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Sabyasachi Mukherjee

2026-05-08T16:35:53Z

Surendra: new new info - done

{{Short description|Indian fashion designer (born 1974)}}
{{About|the fashion designer|the jurist and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India|Sabyasachi Mukharji}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox fashion designer
| name = Sabyasachi Mukherjee
| image = SabyaSachi Mukherji at Lakme Fashion Week's Grand Finale, by SouBoyy, Sourendra Kumar Das..jpg
| caption = Mukherjee at [[Lakme Fashion Week]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|02|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = {{Unbulleted_list|[[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] (NIFT)|[[University of Calcutta]]|[[Sri Aurobindo Vidyamandir, Chandannagar]]}}
| label_name = Sabyasachi
| awards =
| known_for =
| occupation = [[Fashion designer]]
}}

'''Sabyasachi Mukherjee''' (born 23 February 1974) is an Indian [[fashion designer]], [[jewellery designer]], [[retail]]er, and [[couturier]] from [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], India. Since 1999, he has sold designer merchandise using the label Sabyasachi. Mukherjee is one of the Associate Designer Members of [[Fashion Design Council of India]] and the youngest board member of the [[National Museum of Indian Cinema]].<ref name=fdci1>{{cite web|title=Associate Designer Members|url=http://www.fdci.org/Member.aspx?mid=-1586146406&cat=2|access-date=9 November 2012|archive-date=10 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110171325/http://fdci.org/Member.aspx?mid=-1586146406&cat=2|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has designed costumes for Bollywood films such as ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]'', ''[[Baabul (2006 film)|Baabul]]'', ''[[Laaga Chunari Mein Daag]]'', ''[[Raavan (2010 Hindi film)|Raavan]]'', and ''[[English Vinglish]]''.<ref name=hin>{{cite web | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/luxury/fashion_show.shtml | title = Fashion show Profile - Sabyasachi Mukherjee | publisher = [[Hindustan Times]] | access-date = 11 January 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130302040824/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/luxury/fashion_show.shtml | archive-date = 2 March 2013 }}.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/04/23/stories/2005042302360300.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050509035641/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/04/23/stories/2005042302360300.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 9 May 2005 | title = Bohemian elegance | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | date = 23 April 2005 | access-date = 11 January 2013}}</ref>

==Biography==
===Early life===
Sabyasachi comes from a middle-class [[Bengalis|Bengali family]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Style is about a woman, who is 5'1 and wears flats to a party, says Sabyasachi Mukherjee |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-conclave-east-2017/story/india-today-conclave-east-2017-sabyasachi-mukherjee-fashion-style-bride-women-lehenga-timeless-1094251-2017-11-25 |website=India Today |date=November 25, 2017 |access-date=October 13, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Sabyasachi is originally from [[Kankinara railway station|Kankinara]], [[West Bengal]]. His early education was from [[Sri Aurobindo Vidyamandir, Chandannagar]].
His father's name is Shukumar Mukherjee and Smt.Sandhya is his mother. He has a sister named Payal. ( Sourced from the news story by Garima Sharma in Times of India dated May 17 2011, 00:00 IST @ timesofindia.indiatimes.com)

===Career===
[[File:In SabyaSachi Mukherji's designs at Lakme Fashion Week Grand Finale, by Sou Boyy, Sourendra Kumar Das..jpg|right|thumb|Models walk for SabyaSachi Couture.|375x375px]]
During the summer of 1999, Sabyasachi Mukerjee graduated from the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]]. Four months later, he started his eponymous brand which began with a workforce of three people. In 2001, he won the Femina British Council's Most Outstanding Young Designer of India Award,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2008-10-26|title=Sabyasachi Mukherjee|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/style/26iht-Luxury08-Mukherjee.18176657.html|access-date=2020-05-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> which took him to [[London]] for an internship with [[Georgina von Etzdorf]], an eclectic designer based in [[Salisbury]]. Returning home with ideas, Sabyasachi started retailing at all major stores in India.
[[File:Celebs-snapped-at-the-Sabyasachi-and-Christian-Louboutin-fashion-event-9.jpg|thumb|Isha Ambani Piramal, director of [[Jio|Reliance Jio]] and daughter of [[Mukesh Ambani]] in a SabyaSachi black [[sari]] at Sabyasachi's bash.]]
In 2002, Sabyasachi Mukerjee participated at [[India Fashion Week]], which got positive feedback from the press.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}} During the spring of 2003, he made his first international runway, with the "Grand Winner Award" at the [[Mercedes-Benz]] New Asia Fashion week in [[Singapore]], which paved his way to a workshop in [[Paris]] by [[Jean Paul Gaultier]] and [[Azzedine Alaia]].{{citation needed|date=March 2026}} In his collection "Kora" at the [[Lakme Fashion Week]] 2003, he used unbleached and hand woven fabrics with [[Kantha]] and other hand embroideries.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}

In 2004, Sabyasachi presented his collection "The Frog Princess" during the [[Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week]] and [[Miami Fashion Week]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mffashion.com/it/archivio/2004/09/25/milano-sara-piu-internazionale |title=Milano sarà più internazionale — MF fashion |work=mffashion.com |year=2012 |access-date=14 August 2012}}</ref> His showing in Browns earned him a retail place at a tiny London store voted by [[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] as the best shopping destination in the world.

In 2005, Sabyasachi presented the spring-summer collection "The Nair Sisters", inspired by [[Woodblock printing|hand block printing]], [[embroideries]], [[bagru]] prints, and the extensive use of cotton and other hand woven fabrics. The collection was sold at Browns and [[Selfridges]] in London. He was requested to showcase his collections at the [[Oxford University]] annual black tie charity dinner fashion show.
[[File:Kareena L-F-W 2016.jpg|thumb|Indian actress [[Kareena Kapoor|Kareena Kapoor Khan]] in SabyaSachi at the finale of [[Lakme Fashion Week]] 2016]]
In 2006, Sabyasachi's debut Spring Summer collection’07 at [[New York Fashion Week]] earned him critical acclaim and his label started selling worldwide. The essence of this collection was based on [[folklore]], glamour, simplicity, modern [[architecture]], and intricate detailing. There was a marked influence on paintings from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries like [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder|Brueghel]], [[Claude Monet]], and others. He used dark jewelled colours with muted shades accentuated with subtle texturing and indigenous embroidery. He is the only Indian designer to be a part of all three leading fashion weeks: New York, Milan and London. Sabyasachi believes that the unique positioning of Indian designers is due to his homeland's rich history and culture. He believes that Indian designers bring a flavour to the west that is no longer perceived as only exotic, but also a rich blend of individuality and sensitivity.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

In 2007, Sabyasachi participated at the [[New York Fashion Week]] and at the [[London Fashion Week]]s plus Bridal Asia 2007, [[Lakme Fashion Week]] and the [[Vogue India|Vogue]] launch event in India. His "Sanctuary" collection showcased at Lakme Fashion Week Fall Winter 08 received positive reviews from the fashion editor of the [[New York Times]], [[Suzy Menkes]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/07/style/07iht-wind.1.11723332.html |title=Sabyasachi a melting pot for fashion in India - The New York Times |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=[[New York, NY|New York]] |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=14 August 2012}}</ref>

Sabyasachi closed the third edition of PCJ Delhi Couture Week (8–12 August 2012) with his "New Moon" collection, inspired by the flavours of five cities: the world-straitjacket discipline of [[New York City|New York]], the nostalgia of the [[British Raj]] in [[Kolkata]], the subversive decadence of [[Berlin]], the romanticism of [[Paris]], and bohemian flair of [[Barcelona]]. Bollywood star [[Sridevi]] was the showstopper and walked the ramp for the designer in a sari.<ref name=ht1>{{cite news|last=Caroli|first=Aditi|title=Sridevi turns showstopper for Sabyasachi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Fashion/Sridevi-turns-showstopper-for-Sabyasachi/Article1-912986.aspx|access-date=9 November 2012|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=13 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823171039/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Fashion/Sridevi-turns-showstopper-for-Sabyasachi/Article1-912986.aspx|archive-date=23 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=nn1>{{cite news|title=Sridevi walks the ramp for Sabyasachi|url=http://www.naxatranews.com/naxatra/detail.html?detail=3283|newspaper=Naxatra News|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129151956/http://www.naxatranews.com/naxatra/detail.html?detail=3283|archive-date=2013-01-29}}</ref> Sabyasachi showcased this collection in UAE as well.<ref name=tn50>{{cite news|last=McLaughlin-Duane|first=Rebecca|title=Mukherjee's latest collection is 'very global yet very Indian'|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/mukherjee-s-latest-collection-is-very-global-yet-very-indian-1.652994/|access-date=29 January 2013|newspaper=The National|date=29 January 2013}}</ref> Sabyasachi launched in 2008 a line of jewellery exclusively designed by himself, in association with the GAJA brand. The collection was showcased at the Vogue Wedding Show in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/vogue-wedding-show-2016-begins-in-delhi-2958245/|title=Vogue Wedding Show 2016 begins in Delhi|date=2016-08-06|access-date=2016-08-10}}</ref> He launched his exclusive menswear collection featuring [[sherwani]]s, [[kurtas]], and [[headgear]] at the Lakme Fashion Week Spring Summer 09 Grand Finale show. He also started a kids wear line under the label ''Chota Sabhya''.

In 2012, Sabyasachi styled a calendar for which Bollywood actress [[Neha Dhupia]] dressed up as famous painter [[Frida Kahlo]],<ref name="TOI 6">{{cite news|last=Joshi|first=Tushar|title=Neha Dhupia's tribute to Frida Kahlo|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-18/news-interviews/30638554_1_neha-dhupia-frida-kahlo-tribute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111008/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-18/news-interviews/30638554_1_neha-dhupia-frida-kahlo-tribute|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2013|access-date=16 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 January 2012}}</ref> who has been Sabyasachi's inspiration for the Grand Finale at WIFW Autumn-Winter 2011. The models walked the ramp wearing Frida Kahlo-esque rose headbands and wire-rimmed glasses.<ref name=vogue1>{{cite web|last=Khanna|first=Priyanka|title=RUNWAY REVIEWS|url=http://www.vogue.in/content/sabyasachi-mukherjee-1|access-date=16 November 2012}}</ref>

Sabyasachi Mukherjee's Autumn Winter 2015 collection at Amazon India Couture Week (AICW) was a collaboration with French luxury footwear and fashion designer [[Christian Louboutin]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=EXCLUSIVE: Louboutin Wants The World To See His New Collaboration|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/christian-louboutin-shoe-footwear-collaboration-sabyasachi-mukherjee-harrods|website=British Vogue|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News - Christian Louboutin Online - Behind the Collaboration: Christian Louboutin x Sabyasachi|url=http://us.christianlouboutin.com/us_en/news/en_behind-the-collaboration-christian-louboutin-x-sabyasachi/|website=us.christianlouboutin.com|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> 80 pairs of shoes, both for men and women, all embroidered with Sabyasachi's embroidery and embellished with hand-placed [[sequin]]s, were created for the show. Louboutin also modified his signature Victoria heel for the collection, to be embroidered with Sabyasachi's embroidery using acid-dyed burnt zardozi and vintage Parsi gara.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ahuja|first1=Shilpa|title=Sabyasachi Mukherjee X Christian Louboutin: A Collab from AW15 Couture Show|url=http://shilpaahuja.com/fashion/fashion-week/sabyasachi-mukherjee-x-christian-louboutin-collab-aw15-couture-show/|website=ShilpaAhuja.com|access-date=20 March 2016}}</ref> Sabyasachi has exclusively collaborated with [[Bergdorf Goodman]] for handcrafted pieces of fine and bohemian jewelery during January to March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B69qcA3BOF5/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/B69qcA3BOF5 |archive-date=2021-12-24 |url-access=limited|title=Sabyasachi Mukherjee on Instagram: "We are pleased to announce an exclusive association between Bergdorf Goodman @bergdorfs New York and Sabyasachi Jewellery…"|website=Instagram|language=en|access-date=2020-01-06}}{{cbignore}}</ref> His estate in Alipore Calcutta was partly inspired from works of [[Bijoy Jain]] and [[Pierre Cardin]].

In 2025, Sabyasachi designed the wardrobe of Bollywood megastar [[Shah Rukh Khan]] at the [[Met Gala]] in [[Manhattan]]. The outfit won rave reviews from fans for modelling a king-like outfit, including a [[sceptre]] crowned by an emblematic tiger's head, custom jewellery displaying "SRK", and a larger pendulum displaying "K", all of which, as Sabyasachi explained, were intended to empower Shah Rukh Khan to express himself personally and powerfully. Sabyasachi himself walked the Met Gala carpet during the ceremony.

==Design philosophy==
[[File:Noyonika Chatterji in SabyaSachi Mukherji at Lakme Fashion Week's Grand Finale, by Sou Boyy, Sourendra Kumar Das..jpg|right|thumb|Noyonika Chatterji walks in SabyaSachi Couture.|375x375px]]

Sabyasachi's design philosophy is "personalised imperfection of the human hand".{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} Deserts, gypsies, prostitutes, antique textiles and cultural traditions of his home town, [[Kolkata]], have been a lifelong inspiration; Sabyasachi believes that "clothes should just be an extension of one's intellect".{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} He uses unusual fabrics, texturing and detailing, fusion of styles, patch-work with embellishments in vibrant colours. His creations evoke images of ancient and medieval ages. He describes his own collections as "an International styling with an Indian soul".{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

He designs crafted bridal wear and rigorously structured pieces.<ref name=FL1>{{cite news|last=Saran|first=Sathya|title=Firstpost Life His path is his, nothing else matters: Payal on her designer brother Sabyasachi|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/his-path-is-his-nothing-else-matters-payal-on-her-designer-brother-sabyasachi-195248.html|access-date=16 November 2012|newspaper=Firstpost.Live|date=27 January 2012}}</ref> On occasion, to the delight of his global audiences, Sabyasachi draws inspirations from the wider world, such as the colourscapes of French impressionists [[Claude Monet]] and [[Henri Matisse|Henry Matisse]] in his clothes.<ref name=TOI7>{{cite news|title=Wearing art: New metaphors for Indian fashion|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-12/designers/35033890_1_manjit-bawa-indian-modern-art-alka-raghuvanshi|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103124825/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-12/designers/35033890_1_manjit-bawa-indian-modern-art-alka-raghuvanshi|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=16 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 November 2012}}</ref>

He uses classical Indian textile methods like [[bandhani]], [[gota work]], [[block printing]], hand [[dyeing]] in construction of modern [[silhouettes]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==Revival initiatives==
[[File:In SabyaSachi Couture at Lakme Fashion Week's Grand Finale, by SouBoyy, Sourendra Kumar Das..jpg|right|thumb|SabyaSachi Mukherji's show at [[Lakme Fashion Week]].|375x375px]]

Mukherjee started a project called Save the Saree where he retails hand-woven Indian saris on a non-profit basis priced at {{INRConvert|3500|lk=r}}, where the entire proceed goes to the weavers of [[Murshidabad]].<ref name=sn1>{{cite news|last=Narayan|first=Shobha|title=The Saree Warrior|url=http://shobanarayan.com/2011/11/29/sabyasachi-mukherjee/|access-date=9 November 2012}}</ref> This initiative is also strongly supported by Film industry divas like [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]], [[Vidya Balan]].<ref name="TOI 1">{{cite news|last=Tiwari|first=Nimisha|title=Sabya in Mumbai|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-02/designers/28279230_1_kolkata-based-designer-saree-sabyasachi-mukherjee|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103080502/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-02/designers/28279230_1_kolkata-based-designer-saree-sabyasachi-mukherjee|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=9 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 August 2012}}</ref> He has been developing textiles from Dastkarin-[[Andhra Pradesh]], Berozghar Mahili Samitiin-[[Bihar]], Tantubay Samiti-Fulia and Kotpadin-[[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. Sabyasachi uses rich Indian fabrics in his collection{{snd}}extensive use of [[Banarasi]] fabric can be seen in his range.<ref name="TOI 3">{{cite news|last=Vohra|first=Meera|title=Banarasi fabric catching up in Bollywood|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-25/trends/30179280_1_banarasi-fabric-designers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024230931/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-25/trends/30179280_1_banarasi-fabric-designers|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 October 2012|access-date=9 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 September 2011}}</ref> Over the past two years he has also been involved in reviving cotton Benarasi [[sari]]s in pure [[khadi]] and vegetable hand block prints from [[Bagru]], bringing them to the international platform.

Sotheby's London hosted an exhibition of contemporary design named 'Inspired by India' where Sabyasachi showcased his work of khadi.<ref name=TOI4>{{cite news|last=Walia|first=Nona|title=Khadi spins an international trend|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-28/trends/33272079_1_fashion-designer-abraham-thakore-fabric|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103131152/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-28/trends/33272079_1_fashion-designer-abraham-thakore-fabric|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=9 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 September 2012}}</ref> Sabyasachi's collection of Winter-Festive Lakme Fashion Week 2011 revived the finer version of khadi.<ref name=TOI5>{{cite news|last=S Sen|first=Debarati|title=Sabyasachi to showcase men, women and kids wear|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-18/shows/29899822_1_women-and-kids-latest-collection-talks|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103123253/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-18/shows/29899822_1_women-and-kids-latest-collection-talks|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=9 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 August 2011}}</ref>

==Sabyasachi and Bollywood==

Sabyasachi forayed into films by designing costumes for [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s landmark film ''[[Black (2005 film)|Black]]'', which earned him critical acclaim along with the National Award in 2005 for the best costume designer for a feature film. Since then, he has designed for other Bollywood movies such as ''[[Baabul (2006 film)|Baabul]]'', ''[[Laaga Chunari Mein Daag]]'', ''[[Raavan (2010 Hindi film)|Raavan]]'', ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]'', ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]'', ''[[No One Killed Jessica]]'' and ''[[English Vinglish]]''.

In 2012, Sabyasachi appeared on [[NDTV]] Goodtimes' show ''Band Baja Bride''.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/bandbaajabride/default.aspx |title=NDTVGoodtimes.ndtv.com: Band Baajaa Bride |work=goodtimes.ndtv.com |year=2012 |access-date=14 August 2012}}</ref>

The entire trousseau collection of around 18 hand-crafted saris for Bollywood diva [[Vidya Balan]]'s wedding was designed by Sabyasachi for which he specially sourced the silk from Chennai.<ref name=MM1>{{cite news|last=Banerjee|first=Soumyadipta|title=18 saris and a temple wedding for Vidya Balan|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-13/news-interviews/35087405_1_saris-ghanchakkar-vidya-balan|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103120916/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-13/news-interviews/35087405_1_saris-ghanchakkar-vidya-balan|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=16 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 November 2012}}</ref> Vidya Balan also wore seven of his outfits for her public appearances whilst serving on the competition jury panel at [[Cannes 2013]].

One of Sabyasachi's most sold bridal pieces was named after [[Bipasha Basu]] as the 'Bipasha Blouse'. Originally created for Basu during the filming of Raavan, the piece was then put up for sale.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-29 |title=The story behind designer Sabyasachi Mukherjee's iconic 'Bipasha blouse' named after Bipasha Basu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/buzz/the-story-behind-designer-sabyasachi-mukherjees-iconic-bipasha-blouse-named-after-bipasha-basu/articleshow/117667751.cms |access-date=2025-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[Anushka Sharma]] wore a pale pink [[lehenga]] and Virat Kohli wore an ivory raw silk [[sherwani]] designed by Sabyasachi at their wedding on 11 December 2017.

[[Deepika Padukone]] wore a red lehenga and [[Ranveer Singh]] wore a red raw silk sherwani designed by Sabyasachi at their high-profile wedding on 14 November 2018.

For their second wedding, both [[Nick Jonas]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] wore custom looks by Sabyasachi. Chopra wore a crimson red [[lehenga]] made out of hand-cut organza flowers, [[French knot]]s in [[silk floss]], and Siam-red crystals. The outfit took 110 embroiderers in Calcutta and 3,720 hours.

Sabyasachi's celebrity clientele also includes [[Samantha Akkineni]], [[Rani Mukerji]], [[Sridevi]], [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]], [[Anushka Sharma]], [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Sushmita Sen]], [[Radhika Pandit]], [[Nita Ambani|Nita Dalal Ambani]], Isha Ambani Piramal, Shloka Mehta Ambani, Radhika Merchant (members of [[Mukesh Ambani]]'s family), and [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]], among several others.<ref name=TN1>{{cite news|last=Thakur|first=Shweta|title=Fashion world is a shallow one: Sabyasachi Mukherjee|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/fashion-world-is-a-shallow-one-sabyasachi-mukherjee_10036828.html|access-date=16 November 2012|newspaper=Thaindian News|date=11 May 2008|archive-date=18 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218053316/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/fashion-world-is-a-shallow-one-sabyasachi-mukherjee_10036828.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Internationally, actresses [[Renée Zellweger]] and [[Reese Witherspoon]], among others, have sported Sabyasachi's label.<ref name=TN1 />

In 2024, [[Alia Bhatt]] donned a creative ensemble designed by Sabyasachi, making him the first Indian designer to walk the [[Met Gala]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Met Gala 2024: Celebrities, Red Carpet, Theme & More |url=https://www.vogue.com/tag/event/met-gala |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref> red carpet in [[New York City|New York]].

In 2025, [[Shah Rukh Khan]] donned a King-like costume designed by Sabyasachi, making Shah Rukh Khan the first Indian male actor to walk the [[Met Gala]] red carpet.

==Store locations==
The brand has flagship store locations in [[Kolkata]], [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], and [[New York City]]. Limited pieces are also carried by other retailers in various parts of [[India]], as well as select international retailers in [[California]], [[Atlanta]], [[London]] and [[Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stores |url=https://sabyasachi.com/pages/stores |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=sabyasachi.com}}</ref>

==Awards and distinctions==
*Best Designer of Hindustan at the [[MTV]] Lycra style awards.
*Society Achievers award for the best new Indian designer.
*He is the only Indian designer to be requested to showcase at Italy's indigenous fashion showcase [[Milan Fashion Week]] 2004.
*Voted by Asia Inc. (a [[Singapore]]-based business magazine) as one of the ten most influential Indians in Asia.

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.sabyasachi.com/}}
*[http://www.fdci.org/Member.aspx?mid=-1586146406&cat=2 profile at Fashion Design Council of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110171325/http://fdci.org/Member.aspx?mid=-1586146406&cat=2 |date=10 November 2012 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Sabyasachi}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Clothing brands of India]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:Artists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:National Institute of Fashion Technology alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Best Costume Design National Film Award winners]]

Vaikom Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T17:19:37Z

Surendra: new new entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| state = Kerala
| name = Vaikom
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 95
| map_image = Vaikom and Vembanadu Kayal.jpg
| map_caption = [[Vembanad]] Lake at [[Vaikom]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = SC
| district = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| mla = K. Binimon
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| alliance = {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 1.5 lakhs+ (2021)
}}
'''Vaikom''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://kottayam.nic.in/constituencies
| website = kottayam.nic.in
| title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kottayam district
|access-date =16 March 2020
}}</ref> As of the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016 Assembly elections]], the current MLA of this constituency is K. Binimon (Kunjunni) of [[Indian National Congress |INC]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Vaikom Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kottayam.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kottayam District
|access-date = 13 March 2021
|archive-date = 13 March 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110313031449/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kottayam.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background-color: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%;"
|- style="background-color:#CCCCCC" align="center"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Vaikom]]
|Municipality
|[[Vaikom]]
|-
|2
|[[Chempu]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Vaikom]]
|-
|3
|[[Kallara]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Vaikom]]
|-
|4
|[[Maravanthuruthu]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Vaikom]]
|-
|5
|T. V. Puram
|Grama panchayat
|[[Vaikom]]
|-
|6
|[[Thalayazham]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Vaikom]]
|-
|7
|[[Thalayolaparambu]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Vaikom]]
|-
|8
|Udayanapuram
|Grama panchayat
|[[Vaikom]]
|-
|9
|[[Vechoor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Vaikom]]
|-
|10
|[[Velloor]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Vaikom]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Communist Party of India}} {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%" style="font-size: x-big;"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama
Sabha
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|1st
|K. R. Narayanan
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|1957 – 1960
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|2nd
| rowspan="3" |P. S. Sreenivasan
| rowspan="7" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| rowspan="7" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|1960 – 1965
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
|1967 – 1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|1970 – 1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
| rowspan="3" |M. K. Keshavan
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|P. K. Raghavan
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|[[K. K. Balakrishnan]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|M. K. Keshavan
| rowspan="7" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| rowspan="7" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|1996 – 1998
|-
|1998*
|10th
| rowspan="2" |[[P. Narayanan]]
|1998 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
|2001 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
| rowspan="2" |[[K. Ajith]] (now BJP)
|2006 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
| rowspan="2"|[[C. K. Asha]]
|2016 – 2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
|2021 - 2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|K. Binimon
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[incumbent]]
|}
{{notelist}}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vaikom}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=K.Binimon|votes= 52944|percentage=41.94|change={{increase}}8.81}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=P. Pradeep|votes= 51584|percentage=40.86|change={{decrease}}15.10}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[K. Ajith]]|votes= 20297|percentage=16.08|change={{increase}}6.71}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=737 |percentage=0.58|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link |party = Bahujan Samaj Party | candidate = Sumam P S | votes = 280 | percentage = 0.22 | change =}}

{{Election box candidate with party link |party = Independent| candidate = Adv P I Jayakumar | votes = 158 | percentage = 0.13| change =}}

{{Election box candidate with party link |party = Independent | candidate = Pradeep | votes = 123 | percentage = 0.10 | change =}}

{{Election box candidate with party link |party = Socialist Unity Centre Of India (COMMUNIST) | candidate = TM Bose | votes = 115 | percentage = 0.09 | change =}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1360
|percentage = 1.08
|change = {{decrease}}21.75
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,26,238|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = INC
|loser = CPI(M)
|swing = {{decrease}}15.10
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
In 2021 Kerala Assembly election, Vaikom is the only Women Candidate constituency in Kerala.
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vaikom}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[C. K. Asha]]|votes=71,388|percentage=55.96|change={{increase}}9.01|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=P. R. Sona|votes=42,266|percentage=33.13|change={{increase}}5.3|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=Ajitha Sabu|votes=11,953|percentage=9.37|change={{decrease}}19.4|}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=29,122|percentage=22.83|change={{increase}}4.21}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,34,132|percentage=82.01|change={{increase}}0.80}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|swing={{increase}}4.67}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,62,632 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vaikom}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=C. K. Asha|votes=61,997|percentage=46.95|change={{decrease}}4.67|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=N. K. Neelakandan|votes=32,087|percentage=28.77|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=A. Saneeshkumar|votes=30,413|percentage=27.83|change={{decrease}}14.08|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=800|percentage=0.61|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=K. C. Chandrasekharan|votes=540|percentage=0.41|change={{decrease}}0.16|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Subeesh Surendran|votes=489|percentage=0.37|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Anila Bose|votes=420|percentage=0.32|change={{decrease}}0.02|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|candidate=K. C. Prakash|votes=204|percentage=0.15|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Kuttan Kattachira|votes=118|percentage=0.09|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=24,584|percentage=18.62|change={{increase}}9.91}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,32,048|percentage=81.19|change={{increase}}2.04}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|swing={{increase}}4.67}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,53,205 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Vaikom}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=K. Ajith|votes=62,603|percentage=51.62|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=A. Saneeshkumar|votes=52,035|percentage=42.91|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Ramesh Kavimattam|votes=4,512|percentage=3.72|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. Sanesh|votes=691|percentage=0.57|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=P. K. Prakashan|votes=645|percentage=0.53|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=K .S. Sasikala|votes=412|percentage=0.34|change=-|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=M. K. Dasan|votes=367|percentage=0.30|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=10,568|percentage=8.71|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,21,265|percentage=79.15|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Vaikom]]
* [[Kottayam district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Vaikom]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Single Pasanga

2026-05-04T00:23:47Z

Surendra: new new details - done

{{Short description|Tamil-language reality show}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = Reality Show
| presenter = [[Manimegalai]]
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 19
| list_episodes =
| runtime = 60 minutes
| company =
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|08|10|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2025|12|21}}
| related = [[The Bachelor (American TV series)|The Bachelor]]
| judges = {{Unbulleted_list|[[R. Parthiban]] (Epi:1-3)|[[T. Rajendar]] (Epi:4-19)| [[Shrutika Arjun]](Epi:1-3)|Alya Manasa (Epi:1-19) | [[Kaniha]] (Epi:5-10/13-19)| [[Sujitha]] (Epi:11-12) }}
}}

'''''Single Pasanga''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] relationship entertainment reality television series that premiered on [[Zee Tamil]] on 10 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Tamil bolsters non-fiction programming with new reality show 'Single Pasanga'|url=https://mediabrief.com/zee-tamil-single-pasanga-reality-show-launch/|access-date=2025-08-08 |website=mediabrief.com|date=8 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The show features a group of single men from diverse professional backgrounds trying to find the perfect partner for them. It is hosted by [[Manimegalai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manimegalai set to host new game show 'Single Pasanga'; Watch promo|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/manimegalai-set-to-host-new-game-show-single-pasanga-watch-promo/articleshow/123075129.cms|access-date=2025-08-05 |website=[[Times Of India]] |date=3 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The show was judged by [[R. Parthiban]], [[Shrutika Arjun]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 18's Shrutika Arjun Returns As Judge For This Reality Show|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/bigg-boss-18s-shrutika-arjun-returns-as-judge-for-this-reality-show-9493083.html|access-date=2025-08-08 |website=news18|language=en}}</ref> and Alya Manasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parthiban, Shrutika and Alya Manasa Join as Judges for 'Single Pasanga'; Deets inside|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/parthiban-shrutika-and-alya-manasa-join-as-judges-for-single-pasanga-deets-inside/articleshow/123135760.cms|access-date=2025-08-05 |website=[[Times Of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/single-pasanga-judge-alya-manasa-recreates-trishas-look-from-goat/articleshow/123452248.cms|title=Single Pasanga: Judge Alya Manasa recreates Trisha's look from 'GOAT'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> [[R. Parthiban]] judge the first 3 episodes, while [[T. Rajendar]] judge from after episode 4.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-and-director-t-rajendar-to-join-as-a-judge-for-single-pasanga-watch-promo/articleshow/123559807.cms|title=Actor and director T. Rajendar to join as a judge for ‘Single Pasanga’|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 August 2025|language=en}}</ref>

This show was ended at 21 December 2025 with 19 Episodes. The Title Winner is Thangapandian while Raavanan as the runner up of the show.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/television/zee-tamil-single-pasanga-show-ended-who-is-the-title-winner-in-grand-finale-v5538rh|title=சிங்கிள் பசங்க டைட்டில் வின்னர் யார்? பைனல்ஸில் கூமாபட்டி தங்கப்பாண்டிக்கு காத்திருந்த அதிர்ச்சி..!|website=tamil.asianetnews.com|date=22 December 2025|language=ta}}</ref>

==Format==
The program features ten social media influencers competing in a series of tasks. The format includes a range of challenges destined to test participants in different situations, as well as interactions that highlight individual personalities and group dynamics.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Single Pasanga' to Premiere on August 10: Watch promo|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/single-pasanga-to-premiere-on-august-10-watch-promo/articleshow/123146223.cms|access-date=2025-08-08 |website=[[Times Of India]] |date=6 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Contestants ==
Contestants are listed in order of appearance of the premiere:
* Vignesh Raman – Social media personality and cook; known for influencing about [[Hinduism]] and cooking vegetarian dishes on social media.
* Raavanan – Social media influencer.
* Jimikili – Comedian and social media personality; known for his comedy skits on media.
* Thidiyan – Comedian and social media personality.
* Thangapandian – Social media influencer and comedian.
* Kutty Saravanan – Comedian.
* Tamilarasan – Comedian.
* Ragavendra – Motivational speaker.
* Blacky Star Suresh – Social media creator.

==Contestants Status==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" style="background:red; color:white;" |
! scope="col" style="background:red; color:white;" | Contestant
! scope="col" style="background:red;color:white"| Celebrity partner
! scope="col" style="background:red; color:white;" | {{nowrap|Episode entered}}
! scope="col" style="background:red; color:white;" | {{nowrap|Episode exited}}
! scope="col" style="background:red; color:white;" | Status
|-
| 1
| Thangapandian
| Chandini Praksh
| 1
| 19
|style="background:blue";|'''Winner'''
|-
| 2
| Raavanan
| Asha Gowda
| 1
| 19
|Style="background:#73FB76";|'''1st Runner'''
|-
| 3
| Jimikili
| Niranjana
| 1
| 19
|
|-
| 4
| Ragavendra
| Pranika
| 1
| 19
|
|-
| 5
| Saravanan
| [[Upasana RC]]
| 1
| 19
|
|-
| 6
| Suresh<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/single-pasanga-contestant-suresh-opens-up-about-his-divorce-says-past-is-past/articleshow/123364819.cms|title=Single Pasanga: Contestant Suresh opens up about his divorce, says 'Past is past'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 August 2025|language=en}}</ref>
| Fouzee
| 1
| 19
|
|-
| 7
| Tamilarasan
| Keerthika
| 1
| 19
|
|-
| 8
| Thidiyan
| Kemy
| 1
| N/A
|
|-
| 9
| Vignesh
| Shilpa
| 1
| N/A
|
|}

== Episodes ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="width:10pt; background:red;color:white"| Episode
!style="width:60pt; background:red;color:white"| Airing
!style="width:100pt; background:red;color:white"| Round
!style="width:50pt; background:red;color:white"| Ref
|-
|1
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|8|10}}
| Grand Lunch
|
|-
|2
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|8|10}}
| Pairing Round
|
|-
|3
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|8|24}}
| Recreation round
|<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/single-pasanga-suresh-and-fouzee-deliver-stunning-dance-performances-in-recreation-round-watch-promo/articleshow/123469462.cms|title=Single Pasanga: Suresh and Fouzee deliver stunning dance performances in 'Recreation Round'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 August 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/single-pasanga-contestants-deliver-stunning-dance-performances-in-recreation-round-watch-promo/articleshow/123406488.cms|title=Single Pasanga: Contestants deliver stunning dance performances in 'Recreation Round'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 August 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|4
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|8|31}}
| Velainu Vandhutta Vellaikaaran Round
|
|-
|5
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|9|7}}
| Reel Jodi VS Real Jodi
|<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/single-pasanga-contestants-deliver-stunning-dance-performances-in-real-jodi-vs-reel-jodi-round-watch-promo/articleshow/123675381.cms|title=Single Pasanga: Contestants deliver stunning dance performances in 'Real Jodi VS Reel Jodi round'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 September 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|6
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|9|14}}
|Naanum Hero Than
|<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/single-pasanga-contestants-deliver-stunning-dance-performances-in-we-are-also-hero-round-watch-promo/articleshow/123850056.cms|title=Single Pasanga: Contestants deliver stunning dance performances in 'We are also Hero round'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 September 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|7
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|9|21}}
|Namba Veetu Mappillai Round
|<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/single-pasanga-contestants-get-emotional-in-family-round-watch-promo/articleshow/123976788.cms|title=Single Pasanga: Contestants get emotional in ‘Family Round’|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 September 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|8
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|9|28}}
|En Veedai Paar Ennai Pidikum
|
|-
|9
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|10|5}}
|Pallikudam Pokalama
|
|-
|10
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|10|12}}
|Village Tour
|
|-
|11
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|10|19}}
|Single Pasanga & [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors season 5]] Magasangam
|
|-
|12
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|10|26}}
| Oru Kadhai Sollatuma Sir?
|
|-
|13
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|11|2}}
| Thaanaa Serndha Koottam
|
|-
|14
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|11|9}}
| Unakkaka Ellam Unakkaka
|
|-
|15
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|11|16}}
| Namma Orru Manvansani
|
|-
|16
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|11|30}}
| Bhakthi Suttru
|
|-
|17
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|12|7}}
| Manam Virumputhe
|
|-
|18
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|12|14}}
| Manam Virumputhe
|
|-
|19
|{{start date|df=yes|2025|12|21}}
| Grand Final
|
|-
|}

== Guest appearances ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Day
! Guest/s
! Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 1
| [[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cooku With Comali fame Pugazh joins cast of upcoming reality show 'Single Pasanga'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-fame-pugazh-joins-cast-of-upcoming-reality-show-single-pasanga/articleshow/123185712.cms|access-date=2025-08-08 |website=[[Times Of India]] |date=8 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/single-pasanga/0-6-4z5800763 ''Single Pasanga''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt39008771}}

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
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Battle of Mogaung

2026-05-03T18:18:55Z

Surendra: new

{{Short description|1944 WWII conflict in Burma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Mogaung
| partof = [[Chindits#Operation Thursday|Operation Thursday]], the [[Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan]], the [[Burma campaign (1944)|Burma campaign]] of [[World War II]]
| image = File:The Chindits MH7287.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Brigadier Mike Calvert (left) gives orders to Lieutenant-Colonel Shaw, with (right) Major James Lumley after the capture of Mogaung.
| date = {{Date range and age in years, months, weeks and days|1944|6|4|1944|6|26}}
| place = [[Mogaung|Mogaung town]] in [[Japanese occupation of Burma|Burma]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25|18|0|N|96|56|0|E|region:MM|display=inline,title}}
| result = Allied victory
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]] {{flagcountry|Republic of China (1912–49)}} '''Air Support:''' {{flag|United States|1912}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Mike Calvert]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} Hisashi Takeda
| units1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[77th Indian Infantry Brigade|77th Brigade]] {{flagicon|Republic of China (1912–1949)|army}} 114th Regiment
| units2 = {{flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} [[53rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|53rd Division]] (elements)
| strength1 = 3,500 men
| strength2 = 4,000 men
| casualties1 = 776<ref name="Allen374">{{Harvnb|Allen|1998|pp=374–75}}</ref>
| casualties2 = 1,600<ref name="Allen374"/>
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Burma}}
}}

The '''Battle of Mogaung''' was a series of engagements that was fought in the [[Burma Campaign]] of [[World War II]] between 6 and 26 June 1944 at the Burmese town of Mogaung. In brutal fighting, the [[77th Indian Infantry Brigade|77th 'Chindit' Brigade]] under Brigadier [[Mike Calvert|Michael Calvert]], later assisted by [[Chinese Expeditionary Force|Chinese forces]] of Generalissimo [[Chiang Kai-shek]], fought for and captured the town from the [[Japanese occupation of Burma|occupying forces]] of [[Imperial Japan]].

The battle was part of the second [[Chindit]] campaign, [[Chindits#Operation Thursday|Operation Thursday]]. This later became part of the [[Siege of Myitkyina]] by Chinese and US forces led by [[Joseph Stilwell]] who was in overall command of the Chindits. The capture of Mogaung was the first place in Burma to be liberated from the Japanese, and it was the last major Chindit campaign of the war. Two [[Victoria Cross]]es were awarded during the battle.<ref name="Griffin163">{{Harvnb|Griffin|2018|pp=163–64}}</ref>

==Background==
In 1943, Brigadier [[Orde Wingate]] led the Chindits behind Japanese lines for the first of their [[long-range penetration]] operations with [[Chindits#Operation Longcloth|Operation Longcloth]]. It resulted in little strategic success but it did prove that [[British Empire]] forces could fight on equal terms with the Japanese in the jungle. The following year General [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William 'Bill' Slim]] leading the British [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourteenth Army]] were engaged in a desperate struggle against the Japanese army who had launched [[Operation U-Go]] – the invasion of [[British India]] beginning in March 1944.<ref name="Fay262">{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=265}}</ref>

As a result of the Japanese invasion a second Chindit expedition was launched; Operation Thursday was much larger than the previous years' with six brigades. The aim was to harass the Japanese rear and supply lines as well as to relieve pressure on American General [[Joseph Stilwell|"Vinegar Joe" Stilwell]]'s joint Chinese and US forces moving south into Northern Burma who were intending to take the strategic town of [[Myitkyina]]. The early operations of the Chindits were marred by the death of Wingate in an air crash. They then went under the command of Major General [[Walter Lentaigne]] but were eventually placed under the command of the [[Anglophobia|Anglophobe]] Stilwell.<ref name="McLynn361">{{Harvnb|McLynn|2011|p=361}}</ref> By that time, the 77th Brigade had been in action since early March, having held off superior Japanese forces for two months from their stronghold of ''White City''.<ref>{{harvnb|Rooney|1992|pp=124–136}}</ref>

===Prelude===
In late May, the Chindits were ordered north by Stilwell to the area of Mogaung to take the pressure off his Chinese forces, who were struggling in [[Siege of Myitkyina|besieging Myitkyina]]. Capturing Mogaung meant that the Japanese lifeline northward would be cut and Myitkyina would inevitably fall. At the end of May, Fourteenth Army intelligence, backed by hazardous patrols from the 77th Brigade, found that the Japanese had reinforced the defenders of Mogaung with four battalions from Lieutenant-General Hisashi Takeda's [[53rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|53rd Division]], to just under 4,000 troops.<ref name="Allen369">{{Harvnb|Allen |1998|p=369}}</ref> The 77th brigade consisted of four battalions: 1st Battalion, the [[Lancashire Fusiliers]]; 1st Battalion, the [[King's Regiment (Liverpool)|King's Regiment]]; 1st Battalion, the [[South Staffordshire Regiment]] and 3rd Battalion, the [[6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles|6th Gurkha Rifles]]. Accompanying the brigade were [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] liaison officers who would need high ground for radio contact from which to bring in close air support.<ref name="Diamond74">{{Harvnb|Diamond|2016|p=74}}</ref>

Getting to Mogaung would be difficult for the brigade. There was no way of flying in and to the north of the town was the fast flowing Mogaung River and to the west, diverging off, was the Wetthauk Chaung river. The country to the east and south were interspersed by lakes and marshes, with the only access being a two mile long road, to Pinhmi, on a causeway. The British would have to use this in order to reach Mogaung and would come up against villages on the outskirts that had been heavily fortified, with bunkers being constructed under the buildings.<ref name="Towill113">{{Harvnb|Towill| 2000|p=114}}</ref>

==Battle==
On 30 May, the brigade set off; the plan was to advance 160 miles to the town using the Pinhmi road as an axis. Their first priority was for the need for an area for a small landing strip for evacuating the sick and wounded as well as an area for supplies to be dropped. Calvert had hoped to reach and even capture Mogaung by 5 June.<ref name="GibbsRyan141">{{harvnb|Gibbs|Ryan|1955|p=141}}</ref>

===Lakum===
[[File:Ledo and Sodiya, India- Myitkyina, Myanmar- Batang (Ba), Litang, Gyaltang, Kham, Tibet- Burma Road terminus at Kunming, China 1945 map detail, from- Allied Third Burma Campaign Apri 1-May 1945 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Location of Mogaung in Northern Burma]]
The march was difficult – thick jungle intersected by deep ravines and the occasional sporadic firefight with the Japanese. Nevertheless, on 2 June the South Staffordshires and the Gurkhas captured the village of [[Lakum]] after a fierce encounter with the Japanese. The village was a low laying hill overlooking the plain two miles south west of Mogaung. On the following day, another series of bitter encounters forced the Japanese off the surrounding hills – the Gurkhas seized a hamlet, later dubbed 'Gurkha Village', after wiping out the forty strong garrison there. They captured intact a large [[ammunition dump]], fifteen lorries and a camouflaged hospital full of medical supplies, as well as many sick Japanese soldiers. Many of these tried to escape without success and many more committed suicide.<ref name="Calvert230">{{Harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=230}}</ref>

Calvert had his headquarters operational just south of Lakum and a small airstrip was hastily laid from which supplies were arranged to be flown in and dropped by [[C-47]]'s. The wounded and sick could be flown out by using [[Stinson L-5 Sentinel|Sentinel]] aircraft and even the new [[Sikorsky R-4]] helicopters.<ref name="M,M,M">{{cite book |last1=MacKay |first1=J.N |last2=Macaulay |first2=Marcus |last3=Macdonell |first3=Ranald |title=A History of the 4th Prince of Wales's Own Gurkha Rifles, 1857–1948, Volume 3 |date=1952 |publisher=W. Blackwood |page=240 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8MDAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> An RAF liaison officers set up a position from which to use air support from the US [[1st Special Operations Wing|1st Air Commando Group]] for further combat sorties in taking Mogaung. Calvert also built up a store of medical, food and military supplies before any major attack went in. At the same time local [[Kachin people|Kachin]] groups led by former [[Burma Rifles]] officers who had established control of the area joined Calvert's men to provide vital intelligence on Japanese movements.<ref name="Rooney97">{{Harvnb|Rooney|1990|pp=97–99}}</ref> The following day two platoons of the Lancashire Fusiliers captured a vital point on the Mogaung river known as the Tapaw Ferry that would prove useful if the Chindits needed an escape route.<ref name="Kirby408">{{cite book |last1=Kirby |first1=Stanley Woodburn |title=The War Against Japan: The decisive battles Volume 3 of The War Against Japan |date=1957 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=408 |isbn=9780116300850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2icJAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>

The villages of Mahaung, Natgyigon and the Pinhmi bridge on the outskirts of Mogaung were key positions in its defence; once these had fallen the Japanese hold on the town would become untenable. In Mogaung itself the courthouse and railway station were potential areas for heavy resistance as they were the two main all brick buildings. Over the next few days the brigade got supplied – they were delivered [[PIAT]] anti tank weapons as well as [[Flamethrower, Portable, No 2|flamethrowers]], [[ML 3-inch mortar|3 inch]] and [[ML 4.2-inch mortar|4.2 inch]] mortars with thousands of rounds as the only means of heavy fire support. Japanese artillery was causing casualties but Calvert was eventually able to call in [[P-51 Mustang]]s of 1st Air Commando in an attempt to silence the Japanese positions.<ref name="Smith277">{{Harvnb|Smith|1994|p=277}}</ref>

===Pinhmi bridge and outskirts===
The attack on the Pinhmi to Mogaung road where the vital Pinhmi bridge crossed the Wetthauk Chaung river began on 7 June. As they advanced closer to Mogaung the Staffordshires found and destroyed a Japanese ammunition dump and the Lancashire Fusiliers later captured the village of Pinhmi. An attempt on the bridge the following day however failed as the Lancashires were repelled from concealed Japanese positions which ranged along a fifteen foot high embankment incurring heavy casualties.<ref name="Kirby408"/> Nevertheless a reconnaissance patrol found a ford further down the river and from this the Gurkhas and the Staffordshires attacked and secured the village of Mahaung. In addition they also secured the village of Ywathitgale taking out a Japanese administrative headquarters, and reached the Pinhmi–Mogaung road outflanking a number of Japanese positions.<ref name="Rooney97">{{Harvnb|Rooney|1990|pp=97–99}}</ref> They then launched a number of counterattacks but were driven off. On 10 June the Gurkhas attempted to take the bridge again; the first attempt ended in failure but the second in a wide flanking move succeeded in taking the bridge. Among them was Captain [[Michael Allmand]]'s heroic feat in ensuring the capture of the bridge. The attacks cost nearly 130 casualties but Calvert's brigade was securely established along the axis of the Pinhmi-Mogaung road.<ref name="Diamond70">{{Harvnb|Diamond|2016|p=70}}</ref>

The [[monsoon]] then broke later that day and conditions were tough for the men of the 77th Brigade; [[malaria]], [[trench foot]] and [[typhus]] were soon rife.<ref name="Allen371">{{Harvnb|Allen|1998|p=371}}</ref> Calvert learnt that two more Japanese battalions arrived to reinforce Mogaung essentially replacing casualties, and seeing the difficulty he then sent a messenger to Stilwell to alert him to the situation; but was not received with any sympathy. Stilwell eventually sent the 1/114th Chinese Infantry Regiment from the 38th Division to support the Chindits.<ref name="Bidwell270">{{Harvnb|Bidwell|1980|pp=270–71}}</ref> Calvert assessed the situation on June 12; many battalions were reduced to a company which meant the brigade total consisted of no more than 750 fit men. Calvert was concerned with the number of wounded and the sick having to endure the poor conditions – [[Defensive fighting position|slit trenches]] were impossible due to the wet conditions; men would have to lay face down in the mud if they were under shell fire. Many of the wounded however were determined to stay and fight rather than be flown out.<ref name="Rooney100">{{Harvnb|Rooney|1990|pp=100–01}}</ref>

Over the next few days conditions began to improve many of the wounded were flown out and supplies were brought in once more. On June 15 Calvert continued his attacks, fighting to secure a ridge closer to the town. The Court House was taken the next day, and the area extending to the Mogaung River and up to the outskirts of Natgyigon was cleared.<ref name="Kirby408"/> Japanese mortar fire from the village of Naungkaiktaw was causing some grief upon the Chindits. At dawn on 18 June air attacks and a heavy mortar bombardment over the next few days followed by an assault by the Lancashire Fusiliers and the King's attacked using flamethrowers.<ref name="Diamond80">{{Harvnb|Diamond|2016|p=80}}</ref> At the cost of some fifty casualties (some from friendly fire) they succeeded and drove around a hundred Japanese out of the village in addition to killing some seventy of them. Whilst consolidating their position in the village a Japanese patrol was ambushed and taken out; they had not realised the village had been in British hands.<ref name="Rooney100"/>

Around the same time Chinese troops began to arrive; Gurkhas made contact with them West of Lakum. Mogaung was then surrounded, with the Chinese in the South which totalled nearly three battalions. Crucially they had [[Bofors 75 mm mountain gun|75mm mountain guns]] which were established at Pinhmi, and they were able pound Japanese positions.<ref name="McLynn352">{{Harvnb|McLynn|2011|pp=351–52}}</ref>

===Mogaung===
[[File:Gurkha Captain Michael Allmand VC.jpg|thumb|150px|Gurkha Captain [[Michael Allmand]] who won the VC during the Battle of Mogaung]]
Calvert planned his next attack for 23 June towards Natyigon, a key position and the last outer bastion of Mogaung. At first light on that day the final assault was launched; every available fit man was called up; cooks, orderlies and even Headquarters personnel. The Chinese attacked towards the railway station along the railway embankment which was effectively a last line of defence. Despite a heavy bombardment the attack failed and the Chinese were held back with intense Japanese machine gun fire. The Chindits had no choice but to halt along this line for the remainder of the day.<ref name="Bidwell270"/>

Earlier reconnaissance had pin-pointed the 'Red House', a large bricked building. The following day after a heavy bombardment from the Chinese guns and British mortars as well as air attacks the British attacked from the North of the station. Once more fighting was intense, the Japanese defending tenaciously despite the constant pounding. The building and surrounding positions were only taken after brutal fighting in which flamethrowers, grenades and PIATs were used.<ref name="GibbsRyan143">{{Harvnb|Gibbs | Ryan|1955|pp=143–44}}</ref> One of the men involved was Rifleman [[Tulbahadur Pun]]; his single-handed gallantry as part of the Gurkhas attack on the 'Red House' earned him a nomination for the Victoria Cross. The other nomination fell to Captain [[Michael Allmand]] who attacked a machine-gun position holding up his remaining company. He knocked out the position with grenades but was mortally wounded in the process. The Chinese provided some fire support but did not take part in this attack, instead protecting the flanks and cutting off any Japanese escape attempt. The assault by the Gurkhas totally unbalanced the Japanese and Takeda had no other choice but to withdraw or risk his battalions being destroyed.<ref name="Corrigan">{{Harvnb|Corrigan|2010|pp=466–67}}</ref>

The final attack was on the railway station on 25 June – the Chinese attack from the South was postponed but the Lancashires and the South Staffordshires went in anyway and after more heavy fighting finally took the battered remains and met up with the Chinese.<ref name="Lunt39">{{Harvnb|Lunt|1994|p=39}}</ref> With the British having a major foothold in the town, the Japanese launched a number of counterattacks that night, but they were beaten off. The following morning Chindit and Chinese patrols found Japanese positions outside the town abandoned.<ref name="Smith277"/> Any Japanese that escaped did so by using [[Drum (container)|oil drums]] in the hope they would make it downriver to Myitkyina. Many however were shot up by patrolling Chindits.<ref name="Bidwell273">{{Harvnb|Bidwell|1980|pp=273–74}}</ref>

With the battle largely over the Chindits consolidated their position in Mogaung, but they were physically and mentally exhausted. The brigade at the end of the battle had fewer than 550 men left of fighting strength. The Lancashire Fusiliers, King's Regiment and South Staffordshires could only muster 300 between them and the 3/6th Gurkhas had 230 left fit.<ref name="Calvert180">{{Harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=180}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Once Mogaung had been captured the Gurkhas garrisoned the town preparing for further counterattacks from across the river but none were forthcoming; the Japanese had left the area completely.<ref name="McLynn352"/> Whilst in Mogaung, the Gurkhas took the opportunity to hold a small ceremonial parade and hoisted the Union Jack on a large [[pagoda]], the most prominent building left standing. The Chindits remained in the area until July 5 and then withdrew to their base area at Pinhmi. They then had to march a further fifty miles to be flown back to India, leaving Mogaung in the hands of the Chinese.<ref name="Calvert180"/>

Mogaung was the first place in Burma to be liberated from the Japanese, and it was the last major Chindit campaign of the war.<ref name="Griffin163"/> The Japanese had lost heavily with nearly 1,600 casualties, most of whom were dead and an unknown number of sick that were evacuated.<ref name="Allen374"/> The cost of taking Mogaung had been high – Calvert had lost 47 officers and 729 other ranks killed or wounded; which equated to around fifty percent casualties. Stilwell had used the Chindits in an unsuitable role of classic infantry, without the support of artillery and armour. He announced via the [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] that Chinese troops of his [[Northern Combat Area Command]] had captured Mogaung but without referring to the British. The Chindits were outraged, and Calvert famously signalled to Stilwell's headquarters 'Chinese reported taking Mogaung. My Brigade now taking umbrage.' Stillwell's son who was the intelligence officer announced that 'Umbrage was so small that I can't find it on the map'.<ref name="Rooney105">{{Harvnb|Rooney|1990|p=105}}</ref>

Fearing that they would then be ordered to join the siege of Myitkyina, Calvert shut down his radios and withdrew to [[Kamaing]], where Stilwell had his headquarters. A court-martial was likely until Stilwell and Calvert met in person, and the former finally appreciated the conditions under which the Chindits had been operating.<ref name="Allen374"/> The siege of Myitkyina had already proved a thorn in Stilwell's side after a major Chinese assault had been repelled with heavy losses. The British capture of Mogaung did relieve pressure on Stilwell's troops besieging the town; the Japanese quit Myitkyina on 3 August.<ref name="MM">{{cite book |last1=United States Government |title=Merrill's Marauders, February – May 1944 American forces in action series Volume 100, Issue 4 |date=1990 |publisher=Printing Office Center of Military History |page=113 |isbn=9780160020049 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4aAfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA113}}</ref>

Two Victoria Crosses were awarded during the battle – Michael Allmand received his [[Posthumous award|posthumously]], while Tul Bahadur Pun received his in November.<ref name="Griffin163"/> In addition members of the Sixth Gurkhas also received two [[Distinguished Service Order|DSOs]], three
[[Indian Order of Merit|IOMs]], six [[Military Cross|MCs]], four [[Indian Distinguished Service Medal|IDSMs]], twelve [[Military Medal|MMs]] and three [[Silver Star|US Silver Stars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.6thgurkhas.org/theregiment_battles.shtml|title=The Battle for Mogaung|publisher=6th Gurkhas.org|accessdate=2009-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827235622/http://www.6thgurkhas.org/theregiment_battles.shtml|archive-date=2008-08-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> The South Staffordshires, Kings and Lancashire Fusiliers also received many awards. Calvert was awarded the DSO and [[Medal bar|Bar]] and the American Silver Star for the capture of Mogaung.<ref name="Brown">{{Harvnb|Brown|Reed|1989|p=32}}</ref> He was evacuated to Britain on medical grounds following an accidental injury in September 1944. In March 1945 he was appointed to command the [[Special Air Service]] Brigade taking command of various operations in the [[Western Allied invasion of Germany]] devising [[Operation Amherst]]. He held this appointment until the brigade disbanded in October 1945.<ref name="Ladd99">{{Harvnb|Ladd|1986|p=99}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Allen|first= Louis |title=Burma: The Longest War, 1941–45 |year=1998 |publisher=Phoenix Giant |location=London |isbn=075380221X}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bidwell |first1=Shelford |title=The Chindit War: Stilwell, Wingate, and the Campaign in Burma, 1944 |date=1980 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0025106000}}
* {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Ashley |last2=Reed |first2=Jonathan |title=The Airborne The Elite Series |date=1989 |publisher=National Historical Society |isbn=978-0918678492}}
* {{cite book |last1=Calvert |first1=Michael |title=Prisoners Of Hope |date=2004 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-0850524925}}
* {{cite book |last1=Corrigan |first1=Gordon |title=The Second World War: A Military History |date=2010 |publisher=Atlantic Books Ltd |isbn=978-0857891358}}
* {{cite book |last1=Diamond |first1=Jon |title=Burma Road 1943–44: Stilwell's assault on Myitkyina |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1472811264}}
* {{cite book|last1=Fay|first1 = Peter W.| year=1993| title=The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942–1945| publisher=University of Michigan Press| location=Ann Arbor| isbn=0472083422}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gibbs |first1=Herbert Ronald K |last2=Ryan |first2=D.G.J |title=Historical Record of the 6th Gurkha Rifles, Volume 2 |date=1955 |publisher=Gale & Polden |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REoFAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Griffin |first1=Paul |title=The Lost Battalion |date=2018 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0244726362}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ladd |first1=James D |title=SAS Operations |date=1986 |publisher=Hale |isbn=978-0709023722}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lunt |first1=James |title=Jai Sixth!: 6th Queen Elizabeth's own Gurkha Rifles 1817–1994 |date=1994 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1473815605}}
* {{cite book |last1=McLynn |first1=Frank |title=The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph 1942–45 |date=2011 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1446449318}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rooney |first1=David |title=Mad Mike: Biography of Brigadier Michael Calvert |date=1990 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-0850525434}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rooney |first1=David |title=Burma Victory: Imphal and Kohima March 1944 to May 1945 |publisher=Cassell |year=1992 |isbn=0304354570}}
* {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Robert Barr |title=To the Last Cartridge |date=1994 |publisher=Avon Books |isbn=978-0380772124}}
* {{cite book |last1=Towill |first1=Bill |title=A Chindit's Chronicle |date=2000 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0595158324}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-CBI-Command/USA-CBI-Command-6.html Stilwell's Command Problems]

{{world War II}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mogaung}}
[[Category:Burma campaign (1943–1944)]]
[[Category:Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Japan]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United States]]
[[Category:1944 in India]]
[[Category:1944 in Burma]]
[[Category:Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:June 1944 in Asia]]

T. Rabi Sankar

2026-05-02T06:06:04Z

Surendra: created redirect page

#REDIRECT[[Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]

Myna Umaiban

2026-04-29T04:38:15Z

Surendra: adding new page

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam language writer}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Myna Umaiban
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|2|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Adimali]], [[Idukki district]], [[Kerala]]
| nationality = Indian
| death_place =
| death_date =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Short story writer, novelist, academic
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse = Sunil K. Faisal
| children = 2
| parents =
| awards = [[Kerala State Institute of Children's Literature]] Award
| influences =
| signature =
}}
{{Indian name|Myna|Umaiban}}
'''Myna Umaiban''' is a toxicology book researcher and author from [[Kerala]], India. She holds a Doctorate in ''Scientific and Cultural Analysis of Traditional Toxicology Books in Kerala''. She has authored numerous books including novels, short stories and books on [[toxicology]].

==Biography==
Myna Umaiban was born on 22 February 1978 in Adimali Deviar Colony in [[Idukki district]] of Kerala.<ref name="samyukta">{{cite web |title=Women Writers of Kerala, Women Authors of Kerala, Women Writers of India, All Kerala Writers |url=https://samyuktaresearchfoundation.org/wwk/author.php?author_id=325 |website=samyuktaresearchfoundation.org |access-date=2022-06-29 |archive-date=2022-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122130634/https://samyuktaresearchfoundation.org/wwk/author.php?author_id=325 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She done her primary education from Government Lower Primary School, Marayoor, St. Mary's Upper Primary School, Marayoor and Deviar Colony Vocational Higher Secondary School, Idukki. She then completed a degree in commerce and post graduate degree in Malayalam and Sociology and post graduate diploma in Mass Communication & Journalism.

Myna was born in a family that traditionally treats poisoning.<ref name="ManoramaOnline">{{cite news |title=ട്രോളുകളിൽ ഗൗരവമുള്ള വിഷയങ്ങൾ മുങ്ങിപ്പോകുന്നു:മൈന ഉമൈബാൻ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/interviews/in-conversation-with-maina-umaiban.html |work=ManoramaOnline |access-date=2022-06-29 |archive-date=2016-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210164409/http://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/interviews/in-conversation-with-maina-umaiban.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Her grand father was also a traditional medical practitioner.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> That's how Maina's interest in books about Traditional Toxicology came about.

Myna Umaiban has worked as a clerk in Calicut Co-operative Urban Bank for some time. She got the job in the bank while studying journalism. After completing her studies on leave, she returned to work in the Co-operative Urban Bank.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>

Myna later done her Doctorate in ''Scientific and Cultural Analysis of Toxicology Books in Kerala''.<ref name="Asianet">{{cite news |title=മൈന ഉമൈബാൻ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/awards-environment/maina-umaiban |work=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml |access-date=2022-06-29 |archive-date=2022-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122130630/https://www.asianetnews.com/awards-environment/maina-umaiban |url-status=live }}</ref> After that she joined [[MES Mampad College]] as a teacher. While working as the Head of the Malayalam Section at MES College, she represented Kerala at the United Nations World Reconstruction Conference held in Geneva, Switzerland from 13 to 17 May 2019.<ref name="malabari">{{cite news |title=എഴുത്തുകാരി മൈന ഉമൈബാന്‍ യു എന്‍ സമ്മേളനത്തിലേക്ക് |url=https://malabarinews.com/news/writer-myna-umaiban-attending-un/ |work=malabarinews.com}}</ref> In Geneva, she presented a paper on the subject 'Floods and Gender Justice'.<ref name="malabari"/> She is also a member of the Executive Committee of the Malabar Natural History Society, a member of the Editorial Board of the Eureka Biweekly and a member of the Executive Committee of the MES College Biodiversity Club.<ref name="Asianet" />

===Personal life===
Her husband Sunil K Faisal is a senior manager in Kozhikode District Co-operative Bank.<ref name="Deshabhimani">{{cite news |title=മൈന പറക്കുകയാ‌ണ‌് ... പുതിയ ഉയരങ്ങൾ തേടി |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/women/news-women-04-06-2019/803078 |work=Deshabhimani |language=ml |access-date=2022-06-29 |archive-date=2022-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512171150/https://www.deshabhimani.com/women/news-women-04-06-2019/803078 |url-status=live }}</ref> They have two children.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

==Literary career==
Myna started writing when she was eight or nine years old. After seeing a play in school, she wrote a play first.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> Later, the plays were performed with the help of friends and relatives.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/> Maina, who started writing poetry while studying in the eighth grade, started writing short stories during her degree studies.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> Attending the Basheer Memorial Short Story Workshop at Nehru College, Kanhangad inspired her to focus more on writing.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> Her first novel ''Chandanagramam'' has been shortlisted in the [[Mathrubhumi]] Novel Competition.<ref name="samyukta"/>

Myna writes articles and stories on environmental, women and social issues in many periodicals.<ref name="Asianet" />

==Selected works==
===Novels===
*{{cite book |title=Chandanagramam |date=2007 |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |isbn=978-8182643727 |language=Malayalam}}
*{{cite book |title=Athmadamshanam |date=2012 |publisher=Logos Books |isbn=9789388364195 |language=Malayalam}}
*{{cite book |title=Highrange theevandi |date=2018 |publisher=Poorna Publications |isbn=9788130021225 |language=Malayalam}} Children's literature.
*{{cite book |title=Mavu Valarthiya kutti |date=2017 |publisher=Poorna Publications |isbn=9788130019581 |language=Malayalam}} Children's literature.

===Short story collection===
*{{cite book |title=Oruthi |date=2016 |publisher=Logos Books |isbn=9789385064746 |language=Malayalam}}

===Article collections===
*{{cite book |title=Pen Nottangal |date=2012 |publisher=National Book Stall |isbn=9780000106216 |language=Malayalam}}
*{{cite book |title=Athmadamshanam |date=2012 |publisher=Logos Books |isbn=9789388364195 |language=Malayalam}}

===Studies===
*{{cite book |title=kadhayamama |date=2017 |publisher=Sikha Grandhavedi |isbn=9788192796574}} Studies of Contemporary Malayalam Short stories wrote with Rajesh monji.

===Travelogue===
*{{cite book |title=Chuvappu pattayam thedi |date=2014 |publisher=Kerala Shasthra Sahithya Parishath |isbn=9789383330416 |language=Malayalam}}

===Toxicology===
*{{cite book |title=Keraleeya Vishachikitsa Paramparyam |date=2013 |publisher=[[Kerala Bhasha Institute]] |isbn=9788176385367 |language=Malayalam}}
*{{cite book |title=Visha Chikilsa |publisher=Olive Publications |isbn=9789381788363 |language=Malayalam}}

==Awards and honors==
* Anganam Award 2013 (for a collection of environmental articles named ''athmadamsanam'')<ref name="Asianet"/>
* New Age Icon 2011<ref name="Asianet"/>
* Singapore World Malayalee Council Travelogue Award<ref name="Asianet"/>
* Kerala State Institute of Children's Literature Award 2020 (for the novel ''High Range Theevandi'')<ref>{{cite news |title=Children's Literature awards announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/childrens-literature-awards-announced/article33511307.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 January 2021 |language=en-IN |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629050603/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/childrens-literature-awards-announced/article33511307.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Myna, Umaiban}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Idukki district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Maganlal Goyal

2026-04-27T01:11:16Z

Surendra: adding a post...

{{Short description|Indian Independence activist and politician (1927–2012)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Maganlal Goel
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1927|9|5}}
| birth_place = [[Tikamgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2012|2|22|1927|9|5}}
| death_place = [[Tikamgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Independence activist, Politician
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Tikamgarh Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = 1977
| term_end = 1980
| term_start1 = 1989
| term_end1 = 1993
| term_start2 = 1998
| term_end2 = 2003
| awards = Utkrishta Seva Samman
| parents = Chunnilal Sarraf (father) Sagun Bai (mother)
}}

'''Maganlal Goel''' (5 September 1927 – 22 February 2012) was an Indian independence activist and politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="amritmahotsav">{{cite news |title=मगनलाल गोयल - Unsung Heroes Detail |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?23077 |accessdate=16 December 2023 |work=amritmahotsav.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=टीकमगढ़: पूर्व विधायक और स्वतंत्रता सेनानी मगनलाल गोयल की जयंती पर लोगों ने श्रद्धा सुमन की अर्पित |url=https://inshorts.com/en/video/sp_lfvsi1jy79dyx?utm_src=amp_page |publisher=Inshorts|date=5 September 2021 |access-date=16 December 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216152019/https://inshorts.com/en/video/sp_lfvsi1jy79dyx?utm_src=amp_page |url-status=dead }}</ref> He served as an MLA from Tikamgarh three times and held various positions in the Tikamgarh municipal council for 16 years.<ref name="amritmahotsav"/>

== Early life and background ==
He was born on 5 September 1927 in [[Tikamgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. His father's name was Chunnilal Sarraf, and his mother's name was Sagun Bai. He studied at Devendra Sanskrit Vidyalaya in Tikamgarh and had a deep interest in [[theology]], [[culture]], and [[literature]].<ref name="amritmahotsav"/>

== Career ==
He started his public life as a student leader, serving as the Deputy Secretary of the [[Orchha State]] Students Congress from 1944 to 1947. He participated in many movements for the independence of the country from 1945 to 1948, and he received an arrest warrant in April 1947 for his involvement in a particular movement. During that period, he also participated in revolutionary activities.{{specify|reason=what kinds of activities?}}<ref name="amritmahotsav"/>

He was elected as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the [[Tikamgarh Assembly constituency]] in 1977, 1989, and 1998 as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/tikamgarh-madhya-pradesh-assembly-constituency |title=Tikamgarh (Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Election Results |website=Result University |accessdate=12 December 2023}}</ref> He was awarded the Utkrishta Seva Samman by the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] for the period 1998–2003 in appreciation of his development work. He also represented the [[Nagar Palika Parishad]] [[Tikamgarh]] for 16 years, serving as a Member, Vice-chairman, and President of the Nagarpalika, and served on many committees.<ref name="amritmahotsav"/>

He died on 22 February 2012 in Tikamgarh and was cremated with full state honours by the [[Madhya Pradesh government]].<ref name="amritmahotsav"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Goyal, Maganlal}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Tikamgarh]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1990–1992]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1998–2003]]

Ganganagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:22:08Z

Surendra: added new post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ganganagar
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-2-Ganganagar.svg
| mla = [[Jaydeep Bihani]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| established = 1951
| constituency_no = 2
| loksabha_cons = [[Ganganagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ganganagar]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Sri Ganganagar district]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
}}

'''[[Ganganagar]]''' (also called '''Sri Ganganagar''') '''Assembly constituency''' is one of the constituencies of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]], in [[India]]. It is a segment of [[Ganganagar Lok Sabha constituency]].

Ganganagar constituency covers all voters from part of [[Ganganagar Tehsil|Ganganagar tehsil]], which includes [[Sri Ganganagar|ILRC Ganganagar]] (including Ganganagar Municipal Council and excluding Chak Maharaj Ka), ILRC Burjwali and ILRC Natewala.<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 2008]</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganganagar Elections Results 2018, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Ganganagar, Rajasthan |url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/ganganagar.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Moti Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Dev Nath
|-
|[[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|rowspan=4|Kedarnath
|{{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Radheshyam Ganganagar
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan=2|Kedarnath
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" |Radheshyam Ganganagar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Surender Singh Rathore
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Radheshyam Ganganagar
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Kamini Jindal]]
|{{Full party name with color|National Unionist Zamindara Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[Raj Kumar Gaur]]
|{{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Jaydeep Bihani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Ganganagar<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Jaydeep Bihani]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:81001}}
|percentage = 44.66
|change = {{increase}}27.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Karuna Ashok Chandak
|votes = {{formatnum:51222}}
|percentage = 28.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ankur Maglani
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:39006}}
|percentage = 21.5
|change = {{increase}}0.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Harish Raheja
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:1987}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1277}}
|percentage = 0.7
|change = {{increase}}0.01
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:29779}}
|percentage = 16.42
|change = {{increase}}11.01
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:181386}}
|percentage = 75.84
|change = {{decrease}}1.22
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Independent politician
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Ganganagar<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raj Kumar Gaur
|votes = {{formatnum:44998}}
|percentage = 26.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ashok Chandak
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:35818}}
|percentage = 21.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vinita Ahuja
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:29686}}
|percentage = 17.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jaideep Bihani
|votes = {{formatnum:29206}}
|percentage = 17.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Prahalad Rai Tak
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:14834}}
|percentage = 8.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = National Unionist Zamindara Party
|candidate = Kamini Jindal
|votes = {{formatnum:4887}}
|percentage = 2.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Radheshyam Ganganagar
|votes = {{formatnum:2318}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1170}}
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9180}}
|percentage = 5.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:169653}}
|percentage = 77.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = National Unionist Zamindara Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
* Kamini Jindal (NUZP) : 77,860 votes <ref name="elections2013">{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/2013-election-results.html|website=elections.in|title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results in 2013|accessdate=2020-06-18}}</ref>
* Radheshyam (BJP) : 40,792

===1993===
* Radheshyam Hardayal (INC) : 34,252 votes <ref name="elections1993">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3394-rajasthan-1993/|website=eci.gov.in|title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results in 1993|accessdate=2020-06-18}}</ref><ref name="election1993">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_RJ_93.pdf 1993 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
* Surender Singh (JD) : 31,345 votes
* Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (BJP) : 26,378 votes (Sitting CM finished in third place, but he won from Bali)

===1951===
* Moti Ram (INC) : 17,215 votes <ref name="elections1951">{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/1951-election-results.html|website=elections.in|title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results in 1951|accessdate=2020-06-18}}</ref>
* Chet Ram (IND) : 9,880

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|29.91|73.87|display=title}}

[[Category:Sri Ganganagar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Sri Ganganagar]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Vikramjeet Maurya

2026-04-13T22:30:00Z

Surendra: new a entry - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (c. 1959 – 2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Vikramjeet Maurya
| honorific_suffix =
| image = File:Vikram Jeet Maurya.jpeg
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Phaphamau (Assembly constituency)|Phaphamau]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2017
| term_end = 2022
| predecessor = [[Ansar Ahmad (Indian politician)|Ansar Ahmad]]
| successor = [[Guru Prasad Maurya]]
| birth_date = {{circa|1959}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2022|12|15|63|df=y}}
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (since 2016), [[Indian National Congress]] (1996–1999), [[Samajwadi Party]] (before 2016)
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession = Politician<ref name="Candidate affidavit">{{cite news|title=Candidate affidavit|publisher=my neta.info|url=http://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=3222|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314045450/http://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=3222|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''Vikramjeet Maurya''' ({{circa|1959}} – 15 December 2022)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/96272018.cms |title=Vikramajit Maurya, former BJP MLA from Prayagraj's Phaphamau, passes away |access-date=16 December 2022 |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818055503/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/vikramajit-maurya-former-bjp-mla-from-prayagrajs-phaphamau-passes-away/articleshow/96272018.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> was an Indian politician who was a member of 17th Legislative Assembly of [[Phaphamau]], Uttar Pradesh of [[India]]. He represented the Phaphamau constituency of Uttar Pradesh and was a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/phaphamau-mla-results|title=PHAPHAMAU Election Result 2017, Winner, PHAPHAMAU MLA, Uttar Pradesh|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313215209/http://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/phaphamau-mla-results|url-status=live}}</ref>

Vikramjeet first won the Assembly election in 1989 on the [[Janata Dal]] ticket from [[Pratappur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Pratappur]] and in 1996 won as [[Indian National Congress]] candidate from Nawabganj Vidhan Sabha (a major part of which now forms Phaphamau). Later, in 1997, he joined the newly formed Loktantrik Congress Party, which was headed by [[Naresh Agarwal]], and became a minister of state for Energy and Excise in the BJP-led government.

Vikramjeet submitted his resignation in 2001 after Agarwal fell out with the then Chief Minister [[Rajnath Singh]]. Subsequently, Maurya joined the [[Samajwadi Party]] with [[Naresh Agarwal]]. In 2002, he contested Vidhan Sabha as Samajwadi Party candidate from Nawabganj (Now Phaphamau) but was defeated by [[Ansar Ahmad (Indian politician)|Ansar Ahmad]]. Vikramjeet stood third after [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate '''Tulsiram Yadav''' who was defeated by [[Ansar Ahmad (Indian politician)|Ansar Ahmad]] with very small margin of 2500 votes.

Vikramjeet joined the [[BJP]] in 2016 and became a BJP Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Phaphamau in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/12623/17|title=Vikram Jeet Maurya profile|website=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|accessdate=18 August 2023|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507013400/https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/12623/17|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political career==
Vikramjeet was a member of the 17th Legislative Assembly of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. From 2017, he represented the Phaphamau constituency and was a member of the BJP.<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2017 || 2022 || Member, [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly]] ||
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==

{{reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maurya, Vikramjeet}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:People from Prayagraj district]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Thomas K. Thomas

2026-04-12T15:32:22Z

Surendra: new a pg - done

{{Short description|Indian politician, member of the 15th Kerala Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_suffix =
| name = Thomas K. Thomas
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| image =
| office = Kerala State President of [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
| term_start = {{Start date|df=y|2025|02|28}}
| term_end =
| constituency =
| predecessor = [[P. C. Chacko]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2021
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Kuttanad Assembly constituency|Kuttanad]]
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
| children =
| caption =
| relatives = [[Thomas Chandy]] (brother)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kuttanad-seat-for-ncp-thomas-chandy-s-brother-to-contest-1.4547681|title=Kuttanad seat for NCP; Thomas Chandy's brother to contest}}</ref>
}}

'''Thomas K. Thomas''' is an Indian politician and member of the 15th Kerala Legislative Assembly. He represents [[Kuttanad Assembly constituency|Kuttanad]] constituency in [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] as an [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] candidate.<ref name="KN01">{{cite web |title=Thomas K Thomas The Hon'ble MLA of Kerala [ 15th Kla ] |url=https://niyamasabha.nic.in/index.php/content/member_homepage/2460 |website=Niyamasabha |publisher=Kerala Niyamasabhha |access-date=1 July 2023}}</ref>

==Controversies==
A case was filed against him for allegedly making casteist slur against a party worker.<ref name="TOI01">{{cite news |title=Casteist remarks: Case against Kuttanad MLA Thomas K Thomas |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/96272231.cms |access-date=1 July 2023 |agency=TNN |date=16 December 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Thomas K.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar politicians]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Kerala]]

{{Kerala-politician-stub}}

Ratan Kumar

2026-04-12T14:38:31Z

Surendra: Added New Biography Needs Work

{{short description|Indian and Pakistani actor (1941 - 2016)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ratan Kumar
| birth_date = 19 March 1941
| birth_place = [[Ajmer]], [[Rajputana]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2016|12|12|1941|3|19}}
| death_place = California, US
| occupation = [[Film Actor|Film actor]]
| years active = 1948 – 1969
}}
'''Ratan Kumar''' (19 March 1941 – 12 December 2016)<ref name=Tribune>{{cite web|title=Ratan Kumar: Pakistan's famous child actor of the 1950s passes away|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1261787/ratan-kumar-pakistans-famous-child-actor-1950s-passes-away/|author=Rahul Aijaz|date=13 December 2016|publisher=The Express Tribune (newspaper)|accessdate=9 May 2022}}</ref> was the screen name of the Indian born child artist who later migrated to Pakistan. He acted in [[Indian movie|Indian]] and [[Pakistani movie|Pakistani]] movies. He was born as Syed Nazir Ali Rizvi. He is best known for his work in films ''[[Boot Polish (film)|Boot Polish]]'' (1954),<ref>{{cite web|title=Revisiting Boot Polish: A beautiful celebration of sibling love|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/revisiting-boot-polish-a-beautiful-celebration-of-sibling-love/20160818.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref> ''[[Do Bigha Zamin]]'' (1953)<ref>{{cite web|title=Do Bigha Zameen|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/09dinesh.htm|website=Rediff.com website|access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref> and ''[[Jagriti]]'' (1954).<ref>[http://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/jagriti.htm, Film 'Jagriti' (1954) on hindigeetmala.net website] Retrieved 9 May 2022</ref><ref name=citwf/>

==Early life and career==
Ratan Kumar was born as Syed Nazir Ali in 1941 in [[British India]]. He became the most-sought-after child-actor in India in the 1950s after his initial success in 1952.<ref name=Tribune/>
After making the popular [[India]]n movie ''Jagriti'' (1954), Ratan Kumar migrated to [[Pakistan]] in 1956, with his family, and remade the movie into ''[[Bedari]]'' (1957) ([[Urdu]] translation of Jagriti or awareness) and used the same old tune for a film song in Pakistan, aimed at igniting a similar emotion and patriotic zeal, among the listeners. ''Aao bachcho tumhe dikhayen jhaanki Hindustan ki...'' (come children let us show you glimpses of India), is a popular Hindi film song of the 1950s. ''Aao bachcho sair karayen tumko Pakistan ki...'' (children, let us take you on a tour of Pakistan) is an equally hit song of the same period in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gandhi replaced with Jinnah: The story of how an ode to India was plagarised in Pakistan|url=https://scroll.in/article/771358/gandhi-replaced-with-jinnah-the-story-of-how-an-ode-to-india-was-plagarised-in-pakistan|website=Scroll.in website|date=28 December 2015 |access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref>

He played a young boy's role in many Pakistani films later. ''Nagin'' (1959) was the first Pakistani film he played a lead actor opposite [[Neelo]] as the lead actress.<ref name=Tribune/> Ratan Kumar's success, as a lead actor, could not last long because his later films did not do well at the box-office and he eventually faded away.<ref name=Tribune/>

In 1977, his 4 years old daughter died in an accident in [[Lahore]], Pakistan. He was so emotionally upset after that accident that he decided to quit the [[Pakistani film industry]]. In 1979, Ratan Kumar left Pakistan never to return again.<ref name=Tribune/>

In the late 1960s, Ratan Kumar also got into the business of selling oriental carpets and had started travelling back and forth from Pakistan to Europe for this business. Eventually he ended up settling down permanently in the United States after 1979.<ref name=Tribune/>

==Death==
Ratan Kumar was living in California, in his old age, and was admitted to the hospital for [[pneumonia]] 10 days before his death on 12 December 2016.<ref name=Tribune/><ref name=pakmag>{{cite web|url=http://pakfilms.net/artists/details.php?pid=3121|archive-date=19 June 2017|access-date=9 May 2022|url-status=dead|date=1 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619073239/http://pakfilms.net/artists/details.php?pid=3121 |title=Profile of Ratan Kumar|website=Pakistan Film Magazine website}}</ref> He had a long history of illness, though. In 1996, his lungs had collapsed twice in the same year. When they collapsed the third time in 2000, he was left paralyzed and went into a coma for eight days. Then he recovered in four to five months and became somewhat normal again. His survivors include 2 sons, a daughter and seven grandchildren.<ref name=Tribune/>

==Filmography==
===In India===
* ''[[Baiju Bawra (film)|Baiju Bawra]]'' (1952)- Ratan Kumar played the role of the child, 'Chote Baiju'<ref name=Tribune/>
* ''[[Do Bigha Zamin]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Boot Polish (film)|Boot Polish]]'' (1954)- A film on street kids of Bombay. Ratan Kumar played the role of child
* ''[[Angarey]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Jagriti]]'' (1954)<ref name=citwf/>
* ''[[Bahut Din Huwe]]'' (1954) - Madhubala, Ratan Kumar, Agha
* '' [[Sargam (1950 film)|Sargam]] '' (1950) - Raj Kapoor, Rehana, Ratan Kumar, Baby Tabassum
* '' [[Afsana (1951 film)|Afsana]] '' (1951) - Ashok Kumar, Veena, Pran. Ratan Kumar, Baby Tabassum

===In Pakistan===
* ''Masoom'' (1957) - Ratan Kumar's first released film in Pakistan<ref name=Tribune/><ref name=citwf/>
* ''[[Bedari]]'' (1957)<ref name=pakmag/><ref name=citwf/>
* ''Wah Re Zamaney'' (1958)<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/person502722.htm|archive-date=23 December 2016|date=1 November 2015|website=Complete Index To World Film (CITWF) website|access-date=9 May 2022|url-status=dead|title=Filmography of Ratan Kumar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223132459/http://www.citwf.com/person502722.htm}}</ref>
* ''[[Nagin (1959 film)|Nagin]]'' (1959)- as a lead actor for the first time. A successful [[Golden Jubilee]] film at the box-office<ref name=Tribune/><ref name=pakmag/>
* ''[[Clerk (1960 film)|Clerk]]'' (1960)
* ''Aladdin Ka Beta'' (1960)<ref name=citwf/>
* ''Do Ustaad'' (1960)
* ''Sher-e-Islam'' (1961)
* ''Taj Aur Talwar'' (1961)<ref name=citwf/>
* ''Aasra'' (1969)
* ''Dastaan'' (1969)<ref name=pakmag/><ref name=citwf/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2727823|Ratan Kumar}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Ratan}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Pakistani male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Pakistani emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]
[[Category:People from Ajmer]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Rajasthani descent]]

Salem Vishnu

2026-04-12T03:18:43Z

Surendra: new pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Salem Vishnu.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Thiagarajan]]
| writer = Thiagarajan
| producer = Thiagarajan
| starring = {{ubl|Thiagarajan|[[Rupini]]}}
| cinematography = Gopinath
| editing = Siva Subramaniam
| music = [[S. P. Venkatesh|Sangeetha Rajan]]
| studio = Lakshmi Shanthi Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1990|02|16}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Salem Vishnu''''' ({{IPAc-en|s|eɪ|l|ə|m}}) is a 1990 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] written, produced and directed by [[Thiagarajan]]. The film stars Thiagarajan and [[Rupini]]. It is a [[Spinoff (media)|spinoff]]/[[prequel]] of the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[New Delhi (1987 film)|New Delhi]]'' (1987), with Thiagarajan reprising his role from that film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2022 |title=37 வருடங்களை நிறைவு செய்யும் தியாகராஜன் 3 வேடங்களில் நடித்த எரிமலை! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-thiyagarajan-erimalai-completes-37-years-jbr-scs-719894-page-6.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412100237/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-thiyagarajan-erimalai-completes-37-years-jbr-scs-719894-page-6.html |archive-date=12 April 2023 |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekhar |first=Arunkumar |date=1 August 2019 |title=Movie Spin-offs: Dawn of the Derivatives |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/2019/Aug/01/movie-spin-offs-dawn-of-the-derivatives-2012201.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802174543/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/2019/aug/01/movie-spin-offs-dawn-of-the-derivatives-2012201.html |archive-date=2 August 2019 |access-date=13 May 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on 16 February 1990.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Salem Vishnu (1990) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/salem-vishnu |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250322090337/https://screen4screen.com/movies/salem-vishnu |archive-date=2025-03-22 |access-date=2026-03-25 |work=Screen4Screen |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=September 2024}}
Vishnu is a clever student, but he cannot tolerate cheating at the school exam, and beats up the professor; he was subsequently expelled. He decides to work as a [[Auto mechanic|car mechanic]]. Vishnu and Shanthi fell in love with each other.

Vishnu's brother Siva is an honest municipal commissioner. Siva and his wife Lakshmi, a [[Prison officer|jailer]], are transferred to the same city where Vishnu lives. They are shocked when Vishnu tells that he works as a car mechanic.

Kathavarayan, the municipal chairman, and his brother Ashokan are corrupt, influential persons. Siva clashes with them. Meantime, Ashokan kills journalist Raji, who sends the details of their illegal works to Siva. Ashokan is later sent to jail. Siva wants also to punish Kathavarayan, but Ashokan kills him. The guiltless Vishnu is sent to jail for killing his own brother. In jail, he meets his sister-in-law Lakshmi and his enemy Ashokan. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Thiagarajan]] as Salem Vishnu
*[[Rupini]] as Shanthi
*[[R. Sarathkumar]] as Siva
*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Lakshmi
*[[Ratheesh]] as Ashokan
*[[Goundamani]] as Kathavarayan
*[[Meesai Murugesan]] as Vishnu's father
*[[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Vishnu's mother
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Jailor Sundaram
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Muthu
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Pachai
*[[Vaishnavi (Malayali actress)|Vaishnavi]] as Raji
*[[Jayamalini]] as Jaya
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Professor
*[[Omakuchi Narasimhan]] as Zamindar
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]] as Lawyer
*[[K. R. Savithri]]
*C. Pravin Kumar as Police officer
*[[Pasi Narayanan]] as Mechanic
*[[Kullamani]] as Mechanic
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]] as Mechanic
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]] as Mechanic
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh|Sangeetha Rajan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Salem Vishnu Tamil LP Vinyl Record by Sangeetha Rajan |url=https://banumass.com/product/vinyl-records/tamil-vinyl-records/salem-vishnu-tamil-lp-vinyl-record-by-sangeetha-rajan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209115103/https://banumass.com/product/vinyl-records/tamil-vinyl-records/salem-vishnu-tamil-lp-vinyl-record-by-sangeetha-rajan/ |archive-date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |work=Banumass}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !!Duration
|-
| "Hey Nanaa Vayasu Pulla" || [[K. S. Chithra]] ||[[Vairamuthu]]|| 4:23
|-
| "Kai Thottu Parkkanum" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]||4:13
|-
| "Mayankinen Mannan Ingu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || [[Thiagarajan]]||3:43
|-
| "Valayal Satham" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki || Vaali|| 4:12
|-
| "Varuvathu Varattum" || Sangeetha Rajan || Kennedy||4:55
|}

== Reception ==
P. S. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the performances of Geetha, Goundamani and Vinu Chakravarthy, outdoor locations and camera angles but panned the obscene dance movements and humour track and concluded saying let it be a film made entirely for commercial purposes and questioned the relying on formal legal schemes to check irregularities, which the reviewer deemed useless.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பி. எஸ். எஸ். |date=11 March 1990 |title=சேலம் விஷ்ணு |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1990-03-11/page/24/mode/2up |access-date=9 February 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=25 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{Thiagarajan}}

[[Category:1990 action films]]
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Film spinoffs]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Thiagarajan]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. P. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Thiagarajan]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian prequel films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Phool Singh Baraiya

2026-04-11T19:27:01Z

Surendra: Added First Biography Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Phool Singh Baraiya
| office = [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Raksha Santram Saroniya]]
| state = Madhya Pradesh
| children = 3( including Divyanshu Baraiya ,Nidhi Baraiya & Neha baraiya)
| constituency1 = [[Bhander (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhander]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| image = Phoolsingh Baraiya.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|1|1|df=y}}
| spouse = Shakuntala Devi
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_start1 = 27 November 1998
| term_end1 = 27 November 2003
| succeeded1 = Kamlapat Arya
| preceded1 = Keshri Choudhary
| office2 = Former State President of [[Bahujan Samaj Party - Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 1989
| term_end2 = 2003
| predecessor2 = ''office established''
| successor2 = Dr. P.P. Chaudhary
| other_party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (till 2003) [[Samata Samaj Party]] (2003-2007) [[Lok Janshakti Party]] (2007-2010) 
[[Bahujan Sangharsh Dal]] (2012-2019) [[Indian National Congress]] (2019-)
| appointer2 = [[Kanshi Ram]]
}}

'''Phool Singh Baraiya''' is an [[Indian National Congress]] politician and member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] elected in 2023 from [[Bhander Assembly constituency|Bhander]] (SC).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mptak.in/politics/story/congress-candidate-phool-singh-baraiya-created-a-sensation-by-saying-this-about-narottam-mishra-claimed-victory-930726-2024-03-13|title=नरोत्तम मिश्रा के बारे में ये बात बोलकर कांग्रेस प्रत्याशी फूल सिंह बरैया ने फैला दी सनसनी, किया जीत का दावा|first=सर्वेश|last=पुरोहित|date=13 March 2024|website=mptak}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.thequint.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-election/bhander-sc-election-result-2023-live-updates-counting-of-votes-madhya-pradesh-vidhan-sabha-chunav-news-bjp-congress-candidate|title=भांडेर (SC) चुनाव रिजल्ट 2023 Live Updates: कांग्रेस के फूल सिंह बरैया के नाम रही भांडेर की सीट|first=क्विंट|last=हिंदी|date=3 December 2023|website=TheQuint}}</ref> He also served as member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in 1998 from [[Bhander Assembly constituency|Bhander]] (SC) with the ticket of [[Bahujan Samaj Party]].{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

In 2024 Lok Sabha Election Phool Singh Baraiya is defeated by BJP's [[Sandhya Ray]] by a margin of 64840 votes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bhind |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S122.htm |access-date=6 August 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806144420/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S122.htm |archive-date=6 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bhind Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/bhind-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Phool Singh Baraiya was born in 1962 in Bhind, Madhya Pradesh. He completed his [[Bachelor of Engineering|Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.)]] in [[Mechanical engineering|Mechanical Engineering]] from [[Madhav Institute of Technology and Science]] Gwalior (now part of Jiwaji University) in 1988.<ref name="source1">{{cite news |last=पुरोहित |first=सर्वेश |date=13 March 2024 |title=नरोत्तम मिश्रा के बारे में ये बात बोलकर कांग्रेस प्रत्याशी फूल सिंह बरैया ने फैला दी सनसनी, किया जीत का दावा |url=https://www.mptak.com/article/news/555344 |publisher=mptak |language=hi}}</ref>

== Political career ==

=== Early political career ===
Phool Singh Baraiya began his political career in the early 1990s with the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]. A close associate of BSP founder [[Kanshi Ram]], Baraiya played a key role in building the party’s organization in Madhya Pradesh. As the state president of the BSP, he led the party to its best-ever performance in the state, winning a record 11 assembly seats in the [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] and [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]] elections.

In 1998, Baraiya was elected as a Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly from the [[Bhander Assembly constituency|Bhander (SC)]] constituency as a BSP candidate. However, ahead of the 2003 assembly elections, he was expelled from the party by BSP President [[Mayawati]] following internal differences.<ref name="source2">{{cite news |last=हिंदी |first=क्विंट |date=3 December 2023 |title=भंडेर (SC) चुनाव रिजल्ट 2023 Live Updates: कांग्रेस के फूल सिंह बरैया के नाम रही भंडेर की सीट |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/mp-election-2023-bhander-result |publisher=The Quint |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Association with the Indian National Congress ===
Baraiya later joined the Indian National Congress. In the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], he contested again from [[Bhander Assembly constituency|Bhander]] constituency and won by a margin of 29,438 votes, defeating BJP candidate Ghanshyam Pirouniya.<ref name="source2" />

=== 2024 Lok Sabha election ===
In 2024, he contested the Lok Sabha election from the [[Bhind Lok Sabha constituency|Bhind (SC)]] parliamentary constituency on an INC ticket but was defeated by BJP candidate [[Sandhya Ray]] by a margin of 64,840 votes.<ref name="source3">{{cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results – Bhind |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2024/ConstituencywiseS1214.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2024/ConstituencywiseS1214.htm |archive-date=6 August 2024 |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="source4">{{cite news |title=Bhind Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://brutimesnews.com/bhind-constituency-result-2024 |publisher=Bru Times News}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

Ahead of the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], Baraiya attracted attention after publicly stating that he would blacken his face outside the Raj Bhavan if the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won even 50 seats in the election. Following the BJP’s landslide victory, securing 163 seats, the statement was widely circulated and criticised in political discourse.<ref>{{cite news |title=Phool Singh Baraiya's pre-poll remark draws criticism after BJP win |work=Indian media reports}}</ref>

In January 2026, Baraiya again sparked widespread controversy after remarks made during a media interview that were widely criticised as offensive and misogynistic. According to multiple media reports, he allegedly linked sexual violence to women's appearance and made comments associating rape with caste and religious beliefs, including references to Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe women. The remarks triggered sharp reactions on social media and across the political spectrum. The Bharatiya Janata Party strongly condemned the comments, with Union Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan calling them “shameless” and asserting that women should never be viewed or divided on the basis of caste or appearance. Media reports stated that the Indian National Congress distanced itself from the remarks, while opposition parties demanded an apology and disciplinary action. The controversy also intensified political debate in the state ahead of senior Congress leader Rahul Gandhi’s visit to Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=खूबसूरत लड़की दिखे तो रेप हो सकता है... कांग्रेस विधायक के बयान से मचा भूचाल |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-phool-singh-baraiya-controversial-statement-bhopal-congress-mla-women-safety-bjp-attack-madhya-pradesh-local18-10076698.html |work=News18 Hindi |date=17 January 2026 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=MP News: 'Rape Brings Spiritual Rewards...' Congress MLA Phool Singh Baraiya Links Sexual Crime With Religion & Caste |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/mp-news-rape-brings-spiritual-rewards-congress-mla-phool-singh-bariya-links-sexual-crime-with-religion-caste-minister-shivraj-calls-it-shameless |work=Free Press Journal |date=17 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Which Adivasi woman is beautiful? Congress MLA's bizarre theory on rape causes outrage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/which-adivasi-woman-is-beautiful-congress-mlas-bizarre-theory-on-rape-causes-outrage-phool-singh-links-it-to-scriptures/articleshow/126604543.cms |work=The Times of India |date=17 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=MLA Phool Singh Baraiya Controversy |url=https://ibc24.in/madhya-pradesh/bhopal/mla-phool-singh-baraiya-controversy-3429765.html |work=IBC24 |date=17 January 2026 |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1962 births]]

Public Distribution System (India)

2026-04-03T21:31:24Z

Surendra: Added Some Article Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian food security system}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
[[File:The Minister of Agriculture, Consumer Affairs Food and Public Distribution Shri Sharad Pawar meeting All India Fair Price Shop Dealer's Federation on issues relating to functioning of Fair Price Shops in New Delhi on November 30.jpg|thumb|Then Indian agriculture minister [[Sharad Pawar]] meets representatives of the All India Fair Price Shop Dealers Federation in 2004.|alt=Four men at a table with microphones, water bottles and documents.]]

The '''Public Distribution System''' ('''PDS''') is a [[food security]] system that was established by the [[Government of India]] under the [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]] to distribute food and non-food items to [[Poverty in India|India's poor]] at subsidised rates. Major commodities distributed include staple food grains, such as [[wheat]], [[rice]], [[sugar]] and essential fuels like [[kerosene]], through a network of fair price shops (also known as ration shops) established in several states across the country. [[Food Corporation of India]], a [[government-owned corporation]], procures and maintains the PDS.

As of June 2022, [[India]] has the largest stock of grain in the world besides [[China]], the government spends {{currency|750|INR}} billion.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} Food is procured from the net food surplus states, mainly from the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|smaller]] but [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|richer states]] of [[Haryana]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], which provide 70-90% of wheat & 28-44% of rice of India's PDS, which is then redistributed to other net negative producer states which produce less than they consume.<ref name=agrijh1/> Distribution of food grains to poor people throughout the country is managed by state governments.<ref>{{cite web|year=2000|title=5.17 The Public Distribution System is -------|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2000-01/chap53.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224204812/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2000-01/chap53.pdf|archive-date=24 December 2010|access-date=27 February 2011|publisher=[[Budget of India]] (2000-2001)}}</ref> As of 2011 there were 505,879 fair price shops (FPS) across India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=74180|title = Number of Ration Shops in the Country}}</ref> Under the PDS scheme, each family [[Below Poverty Line|below the poverty line]] is eligible for 35 kg of rice or wheat every month, while a household above the poverty line is entitled to 15 kg of foodgrain on a monthly basis, redeemable with a card.<ref name="toi">{{cite news|date=11 December 2010|title=UP foodgrain scam trail leads to Nepal, Bangladesh|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/UP-foodgrain-scam-trail-leads-to-Nepal-Bangladesh/articleshow/7078569.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104222448/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-11/india/28265185_1_indo-nepal-foodgrains-indo-bangladesh|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012}}</ref> However, there are concerns about the efficiency of the distribution process.{{explain|date=August 2022}}

In coverage and [[public expenditure]], it is considered to be the most important [[food security]] network. However, the food grains supplied by the ration shops are enough to meet the consumption needs of the poor. In the 1980s and 1990s, the PDS was criticised for its [[urban bias]] and its failure to serve the poorer sections of the population effectively. The Targeted PDS is expensive and until the early 2000s, there was a lot of corruption (i.e., people did not get all of what they were entitled to).<ref name="epw.in">{{cite web | url=https://epw.in/journal/2011/21/special-articles/trends-diversion-grain-public-distribution-system.html | title=Trends in Diversion of Grain from the Public Distribution System | date=21 May 2011 }}</ref>

== Evolution of the PDS ==

=== 1950-1997: Gradual expansion ===
The origins of the PDS go back to the system of food rationing introduced by the British during the Second World War. It was subsequently dismantled but had to be reintroduced at the time of independence owing to severely inflationary pressures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatia |first=B. M. |title=Food Security in South Asia |publisher=Oxford & IBH Publishing |year=1985}}</ref> In the initial years after independence, the system initially was largely an urban phenomenon relying largely on food imports and was used mainly as a price stabilizing tool. The setting up of the Foodgrains Prices Committee in 1964 strengthened the position of the PDS. The government committed itself to announce a minimum support price (MSP) to promote agriculture and the stocks procured were to be used towards meeting the needs of the PDS. If procurement fell short, the government was to resort to imports and other measures such as monopoly procurement, and levy on farmers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=George |first=PS |date=1984 |title=Some Aspects of Public Distribution of Foodgrains in India |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=A106–A110}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nawani |first=NP |date=1994 |title=Indian experience on household food and nutrition security |journal=Regional Expert Consultation FAO-UN Bangkok}}</ref> In the subsequent decades, the coverage and reach of the PDS expanded considerably on the back of various state-led schemes and the increased need for foodgrains to implement various regional and poverty programmes. The total number of ration shops increased from around 50,000 in 1960 to around 3,50,000 by 1990-91 and the quantity of foodgrains distributed increased from about 5 million tonnes in 1960–61 to about 16 million tonnes in 1990–91.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mooji |first=J. |date=2018 |title=Food policy and politics: The political economy of the public distribution system in India |journal=Journal of Peasant Studies |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=77–101|doi=10.1080/03066159808438667 |hdl=1765/26782 |url=https://repub.eur.nl/pub/26782 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> In June 1992, the 'revamped' PDS scheme was launched with the aim of covering 1750 blocks in hilly, remote, and inaccessible areas with the per kg. issue price to states set to 50 paise below the central issue price. By this time, the urban bias that was a characteristic of the PDS in the early post-independence years had largely disappeared.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dev |first1=M. |last2=Suryanarayana |first2=M. H. |date=1991 |title=Is PDS Urban Biased and Pro Rich? |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=26 |issue=41 |pages=2357–2366}}</ref> Nonetheless, the overall coverage of PDS was quite limited and patchy till this point. As per data from the National Sample Surveys (NSS), only 27% of rural and 29% of urban households purchased grains from the PDS in 1993–94. This was despite the fact that all through this while the PDS was in principle a ''universal'' scheme such that every Indian was entitled to a ration card and purchase grains from the PDS. Some observers attributed the limited access to the steadily rising prices at which grains were sold from the PDS (i.e. the issue prices) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=George |first=P. S. |date=1996 |title=Public Distribution System, Food Subsidy, and Production Incentives |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=31 |issue=39 |pages=A140–A144}}</ref> while others blamed poor administration, corruption, and lack of political will.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Swaminathan |first=Madhura |title=Weakening Welfare |publisher=Left Word Books |year=2000 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> There was evidence of corruption from the PDS as well as lack of progressiveness of benefits.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jha |first=S |date=1992 |title=Consumer Subsidies in India: Is Targeting Effective? |journal=Development and Change |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=101–128|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.1992.tb00471.x }}</ref> This led to some calls for replacing the PDS with direct income transfers.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Parikh |first=Kirit |date=1994 |title=Who Gets How Much from PDS: How Effectively Does It Reach the Poor? |journal=Sarvekshana |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=1–34}}</ref> Further, in the wake of the structural adjustment policies that came with the 1991 economic reforms, 'targeting' (i.e. restricting welfare benefits only to the poor) gained prominence as a way of enhancing coverage among the poor while reducing fiscal expenditures.

=== 1997-2013: Targeted PDS ===
In 1997, the PDS was officially converted from a universal to a targeted scheme. Households were to be divided into two categories – below poverty line (BPL) and above poverty line (APL). BPL households were entitled to 10 kg per month, later revised to 35 kg, at 50% of the central government's procurement cost. Till 2000–01, APL households were entitled to purchase 15 kg of grains at 75% of the procurement cost, after which they had to pay the full economic cost. In 2000, the Antyodaya (AAY) category was added which covered 1 crore (later 2 crore) 'poorest of the poor' households that were entitled to 25 kg (later 35 kg) of grains per month from the PDS irrespective of family size at Rs. 3/kg for rice and Rs. 2/kg for wheat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Department of Food and Public Distribution |title=Annual Report 2015-16 |date=2016 |publisher=Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution |location=New Delhi |publication-date=2016}}</ref> The targeted approach to the PDS brought with it two implementational challenges: (i) estimating the number of poor to be covered by the BPL category and (ii) identifying the poor in accordance with the coverage targets determined. It was decided that the coverage of BPL households would be based on the state-wise poverty head count ratios estimated from the 1993-94 NSS consumption expenditure survey.<ref name=":0" /> This made the highly contentious 'poverty line' extremely salient in welfare policy. In order to identify eligible households, the government initially used results of a survey conducted in 1992–03 to identify beneficiaries of the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP). Subsequently, the government conducted a BPL Census in 2002 which scored households on 13 different parameters covering assets, occupation, land ownership etc. and identified BPL households as those falling below a certain cut-off.

==== Issues with targeting ====
While the shift from universal to targeted PDS was meant to enhance coverage among the poor and reduce corruption, a large body of work{{Which|date=December 2024}} found that it effectively did the opposite. In 2004–05, in total only 34% of households possessed a BPL or AAY card with nearly half of households in the poorest 20% of the consumption distribution excluded.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Drèze |first1=Jean |last2=Khera |first2=Reetika |date=2010 |title=The BPL Census and a Possible Alternative |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=45 |issue=9 |pages=54–63}}</ref> On the other hand, among the richest 40% of households, roughly 20%-25% possessed a ration card. A majority of the scheduled caste (SC), scheduled tribe (ST), and other backward class (OBC) households were excluded from the PDS.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Andaleeb |date=2014 |title=Revival of Rural Public Distribution System: Expansion and Outreach |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=49 |issue=20 |pages=62–68}}</ref> In total, only 34% of households had a BPL or AAY card. The message from these numbers was clear - the targeting process based on poverty lines and the BPL census led to severe exclusion and inclusion errors. This message was further strengthened by numerous state-specific studies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Swaminathan |first1=M |last2=Misra |first2=N |date=2001 |title=Errors of Targeting |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=36 |issue=26 |pages=2447–2454}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dutta |first1=B. |last2=Ramaswami |first2=B. |date=2001 |title=Targeting and Efficiency in the Public Distribution System Case of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=36 |issue=18 |pages=1524–1532}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khera |first=Reetika |date=2008 |title=Access to the Targeted Public Distribution System: A Case Study in Rajasthan |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=43 |issue=44 |pages=51–56}}</ref> In most states, the shift to the targeted PDS resulted in decline in per-capita PDS purchases between 1999-2000 and 2004–05.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Khera |first=Reetika |date=2011 |title=Revival of the Public Distribution System: Evidence and Explanations. |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=46 |issue=44–45 |pages=36–50}}</ref> The states worst affected by the reform were Kerala and Tamil Nadu which historically had high PDS coverage and purchases prior to 1997–98.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Swaminathan |first=M. |date=2008 |title=Programmes to Protect the Hungry: Lessons from India. |journal=DESA Working Paper}}</ref> While the issue was partly related to poor design and implementation of the 2002 BPL Census, the very idea of defining the coverage base of PDS based on poverty lines continued to be fraught with various unresolved conceptual issues.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Deaton |first1=Angus |last2=Drèze |first2=Jean |date=25 July 2014 |title=Squaring the poverty circle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/squaring-the-poverty-circle/article6246084.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==== Large-scale leakages ====
Along with a decline in coverage, the switch to a targeted PDS brought with it large-scale leakages. At the All-India level, the share of total allocated grains not reaching households increased from 24% in 1999–2000 to 39% in 2001–02 to 54% in 2004–05.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Khera |first=Reetika |date=2011 |title=Trends in Diversion of Grain from the Public Distribution System |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=46 |issue=21 |pages=106–114}}</ref> The All-India figures mask considerable state-wide heterogeneity, with very low levels of leakages in states like Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu and very high leakages in states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Punjab, Rajasthan. This was likely due to a number of factors including lower overall coverage of the PDS, reduced consumer base of fair price shops, low levels of utilization and a shift in the PDS away from the places that it worked well.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Himanshu |last2=Sen |first2=Abhijit |date=2013 |title=In-kind food transfers - I: Impact on Poverty |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=48 |issue=45–46 |pages=46–54}}</ref> Two important dimensions of the leakage issue are worth noting. First, leakages were considerably higher for rice than wheat. Estimated leakages for rice were lower than for wheat in almost all states and per-capita wheat purchases remained low and leakages high during this period.<ref name=":1" /> Second, leakages from the APL allocation were more than twice as high than the leakages from the BPL allocation, possibly since the APL allocations fluctuated arbitrarily and hence APL households often did not know what they were entitled to.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Drèze |first1=jean |last2=Khera |first2=Reetika |title=Understanding Leakages in the Public Distribution System |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=39–42}}</ref> Indeed, there is some evidence to suggest that the APL quota of states was an important predictor of the overall level of leakages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Overbeck |first=Daniel |date=2016 |title=Leakage and Corruption in India's Public Distribution System |url=https://www.isid.ac.in/~epu/acegd2016/papers/DanielOverbeck.pdf |journal=Working Paper Presented at the 12th Annual Conference on Economic Growth and Development at the Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi on 19–21 December 2016}}</ref>

==== Steady revival ====
From 2004-05 onwards, the PDS displayed a steady revival on various dimensions. Between 2004-05 and 2011–12, the share of rural households with a BPL or AAY ration card increased from 30% to 44%, coverage significantly improved among SC, ST, OBC households and many households in the poorest three consumption deciles moved from APL to BPL entitlements.<ref name=":2" /> The share of households actually purchasing grains from the PDS also increased significantly from 25% in 2004–05 to 50% in 2011–12.<ref name=":4" /> Further, PDS accounted for nearly 46% of total household rice purchases.<ref name=":2" /> This improvement in PDS utilization was matched by a reduction in leakages between 2004–05 and 2011–12. At the All-India level, between 2004–05 and 2011–12, leakages fell from 54% to 42% based on NSS estimates and from 49% to 32% based on the India Human Development Survey (IHDS).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Drèze |first1=Jean |last2=Khera |first2=Reetika |date=2015 |title=Understanding Leakages in the Public Distribution System |url=http://www.im4change.org/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Understanding_Leakages_in_the_Public_Distribution_System.pdf |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=50 |issue=7 |pages=39–42}}</ref> While this improvement was modest, it showed that improvements in PDS functioning was certainly possible. The erstwhile poorly performing states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha saw significant improvements and states like Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, where the PDS was already performing well, consolidated their positions further.

These improvements were largely the outcome of various bold initiatives by many state governments. Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh moved towards universalization of their PDS, Chhattisgarh did away with private PDS dealers and implemented a stronger monitoring system, and various other states supplemented the central subsidy to reduce issue prices and/or expand coverage.<ref name=":3" /> Starting 2009–10, Kerala decided to automatically include all SC, ST and fisherperson households as well as destitute persons; subsequently in 2010–11, all agricultural labourer households and traditional industrial worker households were automatically eligible for subsidized grains irrespective of APL/BPL status.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Issac |first1=TMT |last2=Ramakumar |first2=R. |date=2010 |title=Expanding Welfare Entitlements in the Neo-Liberal Era: The Case of Food Security in Kerala |journal=Indian Journal of Human Development |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=99–119|doi=10.1177/0973703020100106 |s2cid=157926303 }}</ref> Another likely factor contributing to the PDS revival was the significant rise in global food prices around this time which led to a rise in domestic food prices. This led to increase in the value of PDS subsidy for households which evidence suggests led to increases in PDS purchases in most states.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaul |first=T |date=2018 |title=Household Responses to Food Subsidies: Evidence from India |journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=95–129|doi=10.1086/697553 |s2cid=42013626 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=S. |last2=Kishore |first2=A. |last3=Roy |first3=D. |date=2016 |title=Entitlement Fetching or Snatching? Effects of Arbitrage on India's Public Distribution System |url=http://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/131008/filename/131219.pdf |journal=IFPRI Discussion Paper 01588}}</ref>

=== 2013-current: National Food Security Act ===
In 2013, the Indian parliament passed the [[National Food Security Act, 2013|National Food Security Act (NFSA)]] which brought major reforms to the national food security policy and the PDS. This included converting PDS from a welfare scheme to a legal entitlement, restructuring the process of procurement and distribution, expanded coverage of the PDS, reduction of issue price, shift from household to per-capita entitlements and discarding the APL-BPL method of targeting households. The All-India coverage of the PDS was set to 67% of the population, with 75% coverage in rural areas and 50% in urban areas with poorer states getting higher coverage than poorer states (see table below). In several cases, however, states felt the coverage was too low. The price at which rice, wheat and millets were sold from the PDS were almost halved and fixed at Rs. 3, Rs. 2, and Rs. 1 per kg. respectively. While the NFSA did not universalize the PDS and continued with a targeted approach, it did discarded the APL-BPL method of targeting and left the selection of eligible households on state governments. Households were now to be divided into Priority households (PHH) and Antyodaya (AAY) only with the APL category disbanded. Entitlements of 5 kg per person per month were set for PHH households and 35 kg per household irrespective of family size for AAY households. Various states relied on simple inclusion-exclusion criteria to identify eligible households, often using the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) or other recent data they had.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Drèze |first1=Jean |last2=Gupta |first2=Prankur |last3=Khera |first3=Reetika |last4=Pimenta |first4=Isabel |date=2019 |title=Casting the Net: India's Public Distribution System after the Food Security Act |url=https://www.im4change.org/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/EPW%20PDS.pdf |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=54 |issue=6}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Current status ==

=== Implementation of NFSA ===
While the NFSA came into effect in September 2013, its roll-out at the state-level happened with a significant lag as state governments struggled to prepare new beneficiary lists, computerize their ration cards, and stream-line various other processes of distribution.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Puri |first=Raghav |date=2017 |title=India's National Food Security Act (NFSA): Early Experiences |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5964831e40f0b60a44000154/NFSA-LWP.pdf |journal=LANSA Working Paper Series |volume=2017 |issue=14}}</ref> The delay in the release of the SECC also contributed to this delay. The earliest states to implement the NFSA were Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Rajasthan between September and December 2013, while Kerala and Tamil Nadu did so only in November 2016 owing to centre-state negotiations over coverage.

The suppression of the 2017-18 NSS consumption expenditure survey round by the central government <ref>{{Cite news |last=Correspondent Special |date=2019-11-15 |title=Government puts household spending report on hold |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/government-puts-household-spending-report-on-hold/article61611660.ece |access-date=2024-02-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and the absence of any other reliable nationally representative consumption survey with relevant questions on the PDS has meant that a comprehensive evaluation of the PDS post-NFSA has not yet been possible. Nonetheless, evidence from numerous small-scale surveys points to increase in coverage, decline in exclusion errors, reduction in leakages, and improved transportation of grains.<ref name=":6" /> A six-state survey covering 3,800 households across Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal found that the PDS was "near universal" in rural areas of these states, inclusion and exclusion errors were down, and majority of households in MP, Odisha and West Bengal received their full entitlements from PDS.<ref name=":5" /> Even in Jharkhand, one of the states with poorest performing PDS in the early 2000s with leakages as high as 85%, multiple surveys point to clean-up of beneficiary lists, significant reduction in leakages, enhanced coverage, and significant overall improvement in the performance of the PDS post implementation of the NFSA.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Drèze |first1=Jean |last2=Khalid |first2=Nazar |last3=Khera |first3=Reetika |last4=Somanchi |first4=Anmol |date=2017 |title=Aadhaar and Food Security in Jharkhand: Pain without Gain? |url=https://www.im4change.org/siteadmin/tinymce/uploaded/Aadhaar%20and%20Food%20Security%20in%20Jharkhand%20Pain%20without%20Gain.pdf |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=52 |issue=50 |pages=50–60}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last1=Muralidharan |first1=Karthik |last2=Neihaus |first2=Paul |last3=Sukhtankar |first3=Sandip |date=2022 |title=Identity verification standards in welfare programs: experimental evidence from India |url=https://econweb.ucsd.edu/~kamurali/papers/Working%20Papers/ABBA%20(Current%20WP).pdf |journal=NBER Working Paper 26744 (Revised Nov 2022)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Somanchi |first=Anmol |date=2023 |title=Food and Social Security at the Margins: The Parhaiyas of Jharkhand |url=https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=062021004021120117106000119126028091102008050058026054101089105024087015024112015095018061040055106006002003069109126126005116106016000058010115022127124095080018118067034057118118086009003121124013113010015087019080093111095072011025077000066066110090&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=47–54}}</ref> By 2017, leakages were down to about 15% in aggregate and about 7%-10% conditional on purchasing from the PDS.

=== Latest coverage estimates ===
The table below presents the state-wise population coverage mandated by the NFSA, population coverage in 2020 (latest available year) by NFSA ration cards (PHH + AAY) and state schemes. The NFSA mandated a population coverage of 67% at the All-India level. The central government used the 2011 population census figures to arrive at state-wise coverage targets and allocations. However, by 2020, the NFSA covered only 59% of the projected population, resulting in an under-coverage of over 100 million people.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last1=Mungikar |first1=Meghana |last2=Drèze |first2=Jean |last3=Khera |first3=Reetika |date=2020 |title='More than 100mn excluded from PDS as govt uses outdated Census 2011 data' |url=https://www.indiaspend.com/more-than-100mn-excluded-from-pds-as-govt-uses-outdated-census-2011-data/ |website=IndiaSpend}}</ref> This under-coverage is mainly because the central government froze the coverage targets based on the now-outdated 2011 census and has not updated them ever since despite sustained population growth in the last decade or so. This remains an important unresolved issue to date. In addition to the 59% population covered under the NFSA, another 11% were covered under state schemes, majority of whom (7 percentage points) receive NFSA equivalent entitlements or more. These come from states that run an "expanded PDS", increasing coverage and/or reducing issue prices beyond NFSA mandates - this includes southern states (Andhra, Tamil Nadu, Telangana) as well as poorer states like Chhattisgarh, Odisha and West Bengal.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Khera |first1=Reetika |last2=Somanchi |first2=Anmol |date=2020 |title=A review of coverage of the PDS |url=https://www.ideasforindia.in/topics/poverty-inequality/a-review-of-the-coverage-of-pds.html |journal=Ideas for India}}</ref> Including the population covered under state schemes, 950 million persons were covered by the PDS, with 899 million having NFSA equivalent entitlements or more. Besides enhanced coverage, some states also reduced the issue prices at their own costs. In Tamil Nadu, rice is distributed free of cost to all entitled cardholders and Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha provide rice at a lower price than the central government's issue price.<ref name=":8" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| rowspan="2" |'''States'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Population coverage'''
'''mandated by NFSA (%)'''
| colspan="2" | '''Estimated population share (%) in 2020 in possession of a:'''
|-
|'''NFSA (PHH/AAY) ration card''' <ref name=":7" />
|'''State scheme ration card''' <ref name=":8" />
|-
|All-India
|67
|59
|11
|-
|Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|17
|15
|77
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|54
|50
|28
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh
|63
|55
|6
|-
|Assam
|81
|70
|0
|-
|Bihar
|84
|70
|0
|-
|Chandigarh
|47
|25
|0
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|79
|67
|20
|-
|Dadra & Nagar Haveli
|69
|52
|0
|-
|Delhi
|43
|39
|0
|-
|Goa
|36
|35
|51
|-
|Gujarat
|63
|49
|0
|-
|Haryana
|50
|42
|0
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|54
|38
|61
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|59
|52
|33
|-
|Jharkhand
|80
|68
|0
|-
|Karnataka
|66
|64
|11
|-
|Kerala
|46
|44
|56
|-
|Lakshadweep
|34
|32
|0
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|75
|64
|0
|-
|Maharashtra
|62
|56
|3
|-
|Manipur
|88
|81
|–
|-
|Meghalaya
|72
|62
|–
|-
|Mizoram
|65
|57
|–
|-
|Nagaland
|75
|58
|–
|-
|Odisha
|78
|72
|2
|-
|Puducherry
|51
|48
|–
|-
|Punjab
|51
|45
|0
|-
|Rajasthan
|65
|62
|0
|-
|Sikkim
|67
|55
|18
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|51
|47
|38
|-
|Telangana
|54
|49
|23
|-
|Tripura
|68
|62
|32
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|76
|63
|0
|-
|Uttarakhand
|61
|56
|42
|-
|West Bengal
|66
|61
|33
|}
'''Notes:''' " - " implies no public information available. State cards includes those with NFSA equivalent entitlements or more & those with lesser entitlements as against NFSA. <ref name=":8" />

=== Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) ===
In light of the COVID-19 crisis, as part of its relief package, in March 2020 the government announced an additional 5 kg rice or wheat per person and 1 kg pulses per family free of cost for all NFSA cardholders, over and above the usual NFSA entitlements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finance Minister announces Rs 1.70 Lakh Crore relief package under Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana for the poor to help them fight the battle against Corona Virus |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1608345 |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

== Center state responsibilities ==
Under the NFSA, the central government is responsible for financing the subsidy necessary for meeting the state-wise NFSA coverage targets. The central and state governments share the responsibility of regulating the PDS. While the central government is responsible for procurement, storage, transportation, and bulk allocation of food grains, state governments hold the responsibility for distributing the same to the consumers through the established network of fair price shops (FPSs). State governments are also responsible for operational responsibilities of the NFSA including identification of eligible families in compliance with NFSA coverage targets, issue of ration cards, and monitoring of the distribution system.

In addition, as mentioned above, some states run an 'expanded' PDS by increasing coverage beyond NFSA mandates and/or reducing the price at grains and/or providing additional food commodities like pulses and edible oil. Indeed, besides 10 major states (and excluding north-eastern states), all other states run an expanded PDS of some form.<ref name=":8" /> Of these, most notably Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal have expanded coverage and provide NFSA equivalent entitlements or more to these added beneficiaries (the rest have expanded coverage but provide lesser entitlements against NFSA). Among these, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Odisha and West Bengal finance their expanded PDS entirely out of state funds while the others receive some financial assistance from the central government in the form of 'tide-over' grains.<ref name=":8" />

== Evidence on effectiveness of PDS ==

=== Poverty reduction ===
One way to think of the PDS is to think of it as an income transfer programme, with the value of the transfer being equal to the difference between open-market price and PDS price of foodgrains multiplied by the quantity of foodgrains received. Let <math>P_{OM}</math> denote the open-market price of grains, <math>P_{PDS}</math> the PDS price of grains, and <math>Q_{PDS}</math> the total quantity purchased from the PDS. The value of the PDS transfer is given by <math>(P_{OM} - P_{PDS}) * Q_{PDS}</math>. Based on this framework, the PDS seems to have had an important effect on poverty-reduction. For instance, in 2009–10, the poverty gap ratio would have been 18%-22% higher in the absence of the PDS, with even larger gains to the tune of 40%-80% in states like Tamil Nadu and Chhattisgarh that had a well-functioning PDS.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Drèze |first1=Jean |last2=Khera |first2=Reetika |date=2013 |title=Rural Poverty and the Public Distribution System |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=48 |issue=45–46 |pages=55–60}}</ref> If the imputed value of mid-day meals were also taken into account, the effect of PDS on poverty reduction was even stronger.<ref name=":4" /> These large national-level effects were seen despite the fact that the PDS still performed rather poorly in some states at this time.

=== Nutritional outcomes ===
Some of the earlier studies which analyzed the PDS during the 1990s and early 2000s found no effect of the PDS on nutritional outcomes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balasubramanian |first=Sujata |date=2015 |title=Is the PDS already a cash transfer? Rethinking India's food subsidy policies. |journal=Journal of Development Studies |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=642–659|doi=10.1080/00220388.2014.997221 |s2cid=154562520 |url=https://iems.ust.hk/publications/iems-working-papers/sujata-balasubramanian-pds-cash-transfer-india-food-subsidy-policies }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kaushal |first1=N. |last2=Muchomba |first2=F. |date=2015 |title=How Consumer Price Subsidies Affect Nutrition |journal=World Development |volume=74 |pages=25–42|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.04.006 |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w19404.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kochar |first=A. |date=2005 |title=Can Targeted Food Programs Improve Nutrition? An Empirical Analysis of India's Public Distribution System. |journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=203–235|doi=10.1086/431260 |s2cid=154915771 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tarozzi |first=A. |date=2005 |title=The Indian Public Distribution System as provider of food security: Evidence from child nutrition in Andhra Pradesh. |journal=European Economic Review |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=1305–1330|doi=10.1016/j.euroecorev.2003.08.015 }}</ref> In contrast, recent studies, focussing on the PDS in the more recent period, do find some positive effects. Studying the expansion of the PDS in Chhattisgarh, one study found that households increased consumption of protein and other nutrients relative to households in bordering districts of neighbouring states.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Krishnamurthy |first1=P. |last2=Pathania |first2=V. |last3=Tandon |first3=S. |date=2017 |title=Food Price Subsidies and Nutrition: Evidence from State Reforms to India's Public Distribution System |journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=55–90|doi=10.1086/694033 |s2cid=16659098 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/23429849 }}</ref> Another study found moderate increases in households nutrient intake and diet quality resulting from the universalization of the PDS in the 8 districts in the Kalahandi-Bolangir-Koraput (KBK) region in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=A. |date=2016 |title=Universal food security programme and nutritional intake: Evidence from the hunger prone KBK districts in Odisha |journal=Food Policy |volume=63 |pages=73–86|doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.07.003 |pmid=27610001 |pmc=5009630 }}</ref> At the All-India level, one study finds that increases in the value of PDS transfers resulting from random price shocks at the district-level leads to significant increase in caloric intake of not just cereals (distributed via the PDS) but also other food groups not catered to via the PDS as well.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaul |first=T. |date=2018 |title=Household Responses to Food Subsidies: Evidence from India. |journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=95–129|doi=10.1086/697553 |s2cid=42013626 }}</ref> This suggests possible 'crowd-in' effects of the PDS on nutrition. So far, only one study analyzes the effect of the roll-out of NFSA on nutritional outcomes - it finds that increase in PDS subsidy increases dietary diversity and caloric intake and also find evidence for crowd-in of non-staple food groups.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shrinivas |first1=A. |last2=Baylis |first2=K. |last3=Crost |first3=B. |date=2023 |title=Food Transfers and Child Nutrition :Evidence from India's Public Distribution System |url=https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/yehrg3ktlykey83si4368/PDSNutrition_SBC.pdf?rlkey=29pg2wta8mqk17xjk6lvps2fd&e=1&dl=0 |journal=Working Paper}}</ref> Additionally, it finds that increase in PDS transfers led to higher wages and significant reduction of child stunting.

== PDS vs. cash transfers ==
An issue that has often dominated debates surrounding the PDS is the issue of whether the PDS, which involves distribution of in-kind food grains, is an efficient method welfare delivery. At least since the 1990s, there have been repeated calls to replace the PDS with a cash transfer.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Abhijit |date=2016 |title=Universal basic income: The best way to welfare |url=http://www.ideasforindia.in/topics/poverty-inequality/universal-basic-income-the-best-way-to-welfare.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Ideas For India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=George |first1=Siddharth |last2=Subramanian |first2=Arvind |date=2015-07-22 |title=Opinion {{!}} Transforming the Fight Against Poverty in India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/23/opinion/transforming-the-fight-against-poverty-in-india.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kapur |first1=D. |last2=Mukhopadhyay |first2=P. |last3=Subramanian |first3=A. |date=2009 |title=The Case for Direct Cash Transfers to the Poor |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=43 |issue=15 |pages=37–41}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Saini |first1=S |last2=Gulati |first2=A. |date=2017 |title=Price Distortions in Indian Agriculture. |url=https://icrier.org/pdf/Price_Distortions_in_Indian_Agriculture_2017.pdf |journal=Working Paper}}</ref> These were at least partly motivated by the high-levels of leakages observed from the PDS.

The calls for a switch from in-kind PDS to cash transfers are based on the following key arguments (among others). First, as opposed to the current PDS system which involves running the extensive procurement, storage, and distribution system, cash transfers are viewed as a more efficient way of transferring a given value of transfer with lower transaction costs. The reduced middle-men in the process make cash transfers seem less prone to corruption. Second, cash transfers render greater choice to the beneficiaries by allowing them to choose whether they want to spend the extra income on food or some other commodity. Third, the reliance of the PDS on public procurement of grains necessitates government involvement in the agricultural markets which is frowned upon by many.

Despite these potential benefits, others have opposed the move to a cash transfer in lieu of the PDS on various grounds. Most importantly, it is unclear if the banking sector, especially in rural areas, is ready to seamlessly replace the PDS. In the union territories of Puducherry, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, the government replaced PDS with cash transfers in September 2015. A full year into the programme, roughly 20% of beneficiaries did not receive their benefits and for a majority of beneficiaries the costs (in terms of time and money) involved in going to the bank and accessing cash was higher that accessing PDS grains.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Muralidharan |first1=K. |last2=Niehuas |first2=P. |last3=Sukhtankar |first3=S. |date=2017 |title=Direct Benefit Transfers in Food: Results from One Year of Process Monitoring in Union Territories |url=https://econweb.ucsd.edu/~kamuralidharan/papers/Other%20Writing/20170905_UT_DBT_Report.pdf |journal=Monitoring Report}}</ref> Similarly, in 2018 the government piloted the 'DBT for Rations' (DBT = Direct Benefit Transfer) scheme in Nagri block of Jharkhand. A study of the pilot found that on an average, households only received two of the four instalments due to them since the start of pilot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Jahnavi |date=2018 |title=Why People Are Protesting Against Jharkhand's Experiment With Direct Benefit Transfers |url=https://thewire.in/rights/jharkhand-nagri-ration-pds-direct-benefit-transfer |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=The Wire}}</ref> Further, on an average, households said that the whole process of withdrawing money and purchasing their monthly entitlement of grains took 12 hours on an average. These results were qualitatively confirmed by another study of the pilot.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Giri |first1=A |last2=Rautela |first2=R. |last3=Singh |first3=V.P. |last4=Sampath |first4=S. |date=August 2019 |title=Experimenting with cash transfers in food subsidies – Lessons from the pilot in Nagri |url=https://www.microsave.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/191018_Nagri-case-study_Final.pdf |journal=Microsave Consulting Report}}</ref> The public opposition to this reform was so strong that the government was forced to roll it back shortly after.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukesh |first=ASRP |date=2018 |title=State stops DBT in Nagri |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/state-stops-dbt-in-nagri/cid/1216790 |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The experience of these pilot experiments suggest that there could be high transition costs associated with switching from a well-established PDS to a system of cash transfers. Further, evidence from cash transfers in NREGA suggest that, even with well established systems in place, the time and costs involved in accessing cash transfers can be very high in rural areas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Narayanan |first1=R |last2=Dhorajiwala |first2=S. |last3=Kambhatla |first3=S. |date=2020 |title=Length of the Last Mile: Delays and Hurdles in NREGA Wage Payments. |url=https://libtech.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/LastMile_ReportLayout_vfinal.pdf |journal=Azim Premji University and LibTech India Report}}</ref>

Using a novel dataset collected from over 1200 households across nine states in 2011, one study reports that on aggregate about two-thirds of beneficiaries preferred the PDS over cash transfers.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Khera |first=Reetika |date=2014 |title=Cash vs. in-kind transfers: Indian data meets theory |url=https://web.iitd.ac.in/~reetika/WP325cash.pdf |journal=Food Policy |volume=46 |pages=116–128|doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.03.009 }}</ref> Further, the proportion preferring the PDS was higher in states where the PDS worked well (measured in-terms of leakages). A major explanation that households gave was that they felt more food secure with PDS grains as opposed to cash transfers. This is borne out by other by another study - using data from successive rounds of NSS consumption surveys, the authors argue that in-kind transfers via the PDS maybe superior to cash transfers by shielding households against price shocks and inflation and thereby weakening the relationship between prices and caloric intake.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gadenne |first1=L. |last2=Norris |first2=S. |last3=Singhal |first3=M. |last4=Sukhtankar |first4=S. |date=2017 |title=Price risk and poverty? |url=http://www.ideasforindia.in/topics/poverty-inequality/price-risk-and-poverty.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Ideas For India |language=en}}</ref> Another factor for preferring PDS over cash was the poor development of rural markets – for an average rural household, the nearest PDS outlet was located about 1 to 2 km closer than the closest grain market.<ref name=":10" /> Moreover, as of 2011, there were about half a million PDS shops covering about 75% villages, compared to only 8% of villages with a bank branch and 25% of villages with a post-office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=S |date=2015 |title=Ten Facts That Set the Record Straight on Cash Transfers |url=https://thewire.in/economy/the-food-or-cash-debates-fallacy-of-composition |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

== Aadhaar-based biometric authentication ==
Starting around 2015–16, Aadhaar-based biometric authentication (ABBA) was made mandatory for accessing PDS rations in various states, ostensibly with the aim of reducing leakages and corruption in the PDS. This means that in order to collect their monthly grain entitlements, ration card holders must now present their fingerprints to authenticate their identity. The claim was that integrating Aadhaar would help in identifying ghosts, fakes, and duplicate beneficiaries in the PDS lists, enforce stricter identity verification, improve supply-chain management and reduce corruption in the system.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Unique Identification Authority of India |date=2016 |title=Envisioning a role for Aadhaar in the Public Distribution System |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/cash-transfer-Circulated_Aadhaar_PDS_Note.pdf |journal=Report |location=New Delhi |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India}}</ref> These claims have been questioned and observed have argued that they over-sell the ''potential'' benefits of Aadhaar in PDS.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Khera |first=Reetika |date=2017 |title=Impact of Aadhaar on Welfare Programmes |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=52 |issue=50 |pages=61–70}}</ref> Even in-principle, Aadhaar can only help with certain types of leakages and not others - it can help with identifying fakes and ghosts (''identity'' fraud) but is of no help is stopping leakages that come from PDS dealers giving beneficiaries less than their entitlements (''quantity'' fraud). Moreover, there are no reliable estimates of the size of identity and quantity fraud in recent years at the All-India level.

Whatever evidence is available suggests that fake and ghost ration cards are a very small problem. A large-scale survey conducted as part of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in Jharkhand by researchers at [[Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab|J-PAL]] found that at most 3% of total ration cards in the state were fake or ghosts.<ref name=":11" /> Similarly, in the state of Odisha, the role of Aadhaar in identifying ghosts and fakes was found to very small - only 4% of ration cards deleted were on account of Aadhaar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohanty |first=Meera |date=2017-11-14 |title=Aadhaar seeding responsible for only 4% of the cancelled ration cards in Odisha |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/aadhaar-seeding-responsible-for-only-4-of-the-cancelled-ration-cards-in-odisha/articleshow/61645590.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-13 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Another 6-state survey conducted in 2016 reports few fakes or ghosts in the PDS lists of the surveyed states.<ref name=":5" /> This stands in contrast to the governments claim in September 2016 that it had deleted 2.33 crore ration cards thanks to Aadhaar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-17 |title=Aadhaar effect: Govt weeds out 2.33 cr bogus ration cards, saves Rs 10,000 crore |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy-aadhaar-effect-govt-weeds-out-2-33-cr-bogus-ration-cards-saves-rs-10000-crore-380498/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> This widely circulated figure was subsequently shown to be misleading since most of these deletions had happened ''before'' Aadhaar was even introduced for various reasons like death, migration, ineligibility, and marriage in which Aadhaar had no role to play.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatnagar |first=Gaurav Vivek |date=2017 |title=Did Modi Mislead Parliament on the Number of Fake Ration Cards that Aadhaar Had Exposed? |url=https://thewire.in/government/narendra-modi-bogus-ration-card-aadhaar |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

On the issue of quantity fraud (dealers taking cuts from households), two independent studies from the state of Jharkhand, including a RCT, found that per-se mandating ABBA in the PDS led to no effect on corruption.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":11" /> It is possible that the detailed transaction records that ABBA generates could help plug some leakages by improving verification of past records and supply chain management. One of these studies argues that a subsequent 'reconciliation' reform (after ABBA was enforced for some months) in Jharkhand where the government tracked the quantities of grains sold in previous months before making new disbursements led to reduction in leakages from the government's point of view.<ref name=":11" /> However, this interpretation has been questioned since the reduced leakages were short-lived, came at the cost of large-scale exclusion and a severe reduction in the quantity of grains disbursed to beneficiaries, and the reform had to be called-off within 3 months due to large-scale opposition.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Drèze |first1=Jean |last2=Khera |first2=Reetika |last3=Somanchi |first3=Anmol |date=2020 |title=Balancing corruption and exclusion: A rejoinder |url=http://www.ideasforindia.in/topics/poverty-inequality/balancing-corruption-and-exclusion-a-rejoinder.html |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Ideas For India |language=en}}</ref>

While the evidence of Aadhaar helping with corruption is limited, there is credible evidence that enforcing ABBA in the PDS led to exclusion of genuine beneficiaries and increased transaction costs involved in accessing PDS grains. This was reported by both the studies from Jharkhand mentioned above.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":11" /> Another study found that about 2.5 million beneficiaries in Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh were denied their food rations due to ABBA.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abraham |first1=R. |last2=Bennett |first2=E. S. |last3=Bhusal |first3=R. |last4=Dubey |first4=S. |last5=Li |first5=Q. |last6=Pattanayak |first6=A. |last7=Shah |first7=N. B. |date=2018 |title=State of Aadhaar Report 2017-18 |url=https://www.idinsight.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/StateofAadhaarReport_2017-18.pdf |journal=IDinsight & Omidyar Network Report}}</ref> The reason for these exclusions is because ABBA rests on a fragile technological infrastructure that needs to work simultaneously in order to for authentication to work: Aadhaar 'seeding' (i.e. linking Aadhaar number with PDS ration card), point of sale (Pos) machine, internet connectivity, remote Aadhaar servers, and biometric authentication. Failure at any of these steps, for technical reasons or otherwise, leads to unsuccessful authentication.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Drèze |first=Jean |date=2016-09-09 |title=Aadhaar-based biometric authentication—Dark clouds over the PDS |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Dark-clouds-over-the-PDS/article14631030.ece |access-date=2024-02-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In fact, official data from the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) itself suggested that in early 2018 about 12% of authentication requests for government services failed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sachdev |first=Vakasha |date=2018-03-27 |title=Aadhaar Authentication for Govt Services Fails 12% of Time: UIDAI |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/uidai-ceo-admits-aadhaar-authentication-failure-rate-12 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

== Food surplus states==

Food surplus states are the provider of India's [[food security]]. Most states in [[India]] do not produce the surplus food and they are the net consumer of the food. There is a very small number of states that produce the surplus food which provides the food security to all of India. [[Jat people|Jat]]-farmers dominated [[Haryana]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] are the biggest provider of [[food security]] to India. [[History of Haryana#Food|Haryana and Punjab]] are the net surplus producer of the food, while most of the states in India are net consumer of the food.

As of 2023, 70-90% of wheat & 28-44% of rice of India's total national food Public Distribution System (PDS) is provided by Haryana and Punjab, which is then redistributed to other net negative producer states which produce less than what they consume. Both small states are massive provider to the food security of India.<ref name=agrijh1>[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/how-punjab-and-haryana-may-de-risk-indian-economy-in-bad-monsoon-season-8685949/ How Punjab and Haryana may de-risk Indian economy], 27 June 2023.</ref>

== Fair price shop (FPS)==
{{anchor| FPS }}
{{see also| BIMARU states }}

A public distribution shop, also known as fair price shop (FPS), is a part of India's public system established by the [[Government of India]] which distributes rations at a subsidised price to the poor.<ref>{{cite web |title= Public Distribution System |url= http://www.fcamin.nic.in/dfpd/EventListing.asp?Section=PDS&id_pk=1&ParentID=0 |publisher= [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (India)]] |access-date= 27 February 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101217002612/http://fcamin.nic.in/dfpd/EventListing.asp?Section=PDS&id_pk=1&ParentID=0 |archive-date= 17 December 2010 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Locally these are known as [[ration]] shops and public distribution shops, and chiefly sell wheat, rice and sugar at a price lower than the market price called Issue Price. Other essential commodities may also be sold. To buy items one must have a ration card. These shops are operated throughout the country by joint assistance of central and state government. The items from these shops are much cheaper but are of average quality. Ration shops are now present in most localities, villages towns and cities. India has more than 5.5 lakh (0.55 million) shops, constituting the largest distribution network in the world (According to 2011 census).{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

== Shortcomings ==
{{Weasel|date=June 2022}}
The public distribution system of India is not without its defects. With a coverage of around 40 million below-poverty-line families,{{When|date=June 2022}} a review discovered the following structural shortcomings and disturbances:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180119001857/http://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v2/11v2_ch4.pdf Planning Commission 11th FYP document: Nutrition and Social Safety Net, on PDS and Defects and shortcomings] (archived at the [[Wayback Machine]])</ref>
# Growing instances of the consumers receiving inferior quality food grains in ration shops.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=33645|title=Press Information Bureau|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref>
# Rogue dealers swap good supplies received from the [[Food Corporation of India]] (FCI) with inferior stock and sell the good quality FCI stock to private shopkeepers.
# Illicit fair price shop owners have been found to create large number of bogus cards to sell food grains in the open market.
# Many FPS dealers resort to [[malpractice]], illegal diversions of commodities, holding and black marketing due to the minimum salary received by them.<ref>[http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/9th/vol2/v2c2-3.htm Planning Commission 9th FYP on FPS and malpractices]</ref>
# Numerous malpractices make safe and nutritious food inaccessible and un-affordable to many poor thus resulting in their food insecurity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://talkative-shambhu.blogspot.in/2011/09/public-distribution-system-evidence.html|title=Public Distribution System: Evidence from Secondary Data and the Field*|website=talkative-shambhu.blogspot.in|date=September 2011}}</ref>
# Identification of households to be denoted status and distribution to granted PDS services has been highly irregular and diverse in various states. The recent development of Aadhar UIDAI cards has taken up the challenge of solving the problem of identification and distribution of PDs services along with Direct Cash Transfers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Excluded from Public Distribution System: Enrolment issues in the last mile |url=https://www.dvara.com/research/blog/2020/12/22/excluded-from-public-distribution-system-enrolment-issues-in-the-last-mile/}}</ref>
# Regional allocation and coverage of FPS are unsatisfactory and the core objective of price stabilization of essential commodities has not met.
# There is no set criteria as to which families are above or below the poverty line. This ambiguity gives massive scope for corruption and fallouts in PDS systems because some who are meant to benefit are not able to.

Several schemes have augmented the number of people aided by PDS.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://epw.in/journal/2019/6/special-articles/casting-net.html | title=Casting the Net | date=8 February 2019 | volume=54 | issue=6 }}</ref> Poor supervision of FPS and lack of [[accountability]] meant that [[Reseller|middlemen]] were able to siphon off a good proportion of the stock meant for the poor. Since the early 2000s, one state after another has been able to reform its PDS.<ref name="epw.in"/>

There used to be lack of clarity as to which families should be included in the below the poverty line list. This resulted in the genuinely poor being excluded whilst the ineligible get several cards. After the implementation of the NFSA, the situation has improved to some extent.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://epw.in/journal/2015/34/special-articles/food-security.html | title=Food Security | date=19 August 2015 | volume=50 | issue=34 }}</ref> As a result of these improvements, it is estimated that in 2009–10, the PDS reduced the poverty gap index by 18-22% at the all India level.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://epw.in/journal/2013/45-46/special-articles/rural-poverty-and-public-distribution-system.html | title=Rural Poverty and the Public Distribution System | date=8 November 2013 | volume=48 | issue=45–46 }}</ref>

The stock assigned to a single family cannot be bought in installments. This used to be a barrier to the efficient functioning and overall success of PDS in India before PDS prices were reduced as a result of the implementation of the [[National Food Security Act, 2013]].

Many poor families are not able to acquire [[ration card]]s either because they are seasonal [[migrant worker]]s or because they live in unauthorized colonies. Lack of clarity in the planning and structuring of social safety and security programs in India has resulted in the creation of numerous cards for the poor. Limited information about the overall use of cards has discouraged families below the poverty line from registering for new cards and increased illegal creation of cards by such families to ensure maximum benefit for the family members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/301915/government-fix-over-illegal-ration.html|title=Government in a fix over illegal ration cards|date=30 December 2012|website=deccanherald.com}}</ref>

== Suggestions ==
To improve the current system of the PDS, the following suggestions are{{When|date=June 2022}} furnished{{By whom|date=June 2022}}:
# Vigilance squad should be strengthened to detect corruption, which is an added expenditure for taxpayers.
# Personnel-in-charge of the department should be chosen locally.
# Margin of profit should be increased for honest business, in which case the market system is more apt anyway.
# F.C.I. and other prominent agencies should provide quality food grains for distribution, which is a tall order for an agency that has no real incentive to do so.
# Frequent checks and raids should be conducted to eliminate bogus and duplicate cards, which is again an added expenditure and not foolproof.
# The Civil Supplies Corporation should open more fair price shops in rural areas.
# The fair price dealers seldom display rate chart and quantity available in the block-boards in front of the shop. This should be enforced.
# Some social activists have suggested that pulse is an importance source of protein so besides rice / wheat pulses like arhar (toor) should also be included in PDS system

In aggregate, only about 42% of subsidised grains issued by the central pool reach the target group, according to a Planning Commission study released in March 2008.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Public Distribution System in India|journal=Teaching Public Administration|volume=20|issue=2|pages=27–33|url=https://iimahd.academia.edu/ArnabSaha/Papers/349179/Public_Distribution_System_in_India|publisher=Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|access-date=5 October 2011|last1=Chakraborty|first1=M.|year=2000|doi=10.1177/014473940002000203|s2cid=147632533}}</ref>

But the [[United Progressive Alliance]], which came to power in 2004, decided on a common minimum programme (CMP) and on the agenda was food and nutrition security. Under that the government had plans to strengthen the food security program DS.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Common Minimum Programme of the Government of India|url=http://pmindia.nic.in/cmp.pdf|access-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418073521/http://pmindia.nic.in/cmp.pdf|archive-date=18 April 2013}}</ref>

However, finance minister [[Arun Jaitley]] in his budget speech went contrary to the idea proposed in the CMP and proposed the idea of the food stamp scheme.<ref>{{cite news |title=Targeted food stamps|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/03/stories/2004080300331000.htm|first=Madhura|last=Swaminathan|date=3 August 2004|newspaper=The Hindu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040817114555/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/03/stories/2004080300331000.htm|archive-date=17 August 2004}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2022}} He has proposed to try the scheme in few districts of India to see its viability.<ref name="Food Stamps: A Model for India">{{cite web |title=Food Stamps: A Model for India |url=http://ccsindia.org/ccsindia/images/policy%20review-FoodStamps.pdf |publisher=Centre for Civil Society |access-date=27 September 2011 |archive-date=9 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009085403/http://www.ccsindia.org/ccsindia/images/policy%20review-FoodStamps.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Allow alternatives to PDS, say experts |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/allow-alternatives-to-pds-say-experts/797955|access-date=27 September 2011|newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref>

In a 2014 judgment, [[Delhi High Court]] has ruled that fair price shops cannot be allotted to a [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] card holder.<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi HC says Fair price shop can't be allotted to BPL card holders|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/delhi-hc-says-fair-price-shop-cant-be-allotted-to-bpl-card-holders/|work=IANS |publisher=news.biharprabha.com |access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref>

==Corruption and reforms==
The [[Aaj Tak]] news channel on 14 October 2013 performed a sting operation on PDS<ref>{{cite web|title=Operation Black by AAJ TAK News Channel |date=14 October 2013 |url=http://aajtak.intoday.in/video/unfairmeans-in-pds-aaj-tak-exposes-in-his-sting-opreation-black-1-744536.html|publisher=AAJ TAK|access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> named Operation Black. It showed how the distribution reaches mills instead of fair price shops.{{clarify|date=January 2019}}

[[NDTV]] produced a show which documented how the [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]'s food department managed to fix its broken system so that the diversion of grain came down from about 50% in 2004–05 to about 10% in 2009–10.<ref>{{cite AV media|title=Truth vs Hype: The Hunger Project|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/truth-vs-hype/truth-vs-hype-the-hunger-project/277857|date=1 June 2013|website=NDTV}}</ref>

Research on the PDS suggests (as these two programmes show) that the situation varies quite a lot across the country.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23528609 | jstor=23528609 | last1=Drèze | first1=Jean | last2=Khera | first2=Reetika | title=Rural Poverty and the Public Distribution System | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | date=7 December 2023 | volume=48 | issue=45/46 | pages=55–60 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Vol. 49, No. 8, FEBRUARY 22, 2014 of Economic and Political Weekly on JSTOR | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/i24477758 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815100914/https://www.jstor.org/stable/i24477758 | access-date=2025-04-07 | archive-date=2020-08-15}}</ref>

Before the enactment of the [[National Food Security Act, 2013]], the main source of leakages from the PDS was the opaque APL<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24481393 | jstor=24481393 | title=Understanding Leakages in the Public Distribution System | last1=Drèze | first1=Jean | last2=Khera | first2=Reetika | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | date=7 December 2023 | volume=50 | issue=7 | pages=39–42 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Amar Dukan]]
* [[Direct Benefit Transfer]]
* [[Subsidies in India]]
* [[Malnutrition in India]]
* [[National Food Security Act, 2013]]
* [[Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana]]
* [[Ration card (India)]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101216215050/http://fcamin.nic.in/dfpd_html/index.asp PDS - Department of Food and Public Distribution, Official website] at ''[[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (India)|Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110304140751/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume2/v2_ch3_4.pdf Public Distribution System (PDS), in 10th Plan] at ''[[Planning Commission of India]]''
* [http://www.righttofoodindia.org/pds/pds_intro.html Public Distribution System: Introduction] at ''Right to Food Campaign''
* [http://www.delhifoodbanking.org Food Banking India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928160204/https://delhifoodbanking.org/ |date=28 September 2019 }} at ''Delhi FoodBanking Network''
* [http://aajtak.intoday.in/video/unfairmeans-in-pds-aaj-tak-exposes-in-his-sting-opreation-black-1-744536.html] at ''Operation Black by Aaj Tak''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120515124150/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/wrkpapers/wp_pds.pdf ''Excess Food Stocks, PDS and Procurement Policy Working Paper No. 5/2002-PC'', by Arvind Virmani and P.V. Rajeev, Planning Commission, Government of India, December 2001]
* [https://merarationcard.com/] at "EPDS Bihar"
{{Social issues in India}}

[[Category:Poverty in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]
[[Category:Welfare in India]]
[[Category:Food politics]]
[[Category:Food security]]
[[Category:Civil Supplies]]
[[Category:Food and drink in India]]
[[Category:Rationing by country]]

Sher Singh

2026-03-29T17:18:01Z

Surendra:

{{Short description|Maharaja of the Sikh Empire from 1841 to 1843}}
{{for|other people with the same two names|Sher Singh (disambiguation)}}{{Refimprove|date=June 2011}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sher Singh
| title = Maharaja of Punjab Maharaja of Lahore [[Sarkar (surname)|Sarkar]]-i-[[Wallah]]<ref name="Suri. 1961">{{Cite book|last=Suri.|first=Sohan Lal|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/163394684|title=Umdat-ut-tawarikh ['Umdat at-tawārīh, engl.] An outstanding original source of Panjab history by Lala Sohan Lal Suri.|date=1961|oclc=163394684}}</ref> Sarkar [[Khalsa]][[-ji|ji]]<ref name="Suri. 1961">{{Cite book|last=Suri.|first=Sohan Lal|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/163394684|title=Umdat-ut-tawarikh ['Umdat at-tawārīh, engl.] An outstanding original source of Panjab history by Lala Sohan Lal Suri.|date=1961|oclc=163394684}}</ref>
| image = File:Painting of Maharaja Sher Singh wearing the Koh-i-Noor diamond, by August Schoefft, ca.1841–42.jpg
| caption = Painting of Maharaja Sher Singh wearing the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond (on his right bicep), by August Schoefft, {{circa|1841–42}}
| succession = [[Sikh Empire|Maharaja of Punjab, Kashmir and Jammu]]
| reign = 18 January 1841 – 15 September 1843
| coronation = {{unbulleted list|27 January 1841|[[Lahore Fort]], [[Lahore]]}}
| cor-type = Coronation
| predecessor = [[Nau Nihal Singh]] {{small|(as monarch until 1840)}} [[Chand Kaur]] {{small|(as regent in 1840–1841)}}
| successor = [[Duleep Singh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1807|12|4|df=yes}}
| birth_place = {{unbulleted list|[[Batala]], [[Sikh Empire]]|(present-day [[Gurdaspur district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India)}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1843|09|15|1807|12|4|df=y}}
| death_place = {{unbulleted list|Shah Bilaal gardens, [[Lahore]], [[Sikh Empire]]|(present-day Kot Khawaja Saeed, Lahore, [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Prem Kaur|Prem Kaur Waraich]]|1822}}
| spouse-type = Consort
| issue = By ''[[Prem Kaur|Maharani Prem Kaur]]:'' * [[Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)|Yuvraj Pratap Singh Bahadur]] By ''Maharani Pratap Kaur:'' * Kanwar Deva Singh Bahadur By '' Maharani Dakno Kaur:'' * [[Shahdeo Singh|Shahdeo Singh Bahadur]]
| house = [[Sukerchakia]]
| father = [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab]]
| mother = [[Mehtab Kaur|Mehtab Kaur Kanhaiyā]]
| signature = Maharaja Sher Singh seal or stamp.jpg
| signature_type = Seal or stamp of approval
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| image_size =
| reg-type1 = Prime minister
| regent1 = Dhian Singh Dogra
}}

'''Sher Singh''' (4 December 1807 – 15 September 1843) was the fourth [[Maharaja]] of the [[Sikh Empire]]. He was elder of the twins of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], founder of the Sikh Empire and [[Mehtab Kaur|Maharani Mehtab Kaur]]. His reign began on 18 January 1841 following his assault on [[Lahore]] which ended the brief regency of [[Chand Kaur|Maharani Chand Kaur]].<ref name="auto1">[[Syad Muhammad Latif]], Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities: With an Account of Its Modern Institutions, Inhabitants, Their Trade, Customs, Printed at the New Imperial Press, 1892</ref> He was assassinated on 15 September 1843 by [[Ajit Singh Sandhawalia]], a relative.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Lot 284: A large portrait of Maharajah Sher Singh, viewed in profile, Punjab, circa 1860-70 |url=https://www.bonhams.com/auction/30703/lot/284/a-large-portrait-of-maharajah-sher-singh-viewed-in-profile-punjab-circa-1860-70/ |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=Bonhams}}</ref> His short reign only lasted for two years.<ref name=":0" /> An experienced military-man, Sher Singh had the backing of the Sikh Army.<ref name=":0" />

==Birth==
Sher Singh was the son of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] and Maharani [[Mehtab Kaur]], he had a younger twin brother [[Tara Singh (Sikh prince)|Tara Singh]] (1807–1859).{{Efn|Mehtab Kaur, who was also known as Mahitab Kaur, is not to be confused with Maharani Mahtab Devi Sahiba, another wife, who committed sati in 1839 with Ranjit Singh's body lying with his head on her lap.|name=|group=}} He was the second son of Ranjit Singh.<ref name=":0" />

==Early life==
In 1820, Maharaja Ranjit Singh granted him the privilege of being seated in the Darbar and bestowed civil and military honors on him. From 1831 to 1834 he acted as Governor of Kashmir and in 1834 he was a commander of the force that captured [[Peshawar]] from the Afghans.<ref name=Hasrat/> During his governorship, [[Sher Singh's famine|a famine broke out in 1831]] which caused the population to drop from 800,000 to 200,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lawrence|first=Sir Walter Roper|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Valley_of_Kashmir/lSqNjsqIllEC?hl=en&gbpv=0|title=The Valley of Kashmir|date=1895|publisher=Frowde|pages=213|language=en}}</ref>

==Military campaigns==
[[Barelvi]] declared ''[[jihad]]'' against the [[Sikhs]] and established a camp in Balakot. Along with [[Shah Ismail Dehlvi]] and his tribesmen, in 1831, Sher Singh accompanied by Pratab Singh Attarwala and Akali Hanuman Singh arrived in Balakot. He invested Balakot on all sides. The Sikh slowly advanced narrowing the besieged area gradually. On reaching near the Sayyid residence, the Sikh drew out their swords, cut down the sayyid troops and shot down Sayyid Ahmed Khan. His head cut off for display, and about 500 followers of Sayyid were killed including [[Shah Ismail Dehlvi]]. The entire property of Sayyid fell into the hands of Sikhs. A sum of Rs. 50,000 along with a letter of appreciation was sent to Sher Singh promising an additional Jagir.<ref>{{cite book|author=Patwant Singh|title=Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr4VAQAAIAAJ |year=2008|publisher=Peter Owen|isbn=978-0-7206-1323-0|pages=73–76}}</ref>

==Reign==
[[File:Maharaja Sher Singh seated, attended by his Council in the Lahore Fort, by August Schoefft, ca.1841–55.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Maharaja Sher Singh seated, attended by his Council in the Tambi-khana room of the Shish Mahal section of the Lahore Fort, by August Schoefft, ca.1841–55.]]
Sher Singh became the maharaja on 27 January 1841,<ref name=Hasrat>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |title=Sher Singh, Maharaja |last1=Hasrat |first1=B.J. |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism, Editor-in-Chief Harbans Singh |publisher=Punjab University Patiala}}</ref> after the sudden death of [[Nau Nihal Singh]] whose death was set in motion, some say purposely while returning from his father's cremation. He was the half-brother of [[Nau Nihal Singh]]'s father, former Maharaja [[Kharak Singh]].

Proclaimed Maharaja by his [[vizier|wazir]] (prime minister) [[Dhian Singh]] [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]], he won the throne after a protracted siege of the [[Lahore Fort]] which was held by the royal family. Thousands died in the siege.

Sher Singh had pro-British views, a continuation of his father's amicable ties to the British.<ref name=":0" /> An example of Sher Singh's pro-British sympathies is him allowing the British army to [[1842 retreat from Kabul|retreat from Afghanistan via Punjab in 1842]].<ref name=":0" /> This is despite many of his officials wishing to raid the fatigued British during their Afghan retreat for spoils.<ref name=":0" />

Sher Singh was a patron of the arts, with one of his court painters being [[Kehar Singh (artist)|Kehar Singh]].<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal |last=Khalid |first=Kanwal |date=July–December 2015 |title=Miniature Painters as Historiographers |url=https://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/HistoryPStudies/PDF-FILES/9-Kanwal_V28_no2.pdf |journal=Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=124–132}}</ref> The painter [[August Schoefft]] arrived in the Punjab and worked during his reign.<ref name=":62" /> Sher Singh was also a fan of wrestling and often would take wrestlers outside the walled city of Lahore to the tomb of Qasim Khan.<ref name=":62" /> One of these wrestlers were Sultan Muhammad, who later became a contractor under the British colonial administration.<ref name=":62" />

==Death==
[[File:Depiction of the assassination of Maharaja Sher Singh by the Sandhawalia Sardars.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the assassination of Maharaja Sher Singh by the [[Sandhawalia]] Sardars]]
Sher Singh was killed in September 1843 as he was asked to inspect a new shotgun brought by Ajit Singh Sandhawalia. Sandhawalia then pulled the trigger and then killed the wounded Sher Singh with his sword by cutting off his head.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khalid |first=Haroon |date=2016-05-13 |title=In Lahore, overflowing garbage marks the spot where the final blow was dealt to the Sikh Empire |url=http://scroll.in/article/808042/in-lahore-overflowing-garbage-marks-the-spot-where-the-final-blow-was-dealt-to-the-sikh-empire |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ajit Singh Sandhawalia had served as Prime Minister first for Ranjit Singh then for Sher Singh's brother Kharak Singh then Kharak Singh's son Nau Nihal each of whom had died shortly after taking office. Ajit Singh Sandhawalia then served as Prime Minister for Kharak Singh's widow Chand Kaur, who served as regent. Ajit Singh Sandhawalia preferred having Chand Kaur as regent ruler as it allowed him more power. Chand Kaur had been removed as the expected heir her late son Nau Nihal's daughter- in-law was about to deliver died stillborn. Sher Singh only had time to utter, "what treachery." The Sandhawalias also murdered Dhian Singh. The Sandhawalias were thought to have also had designs on the empire.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

== Family ==

=== Wives ===
According to Priya Atwal, the known wives of Sher Singh are:<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Atwal |first=Priya |title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780197548318 |pages=216–223 |chapter=Appendices: Queens of the Sikh Empire - Appendix II. List of All Known Queens of the Empire}}</ref>

* Prem Kaur, daughter of Hari Singh, a Jatt zamindar of Mouza Luddhewala in Gujranwala, married 1822, given a pension of Rs. 7,200. Had a son named [[Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)|Pratap Singh]], who was murdered in 1843. Later adopted a son named Narain Singh post-annexation in 1849.
* Partap Kaur (died August 1857), daughter of sardar Jugut Singh of [[Kotkapura|Kot Kapura]], married 1825, given a pension of Rs. 5,400. Adopted a cousin's son named Thakoor Singh in 1847, who went on to marry a Jatt woman who was the daughter of a zamindar from [[Nabha State]].
* Golee, former prostitute from Gurdaspur, married 1832, given a pension of Rs. 3,600
* Kundo, daughter of Jatt zamindar of a village near Kangra, originally sent as slave-girl in 1829 from Kangra, married 1841, given a pension of Rs. 1,260
* Dukhno, daughter of a Chang zamindar, purportedly presented to Sher Singh by a ''kardar'' at Kangra, married 1842, given a pension of Rs. 9,000, resided in Benaras from July 1856 onwards, had a son named [[Shahdeo Singh|Shiv Deo Singh]]
* Dhurm Kaur Rundhavee, possibly married in 1841, given a pension of Rs. 7,200, may have adopted a son{{Efn|According to pension records, Dhurm Kaur Rundhavee and Chund Kaur were supposedly originally the wives of Tara Singh, Sher Singh’s brother; however, they are mentioned as having joined Sher Singh’s ''zenana'' once he became the maharaja.|group=}}
* Chund Kaur, possibly married in 1842, reportedly had an illegitimate son of Sher Singh named Dewa Singh who was born in 1838{{Efn|According to pension records, Dhurm Kaur Rundhavee and Chund Kaur were supposedly originally the wives of Tara Singh, Sher Singh’s brother; however, they are mentioned as having joined Sher Singh’s ''zenana'' once he became the maharaja.|group=}}

=== Issues ===
The known male issues of Sher Singh were:<ref name=":3" />

* [[Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)|Partap Singh]] (murdered in 1843), son of Prem Kaur
* [[Shahdeo Singh]], son of Dukhno, he was awarded a jagir worth Rs. 10,000 outside of Punjab after 1849
* Dewa Singh (born 1838), son of Chund Kaur

==Legacy==
[[File:Photograph of the samadhs of Maharaja Sher Singh of the Sikh Empire and his two wives, Shah Bilawal, Lahore, ca.1900.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the samadhs of Maharaja Sher Singh of the Sikh Empire and his two wives, Shah Bilawal, Lahore, ca.1900]]
His palace is leased to [[Baring Union Christian College]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BUCC, Batala - College History |url=https://www.buccbatala.org/history.html |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=www.buccbatala.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-30 |title=Maharaja Sher Singh’s mansion: Amid row over possession, minority panel seeks report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/maharaja-sher-singh-s-mansion-amid-row-over-possession-minority-panel-seeks-report-101672340120631.html |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category inline|Sher Singh}}
* [http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/shersingh.html Maharaja Sher Singh (1807 - 1843)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211170813/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/shersingh.html |date=11 February 2014 }}

{{S-start}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Maharaja]] of the [[Sikh Empire]]
| years = 18 January 1841– 15 September 1843
| before = [[Chand Kaur]] as regent
| after = [[Duleep Singh]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Sikh Empire|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sher}}
[[Category:Sikh emperors|Sher Singh]]
[[Category:1807 births]]
[[Category:1843 deaths]]

ESIC Medical College, Kolkata

2026-03-29T16:50:33Z

Surendra:

{{short description|Medical School in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = ESI-PGIMSR & ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata
| native_name =
| image_name = ESIC_Medical_College_photo.png
| image_size = 220px
| image_alt =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{start date and age|2013}}
| type = [[Public hospital|Public]] [[Medical School]]
| academic_affiliation = [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
| top_free_label = Recognition
| top_free = {{hlist| [[National Medical Commission|NMC]] | [[Indian Nursing Council|INC]]}}
| endowment =
| budget = {{INRConvert|40.07|c}} {{small|([[Fiscal year|FY]]2023–24 est.)}}<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| chairman =
| president =
| principal =
| dean = Dr. Nandakishore Alva N.
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff = 170 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| students = 674 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2025 |url=https://mckolkata.esic.gov.in/attachments/nirfsfile/a0bc0b1be09fa8996a867790857a4154.pdf|publisher=ESI Joka}}</ref>
| undergrad = 599 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| postgrad = 75 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|27|9.59|N|88|17|53.56|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| campus = [[Metropolis|Large city]]
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| logo_size =
| website = {{URL|https://mckolkata.esic.gov.in}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Employees State Insurance-Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research & Employees State Insurance Corporation Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata''', is a NMC recognised medical college<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mciindia.org/CMS/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs|title=List of College Teaching MBBS - MCI India|publisher=|access-date=31 March 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102001435/https://www.mciindia.org/CMS/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs|url-status=dead}}</ref> established in 2013 under the aegis of the [[Employees' State Insurance|ESI Corporation]], an autonomous body, controlled by [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Saibal |date=23 Oct 2011 |title=ESI hospital & medical college to come up at Howrah |work=[[The Times of India]] Oct 23, 2011, 04:15 IST |publication-place=Kolkata |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/esi-hospital-medical-college-to-come-up-at-howrah/articleshow/10458976.cms |url-status=live |access-date=23 Oct 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728121627/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/esi-hospital-medical-college-to-come-up-at-howrah/articleshow/10458976.cms |archive-date=28 Jul 2023}}</ref>

This college received permission for 100 seats for this session from the [[National Medical Commission]] and is affiliated to the [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]].
Now it is permitted for 125 seats for MBBS.
The college has admitted its students through the NEET AIQ (15%), State quota (35%) and IP quota (50%) since 2013.
In April 2023 [[National Medical Commission|NMC]] selected the institution as a recognised Regional Centre for Medical Education Technology (RCMET) to facilitate the training of medical college faculties.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2023 |title=ESI Joka gets nod for med faculty training centre |work=[[The Times of India]] Apr 5, 2023, 07:43 IST |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/esi-joka-gets-nod-for-med-faculty-training-centre/articleshow/99253785.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405145826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/esi-joka-gets-nod-for-med-faculty-training-centre/articleshow/99253785.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=5 April 2023}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==

===Lecture theaters===
* College Building 4th floor: 150 capacity, gallery type
* College Building 5th floor: 250 capacity, gallery type
* College Building 6th floor: 120 capacity, gallery type
* College Building 7th floor: 120 capacity, gallery type
* Old Hospital Building 9th floor: 150 capacity, gallery type

=== Examination hall ===
* College Building 2nd floor: 250 capacity

=== Students' hostel (MBBS) ===
* Boys’ hostel 1 Block (G+15), with 32 rooms in each floor (within college campus)
* Girls’ hostel 1 Blocks (G+15), with 32 rooms in each floor (within college campus)
* First year boys' hostel (G+3)-2 buildings, with 16 capacity in each floor (within college campus)
* First year girls' hostel (G+3)-2 buildings, with 16 capacity on each floor (Within college campus)

=== Interns' hostel ===
* Intern boys’: capacity 100 (within college campus)
* Intern girls’: capacity 50 (within college campus)

=== Sports and recreation facilities ===
* Playground for badminton, volleyball, football
* Gymnasium facilities
*Auditorium
* Guest house within campus
* Canteen
* Indoor playground for Table Tennis and other sports

==See also==
*[[Calcutta National Medical College]]
*[[List of hospitals in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.esic.nic.in/medical/10/-kolkata/west-bengal/esi-pgimsr-medical-college-hospital-and-odc-ez-joka-kolkata Official website of ESI-PGIMSR & ESIC Medical College Joka], Kolkata
* https://www.esic.nic.in/medical-institution
* https://wbuhs.ac.in/

{{Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Health Sciences}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Affiliates of West Bengal University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2013]]
[[Category:Employees' State Insurance]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in West Bengal]]

Iyarkai

2026-03-26T00:46:45Z

Surendra: added references

{{short description|2003 film by S. P. Jhananathan}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Iyarkai poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. P. Jananathan|S. P. Jhananathan]]
| screenplay = N. Kalyanakrishnan
| story = S. P. Jhananathan
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = S. P. Jhananathan
}}
| producer = V. R. Kumar A. E. Gunasekaran G. Natarajan
| starring = [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] [[Radhika Kumaraswamy|Radhika]]
| cinematography = [[N. K. Ekambaram]]
| editing = N. Ganesh Kumar
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| studio = Prisem Films
| distributor = Prisem Films
| released = {{Film date|2003|11|21|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}1 crore<ref name="CE">{{Cite web |title=16 Years of Iyarkai: 16 Lesser-known Facts About SP Jananathan's National Award-winning Romantic Drama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/nov/21/16-years-of-iyarkai-16-lesser-known-facts-about-sp-jananathans-national-award-winning-romantic-dra-784.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226065255/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/nov/21/16-years-of-iyarkai-16-lesser-known-facts-about-sp-jananathans-national-award-winning-romantic-dra-784.html |archive-date=26 December 2019 |access-date=24 January 2020 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Iyarkai'''''{{efn|The film was alternatively titled as ''Eyarkai'' or ''Eiyarkai''.<ref name="Sify">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2003 |title=Eyarkai |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/eyarkai-review-tamil-pclvwIgaiecii.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201018112504/https://www.sify.com/movies/eyarkai-review-tamil-pclvwIgaiecii.html |archive-date=18 October 2020 |access-date=8 October 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/iyarkai-eiyarkai/oclc/224533650|title=
Iyar̲kai = Eiyarkai|date=2003|work=[[WorldCat]]|access-date=10 January 2025}}</ref>}} ({{audio|Ta-இயற்கை.ogg|pronunciation}}, {{translation|Nature}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[S. P. Jananathan|S. P. Jhananathan]] in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] and [[Radhika Kumaraswamy|Radhika]]. [[Arun Vijay]]—who at the time was known as Arun Kumar—makes a cameo appearance and [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] actor [[Seema Biswas]] plays a supporting role. ''Iyarkai'' marks the debuts of Radhika and Biswas in Tamil cinema.

Based on [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]'s short story "[[White Nights (short story)|White Nights]]", the film revolves around a young woman who is unable to accept the love of a sailor because she is in love with a ship captain who was lost at sea. It was made on a budget of one [[crore]] ({{INR|{{Crore|1}}|link=yes}}). [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] composed the music for the film.

''Iyarkai'' was released on 21 November 2003. Although the film was not successful at the box office, the film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] at the [[51st National Film Awards]] in 2004, and [[N. K. Ekambaram]] won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Cinematographer]].

== Plot ==
Marudhu, a sailor, arrives at [[Rameswaram]] port, [[Tamil Nadu]] from [[Rome]], [[Italy]] after being away for 14 years. At Senthil Aandavar Bar, a popular bar in the port, he meets Nandu while playing cards against Dorai and his posse at the bar. Marudhu asks Nandu where the church is. Nandu directs Marudhu to the church, where he tells the [[Priest|parish priest]], Stephen, the story of a captain who attempted to escape from his capsized ship. Marudhu later meets Nancy, who overheard his conversation with Stephen, at a [[dhaba|roadside restaurant]] run by her sister-in-law, Mercy.

One day, Nandu comes to the bar with a bandaged nose. After seeing that Nandu is hurt, Marudhu looks for Dorai. A member from Dorai's posse tells Dorai that Marudhu is looking for him and Dorai goes in search of Marudhu. Marudhu finds Dorai fights him and his men. While fighting Dorai, Marudhu asks him who is he looking for, and if it is his lover. Nancy, overhears their conversation and, distracted by her thoughts, gets her dress stuck on train tracks as she is walking. Marudhu saves Nancy from an incoming train. She tells Marudhu to come to the only lighthouse in town at 6{{nbsp}}p.m.

Later that day, Marudhu is directed to remove a stuck object from his ship's propeller. While effecting the repair, the propeller turns on and Marudhu is injured, making him unable to go to the lighthouse. To Marudhu's dismay, Nancy tells Marudhu that she was not waiting for him, but for a ship captain that she had met three years ago while selling mangoes and had fallen in love with. The ship captain had told her not to wait for him because she was too young to make a proper judgement about love, but he gave her a ring. Nancy also persuaded him to promise to return in one year.

Marudhu decides to help Nancy in her search for the ship captain. The search proves difficult, however, because Nancy does not know the captain's name, as she only addressed him as "Sir" and "Officer". After Marudhu reveals his love for Nancy, she distances herself from him. One day, Nancy comes across Joe, a crewman who sailed under the ship captain, after recognising him in the bar. Joe tells Nancy that the ship captain's name is Mukundan and that he died in a shipwreck. The next day, Mercy wakes up and realises that Nancy is missing. She tells Marudhu to go find Nancy. He gets on a ship docked at the port going to [[Sri Lanka]] after being directed there by one of the people working in the port. He finds an emotionally unstable Nancy sitting in the ship. Marudhu tries to get Nancy off the ship, but a man named Adam tells him that he cannot take her unless he fights him. After they fight, Nancy jumps off the ship and Marudhu follows to save her.

At night, Nancy and Marudhu sail on a canoe in search of Mukundan, when Marudhu accidentally loses Nancy's ring. The next day, he returns the ring to Nancy and tells the church father that he and his ship crew are planning to leave [[Christmas]] night. He writes his name on one piece of paper and "Captain" on the other and asks the church father to choose one of the papers, which he takes with him. On [[Christmas Eve]], a man, unbeknownst to Nancy, arrives in the port. Marudhu helps the man get off his boat although Marudhu does not know that the man that he helped is Mukundan.

Marudhu asks Nancy if she is willing to accept his love. He starts to open the piece of paper to sees whose name is written, before Nancy stops him and agrees to marry him the next day, on Christmas. During their wedding, Nancy sees Marudhu and a group of other men dancing with [[Santa Claus]] masks. One of the men kneels and presents a ring on Nancy. To Nancy's surprise, the man removes his mask and reveals that he is Mukundan, not Marudhu. A depressed Marudhu leaves aboard his ship and drops the piece of paper into the ocean.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] as Marudhu
* [[Arun Vijay|Arun]] as Mukundan (special appearance)
* [[Radhika Kumaraswamy|Radhika]] as Nancy
* [[Senthil]] as the Senthil Aandavar Bar owner
* [[Seema Biswas]] as Mercy
* [[Chinni Jayanth]] as "[[Hawala]]" Arumugam
* [[Pasupathy]] as Father Stephen
* [[Karunas]] as Nandu
* [[Crane Manohar]] as a magician
* [[Suruli Manohar]] as a magician
* [[Elango Kumaravel|Kumaravel]] as an exorcist
* [[Abhinayashree]] (special appearance in the song "Seetu Kattu")
* Freddy Odiyo as Joe
* Antony Paul as Dorai
* Ahmed Adam as Adam
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[S. P. Jananathan|S. P. Jhananathan]] began work on ''Iyarkai'' in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=கோபாலகிருஷ்ணன் |first=எஸ். |date=7 May 2020 |title=இயக்குநர் எஸ்.பி.ஜனநாதன் பிறந்த நாள் ஸ்பெஷல்: அடித்தட்டு மக்களுக்கான அரசியலைப் பேசும் படைப்பாளி |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/553306-spjananathan-birthday-special.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024014027/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/553306-spjananathan-birthday-special.html |archive-date=24 October 2020 |access-date=19 October 2020 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> Jhananathan's upbringing on [[Marina Beach]]{{emdash}}hanging out with fishermen's children, working on the harbor, and hearing stories of his friends from their six month sailing journeys{{emdash}}inspired him to make the film set in a ship with the sea as its backdrop.<ref name="R"/><ref name="R2">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2009 |title=Peranmai Is Not Gender Specific |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/oct/14/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-jhananathan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019175517/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/oct/14/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-jhananathan.htm |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=19 October 2019 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Jhananathan was reported to have taken inspiration for the story from his friend's uncle, who, immediately after getting married, went alone on a boat voyage in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. He was lost and his body was nowhere to be found. Unaware of the situation, his wife awaited his return.<ref name="R" /> However, the film is actually an unofficial adaptation of [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]'s short story "[[White Nights (short story)|White Nights]]", which was translated into Tamil as ''Vennira Iravugal''.<ref name="S">{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Bolly |date=26 September 2007 |title=The story of 'S' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/26bolly.htm |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530172309/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/26bolly.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CE"/> The film reuses several sub-plots from the short story, such as a man falling in love with a distressed woman, the woman telling him about her failed romance, and the man about to tell her his love right when the past lover returns.<ref name="S" /> Jhananathan told the story to producer [[Ramkumar Ganesan]], whose cousin V. R. Kumar became the producer after liking the story.<ref name="R" /> The film was titled ''Iyarkai'' ({{translation|Nature}}) because the [[Man against nature|conflict between man and nature]] causes a woman to wait for her past lover to return.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=26 October 2003 |title=தீபாவளி ரேஸ்! |trans-title=Diwali race! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-10-26/page/56/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230426142330/https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-10-26/page/56/mode/2up |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=23 April 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=56–57 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Assistant director N. Kalyanakrishnan co-wrote the film with Jhananathan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=9 March 2023 |title=I am Not Here to Talk Politics: Kalyanakrishnan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2023/Mar/09/i-am-not-here-to-talk-politics-kalyanakrishnan-40841.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260105184459/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2023/Mar/09/i-am-not-here-to-talk-politics-kalyanakrishnan-40841.html |archive-date=5 January 2026 |access-date=25 September 2025 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Suriya]] turned down the offer to play the lead role, saying he was not interested in doing romantic films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2020 |title='Aasai' to 'Dhruva Natchathiram': Five Big Hits That Were Turned Down by Suriya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aasai-to-dhruva-natchathiram-five-big-hits-that-were-turned-down-by-suriya/photostory/77957253.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826182301/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aasai-to-dhruva-natchathiram-five-big-hits-that-were-turned-down-by-suriya/photostory/77957253.cms |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=6 September 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], whom Jhananathan worked with as an assistant editor on ''[[12B]]'' (2001), was cast instead and signed the film prior to the release of ''12B''.<ref name="Shaam">{{Cite web |date=27 August 2004 |title=Honour Well Deserved |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/honour-well-deserved/article28576976.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013061901/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/honour-well-deserved/article28576976.ece |archive-date=13 October 2020 |access-date=19 June 2019 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="ABCD" /> [[Radhika Kumaraswamy|Radhika]], an actress in [[Kannada cinema]], made her Tamil cinema debut as Nancy.<ref name="Sify">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2003 |title=Eyarkai |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/eyarkai-review-tamil-pclvwIgaiecii.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201018112504/https://www.sify.com/movies/eyarkai-review-tamil-pclvwIgaiecii.html |archive-date=18 October 2020 |access-date=8 October 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The media referred to her as "Kutti" ({{Lang|ta|குட்டி|italic=no}}; {{Translation|small}}) Radhika to differentiate her from the Tamil actress [[Radhika Sarathkumar|of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2005 |title=Big Time for Li'l Girl |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/big-time-for-lil-girl/article28585258.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125010645/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/big-time-for-lil-girl/article28585258.ece |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Jhananathan based Nancy on his friend's uncle's wife and described her as an independent woman with the autonomy to choose the man with whom she wants a relationship.<ref name="R2"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Allirajan |first=M. |date=7 April 2004 |title=Waiting in the Wings |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/waiting-in-the-wings/article28206535.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210040156/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/waiting-in-the-wings/article28206535.ece |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Deepa Venkat]] dubbed for Radhika in the film.<ref name="The Hindu" />

[[Arun Vijay|Arun Kumar]] was chosen to play the ship captain, a character based on the life of Jhananathan's friend's uncle.<ref name="R" /> He turned down the role because he was not interested in a cameo, but he later changed his mind after Jananathan explained the role's importance in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=14 March 2021 |title=RIP SP Jananathan: Tamil Cinema Loses Its Comrade |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/mar/14/rip-sp-jananathan-tamil-cinema-loses-its-comrade-23328.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414190923/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/mar/14/rip-sp-jananathan-tamil-cinema-loses-its-comrade-23328.html |archive-date=14 April 2021 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> [[Seema Biswas]] was cast as Nancy's sister-in-law, who is a chain smoking [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian]] widow.<ref name="The Hindu" /><ref name="Chennai Online">{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=26 June 2003 |title=Iyarkkai |url=http://chennaionline.com/location/iyarkkai.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210154415/http://chennaionline.com/location/iyarkkai.asp |archive-date=10 February 2005 |access-date=21 February 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Jhananathan felt that Biswas was apt for the character, and the film marked her Tamil debut.<ref name="Chennai Online"/><ref name="Sify"/> Although he was advised not to, [[Pasupathy]] accepted the role of the priest since he did not want to get [[Typecasting|typecasted]] as a villain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=7 May 2004 |title=The 'Virumaandi' Villain Makes a Mark |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-virumaandi-villain-makes-a-mark/article28576206.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112000410/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-virumaandi-villain-makes-a-mark/article28576206.ece |archive-date=12 January 2022 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Pop singer [[Karunas]] was cast in a singing role in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aravindan |first=M.R. |date=17 February 2003 |title=A Pop Singer in Actor's Costume |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-pop-singer-in-actors-costume/article28399504.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220062646/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-pop-singer-in-actors-costume/article28399504.ece |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=12 January 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Parameswaran |first=Prathibha |date=4 June 2005 |title=Laughing All the Way |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/laughing-all-the-way/article28169564.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112003239/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/laughing-all-the-way/article28169564.ece |archive-date=12 January 2022 |access-date=12 January 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Various foreigners played supporting roles in the film.<ref name="The Hindu" />

=== Filming ===
The film's first and second schedules were completed by the first half of 2003.<ref name="Chennai Online" /> The first song [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] composed for the film, "Kaadhal Vandhaal", was recorded before the film's first schedule in Tuticorin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sangeetha |first=P. |date=14 March 2021 |title=Shaam: Being His First Hero, Jhananathan Sir Always Had a Special Place for Me in His Heart |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shaam-being-his-first-hero-jhananathan-sir-always-had-a-special-place-for-me-in-his-heart/articleshow/81494246.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102052626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shaam-being-his-first-hero-jhananathan-sir-always-had-a-special-place-for-me-in-his-heart/articleshow/81494246.cms |archive-date=2 November 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film's first schedule was a twenty-one day shoot at [[Rameshwaram]], [[Tiruchendur]], and [[Tuticorin]].<ref name="Chennai Online" /> The second schedule was a twelve-day shoot at the [[Andaman Islands]].<ref name="Chennai Online" /><ref name="Kalki">{{Cite magazine |date=1 June 2003 |title=லைட் ஹவுஸ் காதல்! |trans-title=Lighthouse love |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-06-01/page/68/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240213121621/https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-06-01/page/68/mode/2up |archive-date=13 February 2024 |access-date=13 February 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=68 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Since Jhananathan demanded an abandoned, slanted lighthouse be erected on the Andaman Islands, art director [[Sabu Cyril]] spotted an island an hour away from [[Port Blair]] and built a five-foot lighthouse there with the help of fellow art director V. Selvakumar and thirty crew members (including ten carpenters, three molders and two painters) in eight days.<ref name="Kalki"/><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Iyarkai |type=Motion picture |language=Ta |publisher=Prisem Films |year=2003 |time=0:00 to 2:45 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref> While shooting in a coastal hamlet, Shaam interacted with the locals to imitate their mannerisms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sangeetha |first=P. |date=19 October 2008 |title=Shaam Strikes Back |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shaam-strikes-back/articleshow/3612367.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701101903/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shaam-strikes-back/articleshow/3612367.cms |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] with lyrics by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2003 |title=Iiyarkai |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/iiyarkai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1614803138 |url-status=live |access-date=10 January 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]] | archive-url= https://archive.today/20250110202215/https://music.apple.com/in/album/iiyarkai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1614803138| archive-date=10 January 2025}}</ref> The song "Kaadhal Vandhaal" was well received upon release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2022 |title=Happy Birthday Vidyasagar: Here Are 5 Iconic Tamil Songs of the Composer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/happy-birthday-vidyasagar-here-are-5-iconic-tamil-songs-of-the-composer/articleshow/89951147.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307202438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/happy-birthday-vidyasagar-here-are-5-iconic-tamil-songs-of-the-composer/articleshow/89951147.cms |archive-date=7 March 2022 |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Iyarkai Thaaye
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Srivarthini
| length1 = 4:41
| title2 = Pazhaya Kural
| extra2 = [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length2 = 5:06
| title3 = Kaadhal Vandhaal
| extra3 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Manikka Vinayagam]]
| length3 = 5:59
| title4 = Alaiye Alaiye
| extra4 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length4 = 4:34
| title5 = Seetu Kattu
| extra5 = Karthik, Manikka Vinayagam
| length5 = 5:56
| total_length = 26:17
}}

== Release and reception ==
{{Quote box|width=30%|align=Right|quote="I feel audiences should appreciate a good film. I get confused when a film with no storyline, and which has just five songs and three fights, succeeds at the box office, and a well-made film like ''Iyarkai'' fails. Does that mean the audience wants only five songs and three solid fights, and no story?"|source= — Shaam on the film's box office failure, 2005<ref name="ABCD" />}}

''Iyarkai'' was scheduled to be released on 24 October 2003, coinciding with the [[Diwali]] festival, but the release was delayed due to financial issues.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |date=22 October 2003 |title=Explosive Flicks |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/explosive-flicks/article28650955.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220061526/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/explosive-flicks/article28650955.ece |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stars : Star Interviews : Excl: Interview with Shaam |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_shaam_2009_2.php |page=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225072025/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_shaam_2009_2.php |archive-date=25 February 2012 |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|date=8 June 2009|author=Sri}}</ref> The film was released to positive reviews,<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2021 |title=மறக்க முடியுமா {{endash}} இயற்கை |trans-title=Can You Forget – Iyarkai |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/marakka-mudiyuma/94352/old-movies/Marakka-Mudiyuma-:-Iyarkai.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220063321/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/marakka-mudiyuma/94352/old-movies/Marakka-Mudiyuma-:-Iyarkai.htm |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> but it was a box office failure due to a lack of publicity and its delayed release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=30 September 2005 |title=Advantage Arun |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/advantage-arun/article28586716.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210040212/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/advantage-arun/article28586716.ece |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=6 January 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film did not lose money because it was produced on a low budget.<ref name="R" />

Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' praised the cinematography and art direction, stating: "Together with [[Sabu Cyril]]-Selvan's art, [[N. K. Ekambaram|K. Ekambaram]]'s lens paints a bewitching picture on screen". She also praised the performances of most of the cast and Radhika's dubbing but was critical of the inclusion of Seema Biswas and had mixed feelings about Vidyasagar's [[Re-recording (music)|re-recording]], which was either soothing or jarring.<ref name="The Hindu" /> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the use of montage shots and Radhika's performance, but opined that Seema Biswas was underused.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விசுவல் |date=30 November 2003 |title=இயற்கை |trans-title=Iyarkai |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/2003/nov/30-11-2003/p32.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220821102121/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/2003/nov/30-11-2003/p32.jpg |archive-date=21 August 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=32 |language=ta}}</ref>

R. Rangaraj of ''Chennai Online'' gave the film a positive review and wrote: "The debutant director, S P Jhananathan, has handled the build-up to the climax and the climax scenes too effectively. The end is rather stunning and unexpected for a Tamil movie". He also noted that the film may not have succeeded at the box office because it lacked commercial elements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangaraj |first=R. |date=26 October 2003 |title=Iyarkai |url=http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov305.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204234424/http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov305.asp |archive-date=4 February 2005 |access-date=21 February 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "The three characters Shaam, Radhika and Arun Kumar are excellent. Shaam laces his portrayal with seriousness and dry wit, which he has not been able to do earlier. Newcomer Radhika looks fresh but has to improve in her acting. Arun Kumar is a revelation but Seema Biswas is wasted in an insignificant role. The interwoven screenplay is fresh and the climax is strange, intriguing and riveting".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moviebuzz |title=Review: Eyarkai |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=13314075&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041216112923/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=13314075&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=16 December 2004 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> G. Ulaganathan of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "Jananathan has given a neat and laudable film. He looks at the love triangle from a different perspective and [succeeds] in carrying the audience with him".<ref>{{cite web |last=Ulaganathan |first=G. |date=14 December 2003 |title=Iyarkai |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec14/mr4.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031224105102/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec14/mr4.asp |archive-date=24 December 2003 |access-date=13 March 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
Upon release, Ekambaram sent ''Iyarkai'' to the National Awards committee. The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] for 2003, competing with ''[[Virumaandi]]'' and ''[[Pithamagan]]''.<ref name="R" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=5 September 2004 |title=லாபியில் இல்லாத விருது |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2004-09-05/page/74/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230426142154/https://archive.org/details/kalki2004-09-05/page/74/mode/2up |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=18 January 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=74–75 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Jhananathan wanted to return the award in protest of the [[Capital punishment in India|death penalty]] for the hanging of [[Dhananjoy Chatterjee]], but he did not do so.<ref name="the hindu">{{Cite web |last=Kollappan |first=B. |last2=Naig |first2=Udhav |date=7 November 2015 |title=Film Award-winners Divided Over Returning Awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/film-awardwinners-divided-over-returning-awards/article7853260.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906010306/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/film-awardwinners-divided-over-returning-awards/article7853260.ece |archive-date=6 September 2022 |access-date=6 September 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> That same year, [[N. K. Ekambaram]] won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Cinematographer]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2006 |title=Tamil Nadu State Awards Announced |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/13award.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218090534/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/13award.htm |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Jhananathan wanted to shoot the film's sequel in [[Fiji]], but the film never entered production due to his untimely death.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2021 |title='Iyarkai 2′ was on the Cards', Reveals Shaam as He Pays Tribute to SP Jananathan on His Birth Anniversary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/iyarkai-2-was-on-the-cards-reveals-shaam-as-he-pays-tribute-to-sp-jananathan-on-his-birth-anniversary/articleshow/82454581.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908104733/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/iyarkai-2-was-on-the-cards-reveals-shaam-as-he-pays-tribute-to-sp-jananathan-on-his-birth-anniversary/articleshow/82454581.cms |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=8 September 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 21st November in 2022 and 2023, several netizens celebrated the film on [[Twitter]] (rebranded as X in 2023), coinciding with the film's nineteenth and twentieth anniversaries, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2022 |title=இயற்கை {{!}} மூணு பேரோட ஆசையும் நேர்மையா இருக்கு! - 19 Years of Iyarkai பதிவுகள் |trans-title=''Iyarkai'' {{!}} The desire of three people is honest! - 19 Years of Iyarkai Posts |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/901925-netizen-celebrate-19-years-of-iyarkai-movie.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251108041328/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/901925-netizen-celebrate-19-years-of-iyarkai-movie.html |archive-date=8 November 2025 |access-date=9 August 2024 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=தாரா |first=ராகேஷ் |date=21 November 2023 |title=20 Years Of Iyarkai: மறக்க முடியாத காதல் அனுபவம்..20 ஆண்டுகளை கடந்துள்ள “இயற்கை” படம்..! |trans-title=20 Years of Iyarkai: an Unforgettable Romantic Experience..the Film “Iyarkai” has Been Around for 20 Years..! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/s-p-jananathan-iyarkai-movie-completes-20-years-today-151574 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105183847/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/s-p-jananathan-iyarkai-movie-completes-20-years-today-151574 |archive-date=5 January 2026 |access-date=25 September 2025 |work=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta}}</ref> As of November 2024, the film is available to stream on [[Sun NXT]] and [[OTT Play|OTTplay Premium]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=21 November 2024 |title=21 years of Iyarkai: Where and Why to Stream SP Jananathan's Debut Romantic Drama Film on OTT |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/21-years-of-iyarkai-where-to-stream-sp-jananathans-debut-romantic-drama-film-on-ott/0e201a5aa670 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251108041338/https://www.ottplay.com/news/21-years-of-iyarkai-where-to-stream-sp-jananathans-debut-romantic-drama-film-on-ott/0e201a5aa670 |archive-date=8 November 2025 |access-date=22 September 2025 |work=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=21 November 2003 |title=Iyarkai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/11/21/stories/2003112101090201.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031208174742/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/11/21/stories/2003112101090201.htm |archive-date=8 December 2003 |access-date=24 June 2019 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="R">{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=17 October 2006 |title='MGR Films are my Reference Point' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/17jan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203812/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/17jan.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=11 November 2019 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
<ref name="ABCD">{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=30 November 2005 |title=The ABCD of Shaam's Life! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/30shaam.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193206/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/30shaam.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
{{Portal bar|Film|Tamils|India}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{S. P. Jananathan}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}
{{White Nights}}

[[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2003 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films based on White Nights (short story)]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Jananathan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set on ships]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Sangli Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-19T03:14:47Z

Surendra: new new pg

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sangli
| type = LS
| map_image ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Sangli.map}}
| map_caption = Sangli Lok Sabha Constituency map
| established = 1952
| party = {{Party index link|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| mp = [[Vishal Patil]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| assembly_cons = [[Miraj Assembly constituency|Miraj]] [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli]] [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon]] [[Khanapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Khanapur]] [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal]] [[Jat Assembly constituency|Jat]]
}}

'''Sangli Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Sangli Lok Sabha constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These segments (along with their constituency number and reservation status) are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archive-date=25 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|281
|[[Miraj Assembly constituency|Miraj]] (SC)
| rowspan="6" |[[Sangli District|Sangli]]
|[[Suresh Khade]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND|rowspan=5}}
|-
|282
|[[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli]]
|[[Sudhir Gadgil]]
|-
|285
|[[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon]]
|[[Vishwajeet Kadam]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|286
|[[Khanapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Khanapur]]
|[[Suhas Babar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]]
|-
|287
|[[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal]]
|[[Rohit Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|-
|288
|[[Jat Assembly constituency|Jat]]
|[[Gopichand Padalkar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4"|{{Center|1952-57 : Does not exist}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| Balwant Patil{{efn|Miraj Lok Sabha constituency}}
|style="background-color: {{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|Peasants and Workers Party]]
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| Vijayasinhrao Dafle{{efn|Miraj Lok Sabha constituency}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| S D Patil
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="2 |Ganapati Gotkhinde
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress |rowspan=11}}
|-
| 1983^
| [[Shalini Patil]]
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Prakashbapu Vasantdada Patil|Prakashbapu Patil]]
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Madan Patil]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Prakashbapu Vasantdada Patil|Prakashbapu Patil]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
| 2006^
| rowspan="2" | [[Pratik Patil]]
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sanjaykaka Patil]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
||[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Vishal Patil]]
| {{party name with color|Independent}}
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Sangli]]<ref name="Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Sangli">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Sangli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1344.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124131621/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1344.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate||party=[[Independent politician|IND]]|candidate=[[Vishal Prakashbapu Patil]]|votes=5,71,666|percentage=48.91|change={{up}}19.95}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Sanjaykaka Patil]]|votes=471,613|percentage=40.35|change={{down}}2.42}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|candidate=Chandrahar Subhash Patil|votes=60,860|percentage=5.21|change=''New''}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Allauddin Hayatchand Kazi|votes=9,282|percentage=0.79|change=''New''}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=6,565|percentage=0.56|change=N/A}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,00,053|percentage=8.56|change={{down}}5.25}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,69,320|percentage=62.39|change={{down}}3.53}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Sangli]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Sanjaykaka Patil]]|votes=5,08,995|percentage=42.77|change=-15.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Swabhimani Paksha|candidate=[[Vishal Prakashbapu Patil]]|votes=3,44,643|percentage=28.96|change=+28.96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi|candidate=[[Gopichand Padalkar]]|votes=3,00,234|percentage=25.23|change=+25.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=6,585|percentage=0.55|change=N/A}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,64,352|percentage=13.81|change=-9.05}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,92,571|percentage=65.92|change=+2.40}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Sangli]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sanjaykaka Patil]]
|votes = 6,11,563
|percentage = 58.43
|change = +58.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Pratik Prakashbapu Patil]]|votes=3,72,271|percentage=35.57|change=-13.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Bandgar Nanaso Balaso|votes=11,378|percentage=1.09|change=-0.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Sameena Abdulmajid Khan|votes=4,699|percentage=0.45|change=New}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,39,292|percentage=22.86|change=+17.74}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,47,510|percentage=63.52|change=+11.40}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bhartiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Sangli]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Pratik Prakashbapu Patil]]|votes=3,78,620|percentage=48.74|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|Independent|candidate=Ajitrao Shankarrao Ghorpade|votes=3,38,837|percentage=43.62|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=M. Javed Patel|votes=11,793|percentage=1.52|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=39,783|percentage=5.12|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=7,76,830|percentage=52.12|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent (politician)|Independent
|swing = + 2.6
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sangli district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/sangli/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Sangli lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|16.8|74.6|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sangli Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sangli district]]

Avanthika Mohan

2026-03-18T00:27:54Z

Surendra: info

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Avantika Mohan
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Priyanka
| birth_date = {{bda|1990|6|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
| citizenship = India
| occupation = Actress, model, dancer
| years active = 2012–present
}}

'''Priyanka''', better known by her stage name '''Avantika Mohan'''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/manikuttan-to-sadhika-venugopal-did-you-know-the-real-names-of-these-tv-celebs/photostory/88791251.cms |title=Manikuttan to Sadhika Venugopal: Did you know the real names of these TV celebs? |work=The Times of India}}</ref> is an Indian actress and model. She made her feature film debut with ''[[Yakshi – Faithfully Yours]]'' and later earned popularity through the TV series ''[[Athmasakhi]]''.<ref name = ie>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/oct/15/i-hope-to-do-a-role-like-queen-someday-671945.html |title=I Hope to Do a Role Like Queen Someday |website=The New Indian Express|date=15 October 2014 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Avanthika Mohan was born and brought up in Dubai. Her father is from Calicut and mother from Punjab.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/avanthika-mohan-heads-to-kollywood/articleshow/18528802.cms |title=Avanthika Mohan heads to Kollywood |website=The Times of India|date=10 January 2017 }}</ref> She returned to Kerala to pursue a modelling career and won the Miss Malabar 2011 title<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/etcetera/article5643711.ece |title=etcetera |first=Y. Sunita |last=Chowdhary |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 February 2014 }}</ref> and also the subtitle Miss Perfect 2010. She is a dancer and had taken training for it. After winning the beauty pageant, she began to receive acting offers and decided to enter the film industry.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>

==Career==
She made her debut in the 2012 [[experimental film]] ''[[Yakshi – Faithfully Yours]]'',<ref name = ie/> directed by Abhiram Suresh Unnithan, featuring all newcomers in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/fresh-faces-yakshi-faithfully-752 |title=Fresh faces for Yakshi, Faithfully.. |date=2 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302084750/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/fresh-faces-yakshi-faithfully-752 |archive-date=2 March 2012}}</ref> The film saw Avanthika playing the titular character of a "snake ghost" named Nagayakshi, a snake who turns into a woman after coming to the planet.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/avantika-plays-snake-ghost-in-her-next/articleshow/13292125.cms |title=Avantika plays snake ghost in her next |website=The Times of India|date=10 January 2017 }}</ref> In 2013, she was part of the Malayalam comedy flick ''Mr Bean- The Laugh Riot'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2013/jun/04/tickle-your-funny-bone-on-a-ride-with-mr-bean-483570.html |title=Tickle your funny bone on a ride with Mr Bean |website=The New Indian Express|date=4 June 2013 }}</ref> after which she was seen in ''[[Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi]]''.<ref name = ie/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2013/aug/06/motorcycle-diaries-504252.html |title=Motorcycle Diaries |website=The New Indian Express|date=6 August 2013 }}</ref> She next played a lead role in crocodile love story. She made her Tamil film debut with the horror film ''[[Aalamaram (film)|Aalamaram]]'' (2014).<ref name = ie/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/aalamaram-in-october/ |title=Aalamaram In October |date=1 October 2014}}</ref> Her next releases were ''Vundile Manchi Kalam Mundu Munduna'', her first Telugu film,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/arun-dasyams-film-wraps-up-shoot/articleshow/43248779.cms |title=Arun Dasyam's film wraps up shoot |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and debutant director Shyam Mohan's thriller ''8:20'' released and the movie went on well she got good appreciation for her performance from the Critics and the audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/avanthikka-in-8-20/articleshow/12896137.cms |title=Avanthikka in 8.20 |website=The Times of India|date=29 April 2012 }}</ref> She had signed film ''Male Baruva Munna'', an [[Odia language|Oriya]] movie and a [[Hindi]] movie directed by Samagra Ganesh is based on a true story. She has also signed ''Rajavin Parvai Raniyin Pakkam'', to be directed by Azhagu Raj.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Crossing-borders-Avanthika/article14384579.ece |title=Crossing borders: Avanthika |first=K. V. |last=Vasudevan |newspaper=The Hindu |date=4 June 2016 }}</ref>

;Television debut
In May 2016, she signed into play lead role in TV series ''[[Athmasakhi]]'' in Malayalam language in which she plays a bold and modern character Nanditha who is a doctor by profession. Later in June she made her [[Telugu language|Telugu]] Television debut through ''Raja Rani'' in which she plays a strong and innocent school teacher. She is getting positive reviews from both TV series.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} She twice received best actress awards back to back.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} After a sabbatical she is paired up with Rajyan Rajan after Athmasakhi in the new series Priyapettaval which is going on-air in Mazhavil Manorama from late 2019 which portrays the misunderstandings in married life.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

==Personal life==
Avantika married Anil Kumar Kainth in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/aathmasakhi-fame-avanthika-mohan-to-get-married-on-august-31/articleshow/59848304.cms |title=Aathmasakhi fame Avanthika Mohan to get married on August 31 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 July 2017 }}</ref> The couple has a son Rudraunsh Kainth.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/athmasakhi-fame-avantika-mohan-finally-posts-her-sons-pic/articleshow/70537294.cms |title=Athmasakhi fame Avantika Mohan finally posts her son's pic |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/actress-avantika-mohan-blessed-with-a-baby-boy/articleshow/67001701.cms |title=Actress Avantika Mohan blessed with a baby boy |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 December 2018 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Yakshi – Faithfully Yours]]'' || Nagayakshi || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2013 || ''Mr Bean'' || Neetha|| Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi]]'' || Fatima || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Crocodile Love Story]]'' || Nithya || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2014 || ''[[Aalamaram (film)|Aalamaram]]'' || Malarkodi || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/avanthika-mohan-is-on-a-roll/articleshow/44886402.cms |title=Avanthika Mohan is on a roll! |work=The Times of India|date=20 October 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Vundile Manchi Kalam Mundu Munduna'' || Ujjwala || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''8 : 20'' || Ruchi|| Malayalam || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151005/entertainment-mollywood/article/avantika-mohan-set-test-waters-b%E2%80%99town |title=Avantika Mohan set to test waters in B'town |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Preethiyalli Sahaja]]'' || || [[Kannada]] || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suhasini-wins-over-avanthika-with-her-humility/articleshow/49244630.cms |title=Suhasini wins over Avanthika with her humility |work=The Times of India|date=7 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''Rajavin Paarvai Raniyin Pakkam'' || Avantika|| Tamil || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/300316/avanthika-returns-with-a-laugh-riot.html |title=Avanthika returns with a laugh riot |work=Deccan Chronicle|date=30 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Gara (film)|Gara]]'' || Akasmika|| Kannada ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Dheeram]]'' || Radhika S Nair|| Malayalam || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-06 |title=Dheeram movie review: Indrajith’s film gives Officer On Duty a run for its money in shameless exploitation of crimes against women |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/dheeram-movie-review-indrajiths-film-gives-officer-on-duty-a-run-for-its-money-with-shamelessly-graphic-violence-10403224/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205190923/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/dheeram-movie-review-indrajiths-film-gives-officer-on-duty-a-run-for-its-money-with-shamelessly-graphic-violence-10403224/|archive-date=5 December 2025|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|-
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Channel !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2015-2016|| ''Shivakami'' || Shivakami ||[[Malayalam]]||[[Surya TV]]|| ||
|-
|2016–2018 || ''[[Athmasakhi]]'' || Dr. Nanditha / Indu|| [[Malayalam]] || [[Mazhavil Manorama]]|| Replaced by Divya Binu ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Avanthika-Mohan-in-Athmasakhi/articleshow/52900783.cms |title=Avanthika Mohan in Athmasakhi |work=The Times of India|date=24 June 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|2016||''Raaja Raani''|| Shailaja ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||[[MAA TV]]|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/010816/donning-a-serial-role-avanthika-mohan.html |title=Donning a serial role: Avanthika Mohan |first=Elizabeth |last=Thomas |date=1 August 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
|2019-2020||''[[Priyapettaval]]''|| Dr. Uma || [[Malayalam]] || Mazhavil Manorama ||Replaced by Sreelaya ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/avantika-mohan-quits-priyappettaval-thanks-fans-for-love-and-support/articleshow/76401604.cms |title=Avantika Mohan quits 'Priyappettaval'; thanks fans for love and support |work=The Times of India|date=18 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/priyappettaval-serial-marks-the-comeback-of-avantika-mohan-and-rayjan-rajan/articleshow/71821177.cms |title=Priyappettaval serial marks the comeback of Avantika Mohan and Rayjan Rajan|newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 October 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|2021–2023||''[[Thoovalsparsham (TV series)|Thoovalsparsham]]''|| Sreya Nandini IPS ||[[Malayalam]]||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/avantika-mohan-to-make-her-comeback-playing-sreya-nandini-ips-in-thoovalsparsham-says-its-an-interestingly-layered-character/articleshow/83890175.cms |title=Avantika Mohan to make her comeback playing Sreya Nandini IPS in 'Thoovalsparsham', says 'It's an interestingly layered character' |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/avantika-mohan-on-her-comeback-with-thoovalsparsham-im-excited-to-be-back-i-missed-the-directors-call-roll-camera-action/articleshow/84338445.cms |title=Avantika Mohan on her comeback with 'Thoovalsparsham': I'm excited to be back, I missed the director's call 'roll.. camera.. action' |first=Radhika |last=Nair |work=The Times of India |date=12 July 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2021||''[[Start Music Aaradhyam Paadum|Start Music Season 3]]''||Herself|| [[Malayalam]] || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Participant ||<ref name="S3">{{cite web |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/start-music-aaradhyam-paadum/1260009140/seasons/season-3/ss-8952 |title=Start Music Aaradhyam Paadum - Season 3 |website=[[Disney+ Hotstar]] |access-date=13 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2022||''Asianet Super Challenge''||Herself||[[Malayalam]]||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Participant||
|-
|2022||''[[Mounaragam (Malayalam TV series)|Mounaragam]]''||Shreya||[[Malayalam]]||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Guest appearance||
|-
|2022||''Comedy Stars Season 3''||Herself||[[Malayalam]]||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Guest appearance||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/this-video-of-avantika-mohan-and-kalabhavan-shajon-grooving-to-the-viral-song-saamy-is-unmissable-watch/articleshow/90270918.cms |title=This video of Avantika Mohan and Kalabhavan Shajon grooving to the viral song 'Saami Saami' is unmissable; watch |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 March 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2022||''[[Start Music Aaradhyam Paadum|Start Music Season 4]]''||Herself|| [[Malayalam]] || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Participant ||
|-
|2022||''[[Koodevide (TV series)|Koodevide]]''||Shreya||[[Malayalam]]||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Guest appearance||
|-
|2023–2024||'' [[Manimuthu]]''||Kavya|| [[Malayalam]] || [[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6021860}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141020230442/http://avanthikkamohan.com/ Official website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Avanthika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors from Dubai]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mannippu

2026-03-04T05:09:35Z

Surendra: adding a info...

{{More citations needed|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mannippu poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]]
| screenplay = Thuraiyur K. Moorthi
| producer = P. L. Mohan Ram
| starring = [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]] [[A. V. M. Rajan]] [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
| cinematography = S. S. Lal M. G. R. Mani
| editing = S. A. Murugesan
| music = [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
| studio = Mohan Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1969|11|28|ref1=}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mannippu''''' ({{Translation|Forgiveness}}) is a 1969 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film, directed by [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] and written by Thuraiyur K. Moorthi. The film stars [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[A. V. M. Rajan]], [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]] and [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], with [[Nagesh]], [[R. S. Manohar]], C. K. Saraswathi and [[Major Sundarrajan]] in supporting roles. It is a remake of the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Padunna Puzha]]'' (1968). The film was released on 28 November 1969,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayabalan |first=Suriyakumar |date=28 November 2023 |title=யார் கொலை செய்தது?.. காதலியை நினைத்து கதறி அழுத காதலன் |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/it-has-been-54-years-since-the-release-of-the-movie-mannippu-131701111716669.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523150014/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/it-has-been-54-years-since-the-release-of-the-movie-mannippu-131701111716669.html |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=23 May 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta}}</ref> and was successful at the box office.<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=13 September 2015 |title=Old is Gold – Padunna Puzha 1968 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/old-is-gold-padunna-puzha-1968/article7648637.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629024345/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/old-is-gold-padunna-puzha-1968/article7648637.ece |archive-date=29 June 2021}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Advocate Kumar and his sister Bhama lose their mother and are brought up by their maternal aunt, who loves them as her own. Radha gives Bhama daily music lessons. Radha is in love with Gopi, an artist. But her mother is against their relationship due to a family feud. Kumar invites Gopi to his house. Bhama is impressed by the artistic talents of Gopi and falls in love with him at first sight. Gopi rejects her love and Bhama attempts to commit suicide. Her step mother consoles her and assures her fulfillment of her ambitions. One day, Bhama is not at home when Radha arrives for their lessons. Bhama's step mother gives her a cup of coffee and leaves for a wedding. Kumar, who is attracted to Radha, attempts to take advantage of the situation. Radha resists out of fear and shame. Kumar blocks her mouth with his hands. Radha dies and Kumar throws her corpse in a river. Gopi is arrested by the police on the evidence of a letter found in her handbag, in which he suggests they elope. Kumar decides to surrender to the police to save Gopi, whom he knows to be innocent. Kumar's step mother learns of Kumar's decision. At the climax, the step mother appears before the court during Gopi's trial and reveals that the real cause for Radha's death was the poison that she mixed in Radha's coffee. Her objective was get Bhama and Gopi married following Radha's demise. Kumar fatally poisons himself. The mother is sentenced to ten years imprisonment. Gopi is freed by the court and the film ends with Gopi lamenting his lover's demise on the banks of the river.

== Cast ==
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Artist Gopi
* [[A. V. M. Rajan]] as Advocate Kumar
* [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]] as Radha, Bhama's music teacher
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Bhama, Kumar's sister
* [[Nagesh]] as Nalla Muthu, barber
* [[R. S. Manohar]] as Public Prosecutor
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Govinda Pillai, Gopi's father
* [[S. V. Ramadas]] as Police Inspector
* [[C. K. Saraswathi]] as Radha's mother
* Sattampillai Venkataraman as Chettiyar
* [[Loose Mohan]] as Ramaiah, Kumar's servant
* [[Ennathe Kannaiah]] as Radha's uncle
* P.K.Saraswathi as bhama & kumar’s mother

== Soundtrack ==
Music was by [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] and lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mannippu |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/mannippu/JQ0vP2EhHz0_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921063028/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/mannippu/JQ0vP2EhHz0_ |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kuyilosai Vellum
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]] A. P. Komala
| length1 = 03:04
| title2 = Nee Engey En Ninaivugal
| extra2 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| note2 = male
| length2 = 04:18
| title3 = Vennila Vaanil Varum
| extra3 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]] P. Susheela
| length3 = 04:53
| title4 = Nee Engey En Ninaivugal
| extra4 = A. P. Komala, P. Susheela
| note4 = female
| length4 = 04:14
| title5 = Kadavul Thoongavillai
| extra5 = [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
| length5 = 03:54
| title6 = Nee Engey En Ninaivugal
| extra6 = P. Susheela
| note6 = pathos
| length6 = 04:51
| total_length = 25:14 
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1960s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:1969 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. Krishnan Nair]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]

{{Improve categories|date=June 2025}}

Shudhu Tumi

2026-03-04T03:44:09Z

Surendra: new data

{{short description|2004 film}}
{{for|the 1997 film|Shudhu Tumi (1997 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shudhu Tumi
| image = Shudhu Tumi poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = Abhijit Guha [[Sudeshna Roy]]
| producer = Sagar Bhora Siddhartha Bhora
| writer = Abhijit Guha [[Sudeshna Roy]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee|Prosenjit]] [[Koel Mallick|Koel]]
| music = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| cinematography =
| editing = Sujay Dutta Ray
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2004|10|15|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Shudhu Tumi''''' ({{Translation|Only you}}) is a 2004 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] [[romantic drama film| romantic action drama film]] directed by [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]] and [[Sudeshna Roy]], produced by Sagar Bhora and Siddhartha Bhora, and starring [[Prosenjit Chatterjee|Prosenjit]] and [[Koel Mallick|Koel]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sudhu Tumi (2004) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sudhu-tumi-35984|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128095326/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sudhu-tumi-35984|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2021|access-date=2021-12-27|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> [[Zubeen Garg]] composed the music.<ref name="main details">{{cite web|title=Shudhu Tumi (2004)|url=http://www.gomolo.com/shudhu-tumi-movie/15327|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=25 August 2013}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee|Prosenjit]] as Rohit
* [[Koel Mallick|Koel]] as Nandini
* [[Gargi Roychowdhury]] as Rani
* [[Payel Sarkar]] as Anjana, Rohit's sister
* Kalyani Mondal as Rohit's Mother
* Arijit Chowdhury
* Debnath Chattopadhyay
* Dwijen Bandyopadhyay Rohit's Uncle
* Joyjit Banerjee as Rohit's Brother Rahul
* Parthasarathi Deb

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shudhu Tumi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 10 February 2004
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=36|s=52}}
| label = Fontana India [[Universal Music India|Universal Music Group]]
| producer =
| prev_title = Rong
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = Dinabandhu
| next_year = 2004
}}

The music of the ''Shudhu Tumi'' was composed by [[Zubeen Garg]] with lyrics written by Sumit Acharya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudhu Tumi movie info |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1427699/fullcredits/|publisher=[[IMDb]]|access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref> The soundtrack contains eight total tracks with four original Bengali tracks and the other four Bengali tracks, which were reused from Garg's earlier compositions for Assamese films. "Gun Gun Gun Gunjare" reused "Ul Guthibo Janene" from 2002 Assamese film ''[[Kanyadaan (2002 film)|Kanyadaan]]'', "Shure Shure Gaan Holo" reused "Lahe Lahe Barhise" from 2001 Assamese film ''[[Nayak (2001 Assamese film)|Nayak]]'', "E Choker Kachhete" reused "Monore Poduli Dolisa" from 2004 Assamese film ''Barood'', and "Sajbe Ebar Koner" reused "Mahadev Keni Gol" from 2003 Assamese film ''Agnisakshi''. The song "Bheja Bheja Smiritir Pathor" was later reused as "Apon Buli Jakei" in the Assamese film ''[[Adhinayak]]'' in 2006.

=== Track listing ===
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 36:52
| title1 = Gun Gun Gun Gunjare, Antare
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Sagarika]]
| length1 = 4:32
| title2 = Shure Shure Gaan Holo
| extra2 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Shaswati
| length2 = 4:06
| title3 = Piriti Kathaler Aatha
| extra3 = Joy, [[Zubeen Garg]], Shaswati
| length3 = 4:56
| title4 = E Chokher Kachhete
| extra4 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Hilsa, Pritha Majumder
| length4 = 5:27
| title5 = Ektuku Chhoan Lage
| note5 = Version 1
| extra5 = [[Babul Supriyo]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length5 = 4:28
| title6 = Bheja Bheja Smritir Pathor
| extra6 = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| length6 = 4:35
| title7 = Sajbe Ebar Koner Saaje
| extra7 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Pamela Jain]], Ritika Sahni
| length7 = 4:17
| title8 = Ektuku Chhoan Lage
| note8 = Version 2
| extra8 = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| length8 = 4:31
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1427699}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/101289310-prem-chance-2010-bengali-film-review-abir-spot |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021220513/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/101289310-prem-chance-2010-bengali-film-review-abir-spot |url-status=usurped |archive-date=21 October 2010 |title=Prem By Chance (2010) Bengali Film Review - Abir is spot on !|publisher=Washington Bangla Radio|accessdate=25 August 2013|date=18 October 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shudhu Tumi}}
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2004 drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Abhijit Guha and Sudeshna Roy]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

{{2000s-Bengali-film-stub}}
[[Category:Bengali language films scored by Zubeen Garg]]

Ramaleela

2026-03-03T20:35:19Z

Surendra: Added The Page And Citations

{{short description|2017 Indian political thriller film}}
{{Other uses|Ramleela (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ramaleela
| image = Ramaleela film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Arun Gopy
| producer = [[Tomichan Mulakuppadam]]
| writer = [[Sachy (writer)|Sachy]]
| story =
| starring = [[Dileep]] [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] [[Prayaga Martin]] [[Kalabhavan Shajon]] [[Vijayaraghavan]] [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
| music = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| cinematography = [[Shaji Kumar]]
| editing = [[Vivek Harshan]]
| studio = [[Mulakuppadam Films]]
| distributor = [[Mulakuppadam Release]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|9|28|India}}
| runtime = 158 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Ramaleela |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ramaleela-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zote4mjk |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{Estimation}} ₹14 crore<ref name=NM>{{cite news|title=Dileep's 'Ramaleela' to be remade in Telugu by Kalyan Ram?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dileeps-ramaleela-be-remade-telugu-kalyan-ram-72821?amp|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=8 December 2017}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}55 crore<ref name="NM" />
}}

'''''Ramaleela''''' ({{translation|[[Rama|Raman]]'s play}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[political thriller film]]  written by [[Sachy (writer)|Sachy]] and directed by debutant Arun Gopy. It stars [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Prayaga Martin]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Kalabhavan Shajon]], [[Vijayaraghavan]] and [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]. The film is produced and distributed by [[Tomichan Mulakuppadam]] under [[Mulakuppadam Films]].

''Ramaleela'' was released in India on 28 September 2017.<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/sep/13/dileep-starrer-ramaleela-to-hit-the-screens-on-september-28-1656616.html "Dileep starrer Ramaleela to hit the screens on 28 September"]. ''The New Indian Express''. 13 September 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017.</ref> and received positive reviews from critics. The film was [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|the highest-grossing Malayalam film]] of 2017.

==Plot==
Advocate Ramanunni is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of Ayikkara in [[Palakkad District]] who gets expelled from his political communist party, the Communist Democratic Party (CDP) for assaulting the District Secretary Ambadi Mohanan and joins the rival [[secularism|secularist]] party, the NSP. Ramanunni, who has been receiving threats from CDP activists, decides to take a [[Firearms license|gun license]] for self-protection and this becomes a controversy in the news. Ramanunni's mother Ragini disapproves of his decision to join the National Secularist Party (NSP) as they come from a communist-oriented family and his father Raghavan, a CDP activist who is believed to have been martyred by NSP activists. The NSP decides to appoint Ramanunni as their candidate in the upcoming election.

The decision is opposed by Udayabhanu, a veteran politician of the NSP but this is overlooked by the others. Ramanunni, along with his sidekick Thomas Chacko alias TC, the NSP Youth Wing Secretary, attend an interview where Mohanan assaults Ramanunni. As the promotions for the elections begin, the CDP announces their candidate as Ragini, who they think is the only person who can defeat Ramanunni. While campaigning at a football match, Mohanan is shot dead and Ramanunni and TC become the prime suspects. The Investigation Officer, Paulson Devassy, who is also present at the assassination point, finds out that Ramanunni's gun is missing a bullet. [[Ballistics]] match the bullet that killed Mohanan with the bullets in Ramanunni's gun, and shows that the gun must have been fired from the row where Ramanunni and TC were sitting.

Ramanunni and TC escape police custody and hide in the house of V.G. Madhavan, a journalist and a good friend of Ramanunni. Madhavan's daughter Helena decides to help them. Now in disguise, they leave for a resort on an island off the coast of [[Goa]]. Unknown to Ramanunni and TC, Helena televises all their actions through hidden cameras under the name of 'Hot Pursuit' in order to find the real culprit. With Ramanunni gone, the NSP appoints Sumesh Venjara, a disliked and weak politician as their new candidate. In [[Goa]], Ramanunni reveals that it was Ambadi Mohanan and Udayabhanu who were behind his father's death and not the NSP activists.

As the videos get televised, Paulson Devassy gathers evidence of Mohanan's death that leads to Udayabhanu; especially a can of [[Red Bull]] that was used as a suppressor since Udayabhanu was very fond of the drink. Police later arrests him. It is revealed that televising Ramanunni's escape was his and Helena's plan to prove his innocence. Ramanunni goes on to win the election as an [[independent politician|independent candidate]]. In a major twist, it turns out that it was actually Ramanunni who had assassinated Ambadi Mohanan with the help of a fellow CDP comrade Chandran. He accused Udayabhanu because of his role in his father's death. He explains to his mother that it was his duty to remove all obstacles from the CDP's path. His mother [[Lal Salam|salutes]] Ramanunni, and he does the same back.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Adv. K.R. Ramanunni [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DYSP]] Paulson Devassy
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar]] as Ragini Raghavan, Ramanunni's mother
* [[Prayaga Martin]] as Helena Madhavan, Ramanunni's love interest
* [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as Thomas Chacko (TC), Ramanunni's friend
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Udayabhanu
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Saghavu Ambadi Mohanan, The main antagonist
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as Theekuni Chandran
* [[Renji Panicker]] as V.G. Madhavan
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as TV reporter Olga John
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as [[Director general of police|Commissioner]] Balachandran [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Saikumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] as Chief Minister P. Sugathan
* [[G. Suresh Kumar]] as Sagar Nagambadam
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Saghavu Rajan
* Kalabhavan Shaju as Prakashan
* [[Anil Murali]] as Sudhi, Udayabhanu's Assistant
* Ameer Niyas as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Deepak
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Sumesh Venjara
* [[Prasanth Alexander]] as Satheesan Party worker
* Sundar Pandian as Party worker
* [[Sreejith Ravi]] as Trainer Siby Chacko
* [[Chali Pala]] as [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Soman
* Manju Satheesh as Sumithra CDP Member
* [[Tomichan Mulakuppadam]] as Himself (Cameo Appearance)
* Romin Anthony as Ajay
* Abhishek Raveendran
* Diya Parveen as Journalist
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Sakhavu Raghavan, Ramanunni's father (Photo Archive)
*Vinod Kedamangalam as Driver Pushpan
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film is produced and distributed by [[Tomichan Mulakuppadam]] under the production company [[Mulakuppadam Films]].<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dileep-in-jail-his-new-film-ramaleela-may-hit-the-screens-after-onam/story-ZmhxIKyaVb0kwziG0NKshP.html "Dileep in jail, his new film Ramaleela may hit the screens after Onam"]. ''Hindustan Times''. Retrieved 7 September 2017.</ref> It was made with a budget of {{INR}}14 crore.<ref name=Hindu1/> [[Gopi Sundar]] composed the music. Through ''Ramaleela'', Radhika returned to act in Malayalam cinema after a gap of 23 years. [[Principal photography]] began on 9 December 2016 in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. Filming also held at [[Palakkad]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], and in [[Maldives]] .<ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Prayaga, Radhika join Dileep in a political thriller|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/Prayaga-Radhika-join-Dileep-in-a-political-thriller/articleshow/55771994.cms|access-date=31 December 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=രാമലീല തുടങ്ങി|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/chitrabhumi/-malayalam-news-1.1566605|access-date=31 December 2017|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=9 December 2016|language=ml}}</ref>

==Release==
''Ramaleela''{{'s}} release was delayed on account of actor Dileep's arrest for conspiracy to kidnap and attempt to rape of actress [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]].<ref>Neethu Reghukumar (23 September 2017). [http://www.news18.com/news/india/actor-dileeps-wife-appeals-against-boycott-call-for-his-film-ramleela-1526161.html "Actor Dileep's Ex-wife Appeals Against Boycott Call for his Film 'Ramleela'"]. CNN-News 18. Retrieved 18 October 2017.</ref> Despite calls for a boycott, the film released in India on 28 September 2017.<ref name=Hindu1>P. K. Ajith Kumar (8 October 2017). [http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/despite-delay-in-release-dileep-starrer-ramaleela-proves-a-money-spinner/article19822926.ece "Despite delay in release, Dileep-starrer ‘Ramaleela’ proves a money spinner"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 18 October 2017</ref> It released across 129 screens in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=James|first1=Anu|title=These factors helped Dileep's Ramaleela at Kerala box office even after boycott campaign!|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/these-factors-helped-dileeps-ramaleela-kerala-box-office-even-after-boycott-campaign-743784|access-date=12 October 2017|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=29 September 2017}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film collected {{INR}}55 crore at the box office.<ref name=NM/><ref>{{cite news|last=Soman|first=Deepa|title=Dileep's 'Ramaleela' enters 50 crores club|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dileeps-ramaleela-enters-50-crores-club/articleshow/61564289.cms?|access-date=31 December 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 November 2017}}</ref> The film was a major commercial success and was the [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films#Highest-grossing films by year|highest grossing Malayalam movie of the year]].

==Soundtrack==
Music: [[Gopi Sundar]], Lyrics: B. K. Harinarayanan

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 

| title1 = Ivide Ivide Ee Mannil
| extra1 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| lyrics1 =
| length1 = 

| title2 = Nenjileri Theeye
| extra2 = [[Harish Sivaramakrishnan]], [[Gopi Sundar]]
| lyrics2 =
| length2 = 

| title3 = Ramleela
| extra3 = Harish Sivaramakrishnan
| lyrics3 =
| length3 = 

| title4 = Sada Kudayana Nethaavu
| extra4 = Karthik, [[Afsal]]
| lyrics4 =
| length4 = 

}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6104268}}

{{Mulakuppadam Films}}
{{Sachy}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gopi Sundar]]

Pavitra (2013 film)

2026-03-03T17:51:57Z

Surendra: Added Initial Page From Scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pavitra
| image = Pavitra Poster.jpg
| writer = [[Janardhana Maharshi]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Shriya Saran]]
*[[Roja Selvamani]]
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[Sai Kumar (Telugu actor)|Saikumar]]
*Kaushik Babu
}}
| director = [[Janardhana Maharshi]]
| cinematography = V. N. Suresh Kumar
| producer = {{plainlist|
*K. Sadhak Kumar
*G. Maheswara Reddy
}}
| editing = Ramesh
| distributor = Aadesh Films
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|6|7}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/pavitra-set-to-release-on-june-7-hm.html|title=Pavitra set to release on June 7 - 123telugu.com|date=26 May 2013|publisher=}}</ref>
| runtime = 129 mins
| language = Telugu
| music = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Pavitra''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]-language [[adult film]] directed by [[Janardhana Maharshi]] starring [[Shriya Saran]], [[Roja Selvamani]], [[Tanikella Bharani]] and Kaushik Babu in pivotal roles. K. Sadhak Kumar and G. Maheswara Reddy produced this film on Aadesh films Banner. The Soundtrack is scored by M.M. Srilekha. Shriya seen in a bold role of a [[Prostitution|prostitute]] in this film. Pavitra also released in Tamil and Malayalam.

According to the director, the film is inspired from a real incident where a prostitute, who was humiliated by a politician, goes on to defeat him in an election. Pavitra's audio already making waves amongst music buffs before the film release, the film's platinum disc function was held on 19 May to celebrate the audio success.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130515/entertainment-tollywood/article/shriya-sarans-pavitra-release-tamil-and-malayalam |title=Shriya Saran's Pavitra to release in Tamil and Malayalam {{pipe}} Deccan Chronicle |access-date=6 June 2013 |archive-date=8 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608012425/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130515/entertainment-tollywood/article/shriya-sarans-pavitra-release-tamil-and-malayalam |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was released on 7 June 2013, to negative reviews and emerged as a box office failure.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/pavithra/movie-review/20478355.cms | title=Pavithra Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Pavithra by Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-pavithra-boring-and-outdated.html | title=Review : Pavithra – Boring and outdated | date=8 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Pavithra review: Pavithra (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com | url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/pavithra/telugu/pavithra-movie-reviews-5465-2.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609113304/http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/pavithra/telugu/pavithra-movie-reviews-5465-2.html | access-date=2025-03-22 | archive-date=9 June 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
A woman becomes hospitalized due to health problems. Her brother ([[AVS (comedian)|AVS]]) is willing to sell one of his kidneys to help her. Before anything happens, the daughter of this woman, an eighteen-year-old girl, Pavitra ([[Shriya Saran]]), stops her uncle, saying there has to be another way. When her uncle tells her the only thing she can do is sell her body for money, she says she will do just that. Though there is hesitation from her uncle he gives in to her idea. Pavitra becomes a prostitute in order to save her mother from death, and make sure her uncle does not sell his kidney.

Even though she had paid many lakhs to the hospital, her mother still died. Even after her mother's death, she continued to be a prostitute, having no other thing to do. She makes it a habit of donating blood every few months in the same hospital of her mother's death, once when she is leaving the hospital after donating, she comes in contact with a suicide case. The girl who tried to commit suicide lived because of Pavitra. The reason behind her death attempt, was a man, Siva ([[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]]). Siva is a cruel man who takes advantage of girls and their money. He easily blackmails them with only one camera and a laptop. The girl warns Pavitra not to take revenge for her; however, Pavitra is a strong woman and she decides to blackmail Siva. After a few blackmailing phone calls, not only does Pavitra gain 5 lakhs for herself, the girl, and other girls that Siva cheated, but Siva is also arrested for his wrongdoings.

After this, the second part of the story comes into play. Munna (Kaushik Babu) is a young man who falls in love with Pavitra. He buys her for 30 lakhs, a whole month. Pavitra is shocked. Her shock is raised when she finds out he only paid so that no one else would touch her, and that he wants to marry her. She at first hesitates, but after he claims that even knowing she is a prostitute, his mother ([[Roja Selvamani]]) accepted, she also accepts their marriage. Soon after, Pavitra finds out that her new mother in law, deaf, dumb, and does not know about her previous job. Pavitra is at first furious with Munna for lying, but then forgives him.

The third part of the story takes place, where Munna's father ([[Sai Kumar (Telugu actor)|Saikumar]]), who used to be Pavitra's customer at one point, dies. Munna's father was a politician when alive, but after his death, Pavitra decided to take advantage of it, knowing that he was a bad man. Pavitra joins in politics and exposes the wrong whereabouts of Swamy ([[Ravi Babu]]), another politician who pretends to be a "baba" but actually is a horrible man and a womanizer. Later, Pavitra goes after some people, for a position as Home Minister, once they say no, saying she is a prostitute, she tells them she had only sold her body, but they are selling the nation. At first there is an argument, and Pavitra is denied, and so she leaves. While leaving the hall, she is shot by none other than Siva, who escaped prison to kill her. After this, while in a position of death, Pavitra delivers a beautiful speech, which touches the hearts of the people who denied her political position. The film ends with Munna and Pavitra being praised by many, and Siva being thrown in jail once again, this time along with the Constable who let him escape.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Shriya Saran]] as Pavitra
*Kaushik Babu as Munna, Pavitra's husband
*[[Sai Kumar (Telugu actor)|Saikumar]] as Munna's father
*[[Roja Selvamani]] as Munna's mother
*[[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] as Siva
*[[Ravi Babu]] as Swamy
*[[AVS (comedian)|AVS]] as Pavitra's uncle
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Pavitra's mother
*[[Rani (Tamil actress)|Rani]] as Munna's aunt
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Dr. Keshav
*[[Nithya Ravindran]] as News Anchor
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack list was released on Shreyas media YouTube account. The music for was composed by [[M. M. Srilekha]], which was not highly acclaimed, but gave the apt expression for the movies situations. The title track "Pavithra" sung by singer [[K.S.Chithra]] proved to be successful. A function marking Pavitra's audio release was held at Hawa Mahal, [[Vizag|Visakhapatnam]] on 6 April 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shriya-sarans-pavitra-audio-release-function/383752-71-216.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414002647/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shriya-sarans-pavitra-audio-release-function/383752-71-216.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-04-14|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18}}</ref> Shriya Saran, Kaushik Babu, MM Srilekha, Saikumar, Janardhana Maharshi, Bellamkonda Suresh, K. Sadhak Kumar, G. Maheshwara Reddy graced the event.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://moviegalleri.net/2013/04/pavithra-movie-audio-release-photos-at-vizag.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409091645/http://moviegalleri.net/2013/04/pavithra-movie-audio-release-photos-at-vizag.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2013 |title=Pavithra Audio Release Photos |publisher=moviegalleri.net |date=6 April 2013 |accessdate=6 April 2013}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Pavitra (film)
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = Pavitra (film)
| artist = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 6 April 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = Shreyas Music
| producer = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track Listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Pavithra Title Track
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:01
| title2 = Rara Venu
| extra2 = [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| length2 = 3:43
| title3 = Sukumara Raara
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 = 4:05
| title4 = Entha Andamo
| extra4 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] & [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| length4 = 3:58
| title5 = Dhula Teerinda
| extra5 = Sri Krishna, Raghu & Dhanunjay
| length5 = 2:15
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|6915090}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Indian political films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Srilekha]]

Battle of Seedaseer

2026-02-27T12:58:52Z

Surendra: updated details

{{Short description|Battle}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Seedaseer
| partof = the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = 6 March 1799
| place = Seedaseer Hill, near present-day Siddapura, [[Karnataka]]
| result = British victory
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|23px]] [[British East India Company]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of Mysore.svg|23px]] [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]
| commander1 = [[James Stuart (British Army general)|James Stuart]] [[John Montresor]]
| commander2 = [[Tipu Sultan]]
| strength1 = 6,400<ref name=Naravane/>
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = 135<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=179}}</ref>
| casualties2 = 150<ref name=Naravane/>
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Fourth Anglo-Mysore War}}
}}

The '''Battle of Seedaseer''' was a battle of the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] on 6 March 1799 at Seedaseer (near present-day Siddapura, [[Karnataka]]), a hill and pass on the border of the [[Coorg]] and [[Mysore]] country 7 miles from [[Piriyapatna]] and with a view almost as far as [[Seringapatam]].

==Battle==
Lieutenant-General [[James Stuart (British Army general)|James Stuart]] and the [[Bombay Army]] of 6,500 under his command advanced from [[Kannur|Cannanore]], aiming to cross the [[Western Ghats]] and converge at Seringapatam with the larger [[Madras Army]] advancing from the east. He then took up a defensive position on the Anglo-Mysore frontier to await further orders from General [[George Harris, 1st Baron Harris|George Harris]], placing his right brigade in an advanced position at Seedaseer on 2 March so as to better receive Harris's orders. This was under Lieutenant-Colonel John Montresor and was made up of what are now the 1st and 2nd [[Maratha Light Infantry]] battalions and the now-defunct 1st Bombay Pioneers. He kept his other 2 brigades, the main body of his force, at Siddapura and [[Ahmootenaar]] 8 to 12 miles from Seedaseer.

Receiving news of a possible Mysorean march Stuart reinforced the advanced position with one more battalion of [[Sepoys]]. This advance was Tipu's main force moving to destroy the Bombay Army (whilst a small Mysorean force held off the Madras Army), and reached Seedaseer at 9am on 6 March 1799. Stuart led the Left Brigade there as reinforcements by 2pm, forcing Tipu to withdraw.

The place where this battle took place was in the [[Jagir]] of Nawab Subhan Khan, father of Nawab Qutub Ali Khan. This place was taken over by Government of India after Police action in 1948.

==Estimation==
The Governor-General [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Richard Wellesley, Earl of Mornington]] wrote in his despatches to the [[British East India Company]]'s directors "I am confident that your most honourable Court will be of the opinion that the conduct and success of the Army of Bombay on that day [at Seedaseer] has seldom been equalled and never surpassed.", and the battle's anniversary has been celebrated annually ever since as "Seedaseer Day" with regimental sports and, in the case of the 2nd Battalion, with a [[military tattoo|pageant]] of episodes during the battle in replicas of the 1799 uniforms.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{more footnotes|date=November 2014}}
*http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/indianinfantry/103rdmahratta.htm
*https://web.archive.org/web/20081013133631/http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/letter.html
*https://web.archive.org/web/20081120194931/http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/other/stuart1799.html
*https://web.archive.org/web/20110726145613/http://www.burmastar.org.uk/mli_chapter_9.htm

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1799|Seedaseer]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Kingdom of Mysore|Seedaseer]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Kingdom of Great Britain|Seedaseer]]
[[Category:1799 in India]]

Pavitra Punia

2026-02-09T06:07:45Z

Surendra: page updated

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1986)}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pavitra Punia
| image = Pavitra Punia celebrating her birthday in 2021 (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 240 px
| caption = Punia in 2021
| birth_name = Neha Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|04|22|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2021 |title=Eijaz Khan celebrates Pavitra Punia's lockdown birthday, says I love you |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/eijaz-khan-celebrates-pavitra-punia-s-lockdown-birthday-says-i-love-you-1793825-2021-04-22 |access-date=2024-03-13 |quote=Pavitra Punia is celebrating her 34th birthday today, April 22.}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| known_for = ''[[Baalveer Returns]]''
| partner =
| years_active = 2009–present
| occupation = [[Actress]]
}}

'''Neha Singh''', (born 22 April 1986) known by her stage name '''Pavitra Punia''', is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actress. She is known for playing Geet Dhillon in ''[[Love U Zindagi]]'' and an evil fairy named Timnasa in the sitcom fantasy series ''[[Baalveer Returns]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Pavitra Punia 'overwhelmed' to be back on 'Baalveer Returns' post 'Bigg Boss 14' sojourn - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pavitra-punia-overwhelmed-to-be-back-on-baalveer-returns-post-bigg-boss-sojourn/articleshow/80195916.cms|access-date=2021-07-28|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> She participated in the reality shows ''[[MTV Splitsvilla#Season 3|MTV Splitsvilla 3]]'' in 2009 and ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]'' in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-30|title=Pavitra Punia evicted from Bigg Boss Season 14|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/pavitra-punia-evicted-from-bigg-boss-14-7073020/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Career ==
Pavitra Punia started her career with the [[MTV]]'s reality show [[MTV Splitsvilla#Season 3|MTV Splitsvilla 3]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/mtv-splitsvilla-bikini-girl-pavitra-punia-in-bebo-avatar-127518-2011-01-29|title=MTV Splitsvilla bikini girl in Bebo avatar |first=Priyanka |last=Srivastav|website=[[India Today]]|date=2011-01-29}}</ref>
In 2010, she made her acting debut with the show ''[[Geet – Hui Sabse Parayi]]'' playing the role of Dalljiet. Thereafter, she got her first lead role in the [[Star Plus]]'s show ''[[Love U Zindagi]]'', opposite [[Sidharth Shukla]]. She was also a part of the [[Life OK]]'s reality show ''[[Welcome – Baazi Mehmaan Nawazi Ki]]''.

She then acted in the Mukul Mishra-directed movie ''Siddhartha - Love, Lust, Peace'', which stars [[Mahesh Bhatt]], [[Shivam Bhaargava]] and [[Shazahn Padamsee]]. Punia has also been a part of other shows including ''Ritz Jeele Yeh Pal'', ''MTV Making The Cut 2'', ''[[Hongey Judaa Na Hum]]'', ''[[Sawaare Sabke Sapne... Preeto|Sawaare Sabke Sapne Preeto]]'' and ''[[Darr Sabko Lagta Hai]]''. She portrayed the role of the lead antagonist Niddhi Chhabra in the Star Plus's show ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''. She also played the role of Karuna in TV's ''[[Gangaa]]''. She also played a shape-shifting snake for a maha episode in [[Zee Tv]]'s ''[[Kaleerein]]''. Then she played Poulomi Roy in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 3]]''. she portrayed the role of an evil fairy named Timnasa in [[Sony SAB]]'s sitcom fantasy series ''[[Baalveer Returns]]''.

In October 2020, Punia entered the ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss Season 14]]'' house as a contestant. She was evicted from the show on day 57.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/aly-goni-always-catches-pavitra-punia-and-eijaz-khan-together-new-bigg-boss-14-video-1740733-2020-11-13|title=Aly Goni always catches Pavitra Punia and Eijaz Khan together. New Bigg Boss 14 video - Television News|website=[[India Today]]|date=2020-11-13|first=Grace |last=Cyril}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Punia got engaged to businessman Sumit Maheshwari in October 2015; however as reported no marriage took place subsequently.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Exclusive - Bigg Boss 14: Paras Chhabra claims Pavitra Punia was married while she was dating him and kept him in dark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-bigg-boss-14-paras-chhabra-claims-pavitra-punia-was-married-while-she-was-dating-him-and-kept-him-in-dark/articleshow/78480570.cms |access-date=2024-11-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2020, Maheshwari claimed in the media that he is married to Punia and that she cheated on him with multiple men.<ref name=":1" /> Maheshwari was backed by actor [[Paras Chhabra]], whom Punia had dated briefly in 2018. According to Chhabra, she hid her marital status from him, and he broke up with her once he got to know she is married.<ref name=":2" />

Punia did not directly address any of the claims made by Maheshwari and Chhabra, and said in a media interaction, "All I can say is, it's good to ride on someone's limelight."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=3 December 2020 |title=Pavitra Punia addresses Sumit's claim they are married, she cheated on him: 'I am in the memories of Eijaz Khan' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/pavitra-punia-addresses-sumit-s-claim-they-are-married-she-cheated-on-him-i-am-in-the-memories-of-eijaz-khan/story-XuwNTsOIRKgDCF7Ilvs23H.html |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Punia was also in a relationship with actor Pratik Sehajpal (of ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 15|Bigg Boss 15]]'' fame), who later publicly accused her of being possessive.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-08 |title=Pratik Sehajpal reveals he had a toxic relationship with Pavitra Punia on BB OTT premiere |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/pratik-sehajpal-reveals-he-had-a-toxic-relationship-with-pavitra-punia-on-bb-ott-premiere-1838470-2021-08-08?_gl=1*1lqbf3w*_ga*ZUZfc1FGLW9XMHVhcWF2OFg3Vm1LcllLWlpIWkRyQmZzdDdFV01BajgzeWItSHhtTktMQjBIa21iRUZZcEh3bw..*_ga_6PTEQ0MXGP*MTczMTE4MzU5MC4xLjEuMTczMTE4MzU5MS4wLjAuMA.. |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Punia later dated ''[[Bigg Boss 14]]'' fellow contestant [[Eijaz Khan]] and was engaged in 2022, but the two parted ways due to undisclosed reasons in 2024.<ref name="partner 1">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/fingers-crossed-if-all-goes-well-we-will-get-married-this-year-eijaz-khan-pavitra-punia/articleshow/80749250.cms|title=Exclusive Interview! Fingers crossed, if all goes well we will get married this year: Eijaz Khan-Pavitra Punia|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 February 2021}}</ref>

In October 2025, Punia announced her engagement to a Mumbai-based businessman, posting photographs from the ceremony. The fiancé has not been publicly named and is reported to be outside the entertainment industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Simran |title=Pavitra Punia engaged after breakup from Eijaz Khan, drops photos from intimate ceremony, but hides fiance's identity, fans react |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-pavitra-punia-engaged-after-breakup-from-eijaz-khan-drops-photos-from-intimate-ceremony-but-hides-fiance-s-identity-fans-react-3184911 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Ref
|-
| 2009
| ''[[MTV Splitsvilla#Season 3|MTV Splitsvilla 3]]''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
| ''MTV Making The Cut 2''
|
|-
| ''[[Geet – Hui Sabse Parayi]]''
| Dalljiet
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| ''Jeele Yeh Pal''
| Contestant
|
|-
| ''[[Love U Zindagi]]''
| Geet Dhillon
|
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Sawaare Sabke Sapne Preeto]]''
| Simran Ahluwalia
|
|-
| 2012–13
| ''[[Hongey Judaa Na Hum]]''
| Anushka
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Welcome – Baazi Mehmaan Nawazi Ki]]''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
|
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''Box Cricket League 1''
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Darr Sabko Lagta Hai]]''
| Episodic Role
|
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
| Nidhi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''Box Cricket League 2''
| Contestant
|
|-
| ''[[Kavach... Kaali Shaktiyon Se]]''
| Ritu
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018
| ''Box Cricket League 3''
| Contestant
|
|-
| ''[[Kaleerein]]''
| Vishkanya
|
|-
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 3]]''
| Poulomi Roy
|
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Daayan (TV series)|Daayan]]''
| Chandrika
|
|-
| 2019
| ''Box Cricket League 4''
| Contestant
|
|-
| 2019–2021
| ''[[Baalveer Returns]]''
| Timnasa
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020
|''[[Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga]]''
| rowspan="2" | Guest (as Timnasa)
|
|-
|''[[Kuch Smiles Ho Jayein... With Alia]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]''
| Contestant (Evicted on day 57)
|
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Ishq Ki Dastaan - Naagmani]]''
| Mohini
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishq Ki Dastan Naagmani on location: Mohini decides to take Naagmani from Naagin {{!}} TV - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/ishq-ki-dastan-naagmani-on-location-mohini-decides-to-take-naagmani-from-naagin/videoshow/92498797.cms |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Reality Ranis of the Jungle]] Season 1''
|{{nowrap|Contestant 4th Place}}
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Reality Ranis of the Jungle]] Season 2''
|Guest,
Episodes 18-20
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=6507668}}
* {{Instagram|pavitrapunia_}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punia, Pavitrra}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Female models from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:People from Bagpat district]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

Zapatlela

2026-02-03T03:28:05Z

Surendra: new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}{{Infobox film
| name = Zapatlela
| image = Zapatlela 1.jpg
| caption = VCD cover art
| director = [[Mahesh Kothare]]
| based_on = {{based on|[[Child's Play (1988 film)|''Child's Play'']]|[[Don Mancini]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-13 |title=The Third Dimension of Marathi Cinema |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/the-third-dimension-of-marathi-cinema/ |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-29 |title=Marathi films inspired by Hollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/marathi-films-inspired-by-hollywood/photostory/36715275.cms |access-date=2025-04-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| producer = Mahesh Kothare
| screenplay =
| story = Mahesh Kothare
| starring = [[Mahesh Kothare]] [[Laxmikant Berde]] Kishori Ambiye [[Pooja Pawar]] [[Madhu Kambikar]] Ravindra Berde [[Jairam Kulkarni]] [[Vijay Chavan]] Raghavendra Kadkol [[Bipin Varti]] [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]]
| music = [[Anil Mohile]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zapatlela (1993)|url=https://www.piffindia.com/Possessed.php|website=Pune International Film Festival|access-date=2023-04-30}}</ref>
| cinematography = [[Suryakant Lavande]]
| editing = Vishwas–Anil
| studio = Jenma Films International
| distributor = Adinath Film Distributors
| released = {{Film date|1993|04|16|[[Maharashtra]]|df=yes}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR|3 crore}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=KOTHARE |first=MAHESH |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9f2lEAAAQBAJ&dq=damn+it+ani+barach+kahi+reviews&pg=PT199 |title=DAMN IT ANI BARACH KAHI |date=2023-01-01 |publisher=Mehta Publishing House Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-959709-6-4 |language=mr}}</ref>
}}

'''''Zapatlela''''' ({{Translation|Possessed}}) is a 1993 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Comedy horror|horror comedy]] film directed and produced by [[Mahesh Kothare]] under Jenma Films International. The film stars an [[ensemble cast]] of Mahesh Kothare, [[Laxmikant Berde]], [[Pooja Pawar]], Kishori Ambiye, [[Madhu Kambikar]], [[Jairam Kulkarni]], [[Vijay Chavan]], Ravindra Berde, Raghavendra Kadkol, [[Bipin Varti]], and [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] made a cameo appearance and provided the voiceover for the puppet [[Tatya Vinchu]] in the film. The practical effects for the puppet were created by [[Ramdas Padhye]], a renowned ventriloquist and puppeteer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Possessed Dolls: Movies that gave us the creeps |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/possessed-dolls-photos-191027 |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=Outlook India|date=11 April 2022 }}</ref> A sequel titled ''[[Zapatlela 2]]'' was released 20 years later in 2013 in 3D format. The movie was also dubbed in Hindi as ''Khilona Bana Khalnayak''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=हिंदीत डब झाली मराठी फिल्म, 20 वर्षांनी बनला सिक्वेल; लक्ष्मीकांत बेर्डेंचा हा हॉरर सिनेमा कोणीच विसरू शकत नाही |url=https://news18marathi.com/entertainment/laxmikant-berde-horror-films-zapatlela-dubbed-in-hindi-sequels-made-after-20-years-mhgm-1065510.html |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=News18 Marathi}}</ref>

Over the time the film achieved [[cult following]] in Marathi audience.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Before Labubu, India Had Tatya Vinchu ‘The OG Horror Doll’ |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/before-labubu-india-had-tatya-vinchu-the-og-horror-doll-ws-l-aa-aa-9390140.html |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{long plot|date=September 2024}} 
The film begins on a dark night with the car of a notorious [[Crime boss|crime lord]], Tatya Vinchu, and his [[sidekick]], Kubdya Khavis, approaching the [[cave]] of a [[Magician (fantasy)|magician]] named Baba Chamatkar in [[Mumbai]]. Tatya Vinchu threatens Baba Chamatkar for the "''[[Tatya Vinchu#Powers and abilities|Mrityunjay Mantra]]''", a [[Voodoo in popular culture|voodoo]] [[Incantation|spell]] that can transfer the chanter's [[soul]] into any living or non-living object, and Baba Chamatkar unwillingly provides Tatya Vinchu the mantra out of fear. Soon after, [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]] [[Inspector]] Mahesh Jadhav, who has been working on his mission to capture Tatya Vinchu, raids his [[warehouse]] and pursues him until Tatya Vinchu and Kubdya Khavis hide in a nearby [[post office]]. At the post office, Mahesh gets into a [[combat]] with Kubdya Khavis and ends up [[shooting]] Tatya Vinchu fatally in the [[chest]] in [[Encounter killing|encounter]]. With the last breath, Tatya Vinchu discovers the parcel of a [[ventriloquist]]'s [[puppet]] lying on the floor in the post office, and uses the mantra provided by Baba Chamatkar to enable his soul to [[Spirit possession|possess]] the puppet. Meanwhile, Mahesh [[arrest]]s Kubdya Khavis for his [[crime]]s and believes that Tatya Vinchu is finally dead.

A few days later, Mahesh's employer, [[Superintendent of Police|Superintendent]] Jairam Ghatge, gets transferred to the village of Shrirangpur, [[Maharashtra]] and at the same time, his young daughter, Gauri, arrives in [[India]] from the [[USA]] to pursue [[doctor of philosophy]] in [[criminal psychology]]. Gauri meets her younger brother, Laxmikant Bolke, also known as Lakshya, who lives with his widowed mother, Parubai, in Shrirangpur and is a [[shopkeeper]]. Lakshya is also in a relationship with Aavdi, the daughter of [[Constable]] Tukaram, who has fixed her marriage with Constable Sakharam against her wishes. Due to his fondness for ventriloquism, Gauri sends Lakshya a puppet from the USA through [[courier]] but unfortunately, the puppet turns out to be the same one which is possessed by Tatya Vinchu. The puppet reveals himself to be Tatya Vinchu to Lakshya, who, however, believes it to be containing an [[audio tape recorder]] for the puppet being imported.

Later, Lakshya and Parubai's [[landlord]], Dhanajirao Dhanavte, is offended after being publicly insulted by Lakshya via [[puppetry]]. Under the pretext of unpaid rent, Dhanajirao has all the [[furniture]] in Lakshya and Parubai's house (including the puppet of Tatya Vinchu) [[Confiscation|confiscated]] and stored in his warehouse. Shocked at learning this, Lakshya decides to teach Dhanajirao a lesson and angrily storms off to his warehouse. Meanwhile, Tatya Vinchu reveals his identity to Dhanajirao in the warehouse and threatens to kill him with a [[sickle]], causing a horrified Dhanajirao to die of [[heart failure]]. In the moments immediately after Dhanajirao's death, Lakshya reaches the warehouse and is shocked to discover Dhanajirao dead, realising that the puppet of Tatya Vinchu is indeed a living thing. Just then, Mahesh too arrives at the scene with Gauri and the police, and arrests Lakshya for believing him to have committed Dhanajirao's murder in a fit of rage. In [[prison]], Lakshya desperately tries to explain that the culprit is Tatya Vinchu, not him, but Mahesh refuses to believe him and considers him to be [[Mental disorder|mentally ill]]. The next day, however, Dhanajirao's [[Autopsy|postmortem]] reports prove Lakshya innocent and he is [[Acquittal|released from prison]] by Mahesh.

Meanwhile, the puppet of Tatya Vinchu travels to Mumbai and meets with Baba Chamatkar, demanding him to explain to him how to migrate into a [[human]] form. Baba Chamatkar initially refuses to do so, but when Tatya Vinchu threatens to kill him, Baba Chamatkar explains to him that he must transfer his soul into the [[human body]] of the person whom he has confessed his identity first and that person is Lakshya. On learning this, Tatya Vinchu returns to Shrirangpur during the festival of [[Holi]] with the intention of possess Lakshya's body. One night, Tatya Vinchu enters Lakshya's house through the window and tries to chant the mantra on him, but Lakshya manages to lock him up inside the [[closet]]. The next morning, Aavdi takes the puppet of Tatya Vinchu out from the closet and [[Burial|buries]] it [[Subterranea (geography)|underground]], but Tatya Vinchu succeeds in coming out by [[digging]] from inside, much to Lakshya's fear. Tukaram and Sakharam believe Lakshya to be mentally unstable and forcefully take him into a [[Mental asylum|mental hospital]] in Shrirangpur.

That night, Gauri takes the puppet of Tatya Vinchu to her house when Tatya Vinchu reveals his true identity and attacks Gauri, who manages to escape from him, horrified, and meets Mahesh to inform him the reality about Tatya Vinchu. Having received the whereabouts of Baba Chamatkar's cave, Mahesh and Gauri arrive and confront Baba Chamatkar, who reveals that the only way to kill Tatya Vinchu is to shoot him right between his two [[eyebrow]]s. Meanwhile, Tatya Vinchu tries to enter the mental hospital through the window to reach out to Lakshya, scaring Lakshya enough to escape from the mental hospital back to his house in the middle of the night. Tatya Vinchu then meets Kubdya Khavis, who has escaped from prison, and the two barge into Lakshya's house and capture him and Parubai. However, Mahesh arrives at the scene with Gauri on time and frees Lakshya and Parubai from the clutches of Tatya Vinchu and Kubdya Khavis.

In the ensuing fight, Tatya Vinchu pursues Lakshya up to the [[roof]] to possess his body. Mahesh injures Kubdya Khavis and reaches up to the roof, but Tatya Vinchu nearly drops Mahesh down the roof, leaving him hanging on its edge, and begins chanting the mantra on Lakshya. Just as Tatya Vinchu is about to utter the last verse, Mahesh manages to get back on the roof and uses his [[gun]] to shoot Tatya Vinchu right between his two eyebrows. The puppet falls down the roof, now lifeless, and the police arrest Kubdya Khavis once again. Finally, Tukaram and Jairam also agree for Lakshya and Mahesh's marriages with Aavdi and Gauri, respectively. The film ends with a renowned ventriloquist and [[puppeteer]], [[Ramdas Padhye]], presenting Lakshya a new puppet as a bravery award, and Lakshya screaming at Mahesh due to his fear of puppets since the incident of Tatya Vinchu.

== Cast ==
* [[Mahesh Kothare]] as [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]] [[Inspector Mahesh Jadhav]]
* [[Laxmikant Berde]] as [[Laxmikant Bolke]] (a.k.a. Lakshya)
* Kishori Ambiye as Gauri Ghatge
* [[Pooja Pawar]] as [[Zapatlela (film series)#Aavdi|Aavdi]]
* [[Madhu Kambikar]] as [[Zapatlela (film series)#Parubai Bolke|Parubai Bolke]] (Lakshya's mother)
* Ravindra Berde as [[Constable]] Tukaram (Aavdi's father)
* [[Jairam Kulkarni]] as [[Superintendent of Police|Superintendent]] Jairam Ghatge (Gauri's father)
* [[Vijay Chavan]] as Constable Sakharam (Aavdi's prospective bridegroom)
* Raghavendra Kadkol as [[Zapatlela (film series)#Baba Chamatkar|Baba Chamatkar]] (Tatya Vinchu's [[Wizard (fantasy)|wizard]])
* [[Bipin Varti]] as [[Zapatlela (film series)#Kubdya Khavis|Kubdya Khavis]] (Tatya Vinchu's [[sidekick]])
* [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] in a [[cameo appearance]] as [[Tatya Vinchu]] ([[voiceover]] also)
* Dinkar Inamdar as Dhanajirao Dhanavte (Lakshya and Parubai's [[landlord]])
* [[Ramdas Padhye]] in a cameo appearance as himself in the ending scene

==Production==
===Inspiration ===
This film was inspired from the 1988 Hollywood movie ''[[Child's Play (1988 film)|Child's Play]]'', a film by [[Don Mancini|Don Macini]]. It was a [[horror film]]. As in ''Zapatlela'', it opens with a serial killer ([[Charles Lee Ray]]) transferring his soul into a doll, [[Chucky (character)|Chucky]] after being shot dead by a police officer, and is given to a child, Andy Barclay, who is not believed to when he claims that the doll is alive. Chucky goes to meet his old [[Voodoo in popular culture|voodoo]] master John in a similar manner [[Tatya Vinchu]] confronts Baba Chamatkar and learns that the only way to become human again is transferring his soul into the body of the first person he told his true name to, who happens to be Andy, which puts him in the same danger Lakshya is subjected to by the living doll.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seibold |first=Witney |date=2024-01-14 |title=The Correct Order To Watch The Chucky Movies |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/1481341/correct-order-to-watch-chucky-movies/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=SlashFilm |language=en-US}}</ref> Tatya is also shot dead by the same police officer that originally killed his human self after the cop was instructed by John that Chucky's weakness is his heart, just like how Baba does by telling Mahesh to shoot Tatya between his [[eyebrow]]s to kill him.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Marathi films inspired by Hollywood|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/marathi-films-inspired-by-hollywood/photostory/36716116.cms|access-date=2021-03-08|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Development and casting ===
[[File:ZapatlelaRam.jpg|center|thumb]][[Mahesh Kothare]] said he wrote the story of ''Zapatlela'' in a hotel room in a week. Name of the main [[antagonist]], notorious criminal [[Tatya Vinchu]], Kothare developed from the amalgamation of his make-up man's name 'Tatya' and 'Red [[Scorpion]]', which he had seen in his childhood. The evil puppet Tatya Vinchu and Lakshya's naughtiest puppet [[Ardhavatrao]] are both created and operated by Ramdas Padhye, a [[ventriloquist]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Me |url=https://www.vpuppets.com/aboutme.php |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=www.vpuppets.com}}</ref> The voice of Ardhvatrao was dubbed by Ramdas Padhye. Dilip Prabhavalkar performed the [[voiceover]] for Tatya Vinchu puppet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title='तात्या विंचू'साठी दिलीप प्रभावळकरचं का? |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/why-dilip-prabhavalkar-was-chosen-role-of-tatya-vinchu-mahesh-kothare-ssj-93-2317989/ |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

[[Laxmikant Berde]] signed in the lead role, making his fifth collaboration with Mahesh Kothare. Kothare wrote the role of Gauri with [[Nivedita Joshi-Saraf]] in mind, but turned down the offer due to she got married and the offer went to Kishori Ambiye. [[Priya Berde|Priya Arun]] was the first choice for the role of Aavdi but she also turned down and the offer went to [[Pooja Pawar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=एका कारणामुळे झपाटलेला चित्रपटातून निवेदिता सराफ यांना दाखवण्यात आलेला बाहेरचा रस्ता |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/throwback-when-nivedita-saraf-was-not-part-of-mahesh-kothare-zapatlela-movie/articleshow/100586845.cms |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] made a [[cameo appearance]] in the role of Tatya Vinchu, the [[antagonist]] in the film.<ref name=":0" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Zapatlela
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Anil Mohile]]
| released = {{Film date|1985}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=|s=}}
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| label =
| misc =
}}
The music is composed by Anil Mohile

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer (s)
| title1 = Zapatlela
| length1 =
| extra1 = [[Sudesh Bhosle]], Uttara Kelkar
| title2 = Tujhya Majhya Premachi Godi
| length2 =
| extra2 = [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| title3 = Dhak Dhak Manat Zalay Suru
| length3 =
| extra3 = Vinay Mandke, Uttara Kelkar
| title4 = Zap Zap Zapatlela
| length4 =
| extra4 = Sudesh Bhosle, Sadhana Sargam, [[Vinod Rathod]]
| total_length =
}}

==Sequel==
A sequel to the film, titled ''[[Zapatlela 2]]'', was released in 3D on 7 June 2013 with [[Adinath Kothare]] and [[Sonalee Kulkarni]] in the lead roles. It also features [[Makarand Anaspure]], [[Sai Tamhankar]], [[Mahesh Kothare]], [[Madhu Kambikar]] and [[Vishakha Subhedar]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-18/news-interviews/39353462_1_mahesh-kothare-marathi-film-zapatlela|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809054936/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-18/news-interviews/39353462_1_mahesh-kothare-marathi-film-zapatlela|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 August 2013|title=Rakeysh Omprakah Mehra to procure Zapatlela 2 remake rights?|last=Deshmukh|first=Gayatri|date=18 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 June 2013}}</ref> This film got mediocre success. [[Mahesh Kothare]] declared his intentions to create "Zapatlela 3" in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title='झपाटलेला ३' लवकरच प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/mahesh-kothare-announces-zapatlela-3/articleshow/61540754.cms |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> Then, in 2024, he reiterated the announcement, revealing plans for a theatrical release in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-18 |title=Superhit Marathi Horror-comedy Franchise Zapatlela To Return With Third Instalment |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/superhit-marathi-horror-comedy-franchise-zapatlela-to-return-with-third-instalment-8857353.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
After theatrical release, ''Zapatlela'' became huge hit and it is a popular film in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-02 |title=Video : ‘तात्या विंचू’साठी दिलीप प्रभावळकरचं का? महेश कोठारे म्हणतात… |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/why-dilip-prabhavalkar-was-chosen-role-of-tatya-vinchu-mahesh-kothare-ssj-93-2317989/ |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

==Remakes==
The film was remade in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] in the year 2001, with the title ''[[Ammo Bomma]]'', with [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] playing the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=झपाटलेला ते टाइमपास; 100 कोटींची कमाई करणाऱ्या मराठी सिनेमांची साऊथने केली कॉपी |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/sairat-to-zapatlela-marathi-movie-remake-in-south-industry-mhgm-891794.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251127203132/https://lokmat.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/sairat-to-zapatlela-marathi-movie-remake-in-south-industry-mhgm-891794.html |archive-date=27 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=lokmat.news18.com |language=mr |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0233979|Zapatlela}}

[[Category:Zapatlela (film series)]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language horror films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Marathi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1990s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films set in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Child's Play (franchise)]]
[[Category:Films about exorcism]]
[[Category:Films about wizards]]
[[Category:Films about curses]]
[[Category:Films about haunted dolls]]
[[Category:Films about murderers]]
[[Category:Films about Voodoo]]
[[Category:Puppet films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mahesh Kothare]]

Bheemini mandal

2026-01-31T10:00:36Z

Surendra:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bheemini
| native_name = BHEEMINI
| native_name_lang = BHEEMIN
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Mandal
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| nickname = THALLA BHEEMINI
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19|08|38|N|79|43|00|E|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = 
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = 
| governing_body =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = 
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_metro =
| population_rank = 
| population_demonym = 
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics2_title1 = Other
| demographics2_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code =
| area_code_type = 
| registration_plate = TS
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| demographics1_info1 =
}}

'''Bheemini''' a [[Subdivisions of India|Mandal]] in [[Mancherial district]] in the state of [[Telangana]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://panchayat.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumr.asp?selstate=0219000000&pno=1&ptype=B
|title=Mandals in Adilabad district
|publisher=Panchayat Informatics Division
|accessdate=2007-02-28
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327185343/http://panchayat.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumr.asp?selstate=0219000000&pno=1&ptype=B
|archivedate=2007-03-27
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
There are 21 Villages in Bheemini.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.districtsinfo.com/2016/11/mancherial-district-revenue-divisions.html|title=Schedule - II Reorganization Of Mandals In Mancherial District|website=www.districtsinfo.com|access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|''' Sl.No.'''
|''' Name of the Mandal'''
|''' Villages in the Mandal'''
|''' Name of the Erstwhile Mandals from which the present Mandal is formed'''
|-
|1
| rowspan="21" | Bheemini
|Karjibheempur
| rowspan="16" | Bheemini
|-
|2
|Pothepalli (D)
|-
|3
|Kamalapur (D)
|-
|4
|Akkalapalle
|-
|5
|Ramaraopet (D)
|-
|6
|Laxmipur
|-
|7
|Wadal
|-
|8
|Peddagudipet
|-
|9
|Rajaram
|-
|10
|Peddapeta
|-
|11
|Bhimini
|-
|12
|Venkatapur
|-
|13
|Veegaon
|-
|14
|Bitturpalle
|-
|15
|Mallidi
|-
|16
|Dampur
|-
|17
|Pedda Thimmapur
| rowspan="5" | Dahegaon
|-
|18
|Chinnathimmapur
|-
|19
|Keslapur
|-
|20
|Chinna Gudipet
|-
|21
|Thangallapalli
|}
|22
|Mamidipalle
|23
|Chennapur

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|19|14|56|N|79|36|09|E|region:IN_type:city_source:kolossus-tewiki|display=title}}

{{Mancherial district}}
[[Category:Villages in Mancherial district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Mancherial district]]

[[te:భీమిని]]

John Murray Mitchell (missionary)

2026-01-29T19:20:59Z

Surendra: Content refined and expanded

{{Short description|Scottish missionary and orientalist (1815–1904)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{use British English|date=January 2018}}
[[File:Rev. J. Murray Mitchell, M.A., LL.D.jpg|thumb|{{center|Rev. J. Murray Mitchell}}]]
'''John Murray Mitchell''' (19 August 1815 – 14 November 1904) was a Scottish missionary and [[Orientalism|orientalist]] who worked in his country of birth, India and France.<ref>Ewing, William ''Annals of the Free Church''</ref>

==Life==
[[File:The grave of Rev John Murray Mitchell, Dean Cemetery.jpg|thumb|Mitchell's grave in Dean Cemetery]]
John Murray Mitchell was born in the manse at Garvock near [[Aberdeen]], Scotland, on 19 August 1815. His parents, who had seven other children, were Rev James Mitchell and his wife, Margaret Gordon. Following education in [[Kinneff]], [[Kincardineshire]] and a year at [[Aberdeen Grammar School]], he joined the city's [[Marischal College]] in 1829. He graduated with an MA in 1833 and then studied for the church ministry, initially in Aberdeen and later in [[Edinburgh]]. He was ordained by the [[Church of Scotland]] in July 1838.<ref name="odnb">{{cite ODNB |title=Mitchell, John Murray (1815–1904) |first=Lionel Alexander |last=Ritchie |date=28 September 2006|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/35043 }}</ref>

Mitchell was sent to [[Bombay]], India, to join some missionary colleagues of the [[Church of Scotland]] in November 1838. There he was able to continue his interest in languages, for which he had already received prizes during his studies. He soon mastered [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and also studied [[Sanskrit]] and what was then called [[Avestan|Zend]].<ref name="odnb"/>

The [[Disruption of 1843|schism in the Church of Scotland]] in 1843 resulted in Mitchell favouring the newly formed [[Free Church of Scotland (1843-1900)|Free Church of Scotland]]. In the following year, he moved to [[Nagpur]] with [[Stephen Hislop]] in order to establish a new mission. He frequently travelled from that base to speak with local people, often in their own language, but in 1846 he had to return to Scotland due to the poor health of his wife, Maria Hay Mackenzie née Flyter, whom he had married in Bombay on 22 December 1842.<ref name="odnb"/>

Mitchell returned alone to India before the end of 1846, having addressed the church's general assembly during his time back in his native country. It was three more years before a still-sickly Maria was able to join him in Nagpur and in 1856 she once again retreated to Scotland, with her husband following in January 1857. During the interval, from 1854 to 1856, Mitchell was based in [[Pune|Poona]], where he acted as relief for a missionary colleague, James Mitchell.<ref name="odnb"/>

In 1858, Mitchell was awarded an LL.D degree by Marischal College. A year later, in November 1859, he returned to India and again relieved James Mitchell at Poona. Maria left the country in October 1862 and in April 1863 her husband also left, taking up a ministry at [[Broughty Ferry]], near [[Dundee]] in Scotland, until 1867. He began 1868 with another voyage to India, where he took charge of [[Scottish Church College|Duff College]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] at a time when the mission in that city was experiencing difficulties. During this period in India, he assisted in founding a mission to work among the [[Santal]] people and also had a significant role in establishing the [[Simla Union Church]],<ref name="odnb"/> which opened in 1870 and catered for a united congregation of European Presbyterians and Dissenters.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=British Library |url=https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/i/019pho0000355s1u00076000.html |title=Interior of the Union Church, Simla |accessdate=2018-01-03}}</ref>

After another period in Scotland from 1873, when he served as Secretary of the church's Foreign Mission Committee, he returned to India for the last time in 1880 and remained there for two years. Later, after 1888, he worked on behalf of the church in [[Nice]], France.<ref name="odnb"/>

In recognition of his being the oldest minister of the Free Church, Mitchell presided over the vote in the adoption of the 1900 Uniting Act, which brought about [[United Free Church of Scotland]], through the union of the Free Church of Scotland with the [[United Presbyterian Church of Scotland]].<ref name="odnb"/>

Mitchell died at [[South Leith Parish Church|South Leith manse]], his brother [[James Mitchell (Scottish minister)|Very Rev James Mitchell]]'s home in [[Leith]], on 14 November 1904. His brother had served as [[Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland]] in 1901. John was buried in the city's [[Dean Cemetery]] on 18 November. The grave lies in the first northern extension, behind his brother's grave.<ref>Scotsman (newspaper) 19 November 1904</ref>

==Family==

He and his wife, Maria H. M. Flyter, who died in 1907, had no children.<ref name="odnb"/>

== Publications ==
Among Mitchell's writings were:<ref name="odnb"/>
*''Letters to Indian Youth''
*''Memoir'' (1858), of his missionary colleague Robert Nesbit, whom he had joined in Bombay at the outset of his career
*''Hinduism, Past and Present'' (1885)
*''In Western India'' (1899), a partial autobiography
*''The Great Religions of India'' (1905), published posthumously and based on his Duff Lectures of 1903

Mitchell also translated works from Marathi into English.<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Christianity in India: 1707-1858 |first=Stephen |last=Neill |edition=Reprinted, revised |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-52189-332-9 |page=349 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC&pg=PA349}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Librivox author |id=13351}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitchell, John Murray}}
[[Category:1815 births]]
[[Category:1904 deaths]]
[[Category:Clergy from Aberdeen]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish writers]]
[[Category:Scottish orientalists]]
[[Category:19th-century ministers of the Free Church of Scotland]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish Presbyterian ministers]]
[[Category:Scottish Protestant missionaries]]
[[Category:People associated with the University of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:People educated at Aberdeen Grammar School]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Scottish Church College]]
[[Category:Burials at the Dean Cemetery]]
[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in India]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish translators]]
[[Category:British missionary linguists]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Linguists of Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:British Indologists]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]

Robin Chatterjee

2026-01-23T13:01:26Z

Surendra: Added Initial Entry And Citations

{{Short description|Indian music director and composer (1914–1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{unreliable sources|date=August 2023}} 
{{Mscn|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|name = Robin Chatterjee
|native_name = রবীন চ্যাটার্জি
|birth_date = {{birth-date|8 January 1918}}<ref>[https://bangodarshan.com/madhur/madhur_stock/Surakar_Rabin_Chattopadhyay.pdf Surakar Rabin Chattopadhyay] bangodarshan.com</ref>
|birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{death-date and age|2 April 1976|8 January 1914}}
|death_place = [[Calcutta, West Bengal]], India
|occupation = Music director, composer
|genre = {{ubl|[[Bengali Music]]|[[Bollywood Music]]}}
|years_active = 1942-1976
}}
'''Robin Chatterjee''' was an Indian music director and sound recordist who scored music for about ninety films. Starting from the 1942 film ''[[Parineeta (1942 film)|Parineeta]]'', he has composed music for evergreen soundtracks such as ''[[Tabbaliyu Neenade Magane|Godhuli]]'', ''[[Bipasha (film)|Bipasha]]'', ''Sagarika'', ''Kamallata'', ''Dwiper Nam Tiya Rang'', etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nthwall.com/be/movie/Bipasha-1962/9765400374 |title=Bipasha (1962)-Bengali Movie Reviews, Trailers, Wallpapers, Photos, Cast & Crew, Story & Synopsis- NTH Wall |access-date=2014-10-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024131908/http://www.nthwall.com/be/movie/Bipasha-1962/9765400374 |archive-date=2014-10-24 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planetradiocity.com/musicopedia/article-musicdir/Sandhya-Mukhopadhyay/1827 |title=Sandhya-Mukhopadhyay | Music-Directors | Music-Composers | Sandhya-Mukhopadhyay songs | Sandhya-Mukhopadhyay biography |access-date=23 October 2014 |archive-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112143701/http://www.planetradiocity.com/musicopedia/article-musicdir/Sandhya-Mukhopadhyay/1827 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==Career==
In 1955, he composed music for the film ''[[Tabbaliyu Neenade Magane|Godhuli]]'' which contained a song "Piya Piya Piya Ke Dake Amare". In 1957, he composed music for [[Uttam Kumar|Uttam]]-[[Suchitra Sen|Suchitra]] starrer superhit ''Sagarika''. In that film, [[Shyamal Mitra]] sang "Amar Swapne dekha Rajkanya".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://raktimsen.com/|title=RaktimSen.com | My World of the Arts...|accessdate=29 April 2024}}</ref>

In the 1950s and 1960s, Chatterjee frequently composed scores for director [[Agradoot]], including:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rustycab.com/contribution-of-music-director-robin-chatterjee-in-agradoots-films/|title=Coming soon page | Register your own domain at GKG.NET}}</ref>

* ''[[Sabar Uparey]]'' (1955). Songs in the film included "Ghum Ghum Chand" sung by [[Sandhya Mukherjee]] and "Kataro Aghate Chino Paye Rokto Jhore" sung by [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]].
* In ''[[Pathey Holo Deri]]'' (1957), Sandhya Mukherjee sung Chatterjee's "E Shudhu Gaaner Din", "ei chayaghera logone aaj ke dake amar" and "Tumi Na Hoy Rohite Kachhe".
* ''[[Lalu Bhulu]]'' – All the songs in the film had been sung by classical singer [[Manabendra Mukhopadhyay]], including "ei pranjharona jaglo", "Dukkho Amar Sesh Kore Dao", "Dukher Pothe Namli Jodi", "Akash Mor Alloy Diyecho Bhore", "Jaar Hiya Akasher" and "Surjo Tomar Sonar Toron".
* ''[[Bipasha (film)|Bipasha]]'', with Sandhya Mukherjee's song "Klantir Path Bujhira Phuralo", and "Ami Sapne Tomay Dekhechhi".

==Collaborations==
Chatterjee worked with many Bengali singers, such as [[Hemanta Mukherjee]], [[Manna Dey]], [[Shyamal Mitra]], [[Aarti Mukherjee]], [[Sandhya Mukherjee]], [[Pratima Bandopadhyay|Pratima Banderjee]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Geeta Dutt]], [[Arundhati Holme Chowdhury]], [[Utpala Sen]] and [[Kishore Kumar]].

==Filmography==
{{See|Robin Chatterjee discography}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Robin}}
[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]

Vikram University Sports Complex

2025-12-26T15:48:34Z

Surendra: refine page further and updated info

{{Short description|Sports complex in Ujjain, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{infobox venue
| name = Vikram University Sports Complex
| nickname = Vikram University Ground
| image =
| fullname = Vikram University Sports Complex
| location = [[Ujjain]], India
| coordinates =
| broke_ground =
| built =
| opened = 1960
| renovated =
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Vikram University]]
| operator = [[Vikram University]]
| surface =
| construction_cost =
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| general_contractor =
| project_manager =
| main_contractors =
| former_names =
| tenants =
| capacity = 1,000
| dimensions =
| scoreboard =
}}
'''Vikram University Sports Complex''' is a multipurpose sports complex located in [[Ujjain]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The stadium managed and owned by [[Vikram University]].

The stadium has facilities for various sports, including [[cricket]], [[association football|football]], and [[field hockey|hockey]]. There are also facilities for indoor sports such as [[basketball]], [[badminton]], [[gymnastics]], [[handball]], [[volleyball]], [[lawn tennis]], [[table tennis]], [[Olympic weightlifting|weight lifting]], and [[Kabbadi]]. The stadium has hosted few non-[[first-class cricket]] matches.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/4702_misc.html Other matches]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.engineering.careers360.com/government-school-engineering-and-technology-vikram-university-ujjain/about |title=About Vikram University, Ujjain |website=engineering.careers360.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208121602/http://www.engineering.careers360.com/government-school-engineering-and-technology-vikram-university-ujjain/about |archive-date=2015-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zastory.com/wiki/Vikram_University |title=Vikram University – The Story |website=zastory.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208061759/http://www.zastory.com/wiki/Vikram_University |archive-date=2015-12-08}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110702010309/http://www.vikramuniv.net/ Vikram University website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131212132529/http://freepressjournal.in/prof-kaul-is-new-vu-vc/ Freepressjournal.in]
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/4702.html Cricketarchive]
* [http://wikimapia.org/17319921/vikram-university-Play-Ground Wikimapia]

{{coord|23|09|33|N|75|48|40|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}
{{City of Ujjain}}
{{Sport venues in Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Malwa]]
[[Category:Ujjain]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Ujjain]]
[[Category:Sport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ujjain]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1960]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sport in Ujjain]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}
{{India-cricket-ground-stub}}

Parassala B. Ponnammal

2025-12-17T17:37:10Z

Surendra: Added First Details More To Come

{{Short description|Indian Carnatic musician (1924–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Parassala B. Ponnammal
| image = File:Parassala B. Ponnammal.jpg
|caption =Ponnammal in 2017
| image_size = 200px
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1924|11|29}}
| birth_place = [[Parassala]], [[Travancore]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2021|6|22|1924|11|29}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| origin =
| genre = Indian classical music
| occupation = Classical vocalist
}}
[[File:DD National - ENS.jpg|thumb|Parassala Ponnammal sings at the Doordarshan National Programme of Music in 2009. Avaneeswaram Vinu (violin), [[Erickavu N. Sunil]] (mridangam), Trikkakkara Y. N. Santharam (kanjira)]]

'''Parassala B. Ponnammal''' (29 November 1924 – 22 June 2021) was an Indian [[Carnatic music]]ian from the south Indian state of [[Kerala]]. She was a classical carnatic vocalist in the [[Parampara|lineage]] of Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer, Muthiah Bhagavathar, and Papanasam Sivan. She was the first woman to perform at the ''Navaratri Mandapam'' in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] as a part of the Navaratri Celebrations of the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple]] in Kerala.

Ponnammal was a recipient of the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honor, in 2017. She was also a recipient of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]], [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] and the Kerala state government's [[Swathi Sangeetha Puraskaram]].

== Early life ==
Ponnammal was born on 29 November 1924 in [[Parassala]], in the present-day [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]], to R. Mahadeva Iyer and A. Bhagavathy Ammal in a [[Kerala Iyers|Kerala Iyer]] family.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Roshni|first=R. K.|date=22 June 2021|title=Parassala B. Ponnammal passes away|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/parassala-b-ponnammal-passes-away/article34913814.ece|access-date=24 June 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=22 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622182514/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/parassala-b-ponnammal-passes-away/article34913814.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> She started her studies in [[carnatic music]] as a child; during the early 1940s, she was the first female student to enroll in the newly started [[Swathi Thirunal College of Music]] in Thiruvananthapuram, which was then known as Sree Swathi Thirunal Music Academy. She graduated from the academy with a first rank in "Gana Bhushanam" and "Gana Praveena" courses.<ref name=":1" />

She learned from several notable figures in carnatic music, including [[Papanasam Sivan]], [[Muthiah Bhagavatar|Harikesanallur Muthiah Bhagavatar]] and [[Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Grace Notes From Travancore|work=outlookindia.com/|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/grace-notes-from-travancore/298462|access-date=29 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031410/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/grace-notes-from-travancore/298462|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ponnammal started her career as a music teacher by joining the [[Government Higher Secondary School for Girls|Cotton Hill Girls High School]] in Thiruvananthapuram. She later became the first female member of the teaching faculty at the [[Swathi Thirunal College of Music]] in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/A-rare-gem-of-a-musician/article17266915.ece|title=A rare gem of a musician|last=Varma|first=Aswathi Thirunal Rama|work=The Hindu|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-date=14 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214033455/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/A-rare-gem-of-a-musician/article17266915.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> She was the first woman principal to head the [[RLV College of Music and Fine Arts]] at [[Thrippunithura|Tripunithura]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/A-doyen-in-her-own-right/article15586732.ece|title=A doyen in her own right|last=Ranee Kumar|work=The Hindu|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326173950/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/A-doyen-in-her-own-right/article15586732.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> As a teacher, some of her disciples included [[Kumara Kerala Varma]], [[Neyyattinkara Vasudevan]], [[K. Omanakutty]], [[A. K. Raveendranath]], [[Nedumangad Sasidharan]], [[M.G. Radhakrishnan]], [[Palkulangara Ambika Devi]], [[G. Seethalakshmi]], [[S Mahadevan]], Amruta Venkatesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://smahadevan.in/parassalaponnammal|title=Parassala Ponnammal|date=31 July 2021}}</ref> Renowned Carnatic vocalist Mangad K. Natesan, his daughter Prof. (Dr.)Mini N and her husband Dr. Sajith E. N. and their daughter Dr. Mythili E. S. have also learned from her.<ref name=":1" />

Ponnammal was a carnatic musician in the [[Parampara|lineage]] of Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer, Muthiah Bhagavathar, and Papanasam Sivan. Some of her performances included the ''Guruvayur Puresa Suprabhatham'',<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 June 2017|title=Parassala Ponnammal {{!}} S Mahadevan|language=en-US|work=S Mahadevan|url=http://smahadevan.in/parassala-ponnammal|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116140228/http://smahadevan.in/parassala-ponnammal|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Trisivapuresa Suprabhatham'', ''Ulsava Prabhandam'', ''Navarathri Kriti'', ''Meenambika Sthothram'', in addition to compositions of [[Irayimman Thampi|Irayamman Thampi]] and [[K. C. Kesava Pillai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ms. Parassala Ponnammal {{!}} Kerala Tourism|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/leadinglights/ms-parassala-ponnammal/69|access-date=29 November 2017|website=www.keralatourism.org|language=en|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040635/https://www.keralatourism.org/leadinglights/ms-parassala-ponnammal/69|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

She became the first woman to perform at the [[Navaratri]] celebrations of the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple]] in Kerala when she performed at the ''Navarathri Mandapam'' in 1996. In doing so, she broke a centuries-old restriction that forbade women from performing at the temple.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Doyen of Carnatic music Parassala B Ponnammal dies at 96 in Kerala|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/jun/22/doyen-of-carnatic-music-parassala-b-ponnammal-dies-at-96-in-kerala-2319877.html|access-date=24 June 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=22 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622104150/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/jun/22/doyen-of-carnatic-music-parassala-b-ponnammal-dies-at-96-in-kerala-2319877.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She went on to perform there for the next ten years. She continued to perform across India and abroad through her 80s.<ref>{{Cite news|title=പൊന്നമ്മാളിന്റെ സംഗീത യാത്രയ്ക്ക് പത്മശീയുടെ തിളക്കം|work=Mathrubhumi|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/parassala-b-ponnammal-1.1682994|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-date=12 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612051903/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/parassala-b-ponnammal-1.1682994|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Krishnaraj.S.|title=CARNATIC MUSIC :: Prince Rama Varma : A legend in the Making|url=http://www.carnaticindia.com/ramavarma.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425080542/http://carnaticindia.com/ramavarma.html|archive-date=25 April 2016|access-date=31 May 2017|website=www.carnaticindia.com}}</ref>

Ponnammal was a recipient of the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honor in 2017. She also received the [[Kerala State|Kerala State Government]]'s [[Swathi Sangeetha Puraskaram]], the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2009, and the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi|Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]].<ref name=":1" />

==Personal life==
Ponnammal was married to R. Devanayagam Iyer, who pre-deceased her. The couple had three sons - D. Mahadevan, D. Subramanian, D Ramaswamy - and a daughter, D Kamala. Her children Ramaswamy and Kamala pre-deceased her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/jun/22/doyen-of-carnatic-music-parassala-b-ponnammal-dies-at-96-in-kerala-2319877.html|title=Doyen of Carnatic music Parassala B Ponnammal dies at 96 in Kerala|date=22 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/parassala-b-ponnammal-passes-away/article34913814.ece|title=Parassala B. Ponnammal passes away|first=R. K.|last=Roshni|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 June 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210623113748/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/parassala-b-ponnammal-passes-away/article34913814.ece|archivedate=23 June 2021|access-date=24 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> She died on 22 June 2021, at her home in Valiyassala, Thiruvananthapuram, aged 96.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=വിഖ്യാത കർണാടക സംഗീതജ്ഞ പാറശ്ശാല ബി. പൊന്നമ്മാൾ അന്തരിച്ചു |trans-title=Carnatic musician Parassala B Ponnammal passed away |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2021/06/22/carnatic-musician-parassala-b-ponnammal-passed-away.html |website=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622125748/https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2021/06/22/carnatic-musician-parassala-b-ponnammal-passed-away.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=Jun 23, 2021|title=Carnatic music legend passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/carnatic-music-legend-passes-away/articleshow/83759867.cms|access-date=23 June 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623120937/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/carnatic-music-legend-passes-away/articleshow/83759867.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Smt. Parassala B. Ponnammal, at the Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 13, 2017.jpg|thumb|The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Smt. Parassala B. Ponnammal, at the Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 13, 2017]]
Her awards include:

* [[Padma Shri]], Government of India, New Delhi, 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://padmaawards.gov.in/Padma2017.aspx|title=Padma Awards|website=padmaawards.gov.in|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-date=29 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529041410/http://padmaawards.gov.in/Padma2017.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
* M. G. Radhakrishnan Award, 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wn.com/minister_a_k_balan_presenting_m_g_radhakrishnan_award_to_musician_parassala_b_ponnammal|title=Minister A K Balan Presenting M G Radhakrishnan Award To Musician Parassala B Ponnammal|website=World News|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111110257/https://wn.com/minister_a_k_balan_presenting_m_g_radhakrishnan_award_to_musician_parassala_b_ponnammal|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Lifetime Achievement Award, Chennai Fine Arts, Tamil Nadu, 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://article.wn.com/view/2015/03/23/Honour_for_Parassala_Ponnammal/|title=Honour for Parassala Ponnammal|website=article.wn.com|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201045508/https://article.wn.com/view/2015/03/23/Honour_for_Parassala_Ponnammal/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Honour-for-Parassala-Ponnammal/articleshow/46660521.cms|title=Honour for Parassala Ponnammal|work=The Times of India|access-date=27 November 2017|archive-date=26 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226185226/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Honour-for-Parassala-Ponnammal/articleshow/46660521.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Sangeetha Prabhakara Award, 2012<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/award-for-ponnammal/article4103748.ece|title=Award for Ponnammal|work=The Hindu|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326173945/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/award-for-ponnammal/article4103748.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* S. Ganesha Sarma Award, instituted by Ganesha Sarma Educational and Charitable Society, 2009<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2009/feb/10/awards-for-vasudevan-potti-parassala-ponnammal-24740.html|title=Awards for Vasudevan Potti, Parassala Ponnammal|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111164927/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2009/feb/10/awards-for-vasudevan-potti-parassala-ponnammal-24740.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], 2009<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/Sangeet-Natak-Academy-awards-2009/article15789540.ece/photo/15/|title=Sangeet Natak Academy awards 2009|work=The Hindu|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326173949/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/Sangeet-Natak-Academy-awards-2009/article15789540.ece/photo/15/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Swathi Sangeetha Puraskaram]], 2009<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://article.wn.com/view/2010/01/12/Swati_Puraskaram_announced/|title=Swati Puraskaram announced|website=article.wn.com|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-date=21 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521023257/https://article.wn.com/view/2010/01/12/Swati_Puraskaram_announced/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Sree Guruvayurappan Chembai Puraskaram, 2009<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.carnaticdarbar.com/news/200902/20091031a.asp|title=Sree Guruvayurappan Chembai Puraskaram for vocalist Parassala Ponnammal - Carnatic Music News - Darbar for claissical music / claissical dance|last=Adroit|website=www.carnaticdarbar.com|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910130434/http://carnaticdarbar.com/news/200902/20091031a.asp|archive-date=10 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]], 2002<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/classical-music/456|title=Classical Music|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]], 1977<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/classical-music-a-ksna/464 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Classical Music |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.keralatourism.org/leadinglights/ms-parassala-ponnammal/69 Ms. Parassala Ponnammal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040635/https://www.keralatourism.org/leadinglights/ms-parassala-ponnammal/69 |date=1 December 2017 }}
* {{YouTube|id=JIpufcsNdY0|title=Parassala Ponnammal {{!}}Interview with Padma award winner Parassala Ponnammal}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ponnammal, Parassala B.}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Singers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Performers of Hindu music]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

INS Khanderi (1968)

2025-12-12T17:17:16Z

Surendra: brief fixed layout to improve readability additionally and added references

{{Short description|Submarine of the Indian Navy}}
{{Other ships|INS Khanderi}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}

{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag= {{shipboxflag|India|naval 1950}}
|name= INS ''Khanderi''
|namesake=[[Khanderi]]
|ordered=
|builder=
|laid_down=
|launched=
|acquired=
|commissioned= 6 December 1968
|decommissioned= 18 October 1989
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate= Decommissioned
|status=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class= {{sclass|Kalvari|submarine|||1967}}
|type=
|displacement=*{{convert|1950|t|LT|0|abbr=on}} surfaced
*{{convert|2475|t|LT|0|abbr=on}} submerged
|length= {{convert|91.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|beam= {{convert|7.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|draught= {{convert|6|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|propulsion=
|speed=*{{convert|16|kn|lk=in}} surfaced
*{{convert|15|kn}} submerged
|range=*{{convert|20000|mi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|8|kn|abbr=on}} surfaced
*{{convert|380|mi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn|abbr=on}} submerged
|test_depth= {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|complement= 75 (incl 8 officers)
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=*10 {{convert|533|mm|in|abbr=on|0}} torpedo tubes with 22 SET-65E/SAET-60 torpedoes
*44 [[Naval mine|mines]] in lieu of torpedoes
|armour=
|notes=
}}
}}
'''INS ''Khanderi'' (S22)''' was a {{sclass|Kalvari|submarine|0||1967}} diesel-electric [[submarine]] of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=br-kalvari>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Submarines/Past/92-Kavari-Class.html |title=Kalvari Class (Foxtrot Class) |website=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115083222/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Submarines/Past/92-Kavari-Class.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''Khanderi'' was built at [[Sudomekh]], Admiralty Shipyard and commissioned in the navy in December 1968 and decommissioned from service in 1989. The hull was scrapped, but her fin was preserved at Virbahu parade grounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiansubmariner.com/site/pennant_numbers.php |access-date=20 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201225955/http://indiansubmariner.com/site/pennant_numbers.php |archive-date=1 February 2014 |title=The Tradition of Submarine Pennant Numbers |website=Indian Veteran Submariner's League }}</ref>

The submarine was named after Maratha emperor [[Shivaji]]'s island fort of [[Khanderi]].

On 22 April 1969, INS ''Khanderi'' became the first submarine in the world to reach the highest port, [[Matadi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] after successfully navigated 80 nm up the [[Congo River]]. This was a part of the first voyage. Previous attempts to reach the port by the [[United States Navy|US Navy]] and the [[Royal Navy]] had reportedly failed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INS Khanderi: All you need to know about India's 2nd Scorpene submarine |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/09/25/ins-khanderi-all-you-need-to-know-about-india-2nd-scorpene-submarine.html |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Foxtrot class submarine}}
{{Submarines of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanderi (S22)}}

[[Category:Kalvari-class submarines (1967)]]
[[Category:1968 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built at Admiralty Shipyard]]

{{submarine-stub}}
{{India-mil-stub}}

List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Marathi

2025-12-04T02:57:06Z

Surendra: adding new info...

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}'''[[Yuva Puraskar]]''' is given each year to young writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2011.

== Recipients ==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Yuva Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="timesofindia-economictimes 2015">{{cite web |date=2015-11-19 |title=Some Sahitya Yuva Puraskar awardees 'condemn' intolerance |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609175500/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2016 |access-date=2016-05-05 |website=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Author
! Work
! Genre
! class="unsortable" |References
|-
| 2011 || Aishwarya Patekar || ''Bhuishastra'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2012 || Dharmakirti Sumant || ''Pani - Charo, Aaro Ityadi...'' || Play ||
|-
| 2013 || Ravi Korde || ''Dhoosar Zale Nasate Gav'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2014 || Avadhoot Dongre || ''Svatahala Faltu Samajnyachi Goshta'' || Novel ||
|-
| 2015 || Veera Rathod || ''Sen Saai Ves'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2016 || [[Manaswini Lata Ravindra|Manaswani Lata Ravindra]]|| ''Blogchya Aarshapalyad'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2017 || Rahul Kosambi || ''Ubha – Aadava'' || Essays ||
|-
| 2018 || Navnath Gore || ''Fesati'' || Novel || <ref name="the quint">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-yuva-puraskar-for-2018 |website=www.thequint.com |date=2018-06-22 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || Sushil Kumar Shinde || ''Shahar Atmahatya Karaycha Mhantay'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2020 || Prajakt Deshmukh || ''Devbabhli'' || Play ||
|-
| 2021 || Pranav Sakhadeo || ''Kale Karde Strokes'' || Novel || <ref>{{cite web |date=31 December 2021 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-megha-majumdar-7699167/ |publisher=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-30 |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards, Yuva Puraskar and Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/sahitya-akademi-awards-yuva-puraskar-and-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-announced/articleshow/88596074.cms |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=timesofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-31 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://staging.theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021/792021/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=staging.theprint.in}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Pawan Nalat || ''Mi sandarbh pokhartoy'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2023 || Vishakha Vishwanath || ''Swatahala Swataviruddh Ubhe Kartana'' || Poetry ||<ref>{{cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar 2023|url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_YP-2023.pdf|access-date=27 June 2023|website=[[Sahitya Akademi]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Devidas Saudagar || ''Usvan'' || Novel ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || Pradeep Kokare || ''Khol Khol Dushkal Dole'' || Novel ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-18 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya, Yuva Puraskar for 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025/articleshow/121930724.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Marathi]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Marathi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/yuva_samman_suchi.jsp Yuva Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]
* [https://bestcurrentaffairs.com/sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar/ List of Yuva Puraskar Winners]

[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in India]]

Indus Fan

2025-11-28T23:01:46Z

Surendra: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Depositional feature of the Indus river}}
[[File:Indus Fan.jpg|thumb|Geological Map of the Indus Fan]]
The '''Indus Fan''' is one of the most significant depositional feature of the offshore Indus basin. It is the second largest fan system in the world after the [[Bengal Fan]] between India, [[Bangladesh]] and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman Islands]].<ref name="Deptuck2">{{cite journal|last1=Deptuck|first1=M.E.|last2=Steffens|first2=G.S.|last3=Barton|first3=M.|last4=Pirmez|first4=C.|date=2003|title=Architecture and evolution of upper fan channel-belts on the Niger Delta slope and in the Arabian Sea|journal=[[Marine and Petroleum Geology]]|volume=20|issue=6–8|pages=649–676|doi=10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2003.01.004|bibcode=2003MarPG..20..649D }}</ref> The Indus fan was deposited in an unconfined setting on the continental slope, rise and basin floor, covering much of the [[Arabian Sea]]. The entire fan extends over an area of 110,000 square kilometers with greater than 9 km of sediment accumulating near the toe-of-slope.<ref name="Clift 2001">{{cite journal|last1=Clift|first1=P.D.|last2=Shimizu|first2=N.|last3=Layne|first3=G.|last4=Gaedicke|first4=C.|last5=Schlüter|first5=H.U.|last6=Clark|first6=M.|last7=Amjad|first7=S.|date=2001|title=Development of the Indus Fan and its significance for the erosional history of the western Himalaya and Karakoram|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin|volume=113|issue=8|pages=1039–1051|bibcode=2001GSAB..113.1039C|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1039:dotifa>2.0.co;2}}</ref><ref name="Kolla">{{cite journal|last1=Kolla|first1=V.|last2=Coumes|first2=F.|date=1987|title=Morphology, internal structure, seismic stratigraphy, and sedimentation of Indus Fan|journal=AAPG Bulletin|volume=71|pages=650–677|doi=10.1306/94887889-1704-11d7-8645000102c1865d}}</ref>

== History ==
The Indus Basin was created through the erosion of [[Karakoram]] and the [[Western Himalaya]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Clift|first1=Peter|last2=Gaedicke|first2=Christoph|last3=Edwards|first3=Rosemary|last4=Il Lee|first4=Jae|last5=Hildebrand|first5=Peter|last6=Amjad|first6=Shahid|last7=White|first7=Robert S.|last8=Schlüter|first8=Hans-Ulrich|date=2002-05-01|title=The stratigraphic evolution of the Indus Fan and the history of sedimentation in the Arabian Sea|journal=Marine Geophysical Researches|language=en|volume=23|issue=3|pages=223–245|doi=10.1023/A:1023627123093|bibcode=2002MarGR..23..223C |s2cid=129735252|issn=1573-0581}}</ref> Fan sedimentation is estimated to have begun at the end of the Oligocene or beginning of the [[Miocene]], during a period of faster Himalayan exhumation, possibly linked to [[Monsoon]] intensification.<ref name="Clift 2001" /><ref name="Kolla" /><ref name="McHargue">{{cite book|last1=McHargue|first1=T.R.|title=Seismic facies, processes, and evolution of Miocene inner fan channels, Indus submarine fan. in Weimer, P. and Link, M. H. (eds.), Seismic facies and sedimentary processes of submarine fans and turbidite systems|date=1991|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=New York, NY|pages=403–413}}</ref>
The fan rapidly gained sediment during the middle Miocene.<ref name=":0" /> The upper Indus Fan, both ancient and recent, consists some of the largest [[Channel levee systems|channel-levee systems]] (CLS).<ref name="Deptuck2"/> These channel-levee systems act as conduits for carrying and depositing sediments into the deeper part of the basin. The coarser grained sediments are deposited in the channel belts whereas the finer grained silts and clays are deposited along the levees. This arrangement of sediments is ideal for [[Stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] plays and is why these channel-levee systems are important to the petroleum industry.<ref name="Deptuck2"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Abyssal fans]]
[[Category:River deltas of Asia]]

Subhro Kamal Mukherjee

2025-11-28T13:33:09Z

Surendra: new a details - done

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox judge
| name = Subhro Kamal Mukherjee
| native_name =
| image = Justice SKM.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| office1 = [[Vice-Chancellor]] of the [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]]
| status1 = Acting
| term_start1 = 4 September 2023
| term_end1 = 4 June 2024
| appointer1 = [[Governor of West Bengal]]
| predecessor1 = [[Anuradha Lohia]]
| successor1 = Nirmalya Narayan Chakraborty
| office2 = [[Karnataka High Court#List of former Chief Justices|28th]] [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Karnataka High Court]]
| term_start2 = 23 February 2016<ref name="karnatakahc">{{Cite web |url=http://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/bio_data/sitting_judges/skmj.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514063938/http://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/bio_data/sitting_judges/skmj.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 May 2015 |title=Hon'ble The Chief Justice Subhro Kamal Mukherjee |publisher=High Court of Karnataka |access-date=29 November 2017}}</ref>
| term_end2 = 9 October 2017
| nominator2 = 
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]], [[President of India]]
| predecessor2 = [[Dhirendra Hiralal Waghela]]
| successor2 = [[Humchadakatte G. Ramesh|H. G. Ramesh]] ''(acting)''
| office = [[Vice-Chancellor]] of the [[Rabindra Bharati University]]
| status = Acting
| term_start = 7 July 2023
| term_end = 1 August 2025
| appointer = [[Governor of West Bengal]]
| predecessor = Nirmalya Narayan Chakraborty
| successor = [[Sonali Chakravarti Banerjee]]
| office3 = [[Judge]] of the [[Karnataka High Court]]
| term_start3 = 15 April 2015
| term_end3 = 22 February 2016
| nominator3 = 
| appointer3 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]], [[President of India]]
| predecessor3 = 
| successor3 = 
| office4 = [[Judge]] of the [[Calcutta High Court]]
| term_start4 = 15 September 2000
| term_end4 = 14 April 2015
| nominator4 = 
| appointer4 = [[K. R. Narayanan]], [[President of India]]
| predecessor4 = 
| successor4 = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|10|10}}
| birth_place = [[Bhagalpur]], [[Bihar]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| spouse = {{marriage|Krishna Mukherjee|1981}}
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
}}
'''Subhro Kamal Mukherjee''' (born 10 October 1955) is a retired Indian judge and a former [[chief justice]] of the [[High Court of Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/justice-subhro-kamal-mukherjee-swornin-as-chief-justice-of-karnataka-high-court-1456373582-1 |title=Justice Subhro Kamal Mukherjee sworn-in as Chief Justice of Karnataka High Court |date=25 February 2016 |website=Jagran Josh |access-date=22 October 2023}} - {{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/i-am-not-a-political-person-new-rabindra-bharati-university-interim-vc-kamal-mukherjee/articleshow/101573698.cms?from=mdr |title=I'm not a political person: New Rabindra Bharati University VC Kamal Mukherjee |work=The Economic Times |date=7 July 2023 |accessdate=22 October 2023}}</ref> He was appointed as the interim Vice-Chancellor of [[Presidency University, Kolkata]] in September 2023. In July 2023, the [[Governor of West Bengal]] appointed him as the interim Vice-Chancellor of [[Rabindra Bharati University]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/news/west-bengal-governor-appoints-interim-vice-chancellors-of-seven-universities-read-full-details-here/cid/1963688|title=West Bengal governor appoints interim vice-chancellors of seven universities |work=The Telegraph |date=4 September 2023 |accessdate=22 October 2023}}</ref>

==Background==
Mukherjee comes from a family of lawyers and is a sixth-generation lawyer.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/mukherjee-sworn-in-as-28th-chief-justice/article8273596.ece |title=Mukherjee sworn in as 28th Chief Justice |date=24 February 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=29 November 2017 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He completed his [[Master of Arts]] in history and [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] from [[Calcutta University]]. He joined the [[Calcutta High Court]] as an [[advocate]] in 1982 practising mainly in [[Civil law (common law)|civil]] and writ matters.<ref name="karnatakahc"/>

==Judicial career==
Mukherjee was appointed a permanent judge of the Calcutta High Court on 15 September 2000. He was transferred to Karnataka High Court on 15 April 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Justice-Subhro-Kamal-Mukherjee-on-Wednesday-took-oath-as-a-judge-of-Karnataka-high-court-Justice-Mukherjee-was-transferred-recently-from-the-Calcutta-high-court-/articleshow/46934961.cms|title=Justice Subhro Kamal Mukherjee on Wednesday took oath as a judge of Karnataka high court..Justice Mukherjee was transferred recently from the Calcutta high court. |author=P Vasantha Kumar |work=The Times of India |date=15 April 2015 |accessdate=22 October 2023}}</ref> Upon transfer of the then chief justice, [[Dhirendra Hiralal Waghela]], to [[Odisha High Court]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/justice-waghela-new-odisha-chief-justice/article7099948.ece |title=Justice Waghela new Odisha Chief Justice |work=The Hindu |date=14 April 2015 |accessdate=22 October 2023}}</ref> he was appointed the acting chief justice of Karnataka High Court on 1 June 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/justice-subhro-kamal-mukherjee-appointed-as-acting-chief-justice-of-karnataka-high-court-1435209760-1 |title=Justice Subhro Kamal Mukherjee appointed as acting Chief Justice of Karnataka High Court |website=Jagran Josh |date=25 June 2015 |accessdate=22 October 2023}}</ref> He took the oath as the chief justice on 23 February 2016. His oath was administered by the governor of [[Karnataka]], [[Vajubhai Vala]].<ref name="hindu" />

==Controversies==
In 2017, the [[Bar Council of Karnataka]] sought action against Mukherjee after he commented that [[Tipu Sultan]] was not a freedom fighter, but a monarch who fought to safeguard his interests. On his retirement as chief justice, he was not accorded the customary farewell following a resolution passed by the Karnataka State Bar Council.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/my-kolkata/news/bar-association-had-sought-action-against-justice-subhro-kamal-mukherjee-for-his-style-of-functioning/cid/1950324 |title=Bar association had sought action against Justice Mukherjee for his style of functioning |website=My Kolkata |author=K.M. Rakesh |date=7 July 2023 |accessdate=22 October 2023}}</ref>

Mukherjee's appointment by Governor [[C. V. Ananda Bose]] as the acting Vice-Chancellor of both Rabindra Bharati University and Presidency University took place amidst centre-state tensions between the governor and the [[Government of West Bengal]]. The West Bengal education minister, [[Bratya Basu]], said, "The Governor's recent action is aimed at bankrupting the higher education system. He is destroying the statutes of respective state universities. Such appointments have been made without consulting anybody. He is acting in a dictatorial manner."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/mamata-banerjee-battles-with-governor-this-time-over-university-appointments-13079002.html |title=Mamata Banerjee battles with Governor: This time over university appointments |website=Firstpost |date=5 September 2023 |accessdate=22 October 2023}}</ref>

In August 2023, Mukherjee stopped going to his office in Rabindra Bharati University "out of fear" after a section of staff members accused him of consuming alcohol inside his office. Mukherjee denied the allegation and claimed that it was he who was abused by the staff members of the university.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/vc-on-rabindra-bharati-university-can-not-go-to-rabindra-bharati-university-due-to-tmc-employees-union-complains-vc-subhro-kamal-mukherjee-1004821 |title=VC on RBU: 'ভয়ে যেতে পারছি না ..', হেনস্থার অভিযোগ রবীন্দ্রভারতী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের উপাচার্যের |date=29 August 2023 |website=ABP |language=bn |accessdate=22 October 2023 |trans-title=Rabindra Bharati University vice-chancellor complains of harassment}}</ref>

In September 2023, the student organisations [[Independents' Consolidation]] and [[Students' Federation of India]] expressed scepticism over Mukherjee's appointment as acting VC of Presidency University. The student bodies alleged interference by the union government in university appointments and raised questions over Mukherjee's lack of academic qualifications to head a university.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/students-sceptical-as-former-judge-takes-additional-charge-as-vc-of-presidency-university/cid/1963800 |title=Students sceptical as former judge takes additional charge as VC of Presidency University |author=Sougata Mukhopadhyay |work=The Telegraph |date=4 September 2023 |accessdate=22 October 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Subhro Kamal}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Karnataka High Court]]
[[Category:People from New Alipore]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Rabindra Bharati University]]

Killar

2025-11-23T14:06:15Z

Surendra: created a entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Killar
| other_name =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|33.083|N|76.398|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chamba District|Chamba]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 2600
| population_total = 18000<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-truck-drivers-navigate-the-dangerous-killar-road-2025-4 |title=How truck drivers navigate the dangerous Killar Road |date=2025-04-13 |last=Hussain |first=Selima |last2=Cooper |first2=Havovi |last3=Ali |first3=Arbab |author-link3=Song |last4=Yuelei |type=Video |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref>
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 176323
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Killar''' or '''Kilar''' is a town in [[Himachal Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Himachal Pradesh - District census handbook - Chamba | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0201_PART_A_DCHB_CHAMBA.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114045436/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0201_PART_A_DCHB_CHAMBA.pdf | archive-date=2016-11-14}}</ref> It is the headquarters of [[Pangi Tehsil]] in [[Chamba district]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-once-known-as-himachals-kala-pani-pangi-is-now-a-new-tourist-hotspot-since-covid/394104|title = Once Known as Himachal's 'Kala-Pani', Pangi is Now a Tourist Hotspot Since Covid|date = 10 January 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Chamba district]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Laser Science and Technology Centre

2025-10-25T02:40:02Z

Surendra: small corrected content after review further and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Laboratory
|name = Laser Science & Technology Centre
|motto =
|logo =
|image = 
|established = 1998 as LASTEC 1982 as DSC 1950 part of DS
|city = [[Delhi]]
|research_field =
|type =
|director = Shri Hari Babu Srivastava
|staff =
|budget =
|operating_agency = [[DRDO]]
|affiliations =
|address = [[Metcalfe House, Delhi|Melcalfe House]] Delhi-110054 <ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090501232722/http://www.drdo.org/add.shtml Addresses]}}</ref>
|telephone =
|campus =
|website = [http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/LASTEC/English/index.jsp?pg=homebody.jsp LASTEC Home Page]
|footnotes =
}}

'''Laser Science and Technology Centre''' ('''LASTEC''') was a laboratory of the [[Defence Research & Development Organization]] (DRDO). Located in [[Delhi]], it was the main DRDO lab involved in the development of [[laser]]s and related technologies. LASTEC functions under the DRDO Directorate of Electronics & Computer Science.

== History ==
LASTEC was the oldest laboratory in DRDO.<ref name="history">{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20061009030143/http://www.drdo.org/labs/ecs/lastec/history.shtml History of LASTEC]}}</ref> It was established in 1950 as Defence Science Laboratory (DSL) which was a nucleus laboratory with the objective to conduct research in frontier areas of physics, chemistry and mathematics with a special focus on lasers and opto-electronics. On 9 April 1960, DSL was shifted to Metcalfe House and inaugurated by then [[Defence Minister of India|Defence Minister]] [[V. K. Krishna Menon]], in the presence of Pt. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Its first Director was [[S. P. Chakravarti]], the father of Electronics and Telecommunication engineering in India, who later founded LRDE, DRDL and DLRL.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.booksc.eu/book/53133498/850b31 |title=Prof. S.P. Chakravarti (1904–1981) | Mitra, S.N. | download }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

With time, many DSC activities were given to newly formed, specialized DRDO laboratories. DSL served as a precursor for as many as 15 present DRDO labs, including DRDL, SSPL, INMAS, FRL, ISSA, DESIDOC, DIFR, SAG, ITM etc.<ref name="FIDSNS 1">{{cite news |first = P. Chacko |last = Joseph |title = LASTEC the Laser Lab |url = http://frontierindia.net/lastec-the-laser-lab/ |publisher = Frontier India Defence and Strategic News Service | date = 6 August 2007 |accessdate = 2007-11-06}}</ref>

In 1982, the laboratory moved to a new technical building in Metcalfe House complex and was renamed as Defence Science Centre. The centre consolidated its R&D activities towards more specific and application oriented areas, such as liquid fuel technology, spectroscopy, crystallography, system engineering, biotechnology etc. DSL now started concentrating in the area of pure sciences such as physics, chemistry and mathematics. The chemistry division developed G-fuel and [[unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine]] (UDMH) for rockets and missiles. The Mathematics division conducted simulation and calculations related to the missile program, while the Physics division took the lead by launching many activities.

DSC was also given a new charter of duties with its major thrust on lasers. Intensive work commenced on [[solid-state laser]]s, [[carbon dioxide laser]]s, ALARM, [[laser rangefinder]], [[Optical fiber|fibre optic]] [[gyroscope]], [[ring laser gyroscope]]s, laser intruder alarm systems, etc. In 1986, the centre was made responsible for the development of high power lasers for Defence applications as one of its major missions. The lab was renamed LASTEC on 1 Aug 1999 to emphasize its core focus of laser technology. As of 2020, LASTEC is no longer functional or act as an independent laboratory. All the staff members have been transferred to DRDO labs in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohan|first=Vijay|date=30 November 2020|title=DRDO shuts down 3 labs, sends staff to other centres|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/drdo-shuts-down-three-labs-sends-staff-to-other-centres-177986|access-date=2021-04-03|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>

== Application ==
In the field of high-power lasers, LASTEC worked in the following fields:

* Chemical oxygen iodine laser
* Gas dynamic laser
* Hf-Df laser

== Areas of work ==
LASTEC's primary focus was the research and development of various laser materials, components and laser systems, including High Power Lasers (HPL) for defence-applications.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20061009030052/http://www.drdo.org/labs/ecs/lastec/areas.shtml LASTEC Areas of Work]}}</ref> The main charter of the lab revolved around progressing in areas of photonics, electro-optic counter measures (EOCM), low and high-power lasers (HPL). LASTEC also developed and delivered [[directed-energy weapon]] systems for the [[Indian Armed Forces]], based on high-power laser technology. As a defence technology spin off, LASTEC had also been engaged in the development of lasers for medical and other civilian applications.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.deraysemi.com/680nm-red-light-vcsel-laser-diode Red Light VCSEL Laser]
*[http://frontierindia.net/solid-state-laser-developments-at-lastec/ Solid State Laser Developments at LASTEC]

{{DRDO Laboratories}}

[[Category:Research institutes in Delhi]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1950]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation laboratories]]
[[Category:Laser awards and associations]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Research and development in India]]

Atul Chandra Barua

2025-10-18T03:54:35Z

Surendra: stub

{{Multiple issues|
{{essay-like|date=January 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2016}}
{{cleanup reorganize|date=December 2016}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Atul Chandra Barua
| native_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|05|29|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|12|25|1916|05|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Dubahati, [[Darrang]], [[Assam Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Assam]], [[India]])
| death_place = [[Guwahati]], Assam, India
| image =
| occupation = ACS officer and Writer
| education = [[Cotton College]]
| alma_mater = [[Calcutta University]]
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| spouse = Hiran Prabha Barua
| children = Pradip Baruah, Dilip Baruah, Rajib Baruah, Minati Hazarika Sewali Bora
| relatives = Bhogram Barua (father) and Pramila Barua (mother)
}}

'''Atul Chandra Barua''' (29 May 1916 – 25 December 2001) was the 46th president of [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]] and a prominent name in the modern [[Assamese literature]]. He was an ACS officer and an [[Assamese people|Assamese]] writer. He worked for the cause of Darrangi culture and was conferred with the title "Darrang Ratna".

==Early life==

Atul Chandra Barua<ref>[[:as:অতুল চন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱা]]</ref> was born on 29 May 1916 to Bhogram Barua and Pramila Barua in the village Maroigaon (Dubahati) in Darrang district, Assam.

==Education==

In the year 1924, he was the student from Maroigaon Primary school who topped the Darrang Scholarship exam when he was studying only in class three. He received Khagendra Narayan award when he topped Assam Scholarship Exam and he was studying in Sixth standard of Patharighat High school. He passed his matriculation exam from Mangaldoi Govt. School by holding 1st division and got letter marks in two subjects in the year 1936. In the year 1940, he passed B.A. exam from [[Cotton College, Guwahati|Cotton College]]. For further education he went to [[Calcutta University]] to acquire M.A. degree. He passed M.A. in 2nd class 1st place in the year 1944.

==Personal life==
Atul Chandra Barua married Hiran Prabha Barua in the year 1947.

==Career==

After completing his studies started imparting education to the students in various institutions like Sipajhar High School, Mangaldai High School Patharighat ME School, Kamrup Academy High School (now a senior secondary school), [[Saint Mary's College (Shillong)|St Mary's College]] and [[St. Edmund's College, Shillong|St Edmund's College]] in [[Shillong]] in Meghalaya (then in [[Assam]]) etc. at various times. He also rendered his services in the Assam Secretariat in Shillong from 1943 to 1947. In independent India appearing in the Assam Civil Service Examination held in 1949 for the first lime, he stood second in rank to bag a post of sub-deputy collector. He was appointed Assistant Deputy Commissioner of Rangia from 1953 to 1958. In 1958, he was appointed P.A. of Commissioner in Shillong i.e. capital of Assam at that time. He was transferred to Tezpur for the post of S.D.O.in 1969 and he work their till 1971. He was also appointed Managing Director of Apex Marketing Society in the year 1971. He worked as M.D. for two years. He was again appointed as Assistant Deputy Commissioner. He worked as A.D.C. for two years. He was retired after that tenure of A.D.C.in the year 1974.

==46th President of Asam Sahitya Sabha==
In the session of 1979 of Asam Sahitya Sabha Atul Chandra Barua served as the 46th President in Session 1979-80 held in Sualkuchi.

==Retirement and afterwards==

In bringing fructification the dream project of the Singhapurush [[Radha Govinda Baruah]] the [[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati|Nehru Stadium]], Atul Chandra Barua played a pivotal role in the matter of allotment of the plot of Land for the purpose. He was also the moving force behind the establishment of the Ambikagiri Sishu Udyan at Nabagiri Road in [[Chandmari, Guwahati|Chandmari]].
Besides these Atul Chandra Barua also established the socio-literary organization Mukul Sangha in Shillong which is still standing erect with profound stature in society since its inception in 1945. In 1950, he formed the Jironi Mel its founder secretary; amongst many other organizations. The Guwahati Alochoua Chakra established by him in 1955 is now a very prominent one and holds meetings on a regular basis proffering opportunities to the budding and veteran writers to mingle together to derive mutual benefits.
In spite of being an extremely busy person with administrative responsibilities of important nature, Atul Chandra Barua could find time enough to write and publish more than 30 books, besides editing about 15 literary and socially relevant journals and magazines including two vernacular dictionaries, of which Chalanta Abhidhan was an achievement of a great order, which was also jointly edited by stalwarts like Dr Maheswar Neog, Kirtinath Hazarika, etc. The first book named ‘Sarad Chandra Goswamir Samu Jiboni’ which was published in the year1946. Some others were ‘Purani Puthir Sadu’(1951), ‘Sahitya Ruprekha’(1957), ‘Ulat-Palat’(1957), ‘Nabi Katha’(1963), Ojapali, its Different type and Functions (1982).
A lover of his birthplace to the core of his heart, Atul Chandra Barua undertook extensive and intensive research in the field of the culture of Darrang which is termed as 'Darrangi Kala Kristi' and for his yeoman service; he was conferred with the title 'Darrang Ratna'. He dedicated his post-retirement life for the cause of Darrangi culture until he died.
An able administrator Atul Chandra Barua could visualize the future of Guwahati city even during the 50s and 60s. He was an advocate for maintenance and preservation of the water-bodies and open spaces in Guwahati, although he could not achieve that cherished desire for reasons galore. Activities that worked opposite to his wishes had become the order of the day, as a consequence of which the agonies of artificial floods have to be faced by the Guwahati denizens as a perennially celebrated festival. Had the same counsel of this visionary been put into action Guwahati today would have been a different place to live in.
Although the great literary organization Asam Sahitya Sabha has been smeared with black soot by a few black sheep, its stature cannot be diminished by the misdeeds perpetrated by these people. Atul Chandra Barua was elected the president of the Sabha in 1979 at a time when Assam was facing a difficult phase. In the session of 1979 of [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]] Atul Chandra Barua served as the 46th President in Session 1979-80<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160402222728/http://www.asamsahityasabha.org/?nextpresident Next president]}} asamsahityasabha.org {{dead link|date=March 2024}}</ref> held in [[Sualkuchi]], Atul Chandra Barua as its president played a very significant role to steer the organization for being a savior or Assamese society by protecting and preserving the art, culture, literature and language to stand alone as a unique part of India. Under his able and visionary leadership the Assam Sahitya Sabha also became a great force to be reckoned with in moving the historic six-year-long Assam Agitation spearheaded by the All Assam Students' Union (AASU) to reach the destination successfully.
During his presidency and afterwards too, Atul Chandra Barua maintained good rapport with the society and various factions of the greater Assamese culture to forge unity amongst all the people of Assam irrespective of caste, culture, creed, religion, ethnicity etc.
The selflessness of Atul Chandra Barua's personality was the most venerable one and for this aspect only. Prafulla Chandra Barua wrote a cheque in the name of Atul Chandra Barua as donation for the construction of the Lakhiram Barua Sadan in [[Guwahati]]. Moreover; his contribution in garnering financial aid for construction of the Radha Nath Handiqui Bhawan at Jorhat is also remembered by everyone.
The relentless and silent deeds of Atul Chandra Barua for the all-round development of Assam would remain ingrained in public mind for years to come. It is, however, necessary to make the young and the posterior generation aware of the contributions of such a person to inspire them to become conscious citizens to be engaged ill the nation-building process.
This is the birth centenary year of this beacon. Atul Chandra Barua's life is one to be emulated and we all are in a way duty-bound to be engaged for the well-being of the society following his footsteps.

==Literary works==
* ''Sarad Chandra Goswamir Samu Jiboni'' (1946)
* ''Purani Puthir Sadu'' (1951)
* ''Sahitya Ruprekha'' (1957)
* ''Ulat-Palat'' (1957)
* ''Nabi Katha'' (1963)
* ''Ojapali, its Different type and Functions'' (1982)

==Death==
Atul Chandra Barua died on 25 December 2001.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barua, Atul Chandra}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Assam]]
[[Category:Assamese-language writers]]
[[Category:Asom Sahitya Sabha presidents]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:People from Darrang district]]
[[Category:People from Assam]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]

Kurma Purana

2025-09-21T14:14:32Z

Surendra: typo fix

{{Short description|Medieval era Sanskrit text, one of eighteen major Puranas}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Kurma Purana, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|A page from the ''Kurma Purana'' (Sanskrit, Devanagari)]]
{{Hindu scriptures}}
The '''''Kurma Purana''''' ([[IAST]]: Kūrma Purāṇa) is one of the eighteen [[Puranas#Mahapuranas|Mahapurana]], and a medieval era text of [[Hinduism]]. The text is named after the [[Kurma|tortoise avatar]] of [[Vishnu]].{{Sfn|Dimmitt|van Buitenen|2012|p=63, 74}}{{Sfn|Bryant|2007|p=18 note 25}}

The manuscripts of ''Kurma Purana'' have survived into the modern era in many versions.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=18, 184-186}}{{Sfn|Wilson|1864|pp=xxxiv-xxxv}}<ref name="Sharma2003GB141">{{cite book|author=Gregory Bailey|editor=Arvind Sharma|title=The Study of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npCKSUUQYEIC|year=2003|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-57003-449-7|pages=141–142}}</ref> The number of chapters vary with regional manuscripts, and the [[critical edition]] (edited by Anand Swarup Gupta, and published by the All-India Kashiraj Trust, Varanasi) of the ''Kurma Purana'' has 95 chapters.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=184}} Tradition believes that the ''Kurma Purana'' text had 17,000 verses, the extant manuscripts have about 6,000 verses.{{Sfn|K P Gietz|1992|p=500 with note 2778}}

The text, states [[Ludo Rocher]], is the most interesting of all the [[Puranas]] in its discussion of religious ideas, because while it is a Vaishnavism text, Vishnu does not dominate the text.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=185}} Instead, the text covers and expresses reverence for [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]] and [[Shakti]] with equal enthusiasm.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=185}}{{Sfn|K P Gietz|1992|p=903 with note 5221}} The ''Kurma Purana'', like other Puranas, includes legends, mythology, geography, ''Tirtha'' (pilgrimage), theology and a philosophical Gita. The notable aspect of its Gita, also called the ''Ishvaragita'', is that it is Shiva who presents ideas similar to those found in the [[Bhagavad Gita]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=185}}<ref name=nicholsonp3/>

==Date==
The original core of the text may have been composed about the start of the 8th-century CE, and revised thereafter over the centuries.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=186}}

The ''Kurma Purana'', like all Puranas, has a complicated chronology. Dimmitt and van Buitenen state that each of the Puranas is encyclopedic in style, and it is difficult to ascertain when, where, why and by whom these were written:{{Sfn|Dimmitt|van Buitenen|2012|p=5}}

{{Quote|As they exist today, the Puranas are a stratified literature. Each titled work consists of material that has grown by numerous accretions in successive historical eras. Thus no Purana has a single date of composition. [...] It is as if they were libraries to which new volumes have been continuously added, not necessarily at the end of the shelf, but randomly.
|Cornelia Dimmitt and [[J. A. B. van Buitenen|J.A.B. van Buitenen]]|''Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas''{{Sfn|Dimmitt|van Buitenen|2012|p=5}}}}

==Structure==
The ''Kurma Purana'' exists in many versions, but all of them consist of two parts—the ''Purva-vibhaga'' (older part) and ''Upari-vibhaga'' (upper part).{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=184}} The number of chapters vary with the manuscripts.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=184}} The [[critical edition]] of the different manuscripts contains fifty one chapters in ''Purva-vibhaga'' and forty four in ''Upari-vibhaga''.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=184}}

==Contents==
Kurma is, states Rocher, the most interesting religion-themed Purana, because even though it is named after one of the [[Vishnu]] avatar, it contains a combination of Vishnu and Shiva related legends, mythology, Tirtha (pilgrimage) and theology.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=185}} The stories are similar to those found in the other Puranas, but neither Vishnu nor Shiva dominate the text.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=185}} The text presents a tour guide to medieval [[Varanasi]] (also known as the holy city of Banaras or Kashi), but mostly about the [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] sites, while elsewhere [[Pancaratra|Pancharatra]] stories present Vishnu prominently but with Sri as the Supreme Shakti who is energy and power of all gods including Vishnu, Shiva, [[Brahma]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=185}}

The Kurma Purana, like other Puranas, includes a philosophical Gita.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=185}} It is titled Ishvaragita, and its eleven chapters are an adaptation of [[Bhagavad Gita]] in a Shiva-as-spokesman format.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=185}} These eleven chapters are in the {{IAST|Uttaravibhāga}}.<ref name=nicholsonp3>{{cite book|last=Nicholson|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Nicholson|title=Lord Śiva's Song: The Īśvara Gītā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAEvAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=State University of New York Press |page=3|isbn=9781438451022}}</ref>

The ''Ishvara-gita'' borrows and refers to the Upanishads such as the [[Katha Upanishad]] and [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=185}} It presents [[yoga]] and vrata like the Bhagavad Gita, but as a discourse from Shiva. The discourse begins after Vishnu and Shiva embrace each other, according to the text, and then Vishnu invites Shiva to explain the nature of the world, life and self. Shiva explains [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul, self), [[Brahman]]-[[Purusha]], [[Prakriti]], [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]], Yoga and [[Moksha]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=186}} The philosophical theme, states Rocher is built on [[Advaita Vedanta]] ideas, that is emphasizing the identity of the Atman (individual soul) and the Ultimate Reality concept of Brahman.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=186}} The text is notable for asserting that anyone from any [[varna (Hinduism)|varna]] can achieve liberation through Bhakti yoga.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=186}}

The {{IAST|[[Nārada Purāṇa]]}} (I.106. 1-22) gives a brief overview of the sections of the ''Kurma Purana'', along with summaries of other Puranas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hazra |first=R.C. |year=1962 |title=The Puranas |editor-last=Radhakrishnan |editor-first=S. |editor-link=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |title-link=The Cultural Heritage of India |chapter=The Puranas |pages=259 |publisher=Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture |location=Calcutta |isbn=81-85843-03-1 |volume=2}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|last= Bryant |first=Edwin Francis | title=Krishna: A Sourcebook| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C|year= 2007| publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803400-1}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Dimmitt | first1 = Cornelia | first2 = J. A. B. |last2 = van Buitenen | title = Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=re7CR2jKn3QC| publisher = Temple University Press (1st Edition: 1977) | year = 2012 | isbn =978-1-4399-0464-0 }}
*{{cite book|first = Rosen|last= Dalal|year= 2014|title= Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide| publisher= Penguin|isbn= 978-8184752779| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC }}
*{{cite book|author=K P Gietz|display-authors=etal|title=Epic and Puranic Bibliography (Up to 1985) Annoted and with Indexes: Part I: A - R, Part II: S - Z, Indexes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kgpLBpUCufwC&pg=PA870|year= 1992|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-03028-1}}
*{{Cite book|first=Ludo |last=Rocher| year= 1986| author-link= Ludo Rocher| title= The Puranas| publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag| isbn= 978-3447025225}}
*{{cite book |last= Wilson |first=H. H. |author-link= Horace Hayman Wilson|title=The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition (Volume 1: Introduction, Book I) |year=1864 | url=https://archive.org/stream/vishnupurnsyst01wils#page/n3/mode/2up | publisher=Read Country Books (reprinted in 2006) |isbn=1-84664-664-2}}

==Further reading==
*Mani, Vettam. ''Puranic Encyclopedia''. 1st English ed. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1975.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090724075838/http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gret_utf.htm#KurmaP GRETIL etext]

{{Puranas}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Puranas]]

Paul Alappatt

2025-09-18T05:27:42Z

Surendra: Added Initial Entry Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian-born bishop of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church in India}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific-prefix = Mar
| name = Paul Alappatt
| title = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Ramanathapuram|Eparch of Ramanathapuram]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| church = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
| archdiocese = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur|Thrissur]]
| diocese = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Ramanathapuram|Ramanathapuram]]
| see =
| appointed = 18 January 2010
| enthroned = 11 April 2010
| predecessor = Office Established
| successor =
| other_post = 
| ordination = 27 December 1987
| ordained_by = [[Joseph Kundukulam]]
| consecration = 11 April 2010
| consecrated_by = [[Andrews Thazhath]], [[Jacob Thoomkuzhy]], and [[Jacob Manathodath]]
| rank = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|4|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Edathiruthy]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| previous_post =
| religion =
| motto =
| birth_name =
| coat_of_arms =
}}'''Mar Paul Alappatt''' (born 21 April 1962) is an Indian-born [[Bishop (Catholicism)|bishop]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] in India. He currently serves as the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Ramanathapuram|Eparch of Syro Malabar Eparchy of Ramanathapuram]] since 2010.

== Early life and priesthood ==
Mar Paul Alappatt was born to Varunny and Eliakutty Alappatt in [[Edathiruthy]], [[Kerala]] on April 21, 1962. He attended Primary and Junior Schooling in the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur]] before he joined St. Mary's Minor Seminary on June 19, 1977, to begin his priestly formation. He then proceeded to go to the St. Thomas Apostolic Seminary in Kottayam for his Formation in Philosophical and Theological Studies. During his Seminary Formation, he also attended [[Osmania University]]. He was ordained on December 27, 1987, by [[Joseph Kundukulam]] as a priest for Thrissur. He also attended the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] for a diploma in jurisprudence and also went to the [[Pontifical Oriental Institute]] for Eastern Canon Law.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KCBC Site |url=https://kcbc.co.in/KCBC/Bishops/154 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=kcbc.co.in}}</ref>

He began his priestly ministry in stints as priests in Mattam, Pudussery, Parannur, Puthur, and Mundur. After coming back from his studies in Rome, he was appointed the new archbishop of Thrissur [[Jacob Thoomkuzhy]] as vice chancellor and judge in the Eparchial Tribunal in the eparchy in 1997 before being elevated to chancellor in 1998. He held the role of chancellor for 9 years with dual roles as the public relations director and adjutant eparchial judge of the tribunal. He also served as a member of the Archdiocesan Finance Council, advisory committee of St. Thomas College, Thrissur, judicial vicar of the Metropolitan Tribunal of Trichur, judge of the Major Archiepiscopal Tribunal in Kakkanad, and convenor of the Archdiocesan Statues Committee. After his chancellorship, he served as the rector of the Minor Seminary in Trichur and vocation director. He also served as the promoter for the Causes of [[Augustine John Ukken]]m, Fr. [[Joseph Vithayathil]], and Venerable [[Euphrasia Eluvathingal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syro Malabar Church |url=https://www.syromalabarchurch.in/bishops/mar-paul-alappatt |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.syromalabarchurch.in}}</ref>

== Episcopal ministry ==

=== Eparch of Ramanathapuram ===
After the erection of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Ramanathapuram|Syro Malabar Eparchy of Ramanathapuram]] in 2010, Alappatt was elected as the Bishop of the newly erected eparchy on January 18, 2010. He was ordained bishop on April 11, 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bishop of Ramanathapuram Diocese Paul Alappatt {{!}} UCA News |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/bishops/bishop-alappatt/179 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.ucanews.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references group="" responsive="1"></references>
{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church hierarchy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alappatt, Paul}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

List of Jain states and dynasties

2025-09-09T01:44:12Z

Surendra: adjust structure for accuracy

{{short description|List of royalties following Jainism}}
{{Inline citations needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Expand list|date=September 2019}}

This is a list of monarchs, royalties, and dynasties following [[Jainism]].

==Dynasties==
* [[Ikshvaku dynasty]]:Thritkaras as twenty-two of twenty-four [[Tirthankara]]s were born in this dynasty.{{sfn|Jain|1991|p=2}}
* [[Harivamsa]]
* [[Vajjika League]] (c. 6th century BCE - c. 468 BCE)
* [[Pandya dynasty]] (6th century BCE - 1345 CE) Originally Jains, later converted to Hinduism during koon pandya's rule)
* [[Maurya dynasty]] (322-184 BCE)
* [[Mahameghavahana dynasty]] (250s BCE – 5th century CE)
* [[Vakataka dynasty]] (250 CE - 510 CE)
* [[Chera dynasty]] (300 BCE - 550 CE)
* [[Kalabhra dynasty]] (300-700 CE)
* [[Kadamba Dynasty]] (345–525 CE)
* [[Alupa Dynasty]] (200-1444 CE)
* [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] (350 CE – 1000)
* [[Chalukya Dynasty|Chalukyas of Badami]] (543 CE - 753 CE)
* [[Santara dynasty]] (7th century CE - 18th century CE)
* [[Rastrakuta dynasty]] (735CE-982 CE)
* [[Shilahara|Shilahara Dynasty]] (8th century CE–13th century CE)
* [[Kakatiya dynasty]] (800CE-1323CE)
* [[Ratta dynasty]] (900-1300)
* [[Musunuri Nayakas]] (1050CE-1438CE)
* [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty]] (860CE-1317CE)
* [[Western Chalukya Empire|Chalukyas of Kalyani]] (957 CE - 1184 CE)
* [[Hoysala Kingdom|Hoysalas]] (1000 CE - 1346 CE)
* [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuri dynasty]] (600-1181 CE)
* [[Chowta dynasty (Tulu Nadu)|Chowta dynasty]] (12th century CE-18th century CE)

==Kings==
{{col div|colwidth=40em}}
*[[Siddhartha of Kundagrama|Raja Siddhartha]]
*[[Bharata Chakravarti]]
*[[Bahubali]]
*[[Chandragupta Maurya]]
*[[Kharavela]] (2nd century BCE)
*[[Samprati]] (3rd century BCE)
*[[Ajatashatru]] (5th century BCE)
*[[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] (r. 1143-1172)
*[[Āma]] (8, 9th centuries)
*[[Bimbisara]] (c. 558 - c. 491 BC)
*[[Sanat Kumara Chakravarti]]
*[[Samudravijaya]]
*[[Pulakeshin II]]
*[[Avinita]]
*[[Durvinita]]
*[[Dantidurga]]
*[[Govinda III]]
*[[Amoghavarsha]] (9th century)
*[[Indra IV]]
*[[Mularaja II]] (12th century)
*[[Ereyanga]] (12th century)
*[[Veera Ballala I]] (12th century)
*[[Vishnuvardhana|Bittideva]] (Originally Jain later supported vaishnavism)
*[[Shalishuka]] (r. c. 215 - c. 202 BC)
*[[Avakinnayo Karakandu]]
*[[Ilango Adigal]]{{sfn|Adigal|1965|p=VIII}}
{{colend}}
*[[Udayin]](460-444 BC)
*Vatsaraja (Gujara-Pratihara Dynasty)
*King Sodsa
*Raja Shrenik
*Chetaka
*Vandraja

==Queens==
*[[Attimabbe]]
*[[Shantala Devi]]
*[[Abbakka Chowta]] (r. 1525-1570s)
*[[Rani Chennabhairadevi]]

==Kings in Jain texts==
This list contains rulers that are mentioned in Jain texts. They are listed as follows:

* [[Bharata chakravartin]]
* [[King Sagara]]
* [[Sanat Kumara Chakravarti]]

==See also==
* [[Jainism]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[List of Hindu empires and dynasties]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{citation|last=Shah|first=Natubhai|title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC|year=2004|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-81-208-1938-2}}
*{{citation|last=Jain|first=Kailash Chand|title=Lord Mahavira and his times|year=1991|isbn=978-81-208-0805-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|location=[[Delhi]]}}
*{{citation |last=Adigal |first=Prince Ilangô |title=Shilappadikaram: (The Ankle Bracelet) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu3QelRpmsgC |translator=[[Alain Daniélou]] |publisher=[[New Directions Publishing|New Directions]] |date=1965 |isbn=9780811200011 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain states and dynasties}}
[[Category:Jain monarchs|*]]
[[Category:Lists of dynasties|Jain]]

Gangs of Wasseypur: Part I

2025-08-19T21:59:24Z

Surendra: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Gangs of Wasseypur]]
{{Rcat shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

List of butterflies of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

2025-08-03T18:44:25Z

Surendra: adding a details

{{Short description|none}}
This article lists the butterfly species of the '''[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]'''. 219 species are found on the islands. This article uses [[British English]] throughout.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butterflies of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/butterflies-of-the-andaman-and-nicobar-islands |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=iNaturalist |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cotton |first=Adam Miles |url=http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164 |title=A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India |last2=Fric |first2=Zdenek Faltynek |last3=Gupta |first3=Inder Jit |last4=Gasse |first4=Paul Van |last5=Inayoshi |first5=Yutaka |last6=Khew Sin Khoon |last7=Kirton |first7=Laurence G |last8=Larsen |first8=Torben B |last9=Markhasiov |first9=Maxim |date=2015 |publisher=Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing, New Delhi |language=en |doi=10.13140/rg.2.1.3966.2164}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Naturalist's Guide to the Butterflies of India: Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka |url=https://www.nhbs.com/a-naturalists-guide-to-the-butterflies-of-india-book |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=www.nhbs.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohanraj |first=Prashanth |last2=Veenakumari |first2=K. |date=2011-10-06 |title=Butterflies of the Andaman and Nicobar islands: History of collection and checklist |url=https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3050.1.1 |journal=Zootaxa |language=en |volume=3050 |issue=1 |pages=1–36 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3050.1.1 |issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Swallowtails (Family: [[Papilionidae]]) ==
[[File:Andaman28 B Andaman Mormon (7999772252).jpg|thumb|[[Andaman mormon]]]]
Fourteen species of [[Swallowtail butterfly|swallowtails]] are found on the islands.

* [[Losaria coon|Common clubtail]] (''Losaria coon'')
* [[Losaria rhodifer|Andaman clubtail]] (''Losaria rhodifer)''
* [[Common rose]] (''Pachliopta aristolochiae'')
* [[Crimson rose]] (''Pachliopta hector'')
* [[Common birdwing]] (''Troides helena'')
* [[Common mime]] (''Papilio clytia'')
* [[Andaman Mormon|Andaman mormon]] (''Papilio mayo'')
* [[Common Mormon|Common mormon]] (''Papilio polytes'')
* [[Lime Butterfly|Lime butterfly]] (''Papilio demoleus'')
* [[Great mormon]] (''Papilio memnon'')
* [[Andaman helen]] (''Papilio prexaspes'')
* [[Andaman swordtail]] (''Graphium epaminondas'')
* [[Tailed jay]] (''Graphium agamemnon'')
* [[Great jay]] (''Graphium eurypylus'')

== Skippers (Family: [[Hesperiidae]]) ==
[[File:Brown Awl (Badamia exclamationis) UN. Thane, Maharashtra..jpg|thumb|[[Badamia exclamationis|Brown awl]]]]
[[File:Open wing Basking of Tagiades japetus (Stoll, 1781) - Common Snow Flat WLB.jpg|thumb|[[Pied flat]]]]
[[File:Close wing basking position of Notocrypta curvifascia (C. & R. Felder, 1862) - Restricted Demon WLB IMG 1246.jpg|thumb|[[Restricted demon]]]]
Forty-two species of skippers are found on the islands.

*[[Brown awl]] (''Badamia exclamationis'')
*[[Bibasis sena|Orange-tailed awlet]] (''Bibasis sena'')
*[[Small green awlet]] (''Burara amara'')
*[[Burara harisa|Orange-striped awlet]] (''Burara harisa'')
*[[Burara jaina|Orange awlet]] (''Burara'' ''jaina'')
*[[Common awl]] (''Hasora badra'')
*[[Common banded awl]] (''Hasora chromus'')
*[[Hasora leucospila|Violet awl]] (''Hasora leucospila'')
*[[White Banded Awl|White banded awl]] (''Hasora taminatus'')
*[[Plain Banded Awl|Plain banded awl]] (''Hasora vitta'')
*[[Gerosis bhagava|Common yellow-breasted flat]] (''Gerosis bhagava'')
*[[Large snow flat]] (''Tagiades gana'')
*[[Pied flat]] (''Tagiades japetus'')
*[[Water snow flat]] (''Tagiades litigiosa'')
*[[Andaman yellow-banded flat]] (''Celaenorrhinus andamanicus'')
*[[Dark yellow-banded flat]] (''Celaenorrhinus aurivittatus'')
*[[Common spotted flat]] (''Celaenorrhinus leucocera'')
*[[Common small flat]] (''Sarangesa dasahara'')
*[[Moore's ace]] (''Halpe porus'')
*[[Forest hopper]] (''Astictopterus jama'')
*[[Restricted demon]] (''Notocrypta curvifascia'')
*[[Common banded demon]] (''Notocrypta paralysos'')
*[[Small palm bob]] (''Suastus minutus'')
*[[Tree flitter]] (''Hyarotis adrastus'')
*[[Gangara lebadea|Banded redeye]] (''Gangara lebadea'')
*[[Giant redeye]] (''Gangara thyrsis'')
*[[Erionota hiraca|Andaman redeye]] (''Erionota hiraca'')
*[[Matapa cresta|Dark-brand redeye]] (''Matapa cresta'')
*[[Grey-brand redeye]] (''Matapa druna'')
*[[Obscure Branded Swift|Obscure-branded swift]] (''Pelopidas agna'')
*[[Conjoined swift]] (''Pelopidas conjuncta'')
*[[Pelopidas mathias|Variable swift]] (''Pelopidas mathias'')
*[[Contiguous Swift|Contiguous swift]] (''Polytremis lubricans'')
*[[Paintbrush swift]] (''Baoris farri'')
*[[Caltoris cahira|Colon swift]] (''Caltoris cahira'')
*[[Oriens gola|Common dartlet]] (''Oriens gola'')
*[[Malay dartlet]] (''Oriens paragola'')
*[[Chinese dart]] (''Potanthus confucius'')
*[[Large dart]] (''Potanthus serina'')
*[[Broad bi-dent dart]] (''Potanthus trachala'')
*[[Telicota colon|Common palm dart]] (''Telicota colon'')
*[[Plain Palm Dart|Plain palm dart]] (''Cephrenes acalle'')

== Whites (Family: [[Pieridae]]) ==
[[File:Catopsilia pyranthe male, Burdwan, West Bengal, India 14 09 2012.jpg|thumb|[[Catopsilia pyranthe|Mottled emigrant]]]]
[[File:Leptosia nina-Kadavoor-2017-05-04-003.jpg|thumb|[[Leptosia nina|Pysche]]]]
Twenty-one species are found on the islands.

* [[Common emigrant]] (''Catopsilia pomona'')
* [[Mottled Emigrant|Mottled emigrant]] (''Catopsilia pyranthe'')
* [[Orange Emigrant|Orange emigrant]] (''Catopsilia scylla'')
* [[Tree yellow]] (''Gandaca harina'')
* [[One-spot Grass Yellow|One-spot grass yellow]] (''Eurema andersonii'')
* [[Eurema blanda|Three-spotted grass yellow]] (''Eurema blanda'')
* [[Small grass yellow]] (''Eurema brigitta'')
* [[Common grass yellow]] (''Eurema hecabe'')
* [[Psyche (butterfly)|Psyche]] (''Leptosia nina'')
* [[Ixias pyrene|Yellow orange-tip]] (''Ixias pyrene'')
* [[Appias albina|Common albatross]] (''Appias albina'')
* [[Striped albatross]] (''Appias libythea'')
* [[Chocolate albatross]] (''Appias lyncida'')
* [[Appias paulina|Lesser albatross]] (''Appias paulina'')
* [[Nicobar albatross]] (''Appias panda'')
* [[Lesser gull]] (''Cepora nadina'')
* [[Cepora nerissa|Common gull]] (''Cepora nerissa'')
* [[Painted jezebel]] (''Delias hyparete'')
* [[Dark wanderer]] (''Pareronia ceylanica'')
* [[Indian wanderer]] (''Pareronia hippia'')
* [[Great orange-tip]] (''Hebomoia glaucippe'')

== Metalmarks (Family: [[Riodinidae]]) ==
[[File:Close wing resting of Abisara bifasciata Moore, 1877 - Double-banded Judy WLB DSC 8192.jpg|thumb|[[Abisara bifasciata|Two-spot plum judy]]]]
One species of metalmark is found on the islands.

* [[Abisara bifasciata|Two-spot plum judy]] (''Abisara bifasciata'')

== Blues (Family: [[Lycaenidae]]) ==
[[File:Lime Blue Chilades laius by kadavoor.JPG|thumb|[[Lime blue]]]]
[[File:Loxura atymnus-Kadavoor-2017-04-23-001.jpg|thumb|[[Yamfly]]]]
[[File:Common tit (Hypolycaena erylus teatus) underside Phi Phi.jpg|thumb|[[Common tit]]]]
[[File:Peablue October 2007 Osaka Japan.jpg|thumb|[[Peablue]]]]
Sixty-seven species of blues are found in the islands.

* [[Burmese Sunbeam|Burmese sunbeam]] (''Curetis saronis'')
* [[Indian sunbeam]] (''Curetis thetis'')
* [[Apefly]] (''Spalgis epius'')
* [[Long-banded silverline]] (''Cigaritis lohita'')
* [[Pallid oakblue]] (''Arhopala alesia'')
* [[Broad-banded oakblue]] (''Arhopala asinarus'')
* [[Centaur oakblue]] (''Arhopala centaurus'')
* [[Spotless oakblue]] (''Arhopala fulla'')
* [[Rosy Oakblue|Rosy oakblue]] (''Arhopala alea'')
* [[Andaman tailless oakblue]] (''Arhopala zeta'')
* [[Purple Leaf Blue|Purple leaf blue]] (''Amblypodia anita'')
* [[Acacia blue]] (''Surendra vivarna'')
* [[Silverstreak blue]] (''Iraota timoleon'')
* [[Yamfly]] (''Loxura atymnus'')
* [[Violet Onyx|Violet onyx]] (''Horaga albimacula'')
* [[Common onyx]] (''Horaga onyx'')
* [[White Royal|White royal]] (''Pratapa deva'')
* [[Peacock royal]] (''Tajuria cippus'')
* [[Banded royal]] (''Rachana jalindra'')
* [[Chocolate Royal|Chocolate royal]] (''Remelana jangala'')
* [[Common tit]] (''Hypolycaena erylus'')
* [[Brown tit]] (''Hypolycaena thecloides'')
* [[Orchid tit]] (''Chliaria othona'')
* [[Deudorix epijarbas|Cornelian]] (''Deudorix epijarbas'')
* [[Deudorix smilis|Scarce guava blue]] (''Deudorix smilis'')
* [[Bindahara phocides|Plane]] (''Bindahara phocides'')
* [[Rapala damona|Malay red flash]] (''Rapala damona'')
* [[Scarlet Flash|Scarlet flash]] (''Rapala dieneces'')
* [[Slate Flash|Slate flash]] (''Rapala manea'')
* [[Suffused flash]] (''Rapala suffusa'')
* [[Indigo flash]] (''Rapala varuna'')
* [[Ciliate blue]] (''Anthene emolus'')
* [[Dingy Lineblue|Dingy lineblue]] (''Petrelaea dana'')
* [[Rounded six-Line blue|Rounded six-line blue]] (''Nacaduba berenice'')
* [[Pale four Line Blue|Pale four-line blue]] (''Nacaduba hermus'')
* [[Small four Line Blue|Small four-line blue]] (''Nacaduba pavana'')
* [[Large four-line Blue|Large four-line blue]] (''Nacaduba pactolus'')
* [[Jewel four-line blue]] (''Nacaduba sanaya'')
* [[Violet Four-line Blue|Violet four-line blue]] (''Nacaduba pavana'')
* [[Banded Lineblue|Banded lineblue]] (''Prosotas aluta'')
* [[Tailless lineblue]] (''Prosotas dubiosa'')
* [[Common lineblue]] (''Prosotas nora'')
* [[Pointed lineblue]] (''Ionolyce helicon'')
* [[Felder's lineblue]] (''Catopyrops ancyra'')
* [[Elbowed Pierrot|Elbowed pierrot]] (''Caleta elna'')
* [[Straight Pierrot|Straight pierrot]] (''Caleta roxus'')
* [[Discolampa ethion|Banded blue pierrot]] (''Discolampa ethion'')
* [[Metallic cerulean]] (''Jamides alecto'')
* [[Dark Cerulean|Dark cerulean]] (''Jamides bochus'')
* [[Common Cerulean|Common cerulean]] (''Jamides celeno'')
* [[Jamides elpis|Glistening cerulean]] (''Jamides elpis'')
* [[Ferrar's Cerulean|Ferrar's cerulean]] (''Jamides ferrari'')
* [[Jamides kankena|Frosted cerulean]] (''Jamides kankena'')
* [[Catochrysops panormus|Silver forget-me-not]] (''Catochrysops panormus'')
* [[Catochrysops strabo|Forget-me-not]] (''Catochrysops strabo'')
* [[Peablue]] (''Lampides boeticus'')
* [[Common pierrot]] (''Castalius rosimon'')
* [[Zizeeria karsandra|Dark grass blue]] (''Zizeeria karsandra'')
* [[Lesser Grass Blue|Lesser grass blue]] (''Zizina otis'')
* [[Tiny Grass Blue|Tiny grass blue]] (''Zizula hylax'')
* [[Indian Cupid|Indian cupid]] (''Chilades parrhasius'')
* [[Neopithecops zalmora|Quaker]] (''Neopithecops zalmora'')
* [[Megisba malaya|Malayan]] (''Megisba malaya'')
* [[Common hedge blue]] (''Acytolepis puspa'')
* [[Gram blue]] (''Euchrysops cnejus'')
* [[Lime blue]] (''Chilades lajus'')

== Brush-footed butterflies (Family: [[Nymphalidae]]) ==
[[File:Scarce blue tiger (Tirumala gautama gautama) male underside Phi Phi.jpg|thumb|[[Scarce Blue Tiger|Scarce blue tiger]]]]
[[File:Euploea andamanensis by Balakrishnan Valappil (7999693236).jpg|thumb|[[Andaman crow]]]]
[[File:Polyura athamas (Common Nawab) (3350958769).jpg|thumb|[[Common nawab]]]]
[[File:Rustic Cupha erymanthis by kadavoor.JPG|thumb|[[Rustic (butterfly)|Rustic]]]]
Seventy-three species of brush-footed butterflies are found on the islands.

* [[Malay tiger]] (''Danaus affinis'')
* [[Glassy tiger]] (''Parantica aglea'')
* [[Dark Glassy Tiger|Dark glassy tiger]] (''Parantica agleoides'')
* [[White Tiger (butterfly)|White tiger]] (''Danaus melanippus'')
* [[Grey glassy tiger]] (''Ideopsis juventa'')
* [[Chocolate tiger]] (''Parantica melaneus'')
* [[Scarce Blue Tiger|Scarce blue tiger]] (''Tirumala gautama'')
* [[Tirumala limniace|Blue tiger]] (''Tirumala limniace'')
* [[Dark blue tiger]] (''Tirumala septentrionis'')
* [[Andaman tree nymph]] (''Idea agamarschana'')
* [[Andaman crow]] (''Euploea andamanensis'')
* [[Blue-banded king crow]] (''Euploea eunice'')
* [[Spotted black crow]] (''Euploea crameri'')
* [[Blue Spotted Crow|Blue-spotted crow]] (''Euploea midamus'')
* [[Euploea phaenareta|Great crow]] (''Euploea phaenareta'')
* [[Striped Blue Crow|Striped blue crow]] (''Euploea mulciber'')
* [[Double-branded Crow|Double-branded crow]] (''Euploea sylvester'')
* [[Common Nawab|Common nawab]] (''Polyura athamas'')
* [[Blue nawab]] (''Polyura schreiber'')
* [[Tawny rajah]] (''Charaxes bernardus'')
* [[Andaman palmking]] (''Amathusia andamanensis'')
* [[Great duffer]] (''Discophora timora'')
* [[Elymnias cottonis|Andaman palmfly]] (''Elymnias cottonis'')
* [[Elymnias panthera|Nicobar palmfly]] (''Elymnias panthera'')
* [[Common evening brown]] (''Melanitis leda'')
* [[Great Evening Brown|Great evening brown]] (''Melanitis zitenius'')
* [[Bamboo treebrown]] (''Lethe europa'')
* [[Dark brand bush brown|Dark brand bushbrown]] (''Mycalesis mineus'')
* [[Andaman bushbrown]] (''Mycalesis radza'')
* [[Nicobar bushbrown]] (''Mycalesis manii'')
* [[Long-brand Bushbrown|Long-brand bushbrown]] (''Mycalesis visala'')
* [[Dingy Bush-brown|Dingy bushbrown]] (''Mycalesis perseus'')
* [[Smooth-eyed bush-brown|Smooth-eyed bushbrown]] (''Orsotriaena medus'')
* [[Clear sailer]] (''Neptis clinia'')
* [[Common sailer]] (''Neptis hylas'')
* [[Chestnut-streaked sailer]] (''Neptis jumbah'')
* [[Yellowjack sailer]] (''Lasippa viraja'')
* [[Short banded sailer]] (''Neptis columella'')
* [[Common Lascar|Common lascar]] (''Pantoporia hordonia'')
* [[Extra lascar]] (''Pantoporia sandaka'')
* [[Andaman sergeant]] (''Athyma rufula'')
* [[Commander (butterfly)|Commander]] (''Moduza procris'')
* [[Parthenos sylvia|Clipper]] (''Parthenos sylvia'')
* [[Tanaecia cibaritis|Andaman viscount]] (''Tanaecia cibaritis'')
* [[Common baron]] (''Euthalia aconthea'')
* [[Banded marquis]] (''Bassarona teuta'')
* [[Small leopard]] (''Phalanta alcippe'')
* [[Rustic (butterfly)|Rustic]] (''Cupha erymanthis'')
* [[Vindula erota|Cruiser]] (''Vindula erota'')
* [[Banded yeoman]] (''Cirrochroa orissa'')
* [[Nicobar yeoman]] (''Cirrochroa nicobarica'')
* [[Common yeoman]] (''Cirrochroa tyche'')
* [[Large yeoman]] (''Cirrochroa aoris'')
* [[Angled castor]] (''Ariadne ariadne'')
* [[Banded dandy]] (''Laringa horsfieldii'')
* [[Herona marathus|Yellow pasha]] (''Herona marathus'')
* [[Tawny coster]] (''Acraea terpsicore'')
* [[Painted Courtesan|Painted courtesan]] (''Euripus consimilis'')
* [[Marbled map]] (''Cyrestis cocles'')
* [[Common map]] (''Cyrestis thyodamas'')
* [[Nicobar map]] (''Cyrestis tabula'')
* [[Painted lady]] (''Vanessa cardui'')
* [[Grey pansy]] (''Junonia atlites'')
* [[Junonia hierta|Yellow pansy]] (''Junonia hierta'')
* [[Peacock pansy]] (''Junonia almana'')
* [[Blue pansy]] (''Junonia orithya'')
* [[Malayan eggfly]] (''Hypolimnas anomala'')
* [[Great eggfly]] (''Hypolimnas bolina'')
* [[Danaid eggfly]] (''Hypolimnas misippus'')
* [[Andaman oakleaf]] (''Kallima albofasciata'')
* [[Autumn leaf]] (''Doleschallia bisaltide'')
* [[Yoma sabina|Lurcher]] (''Yoma sabina'')
* [[Cethosia biblis|Red lacewing]] (''Cethosia biblis'')
* [[Cethosia cyane|Leopard lacewing]] (''Cethosia cyane'')

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Lepidoptera of Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}

[[Category:Lists of butterflies of India|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|*Butterflies]]

Rajkot–Secunderabad Express

2025-07-26T13:19:19Z

Surendra:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| box_width = 25em
| name = Rajkot–Secunderabad Express
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| status =
| locale = [[Telangana]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]] & [[Gujarat]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1987|04|05}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Rajkot}} (RJT)
| stops = 26
| end = {{stnlnk|Secunderabad}} (SC)
| distance = {{convert|1472|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 26 hrs 30 mins
| frequency = Tri-weekly
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleepar Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = E-catering, On-board catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment=
| baggage = Below the seats
| trainnumber = 22717 / 22718
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}} [[broad gauge]]
| speed = {{convert|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:(Secunderabad - Rajkot) Express Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 22717 / 22718 '''Rajkot - Secunderabad Express''' is the [[Express trains in India#Superfast Express|superfast]] trains operated by the [[South Central Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]] between {{stnlnk|Rajkot Junction}} in [[Gujarat]] and {{stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}} in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]].

== History ==
The Rajkot–Secunderabad Express is a popular train in the [[South Central Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. It is only one of three trains connecting [[Hyderabad]] with [[Rajkot]] in the state of [[Gujarat]], the other two being the Bhavnagar Terminus–Kakinada Port Express and the [[Rameswaram–Okha Express]]. The train was introduced in the year 1985 to run from [[Ahmedabad]] to [[Hyderabad]] as a weekly super-fast train.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} But, due to the increasing rush of passengers the train was made bi-weekly in June 2001<ref name="Trains">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/06/28/stories/0428403c.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028124244/http://hindu.com/thehindu/2001/06/28/stories/0428403c.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-10-28|title=SCR introduces 7 new trains|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2001-06-28|accessdate=2010-01-28}}</ref> and tri-weekly in April 2003.<ref name="Trains1">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-04-14/hyderabad/27262438_1_new-trains-bi-weekly-secunderabad-rajkot-express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811031816/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-04-14/hyderabad/27262438_1_new-trains-bi-weekly-secunderabad-rajkot-express|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-08-11|title=SCR plans 5 new trains|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2003-04-14|accessdate=2010-01-28}}</ref><ref name="Trains2">{{cite web|title=Five new trains for State|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/02/27/stories/2003022702900400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606104242/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/02/27/stories/2003022702900400.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 June 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2003-02-27|accessdate=2010-01-28}}</ref> The train was later extended to [[Rajkot]] and was degraded to Express status as the number of stops were increased.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

Over the years, some class train coaches have been augmented or reduced, train numbers were changed from 17017 / 17018 to 22717 / 22718 and it was converted from an express to a superfast train in late 2021.<ref name="Trains3">{{cite web|url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=7588&did=146858054513263DDD9A0082B5ED9D374312699A2DF62.web91|title=Permanent Augmentation of Additional AC Coaches to Several Express Trains|work=[[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]|date=2016-07-15|accessdate=2022-04-05}}</ref><ref name="Trains4">{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-converts-these-express-trains-to-superfast-trains-full-list-11633324987719.html|title=Indian Railways converts these express trains to superfast trains. Full list|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint India]]|date=2021-10-04|accessdate=2022-04-05}}</ref>

==Coach composition==

The train has standard LHB rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 21/22 coaches:

* 2 AC II Tier
* 5 AC III Tier
* 10 Sleeper coaches
* 2/3 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

==Service==

The 22717/Rajkot–Secunderabad Express has an average speed of 56 km/h and covers 1472 km in 26 hrs 10 mins.

The 22718/Secunderabad–Rajkot Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 1472 km in 26 hrs 50 mins.

==Route and halts==

The 22717/18 Rajkot–Secunderabad Express runs from Rajkot Junction via {{rws|Surendranagar Junction}}, {{rws|Ahmedabad Junction}}, {{rws|Vadodara Junction}}, {{rws|Surat}}, {{rws|Vasai Road}}, {{rws|Kalyan Junction}}, {{rws|Pune Junction}}, {{rws|Solapur}}, {{rws|Kalaburagi Junction}}, {{rws|Wadi Junction}} to Secunderabad Junction.

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 22717 || RJT || Rajkot Junction || 05:30 AM || Mon,Wed,Thu || Secunderabad Junction || 07:40 AM || Tue,Thu,Fri
|-
| 22718 || SC || Secunderabad Junction || 15:00 PM || Mon,Tue,Sat || Rajkot Junction || 17:50 PM || Sun,Tue,Wed
|}

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vijayawada|Vijayawada Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-4]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lallaguda Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Rajkot to Secunderabad and vice-versa.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with
* 12769/12770 [[Seven Hills Express]]
* 12761/12762 [[Tirupati-Karimnagar Superfast Express]].

==References==
{{Portal|Trains}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Rajkot–Secunderabad Express}}
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/1492 India Rail Info: Secunderabad Rajkot Express/22717]
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/1364 India Rail Info: Rajkot Secunderabad Express/22718]
* [http://www.india9.com/i9show/Secunderabad-Rajkot-Express-57051.htm India9.com: Rajkot Secunderabad Express]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajkot-Secunderabad Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Rajkot]]
[[Category:Transport in Secunderabad]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1987]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Sri Mahalingeshwara Temple, Kavoor

2025-07-14T17:20:31Z

Surendra: new bio - done

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Mangalore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Sri Mahalingeshwara Temple
|image = Mahalingeshwara2.png
|caption =
|religious_affiliation =
|deity =
|festivals = Rathotsva, Maha Shivaratri
|location = [[Kavoor]], [[Mangalore]]
|district = [[Dakshin Kannada]]
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|country = India
|map_type =
|map_size =
|map_caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|12.91829|74.85864|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|architecture =
|creator = Maharshi Kavera
|established =
|website =
}}
'''Sri Mahalingeshwara Temple, Kavoor''' is in the [[Kavoor]] area of [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India. It is dedicated to Mahalingeshwara, a form of [[Lord Shiva]]. The temple was founded in the 13th or 14th century AD by Maharshi Kavera, who came here to worship Parameswara. He installed a [[Lingam|linga]] and constructed a temple. The idol is established by the sage and worshipped. This is the Shiva temple where lord is Abhishekapriya.<ref name="MLT" /><ref name="AC"/>

== History==
Kavoor Mahalingeshwara Temple is a well known Hindu temple in the [[Kavoor]] area of [[Mangalore]], Karnataka, India. The temple is dedicated to [[Lord Shiva]] and is believed to be one of the oldest temples in the region. Kavoor Mahalingeshwara Temple was founded in the 13th or 14th century AD by Maharshi Kavera. The temple was originally built as a small shrine, but was later expanded and renovated by various rulers over the centuries. The temple was once part of the [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin|Gouda Saraswat Brahmin]] community. However, in the 16th century, it came under the control of the [[Bunt (community)|Bunt community]]. The Bunt community has been managing the temple ever since. During the 17th century, the temple was renovated by the [[Keladi Nayakas]]. They added a beautiful wooden chariot, which is still used during the annual [[car festival]]. The temple was also renovated in the 19th century by the Heggade rulers of the [[Dharmasthala]] temple.<ref name='MLT'>{{cite news|title=History of Kavoor Mahalingeshwara Temple Mangalore|url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2015/10/kavoor-mahalingeshwara-temple-near.html?m=1|date=8 October 2015|accessdate=20 May 2023|website=Hindu Blog|author=Abhilash Rajendran}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The architecture of Kavoor Mahalingeshwara Temple is a blend of [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] and [[Hoysala architecture|Hoysala]] styles. The temple has a unique design and layout that sets it apart from other temples in the region. It has a rectangular shape, with the main entrance facing east. The temple complex consists of the main [[shrine]], several smaller shrines, and a large open space in front of the main shrine, The walls of the temple are decorated with intricate carvings and sculptures that depict various Hindu deities and mythological scenes. The main shrine of the temple is a three-tiered structure that houses the main deity, Lord Mahalingeshwara, depicted in a standing posture, with four hands holding a [[trident]], a [[damaru]], a [[Serpent symbolism|serpent]], and a bowl. The top of the shrine is adorned with a carved stone [[pinnacle]] decorated with images of gods and goddesses. The temple also has a large wooden chariot that is used during the annual car festival. The chariot is beautifully decorated with flowers, lights and colorful paintings of Hindu deities and mythological scenes.<ref name="AC">{{cite web|title=Kavoor Sri Mahalingeshwara Temple Architecture|url=https://mangaloreheritage.com/temples/kavoor-mahalingeshwara-temple/|accessdate=28 May 2023|author=Prashant Shetty|website=mangalore heritage.com |date=9 May 2020 }}</ref>

== Festivals ==
Kavoor Mahalingeshwara Temple is known for its vibrant an colorful festivals that are celebrated with great enthusiasm and devotion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kavoor Sri Mahalingeshwara Temple every year celebrate festivals|url=http://kemmannu.com/index.php?action=topstory&type=7050|date=25 January 2015|accessdate=27 May 2023|website=kemmannu network|author=Ganesh N Udupa}}</ref>

=== Maha Shivaratri ===
This is the most important festival celebrated at Kavoor Mahalingeshwara Temple. It is celebrated in the month of February or March, and it is dedicated to [[Lord Shiva]]. Devotees fast and offer prayers to the deity throughout the night.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mahashivratri festival celebrated in Kavoor Mahalingeshwara Temple, Mangalore|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/shivarathri-celebrated-across-dk-udupi-1086794.html|date=2 March 2023|accessdate=20 May 2023|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

=== Rathotsva ===
This is the annual car festival that is celebrated in the month of February or March. During the festival, the deity is taken out in a beautiful decorated wooden chariot, and it is pulled by devotees around the temple. The festival attracts a large number of devotees from all over the region.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kavoor Mahalingeshwara Temple Rathotsva Festival|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/mangaluru/thousands-of-devotees-participate-in-kavur-mahalingeshwara-rathotsava/videoshow/97089352.cms|date=18 January 2023|accessdate=20 May 2023|author=Avinasha Vagarnal|newspaper=Vijayavani}}</ref>

== Gallery==
[[File:Mahalingeshwara2.png|thumb|Kavoor Sri Mahalingeshwara Temple]]
[[File:Mahalingeshwara5.png|thumb|wide view of Mahalingeshwara temple]]
[[File:Mahalingeshwara.jpg|thumb|Inside view of Temple]]
[[File:Mahalingeshwara4.png|thumb|Inside view of Temple]]
[[File:Mahalingeshwara3.png|thumb|Goodu deepa in Deepavali festival]]

== See also ==
*[[Mangaladevi Temple]]
*[[Gokarnanatheshwara Temple]]
*[[Kadri Manjunath Temple]]
*[[Mariyamma Temple]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Mangalore]]

M. Idris Ali

2025-06-02T12:41:55Z

Surendra: quick enhance intro based on references and corrected details

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Idris Ali
| term_start = 2008
| term_end = 2014
|constituency_MP = [[Munshiganj-3]]
|constituency = [[Munshiganj-3]]
| predecessor = [[Shamsul Islam (Munshiganj politician)|M Shamsul Islam]]
| successor = [[Mrinal Kanti Das]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1945|01|10}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
}}

'''M. Idris Ali''' ({{langx|bn|এম ইদ্রিস আলী}}) is a [[Bangladesh Awami League]] politician and a former member of parliament of [[Munshiganj-3]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Munshiganj 3 constituency: Multiple candidates from both AL and BNP |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/election/2018/11/10/munshiganj-3-constituency-multiple-candidates-from-both-al-and-bnp |accessdate=20 May 2020 |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=10 November 2018}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ali was born on 10 January 1945.<ref>{{cite web |title=Constituency 173 |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/bn/mps-bangla/members-of-parliament-bangla/former-mp-s/2013-03-28-17-14-33?layout=edit&id=822 |website=Bangladesh Parliament |accessdate=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190912020049/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/bn/mps-bangla/members-of-parliament-bangla/former-mp-s/2013-03-28-17-14-33?layout=edit&id=822 |archive-date=12 September 2019}}</ref>

==Career==
Ali was elected to parliament from Munshiganj-3 as a Bangladesh Awami League candidate on 30 December 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Munshiganj-3 - Constituency detail of Bangladesh General Election 2018 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-election-2018/seats?s=Munshiganj-3&d=dhaka |accessdate=20 May 2020 |work=The Daily Star |date=25 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, M. Idris}}
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:1945 births]]

{{Dhaka-AL-politician-stub}}

Tundpura

2024-11-02T00:24:46Z

Surendra: new new stub

{{Orphan|date=December 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tundpura
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 =
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date and age|2009}}
| founder = Monis Mansoori
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_ha = 9000.12
| population_total = 220
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_footnotes =
| coordinates = {{coord|29.4293| 78.1722|display=it}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|UP 20]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]] [[Pradhan]]
| leader_title = [[Pradhan]]
| leader_name = Monis
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| footnotes = Tundpura ka nara saaf humara
| demographics1_title1 = Officials
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
}}
'''Tundpura''' is a village in the [[Bijnor district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bijnor Tehsil Population Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh, List of Villages & Towns in Bijnor Tehsil |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/uttar-pradesh/bijnor/bijnor-population.html |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Censusindia2011.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tundpura {{!}} Village {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Tundpura/Village |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=geoiq.io}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehsil-Village Wise Goshwara Report - Land Records |url=https://upbhulekh.gov.in/dmdashboard/app/reportVillageSummary?tname=Bijnor&district_code_censusx=134&tcode=00713 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=upbhulekh.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tundpura |title=Tundpura panchayat, District Census Handbook, Bijnor, Part XIII-B, Series-22, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29014/download/32195/28398_1981_BIJ.pdf |website=Census of India}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Bijnor district]]

{{Bijnor-geo-stub}}

Karatala Kamala Kamala Dala Nayana

2024-09-13T06:41:45Z

Surendra: created a details.

{{Short description|Poem by Sankardeva}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}

'''Karatala Kamala Kamala Dala Nayana''' (Assamese: {{lang|as|কৰতল কমল কমল দল নয়ন}}, "Thy palm is like the lotus; Thine eyes are like the lotus petals."<ref name="sankaradeva" />) is a devotional poem by [[Srimanta Sankardeva]] of [[Assam]].<ref name="sankaradeva">{{cite web | url=http://www.atributetosankaradeva.org/karatala.htm | title=The Master's first masterpiece | publisher=atributetosankaradeva.org | date=2008-04-16 | accessdate=13 January 2013}}</ref>

==Writing==
This poem is of great significance as it is one of the first writings by Sankardeva,<ref name="assaminfo" /> whose works later on brought about the widely affecting [[Ekasarana Dharma|Vaishnavite movement]] in Assam.

This poem was written by Sankardeva just after learning the ''Swarabarna''s and the ''Byanjanbarnas''.<ref name="টোল">{{cite web | url=http://www.atributetosankaradeva.org/bio2.htm | title=Sankardeva At the tol | publisher=atributetosankaradeva.org | date=24 December 2008 | accessdate=12 January 2013}}</ref> Any vowel sound (except {{lang|as|অ}}, i.e. o) following a consonant sound in a word in Assamese is denoted by a ''swarasihna'', but it goes that since Sankardeva had not learnt them by the time of writing Karatala Kamala, the poem contains no swarasihnas.<ref name="barpetasatra">{{cite web |url=https://barpetasatra.org/about-srimanta-sankardeva/srimanta-sankardev/ | title=Barpeta Satra site | publisher=barpetasatra.org | date= 18 March 2010| accessdate=15 February 2017}}</ref> Sankardeva wrote the poem when he was of the age of 12 years.<ref name="assaminfo">{{cite web |url=http://www.assaminfo.com/famous-people/47/srimanta-sankardeva-or-mahapurush-srimanta-sankardeva.htm | title=Assam Info Srimanta Sankardeva}}</ref><ref name="xobdo">{{cite web | url=http://www.xobdo.org/dic/বৰআতা | title=বৰআতা | work=xobdo.org | accessdate=11 March 2019}}</ref>

==Lyrics==

===In Assamese script===
<poem>
{{lang|as|কৰতল কমল কমল দল নয়ন।}}
{{lang|as|ভব দব দহন গহন-বন শয়ন ॥}}
{{lang|as|নপৰ নপৰ পৰ সতৰত গময়।}}
{{lang|as|সভয় মভয় ভয় মমহৰ সততয়॥}}
{{lang|as|খৰতৰ বৰ শৰ হত দশ বদন।}}
{{lang|as|খগচৰ নগধৰ ফনধৰ শয়ন॥}}
{{lang|as|জগদঘ মপহৰ ভৱ ভয় তৰণ।}}
{{lang|as|পৰ পদ লয় কৰ কমলজ নয়ন॥}}<ref name="sankaradeva" /><ref name="barpetasatra" />
</poem>

===In Latin script===
<poem>
Karatala kamala kamaladala nayana |
Bhavadava dahana gahana vana sayana ||
Napara napara para satarata gamaya |
Sabhaya mabhaya bhaya mamahara satataya ||
Kharatara varasara hatadasa vadana |
Khagachara nagadhara fanadhara sayana ||
Jagadagha mapahara bhavabhaya tarana |
Parapada layakara kamalaja nayana ||<ref name="barpetasatra" />
</poem>

=== English translation ===
'''LOTUS IN THINE PALM'''

Behold I the lotus in thine palms,

Lotus petal-like thy paired eye curves,

O extinguisher of all worldly pain,

O serene reposer in slumber garden!

Thou art -- from me -- never apart,

O ye super ego hiding in abyss!

Forever thou dost clear -- anxieties and fear,

Giveth me solace and peace.

O the wielder of weapons potent and swift,

O the slayer of ten-headed demon in conflict,

O the rider of Garuda the giant,

O the lifter of Govardhana the mount,

Thou art shielded in thine eternal rest

By Shesha the coiling hooded serpent.

O my saviour from earthly strings,

O the dispeller of worldly sins,

I pray thee, O the lotus-eyed one,

O the giver of ultimate bliss.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46FYYDQRAOo Karatala Kamala on Youtube]
* [https://as.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2 Karatala Kamala on Assamese Wikisource]

[[Category:Assamese literature]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional texts]]
[[Category:Vaishnava texts]]
[[Category:Culture of Assam]]

Piracy in India

2024-06-30T08:58:12Z

Surendra: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Piracy#South Asia]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with Wikidata item}}
{{R from move}}
{{R from subtopic}}
{{R to section}}
{{R printworthy}}
}}

Nalchha, Dhar

2024-03-23T15:48:41Z

Surendra:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nalchha
| other_name = Nalcha
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.41|N|75.41|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dhar district|Dhar]]
| established_title = <-- Established -->
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Sarpanch]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 454001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07292
| registration_plate = MP-11
| blank_name = {{nowrap|[[Languages of India|Spoken Languages]]}}
| blank_info = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nalchha''' also spelled as '''Nalcha is''' a small town in [[Dhar district]] in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mppanchayatdarpan.gov.in/Public/Portal/TopPerformer_GP.aspx?DistId=MjU=&LBId=MjQxODQ=|title=पंचायतराज संचालनालय भोपाल, मध्य प्रदेश }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/dhar/news/mp-news-in-the-same-village-of-nalchha-santoshi-and-12-such-victims-who-suffered-802-villages-in-this-district-suffer-this-pain-024133-4218360.html|title=नालछा के एक ही गांव में संतोषी जैसे 12 और पीड़ित, जिले के 802 गांव झेल रहे यही पीड़ा|date=29 March 2019|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> It is situated 25 km away from [[Dhar]], which is both district & sub-district headquarter of Nalchha village. The total geographical area of village is 1598.8 hectares.

==Assembly==
As per 2019 stats, Nalchha villages comes under [[Dharampuri]] assembly.

==Parliamentary constituency==
Nalcha Village comes under [[Dhar]] parliamentary constituency.

==Population==
As per Population Census 2011, the Nalchha village has population of 6186 of which 3163 are males while 3023 are females.

==Geography==
Nalchha is located at {{coord|22.41|N|75.41|E|}}.

==Nearest Stations==
===Airport===
[[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport]], [[Indore]] 70 km From Nalcha village.

===Railway Station===
[[Indore Junction railway station]], Indore.

===Bus Stand===
The nearest bus stand from Nalcha is Bus Stand, [[nalchha]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://dargahinfo.com/DargahDetails.aspx?DargahID=221|title=Dargahinfo - Complete Collection of Dargahs World Wide|website=dargahinfo.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indore Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dhar district]]