216"/> The Pakistan government whipped up a war hysteria, and the Indian Deputy High Commission at Dhaka was placed under military guard.<ref name="ray239">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Jayanta Kumar |date=September 1968 |title=Democracy and Nationalism on Trial |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10689/12643 |edition=First |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |location=Shimla |page=239}}</ref> It was impossible for the Indian Deputy High Commission to collect information on the attacks on the minorities. Rajeshwar Dayal, the Indian High Commissioner to Pakistan who had come to Dhaka too, was not allowed to visit the districts of Rajshahi and Pabna.<ref name="ray239"/>

== Exodus ==
Around 11,000 Santhals and Rajbanshis migrated to India.<ref name="mealib">{{cite web |url=http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2489?000 |title=Annual Report of the Ministry of External Affairs for 1962-63 |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, India |page=20 |accessdate=23 August 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Freedom of religion in Bangladesh]]
* [[Human rights in Bangladesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajshahi massacres, 1962}}
[[Category:Massacres of Bengali Hindus in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:1962 in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Looting in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Rajshahi District]]
[[Category:Pabna District]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Pakistan]]
[[Category:April 1962 in Asia]]
[[Category:1962 murders in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Marketplace attacks in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1962]]
[[Category:Attacks on railway systems]]
[[Category:Railway accidents and incidents in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Rape in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Rape in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Torture in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Attacks on schools in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:School arson fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on schools in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Building and structure arson attacks in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Arson in the 1960s]]
[[Category:1960s fires in Asia]]
[[Category:1962 fires]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1962]]
[[Category:Fake news in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Hate speech]]

Silver Show of India

2026-01-20T12:05:07Z

Suresh330: Creating post...

{{Infobox exhibition
|name = Silver Show of India (SSI)
|image = Silver Show of India (SSI) logo.png
|caption = Silver Show of India logo
|country = India
|location = New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore
|start_point =
|organiser = GES Worldex India Pvt. Ltd.
|sponsor =
}}
'''Silver Show of India (SSI)''' is India's biggest [[silver]] specific [[Business-to-business|B2B]] [[trade show]], for silver [[jewellery]] manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, designers, and allied industry stakeholders.<ref name="one">{{Cite web |last=Buzz |first=JewelBuzz Spread The |date=December 26, 2025 |title=Silver Show of India (SSI) 2025 India’s Largest Silver-Focused Trade Show Unveiled at BIEC Bengaluru - JewelBuzz Magazine |url=https://jewelbuzz.in/silver-show-of-india-ssi-2025-indias-largest-silver-focused-trade-show-unveiled-at-biec-bengaluru/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=jewelbuzz.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 24, 2025 |title=Silver Show Of India 2025 {{!}} B2B Silver Jewelry Exhibition |url=https://exhibitionglobe.com/silver-show-of-india-2025/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=Exhibition Globe |language=en-US}}</ref>

It is organized by GES Worldex India Pvt. Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GES INDIA Inc.: SILVER SHOW OF INDIA |url=https://gesindiaexh.com/ssi/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=gesindiaexh.com |archive-date=2025-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107203649/https://gesindiaexh.com/ssi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Past events==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dates !! Location !! Reference(s)
|-
| 12 to 15 September 2024 || New Delhi (Yashbhoomi, India International Convention & Expo Centre) || <ref>{{Cite web |title=SILVER SHOW OF INDIA: Delhi’s Biggest Silver Trade Event – LMSA-Lucknow Mahanagar Sarafa Association |url=https://lucknowjewellers.com/silver-show-of-india-delhis-1st-edition-of-indias-biggest-silver-trade-show/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=lucknowjewellers.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 6 to 9 September 2025 || New Delhi (Yashbhoomi, India International Convention & Expo Centre) ||
|-
| 6 to 9 June 2025 || Mumbai (Jio World Centre) || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Silver Show of India 2025: Silver Jewellery Trade Exhibition |url=https://www.jioworldcentre.com/jio-world-convention-centre/events/silver-show-of-india-2025 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=www.jioworldcentre.com |publisher=[[Jio]] World Centre |language=en |archive-date=2026-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105102228/https://www.jioworldcentre.com/jio-world-convention-centre/events/silver-show-of-india-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 26 to 29 December 2025 || Bangalore ([[Bangalore International Exhibition Centre]] (BIEC)) || <ref name="one"/>
|}

The 5th edition of the event was inaugurated by politician [[Santosh Lad]], in Bangalore International Exhibition Centre, (BIEC).<ref name="one"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=:: BIEC - Premier International Exhibition Centre :: |url=https://www.biec.in/Calendar_event/2k25/silver-show-dec.php |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=www.biec.in |publisher=[[Bangalore International Exhibition Centre]] |archive-date=2025-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206191455/http://biec.in/Calendar_event/2k25/silver-show-dec.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Media gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=5th edition Silver Show of India, [[Bangalore International Exhibition Centre|BIEC]], Bangalore
|width=175 | height=175 |mode=nolines |align=center
|File:5th Silver Show of India 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (180).jpg
|Silver ornaments
|File:5th Silver Show of India 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (171).jpg
|Silver ornaments
|File:5th Silver Show of India 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (464).jpg
|Exhibitors
|File:5th Silver Show of India 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (125).jpg
|Gold coated silver ornaments
|File:5th Silver Show of India 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (396).jpg
|Silver ornaments
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Silver Show of India}}
*[https://www.facebook.com/100083077249614/posts/dear-patronswe-cordially-welcome-you-to-delhis-2nd-edition-of-indias-biggest-sil/762071123238789/ Silver Show of India New Delhi's 2nd edition Facebook page]

[[Category:Trade fairs in India]]

Tarsame Singh Saini

2026-01-08T00:49:07Z

Suresh330: reworked formatting also and fixed typos

{{Short description|British singer (1967–2022)}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| image =
| caption =
| name = Tarsame Singh Saini
| alias = Johnny Zee Taz Stereo Nation
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1967|05|23}}
|birth_place = [[Coventry]], [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], England
| death_date = 29 April 2022 (aged 54)
| origin =
| occupation = Singer, composer, actor
| genre = [[Asian Underground|Asian fusion music]]
| years_active = 1989–2022
| label =
| associated_acts = [[Bohemia (musician)|Bohemia]], Stereo Nation
| website = {{url|stereonation.net}}
}}

'''Tarsame Singh Saini''' (23 May 1967 – 29 April 2022), also known as '''Taz Stereo Nation''' and previously '''Johnny Zee''', was a British singer, composer and actor of Indian descent. He was the lead singer of the pop band '''Stereo Nation''' which was formed in 1996. He was credited with being the pioneer of cross-cultural [[Asian Underground|Asian fusion music]].<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100815/ldh1.htm "Born Tarsem Singh Saini, aka '''Taz''', the UK-based singer had struck a chord with the motley of music lovers across the world" -Sunday, 15 August 2010, Chandigarh, India], Tribuneindia.com</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Fusion-s-first-king/SP-Article1-848818.aspx |title=Fusion's first king - Hindustan Times |accessdate=2 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503181213/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Fusion-s-first-king/SP-Article1-848818.aspx |archivedate=3 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.planetradiocity.com/musicreporter/celebrity-news-story.php?newsid=4026&title=Exclusive!+Stereo+Nation%60s+latest+single+to+debut+on+PRC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718135532/https://www.planetradiocity.com/musicreporter/celebrity-news-story.php?newsid=4026&title=Exclusive!+Stereo+Nation%60s+latest+single+to+debut+on+PRC|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 July 2020|title=PlanetRadiocity.com – Radio, Hindi Songs, Wallpapers, Hindi Lyrics, Bollywood Videos, Celebrity News|website=Planetradiocity.com|accessdate=18 July 2020}}</ref>

Tarsame Singh Saini died on 29 April 2022, at the age of 54.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/united_kingdom/20106205.a-legend-tributes-paid-music-pioneer-taz-stereo-nation/|title='A legend': Tributes paid to music pioneer Taz from Stereo Nation|date=30 April 2022|work=Asianimage.co.uk}}</ref>

== Career ==
He first hit the [[Record chart|charts]] in 1989 with the album "Hit the Deck" which spent over 36 weeks on the UK Asian pop chart at number one.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} The album was produced by Tom Lowry. He went on to produce many albums in the 1990s and early 2000s all of which were successful. To date, all but two of his albums have received gold platinum and multi-platinum discs. His most successful album was ''Slave II Fusion'', released in 2000, which includes many of his most well-known hit songs including "Pyar Ho Gaya", "Nachenge Saari Raat", and "Gallan Gorian". His music videos also feature actors before they became famous. His video "Pyar Ho Gaya" featured [[Shiney Ahuja]] and "Ishq Ho Gaya" features model and actress [[Koena Mitra]].

[[Stereo Nation]]'s "Don't Break My Heart" (1994) inspired the song "O Baby Dont Break My Heart" in the film ''[[Mohabbat (1997 film)|Mohabbat]]'' (1997),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhijeet and Kavita Krishnamurthy's 'O Baby Don't Break My Heart' - Discover the Sample Source |url=https://www.whosampled.com/sample/161374/Abhijeet-Kavita-Krishnamurthy-O-Baby-Don%27t-Break-My-Heart-Stereo-Nation-Don%27t-Break-My-Heart-I%27ve-Been-Waiting/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=[[WhoSampled]]}}</ref> the soundtrack album of which sold 2 million units in India.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 January 2009 |title=Music Hits 1990–1999 (Figures in Units) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081552/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce |archive-date=15 February 2008 |access-date=9 May 2012 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>

He also contributed songs to the soundtracks of Bollywood films such as [[Tum Bin]] (2001), [[Koi Mil Gaya]] (2003) and [[Race (2008 film)|Race]] (2008).

In 2005, he won "Best International Artist" at the [[UK Asian Music Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wass-up.com/ukama2005.php|title=Artists unite to celebrate British Asian Music|accessdate=24 August 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110150402/http://wass-up.com/ukama2005.php|archivedate=10 January 2011}}</ref>

In 2007, he made his film debut with the British film ''[[Don't Stop Dreaming]]'', for which he also composed the [[soundtrack]] and did the [[playback singing]]. In the film, he co-starred with actors including [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Sunil Shetty]] & [[Richard Blackwood]].

In 2008 he returned with his new album ''Jawani on the Rocks''. His hit singles from this album include "Meri Nazron Mein Tu Hain" and "Hai Hai Jawani". In 2010, he released his album, ''Twist & Shout'', which was a success. The 2020 single release, "Galan Goriyan", with [[Dhvani Bhanushali]], which is a remake of the 2000 hit song, has amassed over 10 million views on YouTube.

== Discography ==
=== Albums ===
*''Hit the Deck'' (1989)
*''The Remix Album'' (1990)
*''Vibes'' (1991)
*''Back to My Roots'' (1992)
*''From me to You'' (1993)
*''Spirits of Rhythm'' (1994)
*''New Dawn'' (1995)
*''I've Been Waiting'' (1996)
*''Jambo'' (1998)
*''Nasha'' (1999)
*''Slave II Fusion [Oh Laila]'' (2000)
*''Tazmania'' (2002)
*''Cafe Mumbai [Apna Sangeet]'' (2003/2004)
*''Jawani on the Rocks'' (2008)
*''Rewind Selekta'' (2009)
*''Twist & Shout'' (2010)
*''Desi & U know it'' (2012)
*''Beautiful [single]'' (2021)

=== Film soundtracks ===
Taz has also contributed to the soundtracks for the following films:
*''[[Tum Bin]]'' (2001, song: Daroo Vich Pyar)
*''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' (2003, song: It's Magic)
*''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]'' (2008, song: Mujhpe To Jadoo)
*''[[It's a Wonderful Afterlife]]'' (2010)
*''[[Diary of a Butterfly]]'' (2012)
*''[[Mr. Bhatti on Chutti]]'' (2012)
*''[[Guest iin London]]'' (2017)
*''[[Batla House]]'' (2019)

== Filmography ==
*''[[Tum Bin]]'' (2001) .... Himself (Performer of song "Daru Vich Pyaar Mila De")
*''[[Don't Stop Dreaming]]'' (2007) .... Channi Singh
*''[[Sambar Salsa]]'' (2007) .... Himself

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.stereonation.net/ Official Stereo Nation website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101132014/https://stereonation.net/ |date=1 November 2020 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080526145253/http://www.bbc.co.uk/coventry/music/stories/2002/04/stereo-nation.shtml A summary of Taz's career]
* {{discogs artist|Johnny Zee}}
* {{IMDb name|1504389}} as Taz
* {{IMDb name|4470427}} as Taz Stereo Nation

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saini, Tarsame Singh}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:English male film actors]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:English Sikhs]]
[[Category:English male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:English singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Musicians from Coventry]]

2020–2021 China–India skirmishes order of battle: China

2026-01-04T16:51:48Z

Suresh330: stub - done

The Chinese '''[[order of battle]]''' in the '''[[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]]'''.

== Background ==
{| class="wikitable" align="right"
! align="center" |[[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP General Secretary]] and [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)|CMC Chairman]]
|[[Xi Jinping]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Arpi|first=Claude|date=13 June 2020|title=The Chinese generals involved in Ladakh standoff|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/the-chinese-generals-involved-in-ladakh-standoff-/20200613.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-12|website=Rediff|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613105552/https://www.rediff.com/news/special/the-chinese-generals-involved-in-ladakh-standoff-/20200613.htm |archive-date=2020-06-13 }}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |Commander of the [[Western Theater Command]]
|[[Zhao Zongqi]]<ref name=":0" /> (Until Dec 2020)<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |agency=ANI|date=2021-05-17|title=PLA modernises Xinjiang's military units in 'reaction' to India-China LAC row|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pla-modernises-xinjiang-s-military-units-in-reaction-to-india-china-lac-row-101621231048385.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|newspaper=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517124903/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pla-modernises-xinjiang-s-military-units-in-reaction-to-india-china-lac-row-101621231048385.html |archive-date=2021-05-17 }}</ref>
[[Zhang Xudong]]<ref name=":4" />
|-
! align="center" |Deputy Commander of the Western Theater Command
|[[Wang Qiang (general)|Wang Qiang]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
!Theatre Command HQ
|Chengdu<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Bajwa|first=Mandeep Singh|date=2020-08-02|title=Military Digest {{!}} Eastern Ladakh Sitrep: The 'Bottleneck' in Indo-China talks|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/military-digest-eastern-ladakh-sitrep-the-bottleneck-in-indo-china-talks-6535071/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-13|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803055456/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/military-digest-eastern-ladakh-sitrep-the-bottleneck-in-indo-china-talks-6535071/ |archive-date=2020-08-03 }}</ref>
|-
!Ground Forces, HQ
|Lanzhou, Gansu<ref name=":2" />
|}
Prior deployment in Eastern Ladakh included 362nd and 363rd Border Defence Regiments. Companies from 362nd were stationed at [[Khurnak Fort]] and [[Spanggur Tso]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bajwa|first=Mandeep Singh|date=2020-07-11|title=Chinese order of battle in Aksai Chin: What are we up against?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chinese-order-of-battle-in-aksai-chin-what-are-we-up-against-6500207/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717050504/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chinese-order-of-battle-in-aksai-chin-what-are-we-up-against-6500207/ |archive-date=2020-07-17 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Boyd|first=Henry|last2=Nouwens|first2=Meia|date=18 June 2021|title=Understanding the military build-up on the China–India border|url=https://www.iiss.org/blogs/analysis/2020/06/china-india-border|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-13|website=IISS|publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622134648/https://www.iiss.org/blogs/analysis/2020/06/china-india-border |archive-date=2020-06-22 }}</ref> 363rd have companies at [[Kongka Pass|Kongka La]] near [[Hot Springs, Chang Chenmo Valley|Gogra/Hot Springs]].A patrol boat squadron is deployed on [[Pangong Tso]]. 362nd and 363rd occupied pickets as the skirmishes progressed.<ref name=":1" />

In April 2020, the [[4th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)|4th (Highland) Motorised Infantry]] and [[6th Mechanized Infantry Division|6th (Highland) Mechanised Infantry]] Divisions of the [[Western Theater Command|Western Theatre Command]] took part in pre-planned annual exercises in the [[Gobi Desert|Gobi desert]] and [[Aksai Chin]]. Following this the divisions moved towards the [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC) in eastern Ladakh.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Gokhale|first=Nitin A.|date=27 April 2021|title=Eastern Ladakh: Chinese Formations Undertaking Rotation|url=https://bharatshakti.in/eastern-ladakh-chinese-formations-undertaking-rotation/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Bharat Shakti|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427125544/https://bharatshakti.in/eastern-ladakh-chinese-formations-undertaking-rotation/ |archive-date=2021-04-27 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Uban|first=Gurdip Singh|others=Gurdip Singh Uban is former Inspector General, [[Special Frontier Force]]|date=2020-09-25|title=Shadow force apart, India needs a China plan|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/shadow-force-apart-india-needs-a-china-plan/article32689248.ece|access-date=2021-06-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The divisions stayed in eastern Ladakh from May 2020 to February 2021 following which they rotated with the [[8th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)|8th]] and the [[11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)|11th Motorised Divisions]].<ref name=":3" /> A total of 90% of China's deployment in Ladakh is rotated.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=ANI|date=6 June 2021|title=China rotates 90 per cent troops deployed along Ladakh sector on India border|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/china-rotates-90-per-cent-troops-deployed-along-ladakh-sector-on-india-border/articleshow/83277596.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-22|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606061205/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/china-rotates-90-per-cent-troops-deployed-along-ladakh-sector-on-india-border/articleshow/83277596.cms |archive-date=2021-06-06 }}</ref> Amidst the standoff, military in Xinjiang has undergone modernisation.<ref name=":4" />

== 6th Mechanised Infantry Division ==

* People's Liberation Army Ground Force
** [[6th Mechanized Infantry Division|6th Highland Mechanised Infantry Division]] at Depsang Plains.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Bajwa|first=Mandeep Singh|date=2020-07-19|title=Military Digest {{!}} Detailed Order of Battle: Chinese Forces in Eastern Ladakh|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/military-digest-detailed-order-of-battle-chinese-forces-in-eastern-ladakh-6513871/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719194936/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/military-digest-detailed-order-of-battle-chinese-forces-in-eastern-ladakh-6513871/ |archive-date=2020-07-19 }}</ref><ref name=":2" />
*** Two mechanised infantry regiments/brigades
****7th Mechanised Infantry Regiment
**** 18th Mechanised Infantry Regiment
**** One armoured regiment
****Combat support includes a field artillery regiment, air defence regiment, combat engineer battalion, electronic warfare battalion, CBRN defence battalion, divisional reconnaissance battalion
*****Each mechanised infantry regiment/brigade has four mechanised battalions
******A tank battalion
******Artillery battalion
******Combat support is provided by an engineer battalion and a signal battalion
****Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment
***** A battalion of 24 GZ-09 [[PLZ-07|PGZ-07]]
***** A battalion of 18 [[HQ-17]] systems
***** Six [[FN-6]]
**** Aviation regiment
***** Squadron of [[Harbin Z-9|Harbin Z-9G]] and [[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17I]]

== 4th Motorised Infantry Division ==

* People's Liberation Army Ground Force
** [[4th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)|4th Highland Motorised Infantry Division]] at Galwan Valley, Hot Springs and Pangong Tso.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
*** [[11th Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)|11th Motorised Infantry Regiment]] following standard [[Table of organization and equipment|table of organisation]]
*** 12th Motorised Infantry Regiment
*** A tank regiment, artillery regiment
****Anti-tank, anti-aircraft artillery battalions
*** Type [[Type 86 (infantry fighting vehicle)|86 ICVs]], [[WZ-551]], 6 x 6 [[Armoured personnel carrier|APCs]], [[VN-1]] 8 x 8 APCs with [[HJ-10|Red Arrow 10]]
**[[Army groups of China|Army Groups]] providing the following support:
*** Artillery brigade
****Two battalions of [[PCL-181]]
**** Two battalions of [[PHL-03]]
**** A battalion of twin-barreled 35mm towed anti-aircraft guns
**** Twelve [[FM-90]]

== PLA Air Force ==

* PLA Air Force<ref name=":2" />
** 6th Fighter Division, [[Yinchuan]], Ningxia
*** Regiment of [[Shenyang J-11|J-11 Shenyang]]
*** Regiment of [[Chengdu J-7]]
*** Regiment of [[List of Chengdu J-7 variants|Chengdu J-7Es]]
** 33rd and 37th Fighter Division, [[Chongqing]] and [[Ürümqi|Urumqi]]
** Bomber and transport division, Lintong and [[Qionglai Air Base|Qionglai]]

== See also ==

* [[Chinese People's Volunteer Army order of battle]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* Kevin McCauley (13 January 2017) [https://jamestown.org/program/snapshot-chinas-western-theater-command/ Snapshot: China's Western Theater Command]. China Brief 17: 1. ''Jamestown Foundation''.
*Kashif Anwar (16 August 2021). [https://capsindia.org/files/documents/aea7542e-4ad5-4751-8709-29af51f138ef.pdf Chinese Drones in East Ladakh and India's Response] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816175124/https://capsindia.org/files/documents/aea7542e-4ad5-4751-8709-29af51f138ef.pdf |date=2021-08-16 }}. ''Centre for Air Power Studies, New Delhi''.
{{China–India relations}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chinese order of battle in the 2020-2021 China-India skirmishes}}
[[Category:Orders of battle]]

Indori river

2025-12-31T12:08:55Z

Suresh330: brief adjust intro based on references and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2016}}

{{Infobox river
| name = Indori River
| native_name ={{native name|hi|इन्दोरी नदी}}
| name_other =
| etymology =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| source1_location = [[Aravalli Range]], From [[Alwar district]] and [[Sikar district]] of [[Rajasthan]] to [[Rewari district]] of Haryana
| source1_elevation =
| mouth_location = [[Rewari]]
| mouth_elevation =
| basin_size =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| length =
| discharge1_location= [[Sahibi River]] in [[Haryana]]
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| waterbodies =
| waterfalls =
| bridges =
| ports =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
The '''Indori river''' (Hindi: '''इन्दोरी नदी'''), is a rain-fed river originates from [[Aravalli Range]] from [[Sikar district]] and flows through [[Alwar district]] of [[Rajasthan]] to [[Rewari district]] of Haryana and it is the longest tributary of [[Sahibi River]] which stretches to 50 km.<ref name="Sahibi1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiamapped.in/revers-in-india/haryana/sahibi-river |title=Sahibi river |access-date=14 April 2016 |archive-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012201926/http://www.indiamapped.in/revers-in-india/haryana/sahibi-river |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1PjJD61h8Q0C&q=sahibi+riverGoogle&pg=PA41 Books: Page 41, 42, 43, 44, 47 (b) Sahibi Nadi (River), River Pollution, By A.k.jain]</ref> In [[Delhi]], it is called the [[Najafgarh drain]] or '''Najafgarh Nallah'''.

==Archaeological findings==
[[File:Harrapan period earthen ware from village, Hansaka, Rewari District, Haryana, on the bed of Sahibi River.JPG|thumb|300px|Earthenware (Pottery) found on the Sahibi riverbed by INTACH-Rewari, at Hansaka village, Rewari District, 2012]]
Archaeological findings on the Sahibi River have confirmed habitations on its banks before the [[Harappa]]n and pre-[[Mahabharata]] periods. Both handmade and wheel-made earthenware dated from 3309–2709 BCE and 2879–2384 BCE has been found on the banks of the Sahibi River at Jodhpura. [[INTACH]]-Rewari found pottery on the Sahibi riverbed at [[Hansaka]] in the Rewari district. A red stone statue of [[Vamana]] Dev was found in the Sahibi riverbed near Bawal in 2002; the statue is now displayed at the Shri Krishna Museum, [[Kurukshetra]].{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} Other artifacts discovered in the Sahibi River include arrowheads, fishhooks, appearheads, awls, and chisels.<ref>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India from the stone age to the 12th century, Pearson 2009, page 116</ref>

== Identification with Vedic rivers ==
{{See also|Drishadvati River}}
Several modern scholars identify the old [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]] (of which Tangri river is a tributary) as the [[Sarasvati River]] and the [[Sahibi River]] with the [[Drishadvati River]] of [[Vedic period]], on the banks of which [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus–Sarasvati Civilisation]] developed. such scholars include Bhargava<ref>"Location of Brahmavarta and Drishadwati River is important to find earliest alignment of Saraswati River", Sudhir Bhargava, International Conference, 20–22 Nov. 2009, "Saraswati-a perspective" pages 114–117, [[Kurukshetra University]], Kurukshetra, Organised by: Saraswati Nadi Shodh Sansthan, Haryana.</ref> The [[Drishadwati]] River formed one border of the [[Vedic]] state of [[Brahmavarta]] and was mentioned in the ''[[Rigveda]]'', the ''[[Manusmriti]]'', and the ''Brahmin Granths'' texts.

==Gallery ==
<gallery>
IVC-major-sites-2.jpg|[[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus–Sarasvati Civilisation]] major sites
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[Krishnavati river]]
* [[Dangri]], a tributary of [[Sarsuti]]
* [[Tangri river]], a tributary of [[Sarsuti]], merge if Dangri and Tangri are same
* [[Sarsuti]], a tributary of [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]]
* [[Kaushalya river]], a tributary of [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]]
* [[Chautang]], a tributary of [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]]
* [[Sutlej]], a tributary of [[Indus]]
* [[Ganges]]
* [[Indus]]
* [[Western Yaumna Canal|Western Yamuna Canal]], branches off [[Yamuna]]
* [[List of rivers of Rajasthan]]
* [[List of rivers of India]]
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]
{{col div end}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Indus Valley Civilization}}
{{commons category|Sarasvati River}}
{{commons category|Ghaggar-Hakra river}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070101164930/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/members/indus.html Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization and Sarasvati River]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050904005053/http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/archaeology/site/archs0001.htm The Saraswati: Where lies the mystery by Saswati Paik]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|28|29|N|76|44|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{Hydrography of Rajasthan}}
{{Hydrography of Haryana}}
{{Waters of South Asia}}
{{Haryana}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indori river}}
[[Category:Rivers of Haryana]]
[[Category:Rivers of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Yamuna River]]
[[Category:Yamuna River]]
[[Category:Drainage canals]]
[[Category:Canals in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Haryana]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indus basin]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Rigvedic rivers]]

Aruna Raje

2025-12-31T07:44:41Z

Suresh330: new

{{short description|Indian film director and editor (born 17 October1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aruna Raje
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1946
| birth_place = [[Pune]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| yearsactive =
| birth_name =
| occupation = [[Film director|Director]], [[Editor]]
| othername =
| website =
| parents =
| relatives =
| spouse = Vikas Desai (divorced)
| children =
| awards = Six National Awards
}}
'''Aruna Raje''' (born 1946) is an [[Indian film]] director and editor known for her works in [[Hindi cinema]].<ref name=IMDB>{{cite web|url= https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0707382/|title=Aruna Raje|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=10 July 2015}}</ref>

==Early life==
Aruna Raje was born on 17 October in 1946 in [[Pune]], India.<ref name=IMDB/>

==Education and career==
Aruna enrolled initially at [[Grant Medical College]] in Pune to study medicine but later quit to join the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII). She passed out of FTII with a gold medal in 1969 becoming the first trained woman technician in the industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parallelcinema.blogspot.in/2005/09/aruna-raje.html|title=Aruna Raje|publisher=Parallel Cinema|accessdate=10 July 2015}}</ref>

At the beginning of her career Aruna Raje worked jointly with her ex-husband Vikas Desai in the name of Aruna-Vikas. She co-edited acclaimed films like ''[[Giddh]]'' and ''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]''. The duo later took to direction making films like ''[[Shaque]]'', ''[[Gehrayee]]'' and ''[[Sitam]]''. After separating from her husband she began independent film-direction, making hard hitting feminist movies.<ref name=Hindu>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/03/22/stories/2004032202120400.htm|title=Between You and Me|date=22 March 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=10 July 2015}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

She has also made national award-winning documentaries on the well-known classical dancer [[Mallika Sarabhai]] and special children, ''The New Paradigm''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=13391076&cid=2398|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111203650/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=13391076&cid=2398|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2005|title='Tum' isn't my life story: Aruna Raje|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=10 July 2015}}</ref>

She has won 6 National Awards for her films.

==Personal life==
Aruna was married to Vikas Desai. They had a son and a daughter. The daughter aged nine died of cancer. The couple later divorced.<ref name=Hindu/>

==Filmography==
===Writer===
*2009 ''[[Red Alert: The War Within]]'' (story)
*2004 ''[[Tum?: A Dangerous Obsession]]'' (screenplay and story)
*1996 ''[[Bhairavi (film)|Bhairavi]]'' (screenplay)
*1988 ''[[Rihaee (1988 film)|Rihaee]]'' (screenplay and story)
*1982 ''[[Sitam]]'' (co-written)
*1980 ''[[Gehrayee]]'' (script)(co-written)
*1976 ''[[Shaque]]'' (script)(co-written)

===Director===
*2019 ''[[Firebrand (2019 film)|Firebrand]]''
*2004 ''[[Tum?: A Dangerous Obsession]]''
*1996 ''[[Bhairavi (film)|Bhairavi]]''
*1993 ''Shadi Ya...'' (TV Series)
*1992 ''Patit Pawan''
*1988 ''[[Rihaee (1988 film)|Rihaee]]''
*1982 ''[[Sitam]]'' (co-directed)
*1980 ''[[Gehrayee]]'' (co-directed)
*1976 ''[[Shaque]]'' (co-directed)

===Editor===
*2004 ''[[Tum?: A Dangerous Obsession]]''
*1996 ''[[Bhairavi (film)|Bhairavi]]''
*1988 ''[[Rihaee (1988 film)|Rihaee]]''
*1984 ''[[Giddh]]'' (co-edited)
*1984 ''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]'' (co-edited)
*1982 ''[[Sitam]]'' (co-edited)
*1980 ''[[Gehrayee]]'' (co-edited)
*1976 ''[[Shaque]]'' (co-edited)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{iMDb name|0707382}}
* [https://www.theshiftfocus.com/about-arunaraje-patil/ Arunaraje Patil] on [https://www.theshiftfocus.com/ Shift Focus, a school for Cinema and Life]
{{Aruna Raje}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raje, Aruna}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian women television directors]]
[[Category:Indian television directors]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Artists from Pune]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian women documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

2005 Jahanabad prison attack

2025-12-26T05:19:04Z

Suresh330:

{{Short description|Maoist insurgency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Jahanabad prison break incident
| location = [[Jehanabad district]]
| date = {{end date and age|2005|11|13|df=yes}}
| partof = [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency]]
| image =
| image_size = 250
| image_upright = 1.25
| caption =
| map = {{Location map|Bihar
| width = 250
| float = right
| label =
|marksize = 8
|lat_deg = 25.213928
|lon_deg = 84.989555
}}
| coordinates = {{coord|25|12|45|N|84|59|07|E|display=inline,title}}
| type =
| weapons =
| fatalities =
| victims = [[Ranvir Sena]] members
| perpetrators = [[People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (India)|People's Liberation Gurriella Army]]
| convicted =
}}
The '''Jahanabad prison attack''', also known as the '''Jahanabad jail break incident'''<ref name=Kleinfeld>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYwkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194|last=Kleinfeld|first=R|year=2018|title=A Savage Order: How the World's Deadliest Countries Can Forge a Path to Security|place= |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=9781524746872 |accessdate=20 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420193434/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=KYwkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194&dq=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/new-jail-to-arrest-jehanabad-s-insecurity-in-a-limbo-2005-jailbreak-still-sends-chill-down-residents-spines-but-prison-address-change-goes-on-at-snail-s-pace/cid/190012|title=New jail to arrest Jehanabad's insecurity in a limbo - 2005 jailbreak still sends chill down residents' spines, but prison address change goes on at snail's pace|website=The Telegraph|accessdate=21 April 2023|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421194456/https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/new-jail-to-arrest-jehanabad-s-insecurity-in-a-limbo-2005-jailbreak-still-sends-chill-down-residents-spines-but-prison-address-change-goes-on-at-snail-s-pace/cid/190012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051127/spectrum/main1.htm|title=Red Star over Bihar|website=The Tribune|accessdate=21 April 2023|archive-date=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423045612/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051127/spectrum/main1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> was a [[naxalite]] operation, conducted by the members of [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]] against the state of [[Bihar]], on 13 November 2005. In the backdrop of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] elections being conducted in the state and lack of elected government in power, the state machinery was involved in conducting the elections in free and fair manner. The [[President's rule]] (imposed earlier) was being implemented in the state, and the Naxalites found it a good opportunity to conduct this massive operation. As per various reports, around 12 people, all belonging to [[Ranvir Sena]] (who were incarcerated in Jahanabad prison) were killed by the naxalites in this incident. This event was not centred around the prison only, which was the centre of operation, but around 1000 Naxalites were inside the city of [[Jehanabad|Jahanabad]], who virtually controlled the city for a short span of time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/bihar-assembly-election-2020-recalling-jehanabad-jail-break-during-october-2005-bihar-election-1147614-2020-10-19|title=जहानाबाद जेल ब्रेक: जब स्टेट पर हुआ था अल्ट्रा लेफ्ट का अटैक, चुनाव में दिखा नक्सल क्राइम का क्लाइमैक्स|website=Aajtak|date=19 October 2020 |accessdate=20 April 2023|archive-date=2023-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420191251/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/bihar-assembly-election-2020-recalling-jehanabad-jail-break-during-october-2005-bihar-election-1147614-2020-10-19|url-status=live}}</ref> A total of 389 prisoners were freed by the Naxalites in this operation codenamed 'Operation Jailbreak'. Those who were freed, also included [[Ajay Kanu]]— a top level Naxal commander,<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA57 |page= 57|last= Kumar|first= A.|year= 2008|title= Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar|place= India|publisher= Anthem Press|isbn= 9781843317098|access-date= 2023-04-22|archive-date= 2023-04-23|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230423045609/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA57&dq=|url-status= live}}</ref> and many of the Maoists.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shaping India's New Destiny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2mslHZ4kQC&pg=PA85|page=85|year=2008|place= |publisher=Allied Publishers| isbn=9788184243307 |access-date=2023-04-22|archive-date=2023-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423045610/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_J2mslHZ4kQC&pg=PA85&dq=|url-status=live}}</ref> The operation was conducted by [[People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (India)]]— a militant underground unit of CPI (Maoist).<ref name=Bhatia>{{cite journal|first=Bela|last= Bhatia. |title="Jailbreak and the Maoist Movement."|journal= Economic and Political Weekly|volume= 40|issue= 51|year=2005|pages= 5369–71| jstor=4417542}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20051128-maoists-stage-biggest-jail-breakout-in-bihar-state-administration-scurries-for-cover-786493-2005-11-27|title=Maoists stage biggest jail breakout in Bihar, state administration scurries for cover|website=India Today|date=28 November 2005 |accessdate=20 April 2023|archive-date=2023-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420194315/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20051128-maoists-stage-biggest-jail-breakout-in-bihar-state-administration-scurries-for-cover-786493-2005-11-27|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Incident==
[[File:Jahanabad prison.jpg|thumb|Entrance of Jahanabad prison, which is located in Kako Road, 10 KM ahead of Jahanabad bus stand.]]
On 13 November 2005, late in the evening, the Naxalites entered the town of [[Jehanabad|Jahanabad]] in central Bihar. According to estimates, they were over thousand in number. As per various reportings, the [[Maoist]]s (Naxalites) had arrived on vehicles with '[[police]]' written on them and they were all dressed in [[police uniform]]. However, the spectators are said to have witnessed the loose fitting uniforms worn by many of them, which caused suspicion. The attack was pre-planned and before they arrived, the electricity of the whole city went off. Since, in those days, the supply of electricity in the state was erratic and irregular, it appeared to be a normal incident for most of the inhabitants of the city. Some people are reported to have observed the bathroom slippers, below the police uniform, worn by many of the Maoists, which caused uneasiness among them. After entering, they dispersed throughout the city and captured the strategic locations to avoid any counter measures by the state and the security forces.<ref name=Bhatia/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/an-ominous-warning/229306|title=An Ominous Warning|website=Outlook india|date=21 November 2005 |accessdate=21 April 2023|archive-date=21 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621204638/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/an-ominous-warning/229306|url-status=live}}</ref>

A band of Maoists, in the vicinity of prison, moved towards the nearby locality announcing the people to stay inside their houses. On [[megaphone]]s, they announced that, they have no quarrel with the common people and their mission is only against the state administration (''Prashashan''). Around 9:05 P.M, a bomb was exploded, which was the call to start the operation. The attack was simultaneously made on the police line (the official accommodation provided to the [[constabulary]] and lower rank police officials by the [[Government of Bihar]]) and the prison. The police line also included [[district]] [[armoury]], and at the time of attack, it was ill-equipped due to lack of manpower. Since the elections were going on the state, most of the policemen were on election duty, posted away from the police line.<ref name=Bhatia/>
[[File:Main route between Jahanabad Bus station and Prison.jpg|thumb|A scene of main route between Jahanabad Bus Station and Jahanabad Prison, located in Kako Road. The main route is connected to many small routes, which traverse across low population density areas, finally connecting to Highway joining nearby Patna and Gaya district.]]
Jahanabad was surrounded by [[Gaya district|Gaya]] and [[Patna district]] and for the same reason (policemen sent on election duty) the arrival of reinforcement from these districts was not possible. Some of the Maoists also planned to raid the district armoury, but the [[District Magistrate]]'s had deployed 8 guards and 11 policemen to save the weapons from being robbed by the Maoists; the Maoists thus played safe and retreated without making any attempt on the armoury. However, latter retreated only after two hours of exchange of fire between them and the authorities. In the south of the police line, there existed a railway track and two Maoists had arrived there possibly with the intent to break the [[railway track]] by exploding a [[bomb]]. However, after the incident, the authorities found both of them in critical situation; one, who was holding a bomb, that had exploded, was dead and other was severely wounded.<ref name=Bhatia/>

The jail was also suffering from manpower crunch, and when the Maoists attacked it, they started searching for their cadres and leaders incarcerated here. They were successful in finding [[Ajay Kanu]], one of their leading commander and some other supporters. In the meantime, Bade Sharma, one of the leading member of [[Bhumihar]] caste led [[militia]] [[Ranvir Sena]] was found and immediately killed by the Maoists; they also killed another member of Sena, Biseswar Rai, soon after it. According to [[Bela Bhatia]], the attackers also took away 9 [[Rifle]]s and 376 [[bullet]]s with them. By next day morning, a total of 389 prisoners had escaped. It was reported that majority of them were petty criminals and they had escaped just to save themselves as they thought that the Maoists were planning to explode the prison altogether.<ref name=Bhatia/>

On 11 December 2005, 269 prisoners among those who escaped, returned to the jail, but the 60-70 hardcore criminals, which included supporters and cadres of [[leftism|left organisations]], members of Ranvir Sena and [[habitual offenders]] didn't return. One such case was the successful escape of some of the members of criminal "Bindu Singh" and "Chunnu Sharma" groups.<ref name=Bhatia/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/bihar-s-most-wanted-ajay-in-40s-trigger-happy-and-fond-of-good-life/cid/839335|title=Bihar's most wanted: Ajay, in 40s, trigger-happy and fond of good life|website=The Telegraph|accessdate=21 April 2023|archive-date=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423045610/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/bihar-s-most-wanted-ajay-in-40s-trigger-happy-and-fond-of-good-life/cid/839335|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Situation before attack==
The problem of overburdening in the Indian [[prison]]s was more true in the case of Jahanabad. During the attack, the [[jail]] carried 659 inmates, while the original capacity of it was only 140. In past, the members of [[left wing politics|left movement]] incarcerated in the jail went on strike for better condition of the inmates. Such a strike was common feature, but according to media reports, the condition was hardly reformed. The jail also housed a majority of [[undertrial]] prisoners; only 30 out of all inmates were convicted during the attack. It is also reported that there also existed discrimination between the prisoners on the basis of [[caste]] and [[Social class|class]]. Ajay Kanu had been involved in numerous demonstrations inside the Jahanabad prison for better living condition for all the prisoners, but the administration planned to send troublemakers like him to Gaya jail. However, [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]] jail administration refused to take him and the administration of Jahanabad prison planned to transfer him to [[Bhagalpur]] jail. However, before executing the plan, the attack took place.<ref name=Bhatia/>

[[Bela Bhatia]] has described the hobnobbing between prison administration and influential criminals, who manage to get into private wards of local government hospitals on the basis of fake medical certificates, living a life of luxury even while serving a sentence. Bhatia interviewed a [[Doctor (title)|doctor]], who was sent to prison on deputation. According to him, the laxity in providing the medicines for the prison inmates suffering from serious ailments was widely prevalent among the prison staffs. Apart from the poor situation of prison inmates, there were routine [[massacre]]s of [[Dalit]] [[agricultural labourer]]s in Jahanabad, which incited popular opinion against the state. When [[Arwal district]] was carved out of Jahanabad, the infamous [[Laxmanpur Bathe massacre]] took place in 1997. Many a times, police also acted in connivance with the upper caste militia, killing Dalits. Hence, there existed accumulated anger among the people against the state administration. The administration also viewed people with suspicion.<ref name=Bhatia/> While discussing about this 'prison break incident', officials present in the police line commented:
{{Blockquote|''Yaha ka sara Janata hi ugarwadi hai'' (''Here everyone is a terrorist'')<ref name=Bhatia/>}}

Bhatia stated that the state administration during those days used to participate in [[fake encounter]]s on the basis of suspicion of being supporters of the Maoists in complicity with the caste based ''Senas'' (Private armies) of the landlords. The incident of prison break and selective targeting of the members of Ranvir Sena resulted in chances of reprisal by latter. Hence, in the aftermath of this event, it was thought that the relative peace that was prevalent for few years due to dormancy of caste based ''Senas'' may break as a response to killing of leading commanders like Bade Sharma.<ref name=Bhatia/>

==Aftermath==
The dead body of the leading member of Ranvir Sena in prison infuriated a section of 'landed gentry'. There was a demonstration on the streets of Jahanabad by latter, in which, they promised to take the revenge from the Naxalites for this killing.<ref>{{cite book|title=Prison Breaks: Toward a Sociology of Escape|year=2018|place=Germany|publisher=Springer International Publishing|pages=129–131|isbn=9783319643588 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-N9LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129|access-date=2023-04-22|archive-date=2023-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423050111/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-N9LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129&dq=|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the incident, [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] for Jahanabad district, Sunil Kumar was suspended by government of Bihar, for his failure to prevent the naxal onslaught. According to contemporary news reports, Bihar Home Secretary HC Sirohi had informed SP about possible attack by the extremists earlier, despite this, the district administration was unable to prevent the jailbreak. [[Government of India]] rushed over thousand paramilitary personnels to Bihar, after the incident, and a plan to airdrop the security forces was formulated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/naxal-attack-jehanabad-sp-suspended/story-TVJHBDNgJAPkVbV1AgZG1L.html|title=Naxal attack: Jehanabad SP suspended|website=Hindustan Times|date=15 November 2005 |accessdate=5 August 2023|archive-date=5 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805132300/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/naxal-attack-jehanabad-sp-suspended/story-TVJHBDNgJAPkVbV1AgZG1L.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jehanabad-jailbreak-key-maoist-arrested/articleshow/1303380.cms|title=Jehanabad jailbreak: Key Maoist arrested|website=Times of India|date=22 November 2005 |accessdate=5 August 2023|archive-date=5 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805132525/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jehanabad-jailbreak-key-maoist-arrested/articleshow/1303380.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the aftermath of this incident, the Government of Bihar under [[Nitish Kumar]] took immediate steps to obtain conviction from many of the Maoists. Between 2007-2009, a total of 109 Maoists were convicted. The speedy trial mechanism was followed by the government to settle many cases related to Maoist activities. However, top naxal leaders like Ajay Kanu were an exception to this. Kanu was arrested in February 2007 by Bihar Police, but speedy trial mechanism was not followed in his case; he was kept under high security in [[Beur Central Jail|Beur Jail]] and his property at his native village was confiscated.<ref name=Sinha>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA261|pages=261–262|last=Sinha|first=Arun|year=2011|title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar|place=India|publisher=Viking|isbn=9780670084593 |accessdate=14 July 2023|archive-date=15 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715120423/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA261&dq=|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to author Arun Sinha, since most of the Maoist leaders and activists were convicted in retaliatory actions against the landlords and they attacked either landlords or upper caste, who provided tacit support to landlord's militias, Nitish Kumar's government deliberately kept the speedy trial of top naxal leaders pending. By doing so, it wanted to give the Maoists a signal that they are not leveraging their whole power to decimate the existence of Maoists. The government under Kumar was aware of the fact that these Maoists were supported by the lower castes and in case of strict action against them, the lower castes may slide towards extremism, hence they also took steps to bring members of many landlord militia under speedy trial. This step was taken to present a fair image of government to the Maoists.<ref name=Sinha/>

About 369 cases of violence by upper caste militia was identified and government sent its recommendations to [[Patna High Court]] for speedy trial in those cases. As a result of it, sixteen members of Ranvir Sena were sentenced to death in connection with [[Laxmanpur Bathe massacre]]. Similarly, for [[1996 Bathani Tola massacre|Bathani Tola massacre]], three were awarded death sentence and twenty were given life imprisonment. The dual policy of placating Maoists and speedy trial of both private militia of landlords and some of the Maoists, broke the chain of such incidents, bringing peace in long term.<ref name=Sinha/>

One of the important naxal leader Kaviji, who previously worked as Zonal commander of the [[Magadh division|Magadh region]] of the CPI (Maoist) was arrested by Patna police in 2020. Kaviji also known as Krishna Vallabh Lal was hiding in Dahiya village of [[Patna district]] and due to lockdown imposed in the state, in course of [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID outbreak]], he was not able to move. It was reported that after his arrest, Police had to face difficulties in taking him into custody, as the villagers, after being informed about arrest of naxal commander, stopped the police and clashes between both sides occur.Reportedly, firing from the sides of villagers in support of naxal commander was also done, to which police also retaliated by counter attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/news/kavi-ji-arrested-in-jehanabad-jail-break-arrested-by-dsp-disguised-127365559.html|title=नक्सली को दबोचा:जहानाबाद जेल ब्रेक में शामिल कविजी को डीएसपी ने भेस बदलकर किया गिरफ्तार|website=Bhaskar|accessdate=5 August 2023|archive-date=5 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805090009/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/news/kavi-ji-arrested-in-jehanabad-jail-break-arrested-by-dsp-disguised-127365559.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Another accused of prison break, Shankar Rajak also known as 'Baba' died in [[Beur Jail]] in 2022. He was suffering from prolonged illness, and was transferred from [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]] to Patna's Beur Jail, for medical treatment. According to his medical reports, he died of kidney failure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-jehanabad-jail-break-main-accused-shankar-rajak-alias-baba-died-in-beur-jail-6431679.amp.html|website=livehindustan.com|title=जहानाबाद जेल ब्रेक कांड के मुख्य आरोपी शंकर रजक उर्फ बाबा की बेउर जेल में मौत|accessdate=5 August 2023|language=Hindi|archive-date=5 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805133520/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-jehanabad-jail-break-main-accused-shankar-rajak-alias-baba-died-in-beur-jail-6431679.amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[1970 Bhojpur uprising]]
*[[Pararia mass rape (1988)]]
*[[Dalelchak-Bhagaura massacre]]
*[[Afsar massacre]]
*''[[Jehanabad - Of Love & War]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jahanabad prison attack, 2005}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Maoist) attacks]]
[[Category:2000s in Bihar]]
[[Category:Anti-Brahminism]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2005]]
[[Category:Attacks on prisons in Asia]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in Bihar]]
[[Category:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]
[[Category:Prison escapes in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2005]]
[[Category:Improvised explosive device bombings in 2005]]
[[Category:Improvised explosive device bombings in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on government buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:November 2005 in India]]
[[Category:November 2005 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:2005 mass murders]]
[[Category:2005 murders in India]]
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on residential buildings in India]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents on railway systems in India]]

Hemidactylus varadgirii

2025-12-16T04:00:52Z

Suresh330: creating the pg w/ refs.

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{speciesbox
| status =
| genus = Hemidactylus
| species = varadgirii
| image_alt = A Giri's Bookish Gecko on a light clay ground. The gecko itself is brown with black and tan spots and has a tail roughly equal in length to its body. The back half of the tail is striped and its hands are lighter than the rest of its skin.
| image = Giri’s_Brookish_Gecko_Hemidactylus_varadgirii_by_Dr_Raju_Kasambe_DSCN0799_(1).jpg
| authority = [[species:R. Chaitanya|Chaitanya]], [[species:Ishan Agarwal|Agarwal]], [[species:Aparna Lajmi|Lajmi]] & [[species:Akshay Khandekar|Khandekar]], 2019
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Hemidactylus varadgirii''''', also [[Common name|commonly]] known as '''Giri's brookiish gecko''' and the '''Amboli brookiish gecko''', is a [[species]] of [[lizard]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Gekkonidae]]. The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[India]]. It was discovered by herpetologist [[species:Varad B. Giri|Varad Giri]] in the Indian village of Amboli, and was named in his honour.<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Hemidactylus|species=varadgirii}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
''H. varadgirii'' belongs to the ''[[Hemidactylus brookii|H. brookii]]'' [[Species complex|species group]], to which the adjective "brookiish" in the common names refers.<ref name=RDB/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q65931809}}

[[Category:Hemidactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2019]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
{{Hemidactylus-stub}}

Nagpur–Secunderabad line

2025-12-06T09:15:01Z

Suresh330: started the stub from scratch...

{{short description|Indian railway line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Nagpur–Secunderabad line
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width = 100 px
| image =
| image_width = 300px
| caption =
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = Maharashtra and Telangana
| start = {{stnlnk|Nagpur}}
| end = [[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad]]
| stations =
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = {{start date and age|1929||}}
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]], [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| character =
| depot = Ajni, Kazipet, Moula Ali, Hyderabad
| stock = [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]], [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]] locos, [[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9]], WAG-9I, WDG-4, WDM-3A, WDG-3A, and [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]].
| linelength =
| tracklength = Mainline: {{convert|581|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Branch line: Majri-Mudkhed {{convert|266|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} [[Nizamabad–Peddapalli section]]
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = 1988–91
| speed = up to 130 km/h
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Nagpur–Hyderabad line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Nagpur–Secunderabad line''' is a railway line connecting {{stnlnk|Nagpur}} and [[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chakraborty|first=Aniket|date=2017-04-03|title=Russian Railways to sign Nagpur–Secunderabad line modernisation contract|url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/2017/04/03/russian-railways-to-sign-nagpur-secunderabad-line-modernisation-contract_733611|access-date=2020-07-06|website=www.rbth.com}}</ref> A major portion of this {{convert|581|km|mi|0|adj=mid|-long}} track, from Nagpur to Kazipet, is part of the [[Delhi–Chennai line]]. It is also part of the Delhi–Hyderabad line. The line is under the jurisdiction of [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]] and [[South-Central Railway]].

==History==
With the completion of the Kazipet–Ballarshah link in 1929, Chennai was directly linked to Delhi.<ref name="IR History: Early Days – III">{{cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html| title=IR History: Early Days – III| work=Chronology of railways in India, Part 3 (1900–1947)| access-date=26 November 2013}}</ref>

The Wadi–Secunderabad line was built in 1874 with financing by the [[Nizam]] of Hyderabad. It later became part of [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]]. In 1889, the main line of the Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway was extended to Vijayawada, then known as Bezwada.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html| title=IR History: Early days II| work=1870–1899| publisher=IRFCA| access-date=26 November 2013}}</ref>

As of 1909, "From Wadi on the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, the Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway runs east to Warangal and then south-east towards Bezwada on the East Coast section of the Madras Railway."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://irfca.org/docs/history/hyderabad.html| title=Hyderabad – Imperial Gazetteer of India| publisher=IRFCA| access-date=26 November 2013}}</ref>

==Electrification==
The Kazipet–Ramagundam sector was electrified in 1987–88, the Ramagundam–Balharshah–Nagpur sector in 1988–89, the Kazipet–Secunderabad sector in 1991–93 and Majri–Rajpur sector in 1994–95.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 26 November 2013}}</ref>

==Speed limits==
The Delhi–Chennai Central line (Grand Trunk route) is classified as a "Group A" line which can take speeds up to 160 km/h.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRPWM/PermanentWayManualCh2_data.htm |title = Chapter II – The Maintenance of Permanent Way| access-date = 26 November 2013}}</ref>

The Wadi–Secunderabad–Kazipet line is classified as "Group B" line and can take speeds up to 130 km/h.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRPWM/PermanentWayManualCh2_data.htm |title = Chapter II – The Maintenance of Permanent Way| access-date = 4 December 2013}}</ref>

==Passenger movement==
Railway stations on this line, namely {{stnlnk|Nagpur}} and {{stnlnk|Secunderabad}}, are amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry |work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=26 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 }}</ref>

==Sheds and workshops==
Ajni has an electric loco shed and a diesel trip shed. It is primarily a freight shed with around 190 locos. It houses [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]], [[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9]], WAG-9I, and [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] locos. Kazipet diesel loco shed houses WAG-9 and WDG-4 locos. Opened in 2006, Kazipet electric loco shed houses 150+ [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]] locos. Maula Ali has a shed for diesel locomotives and EMUs. It houses WDM-2, WDM-3A, WDG-3A, DHMUs (3-car and 6-car) and EMUs. Hyderabad has an electric trip shed.<ref name="sheds">{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title = Sheds and Workshops| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 26 November 2013}}</ref>

Nagpur has a coach maintenance workshop. Ajni has goods wagon repair facility. There is a routine overhaul depot for wagon maintenance at {{stnlnk|Ramagundam}} and coaching maintenance depots at Secunderabad, Hyderabad and Kazipet.<ref name="sheds"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/balharshah-junction-bpq/22 Trains at Balharshah]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/kazipet-junction-kzj/836 Trains at Kazipet]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/secunderabad-junction-sc/835 Trains at Secunderabad]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/majri-junction-mjri/816 Trains at Majri]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/mudkhed-junction-mue/1677 Trains at Mudkhed]

{{Railways in Central India}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Godavari basin}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagpur-Hyderabad line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1929]]
[[Category:Nagpur CR railway division|*]]
[[Category:Secunderabad railway division|*]]
[[Category:Transport in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Secunderabad]]

Fanattic Sports Museum

2025-11-25T05:59:22Z

Suresh330: Done.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=March 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Fanattic Sports Museum
| logo =
| image =
| map_type =
| latitude =
| former_name =
| established = January 2017
| location = Ecospace Business Park Premises, [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area|Greater Kolkata]],<ref>{{cite news|title=North 24 Parganas district|url=https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas#lb7|access-date=24 June 2019|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608011413/https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas#lb7|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| type = Sports Museum
| website = [http://fanatticsportsmuseum.com/ www.fanatticsportsmuseum.com]
}}
'''Fanattic Sports Museum''' (FSM) is a sports [[museum]] dedicated to various types of sports and is located at Ecospace Business Park in Action Area - II of [[New Town, Kolkata]], [[India]]. Established in January 2017, FSM is known as the first sports museum in Kolkata as well as in West Bengal.

It is an initiative by [[Boria Majumdar|Prof. Boria Majumdar]], an eminent historian, writer, commentator and journalist, in association with [[Harshavardhan Neotia]], chairman of the Ambuja Neotia group, and consists of sports-related artefacts of various famous sports personalities.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== General references ==
* http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-commentary/fanattic-sports-museum-a-new-temple-of-sports/
* http://www.oneindia.com/sports/sachin-tendulkar-opens-fanatic-sports-museum-kolkata-2331687.html
* https://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/indias-first-sports-museum-opens-in-kolkata-1653879
* http://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/sachin-tendulkar-s-gloves-messi-s-boot-and-more-at-india-s-first-sports-museum/story-azjCRH0qMos8BMesIlHK1I.html
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/boria-majumdar-sports-museum-kolkata-957926-2017-01-30 indiatoday.intoday.in]
* http://www.financialexpress.com/sports/kolkatas-fanattic-sports-museum-is-a-treasure-house-of-usain-bolts-jersey-to-sachin-tendulkars-gloves/538031/
* http://www.cricketcountry.com/news/sachin-tendulkar-sourav-ganguly-abhinav-bindra-inaugurate-indias-first-multi-sport-museum-571442
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/boria-majumdar-multi-sports-museum-kolkata-sachin-tendulkar-sourav-ganguly-957812-2017-01-29 indiatoday.intoday.in]
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/boria-majumdar-multi-sports-museum-957892-2017-01-30 indiatoday.intoday.in]
* http://cricwizz.com/blog/2017/01/30/fanattic-sports-museum-city-joy-gets-share-sporting-legacy/{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170321170806/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170130/jsp/sports/story_133079.jsp#.WNDAEG-GPIU ]

== External links ==
* {{official|http://fanatticsportsmuseum.com/}}

[[Category:Sports museums]]
[[Category:Museums in Kolkata]]
[[Category:New Town, Kolkata]]

Daina (film)

2025-11-24T09:46:47Z

Suresh330: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{infobox film
|name= Daina
|director= Amar Hazarika
|producer= Bodo Film Society
|starring= Ghana Kanta Basumatary Prosenjit Brahma Anjali Brahma
|music= [[Bhupen Hazarika]]
|released= {{Film date|1984|09|09|df=yes}}
|runtime= 45 minutes
|country= India
|language= Bodo
|native_name= {{infobox name module|brx|दायना}}
}}

'''Daina''' is a 1984 Indian [[Bodo language|Bodo]] [[documentary film]] directed by Amar Hazarika, starring Ghana Kanta Basumatary as leading actor. Prosenjit Brahma, Arup Gwra Basumatary, Shitala Brahma and Anjali Brahma play in the supporting roles. The film was produced by Bodo Film Society from [[Kokrajhar district]]. It was released on 9 September 1984. The music for the film is composed by Dr. [[Bhupen Hazarika]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://listbodolist.wordpress.com/2017/02/02/bodo-film-society/ |title="Bodo film society" |access-date=30 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108224416/https://listbodolist.wordpress.com/2017/02/02/bodo-film-society/ |archive-date=8 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180108175241/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1131222/jsp/northeast/story_17706382.jsp Tribute to Bodo film icon] The Telegraph</ref>

==Synopsis==
The film was based on the witch-craft practice amongst the villagers.

==Production==
The film was set in the Kokrajhar district and was the first Bodo documentary film produced by Bodo Film Society.

==See also==
* [[Bodo films]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 documentary films]]
[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:Bodo-language films]]

{{1980s-documentary-film-stub}}

Model Code of Conduct

2025-11-06T03:18:15Z

Suresh330: started new info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Guidelines for political campaigning in India}}
The '''Model Code of Conduct''' is a set of guidelines issued by the [[Election Commission of India]] for the conduct of [[Political party|political parties]] and [[candidate]]s during [[election]]s.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/MCC-ENGLISH_28022014.pdf|title=Model Code of Conduct|access-date=3 April 2014|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407100248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/MCC-ENGLISH_28022014.pdf|url-status=dead }}</ref> It is a set of norms which deal with matters including meetings, processions, election manifestos, [[Election|polling]] and general conduct. It has evolved with the consensus of political parties and helps to ensure the conduct of free and fair elections. The Model [[Code of conduct|Code of Conduct]] comes into force immediately on the announcement of the election schedule and remains in force till the end of the [[electoral process]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Announcement of Schedule for General Elections to Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies in Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha & Sikkim, 2019|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9396-announcement-of-schedule-for-general-elections-to-lok-sabha-and-legislative-assemblies-in-andhra-pradesh-arunachal-pradesh-odisha-sikkim-2019/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=28 March 2019}}</ref>

== History ==
The birth of the Model Code of Conduct dates back to the [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Assembly elections of Kerala in 1960]], during which the State administration drafted a 'Code of Conduct' for political actors. It was subsequently circulated by the [[Election Commission of India]] to all recognised [[List of political parties in India|political parties]] and State governments during the [[1962 Indian general election|Lok Sabha elections of 1962]], and it was wholeheartedly followed. It was the year [[1991 Indian general election|1991]] when the Election Commission decided to make more stringent use of the Model Code of Conduct following repeated election norms violations and continued corruption.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-16 |title=What's Model Code of Conduct? How it came into being and what's allowed and what's not |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/whats-model-code-of-conduct-how-it-came-into-being-and-whats-allowed-and-whats-not/articleshow/108545901.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Structure and features ==
The model code of conduct consists of seven sections which deal with general conduct, meetings, processions, party in power, polling booth, polling day and election manifestos.<ref>{{cite report|title=Model Code of Conduct|url=https://eci.gov.in/mcc/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=28 March 2019}}</ref>
;General conduct
The section deals with general set of guidelines to be followed by the parties and candidates during the election process. It prohibits any discrimination, speeches or any references based on religion and refrains candidates or parties from criticizing others based on their personal private life or unsubstantiated allegations. The section bans all activities against law such as bribing, intimidation, impersonation etc. Parties shall also not create disturbances to other parties or candidates while campaigning.

;Meetings
The section deals with the conduct of meetings. Meetings shall be conducted with prior permission from [[law enforcement]] agencies. It directs that any such guidelines and rules laid down by the law enforcement agencies shall be adhered to and permissions obtained from other governmental agencies if required such as for the use of [[loud speaker]]s.

;Procession
Processions organized by political parties shall be conducted with requisite permissions after communication of the required details such as time and place. The parties shall adhere to the plan approved and should not cause any hindrance to traffic or general public. It also bans the usage of undesirable articles and elements and activities such as burning of effigies by people participating in the processions.

;Polling day
The section deals with general set of guidelines to be followed by the parties and candidates during the polling day. Political parties and candidates are expected to co-operate with the officials to ensure fair and free conduct of elections. It refrains parties from disturbing the votes or polling process and bans the usage of party symbols, propaganda material and [[liquor]] near the polling booths.

;Polling Booth
Any grievances shall be taken up only with the observer appointed by the Election Commission.

;Party in Power
The government or its constituents shall not exert influence on the election process. It also prescribes that official work and campaigning shall be kept separate and no official machinery should be used for campaigning. It also prohibits government from spending public money for propaganda. No schemes or grants should be launched by ministers directly or indirectly through authorities and no appointments/changes shall be made with respect to government personnel with a view to exert undue influence.

;Election Manifestos
The manifesto shall not contain any promises construed as against the law and the constitution. It also prohibits the release of manifestations in the period prescribed by the Election Commission.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian elections}}
[[Category:Elections in India]]
[[Category:Codes of conduct]]
[[Category:Election campaign law]]

Naskar

2025-11-04T22:06:08Z

Suresh330: General improvements to article content

'''Naskar''' is an Indian surname.

Some notable personalities are:

* [[Hem Chandra Naskar]], Former Irrigation Minister of West Bengal and Mayor of Kolkata

*[[Anukul Chandra Naskar]], Indian politician
*[[Subhas Naskar]], Indian politician
*[[Jayanta Naskar]], Indian politician
*[[Gobinda Chandra Naskar]], Indian politician
*[[Purnendu Sekhar Naskar]], Indian politician

{{given name}}

India's Best Dancer (Hindi TV series) season 4

2025-10-26T18:37:51Z

Suresh330:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = #5b27a9
| season_number = 4
| image = India's Best Dancer 4 Poster.jpg
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| judges = {{Plainlist|
* [[Geeta Kapoor]]
* [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]]
* [[Karishma Kapoor]]
}}
| host = {{Plainlist|
*[[Jay Bhanushali]]
*Aniket Chauhan}}
| num_contestants = 14
| winner = Steve Jyrwa
| winner_mentor = Raktim Thakuria
| runner_up = Nextion
}}
| num_episodes = 36
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|07|13}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|07|13}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2024|11|10}}
}}
'''''India's Best Dancer 4''''', also known as '''''India's Best Dancer: Jab Dil Kare Dance Kar''''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Best Dancer Returns With Season 4: 'Jab Dil Kare Dancer Kar!' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/india-s-best-dancer-returns-with-season-4-jab-dil-kare-dancer-kar-2766199.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> is the fourth season of the popular Indian reality TV series, '''''[[India's Best Dancer (Hindi TV series)|India's Best Dancer]]'''''. It premiered on 13 July 2024 on [[Sony Entertainment Television]]. The show is hosted by [[Jay Bhanushali]] and Aniket Chauhan,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-05 |title=Jay Bhanushali To Host India's Best Dancer 4 With Ex-Contestant Aniket Chauhan |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/jay-bhanushali-to-host-indias-best-dancer-4-with-ex-contestant-aniket-chauhan-8955881.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> with [[Geeta Kapoor]], [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]], and [[Karisma Kapoor]] serving as the judges. Karisma Kapoor joined the judging panel this season, replacing [[Sonali Bendre]], who was a judge in the previous season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karisma Kapoor To Replace Sonali Bendre As India's Best Dancer 4 Judge: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/karisma-kapoor-to-replace-sonali-bendre-as-india-s-best-dancer-4-judge-report-5902737 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Top 12 contestants ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Contestant
!Choreographer
!Dance form
!From
!Status
|-
!Steve Jyrwa
|Raktim Thakuria
|Hip-Hop
|[[Meghalaya]]
| style="background:gold" |'''Winner''' {{small|10 November 2024}}
|-
!Smruti Swarup Patra (Nextion)
|Vipul Kandpal
|Freestyle
|[[Odisha]]
| style="background:silver" |Runner-up {{small|10 November 2024}}
|-
!Harsh Keshri
|Pratik Utekar
|Contemporary
|[[Bihar]]
| style="background:#c96" |Third place {{small|10 November 2024}}
|-
!Deepak Shahi (Nepo)
|[[Vartika Jha]]
|Hip-Hop
|[[Uttarakhand]]
| style="background:#FF69B4;" |4th position
|-
!Akansha Mishra (Akina)
|Subranil Paul
|Lyrical
|[[Maharashtra]]
| style="background:#DDA0DD;” |5th position
|-
!Aditya Malviya
[[File:Playing_card_club_A.svg|20x20px]]
|Vaibhav Ghuge
|Contortion
|[[Bhopal]]
| style="background:#f4c7b8" |6th Position
|-
!Ishani Nag [[File:Playing_card_club_A.svg|20x20px]]
|Sadhwi Majumdar
|Classical
|[[Kolkata]]
|style="background:#f4c7b8" |Eliminated {{small|3 November 2024}}
|-
!Arjun Sathe
|Pankaj Thapa
|Freestyle
|[[Mumbai]]
| style="background:#f4c7b8" |Eliminated {{small|13 October 2024}}
|-
!Vaishnavi Shekhawat
|Shivanshu Soni
''{{small|(Bharat Ghare till Week 2)}}''
|Contemporary
|[[Bengaluru]]
| style="background:#f4c7b8" |Eliminated {{small|13 October 2024}}
|-
!Rohan Choudhary
|Akash Thapa
|Freestyle
|[[Assam]]
| style="background:lightgreen" |Withdrew {{small|6 October 2024}}
|-
!Nikhil Patnayak
|Ashutosh Pawar
|Contemporary
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
| style="background:lightgreen" |Withdrew {{small|29 September 2024}}
|-
!Amos Mathi
|Kartik Raja
|Hip Hop
|[[Mumbai]]
| style="background:#f4c7b8" |Eliminated {{small|1 September 2024}}
|-
!Chitrakshi Batra
|Saumya Kamble {{small|Vartika for Week 3}}
|Belly Dance
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| style="background:#f4c7b8" |Eliminated {{small|1 September 2024}}
|-
! Dibyajyoti Naik
| Rupesh Soni
|Popping
| [[Odisha]]
| style="background:lightgreen" |Withdrew {{small|18 August 2024}}, Eliminated {{small|3 November 2024}}
|}

== Scoring chart ==
'''Colour key:'''{{columns-list|
{{legend|gold|Winners}}
{{legend|silver|Runners-up}}
{{legend|tan|Third place}}
{{legend|lightblue|Bottom two}}
{{legend|#f4c7b8|Eliminated}}
{{legend|lightgreen|Withdrew from competition}}
}}
<div style="overflow-x:scroll;">
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
|+''India's Best Dancer'' (season 4) - Weekly Scores
! rowspan="3" |Dance Duo
{{small|Contestant and Choreographer}}
! rowspan="3" |Place
! colspan="18" |Week
|-
! rowspan="2" |1
! rowspan="2" |2
! rowspan="2" |3
! rowspan="2" |1+2+3
! rowspan="2" |4
! rowspan="2" |5
! rowspan="2" |4+5
! rowspan="2" |6
! rowspan="2" |7
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |8{{efn|This week was team based, with 2 guest judges, Dharmesh & Punit. Scores were given out of 40, with the team captain (Dharmesh or Punit), not giving scores to their team members.|name=Team}}
! rowspan="2" |9
! rowspan="2" |10{{efn|The choreographers were swapped this week, they are listed as follows:
* Ishani and Shivanshu
* Vaishnavi and Pratik
* Arjun and Subhranil
* Steve and Vartika
* Nepo and Raktim
* Akina and Vipul
* Nextion and Pankaj
* Harsh and Akash|name=Swap}}
! rowspan="2" |11
! rowspan="2" |6+8+9+10+11
! colspan="3" |12
|-
!Night 1
!Night 2
!1+2
|-
!Akina and Subranil
|
| 30 {{nowrap|(10, 10, 10)}}
| 30 {{nowrap|(10, 10, 10)}}
| 30 {{nowrap|(10, 10, 10)}}
|90
|
| 30 {{nowrap|(10, 10, 10)}}
|
|29 (9, 10, 9)
| rowspan="10" |''No scores given''
|33 (8, 8, 9, 8)
|P
|''30+10=40'' (10,10,10)
|''28+10=38'' (9, 9, 10)
|''25+30=55'' (8, 9, 8)
|195
|30 {{nowrap|(10, 10, 10)}}
|
|
|-
!Harsh and Pratik
|
|24 (7, 9, 8)
| 30 (10, 10, 10)
|28 (9, 10, 9)
|82
|
|30 (10, 10, 10)
|
|30 (10, 10, 10)
|''39+10=49'' (9, 10, 10, 10)
|D
|''26+10=36'' (8, 9, 9)
|''30+10=40'' (10,10,10)
|''28+26=54'' (8, 10, 10)
|209
|27 (9, 9, 9)
|
|
|-
!Nextion and Vipul
|
| 30 (10,10,10)
| 30 (10, 10, 10)
|30 (10, 10, 10)
|90
|
|28 (9, 10, 9)
| bgcolor="lightblue" |51
|''28+10=38''

(9, 10, 9)
|''40'' (10, 10, 10, 10)
|P
|''30+10=40'' (10,10,10)
|29 (10, 10, 9)
|''27+30=57'' (8, 10, 9)
|204
|30 {{nowrap|(10, 10, 10)}}
|
|
|-
!Nepo and Vartika
|
| 27 (9, 9, 9)
| 30 (10, 10, 10)
|30 (10, 10, 10)
|87
|30 {{nowrap|(10, 10, 10)}}
|30 (10, 10, 10)
|60
|''25+10=35'' {{nowrap|(10, 10, 5)}}{{efn|The special guests for the day, Chunky Pandey and Neelam pressed the 10 score buzzer for Geeta and Karishma respectively, so Terence gave 5 points to balance it out.|name=Scores}}
|40 (10, 10, 10, 10)
|D
|30 (10,10,10)
|25 (8, 9, 8)
|''26+30=56'' (8, 9, 9)
| bgcolor="lightblue" |186
|25 (8, 9, 8)
|
|
|-
!Steve and Raktim
|
| 30 (10, 10, 10)
| 30 (10, 10, 10)
|30 (10, 10, 10)
|90
|30 (10, 10, 10)
|30 (10, 10, 10)
|60
|30 (10, 10, 10)
|40 {{nowrap|(10, 10, 10, 10)}}
|P
|27 (9, 9, 9)
|''30+10=40'' (10,10,10){{efn|It was announced that calculating past weeks public votes, Steve was the highest voted contestant.|name=High}}
|''26+30=56'' (9, 9, 8)
|193
|26 (9, 9, 8)
|
|
|-
!Ishani and Sadhwi
|
| colspan="7" bgcolor="lightgrey" |
|27 (9, 9, 9)
|35 (9, 9, 9, 8)
|D
|''30+10=40'' (10,10,10)
|''29+10=39'' (10, 10, 9)
|''25+30=55'' (8, 9, 8)
|196
|26 (8, 9, 9)
|
|
|-
!Vaishnavi and Shivanshu
| rowspan="2" |7th
|22 (7, 8, 7)
|23 (7, 8, 8)
|30 (10, 10, 10)
| bgcolor="lightblue" |75
|
|30 (10, 10, 10)
|
|30 (10, 10, 10)
|40 (10, 10, 10, 10)
|D
|27 (9, 9, 9)
|30 (10,10,10)
|''30+26=56'' (10,10,10)
| bgcolor="#f4c7b8" |183
| colspan="3" rowspan="7" |
|-
!Arjun and Pankaj
| 29 (9, 10, 10)
| 24 (8, 8, 8)
| 30 {{nowrap|(10, 10, 10)}}
|83
|
|29 (10, 10, 9)
|
|30 {{nowrap|(10, 10, 10)}}
|34 (8, 9, 9, 8)
|D
|0 (0, 0, 0)
|30 (10,10,10)
|''28+30=58'' (9, 9, 10)
| bgcolor="#f4c7b8" |152
|-
!Rohan and Akash
|9th
|25 (8, 9, 8)
|27 (9, 9, 9)
|24 (8, 8, 8)
|76
|
|26 (8, 9, 9)
|
|30 {{nowrap|(10, 10, 10)}}
|40 (10, 10, 10, 10)
|P
|0 (0, 0, 0)
| bgcolor="lightgreen" | —
| colspan="2" rowspan="5" bgcolor="lightgrey" |
|-
!Nikhil and Ashutosh
|10th
|26 (8, 9, 9)
|27 (8, 10, 9)
|22 (7, 8, 7)
| bgcolor="lightblue" |75
|
|30 (10, 10, 10)
|
|0 (0, 0, 0)
|36+10=46 (9, 9, 9, 9)
|P
| bgcolor="lightgreen" | —
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="lightgrey" |
|-
!Amos and Kartik
| rowspan="2" |11th
|26 (8, 9, 9)
|27 (9, 9, 9)
|24 (8, 8, 8)
|77
|
|26 (9, 8, 9)
| bgcolor="#f4c7b8" |51
| colspan="5" rowspan="3" bgcolor="lightgrey" |
|-
!Chitrakshi and Saumya
|30 (10, 10, 10)
|24 (8, 8, 8)
|26 (8, 9, 9)
|80
|
|22 (7, 8, 7)
| bgcolor="#f4c7b8" |52
|-
!Dibyajyoti and Rupesh
|13th
|23 (7, 8, 8)
|30 (10, 10, 10)
| bgcolor="lightgreen" | —
|}
</div>
<references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references>

=== Impromptu Battle (Immunity Power) ===
This battle was announced by [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]] in the week 10, where the top scorers from the weeks 6, 8, 9 and 10 competed in this battle for the immunity power, which the winner of this battle could use in any week to be safe from the elimination. Prior to the battle, no rehearsals were allowed.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" |Contestant
!Result
|-
! scope="row" |Nextion
|Lost
|-
! scope="row" |Harsh
|'''Won the immunity power'''
|-
! scope="row" |Ishani
|Lost
|}

=== Bonus Relay Round ===
This concept was started in Week 6, where a set of contestants whose performance aired that day, perform again in a relay round against others to get a bonus 10 score added to this week's total.

==== Week 6 ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Contestant
!Result
|-
!Nepo
|bgcolor=NavajoWhite|'''Won (Bonus 10)'''
|-
!Nextion
|bgcolor=NavajoWhite|'''Won (Bonus 10)'''
|-
!Arjun Sathe
|Lost
|-
!Steve Jyrwa
|Lost
|-
!Ishani Nag
|Lost
|-
!Harsh Keshri
|Lost
|-
!Vaishnavi Shekhawat
|Lost
|-
!Akina
|Lost
|-
!Rohan Choudhary
|Lost
|}

==== Week 8 ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Contestant
!Result
|-
!Harsh Keshri
| bgcolor="NavajoWhite" |'''Won (Bonus 10)'''
|-
!Nikhil Patnayak
| bgcolor="NavajoWhite" |'''Won (Bonus 10)'''
|-
!Arjun Sathe
|Lost
|-
!Steve Jyrwa
|Lost
|-
!Ishani Nag
|Lost
|-
!Nepo
|Lost
|-
!Vaishnavi Shekhawat
|Lost
|-
!Akina
|Lost
|-
!Rohan Choudhary
|Lost
|-
!Nextion
|Lost
|}

==== Week 9 ====
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Group 1
! scope="col" |Contestant
!Result
|-
! scope="row" |Ishani
|'''Won (Bonus 10)'''
|-
! scope="row" |Vaishnavi
|Lost
|-
! scope="row" |Akina
|'''Won (Bonus 10)'''
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Group 2
! scope="col" |Contestant
!Result
|-
! scope="row" |Steve
|Lost
|-
! scope="row" |Harsh
|'''Won (Bonus 10)'''
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Group 3
! scope="col" |Contestant
!Result
|-
! scope="row" |Nextion
|'''Won (Bonus 10)'''
|-
! scope="row" |Nepo
|Lost
|}
|}

==== Week 10 ====
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Group 1
! scope="col" |Contestant
!Result
|-
! scope="row" |Harsh
|'''Won (Bonus 10)'''
|-
! scope="row" |Vaishnavi
|Lost
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Group 2
! scope="col" |Contestant
!Result
|-
! scope="row" |Nepo
|Lost
|-
! scope="row" |Steve
|'''Won (Bonus 10)'''
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Group 3
! scope="col" |Contestant
!Result
|-
! scope="row" |Nextion
|Lost
|-
! scope="row" |Ishani
|'''Won (Bonus 10)'''
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Group 3
! scope="col" |Contestant
!Result
|-
! scope="row" |Arjun
|Lost
|-
! scope="row" |Akina
|'''Won (Bonus 10)'''
|}
|}

=== Bonus 30 Round ===
This round was started in week 11, where wo contestants had to perform as a pair, and the judges' score the performance out of 30 and it gets added to the total scores of that week.

==== Week 11 ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" |Contestant Pair
!Scores
|-
! scope="row" |Arjun and Ishani
|30 (10, 10, 10)
|-
! scope="row" |Akina and Nextion
|30 (10, 10, 10)
|-
!Nepo and Steve
|30 (10, 10, 10)
|-
!Harsh and Vaishnavi
|26 (8, 9, 9)
|}

== External links ==

* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/india-s-best-dancer-1700000180 ''India's Best Dancer''] on [[SonyLIV]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:India's Best Dancer seasons]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television seasons]]

Kuthiravattam Pappu

2025-10-07T06:47:10Z

Suresh330: creating first stub basic info.

{{short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kuthiravattam Pappu
| image = K pappu.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Padmadalakshan
| birth_date = 24 December 1936
| birth_place = [[Feroke]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2000|2|25|1936|12|24}}
| death_place = [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India
| height =
| othername = Pappu
| yearsactive = 1963–2000
| spouse = Padmini
| children = Bindu Pappu, Biju Pappu, [[Binu Pappu]]
| parents = Panangat Raman Devi
| website =
}}
'''Panangat Padmadalakshan''', better known by his stage name '''Kuthiravattam Pappu''' (24 December 1936 – 25 February 2000),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/excerpts/kuthiravattam-pappu-innocent-kochin-haneefa-1.2471161 |title=അന്ന് പപ്പു പറഞ്ഞു; ഹനീഫ പാകിസ്താനില്‍ പോയിട്ടു വേണം സമാധാനമായി താജ്മഹല്‍ കാണാന്‍ | kuthiravattam pappu | innocent | kochin haneefa | innocent books |access-date=25 June 2018 |archive-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213853/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/excerpts/kuthiravattam-pappu-innocent-kochin-haneefa-1.2471161 |url-status=live }}</ref> was a popular [[India]]n stage and [[film actor]]. His repertoire of acting was based on his unique style and use of the ''[[Kozhikode|Kozhikodan]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=13502775&programId=7940855&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |title=Manorama Online | Movies | Nostalgia | |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-date=9 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309232956/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=13502775&programId=7940855&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> dialect, impeccable timing and the capability to grasp the subtle nuances of any character and mould it into his signature "Pappu style". He acted in over a thousand [[Malayalam film]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.deepthi.com/malayalam/actors/kuthiravattam-pappu.html |title=Kuthiravattam Pappu |publisher=Deepthi.com |access-date=2009-06-30 |archive-date=10 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010131608/http://movies.deepthi.com/malayalam/actors/kuthiravattam-pappu.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He made his debut in a small comic role in ''[[Bhargavi Nilayam]]''. His character was named Kuthiravattom, a name that stuck for the rest of his career.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-16 |title=BHARGAVI NILAYAM 1948 - KOCH - The Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article404945.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016062259/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article404945.ece |archive-date=2016-10-16 |access-date=2022-10-20 }}</ref>

== Early life ==

Pappu was born as Padmadalakshan in [[Feroke]], near Kozhikode, Kerala, to Panaghat Raman and Devi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://malayalam.webdunia.com/entertainment/film/profile/0802/26/1080226036_1.htm |title=സാധാരണക്കാരന്‍റെ ചിരി- - കുതിരവട്ടം പപ്പു | Webdunia Malayalam |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830153338/http://malayalam.webdunia.com/entertainment/film/profile/0802/26/1080226036_1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The family moved to the village of Kuthiravattam (half a kilometre from [[Govindapuram, Kozhikode|Govindapuram]], Kozhikode when Pappu was still a child. He was keen in acting from childhood and performed his first major stage performance when he was 17. At the time, he was studying in St. Antony's School, Calicut.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}

==Family==
He was married to Padmini. The couple have three children, Bindu, Biju and Binu. [[Binu Pappu]] is an actor in Malayalam movies.

== Career ==

Pappu started his career as a drama artist. He acted in about thousand instant plays and two professional dramas, ''Samasya'' and ''Manasu''. His role in the drama ''Samasya'' fetched him the Best Comedian Award.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=11099235&programId=7940855&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |title=Manorama Online | Home | Nostalgia | |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234612/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=11099235&programId=7940855&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Pappu has worked with Kunjandi, [[Nellikode Bhaskaran]], [[Thikkodiyan]] and [[K. T. Muhammed]]. Film personalities [[Ramu Karyat]] and [[A. Vincent]] were impressed by his performance in ''Mudiyanaya Puthran'' and gave him chance to act in the film ''[[Moodupadam]]''. His first noted role was in ''[[Bhargavi Nilayam]]'', written by [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]] and directed by A. Vincent. The name of his character in the film given by Vaikom Muhammad Basheer, "Kuthiravattam Pappu" stayed with him for the rest of his life.

His performance in Angadi, Ahimsa, Karimbana, [[Ee nadu]], Moorkhan, ''[[Aalkkoottathil Thaniye]]'', ''[[Itha Oru Theeram]]'', ''Kanakkinavu'' was remarkable. The turning point in his career was his roles in ''Chembarathi'', ''[[Avalude Ravukal]]'', ''Angaadi''. Even his brief roles like those in ''[[Manichitrathazhu]]'' and ''[[The King (1995 film)|The King]]'' are well remembered till this day. His one-liners like "''Taski Viliyeda''" in ''[[Thenmavin Kombath]]'' and "''Ippo Sariyakkitharam''" and "'Thamaraseri Churam'" in ''[[Vellanakalude Nadu]]'' earned their position in the list of Malayalam [[idiom]]s. His first reference about Thamarassery churam was in the movie T P Balagopalan M A.

Pappu became one of the best comedians Malayalam cinema has ever seen. He used Kozhikode slang in his acting which was well liked and appreciated. Due to his affection toward plays, with the help of his old friends in the field of theatre, he founded Akshara Theatres a few weeks before his death.
He died in a private hospital in Calicut following a cardiac arrest on 25 February 2000.

== Partial filmography ==

===Malayalam===
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Ammaye Kaanaan]] (1963) as Pamman
* [[Aadyakiranangal]] (1964)
* Thacholi Othenan (1964) as Ramar
* [[Bhargavi Nilayam]] (1964) as Kuthiravattam Pappu
* [[Kuttyedathi]] (1971) as Kuttishankaran
* [[Chembarathi]] (1972) as Kuttan
* [[Panimudakku]] (1972) as Yashodharan
* ''[[Nirmalyam]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Kaapalika]]'' (1973) as Ithakku
* ''[[Mazhakkaru]]'' (1973) as Maniyan
* [[Criminals (film)|Criminals]] (Kayangal) (1975)
* ''[[Cheenavala]]'' (1975) as Fernandez
* ''[[Penpada]]'' (1975) as Janaki(Transvestite)
* [[Sathyathinte Nizhalil]] (1975)
*[[Chattambikkalyaani]] (1975) as Kochappan
* ''[[Ulsavam]]''(1975) as Paramu
* [[Hridhayam Oru Kshethram]] (1976) as Nanu
* [[Madhuram Thirumaduram]] (1976)
* [[Thulavarsham]] (1976) as Chenkeeri
* [[Kamadhenu]] (1976) as Kunjiraman
* [[Aalinganam]] (1976) as Peethambharan
* [[Guruvayoor Kesavan]] (1977)
*[[Vidarunna Mottukal]] (1977) as Madhupan
* [[Shankupushppam]] (1977) as Rajesh
* [[Angeekaram]] (1977) as Neelambharan
* [[Oonjal]] (1977) as Sankaran
* [[Avalude Ravukal]] (1978)
* [[Eeta]] (1978) as Paramu
* [[Lisa (1978 film)|Lisa]] (1978) as Gopalan
* [[Arum Anyaralla]] (1978) as Bhargavan
* [[Itha Oru Manushyan]] (1978) as Bharathan
* [[Ee Manohara Theeram]] (1978) as Appukuttan
*[[Kaathirunna Nimisham]] (1978) as Harischandran Nair
* [[Angakkuri]] (1979)
* [[Kayalum Kayarum]] (1979)
* [[Maamaankam]] (1979)
* [[Neelathamara (1979 film)|Neelathamara]] (1979) as Kuttishankara Menon
* [[Jeevitham Oru Gaanam]] (1979) as Zachariah/Rappel (double role)
* [[Itha Oru Theeram|Itha Oru Theeram (1979)]] as Chellappan
* [[Agnivyuham]] (1979) as Appu
*Sugathinu Pinnale (1979) as Kunjuvareed
* [[Anupallavi (film)|Anupallavi]] (1979) as Sundaran
*[[Ivide Kattinu Sugandam]] (1979) as Pushkaran
* [[Ambalavilakku]] (1979) as Lonachan
* [[Manasa Vacha Karmana]] (1979)
* [[Moorkhan]] (1980) as Kuttappan
* [[Swantham Enna Padam]] (1980) as Manmadan
* [[Karimpana]] (1980) as Palayyan
* [[Chaakara]] (1980) as Kuttan Pillai
* [[Sathyam (1980 film)|Sathyam]] (1980) as Sankaran
* [[Angaadi]] (1980) as Abu
* [[Benz Vasu]] (1980) as Pappu
* [[Theekkadal]] (1980) as Pappan
* [[Aswaratham]] (1980) as Velayyan
* Meen (1980) as Pappy
* [[Prakadanam]] (1980) as Kamalahasanan
* [[Rajaneegandhi]] (1980) as
*[[Raagam Thaanam Pallavi]] (1980) as Gopalankutty
* [[Mr Michael]] (1980) as Pappu
* [[Kaavalmaadam]] (1980) as Kunjali
* [[Arikkari Ammu]] (1981)
* [[Attimari]] (1981) as Salim, Hameed
* [[Sphodanam]] (1981) as Narayana Pilla
* [[Ahimsa (1981 film)|Ahimsa]] as Muthu (1981)
* [[Garjanam]] (1981)
* [[Dwanthayudham]] (1981)
* [[Vayal]] (1981) as Sankunni
* [[Kaahalam]] (1981)
* [[Greeshmajwaala]] (1981) as Chothi
* [[Kodumudikal]] (1981) as Nanappan
* [[Asthamikkatha Pakalukal]] (1981) as Gopalan
* [[Poochasanyasi]] (1981)
* [[Ee Nadu]] (1982) as Khader
* Mattuvin Chattangale (1982)
* [[Thadakam]] (1982)
* [[Postmortem]] (1982)
* Veedu (1982) as Prabhakaran
* [[Sindoora Sandhyakku Mounam]] (1982) as Chandran
* [[Pooviriyum Pulari]] (1982) as Nanu
* [[John Jaffer Janardhanan]] (1982) as Charlie
* [[Innalenkil Nale]] (1982)
* [[Anuraagakkodathi]](1982) as Gopi
* [[Varanmare Avashyamundu]](1982)
* [[Hello Madras Girl]] (1983)
* [[Guru Dakshina (1983 film)|Gurudakshina]] (1983) as Pappu
* [[Eettappuli]] (1983) as Pappan
* [[Mortuary]] (1983) as Gopalan
* Thavalam (1983) as Thommi
* [[Thimingalam]] (1983)
* Aadhipathyam (1983) as Kunjiraman
* [[Enne Njan Thedunnu]] (1983) as Unni
* [[Belt Mathai]] (1983) as Pachu Pillai
* [[Thathamme Poocha Poocha]] (1984) as Ananthan
* [[Poochakkoru Mookkuthi]] (1984) as Kuttan
* [[Mainakam]] (1984) as Vasu
* [[Shabadham]] (1984) as Kunjan Nair
* [[Aalkoottathil Thaniye]] (1984) as Kuttikrishnan
* [[Onnum Mindatha Bharya]] (1984) as Bapputti
* [[Appunni]] (1984) as Karunakaran
* [[Adiyozhukkukal]] (1984) as Sivan Kutti
* [[Rakshassu]] (1984) as Mammad
*Theere Pratheekshikkathe(1984) as Achu
*[[Kodathi]] (1984) as Antonym
* [[Odaruthammava Aalariyam]] (1984) as Pachu Pillai

* [[Parayanumvayya Parayathirikkanumvayya]] (1985) as Raman
* Mutharamkunnu P.O. (1985) as K. P. K. Thankappan
* [[Kaiyum Thalayum Purathidaruthu]] (1985) as Appu
* [[Jeevante Jeevan]] (1985) as Peter
* [[Angadikkappurathu]] (1985) as Pappu
* [[Ottayan]] (1985) as Korappan
* [[Shathru (1985 film)|Shathru]] (1985) as Kurup
* [[Idanilangal]] (1985) as Swami Pilla
* [[Pachavelicham]] (1985)
* [[Chorakku Chora]] (1985) as Velu
* Mukhyamanthri (1985) as Kuttappan
* Principal Olivil (1985)
* Vartha (1986)
* [[Vivahithare Ithile]] (1986)
* [[T. P. Balagopalan M.A.]] (1986) as Chandrankutty
* [[Ayalvasi Oru Daridravasi]] (1986) as Velu
* [[Mazha Peyyunnu Maddalam Kottunnu]] (1986) as Koma Kurup
* [[Annoru Ravil]] (1986) as Antony Nair
* [[Nandi Veendum Varika]] (1986) as Mukundan
* [[Karinagam]] (1986)
* [[Nakhakshathangal]] (1986)
* Ithramathram (1986) as Pappan
* [[Naradhan Keralathil]] (1987) as Police Constable
* [[Ithrayum Kalam]] (1987) as Sankunni Nair
* [[Janangalude Sradhakku]] (1987) as Balan
* [[Amrutham Gamaya]] (1987) as Kumaran
* [[Vellanakalude Nadu]] (1988) as Sulaiman
* [[Anuragi]] (1988) as Kunjappan
* [[Aryan]] (1988)
* [[Kanakambarangal]] (1988) as Nanappan
* [[Oru Muthassi Katha]] (1988) as Koyammedkka
* [[Mukunthetta Sumitra Vilikkunnu]] (1988) as Aussapachen
* [[Loose Loose Arappiri Loose]] (1988) as Pappu
* [[Janmandharam]] (1988) as Kuruppilli Kuriakose
* [[Abkari]] (1988) as Kumaran
* [[1921 (1988 film)|1921]] (1988)
* [[Annakutty Kodambakkam Vilikkunnu]] (1989) as Mathai
* [[Ulsavapittennu]] (1989) as Pushpangadan
* [[Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal]] (1989) as Pushpangadan
* [[Naduvazhikal]] (1989) as K. C.
* [[Mahayanam]] (1989) as Kunjappan
* [[Vandhanam]] (1989)
* V.I.P. (1989) as Khaderkutty
* [[Aazhikkoru Muthu]] (1989) as Kuttan Pilla
* [[Pradeshika Varthakal]] (1989) as Velichappadu
* [[Saandhram]] (1990) as Caesar
* [[Nagarangalil Chennu Raparkam]] (1990)
* Dr. Pasupathy (1990) as Uthpalakshan
* [[Aye Auto]] (1990) as Moidu
* [[Nammude Nadu]] (1990) as Musthafa
* [[Midhya]] (1990) as Ezhuthachan
* [[Oliyampukal]] (1990) as Thankan
* [[Anaswaram]] (1991) as Tool/Ambady Ramakrishnan
* [[Amina Tailors]] (1991) as Kunjalavi
* [[Pookkalam Varavayi]] (1991) as Mariyappan
* [[Parallel College]] (1991) as Sanathan Pillai
* [[Kadinjool Kalyanam]] (1991) as Mathai
* [[Georgekutty C/O Georgekutty]] (1991) as Paulose
* [[Advaitham]] (1991) as Kaiyathan
* [[Amaram]] (1991) as Raman Kutty
* [[Eagle (1991 film)|Eagle]] (1991) as Azeez
* [[Mookkillarajyathu]] (1991) as Vasu/Sundaran Pillai
* [[Neelagiri (film)|Neelagiri]] (1991) as Arumukhan
* [[Utsava Melam]] (1992)
* [[Radhachakram]] (1992) as Ponnan
* [[Kizhakkan Pathrose]] (1992) as Devassia/Marangodan (nickname)
* Naadody (1992) as Kutty
* [[Johnnie Walker]] (1992)
* [[Vietnam Colony]] (1993) as Erumeli
* [[Midhunam]] (1993) as Palisha Peethambaran
* [[Manichitrathazhu|Manichithrathazhu]] (1993) as Kattuparamban
* [[Ekalavyan (film)|Ekalavyan]] (1993) as Govindan Kutty
* [[Customs Diary]] (1993) as Vishwanathan
* [[Akashadoothu]] (1993) as Chandy
* [[Arthana]] (1993)
* [[Aayirappara]] (1993)
* [[Pingami]] (1994) as Achuthan
* [[Thenmavin Kombathu]] (1994) as Ammavan
* [[Chakoram]] (1994) as Ammama
* [[Chukkan]] (1994) as Beeranikka
* [[Gamanam (1994 film)|Gamanam]] (1994) as Kunjiraman
* [[Minnaram]] (1994) as Tutor Cleetus
* [[Nirnayam (1995 film)|Nirnayam]] (1995) as Servant
* Kakkakum Poochakkum Kalyanam (1995)
* [[Vrudhanmare Sookshikkuka]] (1995) as Sundaresan Nair
* [[Tom & Jerry (1996 film)|Tom & Jerry]] (1995) as Kesava Kaimal
* [[Thovalapookkal]] (1995)
* Kokkarakko (1995)
* [[Thirumanassu]](1995) as Raman
* [[Highway (1995)|Highway]] (1995) as Rajappan
* [[Alancheri Thamprakkal|Alancherry Thambrakkal]] (1995) as Kariyathen
* [[Indian Military Intelligence]] (1995) as Aroodam Anandan
* Kidilol Kidilam (1995) as Hassan
* [[Kaattile Thadi Thevarude Ana]] (1995) as Veerappan
* [[The King (1995 film)|The King]] (1995) as Krishnan
* [[Thooval Kottaram]] (1996) as Kunjuraman Menon
* [[Aayiram Naavulla Ananthan]] (1996) as Koyakka
* [[Mr. Clean]] (1996) as Bhargavan Pillai
* Madamma (1996) as Politician
* Hitlist (1996) as Sankar Das
* Sugavaasam (1996) as Venkidi
* Kudamattom (1997) as Nanu
* Irattakuttikalude Achan (1997) as Sub Inspector C.T.R Kurup
* [[Kalyana Unnikal]] (1997) as Kuttappi
* Kalyanappittannu (1997)
* Mayaponman (1997) as Motor Doctor Mathai
* [[Hitler Brothers]] (1997) as Nanappan
* Ekkareyanente Manasam (1997) as Sumathi's Uncle
* [[Chandralekha (1997 film)|Chandralekha]] (1997) as Accountant
* [[Aaraam Thampuran]] (1997) as Mangalam
* [[Magician Mahendralal from Delhi]] (1998) as Sivan Pillai
* [[Pranayavarnangal]] (1998)
* [[Sundarakilladi]] (1998)
* [[Oro Viliyum Kathorthu]] (1998) as Achuthan
* Mayajalam (1998) as Paramanandan Nair
* Summer in Bethleham (1998) Replaced Kalabhavan Mani
* Gloria Fernades From USA (1998)
* Thirakkalkkapuram (1998) as Kittunni
* Charlie Chaplin (1999)
* Garshom (1999) as Damodaran
* [[Pallavur Devanarayanan]] (1999) as Kunjuraman
* [[Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal]] (1999)
* [[Chandranudikkunna Dikkil]] (1999)
* [[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]] (2000)
* [[Mr. Butlers|Mr. Butler]] (2000) (posthumously)
* Korappan The Great (2001) (posthumously)
* Njan Rajavu (2002) (Posthumously)
{{div col end}}

==Series ==
*[[Akashadoothu]]
*Chirikkam Namukku Chirikkam

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0660658|name=Kuthiravattam Pappu}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071113141147/http://www.weblokam.com/cinema/profiles/0602/24/1060224023_1.htm Pappu's profile] at weblokam.com (in [[Malayalam]])

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pappu, Kuthiravattam}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam theatre]]

Lakshmanaa

2025-09-21T18:00:26Z

Suresh330: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Duryodhana#personal life]]

Mahagama

2025-07-31T05:18:30Z

Suresh330: started first details more to come...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mahagama
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.03|N|87.32|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Godda district|Godda]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.21
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 69
| population_total = 10969
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages(*For language details see [[Mahagama (community development block)#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Angika Language|Angika]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 814154
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06437
| registration_plate = JH17
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Godda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Godda]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Mahagama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahagama]]
| website = {{URL|godda.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mahagama''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Mahagama (community development block)|Mahagama]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Godda]] subdivision of the [[Godda district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Urja Nagar==
Urja Nagar is a major part of the town. It is a very organised and well planned township done by Eastern Coalfields Ltd., Dhankunda, a colony of more than 1,441 house blocks, a hospital, a shopping complex, Rajendra Stadium, and D.A.V Public School. The town premises consist of several fields and courts as playgrounds for children, parks, and three clubs for holding meetings, parties and occasional celebrations. As the whole area is quite spiritual, there are various temples of several deities.

==Nearby cities and towns==
{| style="width:70%;" border="0"
|-
| colspan=2 | The following is a list of nearby places:
|-
| style="vertical-align:top; width:25%;"|
West
* Pararia (9.5 nm)
* Dhuraia (10.4 nm)
* Panjwara (15.5 nm)
* Laurhia Khurd (17.5 nm)
| valign=top |
North
* Bara (11.3 nm)
* Ekchari (11.4 nm)
* [[Bhagaiya]] (13.5 nm)
* Ghoga (13.7 nm)
| valign=top |
East
* Bara Boarijor (9.3 nm)
* Mandro (10.9 nm)
* Borio (14.5 nm)
* Logai (15.7 nm)
* Berhait (18.6 nm)
| valign=top |
South
* Pathargama (5.7 nm)
* Rajabhita (6.3 nm)
* Godda (13.2 nm)
* Sundarpahar (17.1 nm)
* Dhamni (17.5 nm)
* Jordiha (19.7 nm)
|}

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=460| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|51|0|N|87|33|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Sahibganj, Godda and Pakur districts in Santhal Pargana Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious/ tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|5|15|N|87|28|20|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1= Bara Boarijore | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Bara Boarijore]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|40|41|N|87|10|19|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Poraiyahat| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Poraiyahat]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|59|41|N|87|12|7|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Basantrai| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Basantrai, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|25|9|2|N|87|19|20|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Belbadda| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Belbadda]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|25|12|52|N|87|23|28|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Dhamri| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Dhamri]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|25|5|50|N|87|14|0|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Hanwara| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Hanwara]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|25|3|45|N|87|22|0|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Lalmatia| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Lalmatia, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|25|11|40|N|87|22|17|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Mehrma| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Mehrma]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|49|46|N|87|7|50|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Motia| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Motia]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|25|4|30|N|87|14|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Parsa| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Parsa, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|56|44|N|87|16|37|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Pathargama| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Pathargama, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|55|10|N|87|20|50|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Rajabhita| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Rajabhita]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|45|18|N|87|21|43|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Sunderpahari| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Sunderpahari, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|44|48|N|87|49|34|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Kotalpokhar| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Kotalpokhar]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|25|8|37|N|87|29|55|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15= Mandro|labela15=Damin Bazar| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Mandro Damin Bazar]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|25|14|40|N|87|29|48|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Mirzachauki| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Mirzachauki]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|50|0|N|87|45|41|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Pathna| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Pathna, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|52|46|N|87|52|45|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Radhanagar| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Radhanagar, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|50|50|N|87|41|16|E}} | label-pos19=bottom|label19= Ranga| numbered19=R| mark-title19=[[Ranga, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|25|6|13|N|87|43|59|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Taljhari| numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Taljhari, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|57|30|N|87|51|22|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Udhwa| numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Udhwa]] (R)
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|32|0|N|87|34|18|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Amrapara| numbered22=R| mark-title22=[[Amrapara]] (R)
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|42|45|N|87|42|17|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Hiranpur| numbered23=R| mark-title23=[[Hiranpur]] (R)
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|41|41|N|87|37|1|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Litipara| numbered24=R| mark-title24=[[Litipara]] (R)
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|29|40|N|87|45|42|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Maheshpur| numbered25=R| mark-title25=[[Maheshpur, Pakur]] (R)
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|20|15|N|87|38|50|E}} | label-pos26= right|label26= Pakuria| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Pakuria]] (R)
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|32|14|N|87|30|17|E}} | label-pos27=top|label27= Panchuara| numbered27=R| mark-title27=[[Panchuara]] (R)
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|50|10|N|87|13|12|E}} | label-pos28=top|label28=Godda| numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Godda]] (M) |label-size28=12 |label-color28=#800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|25|3|0|N|87|50|24|E}} | label-pos29=bottom|label29=Rajmahal| numbered29=M| mark-title29= [[Rajmahal]] (M) |label-size29=12 |label-color29=#800000
|mark-coord30={{coord|25|15|0|N|87|39|0|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30=Sahebganj| numbered30=M| mark-title30= [[Sahebganj]] (M) |label-size30=12 |label-color30=#800000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|37|30|N|87|51|0|E}} | label-pos31=bottom|label31=Pakur| numbered31=M| mark-title31= [[Pakur]] (M) |label-size31=12 |label-color31=#800000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|52|26|N|87|35|33|E}} | label-pos32=bottom|label32= Bhognadih| numbered32=H| mark-title32=[[Bhognadih]] (H) | shape-color32=#AA6666
|mark-coord33={{coord|25|15|39|N|87|32|18|E}} | label-pos33=top|label33= Teliagarhi| numbered33=H| mark-title33=[[Teliagarhi]] (H) | shape-color33=#AA6666
|mark-coord34={{coord|25|11|25|N|87|43|34|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Moti Jharna| numbered34=H| mark-title34=[[Moti Jharna]] (H) | shape-color34=#AA6666
|mark-coord35={{coord|25|14|50|N|87|42|55|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Sakrigali| numbered35=H| mark-title35=[[Sakrigali]] (H) | shape-color35=#AA6666
|mark-coord36={{coord|25|3|10|N|87|20|20|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36=Rajmahal coalfield |numbered36=0 | mark-title36=[[Rajmahal coalfield]] (A)| label-size36=12| shape-color36=#AA6666
|mark-coord37={{coord|25|1|10|N|87|18|50|E}}| label-pos37=bottom|label37=Mahagama| numbered37=CT| mark-title37= Mahagama (CT) |shape-color37=black| label-size37=13|label-color37=black 
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|48|21|N|87|19|27|E}}| label-pos38=left|label38=Sarauni| numbered38=CT| mark-title38= [[Sarauni]] (CT) |shape-color38= #A40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|51|10|N|87|46|37|E}}| label-pos39=top|label39=Barharwa| numbered39=CT| mark-title39= [[Barharwa]] (CT) |shape-color39= #A40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|54|30|N|87|37|20|E}}| label-pos40=right|label40=Berhait Bazar| numbered40=CT| mark-title40= [[Berhait Bazar]] (CT) |shape-color40= #A40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|54|50|N|87|35|40|E}}| label-pos41=top|label41=Berhait Santali| numbered41=CT| mark-title41= [[Berhait Santali]] (CT) |shape-color41= #A40000
|mark-coord42={{coord|25|2|5|N|87|35|55|E}}| label-pos42=top|label42=Borio| numbered42=CT| mark-title42= [[Borio, Sahibganj]] (CT) |shape-color42= #A40000
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|57|20|N|87|49|20|E}}| label-pos43=left|label43=Patra| numbered43=CT| mark-title43= [[Patra, Sahibganj]] (CT) |shape-color43= #A40000
|mark-coord44={{coord|25|0|0|N|87|44|26|E}}| label-pos44=left|label44=Tin Pahar| numbered44=CT| mark-title44= [[Tin Pahar]] (CT) |shape-color44= #A40000
|mark-coord45={{coord|24|55|45|N|87|50|32|E}}| label-pos45=left|label45=Kumarpur| numbered45=CT| mark-title45= [[Kumarpur]] (CT) |shape-color45= #A40000
|mark-coord46={{coord|24|38|40|N|87|53|15|E}}| label-pos46=left|label46=Raghunandanpur| numbered46=CT| mark-title46= [[Raghunandanpur]] (CT) |shape-color46= #A40000
|mark-coord47={{coord|24|40|13|N|87|51|5|E}}| label-pos47=left|label47=Sagarmpur| numbered47=CT| mark-title47= [[Sagarmpur]] (CT) |shape-color47= #A40000
|mark-coord48={{coord|25|15|30|N|87|43|0|E}} |label48= Ganges| label-color48 = #77A1CB| label-angle48=0| label-pos48=top| label-size48=10| mark-size48=0| mark-title48 =none
|mark-coord49={{coord|24|38|38|N|87|18|29|E}} | label-pos49=left|label49= Dewdanr| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Dewdanr]] (R)
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|20|0|N|87|25|0|E}}|arc-textA= RAJMAHAL HILLS| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-101| arc-gapA=2.7| arc-radiusA=1.15
|arc-coordB={{coord|25|18|0|N|87|15|0|E}}|arc-textB= BIHAR| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-40| arc-gapB=7.5| arc-radiusB=0.35
|arc-coordC={{coord|25|20|50|N|87|53|40|E}}|arc-textC= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorC=hard grey| arc-angleC=40| arc-gapC=5.0| arc-radiusC=0.4}}

===Location===
Mahagama is located at {{coord|25.03|N|87.32|E|display=inline}}. The average elevation is {{cvt|69|metre}} above sea level. Mahagama is surrounded by hilly areas, with Kaleshari mountain on the east side of town. Laterite soil and red soil are the types of soil found in this block.

Mahagama and Mohanpur together form a [[Twin cities (geographical proximity)|twin town]] within Mahagama block and are therefore a major economic center of the district. The Mahagama township is full planned and all the amenities can be seen here. Mahagama is located 25.88 km from [[Godda]], the main city in Godda district, and 278 km from the state capital [[Ranchi]].

Mahagama has an area of {{convert|2.21|km2}}.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2006_PART_B_DCHB_GODDA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Godda, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 25: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 30 November 2020}}</ref>

===Overview===
The map shows a hilly area with the [[Rajmahal hills]] running from the bank of the [[Ganges]] in the extreme north to the south, beyond the area covered by the map into Dumka district. ‘Farakka’ is marked on the map and that is where [[Farakka Barrage]] is, just inside West Bengal. [[Rajmahal coalfield]] is shown in the map. The entire area is overwhelmingly rural with only small pockets of urbanisation.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3120/page/n1/mode/2up |title = Bihar District Gazetteers: Santhal Parganas| first= P.C.|last=Roychoudhury | work= Chapter I: General |publisher= Secretariat Press, Patna, 1965 | accessdate = 5 December 2020}}</ref>

Note: The full screen map is interesting. All places marked on the map are linked and you can easily move on to another page of your choice. Enlarge the map to see what else is there – one gets railway links, many more road links and so on.

== Members of Assembly ==
*2000: (Ashok Kumar), [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*2005: [[Ashok Kumar (Mahagama politician)|Ashok Kumar]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*2009: [[Rajesh Ranjan]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*2014: Ashok Kumar, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*2019: Dipika Pandey Singh, [[Indian National Congress]]
*2024: Dipika Pandey Singh, [[Indian National Congress]]

== Climate ==

Mahagama experiences a hot dry summer, a good rainy season and a cool winter. Thunderstorms accompanied with severe squalls occur in pre-[[monsoon]] months. Average daytime highs are in the mid 80s°F to low 90s°F (around 30–32 °C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 60s°F to low 70s°F (20–22 °C). Dust storms occur occasionally in April and May. Morning fogs are seen in winter season.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Mahagama had a total population of 10,969, of which 5,771 (53%) were males and 5,198 (47%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,834. The total number of literate persons in Mahagama was 7,268 (79.56% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011/>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Godda'', Mahagama covered an area of 2.21 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 15 km roads with both open and closed drains, the protected water supply involved hand pump, uncovered well, overhead tank. It had 1,451 domestic electric connections, 42 road light points. Among the educational facilities it had 2 primary schools, 2 middle schools, 2 secondary schools, 1 non-formal education centre (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan). Among the social, cultural and recreational facilities, it had 1 auditorium/ community hall. It had the branch offices of 3 nationalised banks, 1 cooperative bank.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2006_PART_A_DCHB_GODDA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Godda, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Pages 1082-1086| publisher = Directorate of census Operations, Jharkhand |accessdate = 23 November 2020}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Mahagama police station serves Mahagama CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/godda| title = District Police Profile - Godda| publisher = Jharkhand Police| accessdate = 17 November 2020| archive-date = 20 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201120085643/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/godda| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://godda.nic.in/police/# | title = Police | publisher = Government of Jharkhand | accessdate = 17 November 2020}}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
Headquarters of Mahagama CD block is at Mahagama town.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2006_PART_A_DCHB_GODDA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Godda, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Godda on the third page|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 17 November 2020}}</ref>

== Development ==
The establishment of the [[Lalmatia Colliery|Rajmahal Coal Mining Project]] in the 1980s triggered the development of Mahagama. Since then it has grown from a small village to a potential town. Basua Chowk and Shopping Complex are the main attraction for shoppers. Multiple hotels and complexes are opening due to growing demand. The town is also the home for the Shree Shyam Seva Trust Foundation, a charity organization that aims at helping poor and needy people of this territory. Land rates and inflation have risen significantly in past years.
Several development work (Social cause) have been taken up the Marwari community. Ishwar Das smriti Bhawan (Dhramshala) and Shyam seva Trust are example of such initiatives. These trusts provide services at minimal cost or no cost. Free eye camps and artificial limb distribution camps are frequently organized. The Shyam Mahotsav is also a centre of attraction which is an annual devotional event.

== Education ==

Around 103 primary schools, 20 middle schools, eight secondary schools, one senior secondary school and many private schools are functional in Mahagama block as per census 2001. Little flower school is very old school and very reputed school in Mahagama area situated in Basuwa Chowk since 1985. In the last few years, many privately run secondary and higher-secondary schools have opened. Recently, Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV) opened in the town area to provide elementary level education, with boarding facilities for girls belonging predominantly to the SC, ST, OBC and minorities in backward areas. D.A.V Public School is the most reputed school which is also the best amongst nearby districts. Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya is situated in the outer periphery of Mahagama.

Government-run schools are affiliated to Jharkhand Academic Council, while most of the private schools are affiliated to CBSE boards. Some of them are recognized at the state level. One [[madrasa]] (Badrul Uloom) is also functional in Mahagama, where underprivileged Muslim children get education free of cost.

There are many Computer Institutes functional in Mahagama Block. IACT (Institute for Advance Computer Technology) is the most reputed computer Institute in Teacher's colony, Mahagama.
IT Zone website developing and Hosting centre deals in Website making of all school, college and other institute and company since last 4 years, situated in main road mahagama, near Kachwa Chowk, Static and dynamic both website are making here in low cost price.

== Transport ==

The town has frequent connections with [[Godda]], [[Bhagalpur]], Kahalgaon and Pirpanti. Public transport is provided by buses, [[auto rickshaw]]s and local vans. Bus services are also available for [[Sahibganj]], [[Dumka]], [[Jamshedpur|Tata]], [[Kolkata]], [[Deoghar]] and [[Ranchi]]. The territory has no rail link and air link. '''Helipad''' can be seen in the Urjanagar township of Mahagama. The nearest railway station is [[Godda railway station|Godda Railway Station]] & [[Bhagalpur Junction railway station|Bhagalpur Railway Station]].

.

[[Bhagalpur]] railway stations serve as the primary gateway for travel to other parts of country. While [[Godda railway station|Godda]] Railway Station is improving day per day. Many long route train for many big cities are starting from [[Godda railway station]]. In Coming days, it will the main hub for catch train.

== Sports and lifestyle ==

[[Cricket]] is the most popular sport in Mahagama. People can be seen playing cricket on the streets. [[Association football|Football]], [[Kabaddi]], and [[badminton]] are some other popular sports played in this region. Rajendra Stadium is situated in the heart of Urjanagar town. Football Game is also most spiritual game in Urjanagar played by Santhals United Club, established in 2008. This stadium has been hosting many state level games and other sport events.

Durga Puja and Chhat Puja are two major Parvas celebrated in this region. People from distant places come to worship and enjoy puja season as well as fair organized in Mela Maidan. At the end of Durga Puja that is, during Dusshera, Ravan Dahan program celebrated in the campus of Rajendra Stadium Urjanagar. Many people from nearby villages and towns also enjoy this festive with citizen also.

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]
*[[Mahagama (community development block)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the [[Election Commission of India]] [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf]
* Census of India website, [[Minister for Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]] [http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-VillageDirectory/Directory/short_code_rural_20.pdf]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070602113915/http://210.212.20.94/cmcvp/frmvp.aspx] Jharkhand village profile ©2006 JSAC, Dept. of IT, Govt. of Jharkhand]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110406071951/http://jharkhandonline.in/Profile/Political/ List of the Assembly Constituencies in Jharkhand]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707150655/http://anypursuit.com/tiki-index.php?page=Godda Pursuits & Knowledge Reference: Encyclopaedic, Specialised]
* [http://villages.ws/india/jharkhand/godda Villages information at villages.ws with village classified]
* [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Mahagama.html Mahagama, India Page by Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.]
* [http://www.docstoc.com/docs/9249603/GOVERNMENT-OF-JHARKHAND-List-of-Nationalised-%28Rajkiya-krit%29-schools Government of Jharkhand List of Nationalised (Rajkiya krit) schools]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085923/http://godda.nic.in/profile.html Official website of Godda district ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721170442/http://jharenvis.nic.in/godda.html JHARENVIS, A Environmental Information System of Dept. of Forrest & Environment, Jharkhand]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101125172812/http://education.nic.in/kgbv_guidelines.asp Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya]

{{Santhal Parganas Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Godda district]]
[[Category:Mining communities in Jharkhand]]

Baal Shiv – Mahadev Ki Andekhi Gatha

2025-07-28T04:34:39Z

Suresh330:

{{short description| Indian mythological television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Baalshivtitlecard.jpeg
| alt_name = Baal Shiv
| genre = [[Mythological]]
| creator = CL Saini
| screenplay = Brij Mohan Pandey
| story = Brij Mohan Pandey
| director = Animesh Varma
| starring = Aan Tiwari Trisha Sarda [[Shivya Pathania]] [[Siddharth Arora]] [[Mouli Ganguly]]
| theme_music_composer = Jitesh Panchal
| open_theme = ''Shiva...''
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 215 
| producer = Anirudh Pathak
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| editor = Madan Mohan Mishra
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 21-22 min approx.
| company = [[Zee Studios]]
| network = [[And TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|11|23}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2022|9|19}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/baal-shiv-shuts-down-abruptly-as-production-and-actors-remain-at-loggerheads-mouli-ganguly-reacts-exclusive-101662637970755.html |title=The Mythological Show Bal Shiv has been Closed|website=Hindustan Times |date=8 September 2022 }}</ref>
}}
'''''Baal Shiv – Mahadev Ki Andekhi Gatha''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language mythology series produced by Anirudh Pathak under the banner of [[Zee Studios]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-12 |title=Baal Shiv completes 100-episodes, actor Aan Tiwari, says, 'Har-Har Mahadev' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/baal-shiv-completes-100-episodes-actor-aan-tiwari-says-har-har-mahadev-2453005.html |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> It was premiered on 23 November 2021 on [[And TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-05 |title=&TV's to premiere new mythological show 'Baal Shiv' on 23 Nov |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/tv-s-to-premiere-new-mythological-show-baal-shiv-on-23-nov-211105 |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Indian Television Dot Com |language=en}}</ref> It stars Aan Tiwari and Trisha Sarda<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fangirl Trisha Sarda bags a pivotal role opposite her favourite actor Aan Tiwari in Baal Shiv - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/fangirl-trisha-sarda-bags-a-pivotal-role-opposite-her-favourite-actor-aan-tiwari-in-baal-shiv/articleshow/91819933.cms |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=The Times of India |date=27 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> in the lead roles of ''Baal Shiv'' and ''Baal Parvati''. [[Siddharth Arora]], [[Shivya Pathania]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-15 |title=Baal Shiv: Baal avatar of Parvati is just unmissable {{!}} SBS Originals |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/baal-shiv-baal-avatar-of-parvati-is-just-unmissable-sbs-originals-1531679 |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> and [[Mouli Ganguly]] appear in pivotal roles.

==Premise==
The show revolves around [[Anasuya]], the wife of the sage [[Atri]] and her motherhood as she transformed [[Shiva]] into a baby when the latter, along with [[Brahma]] and [[Vishnu]] had come to test her virtue and chastity.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Siddharth Arora]] as Bhagwan [[Shiva]]
** Aan Tiwari as Baal Shiv
* [[Shivya Pathania]] as Devi [[Parvati]], [[Adi Shakti]], [[Katyayani]], [[Durga]], [[Mahakali]], [[Kali]], [[Tara (Hindu goddess) | Tara]], [[Tripura Sundari]], [[Bhuvaneshwari]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Chhinnamasta]], [[Dhumavati]], [[Bagalamukhi]], [[Matangi]], [[Kamalatmika]], [[Shakambhari | Satakshi]], [[Sati (Hindu goddess) | Sati]], [[Bhadrakali]], 64 [[Yogini]], [[Kaushiki]], [[Chamunda]]
** Trisha Sarda as Baal Parvati
* [[Mouli Ganguly]] as Mahasati [[Anasuya]]

=== Recurring ===
* Rajeev Bharadwaj / Sandeep Mohan as Maharishi [[Atri]]
* [[Sujay Reu]] as [[Vishnu]]
* [[Kapil Nirmal]] as Maharaj [[Tarakasur]]
* [[Dakssh Ajit Singh]] / [[Kunal Bakshi]] as Devraj [[Indra]]
* Shrashti Maheshwari as Rajkumari Ajamukhi
* [[Nazea Hasan Sayed]] as Devi [[Saraswati]]
* Vandana Rao / Deepika Upadhyay as Devi [[Lakshmi]]
* [[Praneet Bhat]] as Devrishi [[Narada]]
* Sunil Singh as [[Shukracharya]]
* [[Krip Suri]] as [[Andhaka]]
* [[Danish Akhtar Saifi]] as [[Nandi (Hinduism) | Nandi]]
* Akshaan Sehrawat as Child Bhagwan [[Vishnu]]
* Revansh Gulrajani as Child [[Brahma]]dev
* Naksh Patel as Child Devrishi [[Narada]]
* [[Tej Sapru]] as Maharaj [[Daksha]]
* Anjita Punia as Devi [[Shachi]]
* Shravani Goswami as Mahrani [[Prasuti]]
* [[Pallavi Pradhan]] as Maharani Mainavati
* Mukesh Tripathi as Maharishi [[Bhrigu]]
* Manish Kapoor as Yakshraj [[Kubera]]
* Aloknath Pathak as Vriddhbheel
* Rajeev Pawar as [[Varuna]]
* Manoj Kolhatkar as Maharishi Katyavana
* [[Vinit Kakar]] as [[Mayasura]]
* Niranjan Nalawade as [[Gajasura]]
* Ambika Soni as [[Daruka]]
* Rajesh Dubey as Maharishi [[Parashara]]
* Krishnakant Singh Bundela as Shamshan Rakshak

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{&TV Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baal Shiv - Mahadev Ki Andekhi Gatha}}
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television series about Hindu deities]]
[[Category:&TV original programming]]

Rhinotomy

2025-07-18T15:17:00Z

Suresh330: New

{{Short description|Amputation of the nose}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{about|mutilation of the nose for judicial purposes|modern surgical applications|rhinectomy}}
[[File:"A mutilated victim of Wemba savagery, Livingstonia", ca.1910 (imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS4-1-020) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Man without nose and hands, {{circa}} 1910]]
'''Rhinotomy''' is mutilation, usually [[amputation]], of the [[Human nose|nose]]. It was a means of judicial punishment throughout the world, particularly for sexual transgressions, but in the case of adultery often applied only to women.

==Ancient usage==
[[File:Bazaar art print from the Ravi Varma Press, 1920's - Surphanaka Nose cut off.jpg|thumb|Print of Hindu scene: [[Shurpanakha]] (blue woman in foreground) has had her nose cut off by [[Lakshmana]] (with sword).]]
The [[Code of Hammurabi]] contains references to amputation of bodily protrusions (such as lips, nose, breasts, etc.), as do the laws of [[History of ancient Egypt|ancient Egypt]], and in Hindu medicine the writings of [[Charaka]] and the [[Sushruta Samhita]].<ref name="sperati"/>

Ancient Egyptian pharaoh, Horemheb, authored a legal text, the [[Edict of Horemheb]], which frequently stated rhinotomy as a criminal punishment.

Rhinotomy as a punishment for adultery was customary in early India,<ref>{{cite book|last=Bishop|first=W. J.|title=The Early History of Surgery|year=1960|publisher=Robert Hale |oclc=1572843 }}</ref> and practised by the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], but only rarely; the practice was more prevalent in [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]] and among the [[Arabs]], where the unfaithful woman was subjected to it while the man could get away with a flogging—and "often the husband whose wife had been unfaithful was instructed to act as executioner".<ref name="sperati"/><ref name="v198">{{cite journal | last=Sperati | first=G. | title=Amputation of the nose throughout history | journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica: Organo Ufficiale della Societa Italiana di Otorinolaringologia e Chirurgia Cervico-Facciale | volume=29 | issue=1 | date=2009 | issn=1827-675X | pmid=19609383 | pmc=2689568 | pages=44–50 }}</ref>

==Middle Ages==
[[Byzantine Emperor|Emperor of the Romans]] [[Justinian II]] had his nose removed by the general who deposed him. He returned with an army of barbarians to reclaim his throne, becoming known as "Rhinotmetos" (ὁ Ῥινότμητος, "the slit-nosed"), before replacing it with a golden replica.<ref name="Halsall2002"/> In Western Europe, [[Merovingian]] king [[Childebert II]], following the customs of his [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] allies, condemned conspirators to rhinotomy, according to [[Gregory of Tours]], and exposing them to ridicule.<ref name="Halsall2002">{{cite book|last=Halsall|first=Guy|editor=Guy Halsall|title=Humour, History and Politics in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0WpLw0M2G7YC&pg=PA18|accessdate=8 February 2013|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge UP|isbn=9780521811163|page=18|chapter=Introduction}}</ref>

In 1120, the [[Council of Nablus]] established that women who were found committing adultery in the Kingdom of Jerusalem would be punished with a rhinotomy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pangonis |first1=Katherine |title=Queens of Jerusalem |date=2022-01-02 |publisher=Pegasus Books |isbn=9781643139241 |page=86 }}</ref> It also established the rhinotomy as the punishment for Christian women who had consensual sexual relationships with Muslim men and Muslim women who had consensual sexual relationships with Christian men. The implementation of this punishment is thought to have come from traditional Byzantine punishments.

The 12th-century [[Breton lai|lay]] "[[Bisclavret]]" by [[Marie de France]] has a werewolf bite off his unfaithful wife's nose. [[Geoffroy IV de la Tour Landry]]'s 14th-century manual ''[[The Book of the Knight of the Tower]]'' has an example of a knight breaking his wife's nose, as an injunction for women to obey their husbands.<ref>Bartlett 63.</ref>

[[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] used the practice to punish adulterers and [[Procuring (prostitution)|panderers]].<ref name="sperati">{{cite journal|last=Sperati|first=G.|year=2009|title=Amputation of the nose throughout history|journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Italica|volume=29|issue=1|pages=44–50|pmc=2689568|pmid=19609383}}</ref>

In 14th and 15th-century Poland, rhinotomy (as well as [[glossectomy]]) was used to punish crimes committed through speech.<ref name="Sedlar1994">{{cite book|last=Sedlar|first=Jean W.|title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages: 1000-1500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANdbpi1WAIQC&pg=PA324|accessdate=8 February 2013|year=1994|publisher=U of Washington P|isbn=9780295972909|page=324}}</ref> The practice is reported in 15th-century [[Naples]].<ref name="Jütte2004">{{cite book|last=Jütte|first=Robert|title=A History of the Senses: From Antiquity to Cyberspace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WS8UjeLGG1kC&pg=PA95|accessdate=8 February 2013|date=2004-12-20|publisher=Polity|isbn=9780745629582|page=95}}</ref>

German surgeon [[Wilhelm Fabry]] describes a case from 1590 in which a woman ("Susanne the Chaste") resisted rape and had her nose cut off as a result.<ref name="sperati"/>

==Self-inflicted==
Most known cases of self-inflicted rhinotomy concern nuns who mutilated their noses in hopes of avoiding rape. The nuns of the Saint-Cyr monastery in [[Marseille]], in the 9th century, were spared rape but were all killed, and the nuns of the Saint Clare abbey in [[Acri]] suffered the same fate in 1291.<ref name="sperati"/> Such a story is told also of [[Æbbe the Younger]] and her nuns at [[Coldingham]], in the 9th century.<ref name="Bartlett1995">{{cite book|last=Bartlett|first=Anne Clark|title=Male Authors, Female Readers: Representation and Subjectivity in Middle English Devotional Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/maleauthorsfemal00bart|url-access=registration|accessdate=8 February 2013|year=1995|publisher=Cornell UP|isbn=9780801430381|page=[https://archive.org/details/maleauthorsfemal00bart/page/39 39]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[I've got your nose]]
*[[Nose tomb]], 16th-century Japanese tombs containing amputated noses from Korean soldiers and civilians
**[[Mimizuka]], the best-known such shrine, containing at least 38,000 noses
*[[Political mutilation in Byzantine culture]]
*{{anli|Rhinoplasty}}
*[[Violence against women]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Corporal punishments]]
[[Category:Types of amputation]]
[[Category:Nose surgery]]

Gamit Ramilaben Raysingbhai

2025-07-16T03:47:30Z

Suresh330: Stub.

{{Short description|Indian social worker}}
'''Gamit Ramilaben Raysingbhai''' (born 1 June 1969) is a tribal social worker from Taparwada Village, [[Tapi district]], [[Gujarat]], India, known for her work in transforming several villages in Gujarat to [[Open defecation|open-defecation free]] villages. She is also known for her work for the empowerment of rural women by setting up a large number of [[Support group|self help group]]s of women.<ref name="Cite">{{cite web |title=Citation for Padma Shri: Gamit Ramilaben Raysingbhai |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Content/CitationsForTickets/2022/202297.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref> In the year 2022, the government of India honoured Gamit Ramilaben Raysingbhai by conferring the [[Padma Shri]] Award for her contribution to social work.<ref name="PadmaShri2022"/>

==Life and work==
Ramilaben Raysingbhai born on 1 June 1969, in the [[Gamit]] community which is a community of [[Adivasi]] indigenous [[Bhil]] people of Gujarat. The community is included in the state list of [[scheduled tribes]]. She has had formal education up to Standard X only. Coming from a humble background, she worked at the grass root level, and her efforts helped to transform nine villages into open defecation free villages.
She created more than 700 sanitary units. She also conducted several awareness programmes on the ill-effects of open defecation. For the empowerment of tribal women, she helped set up 162 self help groups of women, and through these self help groups, the benefits of many government schemes for the uplift of women were made available to the tribal community. These included benefits under the Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Yojana, Atal Pension Yojana, and Sukanya Yojana. She worked especially for the welfare of widows by creating awareness about several schemes intended for the benefit of widows. She was also in the forefront in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name="Cite"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Who Is Gamit Ramilaben Raysingbhai?|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/shestars/gamit-ramilaben-raysingbhai/ |website=SheThePeople |access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Shri Ramilaben Gamit is role model & inspiration for Adivasis: Gandhinagar BJP ST Cell chief Aarti Bhil |url=https://navjeevanexpress.com/padma-shri-ramilaben-gamit-is-role-model-inspiration-for-adivasis-gandhinagar-bjp-st-cell-chief-aarti-bhil/ |website=Navjeevan Express |access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref>

==Padma Shri award==

In the year 2022, the government of India conferred the [[Padma Shri]] Award, the third highest award in the Padma series of awards, on Gamit Ramilaben Raysingbhai for her distinguished service in the field of social work.<ref name="PadmaShri2022">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143803/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-25 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> The award was in recognition of her service as a "Tribal social worker - leading SHGs in working across education, healthcare and sanitation".<ref name="PadmaShri2022Images">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129172910/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-date=2022-01-29 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>

==Other recognitions==
Some other awards conferred on Ramilaben include:<ref name="Cite"/>
*"Swachh Shakti Award" in 2017 for outstanding performance under [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]]
*"Nari tu Narayani Award"

==See also==
*[[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)#Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022|Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{YouTube|id=3VQ-acCJtGI |President Kovind presents Padma Shri to Ramilaben Raysingbhai}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramilaben Raysingbhai, Gamit}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

Bhaskar Jyoti Baruah

2025-07-09T11:21:21Z

Suresh330:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}

'''Bhaskar Jyoti Baruah''' is an Indian politician from [[Assam]]. He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Titabar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Titabar]] in the [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhaskar Jyoti Baruah(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- TITABAR(TITABAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|url=https://myneta.info/Assam2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=214|access-date=2022-02-17|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhaskar Jyoti Baruah {{!}} Assam Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/bhaskar-jyoti-baruah-titabar-candidate-s03a100c001/|access-date=2022-02-17|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Sentinel Digital|date=2021-08-24|title=Congress MLA Bhaskar Jyoti Baruah from Titabar Shares Dais with Sarbananda Sonowal, Likely to Join BJP - Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/congress-mla-bhaskar-jyoti-baruah-from-titabar-shares-dais-with-sarbananda-sonowal-likey-to-join-bjp-551725|access-date=2022-02-17|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baruah, Bhaskar Jyoti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:People from Jorhat district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Telugu wedding ceremony

2025-06-26T04:06:15Z

Suresh330: slightly corrected citations per sources and fixed typos

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