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Bhowanipur–Sorbhog Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T11:58:04Z

Sunking: new new data

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian state legislative Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 21
| map_image = Bhowanipur–Sorbhog Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| name = Bhowanipur–Sorbhog
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[Assam]]
| division = [[Lower Assam division|Lower Assam]]
| district = [[Bajali district|Bajali]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| established = 2023
| reservation = None
}}

'''Bhowanipur–Sorbhog Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. This constituency forms part of [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency]]. It was newly formed in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Election Results==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhowanipur-Sorbhog}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ranjeet Kumar Dass]]|party=Bhartiya Janata Party|votes=113,069|percentage=58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Manoranjan Talukdar]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=73,917|percentage=37.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=2,225|percentage=1.14|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,152|percentage=20.08|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=194,963|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner=Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser=
|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Bajali district]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]

O Panaipothundi Babu

2026-05-05T22:47:13Z

Sunking: starting some post v1!

{{short description|Indian comedy drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = O Panaipothundi Babu
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[Siva Nageswara Rao]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Siva Nageswara Rao
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Kandikanti Raj Kumar
| starring = [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] [[Ravi Teja]] [[Indraja (actress)|Indraja]] [[Maheswari]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = K. Purna
| editing =
| music = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| studio = Pramada Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1998|8|8|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/AQAB/info|title=O Panaipothundhi Babu (1998)|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''O Panaipothundi Babu''''' is a 1998 Indian [[Telugu cinema|Telugu-language]] [[comedy drama film]] directed by [[Siva Nageswara Rao]] starring [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]], [[Ravi Teja]], [[Indraja (actress)|Indraja]] and [[Maheswari]]. Both Suresh and Ravi Teja play [[Dual role|dual roles]] in the film. The title of the film is inspired by the song of the same name from the 1997 film ''[[Preminchukundam Raa]]''.

== Plot ==
The film revolves around two pairs of twins who are switched at birth due to the negligence of hospital staff, leading to a series of comedic errors and confusion. One pair of twins, belonging to a wealthy businessman, and the other pair, the children of a thief, are both named Rama and Lakshmana. The wealthy pair grow up to become businessmen, while the other pair follow in their father's criminal footsteps and become thieves.

The good pair has an unscrupulous uncle, Aravindaswamy, who conspires to have them kidnapped by a thug, Ajhar Bhai, in order to settle his debts through ransom. Meanwhile, the bad pair, residing in [[Visakhapatnam]], travels to [[Hyderabad]] for some work. Upon seeing the good pair's resemblance, inspector Agni, who is the brother-in-law of the wealthy twins, mistakes them for the good pair and takes them to their house.

The bad twins, realizing they have an identical pair, decide to stay at the house until the real twins appear. Aravindaswamy, recognizing their intentions, strikes a deal with them to seize the wealth of the good pair. The good twins escape from Ajhar Bhai and return home, only to be imprisoned as impostors by their uncle. The bad twins follow them to jail with plans to kill them and assume their identity permanently. However, the good twins overpower them and escape from jail.

The bad twins also manage to break free, leading to a struggle for identity. The situation is eventually resolved when the father of the rich twins arrives from the U.S., and the parents of the bad twins arrive to clarify the confusion. Inspector Agni's grandmother, Kadiyam Suryakantham, solves the mystery by investigating their birth details, confirming their true identities. The film concludes with a final confrontation, where Ajhar Bhai, who kidnaps everyone, is killed.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Ram & Ram (dual role)
* [[Ravi Teja]] as Lakshaman & Lakshman (dual role)
* [[Indraja (actress)|Indraja]]
* [[Rani (Tamil actress)|Raksha]]
* [[Maheswari]]
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Inspector Agni & Kadiyam Suryakantham (dual role)
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Aravindaswamy
* [[Srihari]] as Ajhar Bhai
* [[Giri Babu]] as Businessman (father of one pair of Ram & Lakshman)
* [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Thief (father of one pair of Ram & Lakshman)
* [[M. S. Narayana]]
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)| Mallikarjuna Rao]]
* [[Narsing Yadav]]
* Raksha
* Kavya
* [[Janardhana Maharshi]]}}

== Production ==
This is [[Suresh (actor)|Suresh]]'s first film in which he plays two roles and he expressed content for being a part of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 1998 |title=నటించాలన్న కోరిక ఇప్పటిదికాదు |trans-title=The desire to act is not recent |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Aug/28-Aug-1998.pdf |access-date=27 August 2024 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |page=9 |language=te}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]].<ref name="A"/>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chitram Vichitram
| extra1 =
| length1 = 4:37

| title2 = Nee Vorachupullo
| extra2 =
| length2 = 4:25

| title3 = Om Namaha Shivaya
| extra3 =
| length3 = 4:36

| total_length = 13:38
}}

==Reception==
A critic from ''Andhra Today'' wrote, "Director Siva Nageswara Rao, who always manages to make his movies a box-office hit evoking the interest of the audience with a special humorous character, failed to repeat his magic formula with his burlesque characters [...]. The failure to show some difference in the two pairs also creates a lot of confusion in the minds of the audience, who lose interest in the movie. There is no novelty in the movie and the dialogues, which are the lifeline of a comedy, can hardly be called hilarious".<ref name="A">{{Cite web |title=O Panaipothundi Babu Movie review |url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/opbabu.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990129031813/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/opbabu.htm |archive-date=29 January 1999 |access-date=27 August 2024 |work=Andhra Today}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1579830}}
{{Siva Nageswara Rao}}
[[Category:1998 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:1998 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Siva Nageswara Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vandemataram Srinivas]]

Ramavatar Bairwa

2026-04-29T19:59:36Z

Sunking: starting first details with sources!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramavatar Bairwa
| image =
| caption = Bairwa in 2023
| office = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Chaksu Assembly constituency|Chaksu]]
| assembly = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = Ved Prakash Solanki
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|2|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chaksu]], [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{flagicon|India}}
| spouse = Sunita Devi Bairwa
| children = 2
| parents =
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Agriculture
| website = [https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/Containers/Members/MemberBioData.aspx Official website]
}}

'''Ramavatar Bairwa''' (born 1 February 1981) is an Indian politician currently serving as a member of the 16th [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Chaksu Assembly constituency]]. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/chaksu/news/chaksu-election-results-2023-update-ramavtar-bairwa-bjp-vs-vaid-prakash-solanki-congress-132227999.html|title=BJP wins in Chaksu: BJP's Ramavatar Bairwa wins, Congress's Vedprakash Solanki defeated|publisher=Bhaskar.com|access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref>

Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], Bairwa was elected as an MLA from Chaksu. He defeated Indian National Congress candidate Ved Prakash Solanki, securing 104,064 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S20.htm|title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results Dec-2023|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/chaksu-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470671-2023-12-03|title=Chaksu Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Ramavtar Bairwa with 104064 defeats INC's Ved Prakash Solanki|date=3 December 2023|publisher=India Today|access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/chaksu-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830438-2023-12-03|title=Chaksu, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Ramavtar Bairwa defeated Ved Prakash Solanki on Chaksu seat|publisher=Aaj Tak|access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Bairwa was born into a middle-class farming family in Chaksu, Rajasthan. He previously served as a councillor in the Chaksu Municipality. He contested the [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] from Chaksu but was unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officiallylyra.com/2023/12/ramavtar-bairwa-chaksu-biography-in.html?m=1|title=Ramavtar Bairwa's short biography|date=4 December 2023|publisher=Officially Lyra|access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref>

In 2017, Bairwa completed his secondary education (10th standard) through the Rajasthan State Open School in Jaipur.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/rajasthan2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=3194|title=Ramavatar Bairwa (Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)) - Jaipur - MyNeta|publisher=MyNeta.info|access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>

==Political career==
Ramavatar Bairwa began his political journey at the grassroots level as a councillor in the Chaksu Municipality. In 2018, he contested the Rajasthan Assembly elections as the BJP candidate from Chaksu but was narrowly defeated.

In 2023, Bairwa was once again nominated by the Bharatiya Janata Party to contest from Chaksu. This time, he secured a decisive victory against the incumbent Ved Prakash Solanki, receiving over 104,000 votes. He currently serves as a Member of the 16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly. His political focus includes agricultural development, rural infrastructure, and local governance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Result 2023 winners list: Who won it for Congress, BJP, BSP? Full list of winning candidates |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/rajasthan-assembly-election-result-2023-winners-list-who-won-it-for-congress-bjp-bsp-full-list-of-winning-candidates-11701528058535.html |website=Livemint |date=3 December 2023 |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/state/chaksu-assembly-got-two-new-gifts-in-the-revised-budget-speech-rjs24071700728 |title=संशोधित बजट भाषण में चाकसू विधानसभा को मिली दो बड़ी सौगातें |publisher=ETV Bharat |date=17 July 2024 |access-date=24 May 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Electoral record==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%; text-align: center;"
|+Election results
!Year
!Office
!Constituency
!colspan=2|Party
!Votes
!%
!Opponent
!colspan=2|Opponent Party
!Votes
!%
!Result
!Ref
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|MLA
|Chaksu
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|21px]]
|66,576
|41.90
|Ved Prakash Solanki
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|21px]]
|70,007
|44.06
|{{Lost}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan/chaksu-assembly-election-result-2018|title=Chaksu 2018 Assembly Election Result|publisher=India Today|access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|MLA
|Chaksu
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|21px]]
|104,064
|58.94
|Ved Prakash Solanki
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|21px]]
|54,684
|30.97
|{{Won}}
|<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/chaksu|title=Chaksu Assembly Election Result 2023|publisher=Times of India|access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/rajasthan/chaksu-sc-assembly-result-20058 |title=चाकसू विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2023 |publisher=Aaj Tak |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/Containers/Members/MemberBioData.aspx Official website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/RamvatarBairwaChaksu/ Official Facebook page]

{{Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bairwa, Ramavatar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]

Campus Katta

2026-04-23T23:46:21Z

Sunking: Starting Stub.

{{Short description|2014 Marathi-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Campus Katta
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Sanjeev Kolte
| writer =
| screenplay =
| producer = Prathamesh Gadve
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Santosh Juvekar]]
*Namrata Gaikwad
*Sheetal Dabholkar
*Swati Chitnis
}}
| cinematography = Jitendra Achrekar
| editing =
| music = Pravin Kunvar
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|04|18}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Campus Katta''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] film directed by Sanjeev Kolte<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2014 |title= 'कॅम्पस कट्टा' वेगळ्या धाटणीचा- कोलते |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-movie-campus-katta-to-hit-across-maharashtra-screen-on-april-18th-422940/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218092324/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-movie-campus-katta-to-hit-across-maharashtra-screen-on-april-18th-422940/ |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> and produced by Prathamesh Gadve. The film stars [[Santosh Juvekar]], Namrata Gaikwad and Sheetal Dabholkar, Swati Chitnis. Music by Pravin Kuvar. The film was released on 18 April 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2014 |title= तरुणाईच्या रंगात रंगलेला 'कॅम्पस कट्टा' |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/campus-katta-releasing-on-18th-april-439164/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218092613/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/campus-katta-releasing-on-18th-april-439164/ |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
College and youngsters as they fight corruption in their for-profit university.

== Cast ==
* [[Santosh Juvekar]] as Raja Sinde
* Namrata Gaikwad as Sakhi
* Sheetal Dabholkar as Rasika<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2014 |title= Sheetal Dabholkar to play a journalist in Campus Katta |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sheetal-dabholkar-iss-pyaar-ko-kya-naam-du-campus-katta-sanjeev-kolte-rangakarmi-santosh-juvekar-namrata-gaikwad/articleshow/30555085.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218091755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sheetal-dabholkar-iss-pyaar-ko-kya-naam-du-campus-katta-sanjeev-kolte-rangakarmi-santosh-juvekar-namrata-gaikwad/articleshow/30555085.cms |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref>
* Swati Chitnis
* Arun Nalawade as Annasaheb Gunthe Patil
* [[Milind Shinde]] as Kolse Patil
* Rahulraj Dongre as Bhairav
* [[Vikram Gokhale]] as Principal Kocharekar
* [[Kishori Shahane]]

== Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Campus Katta
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Pravin Kuvar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2014
| recorded = 2014<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2014 |title= Javed Ali sings a Marathi sufi song |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/campus-katta-javed-ali-ka-manala-lagali-hur-hur-sanjeev-kolte-praveen-kunvar-santosh-juvekar-namrata-gaikwad-sheetal-dabholkar/articleshow/30668324.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218091302/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/campus-katta-javed-ali-ka-manala-lagali-hur-hur-sanjeev-kolte-praveen-kunvar-santosh-juvekar-namrata-gaikwad-sheetal-dabholkar/articleshow/30668324.cms |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref>
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 9:44
| language = Marathi
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2013
| year = 2015
| next_title =
| next_year = 2014
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|La0_MmixwRg| Campus Katta – Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 9:44
| title1 = Holi
| extra1 = [[Neha Rajpal]], Anand Joshi, [[Adarsh Shinde]]
| length1 = 5:06
| title2 = Ka Manala Aaj ( Sufi song)
| extra2 = [[Javed Ali]]
| length2 = 4:38
}}

== Critical response ==
Campus Katta film received negative reviews from critics. A Reviewer of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "The actors carry the film on their able shoulders but the treatment given to it could have been better".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2016 |title= CAMPUS KATTA MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/campus-katta/movie-review/33914167.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218093236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/campus-katta/movie-review/33914167.cms |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref> Soumitra Pote of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' gave the film 2 stars out of 5 and wrote "While making a film with such talented actors, it is important to remember that their efforts should be justified. Otherwise, everything becomes a game of deception".<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2016 |title= कॅम्पस कट्टा...वरवरचा! |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/campus-katta/moviereview/33923704.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218094135/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/campus-katta/moviereview/33923704.cms |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> A Reviewer of ''[[DB Corp|Divya Marathi]]'' wrote "It's campus katta with irrelevant scenes, pointless dialogues, artificial acting and stray subject matter and not even a single Katta".<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2016 |title= Movie Review : कॅम्पस कट्टा |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-REV-movie-review-campus-katta-4586324-NOR.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218095553/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-REV-movie-review-campus-katta-4586324-NOR.html |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |website= [[DB Corp|Divya Marathi]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt18989680}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/campus_katta}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Sunil Kumar Singh (Bihar politician)

2026-04-23T05:53:34Z

Sunking: new new bio w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Indian politician (died 2020)}}
{{other people||Sunil Kumar Singh (disambiguation){{!}}Sunil Kumar Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| constituency =
| term_start = 2020
| term_end =
| parents = Maharana Pratap Singh
| profession = Social Work and Agriculture
| term_start1 = 14 June 2017
| term_end1 = 22 July 2020
}}
'''Sunil Kumar Singh''' was an Indian politician. He was a member of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and a [[Member of Legislative Council|Member of the Legislative Council]] in [[Bihar Legislative Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunil Kumar Singh(RJD):(ELECTED FROM BIHAR LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/biharmlc/candidate.php?candidate_id=305 |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar MLC Election: करोड़पति हैं RJD के तीनों प्रत्याशी, सुनील सिंह पर चल रहे सात मुकदमे | first=Amit | last=AlokPublish | date=24 June 2020 | publisher=jagran.com |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-bihar-mlc-election-all-three-rjd-candidates-are-millionaires-seven-cases-filed-against-sunil-singh-pending-20431970.html | accessdate=13 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members List |url=https://www.biharvidhanparishad.gov.in/Members/Member_List.htm}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sunil Kumar}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

{{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}

Chandrakant Sardeshmukh

2026-04-21T12:01:28Z

Sunking: Starting New Data.

{{Short description|Indian musician}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
'''Chandrakant Sardeshmukh''' (1955 – 15 August 2011) was an Indian classical [[sitar]] player of the [[Maihar Gharana]] school.<ref name=times>{{cite web|url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4944704366407044960&SectionId=5171561142064258099&SectionName=Pune&NewsDate=20110817&NewsTitle=Pune%20sitarist%20Sardeshmukh%20dies%20in%20mishap |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210225224/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4944704366407044960&SectionId=5171561142064258099&SectionName=Pune&NewsDate=20110817&NewsTitle=Pune%20sitarist%20Sardeshmukh%20dies%20in%20mishap |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 December 2013 |title=Pune sitarist Sardeshmukh dies in mishap | Sakal Times |publisher=Sakaaltimes.com |date=2011-08-17 |accessdate=2013-11-29}}</ref>
==Education==
Sardeshmukh was taught by Ustad Shabuddin Khan and Khurshid Mirajkar from the age of 4, and became popular as child artist. He performed in the [[Sawai Gandharva Music Festival]] in Pune in 1963. In the same year, when he was eight years old, he was declared a child prodigy by Pandit [[Ravi Shankar]], who accepted him as a student. From then until 1976 he learned with both Shankar and his wife [[Annapurna Devi]]. In 1976 he was awarded Sangeet Vibhushan (Sitar Pravin) by [[University of Rajasthan]].

After his first successful concert tour to Germany in 1982, he focused on his Ph.D. He was awarded a Ph.D. in the [[Samaveda|Samavedic]] basis of Indian music from [[University of Poona]] in 1987.
==Academic work and organisational affiliations==
Dr. Sardeshmukh was visiting professor to the Instrumental Music Department of [[Shivaji University]], Kolhapur and the University of Poona . He was also an ad hoc board member, 1990-2000 for Shivaji University, Kolhapur
It was Dr. Sardeshmukh's idea to establish the Lalit Kala Kendra (Centre for Performing Arts) on Pune University campus. He was a student founder, ad hoc board member and member of the advisory committee for this department from 1987 to 1990. He was also honorary joint coordinator of the Lalit Kala Kendra during the same period.
As a student at the [[University of Poona]] , Dr. Sardeshmukh won a number of awards in various state and national level competitions for his alma mater during 1982 till 1990. He also formed MUDRA (Music and Drama Arts Circle) on campus.
Dr. Sardeshmukh co-authored the paper "Analytical and Computerized Music Composition with Reference to Samavedic Gana Text," published in the IEEE Transactions on Acoustic Speech and Signal Processing, New York, USA. This research was also presented at the World Sanskrit Conference held in Bangalore in 1987 where it was much appreciated by traditional Samavedic scholars from South India who were awed at his mastery in overcoming computer related difficulties in generating the chanting sound.

He conducted a series of lecture-demonstrations for South Australian colleges in 1990.
Since 1991, he has given lectures and demonstrations about Indian music at various Japanese Universities including those in Gifu, Nagoya and Tokyo.

In 1999, he conducted lecture-demonstrations, workshops and performances for a joint project involving dance, drama and music at the Centre for the Performing Arts, Adelaide Institute of Training and Further Education (TAFE SA); the Drama Centre, Flinders University ; the Elder Conservatorium-School of Performing Arts, University of Adelaide and the Noarlunga Music Centre, Onkaparinga Institute of TAFE SA. The award of a grant for funding from the Helpmann Academy for the Visual and Performing Arts supported the project.

He presented a seminar to composers of electronic music at the Faculty of Performing Arts, University of Adelaide, South Australia, 1998. An integral part of this work was the input of material performed on sitar by Dr. Sardeshmukh, which was realized as subsequent electronic compositions and issued as a compact disc. This opened a unique cross-cultural perspective on the use of technology in music.

==Touring==
He has given hundreds of performances during the period of 1990-2011 and has toured around the world extensively, giving concerts in India, Germany, Australia, Japan, and the United States. He recorded traditional Indian music as well as experimented with several western and Japanese musicians.
==Ayurveda==
He had knowledge and background in Ayurveda (Indian medicine) from his father. He did extensive research in [[healing music]] and gave several healing music sessions to individuals and groups as well as disabled children and their parents.

==Death==
Sardeshmukh died in a car accident near Solapur on 15 August 2011. He was 56 years old.<ref name=times/>

==References==
{{reflist}}2.CONTRIBUTION OF PANDIT HARIPRASAD CHAURASIA IN NORTH INDIAN FLUTE http://ijmer.s3.amazonaws.com/pdf/volume10/volume10-issue8(7)/20.pdf

== External links ==

* Official web site: [http://www.darshanam.com www.darshanam.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120222133152/http://sawaigandharvasangeetmahotsav.com/63.html Sawai Gandharva 1963]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sardeshmukh, Chandrakant}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian sitar players]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]

Kosli Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:38:18Z

Sunking: started first info more to come

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kosli
| type = SLA
| map_image = Kosli Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| alliance = 
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| region =
| division =
| constituency_no = 73
| established = 
| abolished = 
| mla = [[Anil Yadav]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Rewari district|Rewari]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rohtak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,54,470
}}

'''Kosli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref>

It is part of [[Rewari district|Rewari]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|colspan=4|{{center|''Till 2009: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Rao Yadavender Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Bikram Singh Thekedar]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Laxman Singh Yadav]]
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Anil Yadav | Rao Anil Dahina]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kosli<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kosli">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kosli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0773.htm |accessdate=6 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106085020/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0773.htm |archivedate=6 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/kosli-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612849-2024-10-08 | title=Kosli, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Anil Yadav defeats INC's Jagdish Yadav with 17209 votes | accessdate=9 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anil Yadav|Rao Anil Dahina]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=92,185 |percentage=51.76% |change={{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Yadav |party=Indian National Congress |votes=74,976 |percentage=42.10% |change={{increase}}15.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Koslia |party=Independent politician |votes=7,302 |percentage=4.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=715 |percentage=0.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,209 |percentage=9.66% |change= {{decrease}}16.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,78,111 |percentage=71.29% |change= {{increase}}8.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,54,470 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.23 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kosli<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Laxman Singh Yadav]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=78,813 |percentage=52.42% |change={{increase}}13.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rao Yaduvender Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,189 |percentage=26.73% |change={{increase}}14.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramphal S/Richhpal |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=15,941 |percentage=10.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Ajit Singh Chahal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,612 |percentage=2.40% |change={{increase}}1.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagphool |party=Independent politician |votes=3,219 |percentage=2.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kiran Pal Yadav |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=2,322 |percentage=1.54% |change={{decrease}}31.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharampal |party=Swaraj India |votes=1,517 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramphal Bhakli S/Sher Singh |party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) |votes=871 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Lal |party=Loktanter Suraksha Party |votes=847 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Kumari |party=Sarva Hit Party |votes=788 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=38,624 |percentage=25.69% |change= {{increase}}19.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,50,349 |percentage=62.72% |change= {{decrease}}12.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,39,722 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}13.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kosli<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bikram Singh Thekedar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=63,264 |percentage=39.31% |change={{increase}}36.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Yadav |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=52,497 |percentage=32.62% |change={{increase}}17.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rao Yaduvender Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,527 |percentage=12.13% |change={{decrease}}25.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Bhurthala |party=Independent politician |votes=16,564 |percentage=10.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Mahesh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,623 |percentage=2.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Yadav |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=1,339 |percentage=0.83% |change={{decrease}}1.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naveen Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,168 |percentage=0.73% |change={{decrease}}2.76 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,767 |percentage=6.69% |change= {{increase}}4.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,60,941 |percentage=75.07% |change= {{increase}}5.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,14,387 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kosli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rao Yaduvender Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=47,896 |percentage=37.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=44,473 |percentage=34.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish Khola |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=18,862 |percentage=14.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamalveer Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,464 |percentage=3.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Yadav|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,713 |percentage=2.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohit |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=2,987 |percentage=2.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Comrade Rajender Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=954 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nihal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=936 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=733 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=693 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,423 |percentage=2.68% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,27,930 |percentage=69.20% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,84,860 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Rewari district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|28.41|76.48|display=title}}

[[Category:Rewari district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]

Couple Friendly

2026-04-15T23:20:03Z

Sunking:

{{Short description|2026 Indian Telugu-language film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Couple Friendly
| image = Couple Friendly.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ashwin Chandrasekar
| producer = Ajay Kumar Raju P
| writer = Ashwin Chandrasekar
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Santosh Sobhan]]
* [[Manasa Varanasi]]
}}
| music = Aditya Ravindran
| cinematography = Dinesh Purushothaman
| editing = Ganesh Siva
| studio = {{ubl
| UV Concepts
| VR Global Media
}}
| distributor = Dheeraj Cinema
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|2|14}}
| runtime = 121 minutes<ref name="THR"/>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = ₹14 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2026 |title='Couple Friendly' OTT release: Where to stream Santosh Sobhan and Manasa Varanasi's romantic drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/couple-friendly-ott-release-where-to-stream-santosh-sobhan-and-manasa-varanasis-romantic-drama/articleshow/129567186.cms |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=15 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260315013131/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/couple-friendly-ott-release-where-to-stream-santosh-sobhan-and-manasa-varanasis-romantic-drama/articleshow/129567186.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Couple Friendly''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by Ashwin Chandrasekar. It is produced by Ajay Kumar Raju P under the banners of UV Concepts and VR Global Media.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrities confident Santosh Sobhan will score big |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/celebrities-confident-santosh-sobhan-will-score-big/amp |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=13 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Santosh Sobhan]] and [[Manasa Varanasi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |title=Couple Friendly teaser: A chance encounter paves way for a passionate relationship between two strangers |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2025/Aug/09/couple-friendly-teaser-a-chance-encounter-paves-way-for-a-passionate-relationship-between-two-strangers |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=8 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

''Couple Friendly'' was released theatrically on 14 February 2026, coinciding with [[Valentine's Day]].

== Plot ==
Siva Sai Prathap (Santosh Shobhan) is an easy-going man who moves to [[Chennai]] from [[Nellore]] under family pressure to find a job as an interior designer. To support himself, he works as a bike taxi rider.

Mithra (Manasa Varanasi) from [[Chittoor]] is searching for a job as a software engineer in Chennai. After several unsuccessful attempts, she meets Siva. Having to vacate her accommodation, Mithra struggles to find a new place. Siva accompanies her as they search across Chennai, but with no success. He eventually offers her a place to stay at his home so they can share the rent, and she reluctantly agrees.

Mithra helps Siva build a professional profile for his interior design work. He soon lands a small project, completes it successfully, and gradually secures more contracts. While continuing her job search, Mithra assists Siva with his work, and their relationship gradually blossoms into love. They move into a larger apartment, and Mithra asks Siva to speak to her father about their marriage. However, a misunderstanding leads to an argument, and Mithra moves out to stay with her friend Preethi.

Meanwhile, Siva's family arrives in Chennai for his sister-in-law's medical treatment. Around the same time, Mithra's parents visit the city to arrange a marriage alliance for her. Realising Mithra's importance in his life, Siva meets her, and they reconcile at Preethi's apartment. However, they are discovered by Mithra's parents.

Both families meet at a restaurant, where Siva's parents express their approval of the relationship. Mithra's father, however, refuses to accept it and takes her back to their hometown. Mithra falls into severe emotional distress and is later hospitalised. She is diagnosed with a [[Frontotemporal dementia|frontotemporal memory disorder]] and remains under treatment for six months, during which Siva cares for her devotedly.

At Mithra's request, Siva takes her to [[Kerala]] to help her recover outside the hospital environment. Their bond deepens, but her condition gradually worsens. Their families visit them in Kerala during this time.

Eventually, Mithra's father recognises Siva's genuine love for her. However, Mithra's condition deteriorates further, and she loses her memory completely before passing away.

After her death, Siva reads a diary written by Mithra on the terrace of their former home. In it, she encourages him to move forward in life.

The film concludes with the message: "Life is all about sudden goodbyes, handle with care."

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Santosh Sobhan]] as Siva Sai Prathap
* [[Manasa Varanasi]] as Mithra
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Mithra's father
* [[Goparaju Ramana]] as Siva's father
* Dheeraj Reddy as Siva’s brother
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as M. Thumbathigam Sekar
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Shankar Anna
* [[Sunil Reddy]] as Raghu, Preethi’s boyfriend
* Narasimha
* Bhargav Ram
* Vijay Vallabhaneni
* [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Mithra's mother
* Pramodini Pammi as Siva’s mother
* [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]] as Siva's sister-in-law
* Fouziee as Preethi, Mithra’s friend
* Himaa Varma
* Dharani V.
* Savithri as Hostel Warden
;Uncredited
* [[Arthana Binu]] as Shailu, Siva's ex-girlfriend (cameo appearance)
* Rishikanth as Karthik, Mithra’s fiancee
}}

== Production ==
Ashwin Chandrasekar wrote the script in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], which was later translated into Telugu, with the crew improvising the dialogues during filming.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |title=Manasa Varanasi finding her frame |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/cities/hyderabad/2026/Feb/14/manasa-varanasi-finding-her-frame |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=6 February 2026 |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260214210046/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/cities/hyderabad/2026/Feb/14/manasa-varanasi-finding-her-frame |access-date=14 February 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2025, Santosh Sobhan stated in an interview that filming for ''Couple Friendly'' was in its final stage.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vennapusala |first=Ramya |title=Santosh Sobhan: The art of storytelling has always spoken to me |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/cities/hyderabad/2025/May/08/santosh-sobhan-the-art-of-storytelling-has-always-spoken-to-me |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=6 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Principal photography took place in [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |title=Santosh Sobhan’s ‘Couple Friendly’ gears up for bilingual release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/santosh-sobhans-couple-friendly-gears-up-for-bilingual-release-987521 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=12 July 2025 |language=en |archive-date=16 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716053257/https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/santosh-sobhans-couple-friendly-gears-up-for-bilingual-release-987521 |access-date=14 February 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film's distributor, Dheeraj Mogilineni,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dheeraj Mogilineni acquires Telugu distribution rights of Couple Friendly |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2026/Jan/31/dheeraj-mogilineni-acquires-telugu-distribution-rights-of-couple-friendly |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=6 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> stated that the film received an 'A' certificate from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] due to its title.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |title=Dheeraj Mogilineni: Couple Friendly got A certificate because of the title |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/telugu/2026/Feb/11/telugunews2026feb10dheeraj-mogilineni-couple-friendly-got-a-certificate-because-of-the-title |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=4 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music was composed by Aditya Ravindran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Couple Friendly – All Songs |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/couple-friendly/ol1DVEtDMiQ_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=14 February 2026}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:51
| title1 = O Nesthamai
| length1 = 2:52
| lyrics1 = Rehman
| extra1 = Aditya Ravindran
| title2 = Naa Praanam
| length2 = 4:10
| lyrics2 = Purna Chary
| extra2 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| title3 = Varaale Panche
| length3 = 3:12
| lyrics3 = Rehman
| extra3 = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| title4 = Gaabara Gaabara
| length4 = 2:50
| lyrics4 = [[Rakendu Mouli]]
| extra4 = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| title5 = Naalo Nenu
| length5 = 3:05
| lyrics5 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra5 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], Aditya Ravindran
| title6 = Naa Kallalo
| length6 = 3:24
| lyrics6 = Rakendu Mouli
| extra6 = [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| title7 = Naato Raa Ila
| length7 = 2:28
| lyrics7 = Purna Chary
| extra7 = Kapil Kapilan
| title8 = Baundhi Baandham
| length8 = 1:50
| lyrics8 = Rakendu Mouli
| extra8 = [[Sublahshini]]
}}

== Release ==
''Couple Friendly'' was released theatrically on 14 February 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Couple Friendly set for Valentine’s Day theatrical release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/telugu/2026/Jan/08/telugunews2026jan07couple-friendly-set-for-valentines-day-theatrical-release |work=The New Indian Express |date=11 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Santosh Sobhan and Manasa Varanasi's Couple Friendly trailer is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/telugu/news/2026/Feb/03/santosh-sobhan-and-manasa-varanasis-couple-friendly-trailer-is-out |work=Cinema Express |date=3 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sandeep Athreya of ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' rated the film 3.25 out of 5 stars and wrote, "While the second half may not fully match the emotional depth of the first, the film’s honesty, grounded storytelling, and the lovely chemistry between the leads make it a worthwhile watch."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Couple Friendly Review: Honest Relationship Drama That Works Well |url=https://m.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/couple-friendly-review-honest-relationship-drama-works-well-477413 |work=[[Sakshi Post]] |date=14 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

Yashaswini Sri of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Ashwin Chandrasekar's latest offers genuine moments and strong performances but suffers from a familiar plot and jarring tonal shifts."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Couple Friendly movie review: Santosh Sobhan-Manasa Varanasi’s romance works despite familiar territory |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/couple-friendly-movie-review-santosh-sobhan-manasa-varanasi-romance-works-familiar-territory-10531460/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=14 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "''Couple Friendly'' may not boast a novel plot, but its narrative rhythm is refreshingly mature and modern. It treats both its protagonists as equals and values the minutiae of their lives as well as the big dreams."<ref name="THR">{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |title=‘Couple Friendly’ movie review: Santosh Sobhan, Manasa Varanasi’s romance drama is mature and heartfelt |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/couple-friendly-movie-review-santosh-soban-manasa-varanasis-romance-drama-is-set-in-chennai/article70623347.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 February 2026 |language=en-IN |archive-date=16 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216105313/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/couple-friendly-movie-review-santosh-soban-manasa-varanasis-romance-drama-is-set-in-chennai/article70623347.ece |access-date=14 February 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Jalapathi Gudelli of ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' rated the film 2.75 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Couple Friendly'' works because of its engaging first half and emotionally effective climax. The twist feels familiar due to a recent [[Saiyaara (film)|Bollywood blockbuster]], yet the treatment and sincere performances make it a decent watch."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Couple Friendly Review: A decent romantic drama |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/couple-friendly-review-a-decent-romantic-drama |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=14 February 2026 |access-date=14 February 2026 |archive-date=14 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260214210045/https://telugucinema.com/reviews/couple-friendly-review-a-decent-romantic-drama |url-status=live}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Eenadu]]'' also reviewed the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Couple Friendly Review: ‘కపుల్‌ ఫ్రెండ్లీ’ రివ్యూ.. ప్రేమకథ మెప్పించిందా |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/couple-friendly-movie-review-telugu/0203/126027983 |work=[[Eenadu]] |date=14 February 2026 |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]

List of industrial areas in West Bengal

2026-04-15T14:25:45Z

Sunking: New

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
The Indian state of [[West Bengal]] has multiple industries present in the state. The major industrial belts are [[Hooghly Industrial Belt|Hooghly Industrial Region]], Durgapur-Raniganj-Asansol Industrial Region, [[Haldia Industrial Belt|Haldia Industrial Region]] and Darjeeling-Jalpaiguri Industrial Region. Apart from these, many [[Industrial park]]s or areas are situated with planned [[township]]s. Majority of them are functioning with some of them being under construction.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Haldia Refinery.jpg|[[Indian Oil Corporation|IOCL]] [[Haldia Refinery]]
File:MatixFertilizerPanagarh.jpg|Unit of Matix Fertilizer at [[Panagarh|Panagarh Industrial Park]]
File:RashMetU3 (01).jpg|Rashmi Metallics manufacturing unit in [[Kharagpur]]
File:SukhjitStarchMdh.jpg|Sukhjit Starch plant in [[Malda district|Malda]]
File:SvakshaDistKgp.jpg|Svaksha Distillery in Kharagpur
File:TataHitachiKgp.jpg|Entrance of [[Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery|Tata Hitachi]] plant at Vidyasagar Industrial Park in Kharagpur
</gallery>
State industries are mostly localised in the Kolkata region, the mineral-rich western highlands, and Haldia port region.<ref name=wbidcindinf>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbidc.com/about_wb/industrial_infrastructure.htm|title= Industrial infrastructure|publisher=West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation|access-date=5 March 2012}}</ref> [[Kolkata]] is noted as one of the major centres for industries like the IT, GCCs, ITes, jute, leather industry etc. There are numerous steel plants in the state apart from the Durgapur Steel plant and alloy steel plant at [[Durgapur, West Bengal|Durgapur]] and IISCO in Burnpur. There are major industries around petrochemicals in Haldia, heavy engineering in Durgapur Howrah, rail manufacturing in Chittaranjan and Titagath, heavy equipment manufacturing in kharagpur, power generation,[[chemical]]s and [[fertiliser]]s across the state. Coal bed methane gas and shale gas is found in Durgapur Asansol region. Recently high grade petroleum has been discovered in Ashoknagar about 60 KMS from Kolkata and commercial production would begin soon. Natural resources like tea and [[jute]] in and nearby parts have made [[West Bengal]] a major centre for the [[jute]] and tea industries. West Bengal is at the forefronts of gems and jewellery, leather processing and leather goods manufacturing and has around 666 units producing leather and leather related goods. Currently, 22-25 percent of India's tanning activity is undertaken in Kolkata and its suburbs. [[Kharagpur]] has also numerous industries of various types such as iron works, cement, chemicals, etc.

==Major industrial belts==
This list includes major economic industrial regions of West Bengal.
{|class="sortable wikitable"
! Name
! Area
! Location
! Industry
! Major industrial Company/ companies
!Ref(s)
|-
|[[Hooghly Industrial Belt]]
|2,000 km2.
|[[Kolkata]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[Howrah]], [[Nadia]], [[Serampore]], [[Shyamnagar]], [[Sodepur]] and other parts of [[North 24 Parganas]], [[South 24 Parganas]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[Hooghly district]] and [[Howrah district]].
|Jute Industry, Textile, Heavy engineering, Leather Industry, IT Industry, manufacturing, chemicals, iron and steel and food products
|[[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]], Zaneti, Burn Standard Company Limited, Tribeni, [[Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals]] etc.
|
|-
| [[Haldia Industrial Belt]]
| 350 km2.
|[[Haldia]], [[Purba Medinipur]]
|Petrochemicals, Chemical Industry, Oil Refinery, Fertilizer
| [[Haldia Petrochemicals]], IPPL-IndianOil Petronas, [[Indian Oil Corporation]], [[Tata Steel]], South Asia Petrochemical, Hindustan Liver
|
|-
|Durgapur- Raniganj- Asansol industrial Belt
|1,600 km2.
|[[Durgapur]], [[Asansol]], [[Raniganj]], [[Raniganj Coalfield]], [[Andal Aerotropolis|Andal]], [[Chittaranjan]]
|Steel, coal industry, coal bed methane gas, hydel power, fertilizers, refractory industries, cement, coal washery, boiler manufacturing, paints, alloy and special steel plant, a coal-mining machinery plant, brick and tile manufacturing, and large thermal power units
|[[Eastern Coalfields Limited]], Shyam Steel, [[IISCO Steel Plant|Indian Iron and Steel Company Limited]], [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]], [[Durgapur Steel Plant]] GE heavy engineering, Durgapur Thermal, Damodar Valley, Esser Gas, Great Eastern Shale gas, Matix fertilizers, Jai Balaji, Durgapur Cements etc
|<ref>{{Cite web| title=Brief Industrial Profile of Burdwan district, West Bengal | url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/old/dips/BURDWAN.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812090231/http://dcmsme.gov.in/old/dips/BURDWAN.pdf | archive-date=2022-08-12}}</ref>

|-
|Darjeeling-Jalpaiguri Industrial Belt
|1,300 km2.
|[[Darjeeling]], [[Jalpaiguri]], [[Cooch Behar]]
| Tea industry, tourism industry, wood industry
|Terai Company Pvt Ltd
|<ref>{{Cite web| title=Economics of Small Tea Plantations in West Bengal−A Study of Production, Efficiency and Productivity Performance Using DEA and Stochastic Frontier Regression | url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/2655/18/Full%20Thesis%20of%20TamashRanjanMajumdar.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411004318/https://ir.nbu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/2655/18/Full%20Thesis%20of%20TamashRanjanMajumdar.pdf | archive-date=2021-04-11}}</ref>
|}

==Industrial parks/areas/towns==
This list includes industrial parks, areas, towns, hubs, belts etc.

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|+
|colspan="6"|'''Key''' {{font color | #FFEF00 | Yellow }} cells denote which are under construction or planning and operations have not started (As of 2023)

|-
! Name
! Area
! Location
! Industrial Company/ companies
! Industry
! Ref(s)

|-
|Panagarh Industrial Park
| 1458 Acres
| [[Panagarh]], [[Burdwan District]]
| Emami, Valve, Acer, Matix Fertilizers & Chemicals Ltd., H&R Johnson (India), HPCL, Globus Spirit Ltd., IOCL etc.
|Cement, chemical fertilizers, Ammonia Plant, Urea Plant, bottling plant, Ceramic Tiles Manufacturing, distillery etc.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbidc.com/home/industrial-parks/panagarh-industrial-park|title=Panagarh Industrial Park - Panagarh|website=www.wbidc.com}}</ref>

|-
| Vidyasagar Industrial Park
| 1167 Acres
| [[Kharagpur]], [[West Medinipur]]
| Tata-Hitachi, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Orissa Aloy Steel private limited, Godrej Agrovet, Nutricraft India, Mahindra & Mahindra Limited, Megatherm Induction
| Machinery, steel, oil
|<ref>{{cite news|date=17 September 2016|newspaper=Anandabazar Pratrika|url=http://archives.ananadabazar.com/archive/1131109/9bus3.html|title=Tata-Hitachi will invest 200 crores in Kharagpur in two years}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbidc.com/home/industrial-parks/vidyasagar-industrial-park|title=Vidyasagar Industrial Park - Kharagpur|website=www.wbidc.com}}</ref>

|-
| Barzora Industrial Park
| 432 Acres
| Barzora, [[Bankura District]]
|Anandabazar Patrika, Pratyaha Newspaper, X Pro India, Timespac, Nilkamal Plastics, Surya Alloy Industries, Tulip Fabrics, Steelex Electrocast, HP Ispat, Jain Spun Industries, Maan Concast, Lalwani Industrie, Embee Ferro Alloy, Jai Ambey Metals, Royal Touch Fablon etc.
| Steel, plastic, newspaper, fabric, metals etc.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbidc.com/home/industrial-parks/plastod-steel-park|title=Plasto Steel Park - Barjora|website=www.wbidc.com}}</ref>

|-
| Haldia Industrial Park
| 334 Acres
| [[Haldia]], [[East Medinipur]]
| Mitsubishi Chemicals Ltd., South Asian Petrochemicals Ltd, Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL), Exide, Shaw Wallace, Tata Chemicals, Haldia Petrochemicals, Hindustan Lever Limited etc.
| South Asia Petrochemical, Hindustan Liver
Petrochemicals, Fertilizers
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbidc.com/home/industrial-parks/haldia-industrial-park|title=Haldia Industrial Park - Haldia|website=www.wbidc.com}}</ref>

|-
| Raghunathpur Steel & Allied Industrial Park
| 1924 Acres
| Raghunathpur, [[Purulia District]]
| [[Damodar Valley Corporation]], Shyam Steel Industries Limited, [[Shree Cement]], DPSC limited
| Thermal power, steel, cement
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://nriwestbengal.gov.in/nri/common/RAGHUNATHPUR_STEEL%20.aspx | title=Finance Department, Government of West Bengal : Error }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengal: Shree Cement announces completion of Rs 550-crore cement plant in Purulia |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/bengal-shree-cement-announces-completion-of-rs-550-crore-cement-plant-in-purulia/cid/1948946 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

|-
| Shalbani Industrial Park
| 4300 Acres
| [[Salboni]], [[West Medinipur]]
| [[JSW Group]]
| Cement, paint, steel, solar power unit,
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/jsw-group-in-talks-with-west-bengal-government-to-set-up-industrial-park-at-salboni/articleshow/59670519.cms?from=mdr|title=JSW Group in talks with West Bengal government to set up industrial park at Salboni|first=Rakhi|last=Mazumdar|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=July 19, 2017}}</ref>

|-
|Sankrail Rubber Park
|170 Acres
| [[Sankrail]], [[Howrah District]]
|
|
|<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/goaltore-exults-while-singur-speculates/articleshow/54355908.cms?from=mdr|title=Goaltore exults while Singur speculates|newspaper=The Times of India |date=September 16, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/200-bigha-acquired-for-rubber-industry-park-105030701048_1.html|title=200 bigha acquired for rubber industry park|first=|last=|date=March 7, 2005|website=Business Standard}}</ref>

|-
|Rishi Bankim Silpaudyan
|97 Acres
| [[Naihati]], [[North Twenty Four Parganas]]
|Wimplast, Suguna Foods Limited, DTL Ancillary Limited, New Hope Animal Celesty Food Products, Syanchro Pack etc.
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbidc.com/home/industrial-parks/rishi-bankim-shilpaudyan|title=Rishi Bankim Shilpaudyan - Naihati|website=www.wbidc.com}}</ref>

|-
|Kharagpur cycle park
|20 Acres
| [[Kharagpur]], [[West Medinipur]]
|
|Cycle production
|<ref name="auto"/>

|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| Goaltor Industrial Park
| 950 Acres
|Goaltor, [[West Medinipur]]
|
|
|<ref name="auto2"/>

|-
|Nabadiganta Industrial Township
| 430 Acres
|[[Bidhannagar]], [[North 24 Parganas]]
|See [[List of tech parks in Kolkata#Salt Lake|list of companies having tech park here]]
|[[Information technology|IT]], ITeS
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ndita.org/|title=Welcome To Nabadiganta Industrial Township Authority|website=ndita.org}}</ref>

|-
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| Budge Budge Garment Park
| 10 Acres
|[[Budge Budge]], [[South 24 Parganas]]
|
|Garments and clothing
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbidc.com/home/industrial-parks/budge-budge-garment-park|title=Budge Budge Garment Park - Budge Budge|website=www.wbidc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://masterspmc.com/masters-pmc-india-projects/commercial/garment-park-of-west-bengal.html|title=Garment Park of West Bengal|website=masterspmc.com}}</ref>

|-
|Paridhan Garment Park
|
| [[Beliaghata]], [[Kolkata]]
|
|Garments and clothing
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbidc.com/home/industrial-parks/paridhan|title=Paridhan - Garment Park|website=www.wbidc.com}}</ref>

|-
| Shilpangan Light Engineering Park
|
| [[Bidhannagar]], [[North 24 Parganas]]
|
| Light engineering
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbidc.com/home/industrial-parks/shilpangan|title=Shilpangan - Kolkata|website=www.wbidc.com}}</ref>

|-
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| West Bengal Hosiery Park
| 125 Acres
| [[Howrah district]]
|
|Garments and clothing
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hosierypark.com/|title=West Bengal Hosiery Park Infrastructure Limited}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://wbmsmet.gov.in/projects_aided_texpro_parks|title=MSME & T Department|website=wbmsmet.gov.in}}</ref>

|-
| Regent Garments and Apparel Park
| 55 Acres
| [[Barasat]], [[North 24 Parganas]]
|
| Garments and clothing
|<ref name="auto1"/>

|-
| EIGMEF Apparel Park
| 13 Acres
| [[Bidhannagar]], [[North 24 Parganas]]
|
| Garments and clothing
|<ref name="auto1"/>

|-
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| Kona Integrated Garment Prak
| 21 Acres
| Unsani, [[Howrah district]]
|
| Garments and clothing
|<ref name="auto1"/>

|-
| Sudha Das Food Park, Sankrail
| 50 Acres
| [[Sankrail]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
|
| Food and processing
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbidc.com/home/industrial-parks/sudha-ras-food-park|title=Sudha Ras Food Park - Sankrail|website=www.wbidc.com}}</ref>

|-
| Kandua Food Park
| 54 Acres
| [[Sankrail]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
|
| Food and processing
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbidc.com/home/industrial-parks/kandua-food-park|title=Kandua Food Park - Sankrail|website=www.wbidc.com}}</ref>

|-
| Sankrail Food Park- III
| 34 Acres
| [[Sankrail]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
|
| Food and processing
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbidc.com/home/industrial-parks/food-park-lll|title=Food Park lll - Sankrail|website=www.wbidc.com}}</ref>

|-
| Sankrail Poly Park
| 60 Acres
| [[Sankrail]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
|Megaflex Plastics, Elkos Pens, Weilburger Coatings, W.Hunger Hydraulics, Rollx Technologies, Tenty Marketing, Accurate Polymers, Techcon India
| Polymer production
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbidc.com/home/industrial-parks/poly-park|title=Poly Park - Sankrail|website=www.wbidc.com}}</ref>

|-
| Gems & Jewelry Park
| 6 Acres
| Ankurhati, [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| Senco Gold Limited, Calcutta Gem & Jewellers Welfare Association, Jain Jewellers
| Jewelry production
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbidc.com/home/industrial-parks/gems-jewellery-park|title=Gems & Jewellery Park - Ankurhati|website=www.wbidc.com}}</ref>

|-
| Haringhata Industrial Park
| 358 Acres
| [[Nadia]]
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbidc.com/home/industrial-parks/haringhata-industrial-park|title=Haringhata Industrial Park - Nadia|website=www.wbidc.com}}</ref>

|-
| Kharagpur General Industrial Park
| 205 Acres
| [[Kharagpur]], [[West Medinipur]]
|Tata Metaliks, Flender McNeil etc.
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbidc.com/home/industrial-parks/kharagpur-general-industrial-park|title=Kharagpur General Industrial Park - Kharagpur|website=www.wbidc.com}}</ref>

|-
| Fulbari Industrial Park
| 32 Acres
| Fulbarigram, [[Jalpaiguri district]]
|
|
|<ref name="wbmsmet.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=https://wbmsmet.gov.in/projects_saip_parks |title=MSME & T Department }}</ref>

|-
| Dabgram Industrial Park
| 107 Acres
| [[Dabgram]], [[Jalpaiguri district]]
|
|
|<ref name="wbmsmet.gov.in"/>

|-
|Shilpobroto Industrial Park
| 25 Acres
| Binnaguri, [[Jalpaiguri district]]
|
|
|<ref name="wbmsmet.gov.in"/>

|-
|INDUS Balram Industrial Park
|
| [[Jalpaiguri district]]
|
|
|<ref name="wbmsmet.gov.in"/>

|-
|South City Anmol Infra Park
| 48 Acres
|[[Howrah district]]
|
|
|<ref name="wbmsmet.gov.in"/>

|-
| Amtala Food Park
| 125 Acres
| [[Amtala]], [[South 24 Parganas]]
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web | title=Food park coming up at Amtala | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/food-park-coming-up-at-amtala-108032701082_1.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710050812/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/food-park-coming-up-at-amtala-108032701082_1.html | access-date=2025-12-12 | archive-date=2023-07-10}}</ref>

|-
| Regent SME Industrial Park
| 21 Acres
| [[Ankurhati]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wbmsmet.gov.in/projects_saip_parks | title=MSME & T Department }}</ref>

|-
| Srijan Industrial Logistic Park
| 24 Acres
| [[Ankurhati]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://amitproperties.com/project-list/srijan-industrial-logistic-park-warehouse-space-on-rent/ | title=» Srijan Industrial Logistic Park-Warehouse Space on Rent }}</ref>

|-
| Jalan Complex
| 2000 Acres
| [[Ankurhati]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
|
|
|
|-
| Amta Industrial Park
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Uluberia Industrial Park
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Ranihati Foundry Park
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Dankuni Industrial Park
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| Bagnan Industrial Park
|
|
|
|
|
|}

==Cities with major industries ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No. !! Place !! Significance
|-
| 1 || [[Kolkata]] || IT, BPO, GCCs, Manufacturing, Cotton textile, Leather, Food processing, Hospitality, Tourism
|-
| 2 || [[Durgapur]] || Iron and steel, coal, CBM gas, graphite, power, cement, chemicals, heavy engineering, Fertilizers, IT
|-
| 3 ||[[Kharagpur]] || Chemicals, machinery, heavy metals, automobiles, railways, cement
|-
| 4 ||[[Haldia]] || Petrochemical, refinery, industrial chemicals
|-
| 5 || [[Darjeeling]] || Tea
|-
| 6 || [[Chittaranjan]] || Electric locomotives (CLW)
|-
| 7 || [[Rupnarayanpur]] || Cables
|-
| 8 || [[Howrah]] || Jute, light engineering
|-
| 9 || [[Dankuni]] || Warehouse, locomotives, heavy engineering, milk and beverages, biscuits
|-
| 10 || [[Rishra]] || Textile, jute, cotton, heavy engineering
|-
| 11 || [[Champdani]] || Jute, cotton, heavy engineering
|-
| 12 || [[Bhadreswar, Hooghly|Bhadreswar]] || Jute
|-
| 13 || [[Tribeni, Hooghly|Tribeni]] || Tissue paper
|-
| 14 || [[Kalimpong]] || Tea, wood
|-
| 15 || [[Siliguri]] || Tea, timber, IT
|-
| 16 || [[Dalkhola]] || Maize
|-
| 17 || [[Raiganj]] || Rice
|-
| 18 || [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]] || Mango
|-
| 19 || [[Rampurhat]] ||Mining, stone crushing, rice
|-
| 20 || [[Suri, Birbhum|Suri]] ||Rice, silk, furniture
|-
| 21 || [[Shantiniketan]] ||Handicrafts, rice
|-
| 22 || [[Berhampore|Baharampur]] ||Silk, sarees, ivory, sholapith, metal, Brass
|-
| 23 || [[Jangipur, Murshidabad|Jangipur]] ||Tobacco, mulberry
|-
| 24 || [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]] ||Heavy engineering, pharmaceutical, bio-technology, meat processing, rice
|-
| 25 || [[Katwa]] ||Rice, jute, mustard
|-
| 26 || [[Bardhaman]] ||Rice, brick, food processing, potato
|-
| 27 || [[Asansol]] || Coal, Iron and steel, Locomotives, heavy engineering, cement, cables
|-
| 28 || [[Budge Budge]] ||Petroleum, jute, power
|-
| 29 || [[Kanchrapara]] ||Electrical locomotives and workshop, railway coaches, furniture
|-
| 30 || [[Halisahar]] ||Jute, pulp, paper
|-
| 31 || [[Naihati]] ||Jute, paint
|-
| 32 || [[Bhatpara]] ||Jute, paper, battery, heavy engineering
|-
| 33 || [[Barrackpore]] ||Jute, rifles, aeronautical, heavy engineering, dry cells, cables
|-
| 34 || [[Titagarh]] ||Jute, wagons, paper, steel, heavy engineering
|-
| 35 || [[Khardah]] ||Jute, heavy engineering
|-
| 36 || [[Panihati]] ||Jute, chemical, heavy engineering, tractor, tobacco
|-
| 37 || [[Kamarhati]] ||Jute, paper, heavy engineering, matches, ceramics
|-
| 38 || [[Dum Dum]] ||Heavy engineering, guns, bullets, railway wagon, construction equipment
|-
| 39 ||[[Jangal Sundari Karmanagari]] ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Economy of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Secondary sector-related lists|West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal-related lists|Industrial areas]]

Umesh Upadhyay

2026-04-10T02:16:51Z

Sunking: new new stub initial version

{{Short description|Indian journalist and author (1958–2024)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Umesh Upadhyay
|image =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1958|08|26|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Mathura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
|death_date = {{death date and age|2024|09|01|1958|08|26|df=y}}
|death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India
|resting place =
|other_names =
|known_for =
|education = [[Delhi University]] (DU), [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU), [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII)
|employer =
|occupation = {{hlist|Journalist|author}}
|title = Former President & Media Director of [[Reliance Industries]]
|height =
|term =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|party =
|boards =
|spouse =
|partner =
|children =
|parents =
|relatives =
|signature =
|website =
}}

'''Umesh Upadhyay''' (26 August 1958 – 1 September 2024) was an Indian television journalist, author and media executive. Critics say that his book “Western Media Narratives on India – Gandhi to Modi” exposes the dubiousness of the anti-India agenda of the foreign media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-28 |title=Opinion {{!}} Umesh Upadhyay’s Book Offers Insight into Western Media’s Dubious Agenda on India |url=https://www.news18.com/opinion/opinion-beyond-the-headlines-umesh-upadhyays-book-offers-insight-into-western-medias-agenda-on-india-8831163.html |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was also a freelance writer, an independent media consultant and analyst. Earlier he worked as president and director of media at [[Reliance Industries Limited]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Umesh Upadhyay to move back to RIL|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/tv/umesh-upadhyay-to-move-back-to-ril_62172.html}}</ref> prior to which he was President of News at [[Network 18]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Reliance names Raghav Bahl Network 18 non-executive director|url=http://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/H8H3Y5hZjTHPtVcnI79mvO/Raghav-Bahl-named-nonexecutive-director-of-Network18.html|publisher=Live Mint|date=7 July 2014}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
During his over 25 year long career in media and academics, Upadhyay was channel head at Janmat TV; executive producer and output editor for [[Zee News]]; executive producer at Home TV; correspondent for [[Doordarshan]]; and sub editor at [[Press Trust of India]]. He also worked at [[SAB TV]].<ref>{{cite web|title=With changes at Network18, a look at Media execs who've joined Reliance Industries|date=29 May 2014 |url=http://www.medianama.com/2014/05/223-reliance-industries-media-execs/|publisher=MediaNama}}</ref> He started his career as a lecturer at [[Delhi University]], has been a political analyst and commentator with [[All India Radio]] (AIR), and is a member of the Editors Guild of India.<ref>{{cite web | last=Kaur | first=Arshdeep | title=Journalist Umesh Upadhyay falls from building, dies; PM Modi says ‘irreparable loss for world of journalism’ | website=mint | date=1 September 2024 | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/journalist-umesh-upadhyay-falls-from-building-dies-pm-modi-says-irreparable-loss-world-of-journalism-11725209404081.html | access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref>

Upadhyay held a senior position in the academic field as director of the Disha Education Society in Raipur. He managed affairs of the Disha Group of Institutions, and was designated as Pro VC of the upcoming{{As of?|date=September 2023}} Disha University.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023|reason=Previous citation made no mention of him}} Upadhyay has been nominated by the Indian government to the Executive Council of the Indian Institute of Mass Communications.<ref name=IIMC>{{cite web|title=Nominated by the Government of India to serve the Executive Council I.I.M.C., New Delhi|url=http://iimc.nic.in/content/51_1_executivecoumcil.aspx|publisher=IIMC|access-date=22 June 2017|archive-date=5 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105233555/http://iimc.nic.in/content/51_1_executivecoumcil.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Upadhyay was also a member of the jury for the Narad Jayanti Awards in New Delhi.<ref name=Jagran>{{cite web|title=Member of Jury of Narad Jayanti Awards|url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-16238505.html|publisher=Jagran}}</ref>

Upadhyay was an executive board member for the National Institute of Open Schools, an autonomous institution under the Indian government's Ministry of Human Resources Development, and the largest open schooling system in the world.<ref name=NIOS>{{cite web|title=Executive Board Member NIOS|url=http://www.nios.ac.in/media/documents/ebnoss.pdf|publisher=NIOS}}</ref><ref name=Committees>{{cite web|title=Executive Board Member NIOS|url=http://www.nios.ac.in/about-us/committees.aspx|publisher=NIOS}}</ref> Upadhyay was also a member of the search committee to select a new Vice Chancellor for the Makhan Lal National University of Journalism and Mass Communication of Bhopal.<ref name=Bhaskar>{{cite web|title= Vice Chancellor Search Committee Member for Makhan Lal National University|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/bhopal/news/MP-BPL-HMU-LCL-journalism-university-will-remain-in-office-until-new-vice-chancellor-5788330-NOR.html|publisher=Bhaskar}}</ref>

== Education ==
Upadhyay was an alumnus of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU) and the [[University of Delhi]]. He did his Masters and M.Phil at the School of International Studies, JNU, and has served as a member of the Academic Council of Delhi University. He was trained at the [[Film and Television Institute of India]], Pune, Asian Institute for Broadcasting Development (Kuala Lumpur), [[BSkyB]] (London), Thames Studios (UK), and CPC (Delhi).<ref name=net18-uu>{{cite web|title=Executive Team - Network 18|url=http://www.network18online.com/people.html#umeshupadhyay|publisher=Network 18|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318201420/http://www.network18online.com/people.html#umeshupadhyay|archivedate=18 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Public speaker==
* He was also a public speaker and an expert on media issues.<ref name="Vishv Samvad Kendra">{{cite web|title= Only Media Houses With social values and trust Will Have a Future|date=3 May 2018 |url=http://vsktelangana.org/only-media-houses-with-social-values-and-trust-will-have-a-future-dr-umesh-upadhyaya/|publisher=VSK Telangana}}</ref><ref name=SamvitKendra>{{cite web|title= People's intervention in the Future of Media
|url=http://samvitkendra.org/events/social-media-platforms-most-effective-tools-to-build-nationalistic-narrative/|publisher=Samvit Kendra}}</ref><ref name=AmarUjala>{{cite web|title= Seminar on 4G Journalism|url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/campus/umesh-upadhyay-vijay-sahgal-4g-journalism-trend-of-media-punjab-university-reliance-media|publisher=AmarUjala}}</ref>
* Upadhyay has given a [[Ted Talk|TED Talk]],<ref name=TED>{{cite web|title= TED Talks Speaker|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/16986|publisher=TED.com}}</ref> which can be watched on YouTube.<ref name=TEDTalks>{{cite web|title= TED Talks Speaker|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCR1x1D7xvM|publisher=TED Talks}}</ref>
* Upadhyay was a regular commentator on current national/international issues.<ref name=Blogspot>{{cite web|title= Regular Columnist|date=28 October 2017 |url=https://upadhyay-umesh.blogspot.in/2017/10/|publisher=Blogspot}}</ref>

== Death ==
On September 1, 2024, Upadhyay fell two storeys from a residential building in [[Vasant Kunj]] as the building was getting renovated, and was pronounced dead at the hospital from his injuries, at the age of 66.<ref>[https://yespunjab.com/veteran-journalist-umesh-upadhyay-passes-away/ Veteran journalist Umesh Upadhyay passes away]</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kaur |first1=Arshdeep |title=Journalist Umesh Upadhyay falls from building, dies; PM Modi says ‘irreparable loss for world of journalism’ |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/journalist-umesh-upadhyay-falls-from-building-dies-pm-modi-says-irreparable-loss-world-of-journalism-11725209404081.html |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=2 September 2024 |date=1 September 2024}}</ref>

== Awards and memberships==
Upadhyay was awarded the Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Award for lifetime contributions in the field of Journalism and Media.<ref name=DailyHunt>{{cite web|title=Recipient of Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Award 2017 |url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/hindi/webduniya+hindi-epaper-hinweb/umesh+upadhyay+aur+vijay+manohar+tivari+ko+ganesh+shankar+vidyarthi+samman-newsid-66297785|publisher=DailyHunt}}</ref>

Upadhyay was a member of: the Management Committee and Executive Council of Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University for Mass Communication
and Journalism, Bhopal;<ref name=MCNUMCJ>{{cite web|title=Member of the Management Committee and Executive Council MCNUMCJ Bhopal|url=http://progressivemp.in/makhanlal-chaturvedi-patrakarita-vishvavidhyalaya-developed-institute-of-excellence-cm-shivraj-singh-chouhan/|publisher=Progressivemp}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> the Advisory Council of the [[National Institute of Mass Communication and Journalism]], Ahmedabad;<ref name=NIMCJ>{{cite web|title=Member of the Advisory Council of NIMCJ, Ahmedabad|url=http://nimcj.org/guest-and-visiting.html|publisher=NIMCJ}}</ref> the IIMC Society;<ref name=IIMCSociety>{{cite web|title=Member of the IIMC Society|url=http://www.iimc.nic.in/content/197_1_IIMCSociety.aspx|publisher=IIMC}}</ref> the Executive Council of the Indian Institute of Mass Communication, New Delhi;<ref name=EC>{{cite web|title=Member of the Executive Council at IIMC|url=http://www.iimc.nic.in/Content/51_1_ExecutiveCouncil.aspx|publisher=IIMC}}</ref> and the Executive Board of the National Open School Society of India (NOS).<ref name= Member>{{cite web|title= Member of the Executive Board of National Open School Society of India|url=http://www.nios.ac.in/media/documents/ebnoss.pdf|publisher=NIOS}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Facebook|uu.umeshupadhyay|Umesh Upadhyay}}

{{Network 18|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Upadhyay, Umesh}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian television executives]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian broadcast news analysts]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths from falls in India]]
[[Category:People from Mathura]]

M. G. Srinivas

2026-04-07T23:21:33Z

Sunking: Article

{{Short description|Indian actor and film director}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{POV|date=March 2025}}
{{Resume-like|date=July 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. G. Srinivas
| image =
| birth_name = Madihalli Gopalakrishna Srinivas
| birth_date = 9 July 1984
| birth_place = [[Hassan, Karnataka]], India
| nickname =
| alma_mater = Seshadripuram College
| occupation = Actor, [[Film director|director]], [[screenwriter]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Shruti. I. L|2019}}<ref name="Marriage">{{Cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/movies-pl/kannada-movies-pl/director-srinivas-married-shruti-il-in-mysuru/videoshow/70010659.cms|title=Director Srinivas married Shruti IL in Mysuru|website=Times Of India|date=30 June 2019|access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref>
}}

'''M. G. Srinivas''' is an Indian actor, film director and screenwriter who works in [[Kannada cinema]]. He made his debut as a director in the Kannada film industry with ''[[Topiwala]]'' (2013), which stars [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]. He made his debut as a lead actor in ''[[Srinivasa Kalyana]]'' (2017).

Srinivas first became a radio jockey with his show on [[93.5 FM|93.5 RED FM]], Blade Raja. He made [[short film]]s, his first being ''Rules'', which was screened at Australia's Bollywood and Beyond [[Film festival|Film Festival]]. His next project, ''[[Simply Kailawesome]]'', won him the Platinum Remi Award at the [[Houston Film Festival]]. The film is about the life and literary works of the Kannada writer [[T. P. Kailasam]]; it caught Upendra's attention and led to his first feature ''[[Topiwala]]'', with [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] in the lead.<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2013/upendra-topiwala-release-105239.html Upendra's] [[Topiwala]] ready for massive release 13 March 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Srinivasa|first=Srikanth|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-Topiwala-is-a-political-satire/20130314.htm|title=Topiwala is a political satire|date=14 March 2013|accessdate=5 January 2020|publisher=Rediff}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130620010220/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-19/news-interviews/35911808_1_real-star-upendra-malayalam-actress-bhavana-election-time Upendra's Topiwala for election time] Dec 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.chitraloka.com/news/1580-simply-kailawesome-wins-] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005225826/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/1580-simply-kailawesome-wins-|date=5 October 2023}}remi-award.html Simply Kailawesome Wins Remi Award 27 April 2011</ref><ref>[http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/06/slide-show-1-south-kannada-film-simply-kailawesome.htm Looking at Simply Kailawesome] 6 October 2010</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131227080745/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/16957/sandalwood/award-for-45-minutes-short-film-news-details award for 45 minutes short film]}} 28 April 2011</ref>

== Early life and background ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=July 2025}}
M. G. Srinivas was educated at [[Presidency School]] in [[Bangalore]], India. After graduating, he acquiring his BSc degree from [[Seshadripuram College]].

Srinivas began his career as a background dancer before moving into choreography. In 2007, he joined the radio station [[Red FM 93.5|93.5 RED FM]] as a presenter; his morning primetime show [[Blade Raja]] became one of the station's most popular programs during that period.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Personal life ==
M. G. Srinivas married Shruti IL, a journalist, on 30 June 2019 in [[Mysore]].<ref name="Marriage" />

== Film career ==
Alongside his radio career, Srinivas started making short films, his first being ''Rules'', a slapstick comedy that was officially screened at the Australian film festival [[Bollywood and Beyond (Australia–New Zealand)|Bollywood & Beyond]].

Following ''Rules'', Srinivas trained at Abhinaya Taranga to learn acting. He made his second short film ''Simply Kailawesome'', which was based on [[TP Kailasam]]'s works,{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} and played the lead role in the film. ''Simply Kailawesome'' won of the Platinum [[Remi (award)|Award]] at [[Houston Film Festival]], leading to a formal introduction to Kannada actor Upendra. Srinivas went on to direct ''Topiwala'' for Upendra and the film opened to a positive response.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

He next directed the romantic comedy ''[[Srinivasa Kalyana]]'', which [[Bharat Jain]] produced under Mars Films. This movie is Srinivas' commercial debut as a lead actor. Srinivas was first seen as an actor in the [[Sudeep]]-directed flick ''[[Just Maath Maathalli]]'' (2010), in which Srinivas played as [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]'s brother.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} ''Srinivasa Kalyana'' opened to positive reviews across the state. [[Deccan Chronicle]] gave the movie a 3/5 and praised the movie for its light-hearted comedy and youthful charm. [[Times of India]] rated the film a 3.5/5 and praised the sassy touch to this candy-floss romance.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

His next venture was the crime thriller ''Birbal Trilogy'', which consists of [[Birbal Trilogy Case 1: Finding Vajramuni|''Case 1: Finding Vajramuni'']], [[Birbal Trilogy Case 2: Avrn bitt, Ivrn bitt, Ivryaru?|Case 2: Avrn bitt, Ivrn bitt, Ivryaru?]], and ''[[Birbal Trilogy Case 3: Turremane|Case 3: Turremane]]''.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} ''Birbal Trilogy Case 1: Finding Vajramuni'' was released in January 2019, and stars Srinivas and Rukmini Vasanth in the lead roles. Sujay Shastry, Suresh Heblikar, and Madhusudhan Rao are also seen in prominent roles.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

Srinivas completed the film ''[[Old Monk (film)|Old Monk]]'', which stars Srinivas and [[Aditi Prabhudeva]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/vk-gallery/cinema/photoshow/73670913.cms|title='ಓಲ್ಡ್‌ ಮಾಂಕ್‌'ಗಾಗಿ ಶ್ರೀನಿ ಜೊತೆ ಕೈ ಜೋಡಿಸಿದ ಅದಿತಿ ಪ್ರಭುದೇವ!|date=14 April 2017|website=Vijaya Karnataka|language=kn|access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2020/jan/28/aditi-prabhudeva-to-play-lead-role-in-old-monk-410841.html|title=ಓಲ್ಡ್ ಮಾಂಕ್ ಗೆ ಅದಿತಿ ಪ್ರಭುದೇವ ನಾಯಕಿ!|website= Kannadaprabha|date=28 January 2020 |language=kn|access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref> in the lead roles. The film's title was inspired by a popular alcoholic beverage brand and means "Hale Sanyasi" in Kannada.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/feb/24/old-monk-will-bea-stress-buster-2422996.html|title=Old Monk will be a stress buster|website=The Hindu|date=24 February 2022|access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> Veteran actor Rajesh, made a special cameo appearance in the film. The film was released on 25 February 2022. Critics praised the direction, comedy, writing, dialogue and performance of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/old-monk/movie-review/89820817.cms|title=Old Monk Movie Review: A clever and entertaining comedy, after a long time|author=Sunayana Suresh|date=25 February 2022|website=Times Of India|access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/feb/26/old-monk-review-this-comedy-drama-willdefinitely-lift-our-spirits-2423759.html|title=Old Monk review: This comedy-drama will definitely lift our spirits|author= A Sharadhaa|date=26 February 2022|website= New Indian Express |access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref> The music-director duo [[Saurabh-Vaibhav|Saurabh and Vaibhav]] worked a second time with Srinivas after Birbal, and are one of the producers of the movie.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/this-quirky-comedy-drama-will-give-you-a-high-1085212.html|title=This quirky comedy drama will give you a 'high' |website= Deccan Herald|date=25 February 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref>

Srinivas' next film was [[Ghost (2023 film)|Ghost]], which is an Indian, Kannada-language, action-heist thriller film that was written and directed by Srini, and produced by Sandesh Nagraj under Sandesh Productions. The film stars [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Prashant Narayanan]], [[Jayaram]], [[Anupam Kher]], and [[Archana Jois]]; it was officially announced in 2022 under the Sandesh Nagraj Productions Sandalwood and was released theatrically on 19 October 2023, coinciding with [[Dussehra]]. It is the second installment of a cinematic universe following ''Birbal Trilogy Case 1: Finding Vajramuni'' in which Srinivas reprises his role as Mahesh Das. The film received positive reviews from critics.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Awards ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=July 2025}}
{| class="wikitable" width=100%
|-
! width=8% | Year
! width=25%| Category
! width=25%| Event name
! width=11.5%| Work
! width=25%| Award Name
! width=5.5%| Result
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |2011
| style="text-align: center;" |Best Short Film
| style="text-align: center;" |''[[Houston International Film Festival]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |''[[Simply Kailawesome]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |Platinum Remy award
| {{Won}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |2022
| style="text-align: center;" |Rising Star
| style="text-align: center;" |Chittara Star Awards
| style="text-align: center;" |''[[Birbal Trilogy]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |Chittara Rising star award
| {{Won}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |2023
| style="text-align: center;" |Most Entertaining star of the year
| style="text-align: center;" |Chithra Santhe Awards
| style="text-align: center;" |''[[Old Monk (film)|Old Monk]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |Chithra Santhe Most Entertaining star of the year
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |2024
| style="text-align: center;" |Best Director – Critics
| style="text-align: center;" |Chithra Santhe Awards
| style="text-align: center;"rowspan="3"|''[[Ghost (2023 film)|Ghost]]''
| Chithra Santhe Best Director – Critics
| {{Won}}
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |Best Director
| style="text-align: center;" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|| Best Director
| {{Nominated}}
|-
|style="text-align: center;" |Best Director
| style="text-align: center;" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| Best Director
| {{Nominated}}
|-
|}

== Filmography ==
=== As an actor ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
! Film
! Role
!Notes
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010
|''[[Just Maath Maathalli]]''
|Tanu's brother
|
|
|-
|''[[Chirru]]''
| Chirru's friend
|Credited as Srini Dilip
|
|-
|''[[Simply Kailawesome]]''
|[[T. P. Kailasam]]
|Short film
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Srinivasa Kalyana]]''
|Srinivas aka Lakshmi Kantha Baalu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Birbal Trilogy]]''
|Mahesh Das
|
|
|-
|[[Ranganayaki (2019 film)|''Ranganayaki'']]
|Krishna Murthy
|
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Old Monk (film)|Old Monk]]''
|Appanna / [[Narada]]
|
|<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/feb/12/srinivas-to-start-shooting-for-old-monk-from-today--2102113.html|title=Srinivas to start shooting for 'Old Monk' from today |website=Indian Express|date=12 February 2020 |accessdate=5 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2023
| ''[[Ghost (2023 film)|Ghost]]''
| rowspan="2" |Mahesh Das
|
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=15 November 2022 |title=Kannada director Sreeni on the movie 'Ghost' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mg-srinivas-on-ghost-it-has-nothing-to-do-with-the-paranormal/article66086211.ece |access-date=21 July 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|[[Birbal Trilogy Case 2: Avrn bitt, Ivrn bitt, Ivryaru?]]}}
|Filming ||
|-
|}

=== As a director ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan=2|Year
!rowspan=2| Film
! colspan="2" |Credit as
!rowspan=2| Notes
!rowspan=2|{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
!Director
!Writer
|-
|2010
|''[[Simply Kailawesome]]''
|{{yes}} ||{{yes}}
|Short film
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Topiwala]]''
|{{yes}} ||{{no}}
|
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Srinivasa Kalyana]]''
|{{yes}} ||{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Birbal Trilogy]]''
|{{yes}} ||{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Old Monk (film)|Old Monk]]''
|{{yes}} ||{{yes}}
|Also co-produced the film
|<ref name="auto1" />
|-
|2023
| ''[[Ghost (2023 film)|Ghost]]''
|{{yes}} ||{{yes}}
|
|<ref name="auto" />
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|[[Birbal 2]]}}
|{{yes}} ||{{yes}}
|Filming ||
|-
|TBA
|{{Pending film|[[A for Anand]]}}
|{{yes}}||{{No}}
|Announced
|
|-
||TBA
|{{Pending film|Dalavayi}}
|{{yes}}||{{No}}
|Announced
|
|-
||TBA
|{{Pending film|Ghost 2}}
|{{yes}}||{{No}}
|Announced
|
|-
|}

== Business ventures ==
In 2024, Srini founded AI Samhitha, a company specializing in voice cloning technology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghost director MG Srinivas launches voice cloning |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ghost-director-mg-srinivas-launches-voice-cloning/f7b704498a997 |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm4297037}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srini}}
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]

Bastipati Nagaraju Panchalingala

2026-04-04T03:41:49Z

Sunking: new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bastipati Nagaraju Panchalingala
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 2024
| constituency = [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]
| predecessor = [[Sanjeev Kumar (Andhra Pradesh politician)|Sanjeev Kumar]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}
'''Bastipati Nagaraju Panchalingala''' (born 1979) is an Indian [[politician]] from Andhra Pradesh. He won the 2024 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh and was elected from [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0118.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> representing [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref name="eci"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bastipati Nagaraju Panchalingala, TDP Candidate from Kurnool Lok Sabha Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Lok Sabha Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/bastipati-nagaraju-panchalingala-lok-sabha-candidate-s01led2008p018e2024c004/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Businessmen {{!}} In august company">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Businessmen {{!}} In august company |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807175452/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Nagaraju is from Panchalingala, Kurnool. He is the son of Kuruva Bhushanna. He completed M.Sc in Chemistry in 2006 at Swamy Ramanand Teertha Marathwada University.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bastipati Nagaraju Panchalingala(TDP):Constituency- KURNOOL(ANDHRA PRADESH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=6787 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He quit the government job as a lecturer in 2021 to enter politics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sudhakar |first=K. Madhu |date=2024-04-22 |title=I will resolve water & unemployment problems: Bastipati Nagaraju |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Apr/22/i-will-resolve-water-unemployment-problems-bastipati-nagaraju |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Nagaraju served as a MPTC member of Panchalingala.<ref name=":0" /> He won the [[2024 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh]] from [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He polled 6,58,914 votes and defeated his nearest rival, B. Y. Ramaiah, of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 1.11.298 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bastipati Nagaraju Panchalingala, TDP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Bastipati Nagaraju Panchalingala, Lok Sabha Constituency Seat - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-candidates-2024/bastipati-nagaraju-panchalingala-01018-5 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==Election statistics==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Year
! Contested For
! colspan="2" | Party
! Constituency
! Opponent
! Opponent Party
! Votes
! Majority
! Result
|- style="text-align: center;"
|1
|[[2024 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|2024]]
|[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]
|B Y Ramaiah
| [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
| 6,58,914
| 1,11,298
|{{Won}}<ref name="eci" />
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

Silk

2026-03-29T08:42:54Z

Sunking: new initial details from scratch

{{Short description|Fine, lustrous, natural fiber produced by various arthropods}}
{{About|an animal fiber and the textile woven from it|other uses|Silk (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Pure silk|women's professional golf tournament|Pure Silk-Bahamas LPGA Classic}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}[[File:Silk raw 01a.jpg|thumb|Raw silk of domesticated silk worms, showing its natural shine|360x360px]]
'''Silk''' is a [[natural fiber|natural]] [[protein]] [[fiber]], some forms of which can be [[weaving|woven]] or [[Knitting|knitted]] into [[textile]]s. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of [[fibroin]] (75-80%) and a smaller coating of [[sericin]] (20-25%). It is most commonly produced by certain insect [[larva]]e to form [[cocoon (silk)|cocoons]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/silk |title=Silk |publisher=The Free Dictionary By Farlex |access-date=2012-05-23 |archive-date=3 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703192858/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/silk |url-status=live }}</ref> The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the [[mulberry silkworm]] ''[[Bombyx mori]]'', which are reared in captivity ([[sericulture]]). The shimmery appearance of silk is due to the triangular [[Prism (optics)|prism]]-like structure of the silk fiber, which causes silk cloth to refract incoming light at different [[angle]]s, thus producing different colors.

Harvested silk is produced by numerous insects; generally, only the silk of various moth caterpillars has been used for textile manufacturing. Research into other types of silk, which differ at the molecular level, has been conducted.<ref name="Sutherland TD, Young JH, Weisman S, Hayashi CY, Merritt DJ 2010 171–88">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sutherland TD, Young JH, Weisman S, Hayashi CY, Merritt DJ |title=Insect silk: one name, many materials |journal=[[Annual Review of Entomology]] |volume=55 |pages=171–88 |year=2010 |issue=1 |pmid=19728833 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085401 |bibcode=2010AREnt..55..171S }}</ref> Silk is produced primarily by the larvae of insects undergoing [[holometabolism|complete metamorphosis]], but some insects, such as [[webspinner]]s and [[Gryllacrididae|raspy crickets]], produce silk throughout their lives.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Walker AA, Weisman S, Church JS, Merritt DJ, Mudie ST, Sutherland TD |year=2012 |title=Silk from Crickets: A New Twist on Spinning |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=2 |article-number=e30408 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030408 |pmid=22355311 |pmc=3280245 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...730408W|doi-access=free }}</ref> Silk production also occurs in [[hymenoptera]] ([[bee]]s, [[wasp]]s, and [[ant]]s), [[silverfish]], [[Caddisfly silk|caddisflies]], [[mayfly|mayflies]], [[thrips]], [[leafhopper]]s, [[beetle]]s, [[lacewing]]s, [[flea]]s, [[fly|flies]], and [[midge]]s.<ref name="Sutherland TD, Young JH, Weisman S, Hayashi CY, Merritt DJ 2010 171–88" /> Other types of [[arthropod]]s also produce silk, most notably various [[arachnid]]s, such as [[spider]]s.

==Etymology==
The word ''silk'' comes from {{langx|ang|sioloc}}, from {{langx|la|sericum}}<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Silk |volume=25 |page=97 |first=Frank |last=Warner}}</ref> and {{langx|grc|σηρικός|translit=sērikós}}, "silken", ultimately from the Chinese word "sī" and other Asian sources—compare [[Standard Chinese]] {{lang|zh-Latn|sī}} "silk", [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] {{lang|mn-Latn|sirkek}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=silk |title=Silk |work=Etymonline |access-date=2012-08-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214224755/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=silk&searchmode=none |archive-date=14 December 2013}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of silk}}

[[File:Meyers b14 s0826a.jpg|thumb|Four of the most important domesticated silk moths. Top to bottom: ''[[Bombyx mori]]'', ''[[Hyalophora cecropia]]'', ''[[Antheraea pernyi]]'', ''[[Samia cynthia]]''. From {{lang|de|[[Meyers Konversations-Lexikon]]}} (1885–1892)]]
The production of silk originated in central China in the [[Neolithic]] period, although it would eventually reach other places of the world ({{lang|zh-Latn|[[Yangshao culture|Yangshao]]|italic=no}} culture, 4th millennium BC). Silk production remained confined to China until the [[Silk Road]] opened at some point during the latter part of the 1st millennium BC, though China maintained its virtual [[monopoly]] over [[sericulture|silk production]] for another thousand years.

===Wild silk===
{{Main|Wild silk}}

[[File:Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv|thumb|A silk-producing [[raspy cricket]]|left]]
Several kinds of wild silk, produced by [[caterpillar]]s other than the [[mulberry]] silkworm, have been known and spun in China, [[South Asia]], and [[Europe]] since ancient times. However, the scale of production was always far smaller than for cultivated silks. There are several reasons for this: first, they differ from the domesticated varieties in colour and [[wikt:texture|texture]] and are therefore less uniform; second, cocoons gathered in the wild have usually had the pupa emerge from them before being discovered so the silk thread that makes up the cocoon has been torn into shorter lengths; and third, many wild cocoons are covered in a mineral layer that prevents attempts to reel from them long strands of silk.<ref>{{cite news |title=Silk Production Takes a Walk on the Wild Side |author=Sindya N. Bhanoo |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/24/science/24obsilk.html?_r=3&emc=eta1 |newspaper=New York Times |date=20 May 2011 |access-date=26 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109043733/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/24/science/24obsilk.html?_r=3&emc=eta1 |archive-date=9 November 2012}}</ref> Thus, the only way to obtain silk suitable for spinning into textiles in areas where commercial silks are not cultivated was by tedious and labor-intensive [[carding]].[[File:Eri silk worm.jpg|thumb|Rearing of wild Eri silk worm, Assam|left]]Some natural silk structures have been used without being unwound or spun. Spider webs were used as a wound dressing in [[ancient Greece]] and Rome,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phys.org/news/2017-01-chance-creation-antibiotic-spider-silk.html |title=Chance meeting leads to creation of antibiotic spider silk |website=phys.org |language=en-us |access-date=2019-09-13 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826104343/https://phys.org/news/2017-01-chance-creation-antibiotic-spider-silk.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and as a base for [[cobweb painting|painting]] from the 16th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.northwestern.edu/newscenter/stories/2008/07/cobwebportraits.html |title=Cobweb Art a Triumph of Whimsy Over Practicality: Northwestern University News |website=www.northwestern.edu |language=en |access-date=2019-09-13 |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704141405/https://www.northwestern.edu/newscenter/stories/2008/07/cobwebportraits.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Butterfly caterpillar nests were pasted together to make a fabric in the [[Aztec Empire]].<ref name="Hogue-1993" />

Commercial silks originate from reared silkworm pupae, which are bred to produce a white-colored silk thread with no mineral on the surface. The pupae are killed by either dipping them in boiling water before the adult moths emerge or by piercing them with a needle. These factors all contribute to the ability of the whole cocoon to be unravelled as one continuous thread, permitting a much stronger cloth to be woven from the silk.
Wild silks also tend to be more difficult to dye than silk from the cultivated silkworm.<ref>Hill (2004). Appendix E.</ref><ref>Hill (2009). "Appendix C: Wild Silks", pp.477–480.</ref> A technique known as [[demineralizing (silk worm cocoon)|demineralizing]] allows the mineral layer around the cocoon of wild silk moths to be removed,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gheysens |first1=T |last2=Collins |first2=A |last3=Raina |first3=S |last4=Vollrath |first4=F |last5=Knight |first5=D |year=2011 |title=Demineralization enables reeling of Wild Silkmoth cocoons |journal=Biomacromolecules |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=2257–66 |doi=10.1021/bm2003362 |pmid=21491856 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/2153669/file/2153676.pdf |hdl=1854/LU-2153669 |hdl-access=free |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922055410/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/2153669/file/2153676.pdf |archive-date=22 September 2017}}</ref> leaving only variability in color as a barrier to creating a commercial silk industry based on wild silks in the parts of the world where wild silk moths thrive, such as in [[Africa]] and South America.{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Silk (Chinese characters).svg
| piccap = "Silk" in [[seal script]] (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) Chinese
| picupright = 0.255
| s = 丝
| t = 絲
| p = sī
| w = ssŭ1
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|s|^|1}}
| j = si1
| y = sī
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|s|i|1}}
| tl = si
| mc = si
| chunom = 縷
| qn = lụa
| oc-b92 = &ast;{{IPA|sjɨ}}
| oc-bs = &ast;{{IPA|sə}}
| kanji = 絹
| kana = きぬ
| romaji = kinu
| hangul = 견
| hanja = 絹
| rr = gyeon
| mr = kyŏn
| h =
| wuu = sy
| hsn = sr1
| zh-dungan = сы
| bpmf = ㄙ
| sic = si1
| phfs = siiˋ
}}

===China===
[[File:Silk from Mawangdui 2.jpg|thumb|Woven silk textile from tomb no 1. at [[Mawangdui]] in China, from the [[Han dynasty]], 2nd century BC|left]]
{{main|Silk industry in China}}

[[File:Portrait of Eshing.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait of a Chinese silk merchant in Guangzhou, China, from [[Peabody Essex Museum]]]]
Silk use in fabric was first developed in ancient China.<ref name=silkculture/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0861091.html |title=Silk: History |encyclopedia=[[Columbia Encyclopedia|Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia]] |edition=Sixth |publisher=Columbia University Press |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216015422/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0861091.html |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> The earliest evidence for silk is the presence of the silk protein [[fibroin]] in soil samples from two tombs at the [[neolithic]] site [[Jiahu]] in [[Henan]], which date back about 8,500 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livescience.com/57437-oldest-evidence-of-silk-found-china.html |title=Oldest Evidence of Silk Found in 8,500-Year-Old Tombs |language=en |website=Live Science |date=10 January 2017 |access-date=13 October 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013120410/https://www.livescience.com/57437-oldest-evidence-of-silk-found-china.html |archive-date=13 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kaogu.cn/en/News/New_discoveries/2016/1229/56642.html |title=Prehistoric silk found in Henan |language=en |website=The Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (IA CASS) |access-date=4 October 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104235151/http://www.kaogu.cn/en/News/New_discoveries/2016/1229/56642.html |archive-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> The earliest surviving example of silk fabric dates from about 3630 BC, and was used as the wrapping for the body of a child at a [[Yangshao culture]] site in Qingtaicun near [[Xingyang]], Henan.<ref name=silkculture>{{cite book |title=Chinese Silk: A Cultural History |last=Vainker |first=Shelagh |year=2004 |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8135-3446-6 |pages=20, 17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianart.com/textiles/intro.html |title=Textile Exhibition: Introduction |publisher=Asian art |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070908231937/http://www.asianart.com/textiles/intro.html |archive-date=8 September 2007}}</ref>

Legend gives credit for developing silk to a Chinese empress, [[Leizu]] (Hsi-Ling-Shih, Lei-Tzu). Silks were originally reserved for the emperors of China for their own use and gifts to others, but spread gradually through [[Chinese culture]] and trade both geographically and socially, and then to many regions of [[Asia]]. Because of its texture and lustre, silk rapidly became a popular luxury fabric in the many areas accessible to Chinese merchants. Silk was in great demand, and became a staple of pre-[[industrial revolution|industrial]] international [[trade]]. Silk was also used as a surface for writing, especially during the Warring States period (475–221 BCE). The fabric was light, it survived the damp climate of the Yangtze region, absorbed ink well, and provided a white background for the text.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lyons |first=Martyn |title=Books: A Living History |publisher=Getty Publications |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-60606-083-4 |location=Los Angeles |pages=18}}</ref> In July 2007, archaeologists discovered intricately woven and dyed silk [[textile]]s in a tomb in [[Jiangxi]] province, dated to the Eastern [[Zhou dynasty]] roughly 2,500 years ago.<ref name="people's daily">{{cite web |url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90782/6228297.html |title=Chinese archaeologists make ground-breaking textile discovery in 2,500-year-old tomb |access-date=22 March 2026 |work=People's Daily Online |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013190840/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90782/6228297.html |archive-date=13 October 2007}}</ref> Although historians have suspected a long history of a formative textile industry in ancient China, this find of silk textiles employing "complicated techniques" of weaving and dyeing provides direct evidence for silks dating before the [[Mawangdui]]-discovery and other silks dating to the [[Han dynasty]] (202 BC – 220 AD).<ref name="people's daily"/>

Silk is described in a chapter of the ''[[Fan Shengzhi shu]]'' from the Western Han empire (202 BC – 9 AD). There is a surviving calendar for silk production in an Eastern Han empire (25–220 AD) document. The two other known works on silk from the Han empire are lost.<ref name=silkculture/> The first evidence of the long distance silk trade is the finding of silk in the hair of an [[Egypt]]ian [[mummy]] of the 21st dynasty, c.1070 BC.<ref>{{cite journal
|doi = 10.1038/362025b0
|volume = 362
|issue = 6415
|page = 25
|last = Lubec
|first = G.
|author2=J. Holaubek |author3=C. Feldl |author4=B. Lubec |author5=E. Strouhal
|title = Use of silk in ancient Egypt
|journal = Nature
|date = 4 March 1993
|bibcode = 1993Natur.362...25L
|s2cid = 1001799
|url=http://www.silk-road.com/artl/egyptsilk.shtml |access-date=2007-05-03 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070920193305/http://www.silk-road.com/artl/egyptsilk.shtml |archive-date=20 September 2007 |doi-access=free}})</ref> The silk trade reached as far as the [[Indian subcontinent]], the [[Middle East]], [[Europe]], and [[North Africa]]. This trade was so extensive that the major set of trade routes between Europe and Asia came to be known as the [[Silk Road]].

The Chinese emperors strove to keep knowledge of [[sericulture]] secret to maintain the Chinese [[monopoly]]. Nonetheless, sericulture partially reached [[Korea]] with technological aid from China around 200 BC,<ref name="Kundu2014">{{cite book |last=Kundu |first=Subhas |title=Silk Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=IgGjAgAAQBAJ |page=3}} |date=24 March 2014 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-85709-706-4 |pages=3–}}</ref> the ancient [[Kingdom of Khotan]] by AD 50,<ref>Hill (2009). Appendix A: "Introduction of Silk Cultivation to Khotan in the 1st Century CE", pp. 466–467.</ref> and [[India]] by AD 140.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seri.ap.gov.in/download/1_History%20of%20Sericulture.pdf |title=History of Sericulture |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh (India) – Department of Sericulture |access-date=7 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155409/http://www.seri.ap.gov.in/download/1_History%20of%20Sericulture.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref>

In the ancient era, silk from China was the most lucrative and sought-after luxury item traded across the Eurasian continent,<ref name=gart>{{cite book |title=The Persians |author=Garthwaite, Gene Ralph |publisher=Oxford & Carlton: [[Blackwell Publishing Ltd|Blackwell Publishing, Ltd]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-55786-860-2 |page=78}}</ref> and many civilizations, such as the Persians, benefited economically from trade.<ref name=gart/> In ancient [[traditional Chinese medicine]], silk was used as a means to cover the wound and suture it, and hasten the closure and healing process.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Daunton|first1=Carla|last2=Hothari|first2=Sherry|last3=Smith|first3=Louise|title=A History of Materials and Practices for Wound Management|url=https://journals.cambridgemedia.com.au/application/files/7916/0506/4380/2004_01.pdf#:~:text=The%20holistic%20approach%20of%20traditional,of%20ailments11%2C16%2D18.|journal=Wound Practice and Research|publisher=[[University of South Australia]]|volume=20|date=2012-11-01|access-date=2026-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The History of Silk Sutures|url=https://www.longbeachbiz.com/blog/the-history-of-silk-sutures|date=2024-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Quinones|first=Wendy|title=History of Silk : Invention, Clothes & Ancient China|url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/history-silk-origin-development-invented.html|access-date=2026-02-10}}</ref> Wound dressings were frequently woven from silk which proliferated as a practice into numerous early societies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Metcalfe|first=Tom|title=When Did People Start Making Silk?|url=https://www.history.com/articles/silk-origins-ancient-china|access-date=2026-02-10}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="85px" caption="Chinese silk making process">
File:Meister nach Chang Hsüan 001.jpg|A painting depicting women inspecting silk, early 12th century, ink and color on silk.
File:Women placing silkworms on trays together with mulberry leaves (Sericulture by Liang Kai, 1200s).jpg |The silkworms and mulberry leaves are placed on trays.
File:Men preparing twig frames where silkworms will spin cocoons (Sericulture by Liang Kai, 1200s).jpg|Twig frames for the silkworms are prepared.
File:Weighing and sorting the cocoons (Sericulture by Liang Kai, 1200s).jpg|The cocoons are weighed.
File:Soaking the cocoons and reeling the silk (Sericulture by Liang Kai, 1200s).jpg|The cocoons are soaked and the silk is wound on spools.
File:Weaving the silk (Sericulture by Liang Kai, 1200s).jpg|The silk is woven using a loom.
</gallery>

===Japan===
{{Main|Japanese silk}}

[[File:Silk Production in Japan - Weighing Raw Silk.jpg|alt=Four men weigh bundles of raw silk in Japan, in September 1918.|thumb|Silk Production in Japan - Weighing Raw Silk]]
Archaeological evidence indicates that [[sericulture]] has been practiced since the [[Yayoi period]]. The silk industry was dominant from the 1930s to 1950s, but is less common now.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.japantackle.com/Topics/japanese_silk.htm|title=Japanese Silk|work=JapanTackle}}</ref>
Silk from [[East Asia]] had declined in importance after [[Smuggling of silkworm eggs into the Byzantine Empire|silkworms were smuggled]] from [[China]] to the [[Byzantine]] Empire. However, in 1845, an epidemic of [[flacherie]] among European silkworms devastated the silk industry there.<ref>http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3024c/f443.table Gallica</ref> This led to a demand for silk from [[China]] and [[Japan]], where as late as the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Japanese exports competed directly with Chinese in the international market in such low value-added, labor-intensive products as raw silk.

Between 1850 and 1930, raw silk ranked as the leading export for both countries, accounting for 20%–40% of Japan's total exports and 20%–30% of China's.<ref name="exp">{{cite web|url=http://personal.lse.ac.uk/mad1/ma_pdf_files/edcc%20sericulture.pdf|title=Why Japan, Not China, Was the First to Develop in East Asia: Lessons from Sericulture, 1850–1937|work=Debin Ma}}</ref> Between the 1890s and the 1930s, Japanese silk exports quadrupled, making Japan the largest silk exporter in the world. This increase in exports was mostly due to the economic reforms during the [[Meiji period]] and the decline of the [[Qing]] dynasty in China, which led to rapid industrialization of Japan whilst the Chinese industries stagnated.<ref name="exp"/>

During [[World War II]], embargoes against Japan had led to adoption of synthetic materials such as [[nylon]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/carotherspolymers.html|title=Wallace Carothers and the Development of Nylon - Landmark|website=American Chemical Society}}</ref> which led to the decline of the Japanese silk industry and its position as the lead silk exporter of the world. Today, China exports the largest volume of raw silk in the world.<ref>Anthony H. Gaddum, "Silk", ''Business and Industry Review'', (2006). ''In Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref>

===India===
{{Main|Silk in the Indian subcontinent}}

[[File:Silk Sari Weaving at Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu.jpg|right|thumb|Silk [[sari]] weaving at Kanchipuram]]
Silk has a long history in India. It is known as ''Resham'' in eastern and north India, and ''Pattu'' in southern parts of [[India]]. Recent archaeological discoveries in [[Harappa]] and [[Chanhu-daro]] suggest that [[sericulture]], employing [[wild silk]] threads from native [[silkworm]] species, existed in [[South Asia]] during the time of the [[Indus Valley civilisation]] (now in [[Pakistan]] and India) dating between 2450 BC and 2000 BC.<ref name=nat>{{cite journal |last=Ball |first=Philip |doi=10.1038/457945a |pmid=19238684 |date=17 February 2009 |title=Rethinking silk's origins |journal=Nature |volume=457 |issue=7232 |page=945 |s2cid=4390646|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Good |first1=I.L. |last2=Kenoyer |first2=J.M. |last3=Meadow |first3=R.H. |title=New evidence for early silk in the Indus civilization |journal=Archaeometry |volume=50 |page=457 |year=2009 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00454.x |issue=3 |bibcode=2009Archa..51..457G |url=http://precedings.nature.com/documents/1900/version/1/files/npre20081900-1.pdf |access-date=20 April 2018 |archive-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809155318/http://precedings.nature.com/documents/1900/version/1/files/npre20081900-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Shelagh Vainker, a silk expert at the [[Ashmolean Museum]] in Oxford, who sees evidence for silk production in China "significantly earlier" than 2500–2000 BC, suggests, "people of the Indus civilization either harvested silkworm cocoons or traded with people who did, and that they knew a considerable amount about silk."<ref name=nat/>

India is the second largest producer of silk in the world after China. About 97% of India's raw mulberry silk comes from six states, namely, [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Bihar]], and [[West Bengal]].<ref>[http://www.tnsericulture.gov.in/sericultureNov12/BriefNoteOnSericulture.htm Tn Sericulture] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819023205/http://tnsericulture.gov.in/SericultureNov12/BriefNoteOnSericulture.htm |date=19 August 2014}}. Tn Sericulture (30 June 2014).</ref> North Bangalore, the upcoming site of a $20 million "Silk City" [[Ramanagara]] and [[Mysore]], contribute to a majority of silk production in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31009/silk-city-come-up-near.html |title=Silk city to come up near B'lore |work=Deccan Herald |date=17 October 2009 |access-date=22 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715103600/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/31009/silk-city-come-up-near.html |archive-date=15 July 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Saree on display at Dilli Haat.JPG|thumb|left|A traditional [[Banarasi sari]] with gold [[brocade]]]]In [[Tamil Nadu]], mulberry cultivation is concentrated in the [[Coimbatore]], [[Erode]], [[Bhagalpur]]i, [[Tiruppur]], [[Salem district|Salem]], and [[Dharmapuri]] districts. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], and [[Gobichettipalayam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], were the first locations in India to have automated silk reeling units.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/24/stories/2008082455180600.htm |title=Tamil Nadu News: Tamil Nadu's first automatic silk reeling unit opened |date=2008-08-24 |access-date=2013-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019071758/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/24/stories/2008082455180600.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Antheraea assama from Assam.jpg|thumb|''Antheraea assamensis'', the endemic species in the state of Assam, India]]
In the northeastern state of [[Assam]], three different types of indigenous variety of silk are produced, collectively called [[Assam silk]]: [[Muga silk]], [[Eri silk]] and [[Pat silk]]. Muga, the golden silk, and Eri are produced by silkworms that are native only to Assam. They have been reared since ancient times.

===Thailand===
{{Main|Thai silk}}

Silk is produced year-round in Thailand by two types of silkworms, the cultured Bombycidae and wild Saturniidae. Most production is after the rice harvest in the southern and northeastern parts of the country. Women traditionally weave silk on hand looms and pass the skill on to their daughters, as weaving is considered to be a sign of maturity and eligibility for marriage. Thai silk textiles often use complicated patterns in various colours and styles. Most regions of Thailand have their own typical silks. A single thread [[fiber|filament]] is too thin to use on its own so women combine many threads to produce a thicker, usable fiber. They do this by hand-reeling the threads onto a wooden spindle to produce a uniform strand of raw silk. The process takes around 40 hours to produce a half kilogram of silk. Many local operations use a reeling machine for this task, but some silk threads are still hand-reeled. The difference is that hand-reeled threads produce three grades of silk: two fine grades that are ideal for lightweight fabrics, and a thick grade for heavier material.

The silk fabric is soaked in extremely cold water and bleached before dyeing to remove the natural yellow coloring of Thai silk yarn. To do this, skeins of silk thread are immersed in large tubs of [[hydrogen peroxide]]. Once washed and dried, the silk is woven on a traditional hand-operated loom.<ref>[http://www.bangkok-thailand.com/about-thai-silk.htm About Thai silk] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509190809/http://www.bangkok-thailand.com/about-thai-silk.htm |date=9 May 2007}} from World of Thai Silk (commercial)</ref>

===Bangladesh===
{{Main|Rajshahi silk}}

The [[Rajshahi Division]] of northern Bangladesh is the hub of the country's silk industry. There are three types of silk produced in the region: mulberry, endi, and tassar. [[Bengal]]i silk was a major item of international trade for centuries. It was known as Ganges silk in medieval Europe. Bengal was the leading exporter of silk between the 16th and 19th centuries.<ref>[http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Silk Silk – Banglapedia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195226/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Silk |date=4 March 2016}}. En.banglapedia.org (10 March 2015). Retrieved on 2016-08-02.</ref>

===Central Asia===
[[File:Afrasyab Chinese Embassy, carrying silk and a string of silkworm cocoons.jpg|thumb|Chinese Embassy, carrying silk and a string of silkworm cocoons, 7th century CE, [[Afrasiyab (Samarkand)|Afrasiyab]], [[Sogdia]]<ref name="SW"/>]]
The 7th century CE murals of [[Afrasiyab (Samarkand)|Afrasiyab]] in [[Samarkand]], [[Sogdiana]], show a Chinese Embassy carrying silk and a string of silkworm cocoons to the local Sogdian ruler.<ref name="SW">{{cite book |last1=Whitfield |first1=Susan |author-link=Susan Whitfield |title=The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith |year=2004 |publisher=British Library. Serindia Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-1-932476-13-2 |page=110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArWLD4Qop38C&pg=PA110 |language=en |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-date=26 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426132250/https://books.google.com/books?id=ArWLD4Qop38C |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Middle East===
In the [[Torah]], a scarlet cloth item called in Hebrew "sheni tola'at" שני תולעת – literally "crimson of the worm" – is described as being used in purification ceremonies, such as those following a leprosy outbreak (Leviticus 14), alongside [[cedar wood]] and [[hyssop]] ([[za'atar]]). Eminent scholar and leading medieval translator of [[Jewish]] sources and books of the [[Bible]] into [[Arabic]], Rabbi [[Saadia Gaon]], translates this phrase explicitly as "crimson silk" – חריר קרמז حرير قرمز.

In [[Islamic]] teachings, Muslim men are forbidden to wear silk. Many religious jurists believe the reasoning behind the prohibition lies in avoiding clothing for men that can be considered feminine or extravagant.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Silk: Why It Is Haram for Men
|date=23 September 2003
|url=http://www.islamonline.net/fatwa/english/FatwaDisplay.asp?hFatwaID=61261
|access-date=6 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302204114/http://www.islamonline.net/fatwa/english/FatwaDisplay.asp?hFatwaID=61261 |archive-date=2 March 2007}}</ref> There are disputes regarding the amount of silk a fabric can consist of (e.g., whether a small decorative silk piece on a cotton caftan is permissible or not) for it to be lawful for men to wear, but the dominant opinion of most Muslim scholars is that the wearing of silk by men is forbidden. Modern attire has raised a number of issues, including, for instance, the permissibility of wearing silk [[necktie]]s, which are masculine articles of clothing.

===Ancient Mediterranean===
[[File:Gunthertuch.jpg|thumb|right|The ''[[Gunthertuch]]'', an 11th-century silk celebrating a [[Byzantine emperor]]'s triumph]]
In the ''[[Odyssey]]'', 19.233, when Odysseus, while pretending to be someone else, is questioned by Penelope about her husband's clothing, he says that he wore a shirt "gleaming like the skin of a dried onion" (varies with translations, literal translation here)<ref>''[[Odyssey]]'' '''19''' 233–234:
τὸν δὲ χιτῶν' ἐνόησα περὶ χροῒ σιγαλόεντα, οἷόν τε κρομύοιο λοπὸν κάτα ἰσχαλέοιο· = "And I [= [[Odysseus]]</ref> which could refer to the lustrous quality of silk fabric.
[[Aristotle]] wrote of ''[[Coa vestis]]'', a wild silk textile from [[Kos]].
[[Sea silk]] from certain large sea shells was also valued.
The [[Roman Empire]] knew of and traded in silk, and Chinese silk was the most highly priced luxury good imported by them.<ref name=gart/> During the reign of emperor [[Tiberius]], [[sumptuary law]]s were passed that forbade men from wearing silk garments, but these proved ineffectual.<ref>{{cite book
|last =Tacitus
|author-link =Tacitus
|title =Annals
|url =https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7959
|isbn =978-0-521-31543-2
|year =1989
|publisher =Cambridge University Press
|access-date =28 August 2020
|archive-date =30 June 2020
|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200630173954/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7959
|url-status =live
}}</ref> The [[Historia Augusta]] mentions that the third-century emperor [[Elagabalus]] was the first Roman to wear garments of pure silk, whereas it had been customary to wear fabrics of silk/cotton or silk/linen blends.<ref>{{cite book |title=Historia Augusta Vita Heliogabali |at=Book 26.1}}</ref> Despite the popularity of silk, the secret of silk-making only reached Europe around AD 550, via the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Contemporary accounts state that monks working for the emperor [[Justinian I]] [[Smuggling of silkworm eggs into the Byzantine Empire|smuggled silkworm eggs]] to [[Constantinople]] from China inside hollow canes.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Procopius
|author-link =Procopius
|title =History of the Wars
|url =https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Procopius/Wars/8C*.html
|isbn=978-0-674-992399 |year =1928
|publisher =Harvard University Press
|at=Book 8.17
}}</ref> All top-quality looms and weavers were located inside the [[Great Palace of Constantinople|Great Palace complex]] in Constantinople, and the cloth produced was used in imperial robes or in diplomacy, as gifts to foreign dignitaries. The remainder was sold at very high prices.

===Medieval and modern Europe===

[[File:Folding Fan with Box LACMA M.78.108.6a-b (2 of 2).jpg|thumb|Silk satin leaf, wood sticks, and guards, c. 1890]]

Italy was the most important producer of silk during the Medieval age. The first center to introduce silk production to Italy was the city of [[Catanzaro]] during the 11th century in the region of [[Calabria]]. The silk of Catanzaro supplied almost all of Europe and was sold in a large market fair in the port of [[Reggio Calabria]], to Spanish, Venetian, Genovese, and Dutch merchants. Catanzaro became the lace capital of the world with a large silkworm breeding facility that produced all the laces and linens used in the Vatican. The city was world-famous for its fine fabrication of silks, velvets, damasks, and brocades.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.officeoftourism.org/europe/italy/Calabria/catanzaro.asp |website=Office of Tourism |title=Italy – Calabria, Catanzaro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821045739/http://www.officeoftourism.org/europe/italy/Calabria/catanzaro.asp |archive-date=21 August 2015}}</ref>

Another notable center was the Italian [[city-state]] of [[Republic of Lucca|Lucca]] which largely financed itself through silk-production and silk-trading, beginning in the 12th century. Other Italian cities involved in silk production were [[Genoa]], [[Venice]], and [[Florence]]. The [[Piedmont]] area of Northern Italy became a major silk producing area when water-powered [[silk throwing]] machines were developed.<ref name="postrel">{{cite book |last1=Postrel |first1=Virginia |title=The Fabric of Civilization |date=2020 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=978-1-5416-1762-9 |pages=55–59}}</ref>

The [[Llotja de la Seda|Silk Exchange in Valencia]] from the 15th century—where previously in 1348 also ''perxal'' ([[percale]]) was traded as some kind of silk—illustrates the power and wealth of one of the great Mediterranean mercantile cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/782 |title=La Lonja de la Seda de Valencia |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |access-date=2011-04-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514032507/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/782 |archive-date=14 May 2011}}</ref><ref>Diccionari Aguiló: materials lexicogràfics / aplegats per Marià Aguiló i Fuster; revisats i publicats sota la cura de Pompeu Fabra i Manuel de Montoliu, page 134, [[Institut d'Estudis Catalans]], Barcelona 1929.</ref>

Silk was produced in and exported from the province of [[Granada]], Spain, especially the [[Alpujarras]] region, until the [[Morisco rebellions in Granada|Moriscos]], whose industry it was, were expelled from Granada in 1571.<ref>Delgado, José Luis (8 October 2012) [http://www.granadahoy.com/article/granada/1370023/la/seda/granada/era/la/mejor.html "La seda de Granada era la mejor"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826160819/http://www.granadahoy.com/article/granada/1370023/la/seda/granada/era/la/mejor.html |date=26 August 2014}}, ''Granada Hoy''</ref><ref>Intxausti, Aurora (1 May 2013) [http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2013/04/29/actualidad/1367255987_780232.html "La Alpujarra poseía 4.000 telares de seda antes de la expulsión de los moriscos"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115739/http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2013/04/29/actualidad/1367255987_780232.html |date=26 August 2014}}, ''El País''.</ref>

Since the 15th century, silk production in France has been centered around the city of [[Lyon, France|Lyon]] where many mechanic tools for mass production were first introduced in the 17th century.
[[File:Anoniem - La charmante rencontre.JPG|thumb|"La charmante rencontre", rare 18th-century embroidery in silk of Lyon (private collection)]]
[[James I of England|James I]] attempted to establish silk production in England, purchasing and planting 100,000 mulberry trees, some on land adjacent to [[Hampton Court Palace]], but they were of a species unsuited to the silk worms, and the attempt failed. In 1732 John Guardivaglio set up a [[silk throwing]] enterprise at [[List of mills in Stockport|Logwood mill in Stockport]]; in 1744, Burton Mill was erected in [[Macclesfield]]; and in 1753 Old Mill was built in [[Congleton]].<ref name=Callender>{{Harvnb|Callandine|1993}}</ref> These three towns remained the centre of the English silk throwing industry until silk throwing was replaced by [[silk waste|silk waste spinning]]. British enterprise also established silk filature in [[Cyprus]] in 1928. In England in the mid-20th century, raw silk was produced at [[Lullingstone Castle]] in Kent. Silkworms were raised and reeled under the direction of [[Zoe Dyke|Zoe Lady Hart Dyke]], later moving to [[Ayot St Lawrence]] in Hertfordshire in 1956.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lullingstone Silk Farm |url=http://www.lullingstonecastle.co.uk/component/content/article/223 |website=www.lullingstonecastle.co.uk |access-date=29 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110040554/http://www.lullingstonecastle.co.uk/component/content/article/223 |archive-date=10 January 2015}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], supplies of silk for UK parachute manufacture were secured from the Middle East by [[Peter Gaddum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10026.1/3553/2014bond10376351phd.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=MI9's escape and evasion mapping programme 1939-1945 |last=BOND |first=Barbara A |date=2014 |website=University of Plymouth |access-date=4 March 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119205515/https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10026.1/3553/2014bond10376351phd.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="5" caption="Medieval and modern Europe">
File:Vestido Javiera Carrera.jpg|Dress made from silk
File:WLA vanda Bed lit a la polonaise.jpg|Bed covered with silk
File:"Almgrensrosen"- ett 100 år gammalt mönster 2013.JPG|A hundred-year-old pattern of silk called "Almgrensrosen"
File:Necktie knot.jpg|The [[necktie]] originates from the [[cravat (early)|cravat]], a neckband made from silk.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/30/magazine/style-dressed-to-kill.html |title=STYLE; Dressed to Kill |author=Nash, Eric P. |date=30 July 1995 |access-date=12 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109043724/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/30/magazine/style-dressed-to-kill.html |archive-date=9 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Povijesni prilozi |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=43829 |issn=0351-9767 |date=July 2008 |volume=34 |issue=34 |pages=103–120 |author=Huzjan, Vladimir |title=Pokušaj otkrivanja nastanka i razvoja kravate kao riječi i odjevnoga predmeta |language=hr |trans-title=The origin and development of the tie (kravata) as a word and as a garment |access-date=17 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629045016/http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=43829 |archive-date=29 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inyourpocket.com/croatia/dubrovnik/Silk-Production-in-Konavle_72514f |title=Silk Production in Konavle |access-date=22 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501234528/http://www.inyourpocket.com/croatia/dubrovnik/Silk-Production-in-Konavle_72514f |archive-date=1 May 2015}}</ref>
</gallery>

===North America===
Wild silk taken from the nests of [[Madrone_butterfly#Use_of_silk_nests|native butterfly]] and [[Eutachyptera#Use of larvae and silk|moth]] caterpillars was used by the [[Aztecs]] to make containers and as paper.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=P.G. |first1=Kevan |last2=R.A. |first2=Bye |date=1991 |title=Natural history, sociobiology, and ethnobiology of ''Eucheira socialis'' Westwood (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), a unique and little-known butterfly from Mexico |url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201301742531 |journal=Entomologist |language=en |issn=0013-8878 |access-date=26 September 2018 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728113545/https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201301742531 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hogue-1993">{{cite book |title=Latin American insects and entomology |url=https://archive.org/details/latinamericanins00hogu |url-access=limited |last=Hogue |first=Charles Leonard |date=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07849-9 |location=Berkeley |pages=[https://archive.org/details/latinamericanins00hogu/page/n173 325] |language=en |oclc=25164105 |quote=Silk swaths gathered from the large hammock-net cocoons of Gloveria psidii (= Sagana sapotoza) and pasted together to form a kind of hard cloth, or paper, were an important trade item in Mexico at the time of Moctezuma II}}</ref> Silkworms were introduced to [[Oaxaca Valley|Oaxaca]] from Spain in the 1530s and the region profited from silk production until the early 17th century, when the king of Spain banned export to protect Spain's silk industry. Silk production for local consumption has continued until the present day, sometimes spinning wild silk.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/unbroken_thread_eng_vl.pdf |title=The Unbroken Thread: Conserving the Textile Traditions of Oaxaca |last=de Avila |first=Alejandro |publisher=The Getty Conservation Institute |year=1997 |editor-last=Klein |editor-first=Kathryn |location=Los Angeles |pages=125–126 |access-date=26 September 2018 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206161850/https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/pdf/unbroken_thread_eng_vl.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

King [[James VI and I|James I]] introduced silk-growing to the British colonies in America around 1619, ostensibly to discourage [[tobacco]] planting. The [[Shakers]] in Kentucky adopted the practice.
[[File:Satin mã châu 2.jpg|thumb|upright|Satin from Mã Châu village, Vietnam]]
[[File:Smithsonian Holyoke SkinnersSatins Sample.jpg|left|thumb|A sample of a silk satin in the [[National Museum of American History]], produced by [[William Skinner and Sons|William Skinner & Sons]] of [[Holyoke, Massachusetts]], the largest producer of such textiles in the world in the early 20th century<ref name="largestmill">{{cite magazine |title=The Largest Silk Mill in the World; The Story of Skinner Silks and Satins |magazine=Silk |publisher=Silk Publishing Company |location=New York |date=May 1912 |issue=6 |volume=5 |pages=62–64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R_E_AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA62 |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129180050/https://books.google.com/books?id=R_E_AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA62 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The history of industrial silk in the United States is largely tied to several smaller urban centers in the Northeast region. Beginning in the 1830s, [[Manchester, Connecticut]] emerged as the early center of the silk industry in America, when the Cheney Brothers became the first in the United States to properly raise silkworms on an industrial scale; today the [[Cheney Brothers Historic District]] showcases their former mills.<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|title=Cheney Brothers Historic District|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1793&ResourceType=District|access-date=2007-10-03|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service|archive-date=8 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008222331/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1793&ResourceType=District}}</ref> With the [[mulberry tree]] craze of that decade, other smaller producers began raising silkworms. This economy particularly gained traction in the vicinity of [[Northampton, Massachusetts]] and its neighboring [[Williamsburg, Massachusetts|Williamsburg]], where a number of small firms and cooperatives emerged. Among the most prominent of these was the cooperative utopian Northampton Association for Education and Industry, of which [[Sojourner Truth]] was a member.<ref>{{cite web |website=Silk in Northampton |title=Becoming Sojourner Truth: The Northampton Years |publisher=Smith College |url=https://www.smith.edu/hsc/silk/papers/owens.html |date=12 April 2002 |last=Owens |first=Jody |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030817163542/https://www.smith.edu/hsc/silk/papers/owens.html |archive-date=17 August 2003}}</ref> Following the destructive [[Mill River Flood of 1874]], one manufacturer, [[William Skinner (manufacturer)|William Skinner]], relocated his mill from Williamsburg to the then-new city of [[Holyoke]]. Over the next 50 years he and his sons would maintain relations between the American silk industry and its counterparts in Japan,<ref>For discussion on W. Skinner II's relations with Japanese ministers and merchant-traders, see {{cite book |editor=Lindsay Russell |title=America to Japan: A Symposium of Papers by Representative Citizens of the United States on the Relations between Japan and America and on the Common Interests of the Two Countries |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons; The Knickerbocker Press; The Japan Society |location=New York |year=1915 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sngeAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA66 |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-date=29 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229190014/https://books.google.com/books?id=sngeAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA66 |url-status=live }}
:* {{cite journal |title=Luncheon to Commissioner Shito |journal=The American Silk Journal |volume=XXXIV |page=32 |date=May 1915 |publisher=Silk Association of America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFlYAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA4-PA32 |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223030745/https://books.google.com/books?id=lFlYAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA4-PA32 |url-status=live }}
:* {{cite book |title=Samurai and Silk: A Japanese and American Heritage |year=1986 |last=Reischauer |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Mass. |first=Haru Matsukata |chapter=Starting the Silk Trade |pages=207–209 |isbn=978-0-674-78801-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvmaskWH1XkC&pg=PA207 |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230105620/https://books.google.com/books?id=mvmaskWH1XkC&pg=PA207 |url-status=live }}</ref> and expanded their business to the point that by 1911, the Skinner Mill complex contained the largest silk mill under one roof in the world, and the brand Skinner Fabrics had become the largest manufacturer of silk satins internationally.<ref name="largestmill"/><ref>{{cite news |work=Valley Advocate |location=Northampton, Mass. |date=8 June 2009 |last=Thibodeau |first=Kate Navarra |title=William Skinner & Holyoke's Water Power |url=https://valleyadvocate.com/2009/06/08/william-skinner-s-water-power/ |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231234524/https://valleyadvocate.com/2009/06/08/william-skinner-s-water-power/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Other efforts later in the 19th century would also bring the new silk industry to [[Paterson, New Jersey]], with several firms hiring European-born textile workers and granting it the nickname "Silk City" as another major center of production in the United States.

[[World War II]] interrupted the silk trade from Asia, and silk prices increased dramatically.<ref>{{cite book |last=Weatherford |first=D |title=American Women During World War II: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |page=97 |isbn=978-0-415-99475-0}}</ref> U.S. industry began to look for substitutes, which led to the use of [[synthetic fiber|synthetics]] such as [[nylon]]. Synthetic silks have also been made from [[lyocell]], a type of [[cellulose]] fiber, and are often difficult to distinguish from real silk (see [[spider silk]] for more on synthetic silks).

===Malaysia===
In [[Terengganu]], which is now part of [[Malaysia]], a second generation of silkworm was being imported as early as 1764 for the country's silk textile industry, especially [[songket]].<ref>{{cite book |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=5Te9LWyzQvYC|page=899}} |title=The Malayhandloom weavers:a study of the rise and decline of traditional |access-date=2013-11-09|isbn=978-981-3016-99-6 |year=1996 |last1=Mohamad |first1=Maznah|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies }}</ref> However, since the 1980s, Malaysia is no longer engaged in sericulture but does plant mulberry trees.

===Vietnam===

In Vietnamese legend, silk appeared in the first millennium AD and is still being woven today.

==Production process==
[[File:Feeding of Mulberry silkworms in Suzhou.jpg|thumb|Feeding of mulberry silkworms in [[Suzhou]]]]
[[File:Silk DSCN5932.jpg|thumb|Silk filaments are collected from cocoons. Seven cocoons are used to form one silk thread]]
The process of silk production is known as [[sericulture]].<ref>{{cite book |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=6XvPBQAAQBAJ |page=507}} |title=Entomology and Pest Management: Sixth Edition |last1=Pedigo |first1=Larry P. |last2=Rice |first2=Marlin E. |year=2014 |publisher=Waveland Press |isbn=978-1-4786-2770-8 |language=en}}</ref> The entire production process of silk can be divided into several steps. Extracting raw silk starts by cultivating the silkworms on mulberry leaves. Once the worms start pupating in their cocoons, they are dissolved in boiling water in order for individual long fibers to be extracted and fed into the spinning reel.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bezzina|first=Neville|title=Silk Production Process|work=Sense of Nature |url=http://www.senature.com/sensemagazine/research-technologies/silk-production-process-go-behind-the-scenes-1701.html|publisher=senature.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629231032/http://www.senature.com/sensemagazine/research-technologies/silk-production-process-go-behind-the-scenes-1701.html|archive-date=29 June 2012}}</ref>

To produce 1 kg of silk, 104 kg of mulberry leaves must be eaten by 3000 silkworms. It takes about 5000 silkworms to make a pure silk [[kimono]].<ref>Fritz, Anne and Cant, Jennifer (1986). ''Consumer Textiles''. [[Oxford University Press]] Australia. Reprint 1987. {{ISBN|0-19-554647-4}}.</ref> The most important silk producers are [[China]] (54%) and [[India]] (14%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brasstacksmadras.com/TF_Mulberry.htm |title=Mulberry Silk – Textile Fibres{{nbsp}}– Handloom Textiles {{pipe}} Handwoven Fabrics {{pipe}} Natural Fabrics {{pipe}} Cotton clothes in Chennai |publisher=Brasstacksmadras.com |access-date=2013-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109173104/http://www.brasstacksmadras.com/TF_Mulberry.htm |archive-date=9 November 2013}}</ref> Other statistics:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://inserco.org/en/?q=statistics|title=Statistics|publisher=inserco.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126035307/http://inserco.org/en/?q=statistics|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=5|Top Ten Cocoons (Reelable) Producers – 2005
|-
! style="background:#ddf; width:30%;"|Country
! style="background:#ddf; width:25%;"|Production {{nowrap|(Int $1000)}}
! style="background:#ddf; width:10%;"|Footnote
! style="background:#ddf; width:25%;"|Production {{nowrap|(1000 kg)}}
! style="background:#ddf; width:10%;"|Footnote
|-
|{{PRC}}||978,013||C||290,003||F
|-
|{{IND}}||259,679||C||77,000||F
|-
|{{UZB}}||57,332||C||17,000||F
|-
|{{BRA}}||37,097||C||11,000||F
|-
|{{IRN}}||20,235||C||6,088||F
|-
|{{THA}}||16,862||C||5,000||F
|-
|{{VNM}}||10,117||C||3,000||F
|-
|{{DPRK}}||5,059||C||1,500||F
|-
|{{ROU}}||3,372||C||1,000||F
|-
|{{JPN}}||2,023||C||600||F
|-
|colspan=5 style="font-size:.7em"|No symbol = official figure, F = FAO estimate,*= Unofficial figure, C = Calculated figure; 
Production in Int $1000 have been calculated based on 1999–2001 international prices 
Source: [http://www.fao.org/es/ess/top/commodity.html?lang=en&item=1185&year=2005 Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division]
|}

The environmental impact of silk production is potentially large when compared with other natural fibers. A [[life-cycle assessment]] of Indian silk production shows that the production process has a large carbon and water footprint, mainly due to the fact that it is an animal-derived fiber and more inputs such as fertilizer and water are needed per unit of fiber produced.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Astudillo|first1=Miguel F.|last2=Thalwitz|first2=Gunnar|last3=Vollrath|first3=Fritz|title=Life cycle assessment of Indian silk|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|date=October 2014|volume=81|pages=158–167|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.06.007|bibcode=2014JCPro..81..158A }}</ref>

==Properties==
[[File:Turkeye.Urgüp02.jpg|thumb|Silk filaments being unravelled from silk cocoons, [[Cappadocia]], [[Turkey]], 2007]]

===Physical properties===
Silk fibers from the ''Bombyx mori'' silkworm have a [[triangle|triangular]] [[cross section (geometry)|cross section]] with rounded corners, 5–10 [[μm]] wide. The fibroin-heavy chain is composed mostly of [[beta-sheet]]s, due to a 59-mer amino acid repeat sequence with some variations.<ref name="lewin2007">{{cite book |editor1-last=Lewin |editor1-first=Menachem |title=Handbook of fiber chemistry |date=2007 |publisher=CRC/Taylor & Francis |location=Boca Raton |pages=438–441 |isbn=978-0-8247-2565-5 |edition=3rd}}</ref> The flat surfaces of the fibrils reflect [[light]] at many angles, giving silk a natural sheen. The cross-section from other silkworms can vary in shape and diameter: crescent-like for ''Anaphe'' and elongated wedge for ''tussah''. Silkworm fibers are naturally extruded from two silkworm glands as a pair of primary filaments (brin), which are stuck together, with sericin proteins that act like [[glue]], to form a [[bave]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burnham |first1=Dorothy K. |title=Warp and weft: a textile terminology |date=1980 |publisher=Toronto : Royal Ontario Museum |page=3 |isbn=978-0-88854-256-4}}</ref> Bave diameters for tussah silk can reach 65 μm. See cited reference for cross-sectional SEM photographs.<ref name="lewin2007" />

Silk has a smooth, soft texture that is not slippery, unlike many [[synthetic fiber]]s.

Silk is one of the strongest natural fibers, but it loses up to 20% of its strength when wet. It has a good [[moisture regain]] of 11%. Its [[Elasticity (physics)|elasticity]] is moderate to poor: if elongated even a small amount, it remains stretched. It can be weakened if exposed to too much sunlight. It may also be attacked by insects, especially if left dirty.

One example of the durable nature of silk over other fabrics is demonstrated by the recovery in 1840 of silk garments from a [[HMS Royal George (1756)|wreck of 1782]]: 'The most durable article found has been silk; for besides pieces of cloaks and lace, a pair of black satin breeches, and a large satin waistcoat with flaps, were got up, of which the silk was perfect, but the lining entirely gone ... from the thread giving way ... No articles of dress of woollen cloth have yet been found.'<ref>''The Times'', London, article CS117993292, 12 October 1840.</ref>

Silk is a poor conductor of [[electricity]] and thus susceptible to [[static cling]]. Silk has a high emissivity for infrared light, making it feel cool to the touch.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Venere|first1=Emil|title=Silk fibers could be high-tech 'natural metamaterials'|url=https://phys.org/news/2018-01-silk-fibers-high-tech-natural-metamaterials.html|access-date=2 February 2018|work=[[Phys.org]]|date=31 January 2018|archive-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201185150/https://phys.org/news/2018-01-silk-fibers-high-tech-natural-metamaterials.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Unwashed silk chiffon may [[shrinkage (fabric)|shrink]] up to 8% due to a relaxation of the fiber macrostructure, so silk should either be washed prior to garment construction, or [[dry cleaning|dry cleaned]]. Dry cleaning may still shrink the chiffon up to 4%. Occasionally, this shrinkage can be reversed by a gentle steaming with a press cloth. There is almost no gradual shrinkage nor shrinkage due to molecular-level deformation.

Natural and synthetic silk is known to manifest [[piezoelectricity|piezoelectric]] properties in proteins, probably due to its molecular structure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fs.tx.ncsu.edu/Past_Meetings/Spring_2003_Loughborough/papers/081-Ellison.pdf|title=Piezoelectricity in Natural and Synthetic Silks|access-date=28 April 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720011853/http://fs.tx.ncsu.edu/Past_Meetings/Spring_2003_Loughborough/papers/081-Ellison.pdf|archive-date=20 July 2011}}</ref>

Silkworm silk was used as the standard for the [[denier (measure)|denier]], a measurement of [[linear density]] in fibers. Silkworm silk therefore has a linear density of approximately 1 den, or 1.1 [[dtex]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Comparison of silk fibers<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/course/3/3.064/www/slides/Ko_spider_silk.pdf |title=Engineering Properties of Spider Silk |author=Ko, Frank K. |author2=Kawabata, Sueo |author3=Inoue, Mari |author4=Niwa, Masako |access-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331215511/http://web.mit.edu/course/3/3.064/www/slides/Ko_spider_silk.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2010}}</ref>!! Linear density (dtex) !! Diameter (μm) !! Coeff. variation
|-
|[[Moth]]: ''[[Bombyx mori]]''||1.17||12.9||24.8%
|-
|[[Spider]]: ''[[Argiope aurantia]]''||0.14||3.57||14.8%
|}

===Chemical properties===
Silk emitted by the silkworm consists of two main proteins, [[sericin]] and [[fibroin]], fibroin being the structural center of the silk, and sericin being the sticky material surrounding it. Fibroin is made up of the [[amino acid]]s [[glycine|Gly]]-[[serine|Ser]]-Gly-[[alanine|Ala]]-Gly-Ala and forms [[beta sheet|beta pleated sheet]]s. [[Hydrogen bond]]s form between chains, and side chains are oriented above and below the plane of the hydrogen bond network.

The high proportion (50%) of glycine allows tight packing. This is because glycine has no side chain and is therefore unencumbered by steric strain. The addition of alanine and serine makes the fibres strong and resistant to breaking. This tensile strength is due to the many interceded hydrogen bonds, and when stretched the force is applied to these numerous bonds and they do not break.

Silk resists most [[mineral acid]]s, except for [[sulfuric acid]], which dissolves it. It is yellowed by perspiration. [[Chlorine bleach]] will also destroy silk fabrics.

==Variants==

=== Regenerated silk fiber ===
RSF is produced by chemically dissolving silkworm cocoons, leaving their molecular structure intact. The silk fibers dissolve into tiny thread-like structures known as [[microfibril]]s. The resulting solution is extruded through a small opening, causing the microfibrils to reassemble into a single fiber. The resulting material is reportedly twice as stiff as silk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newatlas.com/regenerated-silk-fiber/52128|title=To almost match spider silk, scientists regenerate silkworm silk|website=newatlas.com|date=10 November 2017|language=en|access-date=2017-12-18|archive-date=10 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110030332/https://newatlas.com/regenerated-silk-fiber/52128/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Applications==
[[File:Models by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Models in silk dresses at the MoMo Falana fashion show]]

=== Clothing ===
Silk's [[absorption (chemistry)|absorbency]] makes it comfortable to wear in warm weather and while active. Its low conductivity keeps warm air close to the skin during cold weather. It is often used for clothing such as [[shirt]]s, [[necktie|ties]], [[blouse]]s, formal [[dress]]es, high-fashion clothes, [[lining (sewing)|lining]], [[lingerie]], [[pajama]]s, [[robe]]s, [[formal wear|dress suits]], sun dresses, and traditional Asian clothing. Silk is also excellent for insect-proof clothing, protecting the wearer from [[mosquito]]es and [[horse-fly|horseflies]].

Fabrics that are often made from silk include [[satin]], [[charmeuse]], [[habutai]], [[chiffon (fabric)|chiffon]], [[taffeta]], [[crêpe (textile)|crêpe de chine]], [[dupioni]], [[noil]], [[tussah]], and [[shantung (fabric)|shantung]], among others.

=== Furniture ===
Silk's attractive lustre and drape makes it suitable for many [[furnishing]] applications. It is used for [[upholstery]], wall coverings, window treatments (if blended with another fiber), [[carpet|rug]]s, [[bedding]], and wall hangings.<ref>{{cite book |last=Murthy|first=H. V. Sreenivasa|title=Introduction to Textile Fibres|publisher=WPI India|year=2018|isbn=978-1-315-35933-5}}</ref>

=== Industry ===
Silk had many industrial and commercial uses, such as in [[parachute]]s, bicycle [[tire]]s, [[silk comforter|comforter filling]], and [[artillery]] [[gunpowder]] bags.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_646357|title=Silk Powder or Cartridge Bag Cloth|publisher=americanhistory.si.edu|access-date=2017-05-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109202452/http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_646357|archive-date=9 November 2017}}</ref>

=== Medicine ===
A special manufacturing process removes the outer [[sericin]] coating of the silk, which makes it suitable as non-absorbable [[surgical suture]]s. Sometimes wearing silk is suggested for people with [[atopic dermatitis]] but, even though it is safe for the skin, it does not improve symptoms of the condition.<ref name="Jaros-2020">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jaros J, Wilson C, Shi VY |date=August 2020 |title=Fabric Selection in Atopic Dermatitis: An Evidence-Based Review |journal=American Journal of Clinical Dermatology |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=467–482 |doi=10.1007/s40257-020-00516-0 |pmid=32440827 |s2cid=218761019}}</ref><ref name="NIHR Evidence-2024">{{Cite report |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/collection/eczema-in-children-uncertainties-addressed/ |title=Eczema in children: uncertainties addressed |date=2024-03-19 |publisher=NIHR Evidence |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_62438 |language=en|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Thomas KS, Bradshaw LE, Sach TH, Cowdell F, Batchelor JM, Lawton S, Harrison EF, Haines RH, Ahmed A, Dean T, Burrows NP, Pollock I, Buckley HK, Williams HC, Llewellyn J, Crang C, Grundy JD, Guiness J, Gribbin A, Wake EV, Mitchell EJ, Brown SJ, Montgomery AA |date=April 2017 |title=Randomised controlled trial of silk therapeutic garments for the management of atopic eczema in children: the CLOTHES trial |journal=Health Technology Assessment |volume=21 |issue=16 |pages=1–260 |doi=10.3310/hta21160 |pmc=5410632 |pmid=28409557}}</ref>

===Biomaterial===
Silk began to serve as a [[biomedicine|biomedical]] material for sutures in surgeries as early as the second century CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muffly |first1=Tyler |last2=Tizzano |first2=Anthony |last3=Walters |first3=Mark |title=The history and evolution of sutures in pelvic surgery. |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |date=March 2011 |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=107–12 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.2010.100243 |pmid=21357979 |pmc=3046193 |language=en |quote=Galen also recommended using silk suture when available.}}</ref> In the past 30 years, it has been widely studied and used as a [[biomaterial]] due to its [[strength of materials|mechanical strength]], [[biocompatibility]], tunable degradation rate, ease to load cellular growth factors (for example, BMP-2), and its ability to be processed into several other formats such as films, gels, particles, and scaffolds.<ref name="Rockwood-2011">{{cite journal |last1=Rockwood|first1=Danielle N|last2=Preda|first2=Rucsanda C|last3=Yücel|first3=Tuna|last4=Wang|first4=Xiaoqin|last5=Lovett|first5=Michael L|last6=Kaplan|first6=David L|title=Materials fabrication from ''Bombyx mori'' silk fibroin|journal=Nature Protocols|volume=6|issue=10|pages=1612–1631|doi=10.1038/nprot.2011.379|pmc=3808976|pmid=21959241|year=2011}}</ref> Silks from ''Bombyx mori'', a kind of cultivated silkworm, are the most widely investigated silks.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Altman|first1=Gregory H|last2=Diaz|first2=Frank|last3=Jakuba|first3=Caroline|last4=Calabro|first4=Tara|last5=Horan|first5=Rebecca L|last6=Chen|first6=Jingsong|last7=Lu|first7=Helen|last8=Richmond|first8=John|last9=Kaplan|first9=David L|date=1 February 2003|title=Silk-based biomaterials|journal=Biomaterials|volume=24|issue=3|pages=401–416|doi=10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00353-8|pmid=12423595|bibcode=2003Biomt..24..401A |citeseerx=10.1.1.625.3644}}</ref>

Silks derived from ''Bombyx mori'' are generally made of two parts: the [[silk fibroin]] fiber which contains a light chain of 25 kDa and a heavy chain of 350 kDa (or 390 kDa<ref>{{cite journal|author2-link=David L. Kaplan (engineer)|last1=Vepari|first1=Charu|last2=Kaplan|first2=David L.|date=2007-08-01|title=Silk as a biomaterial|journal=Progress in Polymer Science|series=Polymers in Biomedical Applications|volume=32|issue=8–9|pages=991–1007|doi=10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.013|pmc=2699289|pmid=19543442}}</ref>) linked by a single disulfide bond<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou|first1=Cong-Zhao|last2=Confalonieri|first2=Fabrice|last3=Medina|first3=Nadine|last4=Zivanovic|first4=Yvan|last5=Esnault|first5=Catherine|last6=Yang|first6=Tie|last7=Jacquet|first7=Michel|last8=Janin|first8=Joel|last9=Duguet|first9=Michel|date=2000-06-15|title=Fine organization of ''Bombyx mori'' fibroin heavy chain gene|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|volume=28|issue=12|pages=2413–2419|pmc=102737|pmid=10871375|doi=10.1093/nar/28.12.2413}}</ref> and a glue-like protein, [[sericin]], comprising 25 to 30 percentage by weight. Silk fibroin contains hydrophobic [[beta sheet]] blocks, interrupted by small hydrophilic groups. The beta-sheets contribute much to the high mechanical strength of silk fibers, which achieves 740 MPa, tens of times that of [[polylactic acid|poly(lactic acid)]] and hundreds of times that of [[collagen]]. This impressive mechanical strength has made silk fibroin very competitive for applications in biomaterials. Indeed, silk fibers have found their way into tendon tissue engineering,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kardestuncer|first1=T|last2=McCarthy|first2=M B|last3=Karageorgiou|first3=V|last4=Kaplan|first4=D|last5=Gronowicz|first5=G|title=RGD-tethered Silk Substrate Stimulates the Differentiation of Human Tendon Cells|journal=Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research|volume=448|pages=234–239|doi=10.1097/01.blo.0000205879.50834.fe|pmid=16826121|year=2006|s2cid=23123}}</ref> where mechanical properties matter greatly. In addition, mechanical properties of silks from various kinds of silkworms vary widely, which provides more choices for their use in tissue engineering.

Most products fabricated from regenerated silk are weak and brittle, with only ≈1–2% of the mechanical strength of native silk fibers due to the absence of appropriate secondary and hierarchical structure,
{| class="wikitable"
!Source Organisms<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kundu|first1=Banani|last2=Rajkhowa|first2=Rangam|last3=Kundu|first3=Subhas C.|last4=Wang|first4=Xungai|date=2013-04-01|title=Silk fibroin biomaterials for tissue regenerations|journal=Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews|series=Bionics – Biologically inspired smart materials|volume=65|issue=4|pages=457–470|doi=10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.043|pmid=23137786 |bibcode=2013ADDR...65..457K }}</ref>
!Tensile strength
(g/den)
!Tensile modulus
(g/den)
!Breaking
strain (%)
|-
|''Bombyx mori''
|4.3–5.2
|84–121
|10.0–23.4
|-
|''Antheraea mylitta''
|2.5–4.5
|66–70
|26–39
|-
|''Philosamia cynthia ricini''
|1.9–3.5
|29–31
|28.0–24.0
|-
|''Coscinocera hercules''
|5 ± 1
|87 ± 17
|12 ± 5
|-
|''Hyalophora euryalus''
|2.7 ± 0.9
|59 ± 18
|11 ± 6
|-
|''Rothschildia hesperis''
|3.3 ± 0.8
|71 ± 16
|10 ± 4
|-
|''Eupackardia calleta''
|2.8 ± 0.7
|58 ± 18
|12 ± 6
|-
|''Rothschildia lebeau''
|3.1 ± 0.8
|54 ± 14
|16 ± 7
|-
|''Antheraea oculea''
|3.1 ± 0.8
|57 ± 15
|15 ± 7
|-
|''Hyalophora gloveri''
|2.8 ± 0.4
|48 ± 13
|19 ± 7
|-
|''Copaxa multifenestrata''
|0.9 ± 0.2
|39 ± 6
|4 ± 3
|}

====Biocompatibility====
Biocompatibility, i.e., to what level the silk will cause an immune response, is a critical issue for biomaterials. The issue arose during its increasing clinical use. Wax or silicone is usually used as a coating to avoid fraying and potential immune responses<ref name="Rockwood-2011" /> when silk fibers serve as suture materials. Although the lack of detailed characterization of silk fibers, such as the extent of the removal of sericin, the surface chemical properties of coating material, and the process used, make it difficult to determine the real immune response of silk fibers in literature, it is generally believed that sericin is the major cause of immune response. Thus, the removal of sericin is an essential step to assure biocompatibility in biomaterial applications of silk. However, further research fails to prove clearly the contribution of sericin to inflammatory responses based on isolated sericin and sericin based biomaterials.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang|first1=Yaopeng|last2=Yang|first2=Hongxia|last3=Shao|first3=Huili|last4=Hu|first4=Xuechao|date=2010-05-05|title=Antheraea pernyiSilk Fiber: A Potential Resource for Artificially Biospinning Spider Dragline Silk|journal=Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=2010|article-number=683962|doi=10.1155/2010/683962|pmc=2864894|pmid=20454537|doi-access=free}}</ref> In addition, silk fibroin exhibits an inflammatory response similar to that of tissue culture plastic in vitro<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wray|first1=Lindsay S.|last2=Hu|first2=Xiao|last3=Gallego|first3=Jabier|last4=Georgakoudi|first4=Irene|last5=Omenetto|first5=Fiorenzo G.|last6=Schmidt|first6=Daniel|last7=Kaplan|first7=David L.|date=2011-10-01|title=Effect of processing on silk-based biomaterials: Reproducibility and biocompatibility|journal=Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials|language=en|volume=99B|issue=1|pages=89–101|doi=10.1002/jbm.b.31875|pmc=3418605|pmid=21695778}}</ref><ref name="Meinel-2005">{{cite journal |last1=Meinel|first1=Lorenz|last2=Hofmann|first2=Sandra|last3=Karageorgiou|first3=Vassilis|last4=Kirker-Head|first4=Carl|last5=McCool|first5=John|last6=Gronowicz|first6=Gloria|last7=Zichner|first7=Ludwig|last8=Langer|first8=Robert|last9=Vunjak-Novakovic|first9=Gordana|date=2005-01-01|title=The inflammatory responses to silk films in vitro and in vivo|journal=Biomaterials|volume=26|issue=2|pages=147–155|doi=10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.047|pmid=15207461}}</ref> when assessed with human mesenchymal [[stem cell]]s (hMSCs) or lower than collagen and PLA when implant rat MSCs with silk fibroin films in vivo.<ref name="Meinel-2005" /> Thus, appropriate degumming and sterilization will assure the biocompatibility of silk fibroin, which is further validated by in vivo experiments on rats and pigs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fan|first1=Hongbin|last2=Liu|first2=Haifeng|last3=Toh|first3=Siew L.|last4=Goh|first4=James C.H.|title=Anterior cruciate ligament regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells and silk scaffold in large animal model|journal=Biomaterials|volume=30|issue=28|pages=4967–4977|doi=10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.05.048|pmid=19539988|year=2009 |url=http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/25341 }}</ref> There are still concerns about the long-term safety of silk-based biomaterials in the human body in contrast to these promising results. Even though silk sutures serve well, they exist and interact within a limited period depending on the recovery of wounds (several weeks), much shorter than that in tissue engineering. Another concern arises from biodegradation because the biocompatibility of silk fibroin does not necessarily assure the biocompatibility of the decomposed products. In fact, different levels of immune responses<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Minoura|first1=N.|last2=Aiba|first2=S.|last3=Higuchi|first3=M.|last4=Gotoh|first4=Y.|last5=Tsukada|first5=M.|last6=Imai|first6=Y.|date=1995-03-17|title=Attachment and growth of fibroblast cells on silk fibroin|journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications|volume=208|issue=2|pages=511–516|pmid=7695601|doi=10.1006/bbrc.1995.1368 |bibcode=1995BBRC..208..511M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gellynck|first1=Kris|last2=Verdonk|first2=Peter C. M.|last3=Van Nimmen|first3=Els|last4=Almqvist|first4=Karl F.|last5=Gheysens|first5=Tom|last6=Schoukens|first6=Gustaaf|last7=Van Langenhove|first7=Lieva|last8=Kiekens|first8=Paul|last9=Mertens|first9=Johan|date=2008-11-01|title=Silkworm and spider silk scaffolds for chondrocyte support|journal=Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine|volume=19|issue=11|pages=3399–3409|doi=10.1007/s10856-008-3474-6|pmid=18545943|s2cid=27191387}}</ref> and diseases<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lundmark|first1=Katarzyna|last2=Westermark|first2=Gunilla T.|last3=Olsén|first3=Arne|last4=Westermark|first4=Per|date=2005-04-26|title=Protein fibrils in nature can enhance amyloid protein A amyloidosis in mice: Cross-seeding as a disease mechanism|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=102|issue=17|pages=6098–6102|doi=10.1073/pnas.0501814102|pmc=1087940|pmid=15829582|bibcode=2005PNAS..102.6098L|doi-access=free}}</ref> have been triggered by the degraded products of silk fibroin.

====Biodegradability====
[[Biodegradability]] (also known as [[biodegradation]])—the ability to be disintegrated by biological approaches, including bacteria, fungi, and cells—is another significant property of biomaterials. Biodegradable materials can minimize the pain of patients from surgeries, especially in tissue engineering, since there is no need for surgery in order to remove the implanted scaffold. Wang et al.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang|first1=Yongzhong|last2=Rudym|first2=Darya D.|last3=Walsh|first3=Ashley|last4=Abrahamsen|first4=Lauren|last5=Kim|first5=Hyeon-Joo|last6=Kim|first6=Hyun S.|last7=Kirker-Head|first7=Carl|last8=Kaplan|first8=David L.|title=In vivo degradation of three-dimensional silk fibroin scaffolds|journal=Biomaterials|volume=29|issue=24–25|pages=3415–3428|doi=10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.05.002|pmc=3206261|pmid=18502501|year=2008 |bibcode=2008Biomt..29.3415W }}</ref> showed the in vivo degradation of silk via aqueous 3D scaffolds implanted into Lewis rats. [[Enzyme]]s are the means used to achieve degradation of silk in vitro. Protease XIV from [[Streptomyces griseus]] and [[Chymotrypsin|α-chymotrypsin]] from bovine [[pancreas]]es are two popular enzymes for silk degradation. In addition, [[gamma radiation]], as well as [[cell metabolism]], can also regulate the degradation of silk.

Compared with synthetic biomaterials such as [[polyglycolide]]s and [[polylactide]]s, silk is advantageous in some aspects of biodegradation. The acidic degraded products of polyglycolides and polylactides will decrease the pH of the ambient environment and thus adversely influence the metabolism of cells, which is not an issue for silk. In addition, silk materials can retain strength over a desired period from weeks to months on an as-needed basis, by mediating the content of [[beta sheet]]s.

==== Genetic modification ====
[[Genetic modification]] of domesticated silkworms has been used to alter the composition of the silk.<ref>{{cite journal
| last1 = Kojima | first1 = K.
| last2 = Kuwana | first2 = Y.
| last3 = Sezutsu | first3 = H.
| last4 = Kobayashi | first4 = I.
| last5 = Uchino | first5 = K.
| last6 = Tamura | first6 = T.
| last7 = Tamada | first7 = Y.
| title = A new method for the modification of fibroin heavy chain protein in the transgenic silkworm
| journal = Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry
| volume = 71
| issue = 12
| pages = 2943–2951
| year = 2007
| pmid = 18071257 | doi=10.1271/bbb.70353
| s2cid = 44520735
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> As well as possibly facilitating the production of more useful types of silk, this may allow other industrially or therapeutically useful proteins to be made by silkworms.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tomita|first=Masahiro|date=April 2011|title=Transgenic silkworms that weave recombinant proteins into silk cocoons|journal=Biotechnology Letters|volume=33|issue=4|pages=645–654|doi=10.1007/s10529-010-0498-z|issn=1573-6776|pmid=21184136|s2cid=25310446}}</ref>

==Cultivation==
[[File:Thai man spools silk at Jim Thompson House photo D Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|Thai man spools silk]]
[[File:Bombyx mori Cocon 02.jpg|thumb|[[Pupa#Cocoon|Cocoon]]]]
Silk [[moth]]s lay eggs on specially prepared paper. The eggs hatch and the caterpillars (silkworms) are fed fresh [[mulberry]] leaves. After about 35 days and 4 moltings, the caterpillars are 10,000 times heavier than when hatched and are ready to begin spinning a cocoon. A straw frame is placed over the tray of caterpillars, and each caterpillar begins spinning a cocoon by moving its head in a pattern. Two glands produce liquid silk and force it through openings in the head called spinnerets. Liquid silk is coated in sericin, a water-soluble protective gum, and solidifies on contact with the air. Within 2–3 days, the caterpillar spins about {{convert|1|mi|km|spell=in}} of filament and is completely encased in a cocoon. The silk farmers then heat the cocoons to kill them, leaving some to [[metamorphosis|metamorphose]] into moths to breed the next generation of caterpillars. Harvested cocoons are then soaked in boiling water to soften the sericin holding the silk fibers together in a cocoon shape. The fibers are then unwound to produce a continuous thread. Since a single thread is too fine and fragile for commercial use, anywhere from three to ten strands are spun together to form a single thread of silk.<ref>Gleason, Carrie (2006) ''The Biography of Silk''. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 12. {{ISBN|0778724875}}.</ref>

==Animal rights==
As the process of harvesting the silk from the cocoon kills the larvae by boiling, sericulture has been criticized by animal welfare activists,<ref name=Stancati2011>{{cite news |last1=Stancati|first1=Margherita|title=Taking the Violence Out of Silk|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/01/04/taking-the-violence-out-of-silk/|access-date=22 January 2015|agency=Wall Street Journal|date=4 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122231507/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/01/04/taking-the-violence-out-of-silk/|archive-date=22 January 2015}}</ref> including [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (PETA), who urge people not to buy silk items.<ref>{{cite web |title=Down and Silk: Birds and Insects Exploited for Feathers and Fabric |date=19 March 2004 |publisher=[[PETA]] |url=https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-clothing/animals-used-clothing-factsheets/silk-birds-insects-exploited-fabric/ |access-date=23 January 2014 |quote=Silk Production Causes Painful Death for Insects |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201181101/http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-clothing/animals-used-clothing-factsheets/silk-birds-insects-exploited-fabric/ |archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref>

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] was critical of silk production because of his [[Ahimsa]] (non-violent) philosophy, which led to the promotion of cotton and [[Ahimsa silk]], a type of [[wild silk]] made from the cocoons of wild and semi-wild silk moths.<ref name="AlexanderCentenary1968">{{cite book |last1=Alexander|first1=Horace Gundry|last2=Centenary|first2=National Committee for the Gandhi|title=Mahatma Gandhi: 100 years|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=LGVuAAAAMAAJ|page=349}}|year=1968|publisher=[[Gandhi Peace Foundation]]; Orient Longmans}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Art silk]]
*[[Bulletproofing]]
*[[International Year of Natural Fibres]]
*[[Mommes]]
*[[Rayon]]
*[[Sea silk]]
*[[Silk waste]]
*[[Sinchaw]]
*[[Spider silk]]
*[[Xiangyunsha silk]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite journal |last=Callandine |first=Anthony |year=1993 |title=Lombe's Mill: An Exercise in reconstruction|journal=Industrial Archaeology Review|volume=XVI|issue=1|issn=0309-0728}}
* Hill, John E. (2004). [http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html ''The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe''] 魏略 ''by Yu Huan'' 魚豢'': A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 AD.'' Draft annotated English translation. Appendix E.
* Hill, John E. (2009) ''Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd centuries CE''. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. {{ISBN|978-1-4392-2134-1}}.
* Magie, David (1924). ''Historia Augusta Life of Heliogabalus''. Loeb Classical Texts No. 140: Harvard University Press.{{ISBN|978-0674991552}}.

==Further reading==
* Feltwell, John (1990). ''The Story of Silk''. Alan Sutton Publishing. {{ISBN|0-86299-611-2}}.
* Good, Irene (December 1995). "On the Question of Silk in Pre-Han Eurasia". ''Antiquity''. Vol. 69, Number 266. pp. 959–968.
* Kadolph, Sara J. (2007). ''Textiles'' (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 76–81.
* Kuhn, Dieter (1995). "Silk Weaving in Ancient China: From Geometric Figures to Patterns of Pictorial Likeness". ''Chinese Science''. 12. pp. 77–114.
* {{cite book |last=Rayner|first=Hollins|title=Silk throwing and waste silk spinning |url=https://archive.org/details/silkthrowingand00rayngoog|year=1903|publisher=Scott, Greenwood, Van Nostrand|ol=7174062M}}
* Ricci, G.; et al. (2004). "Clinical Effectiveness of a Silk Fabric in the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis". ''British Journal of Dermatology''. Issue 150. pp. 127–131.
* Sung, Ying-Hsing. 1637. "Chapter 2. Clothing materials". ''Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century – T'ien-kung K'ai-wu''. Translated and annotated by E-tu Zen Sun and Shiou-chuan Sun. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1966. Reprint: Dover, 1997.
* [[Xinru Liu|Liu, Xinru]] (1996). ''Silk and Religion: An Exploration of Material Life and the Thought of People, AD 600–1200''. Oxford University Press.
* [[Xinru Liu|Liu, Xinru]] (2010). ''The Silk Road in World History''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-516174-8}}; {{ISBN|978-0-19-533810-2}} (pbk).

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons category|Silk}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Sericum.html References to silk by Roman and Byzantine writers]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071202155627/http://www.geospace.co.uk/silk/worldsilk.html A series of maps depicting the global trade in silk]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071231034911/http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.jsp?articleId=281474977152137 History of traditional silk in martial arts uniforms]
*[http://www.suekayton.com/silk.htm Raising silkworms in classrooms for educational purposes (with photos)]
*[https://phys.org/news/2009-09-thread-fabric-insect-silks.html New thread in fabric of insect silks|physorg.com]

{{Silk fibre}}
{{Fibers}}
{{Textile}}
{{Clothing materials and parts}}
{{Insects in culture}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Silk| ]]
[[Category:Animal glandular products]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Biomaterials]]
[[Category:Chinese inventions]]
[[Category:Insect products]]
[[Category:Silk Road]]
[[Category:Woven fabrics]]

Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt

2026-03-26T13:33:23Z

Sunking: cleaned up layout after review and updated info per standard format

{{Short description|Sunni Islamist movement}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Muslim Brotherhood
| logo = Emblem of the Muslim Brotherhood.svg
| colorcode = {{party color|Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt}}
| leader = [[Salah Abdel Haq]]
| chairman =
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1928|3|22}} [[Ismailia]], [[Kingdom of Egypt]]
| ideology = [[Sunni]] [[Islamism]] [[Social conservatism]] [[Religious conservatism]] [[Mixed economy]]
| headquarters = [[Cairo]], Egypt
| international = [[Muslim Brotherhood]]
| website = [http://www.ikhwanonline.com/ www.ikhwanonline.com] [http://www.ikhwanweb.com www.ikhwanweb.com]
| flag = [[File:Flag of the Muslim Brotherhood.svg|200px]]
| country = Egypt
}}

In [[Egypt]], the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] ({{langx|ar|جماعة الإخوان المسلمين}} ''Jamāʿat {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|al-Ikhwān al-Muslimūn}}/al-Ikhwan/el-ekhwan al-muslimīn'', {{IPA|arz|elʔexˈwæːn|IPA}}) is a [[Sunni]] [[Islamist]] religious, political, and social movement,<ref>*{{cite journal |last=Mura |first=Andrea |year=2012 | url=https://www.academia.edu/2033602 | title=A genealogical inquiry into early Islamism: the discourse of Hasan al-Banna |journal=Journal of Political Ideologies |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=61–85 |doi=10.1080/13569317.2012.644986 |s2cid=144873457 }}</ref><ref name=Trager>Eric Trager, "[http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-unbreakable-muslim-brotherhood-grim-prospects-for-a-liberal-egypt The Unbreakable Muslim Brotherhood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927082106/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-unbreakable-muslim-brotherhood-grim-prospects-for-a-liberal-egypt |date=27 September 2013 }}", ''Foreign Affairs'', September October 2011, p. 114–222. (full text not available for free on internet)</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jobs are very hard to find|author=Hans Dembowski interviewed Yasser Alwan|publisher=D+C Development and Cooperation|date=January 2013|url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/eyewitness-assesses-egypts-situation-two-years-after-uprising-against-hosni-mubarak-tough|access-date=27 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007064844/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/eyewitness-assesses-egypts-situation-two-years-after-uprising-against-hosni-mubarak-tough|archive-date=7 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> with adherents estimated to number between 2 and 2.5 million.<ref name=Trager/><ref>[[Scott Atran|Atran, Scott]] (2 February 2011). "In Egypt today, the Brotherhood counts perhaps some 2 million adherents" [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/03/opinion/03atran.html?pagewanted=all "Egypt's Bumbling Brotherhood"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504022346/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/03/opinion/03atran.html?pagewanted=all |date=4 May 2017 }}. ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref> Founded by [[Hassan al-Banna]] in 1928, the group spread to other Muslim countries but has its largest organization in Egypt, despite government crackdowns in 1948, 1954, 1965, 1979, 1981 and 2013, after plots, or alleged plots, of assassination and overthrow were uncovered.<ref name=MBSharia>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=8220shari8217a-law-in-egypt-is-enough-for-us8221-tells-a-muslim-brotherhood-leader-2011-05-23 "'Shariah in Egypt is enough for us,' Muslim Brotherhood leader says"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726005024/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=8220shari8217a-law-in-egypt-is-enough-for-us8221-tells-a-muslim-brotherhood-leader-2011-05-23 |date=26 July 2011 }}. ''Hürriyet Daily News'', 23 May 2011</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Inside Egypt: The Land of the Pharaohs on the Brink of a Revolution|last=Bradley|first=John R.|author-link=John R. Bradley|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|year=2008|page=49}}</ref><ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/egypt/egypt-050905-voa01.htm Egypt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629101449/http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/egypt/egypt-050905-voa01.htm |date=29 June 2011 }} global security.org</ref>

Following the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]], it launched a political party—the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]]—to contest elections, which it described as having "the same mission and goals, but different roles" than the Brotherhood,<ref>Ian Black, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/19/muslim-brotherhood-poised-prosper-egypt Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood poised to prosper in post-Mubarak new era] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723014717/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/19/muslim-brotherhood-poised-prosper-egypt |date=23 July 2016 }}, ''The Guardian'', 19 May 2011</ref> and agreeing to honor all Egypt's international agreements.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/abbas-should-change-his-locks-before-next-wave-of-palestinian-prisoners-freed-1.399760|title=Abbas should change his locks before next wave of Palestinian prisoners freed|last=Eldar|first=Akiva|date=6 December 2011|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|access-date=24 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616135453/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/abbas-should-change-his-locks-before-next-wave-of-palestinian-prisoners-freed-1.399760|archive-date=16 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The party won 42% of the seats in the [[2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election|2011–12 parliamentary elections]], and its candidate, [[Mohamed Morsi]], the [[2012 Egyptian presidential election|June 2012 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Black|first=Ian|date=24 June 2012|title=Mohamed Morsi victory is a landmark for Egypt—but a qualified one|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jun/24/mohamed-morsi-victory-landmark|website=The Guardian|access-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920022149/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jun/24/mohamed-morsi-victory-landmark|archive-date=20 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Morsi was [[2013 Egyptian coup|overthrown]] after mass protests within a year,<ref>{{cite news|title=Outlines of Egypt army's post-Morsi plan emerge|url=https://news.yahoo.com/outlines-egypt-armys-post-morsi-plan-emerge-194532950.html|last1=Hendawi|first1=Hamza|last2=Michael|first2=Maggie|agency=Associated Press|date=2 July 2013|access-date=4 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705074101/http://news.yahoo.com/outlines-egypt-armys-post-morsi-plan-emerge-194532950.html|archive-date=5 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and a crackdown ensued that some have called more damaging to the movement than any "in eight decades".<ref name=run>{{cite news|last1=Kirkpatrick|first1=David|author1-link=David D. Kirkpatrick|title=An Egypt Arrest, and a Brotherhood on the Run|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/21/world/middleeast/egypt.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|access-date=25 September 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=20 August 2013|author2=Mayy El Sheikh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928170726/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/21/world/middleeast/egypt.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|archive-date=28 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Hundreds of members were killed and imprisoned, including Morsi and most of the Brotherhood's leadership. Among the general Egyptian population, a "huge hostility" was felt towards the MB.<ref name=Ronel>{{cite news|last1=Ronel|first1=Asaf|title=How the West got the Middle East all wrong|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/.premium-1.601652|newspaper=Haaretz|access-date=29 October 2014|date=28 June 2014|quote=In Egypt itself, the Brothers are crushed. Their leaders are imprisoned or in exile, and there is huge hostility toward them among the people.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017121314/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/.premium-1.601652|archive-date=17 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2013, an Egyptian court banned the Brotherhood and its associations,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egyptian-court-bans-muslim-brotherhood/2013/09/23/87ced17a-245e-11e3-9372-92606241ae9c_story.html|title=Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood is banned, and crackdown could broaden|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=24 September 2013|access-date=24 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924001251/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egyptian-court-bans-muslim-brotherhood/2013/09/23/87ced17a-245e-11e3-9372-92606241ae9c_story.html|archive-date=24 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and ordered that its assets be seized;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/24/world/middleeast/egyptian-court-bans-muslim-brotherhood.html?_r=0|title=Egyptian Court Shuts Down the Muslim Brotherhood and Seizes Its Assets|work=The New York Times|date=24 September 2013|access-date=24 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924121241/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/24/world/middleeast/egyptian-court-bans-muslim-brotherhood.html?_r=0|archive-date=24 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and in December the military-backed interim government declared the movement a [[terrorist group]] following the [[December 2013 Mansoura bombing|bombing]] of security directorate building in Mansoura.<ref name="BBC-terrorist" /> The Brotherhood denied being responsible for the attack and [[Ansar Bait al-Maqdis]], an [[Al-Qaeda in Sinai Peninsula|al-Qaeda]]-linked group, claimed responsibility.<ref name="BBC-terrorist">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25515932|publisher=[[BBC News]]|title=Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood declared 'terrorist group'|date=25 December 2013|access-date=25 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125021447/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25515932|archive-date=25 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> They also issued a statement condemning violence.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/98626/Egypt/Politics-/Brotherhood-releases-lengthy-statement-condemning-.aspx|title=Brotherhood releases lengthy statement condemning violence|work=Ahram Online|date=8 April 2014|access-date=9 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412001011/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/98626/Egypt/Politics-/Brotherhood-releases-lengthy-statement-condemning-.aspx|archive-date=12 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt}}

=== Under the monarchy ===
{{main|History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1928–1938)}}

The [[Muslim Brotherhood]] was founded in 1928 by [[Hassan al-Banna]], an [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] schoolteacher, who preached implementing traditional Islamic [[Sharia]] law in all aspects of life, from everyday problems to the organization of the government.<ref name=Kuntzel>Küntzel, 2002, pp. 17–19.</ref> Inspired by Islamic reformers [[Muhammad Abduh]] and [[Rashid Rida]], he believed that Islam had lost its social dominance to corrupt Western influences and [[British Empire|British imperial rule]].

{{main|History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1939–1954)}}

The organization initially focused on educational and charitable work, but quickly grew to become a major political force as well. (Sources disagree as to whether the Brotherhood was hostile to independent working-class and popular organisations,<ref name="Kuntzel"/> or supported efforts to create trades unions and unemployment benefits.<ref>''A History of the Modern Middle East,'' William Cleveland, p.200</ref>) It championed the cause of poor Muslims, and played a prominent role in the Egyptian nationalist movement, fighting the British, Egypt's occupier/dominator. It engaged in espionage and sabotage, as well as support for activities orchestrated by [[Haj Amin al-Husseini]] in British Mandate Palestine, and up to and during [[World War II]] some association with Britain's enemy, the [[Nazi Germany|German Nazis]],<ref>See: Ian Johnson, ''A Mosque in Munich: Nazis, the CIA and Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood in the West'' (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010); Matthias Küntzel, ''Jihad and Jew-hatred: Islamism, Nazism and the Roots of 9/11'' (New York: Telos Press, 2007); Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Martin Cüppers, ''Halbmond und Hakenkreuz: Das 'Dritte Reich', die Araber und Palästina'' (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2006), and Klaus Gensicke, ''Der Mufti von Jerusalem und die Nationalsocialisten: Eine politische Biographie Amin el-Husseinis'' (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2007).</ref> dissemination of anti-Jewish, and anti-Western propaganda.<ref>In addition to the studies listed in the previous note, see the detailed and richly documented analysis by Jeffrey Herf, ''Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World'' (New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 2009).</ref>

Over the years, the Brotherhood spread to other Muslim countries, including [[Syria]]<ref>Khaled Yacoub Oweis [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-brotherhood-idUSBRE84504R20120506 "Syria's Muslim Brotherhood rise from the ashes"], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015235535/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/06/us-syria-brotherhood-idUSBRE84504R20120506 |date=15 October 2015 }} Reuters (6 May 2012).</ref><ref>[http://ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=29851 "Syria Muslim Brotherhood Issues Post-Assad State-for-All Commitment Charter"], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921043051/http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=29851 |date=21 September 2014 }} ikhwanweb.com (The Muslim Brotherhood's Official English web site) (7 April 2012).</ref> [[Jordan]], [[Tunisia]], etc. as well as countries where Muslims are in the minority. These groups are sometimes described as "very loosely affiliated" with the Egyptian branch and each other.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/syrias-muslim-brotherhood-is-gaining-influence-over-anti-assad-revolt/2012/05/12/gIQAtIoJLU_story.html Syria's Muslim Brotherhood is gaining influence over anti-Assad revolt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209191311/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/syrias-muslim-brotherhood-is-gaining-influence-over-anti-assad-revolt/2012/05/12/gIQAtIoJLU_story.html |date=9 December 2017 }} [[Liz Sly]], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 12 May 2012</ref>

In November 1948, following several bombings and assassination attempts, the government arrested 32 leaders of the Brotherhood's "secret apparatus" and banned the Brotherhood.<ref>Chamieh, Jebran, Traditionalists, Militants and Liberal in Present Islam, Research and Publishing House, [1994?], p.140</ref> At this time the Brotherhood was estimated to have 2000 branches and 500,000 members or sympathizers.<ref>Wright, Robin, ''Sacred Rage'' 1985, p.179</ref> In succeeding months Egypt's prime minister was assassinated by Brotherhood member Abdel Meguid Ahmed Hassan, and following that Al-Banna himself was assassinated in what is thought to be a cycle of retaliation.

In 1952, members of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] were accused of taking part in an event that marked the end of Egypt's "liberal, progressive, cosmopolitan" era – an arson [[Cairo Fire|fire]] that destroyed some "750 buildings" in downtown Cairo – mainly night clubs, theatres, hotels, and restaurants frequented by British and other foreigners.<ref>[https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/06/02/080602fa_fact_wright?currentPage=all "The Rebellion Within, An Al Qaeda mastermind questions terrorism. by Lawrence Wright"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708120928/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/06/02/080602fa_fact_wright?currentPage=all |date=8 July 2014 }}. ''The New Yorker'', 2 June 2008</ref>

===After the 1952 revolution===
{{main|History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1954–present)}}

In 1952, the monarchy was [[1952 Egyptian revolution|overthrown]] by nationalist military officers of the [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|Free Officers Movement]]. While the Brotherhood supported the coup it vigorously opposed the secularist constitution that the coup leaders were developing. In 1954 another unsuccessful assassination was attempted against Egypt's prime minister ([[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]), and blamed on the "secret apparatus" of the Brotherhood. The Brotherhood was again banned and this time thousands of its members were imprisoned, many of them held for years in prisons and sometimes tortured.

One of them was the very influential theorist, [[Sayyid Qutb]], who before being executed in 1966, issued a [[Ma'alim fi al-Tariq|manifesto]] proclaiming that Muslim society had become ''[[jahiliyya]]'' (no longer Islamic) and that Islam must be restored by the overthrow of Muslim states by an Islamic vanguard, also revitalising the ideal of Islamic universalism.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mura|first=Andrea|year=2014|title=The Inclusive Dynamics of Islamic Universalism: From the Vantage Point of Sayyid Qutb's Critical Philosophy|journal=Comparative Philosophy|volume=5 |issue=1|pages=29–54|issn=2151-6014|doi=10.31979/2151-6014(2014).050106|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Qutbism|Qutb's ideology]] became very influential outside of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, but the Brotherhood's leadership distanced itself from Qutb and adhered to nonviolent [[reformist]] posture.

Imprisoned Brothers were gradually released after [[Anwar Sadat]] became [[president of Egypt]] in 1970, and were sometimes enlisted to help fight Sadat's leftist opposition. Brethren were allowed to publish the magazine ''[[Al Dawa]]'', though the organization remained illegal. During this time, more radical Qutb-inspired Islamist groups blossomed, and after Sadat signed a peace agreement with [[Israel]] in 1979, the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] became confirmed enemies of Sadat. Sadat was assassinated by a violent Islamist group [[Tanzim al-Jihad]] on 6 October 1981, shortly after he had Brotherhood leaders (and many other opposition leaders) arrested.

===Mubarak era===
Again with a new president, ([[Hosni Mubarak]]), Brotherhood leaders (Supreme Guide [[Umar al-Tilmisani]] and others) were released from prison. Mubarak cracked down hard against radical Islamists but offered an "olive branch" to the more moderate Brethren. The brethren reciprocated, going so far as to endorse Mubarak's candidacy for president in 1987.<ref name=Walsh>[http://hir.harvard.edu/perspectives-on-the-united-states/egypt-s-muslim-brotherhood John Walsh. Harvard International Review: Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126071225/http://hir.harvard.edu/perspectives-on-the-united-states/egypt-s-muslim-brotherhood |date=26 November 2011}} ''Perspectives on the United States'', Vol. 24 (4) Winter 2003</ref>

The Brotherhood dominated the professional and student associations of Egypt and was famous for its network of social services in neighborhoods and villages.<ref name=Walsh/> However, the government did not approve of the Brotherhood's renewed influence (it was still technically illegal), and resorted to repressive measures starting in 1992.<ref>{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Francis|title=The Islamic world in the age of western dominance|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-83826-9}}</ref>

In the [[2000 Egyptian parliamentary election|2000 parliamentary elections]], the Muslim Brotherhood won 17 parliamentary seats.<ref>Shenker, Jack; Whitaker, Brian (8 February 2011). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/08/egypt-muslim-brotherhood-uncovered "The Muslim Brotherhood uncovered"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202000654/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/08/egypt-muslim-brotherhood-uncovered |date=2 December 2016}}. ''The Guardian''.</ref> In [[2005 Egyptian parliamentary election|2005]], it won 88 seats (20% of the total compared to 14 seats for the legally approved opposition parties) to form the largest opposition bloc, despite the arrest of hundreds of Brotherhood members. It lost almost all but one of these seats in the much-less-free [[2010 Egyptian parliamentary election|2010 election]], which was marred by massive arrests of both Brethren and polling place observers.<ref>Bayoumi, Alaa (29 November 2010). [http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2010/11/2010112912557915300.html Egypt's winners and losers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317113512/http://english.aljazeera.net//indepth/features/2010/11/2010112912557915300.html |date=17 March 2011}}. Al Jazeera.</ref> Under Egypt's emergency law Brethren could only stand as independents, but were easily identified since they campaigned under the slogan – "Islam Is the Solution".{{sfn|Bradley|2008|p=56}}

During and after the 2005 election the Brethren launched what some have called a "charm offensive". Its leadership talked about its "responsibility to lead reform and change in Egypt". It addressed the `[[Persecution of Copts#Modern era|Coptic]] issue', insinuating that the Brethren would do away with Egypt's decades-old church [[Persecution of Copts#Modern era|building-permit system]] that Coptic Christians felt was discriminatory.<ref name=Osman.p101>Osman, Tarek, ''Egypt on the Brink'', (Yale University Press, 2010) p.101</ref> Internationally the Brethren launched an English-language website and some of the Muslim Brotherhood's leaders participated in an Initiative to 'Re-Introduc[e] the Brotherhood to the West', "listing and addressing many 'Western misconceptions about the Brotherhood.'"<ref name=Osman.p101 />

Seeing this campaign as a direct threat to its position as an indispensable ally of the west against radical Islamism, the Egyptian government introduced an amendment to the constitution that removed the reference to Islam as "the religion of the state", and would have allowed women and Christians to run for the presidency. Brotherhood MPs responded by walking out of parliament rather than voting on the bill.<ref name=Osman.p102>Osman, Tarek, ''Egypt on the Brink'', (Yale University Press, 2010) p.102</ref> In addition, the movement has also reportedly played into the government's hands provoking non-Islamist Egyptians by staging a militia-style march by masked Brotherhood students at Cairo's Al Azhar University,<ref name=wsj>YAROSLAV TROFIMOV. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124225195098016929#printMode "Muslim Brotherhood Falters as Egypt Outflanks Islamists"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120055713/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124225195098016929#printMode |date=20 November 2018}}. ''The Wall Street Journal'', 15 May 2009</ref><ref>Osman, Tarek, ''Egypt on the Brink'' by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, 103</ref> complete with uniforms and martial arts drills, reminding many of the Brotherhood's era of "secret cells".<ref>Jameel Theyabi (18 December 2006). {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120628003427/http://english.daralhayat.com/opinion/OPED/12-2006/Article-20061218-95ae9eb8-c0a8-10ed-00b1-7119b3684228/story.html The Brotherhood's Power display]}} ''Dar Al-Hayat''</ref>

According to another observer:

<blockquote>after a number of conciliatory engagements and interactions with the West", the Brotherhood retreated into its comfort zone of inflammatory rhetoric intended for local consumption: all suicide bombers are 'martyrs'; 'Israel' regularly became 'the Jews'; even its theological discourse became more confrontational and oriented to social conservatism.<ref name=Osman.p113>Osman, Tarek, ''Egypt on the Brink'', (Yale University Press, 2010) p.113</ref></blockquote>

Two years later the Egyptian government amended the constitution, skewing future representation against independent candidates for parliament, which are the only candidates the Brotherhood can field. The state delayed local council elections from 2006 to 2008, disqualifying most Muslim Brotherhood candidates. The Muslim Brotherhood boycotted the election. The government incarcerated thousands of rank-and-file Muslim Brotherhood members in a wave of arrests and military trials, the harshest such security clampdown on the Brotherhood "in decades".<ref name=wsj />

===2011 revolution and Morsi===
{{main|Muslim Brotherhood in current politics of Egypt}}

{{See also|Timeline of the 2011 Egyptian revolution under Mohamed Morsi (July–October 2012)}}
[[File:Secretary Kerry Meets With Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi.jpg|thumb|U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] meets with Egyptian President [[Mohamed Morsi]], March 2013]]

Following the [[Egyptian Revolution of 2011|2011 revolution]] that overthrew [[Hosni Mubarak]], the Brotherhood was legalized<ref name=MBSharia/> and emerged as "the most powerful"<ref name=onislam>[http://www.onislam.net/english/news/africa/453802-brotherhood-denies-seeking-egypt-power.html Brotherhood Denies Seeking Egypt Power] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130222022319/http://www.onislam.net/english/news/africa/453802-brotherhood-denies-seeking-egypt-power.html |date=22 February 2013 }}, 7 September 2011</ref> and "most cohesive political movement" in Egypt.<ref name=Trager/> Its newly formed political party won two referendums, far more seats than any other party in the [[2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election|2011–12 parliamentary election]],<ref name=tops>{{cite web|title=Muslim Brotherhood tops Egyptian poll result|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/01/2012121125958580264.html|website=22 January 2012|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=25 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125122733/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/01/2012121125958580264.html|archive-date=25 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> and its candidate [[Mohamed Morsi]] won the [[2012 Egyptian presidential election|2012 presidential election]]. However within a year there were mass protests against his rule<ref name=ElRashidiRule>{{cite journal|last=El Rashidi|first=Yasmine|author-link=Yasmine El Rashidi|title=Egypt: The Rule of the Brotherhood|journal=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=7 February 2013|volume=60 |issue=2 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/feb/07/egypt-rule-brotherhood/?pagination=false|access-date=26 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920032637/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/feb/07/egypt-rule-brotherhood/?pagination=false|archive-date=20 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=misunderstood/> and he was overthrown by the military.<ref name=misunderstood/>

In the January–February 2011 uprising itself, the Brotherhood remained "on the sidelines",<ref name=Trager/><ref>Shenker, Jack; Whitaker, Brian (8 February 2011), [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/08/egypt-muslim-brotherhood-uncovered The Muslim Brotherhood Uncovered] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202000654/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/08/egypt-muslim-brotherhood-uncovered |date=2 December 2016 }}, ''[[The Guardian]]''</ref><ref>Fadel, Leila (7 July 2011). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-could-be-unraveling/2011/07/06/gIQAdMZp1H_story.html Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood could be unraveling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819111756/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-could-be-unraveling/2011/07/06/gIQAdMZp1H_story.html |date=19 August 2018 }}, ''The Washington Post''.</ref> but even before it was officially legalized<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt Declares Muslim Brotherhood Legal|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/egypt-declares-muslim-brotherhood-legal-123351678/158251.html|date=6 June 2011|publisher=VoA|access-date=26 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002105921/http://www.voanews.com/content/egypt-declares-muslim-brotherhood-legal-123351678/158251.html|archive-date=2 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> it launched a new party called the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13249434 Egypt: Muslim Brotherhood sets up new party] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115205003/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13249434 |date=15 November 2018 }}, BBC, 30 April 2011</ref> The party rejected "the candidacy of women or Copts for Egypt's presidency", although it did not oppose their taking cabinet positions.<ref>[http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=28554 Freedom and Justice Party Open to Copt as Deputy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026160140/http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=28554 |date=26 October 2011 }}, Ikhwan Web 11 May 2011</ref> In its first election the party won almost half of 498 seats in the [[2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election]].<ref name=tops/>

In the first couple of years after the revolution, critics speculated about both secret collusion between the Brotherhood and the powerful (secular oriented) [[Egyptian military#Politics and business|military]],<ref name=onislam/><ref>Egyptian-American intellectual [[Mamoun Fandy]] claimed that as early as February 2011, the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] (SCAF) and the MB had struck a deal, orchestrated by former Egyptian intelligence chief '[[Omar Suleiman (politician)|Omar Suleiman]], to involve the MB in the government. According to Fandy, SCAF intends to ensure the MB's victory in the elections, in return for an MB effort to draft a constitution guaranteeing the military a central role in running the country, as in the [[National Security Council (Turkey)#The role of the military in Turkish politics|Turkish model]]. ''[[Al-Sharq Al-Awsat]]'' (London), 4 July 2011. quoted in [http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/5745.htm#_edn2 Muslim Brotherhood Prepares for Parliamentary, Presidential Elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028142948/http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/5745.htm#_edn2 |date=28 October 2011 }} by L. Azuri. 25 October 2011</ref><ref name="Glain">{{cite news|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/162970/fault-lines-egypts-muslim-brotherhood|title=Fault Lines in Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood|first=Stephen|last=Glain|date=24 August 2011|access-date=27 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828130904/http://www.thenation.com/article/162970/fault-lines-egypts-muslim-brotherhood|archive-date=28 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> and a looming showdown between the two.<ref name=Fishere/> The Brotherhood and the military both supported the March [[2011 Egyptian constitutional referendum|constitutional referendum]] which most Egyptian liberals opposed as favoring established political organizations.<ref name=victorious>[[Yasmine El Rashidi|El Rashidi, Yasmine]], "Egypt: The Victorious Islamists", ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', 4 July 2011, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2011/07/14/egypt-victorious-islamists/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825021341/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2011/07/14/egypt-victorious-islamists/ |date=25 August 2017 }}</ref> It was said to have stopped the "second revolution" against military rule<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/06/11/219973.html|last=Ajbaili|first=Mustapha|date=11 June 2012|title=Egyptians are as polarized today as they were under Mubarak|publisher=Al Arabiya News|access-date=22 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619225545/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/06/11/219973.html|archive-date=19 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "AAN 2012">{{cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/07/212579.html|title=Muslim Brotherhood siding with Egypt's army affected revolt: ex-deputy guide|date=7 May 2012|publisher=Al Arabiya News|access-date=7 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507111705/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/07/212579.html|archive-date=7 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> by remaining uninvolved during violent clashes between revolutionaries and the military in late 2011,<ref name = "BePe 05May2012">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/05/egypt-generals-wait-wing-revolution-messy|title=Egypt's generals wait in the wings as battle for democracy sours|last=Beaumont|first=Peter|date=5 May 2012|website=The Guardian|access-date=7 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930215448/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/05/egypt-generals-wait-wing-revolution-messy|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and protests over the thousands of secretive military trials of civilians.<ref name = "AbSa 06May2012">{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/06/212539.html|title=Egyptian law allows army to keep trying civilians|last1=Abdelatti|first1=Ali|last2=Saleh|first2=Yasmine|author2-link=Yasmine El Rashidi|date=6 May 2012|agency=[[Reuters]]|publisher=[[Al Arabiya]]|access-date=7 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506224422/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/06/212539.html|archive-date=6 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

Egyptian author Ezzedine C. Fishere worried that the Brotherhood had

<blockquote>managed to alienate its revolutionary and democratic partners and to scare important segments of society, especially women and Christians. Neither the Brotherhood nor the generals showed willingness to share power and both were keen on marginalising the revolutionary and democratic forces. It is as if they were clearing the stage for their eventual showdown.<ref name=Fishere>{{cite web|last=Fishere|first=Ezzedine C.|date=18 June 2012|title=Egypt's soft coup is following my dispiriting script|url=https://www.ft.com/content/c2270c32-b86e-11e1-a2d6-00144feabdc0|website=Financial Times|access-date=23 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622024615/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c2270c32-b86e-11e1-a2d6-00144feabdc0.html|archive-date=22 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

While the ruling [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] (SCAF) dissolved the parliament dominated by the Brotherhood and other Islamic parties,<ref>{{cite web|last=Daragahi|first=Borzou|date=15 June 2012|title=Egypt court orders parliament dissolved|url=https://www.ft.com/content/02c5e588-b61c-11e1-a511-00144feabdc0|website=Financial Times|access-date=24 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616185239/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/02c5e588-b61c-11e1-a511-00144feabdc0.html|archive-date=16 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> the Brotherhood won the [[2012 Egyptian presidential election|presidential election]], defeating [[Ahmed Shafik]], a former military officer and prime minister of Mubarak.<ref>{{cite news |last= Spencer |first= Richard |date= 24 June 2012 |title= Egypt election result: Muslim Brotherhood's Mohammed Morsi wins |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/9352396/Egypt-election-result-Muslim-Brotherhoods-Mohammed-Morsi-wins.html |website= The Daily Telegraph |access-date= 24 June 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120624172443/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/9352396/Egypt-election-result-Muslim-Brotherhoods-Mohammed-Morsi-wins.html |archive-date= 24 June 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name = "rallies">{{cite web|last=Saleh|first=Heba|date=22 June 2012|title=Muslim Brotherhood rallies supporters|url=https://www.ft.com/content/0efdbbbc-bbb9-11e1-9aff-00144feabdc0|website=Financial Times|access-date=23 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623230744/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0efdbbbc-bbb9-11e1-9aff-00144feabdc0.html|archive-date=23 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Daragahi|first1=Borzou|last2=Saleh|first2=Heba|date=17 June 2012|title=Egypt military makes move as polls close|url=https://www.ft.com/content/6996a48c-b847-11e1-a2d6-00144feabdc0|website=Financial Times|access-date=23 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620185427/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6996a48c-b847-11e1-a2d6-00144feabdc0.html|archive-date=20 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Saleh|first=Heba|date=22 June 2012|title=Egypt's military warns Muslim Brotherhood|url=https://www.ft.com/content/41689b2c-bc76-11e1-a836-00144feabdc0|website=Financial Times|access-date=23 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623174023/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/41689b2c-bc76-11e1-a836-00144feabdc0.html|archive-date=23 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

Within a short period, serious public opposition developed to President Morsi. In late November 2012, he issued a temporary constitutional declaration granting himself the power to [[legislate]] without judicial oversight or review of his acts, on the grounds that he needed to "protect" the nation from the Mubarak-era power structure.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hendawi|first=Hamza|url=http://www.salon.com/2012/11/28/egyptian_courts_suspend_work_to_protest_morsi_decrees/singleton/|title=Egyptian courts suspend work to protest Morsi decrees|newspaper=Salon|date=28 November 2012|access-date=8 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209125608/http://www.salon.com/2012/11/28/egyptian_courts_suspend_work_to_protest_morsi_decrees/singleton/|archive-date=9 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/28/power_grab_on_egypts_unions|title=Egyptian Labor between Morsi and Mubarak|author=Dina Bishara|magazine=Foreign Policy|date=28 November 2012|access-date=8 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202023112/http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/28/power_grab_on_egypts_unions|archive-date=2 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> He also put a draft constitution to a referendum that opponents complained was "an Islamist coup".<ref name=ElRashidiRule /> These issues<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt's Mursi annuls controversial decree, opposition says not enough|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/12/09/254059.html|access-date=9 December 2012|newspaper=Al Arabiya|date=9 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209000212/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/12/09/254059.html|archive-date=9 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>—and concerns over the prosecutions of journalists, the unleashing of pro-Brotherhood gangs on nonviolent demonstrators; the continuation of military trials; and new laws that permitted detention without judicial review for up to 30 days,<ref>{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Daniel|title=Muslim Brotherhood abuses continue under Egypt's military|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/muslim-brotherhood-abuses-continue-under-egypts-military/2013/08/15/56582d5c-05e2-11e3-a07f-49ddc7417125_story.html|access-date=22 August 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=15 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927053305/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-08-15/opinions/41412548_1_muslim-brotherhood-human-rights-watch-military-trials|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and impunity given to Islamist radical attacks on Christians and other minorities<ref name=misunderstood>{{cite journal|last=El Rashidi|first=Yasmine|author-link=Yasmine El Rashidi|title=Egypt: The Misunderstood Agony|journal=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=26 September 2013|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/sep/26/egypt-misunderstood-agony/?pagination=false|access-date=24 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920020747/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2013/sep/26/egypt-misunderstood-agony/?pagination=false|archive-date=20 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>—brought hundreds of thousands of [[2012–13 Egyptian protests|protesters]] to the streets starting in November 2012.<ref>{{cite news|author=[[David D. Kirkpatrick]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/world/middleeast/egypt-protests.html?pagewanted=2|title=President Mohamed Morsi of Egypt Said to Prepare Martial Law Decree|location=Egypt|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=26 April 2012|access-date=8 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211014938/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/world/middleeast/egypt-protests.html?pagewanted=2|archive-date=11 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Egyptians take anti-Morsi protests to presidential palace|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/egyptians-take-antimorsi-protests-to-presidential-palace-8385721.html|last1=McCrumen|first1=Stephanie|last2=Hauslohner|first2=Abigail|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=5 December 2012|access-date=5 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208005626/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/egyptians-take-antimorsi-protests-to-presidential-palace-8385721.html|archive-date=8 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> During Morsi's year-long rule there were 9,000 protests and strikes.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kouddous|first=Sharif Abdel|title=What Happened to Egypt's Liberals After the Coup?|journal=The Nation|date=1 October 2013|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/176445/what-happened-egypts-liberals-after-coup#|access-date=3 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002131327/http://www.thenation.com/article/176445/what-happened-egypts-liberals-after-coup|archive-date=2 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

By April 2013, Egypt had "become increasingly divided" between President Mohamed Morsi and "Islamist allies" and an opposition of "moderate Muslims, Christians and liberals". Opponents accused "Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood of seeking to monopolize power, while Morsi's allies say the opposition is trying to destabilize the country to derail the elected leadership".<ref name=fray>{{cite news|title=Coptic pope's criticism of president marks trend in Egypt, where no one is above the fray|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypts-coptic-pope-blasts-islamist-president-over-handling-of-recent-sectarian-violence/2013/04/09/ae39df50-a0f9-11e2-bd52-614156372695_story.html|access-date=9 April 2013|agency=Associated Press|date=9 April 2013}}{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Adding to the unrest were severe fuel shortages and electricity outages—which evidence suggests were orchestrated by Mubarak-era Egyptian elites.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/11/world/middleeast/improvements-in-egypt-suggest-a-campaign-that-undermined-morsi.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 "Sudden Improvements in Egypt Suggest a Campaign to Undermine Morsi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417174142/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/11/world/middleeast/improvements-in-egypt-suggest-a-campaign-that-undermined-morsi.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |date=17 April 2017}} by Ben Hubbard and [[David D. Kirkpatrick]], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 10 July 2013</ref>

By 29 June, the [[Tamarod]] (rebellion) movement claimed it had collected more than 22 million signatures calling for Morsi to step down.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tahrir Square protesters show President Mursi the 'red card'|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/06/30/Egypt-braces-for-June-30-rebellion-as-Mursi-marks-first-year-.html|access-date=1 July 2013|publisher=[[Al Arabiya]]|date=30 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124420/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/06/30/Egypt-braces-for-June-30-rebellion-as-Mursi-marks-first-year-.html|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC Tamarod profile">{{cite news|title=Profile: Egypt's Tamarod protest movement|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23131953|access-date=1 July 2013|work=BBC News|date=1 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702013829/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23131953|archive-date=2 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> A day later, [[June 2013 Egyptian protests|mass demonstrations]] occurred across Egypt urging Morsi to step down.<ref name=misunderstood/> Demonstrations in support of him were organized as a response.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2013/06/heres-what-todays-massive-anti-morsi-protests-egypt-looked/66728/ |title=What Sunday's Massive Anti-Morsi Protests in Egypt Looked Like – Abby Ohlheiser |publisher=The Atlantic Wire |access-date=3 July 2013 |date=July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702115324/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/global/2013/06/heres-what-todays-massive-anti-morsi-protests-egypt-looked/66728/ |archive-date=2 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="US-hearings-2018">{{cite web |title=THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD'S GLOBAL THREAT. HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON NATIONAL SECURITY OF THE COMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND GOVERNMENT REFORM HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS. SECOND SESSION |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg31367/html/CHRG-115hhrg31367.htm |website=US Government Information |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |access-date=25 February 2023 |date=11 July 2018 |quote=We saw what happens when the Brotherhood takes control of a country in Egypt from 2012 to 2013, and the results were chilling, that then-President Mohamed Morsi defied the rule of law and granted himself near absolute power. As Egyptian leader Mohamed El Baradi put it, Morsi usurped all state powers and appointed himself Egypt's new pharaoh.}}</ref>

===After the July 2013 overthrow of Mohamed Morsi===

On 3 July, the head of the Egyptian Armed Forces, General [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] responded to the demands of the protesters in Tahrir Square during the 30 June demonstrations and after discussing the issue with the main political parties and religious leaders of the country removed President Mohamed Morsi and suspended the constitution. Brotherhood supporters staged sit-ins throughout the country, setting up camps and shutting down traffic.

The crackdown that followed has been called the worst for the Brotherhood's organization "in eight decades".<ref name=run/> On 14 August, the military declared a month-long state of emergency in response to their violence after removing the camps. In retaliation Brotherhood supporters looted and burned police stations and dozens of churches.<ref>{{cite web|last=Allam|first=Hisham|title=As Egypt Smoulders, Churches Burn|url=http://original.antiwar.com/hisham-allam/2013/08/20/as-egypt-smoulders-churches-burn/|website=Inter Press Service|access-date=25 September 2013|date=21 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927234517/http://original.antiwar.com/hisham-allam/2013/08/20/as-egypt-smoulders-churches-burn/|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

The sit-in dispersal lead to clashes, resulting in the deaths of 638 people and injury of some 4000.<ref name="ahram1">{{cite news|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/79160/Egypt/Politics-/Death-toll-from-Egypt-violence-rises-to--Health-mi.aspx|title=Death toll from Egypt violence rises to 638: Health ministry|newspaper=Al-Ahram|date=15 August 2013|access-date=19 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819045348/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/79160/Egypt/Politics-/Death-toll-from-Egypt-violence-rises-to--Health-mi.aspx|archive-date=19 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/16/world/middleeast/egypt.html|title=Islamists Debate Their Next Move in Tense Cairo|author=Kirkpatrick, David D.|author-link=David D. Kirkpatrick|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=15 August 2013|access-date=19 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817231843/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/16/world/middleeast/egypt.html?_r=0|archive-date=17 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> By 19 August, [[Al Jazeera Media Network|al Jazeera]] reported that "most" of the Brotherhood's leaders were in custody.<ref>{{cite web|title=More top Brotherhood members arrested by Egypt prosecutors|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75681/Egypt/Politics-/More-top-Brotherhood-members-arrested-by-Egypt-pro.aspx|publisher=Ahram Online|access-date=4 July 2013|date=4 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705031417/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/75681/Egypt/Politics-/More-top-Brotherhood-members-arrested-by-Egypt-pro.aspx|archive-date=5 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt police arrest top Brotherhood leaders|url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Egypt-police-arrest-top-Brotherhood-leaders-318651|website=The Jerusalem Post|access-date=4 July 2013|date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706055022/http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Egypt-police-arrest-top-Brotherhood-leaders-318651|archive-date=6 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> On that day Brotherhood Supreme Leader [[Mohammed Badie]] was arrested,<ref>{{cite web|title=Egyptian military police arrest Brotherhood supreme guide|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/egyptian-military-police-arrest-brotherhood-supreme-guide|publisher=Egypt Independent|access-date=4 July 2013|date=4 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704235528/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/egyptian-military-police-arrest-brotherhood-supreme-guide|archive-date=4 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> crossing a "red line", as even [[Hosni Mubarak]] had never arrested him.<ref name=badie>{{cite web|title=Egypt arrests Muslim Brotherhood's top leader|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013819235957279126.html|website=20 August 2013|access-date=25 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011072504/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013819235957279126.html|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 23 September, a court ordered the group outlawed and its assets seized.<ref name=shut/> Two days later security forces shuttered the main office of the newspaper of the Freedom and Justice Party, and confiscated its equipment.<ref name=shut>[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/25/egypt-shuts-down-muslim-brotherhood-newspaper_n_3987152.html Egypt Shuts Down Muslim Brotherhood Newspaper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925191247/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/25/egypt-shuts-down-muslim-brotherhood-newspaper_n_3987152.html |date=25 September 2013 }}| AP |25 September 2013</ref> Muslim Brotherhood criticized the decision to seize its assets and those of MB linked charities as opening the door to Christian charities and part of a campaign against Islam.<ref name=MBst>[http://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/366318 Seizing charities helps church; Muslim Brotherhood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193124/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/366318 |date=4 March 2016 }}| almasryalyoum.com| 26 December 2013|([https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasryalyoum.com%2Fnews%2Fdetails%2F366318&edit-text=&act=url translated article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909215845/https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasryalyoum.com%2Fnews%2Fdetails%2F366318&edit-text=&act=url |date=9 September 2015 }})</ref>

Some question whether the military and security services can effectively crush the Brotherhood. Unlike the last major crackdown in the 1950s, when Egypt's "public sphere and information space" was tightly controlled, the Brotherhood has a larger and broader international presence beyond the reach of Egypt's government to sustain itself.<ref name=amro>{{cite web|last=Ali|first=Amro|title=Not My Brotherhood's Keeper: The Fallacy of Crushing Egypt's Chief Islamist Group|url=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/egyptsource/not-my-brotherhood-s-keeper-the-fallacy-of-crushing-egypt-s-chief-islamist-group|date=1 October 2013|publisher=Atlantic Council|access-date=5 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005103149/http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/egyptsource/not-my-brotherhood-s-keeper-the-fallacy-of-crushing-egypt-s-chief-islamist-group|archive-date=5 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Others—such as Hussein Ibish and journalist [[Peter Hessler]]—believe its "unlikely" that the Brotherhood will return to political prominence soon, because of its aggressive but incompetent performance while in power.<ref name=Hessler/><ref name=Ibish3/> According to Hessler, the group antagonized the powerful entrenched government institutions, the news media and millions of non-supporters, acting "with just enough aggression to provoke an outsized response", while not having nearly enough military resources to defend itself against that response.<ref name=Hessler>{{cite magazine|last=Hessler|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Hessler|title=Keeping the Faith|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=7 October 2013|url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2013/10/07/131007fa_fact_hessler|access-date=8 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003214235/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2013/10/07/131007fa_fact_hessler|archive-date=3 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> It "no longer leads the anti-government movement" and has even lost its "religious credibility", such that "at mosques, even staunch opponents of the coup told me that they wouldn't vote for the Brotherhood again".<ref name=Hessler/> Hessler also argues that "the strong showing for the party in post-revolution elections exaggerated MB strength, noting that in one Upper Egyptian district ([[El Balyana]]), the MB party had dominated the Presidential vote and nearly won a parliamentary seat, but the Brotherhood itself had only ten local members in a district of approximately six hundred thousand. Since then its support has declined drastically.".<ref name=NYER-7-March-2016>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=7 March 2016 |last=Hessler|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Hessler|title=Letter from El-Balyana |access-date=21 March 2016 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/07/egypts-singular-stay-at-home-campaigns |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319002352/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/07/egypts-singular-stay-at-home-campaigns |archive-date=19 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to one Islamist but non-member quoted in the Africa Report in 2021,{{blockquote|Even support given to families of imprisoned and killed members [in Egypt by the international MB] have stopped or is very little, ... The Brotherhood [has given] up on the people inside and outside prisons in Egypt, and now the leadership in Qatar, Turkey, and London are fighting ... Life has to go on, and we have to complete the struggle on our own. The Brotherhood is a phase that ended and now we have to take care of our own.<ref name="Sorour-AR-26-11-2021">{{cite news |last1=Sorour |first1=Abir |title=The Clampdown – Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood: What's happened to the Islamist group after being banned? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/150347/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-whats-happened-to-the-islamist-group-after-being-banned/ |access-date=25 February 2023 |work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=26 November 2021}}</ref>}}

Hussein Ibish believes the Brotherhood is being challenged by the [[Salafi]] movement, and is undergoing a crisis so severe that "what ultimately emerges from the current wreckage [may] be unrecognisably different" from the traditional Brotherhood.<ref name=Ibish3>{{cite web|last=Ibish|first=Hussein|title=Is this the end of the failed Muslim Brotherhood project?|url=http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/is-this-the-end-of-the-failed-muslim-brotherhood-project|website=5 October 2013|publisher=The National|access-date=8 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007102619/http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/is-this-the-end-of-the-failed-muslim-brotherhood-project|archive-date=7 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A day after the [[December 2013 Mansoura bombing|2013 bombing]] of a security directorate building in [[Mansoura]], the interim government declared the Muslim Brotherhood movement a [[terrorist group]]<ref name="BBC-terrorist"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Gregg Carlstrom|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/12/egypt-declares-brotherhood-terrorist-group-201312251544398545.html|title=Egypt declares Brotherhood 'terrorist group' – Middle East|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]|date=25 December 2013|access-date=25 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226131315/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/12/egypt-declares-brotherhood-terrorist-group-201312251544398545.html|archive-date=26 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>—despite the fact that another group, the Sinai-based [[Ansar Bait al-Maqdis]], claimed responsibility for the blast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://madamasr.com/content/explosion-nasr-city-injures-five|title=Explosion in Nasr City injures five|publisher=Mada Masr|date=26 December 2013|access-date=26 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227015223/http://madamasr.com/content/explosion-nasr-city-injures-five|archive-date=27 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>According to Rifaat Laqoushah, who is a political analyst, stated that the declaration is "procedural" and has the potential to be overruled.{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/egypt-names-muslim-brotherhood-terrorist-group-155212405.html|title=Egypt names Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group|publisher=AP|date=25 December 2013|access-date=29 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419193537/http://news.yahoo.com/egypt-names-muslim-brotherhood-terrorist-group-155212405.html|archive-date=19 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> On 24 March 2014, an Egyptian court sentenced 529 members of the Muslim Brotherhood to death,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1095268/egypt-sentences-529-morsi-supporters-to-death|title=Egyptian Court ordered Death sentence to 529 Members|publisher=Dawn.com|date=24 March 2014|access-date=24 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324154308/http://www.dawn.com/news/1095268/egypt-sentences-529-morsi-supporters-to-death|archive-date=24 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> an act described by [[Amnesty International]] as "the largest single batch of simultaneous death sentences we've seen in recent years anywhere in the world".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Egypt: sentencing to death of more than 500 people is a 'grotesque' ruling|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/egypt-sentencing-death-more-500-people-grotesque-ruling|publisher=[[Amnesty International|amnesty.org.uk]]|date=24 March 2014|access-date=25 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326174913/http://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/egypt-sentencing-death-more-500-people-grotesque-ruling|archive-date=26 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 April 2014, an Egyptian court banned current and former members of the Muslim Brotherhood from running in the presidential and parliamentary elections.<ref>{{cite web|title=Court bans Brotherhood members from running for elections|url=http://thecairopost.com/news/106561/news/court-bans-brotherhood-members-from-running-for-elections|website=Cairo Post|date=15 April 2014|access-date=29 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427173413/http://thecairopost.com/news/106561/news/court-bans-brotherhood-members-from-running-for-elections|archive-date=27 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Division===
In 2015, a split appeared in the Brotherhood between an old guard afraid that resorting to violence could mean the annihilation of the Brotherhood, and a new leadership, joined by the rank and file, that believed that "only by bleeding" the regime could it "be brought to its knees".<ref name="EAR-2015"/> In May, Mahmoud Hussein, the (former) secretary general of the Muslim Brotherhood, reported on his Facebook page that [[Mahmoud Ezzat]] had "taken over" the Muslim Brotherhood. On the official Brotherhood website a spokesperson replied: "We affirm that the group's institutions, which was elected by its base last February, manages its affairs and that only the official spokesman of the group and its official outlets represent the group and its opinion."<ref name="EAR-2015">{{cite journal|last1=Tadros|first1=Samuel|title=The Muslim Brotherhood Divided – Analysis|journal=Eurasia Review|date=20 August 2015|issn=2330-717X}}</ref>

Observers attribute the dispute to a number of factors. Robert Worth notes the disastrous situation into which the old leadership had led the MB, the disruption of the MB hierarchy by the "decapitation" of the leadership through arrests and imprisonment, and the dislocation of exile (often to Turkey and Qatar) of much of the rank and file.<ref name=worth-166-9>{{cite book|last1=Worth|first1=Robert F.|title=A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS|date=2016|publisher=Pan Macmillan |pages=166–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNOLCgAAQBAJ&q=rage+for+order+worth&pg=PP7 |access-date=31 July 2016|ref=RFWRfO2016|isbn=9780374710712}}</ref> Samuel Tadros credits changes in the MB to the influence of Revolutionary Salafists, many of whom allied with the Brotherhood in the year before the As-Sisi coup. When Islamists broke through security barriers to join the Brotherhood at Nahda and Rab'a squares, "ideas flowed freely and bonds were created", with the Salafists influencing MB more than vice versa.<ref name="EAR-2015"/> Salafist joined the anti-coup alliance of the MB, and its youth moved from using molotov cocktails in self-defense to offense. The MB structure broken, young members are now influenced by "[[takfiri]] sheikhs" on satellite channels.<ref name="EAR-2015"/>

Members blamed President Morsi not for alienating non-members with his non-inclusive rule, but for being insufficiently revolutionary and not crushing the state institutions that would later overthrow him. The slogan "Our peacefulness is stronger than bullets" has been replaced by "All that is below bullets is peacefulness."<ref name="EAR-2015"/> A new body, the Administrative Office for Egyptians Abroad, clashed with the Old Guard of [[Ibrahim Munir]], Deputy Supreme Guide Mahmoud Ghozlan and others.

At the same time as the split,<ref name="EAR-2015"/> a statement titled ''Nidaa al-Kinana'' (Egypt Call) signed by 159 international MB and Egyptian Salafist Islamic scholars and endorsed by the Brotherhood was released.<ref name="memri-17-6-2015">{{cite web|title=Pro-Muslim Brotherhood Clerics Call To Overthrow Al-Sisi Regime In Egypt, Restore Mursi To Presidency|url=http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/63/0/8612.htm|website=MEMRI|access-date=13 October 2016|date=17 June 2015}}</ref> It declared the As-Sisi regime criminal and murderous and stated that the current regime was an enemy of Islam, and it was the religious duty of Muslims to "eliminate it by all legitimate means. ... Any leaders, judges, officers, soldiers, media figures or politicians, and anyone [else] who is definitely proved to be involved (even if only through incitement) in violating the honor of women, shedding the blood of innocents and unlawful killing – [all these] are murderers according to the shari'a, and must be punished according to the shari'a." (The punishment for murderers per sharia is death.) As of mid-2015 over 600,000 people had "endorsed" the petition.<ref name="EEII-2015">{{cite web|last1=Awad|first1=Mokhtar|last2=Hashem|first2=Mostafa|title=Egypt's Escalating Islamist Insurgency|url=http://carnegieeurope.eu/2015/10/21/egypt-s-escalating-islamist-insurgency/ijgn|website=Carnegie Europe|access-date=12 October 2016|date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013220036/http://carnegieeurope.eu/2015/10/21/egypt-s-escalating-islamist-insurgency/ijgn|archive-date=13 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2015, the "Revolutionary Punishment" movement celebrated six months of attacks, including the killing of 157 and wounding of 452 security personal, the destruction of 162 military cars and 53 buildings.<ref>"The Harvest of Punishment ... What is coming is more sour", el3qab.wordpress.com, 14 June 2015.{{full citation needed|date=March 2023|reason=URL? Author?}}</ref>

As of early 2025, the MB in Egypt has been described (by Georges Fahmi) as "marked by a divided leadership and a significant loss of members". A dispute remains between Mahmoud Hussein, the group secretary-general, Salah Abdel Haq, the acting guide of the Brotherhood, and the General Bureau of the Brotherhood, remains. The youth of the Brotherhood are described as disillusioned, with many deciding to "take a step back from the organization", disappointed by the competition among leadership and failure to develop a strategy.<ref name="Fahmi-ISPI-2025">{{cite web |last1=Fahmi |first1=Georges |title=The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt: An Organization Without a Movement |url=https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/the-muslim-brotherhood-in-egypt-an-organization-without-a-movement-203404 |website=Italian Institute for International Political Studies (ISPI) |access-date=24 September 2025 |date=20 Mar 2025}}</ref>

===More Repression===

As of early 2024, the movement's Supreme Guide, Mohamed Badie, his two deputies, Khairat Al-Shater and Mahmoud Ezzat, and thousands of cadres, parliamentary deputies and prominent members throughout Egypt who had been arrested following the overthrow of Morsi, remained in prison.<ref name="Hassan-memo-27-2-2024">{{cite news |last1=Hassan |first1=Mahmoud |title=Opinion. The Muslim Brotherhood's future in Egypt following Sisi-Erdogan summit |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240227-the-muslim-brotherhoods-future-in-egypt-following-sisi-erdogan-summit/ |access-date=20 November 2025 |work=Memo, Middle East Monitor |date=27 February 2024}}</ref>

The Turkish government, which had offered the Brotherhood "refuge and a platform" following its repression in Egypt, started to scale back its support for the group in 2022, as Turkey was suffering from an economic downturn and felt a need to repair relations with Arab countries. In July 2025, one of Brotherhood leaders who had been taking refuge in Turkey, Mohamed Abdel Hafiz, was arrested, allegedly for his part in planning/organizing terrorist plots in Egypt.<ref name="Tabikha-22-7-25">{{cite news |last1=Tabikha |first1=Kamal |title=Turkey's arrest of Muslim Brotherhood leader signals commitment to warming Egypt bond |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2025/07/22/turkeys-arrest-of-muslim-brotherhood-leader-signals-commitment-to-warming-egypt-bond/ |access-date=21 November 2025 |work=The National (Abu Dhabi) |date=22 July 2025}}</ref>

== General leaders ==
Supreme guides or General leaders (G.L.) of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt have been:
{| class="wikitable"
!{{abbr|No.|Number}}
!Image
!Name
!Term
|-
|1
|[[File:Hassan al-Banna.jpg|80px]]
|[[Hassan al-Banna]] ({{lang|ar|حسن البنا}})
|1928–1949
|-
|2
|[[File:Hassan El-Hodabi.jpg|80px]]
|[[Hassan al-Hudaybi]] ({{lang|ar|حسن الهضيبي}})
|1951–1973
|-
|3
|[[File:Omar El-Telmesani.jpg|80px]]
|[[Umar al-Tilmisani]] ({{lang|ar|عمر التلمساني}})
|1973–1986
|-
|4
|
|[[Muhammad Hamid Abu al-Nasr]] ({{lang|ar|محمد حامد أبو النصر}})
|1986–1996
|-
|5
|
|[[Mustafa Mashhur]] ({{lang|ar|مصطفى مشهور}})
|1996–2002
|-
|6
|
|[[Ma'mun al-Hudaybi]] ({{lang|ar|مأمون الهضيبي}})
|2002–2004
|-
|7
|[[File:Mohammad Akif.jpg|80px]]
|[[Mohammed Mahdi Akef]] ({{lang|ar|محمد مهدي عاكف}})
|2004–2010
|-
|8
|[[File:Mohammed Badiea.jpg|80px]]
|[[Mohammed Badie]] ({{lang|ar|محمد بديع}})
|16 January 2010–present
|}

==Beliefs, policies, strategy==

===Stated platform and goals===
The Brotherhood itself describes the "principles of the Muslim Brotherhood" as including firstly the introduction of the Islamic [[Sharia]] as "the basis controlling the affairs of state and society;" and secondly work to unify "Islamic countries and states, mainly among the Arab states, and liberating them from foreign [[imperialism]]". It denounces the "catchy and effective terms and phrases" like "[[Islamic fundamentalism|fundamentalist]]" and "[[Islamism|political Islam]]" which it claims are used by "Western Media" to pigeonhole the group, and points to its "15 Principles" for an Egyptian National Charter, including "freedom of personal conviction ... opinion ... forming political parties ... public gatherings ... free and fair elections".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=813|title=The Principles of The Muslim Brotherhood|access-date=25 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117042015/http://ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=813|archive-date=17 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2007, the Muslim Brotherhood issued a detailed political platform. Amongst other things it called for a board of Muslim clerics to oversee the government, and for limiting the office of the presidency to Muslim men. In the 'Issues and Problems' chapter of the platform, it declared that a woman was not suited to be president because the post's religious and military duties 'conflict with her nature, social and other humanitarian roles'. While underlining 'equality between men and women in terms of their human dignity,` the document warned against 'burdening women with duties against their nature or role in the family.'{{sfn|Bradley|2008|p=65}}

===Political strategy===
In his writing, Hassan Al-Banna outlined a strategy for achieving power of three stages:
* the initial propaganda stage (preparation),
* the organization stage (in which the people would be educated by the Muslim Brotherhood), and
* finally, the action stage (where power would be taken or seized).{{sfn|Bradley|2008|p=229}}

Analyzing the movement's communiqués according to the framework of the Institute for Propaganda Analysis (IPA), the institute found the communiqués served goals of
#discrediting the current military regime;
# winning the hearts and minds of Egyptians; and,
# establishing themselves as a legitimate political actor.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Moeen |last1=Koa |date=2018 |title=Techniques of Strategic Political Communication: The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood's Persuasive Devices |journal=International Journal of Strategic Communication |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=571–598 |doi=10.1080/1553118X.2018.1467914|s2cid=149804592 }}</ref>

===Political viewpoints===
The Brotherhood's self-description as moderate and rejecting violence has created disagreement among observers.<ref name="theatlantic.com">[https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/05/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-sticks-with-bin-laden/238218/ Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood Sticks With Bin Laden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307205908/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/05/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-sticks-with-bin-laden/238218/ |date=7 March 2017}}. ''The Atlantic''. 3 May 2011</ref> Political moderation is a contested concept,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Faith in Moderation: Islamist Parties in Jordan and Yemen|last=Schwedler|first=Jillian|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-85113-8}}</ref> and various authors have a put forth a range of opinions on the issue.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tsourapas|first=Gerasimos|year=2013|title=A Review of Mariz Tadros, The Muslim Brotherhood in contemporary Egypt: democracy redefined or confined?, (London: Routledge, 2012), pp. 196|url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/research/rsa/journalofgraduateresearch/edition-5/file84478.pdf|journal=Polyvocia, the SOAS Journal of Graduate Research|volume=5|access-date=5 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809032504/https://www.soas.ac.uk/research/rsa/journalofgraduateresearch/edition-5/file84478.pdf|archive-date=9 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> For some, this is a question of using violence or not: a Western author, ([[Eric Trager]]), interviewing 30 current and former members of the Brotherhood in 2011 and found that the Brethren he talked to emphasised "important exceptions" to the position of non-violence, namely conflicts in [[Afghanistan]], [[Bosnia]], [[Chechnya]], [[Iraq]], and [[Palestine]].<ref name=Trager /> Trager quotes the former Supreme Guide [[Mohammed Mahdi Akef]] as telling him

<blockquote>We believe that [[Zionism]], the United States, and England are gangs that kill children and women and men and destroy houses and fields. ... Zionism is a gang, not a country. So we will resist them until they don't have a country.<ref name=Trager /></blockquote>

Trager and other have also noted the MB's use of the honorific "[[sheikh]]" to refer to [[Osama bin Laden]].<ref name=Trager /> While the Brotherhood differs with bin Laden and [[al-Qaeda]], it has not condemned them for the [[September 11 attacks|9-11]] attacks because it does not believe they were responsible. A recent statement by the Brotherhood on the issue of violence and assassinations condemned the killing of "Sheikh Osama bin Laden" by the United States, saying: "The whole world, and especially the Muslims, have lived with a fierce media campaign to brand Islam as terrorism and describe the Muslims as violent by blaming the September 11th incident on al-Qaeda."<ref name="theatlantic.com" />

However, according to authors writing in the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] magazine ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'': "At various times in its history, the group has used or supported violence and has been repeatedly banned in Egypt for attempting to overthrow Cairo's secular government. Since the 1970s, however, the Egyptian Brotherhood has disavowed violence and sought to participate in Egyptian politics."<ref name="Crane">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9248/|title=Does the Muslim Brotherhood Have Ties to Terrorism|last=Crane|first=Mary|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|access-date=27 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531081741/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9248/|archive-date=31 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jeremy Bowen, [[BBC]] Middle East editor, calls the Brotherhood "conservative and non-violent".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12325128|agency=BBC News|title=Egypt unrest: What if Mubarak goes?|date=31 January 2011|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129084459/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12325128|archive-date=29 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the Israeli-affiliated media-watchdog group MEMRI ([[Middle East Media Research Institute]]), the Arabic language (but not the English language) website of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood has displayed much anti-Semitic and anti-Israel content. A report by MEMRI found articles engaging in [[Holocaust denial]], praising [[jihad]] and martyrdom, condemning the [[Camp David Accords|Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty]], calling for the destruction of Israel, and condemning negotiations with non-Muslims to regain lands lost by Islam. A "common motif" of the website is [[Antisemitic conspiracy theories]] warning Muslims against "the covetous and exploitative nature of the 'Jewish character'".<ref name="Rife with">{{cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=254240|title=Muslim Brotherhood site rife with anti-Semitism|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=19 January 2012|access-date=29 September 2012|author=[[Kessler, Oren]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114054625/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=254240|archive-date=14 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 13 March 2013, the Muslim Brotherhood released a statement opposing the UN declaration 'End Violence against Women' on the grounds that it would "undermine Islamic ethics and destroy the family", and "would lead to complete disintegration of society".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=30731|title=Muslim Muslim Brotherhood Statement Denouncing UN Women Declaration for Violating Sharia Principles|publisher=Ikhwan Web|date=13 March 2013|access-date=19 March 2013|author=Muslim Brotherhood|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318084914/http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=30731|archive-date=18 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/15/muslim-brotherhood-backlash-un-womens-rights|title=Muslim Brotherhood backlash against UN declaration on women rights|website=The Guardian|date=15 March 2013|access-date=19 March 2013|author=Patrick Kingsley|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820150636/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/15/muslim-brotherhood-backlash-un-womens-rights|archive-date=20 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the book ''Secret of the Temple'', written by Tharwat al-Khirbawy, a former member of the Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt, Khirbawy "explores the ideology of Mursi and the small group of leaders at the top of the movement, examining their devotion to [[Sayyid Qutb]], a radical ideologue executed in 1966 for plotting to kill president [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]".<ref name="book zyawya">{{cite web|last=Saleh|first=Yasmine|title=Egypt book blasts Brotherhood, becomes best-seller|url=http://www.zawya.com/story/Egypt_book_blasts_Brotherhood_becomes_bestseller-TR20130305nL6N0BTAU62/|publisher=Zawya|access-date=21 March 2013|author2=Tom Perry|date=5 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613153110/http://www.zawya.com/story/Egypt_book_blasts_Brotherhood_becomes_bestseller-TR20130305nL6N0BTAU62/|archive-date=13 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The book has been "dismissed by Brotherhood leaders as part of a smear campaign".<ref name="book zyawya" />

During the reign of President [[Mohamed Morsi]], the Muslim Brotherhood experienced good relations with [[Iran]], in which the [[IRGC]] was approached to establish a similar version in Egypt.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thearabweekly.com/irans-relationship-egypts-muslim-brotherhood-comes-under-renewed-scrutiny |title=Iran's relationship with Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood comes under renewed scrutiny |website=The Arab Weekly |date=12 January 2020}}</ref> After the overthrow of Morsi, leaders from the Muslim Brotherhood and IRGC met in a hotel in [[Turkey]] in 2014 to cooperate an alliance against [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/intel-leak-reveals-dirty-dealings-between-muslim-brotherhood-and-irgc-608215 |title=Muslim Brotherhood and IRGC's dirty dealings revealed in intel leak |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=19 November 2019 }}</ref> In April 2021, a Muslim Brotherhood delegation led by Hammam Ali Youssef met [[Temel Karamollaoğlu]], leader of [[Felicity Party|Saadet Partisi]],<ref>{{cite tweet |user=SaadetPartisi |title=Genel Başkanımız Temel Karamollaoğlu, Müslüman Kardeşler Teşkilatı (İhvân-ı Müslimîn) Türkiye Sorumlusu Hammam Ali Youssef ve beraberindeki heyeti kabul etti |number=1384892898282545152 |language=Turkish |date=21 April 2021}}</ref> during a period of diplomatic contacts between Turkey and Egypt, after breaking off relations since 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-03-12|title=Turkey says it has restarted diplomatic contacts with Egypt|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-egypt-diplomacy-idUSKBN2B41G9|access-date=2021-03-12}}</ref>

===Relations with non-Muslims===
Talking to television channel [[France 24]] shortly before he was elected president, Mohammed Morsi stated: "The majority of the people are Muslims and the non-Muslims, our brothers, are citizens with full responsibilities and rights and there is no difference between them. If any Muslim says anything other than this, he is not understanding Sharia."<ref>[http://www.france24.com/en/20110616-interview-mohammed-morsy-president-freedom-justice-party-egypt-elections-muslim-brotherwood Interview. Dr. Mohammed Morsy, president of Egypt's 'Freedom and Justice' party] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028131908/http://www.france24.com/en/20110616-interview-mohammed-morsy-president-freedom-justice-party-egypt-elections-muslim-brotherwood |date=28 October 2013}}, France 24, 19 June 2011</ref>

However, after Morsi took power as president, critics complained that attitudes of and actions by Brotherhood leaders concerning non-Muslims changed. In late April 2013 a [[fatwa]] issued by a member of the MB general guide's office—'Abd Al-Rahman Al-Barr (who is often referred to as the movement's mufti)—forbade Muslims from greeting Christians on their [[Easter]] holiday,<ref>It also noted some Salafi leaders forbade Muslims to greet Christians on any Christian holiday, but that the Egyptian Muslim establishment opposed these fatwas and stated greetings were allowed.</ref> explaining that Easter and resurrection were contrary to the Muslim faith. "Jesus did not die and was not crucified, but rather Allah gave him protection from the Jews and raised [Jesus] up to Him ... which is why we do not greet anyone for something we strongly believe is wrong."<ref name=greeting/> This was a change in practice from past MB leaders and even Al-Barr himself who had not only allowed but practiced the greeting of Christians on Easter, according to Coptic and opposition leaders. Columnist A'la Al-'Aribi in the daily ''[[Al-Wafd]]'' attacked the fatwa as "politics disguised as shari'a". Al-Barr's previous "view reflected the position of the MB at that time – but now that circumstances have changed [and the MB is in power], he has changed his position..."<ref name=greeting>{{cite web|title=In Advance of Orthodox Easter in Egypt, Muslim Brotherhood And Salafis Issue Fatwas Forbidding Greeting Copts on Their Holidays |url=https://www.memri.org/reports/advance-orthodox-easter-egypt-muslim-brotherhood-and-salafis-issue-fatwas-forbidding-0 |date=3 May 2013|publisher=[[Middle East Media Research Institute]]|access-date=4 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507133910/http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/7165.htm|archive-date=7 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another article in newsobserver.com noted President and former MB official Mohammed Morsi "has done little to assuage concerns" of Christians by being "slow to condemn the latest round of sectarian violence" in April 2013, not attend the naming of the [[Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria|new Coptic pope]], and having no plans to attend Coptic Easter services – an annual custom of the [[Hosni Mubarak|former Egyptian President]].<ref name=debate>{{cite news|last=Youssef|first=Nancy A.|title=Debate over Easter greetings roil Egypt's sensitive religious tension|url=http://www.newsobserver.com/2013/05/03/2868697/debate-over-easter-greetings-roil.html|access-date=4 May 2013|newspaper=News Observer|date=3 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507081530/http://www.newsobserver.com/2013/05/03/2868697/debate-over-easter-greetings-roil.html|archive-date=7 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2013, following the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|3 July 2013 Coup]] and clashes between the military and Morsi supporters, there were [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état#Violence against Coptic Christians|widespread attacks]] on Christian Coptic churches and institutions. ''[[USA Today]]'' reported that "forty churches have been looted and torched, while 23 others have been attacked and heavily damaged". The Facebook page of the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party was "rife with false accusations meant to foment hatred against Copts", according to journalist Kirsten Powers. The party's page claimed that the Church had declared "war against Islam and Muslims". Despite the Christians relatively minor role in the campaign against President Morsi, the page justified the attacks by saying: "After all this people ask why they burn the churches." Later it posted: "For every action there is a reaction" and "The Pope of the Church is involved in the removal of the first elected Islamist president. The Pope of the Church alleges Islamic Sharia is backwards, stubborn, and reactionary."<ref name=helwan>{{cite web|title=FJP Helwan Facebook page on church attacks|url=http://mbinenglish.wordpress.com/2013/08/16/fjp-helwan-facebook-page-on-church-attacks/|date=16 August 2013|publisher=mbinenglish|access-date=22 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821000941/http://mbinenglish.wordpress.com/2013/08/16/fjp-helwan-facebook-page-on-church-attacks/|archive-date=21 August 2013|url-status=live}}{{unreliable source?|date=September 2013}}</ref><ref name=MB-war>{{cite news|last=Powers|first=Kirsten|title=The Muslim Brotherhood's War on Coptic Christians|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/08/22/the-muslim-brotherhood-s-war-on-coptic-christians.html|newspaper=The Daily Beast|date=22 August 2013|access-date=22 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822123548/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/08/22/the-muslim-brotherhood-s-war-on-coptic-christians.html|archive-date=22 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://egyptianstreets.com/2013/08/16/coptic-churches-burn-amid-violence-in-egypt/|title=Coptic churches burn amid violence in Egypt | Egyptian Streets شوارع مصر|publisher=Egyptianstreets.com|date=16 August 2013|access-date=25 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109194813/http://egyptianstreets.com/2013/08/16/coptic-churches-burn-amid-violence-in-egypt/|archive-date=9 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 August, nine Egyptian human rights groups under the umbrella group Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights, released a statement saying,

<blockquote>In December ... Brotherhood leaders began fomenting anti-Christian sectarian incitement. The anti-Coptic incitement and threats continued unabated up to the demonstrations of June 30 and, with the removal of President Morsi ... morphed into sectarian violence, which was sanctioned by ... the continued anti-Coptic rhetoric heard from the group's leaders on the stage ... throughout the sit-in.<ref name=MB-war/><ref name=personal>{{cite web|title=Joint Press Release: Non-peaceful assembly does not justify collective punishment – Rights groups condemn lethal violence against those in sit-in and terrorist acts of the Muslim Brotherhood|url=http://eipr.org/en/pressrelease/2013/08/15/1782|website=15 August 2013|publisher=Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights|access-date=22 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819175758/http://eipr.org/en/pressrelease/2013/08/15/1782|archive-date=19 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

== Organization ==
The Brotherhood applies a highly selective membership process which gives its "internal cohesiveness and ideological rigidity" and is unique among Egyptian political/social organizations in its "breadth" and "depth" of networks.<ref name=Trager /> The long (typically at least four and a half years) and closely monitored membership process is thought to have prevented infiltration by state security during the presidencies of [[Sadat era|Anwar Sadat]] and [[Mubarak era|Hosni Mubarak]].<ref name=Trager /> Its structure bears some similarity to a similar Islamist party, [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]], in having a hierarchical organization where many supporters do not reach the level of full members. Potential members are recruited by recruiters who do not at first identify themselves as Brothers to prospective members.

Estimates of the Brotherhood's membership and supporters vary between 100,000 and 600,000. According to anthropologist [[Scott Atran]], while the Brotherhood has 600,000 dues paying members in Egypt it can count on only 100,000 militants in a population of more than 80 million Egyptians.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/03/opinion/03atran.html|title=Egypt's Bumbling Brotherhood|work=The New York Times|first=Scott|last=Atran|date=2 February 2011|access-date=25 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119070653/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/03/opinion/03atran.html|archive-date=19 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'' describes it as having "millions of affiliates and sympathizers throughout" Egypt in addition to its members.<ref name=FAHIM>{{cite news|last=Fahim|first=Kareem|title=The Muslim Brotherhood, Back in a Fight to Survive|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/06/world/middleeast/the-muslim-brotherhood-back-in-a-fight-to-survive.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0&hp&pagewanted=all|access-date=6 January 2014|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121022447/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/06/world/middleeast/the-muslim-brotherhood-back-in-a-fight-to-survive.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0&hp&pagewanted=all|archive-date=21 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

How unified and powerful the Brotherhood is, is disputed. Former deputy chairman, Muhammad Habib has said, "there are fissures" in the Brotherhood, "and they may be to the very core. There is concern among the younger members that the leadership does not understand what's going on around it."<ref name="Glain" /> Another high-ranking member, [[Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh]], who was recently expelled from the Brotherhood, warned of the possibility of "an explosion".<ref name="Glain" /> Other observers (Eric Trager) have described the Brotherhood as "Egypt's most cohesive political movement, with an unparalleled ability to mobilize its followers".<ref name=Trager />

Following the 2013 crackdown, the "most leaders" of the top rank (the Brotherhood's Guidance Office), second rank (Shura Council) and third rank (heads of municipalities and administrative bureaus) are "either in prison, exile or hiding", according to Khalil al-Anani of Al-Monitor.<ref name=al-Anani-MB>{{cite news|last1=al-Anani|first1=Khalil|title=Future remains unclear for Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2014/04/egypt-muslim-brotherhood-challenges-future.html#|access-date=21 April 2015|agency=Al Monitor|date=17 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424101400/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2014/04/egypt-muslim-brotherhood-challenges-future.html|archive-date=24 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Journalist Kareem Fahim, describes the group as having "fallen back on the organizational structure that sustained it for decades" when it was banned.<ref name=FAHIM /> He reports that the Brotherhood is "becoming more decentralized, but also more cohesive and rigid".<ref name=FAHIM />

=== Supporter levels ===
* ''muhib'' ("lover" or "follower"). The lowest level of the Brotherhood is the ''muhib''. One is typically a muhib for six months, but the period can be as long as four years. A muhib is part of an ''usra'' ("family") which closely monitors the muhib's piety and ideological commitment, working to "improve the morals" of the muhib. An usras meets at least once a week and "spends much of its time discussing members' personal lives and activities". The usra usually has four or five members and is headed by a ''naqib'' ("captain").
* ''muayyad'' ("supporter"). A muhib graduates to muayyad after confirmation that the muhib prays regularly and possesses basic knowledge of major Islamic texts. This stage lasts from one to three years. A muayyad is a nonvoting member of the brotherhood. Their duties include carrying out tasks such as preaching, recruiting, teaching in mosques assigned to them by superiors. They also follow a "rigorous curriculum of study", memorizing sections of the [[Quran]] and studying the teachings of [[Hasan Al Banna]], the founder of the Brotherhood.
* ''muntasib'' ("affiliated"). This process lasts a year and is the first step toward full membership. As one Brother put it, a muntasib "is a member, but his name is written in pencil". A muntasib continues to study Islam ([[hadith]] and [[Tafsir]]) and now [[tithe]]s the brotherhood, (typically giving 5% to 8% of their earning).
* ''muntazim'' ("organizer"). This stage typically lasts another two years. A muntazim must continue memorizing [[hadith]] and complete memorization of the [[Quran]] and "can assume a lower-level leadership role, such a forming an usra or heading a chapter" of usras.
* ''ach'amal'' ("working brother"). This final level is reached after the subject loyalty is "closely probed". "An ach'amal can vote in all internal elections, participate in all of the Brotherhood's working bodies, and compete for higher office within the group's hierarchy.<ref name=Trager />

=== Offices and organs ===
* ''Murshid'' ("Supreme Guide"). Head of the Brotherhood (and of its ''Maktab al-Irshad'')<ref name=Trager />
* ''Maktab al-Irshad'' ("Guidance Office"). Maktab al-Irshad consists of approximately 15 longtime Muslim Brothers including the ''Murshid'', who heads the office. Each member of the office oversees a portfolio on an issue such as university recruitment, education, politics, etc. The office execute decisions made by the ''Majlis al-Shura'' and passes down orders through a chain of command, consisting of "its deputies in each regional sector, who call their deputies in each subsidiary area, who call their deputies in each subsidiary populace, who call the heads of each local ''usra'', who then transmit the order to their members."<ref name=Trager />
* ''Majlis al-Shura'' ("Consultative Council"). This consists of approximately 100 Muslim Brothers. Debates and votes on important decisions, such as whether to participate in national elections. Elects members of the Maktab al-Irshad.<ref name=Trager />

==== Publications ====
The Muslim Brotherhood has published several newspapers and magazines, including ''[[Al Nadhir]]'', ''[[Al Dawa]]'' and ''Majallat al Ikhwan al Muslimin''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Itzchak Weismann|author-link=Itzchak Weismann
|volume=3|issue=3–4|title=Framing a Modern Umma The Muslim Brothers' Evolving Project of Da'wa|journal=Sociology of Islam|date=2015|page=157|doi=10.1163/22131418-00303008|url=https://doi.org/10.1163/22131418-00303008|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Noha Mellor|title=Voice of the Muslim Brotherhood: Da'wa, Discourse, and Political Communication
|pages=110–113|year=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-62805-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kwrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Christine Sixta Rinehart
|title=Volatile Breeding Grounds: The Radicalization of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood|journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism|date=2009|volume=32|issue=11|page=976|doi=10.1080/10576100903262773|s2cid=144844664|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100903262773|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Social services ===
The brotherhood operated 21 hospitals throughout Egypt, providing modern medical care at subsidized prices.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/world/july-dec11/egypt_09-14.html Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood Flexes Potent Political Force] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129132019/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/world/july-dec11/egypt_09-14.html |date=29 January 2014}}| 14 September 2011</ref> It also operated job-training programmes,<ref name=IRIN>[http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=26150 EGYPT: Social programmes bolster appeal of Muslim Brotherhood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125041312/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=26150 |date=25 November 2011}}, IRIN, 22 February 2006</ref> schools in every [[Governorates of Egypt|governorate]] in the country<ref name=IRIN /> and programs to support widows and orphans.<ref name=pbs>Nadine Farag, [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/revolution-in-cairo/inside-muslim-brotherhood/piety-and-politics.html#ixzz1YzoPHX1Z Between Piety and Politics: Social Services and the Muslim Brotherhood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820013836/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/revolution-in-cairo/inside-muslim-brotherhood/piety-and-politics.html#ixzz1YzoPHX1Z |date=20 August 2017}}, PBS</ref>

An estimated 1,000 of the roughly 5,000 legally registered NGOs and associations in Egypt are run by the Brotherhood according to Abul Futouh, a leading brotherhood member.<ref name=IRIN /> Its clinics are reputed to have more available basic supplies and more up-to-date equipment.<ref name=pbs /> However, the Brotherhood's network of organizations is complex, sometimes operate under different names, and is difficult to track.<ref name=pbs />

The Brotherhood's response to the [[1992 Cairo earthquake|1992 earthquake in Cairo]], where 50,000 people were made homeless, was an example of the group's effectiveness, compared to that of the Egyptian government. It quickly mobilized to provide victims with food and blankets and setting up makeshift medical clinics and tents for shelter.<ref name=pbs />

According to Kareem Fahim, following the 2013 crackdown members have started to abandon "activities like preaching and social work" as they focus on "resistance to the military-backed government".<ref name=FAHIM />

=== Muslim Sisterhood ===
The Muslim Sisterhood is the female division of the Muslim Brotherhood. The members of the Muslim Sisterhood have been traditionally more involved in charitable activities than other members of Muslim Brotherhood. They are credited with keeping the Brotherhood together during the dark days of the 1950s and 1960s when many male members were intentionally dispersed across Egypt's prisons in order to cripple the apparatus, but the sisters "acted as an informal prison support network, carrying ideas and messages from prison to prison to sustain the Brotherhood, and were vital to their rebirth".<ref>{{cite web|last=Ali|first=Amro|title=Not My Brotherhood's Keeper: The Fallacy of Crushing Egypt's Chief Islamist Group|url=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/egyptsource/not-my-brotherhood-s-keeper-the-fallacy-of-crushing-egypt-s-chief-islamist-group|website=1 October 2013|date=October 2013|publisher=Atlantic Council|access-date=3 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005103149/http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/egyptsource/not-my-brotherhood-s-keeper-the-fallacy-of-crushing-egypt-s-chief-islamist-group|archive-date=5 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Amal Abdelkarim, head of the FJP women's section in the governorate of Giza, the sisters became more active during Nasser years because that is when they helped by interacting with society, attending charities and going to mosques.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/167164a6-1e34-11e2-8e1d-00144feabdc0|title=The Muslim sisterhood|last=Khalaf|first=Roula|date=2 November 2012|website=Financial Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117211631/https://www.ft.com/content/167164a6-1e34-11e2-8e1d-00144feabdc0|archive-date=17 November 2019}}</ref>

The work of the Muslim Sisterhood has helped to attract new members to the Muslim Brotherhood. Many of these members come from university campuses, mosques and trade unions. During the Egyptian revolution of 2011, members of the Muslim Sisterhood have become more politically active, and they participated in the founding of the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]] by the Muslim Brotherhood in April 2011.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=CNN|last=Amin|first=Shahira|title=The feminine face of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood|date=3 August 2011|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/08/03/egypt.muslim.sisterhood/index.html?&hpt=hp_c2|access-date=3 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122045055/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/08/03/egypt.muslim.sisterhood/index.html?&hpt=hp_c2|archive-date=22 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Not an auxiliary group, they intend to play an equal role in the government.<ref>{{cite news|work=Der Spiegel|last=Krahe|first=Dialika|title=The Muslim Sisterhood: Visions of Female Identity in the New Egypt|date=1 April 2011|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/the-muslim-sisterhood-visions-of-female-identity-in-the-new-egypt-a-754250.html|access-date=18 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830024511/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/the-muslim-sisterhood-visions-of-female-identity-in-the-new-egypt-a-754250.html|archive-date=30 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==

=== Books ===

* {{cite book |last1=Zalaf |first1=Ahmed Abou El |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXSSEAAAQBAJ |title=The Muslim Brotherhood and State Repression in Egypt: Secrecy and Militancy in an Islamist Organization |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2022 |isbn=9780755646623}}
* {{cite book |last1=Willi |first1=Victor J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=074OEAAAQBAJ |title=The Fourth Ordeal: A History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, 1968-2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781108830645}}
* {{cite book |last1=Santing |first1=Kiki M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOn4DwAAQBAJ |title=Imagining the Perfect Society in Muslim Brotherhood Journals: An Analysis of al-Da'wa and Liwa' al-Islam |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |year=2020 |isbn=9783110636499}}
* {{cite book |last1=Trager |first1=Eric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sEzDQAAQBAJ |title=Arab Fall: How the Muslim Brotherhood Won and Lost Egypt in 891 Days |publisher=Georgetown University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9781626163621}}
* {{Cite book |last=Krämer |first=Gudrun |author-link=Gudrun Krämer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yhu9DwAAQBAJ |title=Hasan Al-Banna |publisher=Oneworld Publications |year=2014 |isbn=9781780742120}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wickham |first1=Carrie Rosefsky |title=The Muslim Brotherhood: Evolution of an Islamist Movement |title-link=The Muslim Brotherhood: Evolution of an Islamist Movement |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780691149400}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lia |first1=Brynjar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBrKDyUsMl0C |title=The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt: The Rise of an Islamic Mass Movement, 1928-1942 |publisher=Ithaca Press |year=1998 |isbn=9780863722202 |access-date=2025-09-18}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mitchell |first1=Richard P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEaE0AEACAAJ |title=The Society of the Muslim Brothers |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1969 |isbn=}}

=== Articles ===

*{{cite journal |last1=Fulco |first1=Carmen |last2=Abdelgawad |first2=Doha S. |year=2024 |title=A movement in exile: the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood's survival action frames in the post-coup era (2013–2023) |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=430–461 |doi=10.1080/13629387.2024.2369092|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal|last=Mura|first=Andrea|year=2014|title=The Inclusive Dynamics of Islamic Universalism: From the Vantage Point of Sayyid Qutb's Critical Philosophy|url=https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/comparativephilosophy/vol5/iss1/6/|journal=Comparative Philosophy|volume=5|issue=1|pages=29–54|doi=10.31979/2151-6014(2014).050106 |ref=none|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last=Mura|first=Andrea|year=2012|title=A genealogical inquiry into early Islamism: the discourse of Hasan al-Banna|journal=Journal of Political Ideologies|volume=17|issue=1|pages=61–85|doi=10.1080/13569317.2012.644986|s2cid=144873457|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/MURAGI|ref=none}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Ibrahim |first=Saad Eddin |date=Spring 1982 |title=An Islamic Alternative in Egypt: The Muslim Brotherhood and Sadat |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857618 |journal=Arab Studies Quarterly |publisher=Pluto Journals |volume=4 |issue=1/2 |pages=75–93 |jstor=41857618}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood members}}
* [http://www.ikhwanonline.com Ikhwan Online] (Arabic)
* [http://www.ikhwanweb.com Ikhwan Web] (English)
* [http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/2011/02/201126101349142168.html "Al Jazeera Profile: Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood"], ''[[Al Jazeera English]]'' (6 February 2011)
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/08/egypt-muslim-brotherhood-uncovered "The Muslim Brotherhood Uncovered"], Jack Shenker and [[Brian Whitaker]], ''[[The Guardian]]'' (8 February 2011)
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12313405 BBC Profile: Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood], ''[[BBC News]]'' (9 February 2011)

{{Egyptian political parties}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2013 Egyptian coup d'état]]
[[Category:Anti-American sentiment in Africa]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in Egypt]]
[[Category:Banned political parties in Egypt]]
[[Category:Banned Islamic political parties]]
[[Category:Egypt in the Arab–Israeli conflict]]
[[Category:Egyptian revolution of 2011]]
[[Category:Islamic organisations based in Egypt]]
[[Category:Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt| ]]
[[Category:Organisations of the Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Africa designated as terrorist]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Argentina]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States]]
[[Category:Organizations of the Arab Spring]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1928]]
[[Category:Sunni Islam in Egypt]]

St. Stephen's School, Chandigarh

2026-03-12T07:50:36Z

Sunking: new new details nd citations

{{Multiple issues|
{{Lead too short|date=December 2020}}
{{Essay-like|date=December 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Stephen's School, Chandigarh
| image = StStephensChd03.JPG
| motto = Semper Sursum – Always Aim Higher
| location = Sector – 45B
| city = [[Chandigarh]]
| country = India
| established = {{start date and age|12 April 1982}}
| postal_code = 160047
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.7084|76.7659|display=inline,title}}
| type = Private school
| grades = Lower Five – Upper Five
| principal = Barry Francis
| staff = 165
| enrollment = 2400
| houses = 4 (Jupiter, Mars, Neptune, Saturn)
| colours = Blue and grey
| affiliation = [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]]
| founder = Harold Anthony Patrick Carver
| alumni = Old Stephenians
| website = {{URL|1=http://www.stephenschandigarh.com}}
}}
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2021}}

'''St. Stephen's School''' is a Roman Catholic school located in [[Chandigarh]], India.

The school was founded by an Anglo-Indian Catholic Principal Harold Anthony Patrick Carver in 1982. The school is affiliated to the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE) board.

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2021}}
The school was founded in 1982 by an Anglo-Indian Catholic Principal, Harold Carver. He was previously a teacher in [[St. Joseph's College, Allahabad]] and [[St. John's High School, Chandigarh]] run by the Christian Brothers.

The school was started on 12 April 1982, as a primary school from nursery to class five with a staff of twelve members. Located in three bungalows in sector eight, arrangements were later made in sectors nine and eleven until land was allotted in Sector 45 by the UT Administration. When the first batch of Class ten passed out in 1988, the school was upgraded to senior secondary level in 1997.

In October 2010, [[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall]], from the United Kingdom, visited the school. She viewed an exhibition of models on [[environment (biophysical)|environment]]al issues and another about festivals and [[cuisine]], which was organized by the UK-India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI). She also spoke to students at [[Park View Academy]] in [[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey]], London, which is twinned with St. Stephen's, via a [[video link]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Prince Charles, Camilla visit Punjab|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article813531.ece|access-date=22 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Camilla Parker Bowles: Nothing official about her Chandigarh visit|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/camilla-parker-bowles-nothing-official-abou/692574/|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=22 March 2012|date=5 October 2010}}</ref>

The school is housed in its own four-story building with over 2400 students and 165 staff members.

== Houses ==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2021}}
{The four houses are named after planets in the [[Solar System]]. All the extracurricular activities are conducted between these four houses.
* Jupiter (Royal blue)
* Mars (Red)
* Neptune (Green)
* Saturn ([[Sunglow#Sunglow|Sunglow yellow]])

== Sports ==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2021}}
Teams represent the school in state and national level competitions. Sports and games include [[cricket]], association football, [[carrom]], [[gymnastics]], [[judo]], [[karate]] and [[soft tennis]]. The school also runs a cricket academy.

=== Facilities ===
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2021}}
Sports facilities include:
* Multi-purpose Hall with a gymnasium and facilities for indoor [[badminton]], [[basketball]], and [[table tennis]]
* 1 [[Artificial Turf|pitches]]
* 1 Basketball Court
* 4 [[cricket Nets]]
* 1 field for [[Field Hockey]] and Association Football, which can be converted to four cricket pitches to accommodate seasonal sports, and a [[Cricket pavilion|pavilion]]

== Notable alumni ==
A student attending the school or an [[alumnus]] is termed a "Stephenian". There is an alumni association called as The Old Stephenian Society (TOSS).
* [[Abhinav Bindra]]<ref>{{cite web|title=BBC World Class – Twin for 2012|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/world_olympic_dreams/9451296.stm|work=[[BBC Sport]]|access-date=22 March 2012|date=8 April 2011}}</ref> – [[Gold medal]]ist for India in the [[10 metre air rifle]] event at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sikh shooter wins first ever individual gold for India at Olympics|url=http://www.worldsikhnews.com/13%20August%202008/Sikhs%20and%20Olympics.htm|date=13 August 2008|access-date=22 March 2012|newspaper=World Sikh News}}</ref>
* [[Uday Singh Taunque]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Uday's our hero, says Gen Campbell|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-12-12/chandigarh/27175765_1_lt-gen-james-campbell-col-sboto-steven-stoiber|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708153730/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-12-12/chandigarh/27175765_1_lt-gen-james-campbell-col-sboto-steven-stoiber|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 July 2012|access-date=22 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 December 2003}}</ref> – First soldier of [[Sikh]] descent to die in [[Iraq War]] while serving the [[United States Army]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India-born US sergeant's ashes buried|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040110/world.htm#2|access-date=22 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=9 January 2004}}</ref> A memorial has also been constructed in Uday's memory at the school.
* [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] – [[India national football team|India]]n professional football goalkeeper, played for Norwegian club [[Stabæk]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-18|title=Gurpreet Singh Sandhu: I can't repay what St. Stephen's has done for me|url=https://khelnow.com/football/gurpreet-singh-sandhu-indian-football-journey/|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129192244/https://khelnow.com/football/gurpreet-singh-sandhu-indian-football-journey|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[St. Stephen's School (disambiguation)]] – List of schools named after [[Saint Stephen]].
* [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE), India
* [[Indian School Certificate]] (ISC), India

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|1=http://www.stephenschandigarh.com}}
* [http://tosschd.com/ The Old Stephenians Society]
{{Schools in Punjab (India)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Stephen's School, Chandigarh}}
[[Category:Catholic schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1982]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Chandigarh]]

Bhubaneswar railway station

2026-03-11T20:37:44Z

Sunking:

{{Short description|Railway station in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|BHUBANESWAR}}
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Bhubaneswar railway station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Bhubaneswar Railway Station
| address = Master Canteen, [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|20.2656|N|85.8431|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|33.22|m|ft}}
| other =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 6
| tracks = 8 (5ft 6in) [[broad gauge]]
| line = [[Khurda Road railway division]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khurda Road Division - The Sunrise Division on the East Coast |url=https://eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1536225599999-history%20kur.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703005854/https://eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1536225599999-history%20kur.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2024 |website=Indian Railways}}</ref> [[Howrah–Chennai main line]], [[Kharagpur–Puri line]]
| parking = Available
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1896}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{start date and age|2001}}
| accessible = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BBS
| zone = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Khurda Road}}
}}
| owned =
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| status = {{color|green|Functioning}}
| passengers = 35603+
| pass_year = Daily
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Odisha#India
| map_dot_label = '''Bhubaneswar''' railway station
| map_caption = Location in [[Odisha]]##Location in India
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Bhubaneswar
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Coast Railway zone|left=Vani Vihar|right=Lingaraj Temple Road|to-left=Howrah Junction|to-right=Chennai Central|type=[[Howrah–Chennai main line]]}}
}}
'''Bhubaneswar Railway Station (BBS)''' serves [[Bhubaneswar]], the capital of the Indian state of [[Odisha]] and it is the headquarters of the [[East Coast Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. It comes under (NSG2) railway stations category of India.

==History==
{{stack|
[[File:Bhubaneswar station entrance pf6.jpg|thumb|right|Second entrance to Bhubaneswar railway station towards platform no.6]]
[[File:Trilingual Signboard at Bhubaneswar Railway Station Ticket Counter.jpg|thumb|Bhubaneswar railway station Unreserved ticket counter]]
}}
During the period 1893 to 1896, 800 miles of [[East Coast State Railway]] was built and opened to traffic. It necessitated construction of some of the largest bridges across rivers like [[Brahmani River|Brahmani]], [[Kathajodi River|Kathajodi]], [[Kuakhai]] and [[Birupa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HISTORY |url=https://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1427346652869-BNR%20history.pdf |access-date=2024-04-19 |archive-date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517093031/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1427346652869-BNR%20history.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Those days [[Cuttack]] was the capital of Orissa and Bhubaneswar was a village, a tehsil under Puri district. Since it was a tehsil a station was built. Later when Bhubaneswar became state capital in 1970, the previously existing station was improved. In 2001 it was electrified and platform no. 3 & 4 were opened.

== Major trains ==
Major trains available from Bhubaneswar are as follows:

● [[Bhubaneswar–Visakhapatnam Vande Bharat Express]] (20841/20842)

● [[Howrah–Puri Vande Bharat Express]] (22895/22896)

● [[Puri–Rourkela Vande Bharat Express]] (20835/20836)

● [[Tatanagar–Brahmapur Vande Bharat Express]] (20891/20892)

● [[Howrah–Puri Shatabdi Express]] (12277/12278)

● [[Bhubaneswar–New Delhi Duronto Express]] (12281/12282)

● [[Howrah – SMVT Bengaluru Duronto Express|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal - Howrah Duronto Express]] (12245/12246)

● [[Sealdah–Puri Duronto Express]] (22201/22202)

● [[Bhubaneswar Rajdhani Express|Bhubaneswar Tejas Rajdhani Express (Via Sambalpur City)]] (20817/20818)

● [[Bhubaneswar Rajdhani Express|Bhubaneswar Tejas Rajdhani Express (Via Adra)]] (22811/22812)

● [[Bhubaneswar Rajdhani Express|Bhubaneswar Tejas Rajdhani Express (Via Tatanagar)]] (22823/22824)

● [[Santragachi–Chennai Central AC Express|Santragachi–Chennai Central AC Superfast Express]] (22807/22808)

● [[Shalimar–Secunderabad AC Superfast Express]] (12773/12774)

● [[Howrah–Tirupati Humsafar Express]] (20889/20890)

● [[Indore–Puri Humsafar Express]] (20917/20918)

● [[Kamakhya–SMVT Bengaluru AC Superfast Express|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal - Kamakhya AC Superfast Express]] (12551/12552)

● [[Howrah–SMVT Bengaluru AC Superfast Express|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal - Howrah AC Superfast Express]] (22863/22864)

● [[Bhubaneswar–SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal - Bhubaneswar Humsafar Express]] (22833/22834)

● [[Agartala–SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal - Agartala Humsafar Express]] (12503/12504)

● [[Howrah–SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal - Howrah Humsafar Express]] (22887/22888)

● [[Bhubaneswar–SMVT Bengaluru Weekly Superfast Express|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal - Bhubaneswar Superfast Express]] (12845/12846)

● [[Howrah–SMVT Bengaluru Superfast Express|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal - Howrah Superfast Express]] (12863/12864)

● [[SMVT Bengaluru–Alipurduar Amrit Bharat Express|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal - Alipurduar Amrit Bharat Express]] (16597/16598)

● [[Malda Town–SMVT Bengaluru Amrit Bharat Express|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal - Malda Town Amrit Bharat Express]] (13433/13434)

● [[Guwahati–Bengaluru Cantt. Superfast Express|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal - Guwahati Kaziranga Superfast Express]] (12509/12510)

● [[New Tinsukia–Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal Weekly Express|Sir M.Visvesvaraya Terminal - New Tinsukia Express]] (22501/22502)

● [[SMVT Bengaluru–Balurghat Weekly Express|Sir M.Visvesvaraya Terminal - Balurghat Express]] (16523/16524)

● [[SMVT Bengaluru–Radhikapur Express|Sir M.Visvesvaraya Terminal - Radhikapur Express]] (16223/16224)

● [[Anga Express|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal - Bhagalpur Anga Express]] (12253/12254)

● [[Yesvantpur–Muzaffarpur Weekly Express|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal - Muzaffarpur Express]] (15227/15228)

● [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal - Jasidih Express]] (22305/22306)

● [[Prashanti Express|KSR Bangalore - Bhubaneswar Prashanti Express]] (18463/18464)

● [[Konark Express|Bhubaneswar - Secunderabad Konark Express]] (11019/11020)

● [[Bhubaneswar–Howrah Jan Shatabdi Express]] (12073/12074)

● [[Odisha Sampark Kranti Express|Bhubaneswar - Anand Vihar Terminal Odisha Sampark Kranti Express]] (12819/12820)

● [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Bhubaneswar Superfast Express]] (12879/12880)

● [[Bhubaneswar–Bolangir Intercity Superfast Express]] (12893/12894)

● [[Visakha Express|Bhubaneswar - Secunderabad Visakha Express]] (17015/17016)

● [[Hirakhand Express|Bhubaneswar - Jagdalpur Hirakhand Express]] (18447/18448)

● [[Bhubaneswar–Junagarh Express]] (20837/20838)

● [[Rameswaram–Bhubaneswar Express]] (20849/20850)

● [[Puducherry–Bhubaneswar Superfast Express]] (20851/20852)

● [[Bhubaneswar–Chennai Central Express]] (20853/20854)

● [[Bhubaneswar–Anand Vihar Weekly Superfast Express]] (22805/22806)

● [[Bhubaneshwar–Visakhapatnam Intercity Express]] (22819/22820)

● [[Rourkela–Bhubaneswar Intercity Express]] (22839/22840)

● [[Bhubaneswar–Tirupati Superfast Express]] (22871/22872)

● [[Pune–Bhubaneswar Express]] (22881/22882)

● [[Tiruchchirappalli–New Jalpaiguri Amrit Bharat Express]] (20609/20610)

● [[Nagercoil–New Jalpaiguri Amrit Bharat Express]] (20603/20604)

● [[Charlapalli–Kamakhya Amrit Bharat Express]] (15673/15674)

● [[MGR Chennai Central – New Jalpaiguri Superfast Express]] (22611/22612)

● [[Thiruvananthapuram–Silchar Superfast Express|Silchar - Thiruvananthapuram Aronai Superfast Express]] (12507/12508)

● [[Silchar-Coimbatore Express|Silchar - Coimbatore Superfast Express]] (12515/12516)

● [[Dibrugarh–Kanyakumari Vivek Express]] (22503/22504)

● [[Guwahati–Secunderabad Express|Silchar–Secunderabad Express]] (12513/12514)

● [[Puri–Kamakhya Weekly Express (via Howrah)]] (15643/15644)

● [[Puri–Kamakhya Weekly Express (via Adra)]] (15639/15640)

● [[Nagaon Express|Chennai Tambaram - Silghat Town Nagaon Express]] (15629/15630)

● [[New Tinsukia–Tambaram Express|Chennai Tambaram - New Tinsukia Express]] (15929/15930)

● [[Sri Jagannath Express|Shalimar - Puri Sri Jagannath Express]] (18409/18410)

● [[Howrah–Vasco da Gama Amaravati Express]] (18047/18048)

● [[Howrah–Sathya Sai Prasanthi Nilayam Express]] (22831/22832)

● [[Howrah–Mysore Express]] (22817/22818)

● [[Falaknuma Express|Howrah - Secunderabad Falaknuma Express]] (12703/12704)

● [[Dhauli Express|Howrah - Puri Dhauli Express]] (12821/12822)

● [[East Coast Express|Shalimar - Charlapalli East Coast Express]] (18045/18046)

● [[Shalimar–Chennai Central Weekly Superfast Express]] (22825/22826)

● [[Santragachi–Tirupati Express]] (22855/22856)

● [[Santragachi–Mangaluru Central Vivek Express]] (22851/22852)

● [[Coromandel Express|Howrah - MGR Chennai Central Coromandel Express]] (12841/12842)

● [[Howrah–Kanyakumari Express]] (12665/12666)

● [[Tiruchirappalli–Howrah Superfast Express]] (12663/12664)

● [[Puri–Howrah Express]] (12837/12838)

● [[Shalimar–Puri Express]] (22835/22836)

● [[Charlapalli–Shalimar Amrit Bharat Express]] (17065/17066)

● [[Howrah–Puducherry Express]] (12867/12868)

● [[Gurudev Express|Howrah - Nagercoil Gurudev Express]] (12659/12660)

● [[Howrah–Chennai Mail]] (12839/12840)

● [[Thiruvananthpuram–Shalimar Express]] (22641/22642)

● [[Tambaram–Santragachi Amrit Bharat Express]] (16107/16108)

● [[Puri–Shalimar Garib Rath Express]] (12881/12882)

● [[Paradeep–Visakhapatnam Express]] (22809/22810)

● [[Baidyanathdham Express|Puri - Patna Baidyanath dham Express]] (18449/18450)

● [[Puri–Jaynagar Express]] (18419/18420)

● [[Kalinga Utkal Express|Puri - Rishikesh Kalinga Utkal Express]] (18477/18478)

● [[Purushottam Express|Puri - New Delhi Purushottam Express]] (12801/12802)

● [[Digha–Visakhapatnam Express]] (22873/22874)

● [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Puri Superfast Express (via Titlagarh)]] (12145/12146)

● [[Tapaswini Express|Puri - Hatia Tapaswini Express]] (18451/18452)

● [[Nandan Kanan Express|Puri - Anand Vihar Terminal Nandan Kanan Express]] (12815/12816)

● [[Neelachal Express|Puri - Anand Vihar Terminal Neelachal Express]] (12875/12876)

● [[Konark Express|Puri - Mumbai CSMT Konark Express]] (11019/11020)

● [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Puri Superfast Express]] (22865/21866)

● [[Puri–Durg Express]] (18425/18426)

● [[Puri–Surat Express]] (22827/22828)

● [[Puri–Sainagar Shirdi Express]] (20857/20858)

● [[Puri–Ahmedabad Weekly Express]] (20861/20862)

● [[Rourkela–Gunupur Rajya Rani Express]] (18117/18118)

● [[Ernakulam–Patna Superfast Express (via Asansol)]] (22643/22644)

● [[Visakhapatnam–Tatanagar Weekly Superfast Express]] (20815/20816)

● [[Gandhidham–Puri Weekly Superfast Express]] (12993/12994)

● [[Kharagpur–Villupuram Superfast Express]] (22603/22604)

● [[Purulia–Villupuram Superfast Express]] (22605/22606)

● [[Bikaner–Puri Express]] (20471/20472)

● [[Valsad–Puri Superfast Express]] (22909/22910)

● [[Puri–Barbil Express]] (18415/18416)

● [[Paradeep–Puri Intercity Express]] (18413/18414)

● [[Jodhpur railway station|Jodhpur-Puri Superfast Express]] (20814/20815)

● [[Bangriposi railway station|Bangriposi - Puri Intercity Express]] (12891/12892)

● [[Rourkela Junction railway station|Rourkela - Puri Express]] (18125/18126)

● [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar - Puri Superfast Express]] (18428/18429)

● [[Ajmer Junction railway station|Puri - Ajmer Express]] (20823/20824)

● [[Khurda Road Junction railway station|Kharagpur - Khurda Road Express]] (18021/18022)

● [[Sonpur Junction railway station|Puri - Sonepur Express]] (18421/18422)

● [[Howrah–Ernakulam Antyodaya Express]] (22877/22878)

● [[Santragachi–Tambaram Antyodaya Express]] (22841/22842)

● [[Samudra Kanya Express|Puri - Digha Samudra Kanya Express]] (22889/22890)

● [[Sambalpur–Puri Intercity Express]] (18303/18304)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal bar|India|Railways|Transport}}
{{Wikivoyage inline|Bhubaneswar}}

{{Railway stations in Odisha}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1896]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Khorda district]]
[[Category:East Coast Railway zone]]
[[Category:Indian Railway A1 Category Stations]]

Book of the Later Han

2026-03-06T14:13:37Z

Sunking:

{{Short description|5th-century Chinese history book}}
{{distinguish|Book of Han}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Book of the Later Han
| image = 後漢書（宋紹興）.jpg
| caption = First page of the book
| author = [[Fan Ye (historian)|Fan Ye]] et al
| title_orig = {{noitalic|後漢書}}
| country = China
| language = [[Classical Chinese]]
| subject = Ancient Chinese history (Eastern [[Han dynasty]])
| pub_date = 5th century
}}
{{Infobox Chinese |title=''Book of the Later Han''
|t={{linktext|後|漢|書}} |s={{linktext|后|汉|书}} |p=Hòu Hànshū |w=Hou Han-shu |l=
|poj=Hiō Hàn-su
}}

The '''''Book of the Later Han''''', also known as the '''''History of the Later Han''''' and by its [[Chinese language|Chinese]] name '''''Hou Hanshu''''' ({{lang-zh|後漢書}}), is one of the [[Twenty-Four Histories]] and covers the history of the [[Han dynasty]] from 6 to 189 CE, a period known as the Later or [[Eastern Han]]. The book was compiled by [[Fan Ye (historian)|Fan Ye]] and others in the 5th century during the [[Liu Song dynasty]], using a number of earlier histories and documents as sources.

== Background ==
In 23 CE, Han dynasty official [[Wang Mang]] was overthrown by a peasants' revolt known as the [[Red Eyebrows]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Worlds Together, Worlds Apart |publisher=W.W. Norton |last1=Tignor |first=R. L. |last2=Adelman |first2=J. |last3=Aron |first3=S. |last4=Brown |first4=P. |last5=Elman |first5=B. A. |last6=Liu |first6=X. |last7=Pittman |first7=H. |date=24 October 2013 |isbn=978-0393922080|edition=Fourth edition, [Two volume edition]|location=New York|oclc=870312289}}</ref> His fall separates the Early (or Western) Han dynasty from the Later (or Eastern) Han dynasty.

As an [[Twenty-Four Histories|orthodox history]], the book is unusual in being completed over two hundred years after the fall of the dynasty. Fan Ye's primary source was the ''[[Dongguan Hanji]]'' (東觀漢記; "Han Records of the Eastern Lodge"), which was written during the Han dynasty itself.<ref name="durrant">{{cite book|last1=Durrant|first1=Stephen|title=The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900CE) | chapter=Chapter 13: Histories (Shi 史)|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|pages=195–196|edition=e-book}}</ref>

==Contents==
The book is part of four early historiographies of the [[Twenty-Four Histories]] canon, together with the ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'', ''[[Book of Han]]'' and ''[[Records of the Three Kingdoms]]''. Fan Ye used earlier histories, including accounts by [[Sima Qian]] and [[Ban Gu]], along with many others (some had similar names, such as the ''Han Records of the Eastern Lodge'' by various contemporaries throughout the 2nd century, and the ''Records of Later Han'' by [[Yuan Hong (historian)|Yuan Hong]] from the 4th century), most of which did not survive intact.

The section on the ''Treatise on the Western Regions'' was based on a report composed by [[Ban Yong]] (with a few later additions) and presented to [[Emperor An of Han]] in around 125. It presumably includes notes from his father [[Ban Chao]]. It forms the 88th chapter (or 118th chapter in some editions)<ref>Hill (2015) Vol. I, pp. xvi - xviii.</ref> of the ''Book of the Later Han'', and is a key source for the cultural and socio-economic data on the [[Western Regions]], including the earliest accounts of [[Daqin]] (the [[Roman Empire]]), and some of the most detailed early reports on India and Central Asia. It contains a few references to events occurring after the death of Emperor An, including a brief account of the arrival of the first official envoys from Rome in 166.<ref>Hill (2015) Vol. I, pp. 11; 13; 27; 181; Vol. II, pp. 202-203.</ref>

Fan Ye, himself, clearly says that the new information contained in this section on the Western Regions, is largely based on information from the report of Ban Yong:

:"Ban Gu has recorded in detail the local conditions and customs of each kingdom in the former book [''Book of Han'' or 'History of the Former Han Dynasty']. Now, the reports of the Jianwu period [25-56] onwards recorded in this 'Chapter on the Western Regions' differ from the earlier [ones by Ban Gu]; they are from Ban Yong's report [presented] at the end of [the reign of] Emperor An [107-125], and so on."<ref>Hill (2015), Vol. I, p. 13.</ref>

===Annals (紀)===
{| class=wikitable width=100%
|-
! width=10%| # !! width=15%| Title !! width=25%| Translation !! width=50%| Notes
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷1上|Volume 1 (Part 1)]] || 卷一上光武帝紀第一上 || Annals of Emperor Guangwu || [[Emperor Guangwu of Han]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷1下|Volume 1 (Part 2)]] || 卷一下光武帝紀第一下 || Annals of Emperor Guangwu || [[Emperor Guangwu of Han]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷2|Volume 2]] || 卷二顯宗孝明帝紀第二 || Annals of Emperor Xianzong Xiaoming || [[Emperor Ming of Han]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷3|Volume 3]] || 卷三肅宗孝章帝紀第三 || Annals of Emperor Suzong Xiaozhang || [[Emperor Zhang of Han]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷4|Volume 4]] || 卷四孝和孝殤帝紀第四 || Annals of Emperor Xiaohe; Emperor Xiaoshang || [[Emperor He of Han]]; [[Emperor Shang of Han]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷5|Volume 5]] || 卷五孝安帝紀第五 || Annals of Emperor Xiao'an || [[Emperor An of Han]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷6|Volume 6]] || 卷六孝順孝沖孝質帝紀第六 || Annals of Emperor Xiaoshun; Emperor Xiaochong; Emperor Xiaozhi || [[Emperor Shun of Han]]; [[Emperor Chong of Han]]; [[Emperor Zhi of Han]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷7|Volume 7]] || 卷七孝桓帝紀第七 || Annals of Emperor Xiaohuan || [[Emperor Huan of Han]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷8|Volume 8]] || 卷八孝靈帝紀第八 || Annals of Emperor Xiaoling || [[Emperor Ling of Han]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷9|Volume 9]] || 卷九孝獻帝紀第九 || Annals of Emperor Xiaoxian || [[Emperor Xian of Han]]; [[Liu Bian]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷10上|Volume 10 (Part 1)]] || 卷十上皇后紀第十上 || Annals of Empresses || [[Guo Shengtong]]; [[Yin Lihua]]; [[Empress Ma (Han dynasty)|Empress Ma]]; [[Consort Jia (Han dynasty)|Consort Jia]]; [[Empress Dou (Zhang)|Empress Dou]]; [[Empress Yin (He)|Empress Yin]]; [[Deng Sui]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷10下|Volume 10 (Part 2)]] || 卷十下皇后紀第十下 || Annals of Empresses || [[Yan Ji]]; [[Liang Na]]; [[Beautiful Lady Yu (Han dynasty)|Beautiful Lady Yu]]; [[Lady Chen]]; [[Empress Dowager Yan Ming|Empress Yan Ming]]; [[Liang Nüying]]; [[Deng Mengnü]]; [[Dou Miao]]; [[Empress Dowager Dong|Empress Dong]]; [[Empress Song (Han dynasty)|Empress Song]]; [[Empress He (Han dynasty)|Empress He]]; [[Fu Shou]]; [[Empress Cao Jie]]
|-
|}

===Biographies (列傳)===
{| class=wikitable width=100%
|-
! width=10%| # !! width=15%| Title !! width=25%| Translation !! width=50%| Notes
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷11|Volume 11]] || 卷十一劉玄劉盆子列傳第一 || Biographies of [[Gengshi Emperor|Liu Xuan]]; [[Liu Penzi]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷12|Volume 12]] || 卷十二王劉張李彭盧列傳第二 || Biographies of Wang, Liu, Zhang, Li, Peng, Lu || [[Wang Lang (died 24)|Wang Chang]] (王昌); [[Liu Yong (Xin dynasty)|Liu Yong]] (劉永); [[Pang Meng]] (龐萌); [[Zhang Bu (Xin dynasty)|Zhang Bu]] (張步); [[Wang Hong (Xin dynasty)|Wang Hong]] (王閎); [[Li Xian (Xin dynasty)|Li Xian]] (李憲); [[Peng Chong (Botong)|Peng Chong]] (彭寵); [[Lu Fang (Junqi)|Lu Fang]] (盧芳)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷13|Volume 13]] || 卷十三隗囂公孫述列傳第三 || Biographies of [[Wei Xiao]]; [[Gongsun Shu]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷14|Volume 14]] || 卷十四宗室四王三侯列傳第四 || Biographies of the Imperial Clan, Four Princes and Three Marquises || [[Liu Yan (Bosheng)|Liu Yan]]; [[Liu Xing (prince)|Liu Xing]] (劉興); [[Liu Liang (prince)|Liu Liang]] (劉良); [[Liu Zhi (prince)|Liu Zhi]] (劉祉); [[Liu Xi (Eastern Han)|Liu Xi]] (劉歙); [[Liu Ci]] (劉賜); [[Liu Shun]] (劉順); [[Liu Jia (prince)|Liu Jia]] (劉嘉)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷15|Volume 15]] || 卷十五李王鄧來列傳第五 || Biographies of Li, Wang, Deng, Lai || [[Li Tong (Ciyuan)|Li Tong]] (李通); [[Wang Chang (Yanqing)|Wang Chang]] (王常); [[Deng Chen]] (鄧晨); [[Lai Xi]] (來歙)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷16|Volume 16]] || 卷十六鄧寇列傳第六 || Biographies of Deng, Kou || [[Deng Yu]]; [[Kou Xun]] (寇恂)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷17|Volume 17]] || 卷十七馮岑賈列傳第七 || Biographies of Feng, Cen, Jia || [[Feng Yi]]; [[Cen Peng]] (岑彭); [[Jia Fu]] (賈復)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷18|Volume 18]] || 卷十八吳蓋陳臧列傳第八 || Biographies of Wu, Gai, Chen, Zang || [[Wu Han (Han dynasty)|Wu Han]]; [[Gai Yan]] (蓋延); Chen Jun (陳俊); [[Zang Gong]] (臧宮)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷19|Volume 19]] || 卷十九耿弇列傳第九 || Biography of [[Geng Yan]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷20|Volume 20]] || 卷二十銚期王霸祭遵列傳第十 || Biographies of [[Tiao Qi]]; [[Wang Ba (Yuanbo)|Wang Ba]]; [[Zhai Zun]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷21|Volume 21]] || 卷二十一任李萬邳劉耿列傳第十一 || Biographies of Ren, Li, Wan, Pi, Liu, Geng || [[Ren Guang (Boqing)|Ren Guang]] (任光); [[Li Zhong (Zhongdu)|Li Zhong]] (李忠); [[Wan Xiu]] (萬脩); [[Pi Tong]] (邳彤); [[Liu Zhi (Boxian)|Liu Zhi]] (劉植); [[Geng Chun]] (耿純)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷22|Volume 22]] || 卷二十二朱景王杜馬劉傅堅馬列傳第十二 || Biographies of Zhu, Jing, Wang, Du, Ma, Liu, Fu, Jian, Ma || [[Zhu You]] (朱祐); [[Jing Dan]] (景丹); [[Wang Liang (Han dynasty)|Wang Liang]] (王梁); [[Du Mao]] (杜茂); [[Ma Cheng (Junqian)|Ma Cheng]] (馬成); [[Liu Long (Yuanbo)|Liu Long]] (劉隆); [[Fu Jun]] (傅俊); Jian Tan (堅鐔); [[Ma Wu (Zizhang)|Ma Wu]] (馬武)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷23|Volume 23]] || 卷二十三竇融列傳第十三 || Biography of [[Dou Rong]] || [[Dou Rong]] (竇融); [[Dou Gu]]; [[Dou Xian]]; [[Dou Zhang]] (竇章)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷24|Volume 24]] || 卷二十四馬援列傳第十四 || Biography of [[Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)|Ma Yuan]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷25|Volume 25]] || 卷二十五卓魯魏劉列傳第十五 || Biography of Zhuo, Lu, Wei, Liu || [[Zhuo Mao]] (卓茂); [[Lu Gong (Zhongkang)|Lu Gong]] (魯恭); [[Wei Ba]] (魏霸); [[Liu Kuan]] (劉寬)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷26|Volume 26]] || 卷二十六伏侯宋蔡馮趙牟韋列傳第十六 || Biographies of Fu, Hou, Song, Cai, Feng, Zhao, Mou, Wei || [[Fu Zhan]] (伏湛); [[Hou Ba]] (侯霸); [[Song Hong (Han dynasty)|Song Hong]] (宋弘); [[Cai Mao (Zilin)|Cai Mao]] (蔡茂); [[Guo He]] (郭賀); [[Feng Qin]] (馮勤); [[Zhao Xi (Han dynasty)|Zhao Xi]] (趙憙); [[Mou Rong (Han dynasty)|Mou Rong]] (牟融); [[Wei Biao]] (韋彪)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷27|Volume 27]] || 卷二十七宣張二王杜郭吳承鄭趙列傳第十七 || Biographies of Xuan, Zhang, two Wangs, Du, Guo, Wu, Cheng, Zheng, Zhao ||[[Xuan Bing]] (宣秉); [[Zhang Zhan (Han dynasty)|Zhang Zhan]] (張湛); [[Wang Dan (Han dynasty)|Wang Dan]] (王丹); [[Wang Liang (Han dynasty)|Wang Liang]] (王良); [[Du Lin]] (杜林); [[Guo Dan (Han dynasty)|Guo Dan]] (郭丹); [[Wu Liang]] (吳良); {{ill|Cheng Gong (Later Han)|lt=Cheng Gong|zh|承宮}} (承宮); [[Zheng Jun (Han dynasty)|Zheng Jun]] (鄭均); [[Zhao Dian]] (趙典)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷28上|Volume 28 (Part 1)]] || 卷二十八上桓譚馮衍列傳第十八上 || Biographies of [[Huan Tan]]; Feng Yan ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷28下|Volume 28 (Part 2)]] || 卷二十八下馮衍傳第十八下 || Biography of Feng Yan || [[Feng Bao]] (馮豹)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷29|Volume 29]] || 卷二十九申屠剛鮑永郅惲列傳第十九 || Biographies of [[Shentu Gang]] ([[:zh:申屠刚|申屠刚]]); [[Bao Yong]]; [[Zhi Yun]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷30上|Volume 30 (Part 1)]] || 卷三十上蘇竟楊厚列傳第二十上 || Biographies of [[Su Jing]]; Yang Hou ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷30下|Volume 30 (Part 2)]] || 卷三十下郎顗襄楷列傳第二十下 || Biographies of [[Lang Yi]]; [[Xiang Kai]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷31|Volume 31]] || 卷三十一郭杜孔張廉王蘇羊賈陸列傳第二十一 || Biographies of Guo, Du, Kong, Zhang, Lian, Wang, Su, Yang, Jia, Lu || [[Guo Ji]] (郭伋); [[Du Shi]]; [[Kong Fen]] (孔奮); [[Zhang Kan]] (張堪); [[Lian Fan]] (廉范); [[Wang Tang]] (王堂); [[Su Zhang]] (蘇章); [[Yang Xu (Xingzu)|Yang Xu]] (羊續); [[Jia Cong]] (賈琮); [[Lu Kang (Han dynasty)|Lu Kang]] (陸康)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷32|Volume 32]] || 卷三十二樊宏陰識列傳第二十二 || Biographies of Fan Hong; [[Yin Shi]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷33|Volume 33]] || 卷三十三朱馮虞鄭周列傳第二十三 || Biographies of Zhu, Feng, Yu, Zheng, Zhou || [[Zhu Fu (Shuyuan)|Zhu Fu]] (朱浮); [[Feng Fang]] (馮魴); [[Yu Yan (Han dynasty)|Yu Yan]] (虞延); Zheng Hong (鄭弘); [[Zhou Zhang]] (周章)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷34|Volume 34]] || 卷三十四梁統列傳第二十四 || Biography of Liang Tong ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷35|Volume 35]] || 卷三十五張曹鄭列傳第二十五 || Biographies of Zhang, Cao, Zheng || [[Zhang Chun]]; [[Zhang Fen]] (張奮); [[Cao Bao (Shutong)|Cao Bao]] (曹褒); [[Zheng Xuan]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷36|Volume 36]] || 卷三十六鄭范陳賈張列傳第二十六 || Biographies of Zheng, Fan, Chen, Jia, Zhang || [[Zheng Xing]] (鄭興); [[Zheng Zhong (Zhongshi)|Zheng Zhong]] (鄭衆); [[Fan Sheng]] (范升); [[Chen Yuan (Zhangsun)|Chen Yuan]] (陳元); [[Jia Kui (Jingbo)|Jia Kui]] (賈逵); [[Zhang Ba (Borao)|Zhang Ba]] (張霸); [[Zhang Kai (Gongchao)|Zhang Kai]] (張楷); [[Zhang Daoling|Zhang Ling]]; [[Zhang Xuan (Chuxu)|Zhang Xuan]] (張玄)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷37|Volume 37]] || 卷三十七桓榮丁鴻列傳第二十七 || Biographies of [[Huan Rong]], [[Ding Hong]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷38|Volume 38]] || 卷三十八張法滕馮度楊列傳第二十八 || Biographies of Zhang, Fa, Teng, Feng, Du, Yang || Zhang Zong (張宗); [[Fa Xiong]] (法雄); [[Teng Fu]] (滕撫); [[Feng Gun]] (馮緄); [[Du Shang]] (度尚); [[Yang Xuan]] (楊璿)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷39|Volume 39]] || 卷三十九劉趙淳于江劉周趙列傳第二十九 || Biographies of Liu, Zhao, Chunyu, Jiang, Liu, Zhou, Zhao || [[Liu Ping (Gongzi)|Liu Ping]] (劉平); [[Zhao Xiao (Changping)|Zhao Xiao]] (趙孝); [[Chunyu Gong]] (淳于恭); Jiang Ge (江革); [[Liu Ban]] (劉般); [[Zhou Pan]] (周磐); [[Zhao Zi]] (趙咨)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷40上|Volume 40 (Part 1)]] || 卷四十上班彪列傳第三十上 || Biography of [[Ban Biao]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷40下|Volume 40 (Part 2)]] || 卷四十下班彪列傳第三十下 || Biography of [[Ban Biao]] || [[Ban Gu]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷41|Volume 41]] || 卷四十一第五鍾離宋寒列傳第三十一 || Biographies of Diwu, Zhongli, Song, Han || [[Diwu Lun]] (第五倫); [[Zhongli Yi]] (鍾離意); [[Song Jun]] (宋均); [[Han Lang]] (寒朗)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷42|Volume 42]] || 卷四十二光武十王列傳第三十二 || Biographies of Ten Princes of Guangwu || [[Liu Jiang (prince)|Liu Jiang]] (劉彊); [[Liu Fu (prince)|Liu Fu]] (劉輔); [[Liu Kang (prince)|Liu Kang]] (劉康); [[Liu Yan (Prince of Fuling)|Liu Yan]] (劉延); [[Liu Yan (Prince of Zhongshan)|Liu Yan]] (劉焉); [[Liu Ying (prince)|Liu Ying]]; [[Liu Cang]] (劉蒼); [[Liu Jing (Prince of Guangling)|Liu Jing]] (劉荊); [[Liu Heng (prince)|Liu Heng]] (劉衡); [[Liu Jing (Prince of Langya)|Liu Jing]] (劉京)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷43|Volume 43]] || 卷四十三朱樂何列傳第三十三 || Biographies of Zhu, Yue, He || Zhu Hui (朱暉); [[Sun Mu (Han dynasty)|Sun Mu]] (孫穆); [[Yue Hui]] (樂恢); [[He Chang]] (何敞)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷44|Volume 44]] || 卷四十四鄧張徐張胡列傳第三十四 || Biographies of Deng, Zhang, Xu, Zhang, Hu || Deng Biao (鄧彪); [[Zhang Yu (Eastern Han)|Zhang Yu]] (張禹); [[Xu Fang]] (徐防); [[Zhang Min (Han dynasty)|Zhang Min]] (張敏); Hu Guang (胡廣)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷45|Volume 45]] || 卷四十五袁張韓周列傳第三十五 || Biographies of Yuan, Zhang, Han, Zhou || [[Yuan An]]; Yuan Jing (袁京); [[Yuan Chang (Han dynasty)|Yuan Chang]] (袁敞); [[Zhang Pu]] (張酺); [[Han Leng]] (韓棱); [[Zhou Rong]] (周榮)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷46|Volume 46]] || 卷四十六郭陳列傳第三十六 || Biographies of Guo, Chen || [[Guo Gong]] (郭躬); [[Chen Chong (Han dynasty)|Chen Chong]] (陳寵)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷47|Volume 47]] || 卷四十七班梁列傳第三十七 || Biographies of Ban, Liang || [[Ban Chao]]; [[Liang Jin]] (梁慬)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷48|Volume 48]] || 卷四十八楊李翟應霍爰徐列傳第三十八 || Biographies of Yang, Li, Di, Ying, Huo, Yuan, Xu || Yang Zhong (楊終); [[Li Fa]] (李法); [[Di Pu]] (翟酺); [[Ying Feng]] (應奉); [[Ying Shao]]; [[Huo Xu]] (霍諝); [[Yuan Yan]] (爰延); [[Xu Qiu]] (徐璆)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷49|Volume 49]] || 卷四十九王充王符仲長統列傳第三十九 || Biographies of [[Wang Chong]], [[Wang Fu (philosopher)|Wang Fu]], [[Zhongchang Tong]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷50|Volume 50]] || 卷五十孝明八王列傳第四十 || Biographies of Eight Princes of Xiaoming || [[Liu Jian (prince)|Liu Jian]] (劉建); [[Liu Xian (Prince of Chen)|Liu Xian]] (劉羨); [[Liu Gong (Prince of Pengcheng)|Liu Gong]] (劉恭); Liu Dang (劉黨); [[Liu Yan (Prince of Xiapi)|Liu Yan]] (劉衍); [[Liu Chang (Prince of Liang)|Liu Chang]] (劉暢); [[Liu Bing (Prince of Huaiyang)|Liu Bing]] (劉昞); [[Liu Chang (Prince of Jiyin)|Liu Chang]] (劉長)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷51|Volume 51]] || 卷五十一李陳龐陳橋列傳第四十一 || Biographies of Li, Chen, Pang, Chen, Qiao || [[Li Xun (Han dynasty)|Li Xun]] (李恂); [[Chen Shan]] (陳禪); [[Pang Shen]] (龐參); [[Chen Gui (Shuzhen)|Chen Gui]] (陳龜), [[Qiao Xuan]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷52|Volume 52]] || 卷五十二崔駰列傳第四十二 || Biography of [[Cui Yin (Han dynasty)|Cui Yin]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷53|Volume 53]] || 卷五十三周黃徐姜申屠列傳第四十三 || Biographies of Zhou, Huang, Xu, Jiang, Shentu || [[Zhou Xie]] (周燮); [[Huang Xian (Han dynasty)|Huang Xian]] (黃憲); [[Xu Zhi (Ruzi)|Xu Zhi]] (徐稺); [[Jiang Gong (Bohuai)|Jiang Gong]] (姜肱); [[Shentu Pan]] (申屠蟠)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷54|Volume 54]] || 卷五十四楊震列傳第四十四 || Biography of [[Yang Zhen (Han dynasty)|Yang Zhen]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷55|Volume 55]] || 卷五十五章帝八王傳第四十五 || Biographies of Eight Princes of Emperor Zhang || [[Liu Kang (Prince of Qiancheng)|Liu Kang]] (劉伉); [[Liu Quan (prince)|Liu Quan]] (劉全); [[Liu Qing (prince)|Liu Qing]]; [[Liu Shou]] (劉壽); [[Liu Kai (prince)|Liu Kai]] (劉開); [[Liu Shu (prince)|Liu Shu]] (劉淑); [[Liu Wansui]] (劉萬歳); [[Liu Sheng (Eastern Han)|Liu Sheng]] (劉勝)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷56|Volume 56]] || 卷五十六張王種陳列傳第四十六 || Biographies of Zhang, Wang, Zhong, Chen || [[Zhang Hao (Shuming)|Zhang Hao]] (張晧); [[Wang Gong (Bozong)|Wang Gong]] (王龔); [[Zhong Gao]] (種暠); [[Chen Qiu]] (陳球)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷57|Volume 57]] || 卷五十七杜欒劉李劉謝列傳第四十七 || Biographies of Du, Luan, Liu, Li, Liu, Xie || [[Du Gen]] (杜根); [[Luan Ba]] (欒巴); [[Liu Tao (Han dynasty)|Liu Tao]] (劉陶); [[Li Yun (Han dynasty)|Li Yun]] (李雲); [[Liu Yu (Ziqi)|Liu Yu]] (劉瑜); [[Xie Bi]] (謝弼)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷58|Volume 58]] || 卷五十八虞傅蓋臧列傳第四十八 || Biographies of Yu, Fu, Gai, Zang || [[Yu Xu (official)|Yu Xu]] (虞詡); [[Fu Xie]] (傅燮); [[Gai Xun]] (蓋勳); [[Zang Hong]] (臧洪)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷59|Volume 59]] || 卷五十九張衡列傳第四十九 || Biography of [[Zhang Heng]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷60上|Volume 60 (Part 1)]] || 卷六十上馬融列傳第五十上 || Biography of [[Ma Rong]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷60下|Volume 60 (Part 2)]] || 卷六十下蔡邕列傳第五十下 || Biography of [[Cai Yong]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷61|Volume 61]] || 卷六十一左周黃列傳第五十一 || Biographies of Zuo, Zhou, Huang || [[Zuo Xiong]] (左雄); [[Zhou Ju]] (周舉); [[Zhou Xie]] (周勰); [[Huang Qiong]] (黃瓊); [[Huang Wan]] (黃琬)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷62|Volume 62]] || 卷六十二荀韓鍾陳列傳第五十二 || Biographies of Xun, Han, Zhong, Chen || [[Xun Shu]]; [[Xun Shuang]]; [[Xun Yue]]; [[Han Shao]] (韓韶); [[Zhong Hao]] (鍾皓); [[Chen Shi (Han dynasty)|Chen Shi]] (陳寔); [[Chen Ji (Yuanfang)|Chen Ji]] (陳紀)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷63|Volume 63]] || 卷六十三李杜列傳第五十三 || Biographies of Li, Du || [[Li Gu (Han dynasty)|Li Gu]] (李固); [[Du Qiao]] (杜喬)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷64|Volume 64]] || 卷六十四吳延史盧趙列傳第五十四 || Biographies of Wu, Yan, Shi, Lu, Zhao || [[Wu You (Han dynasty)|Wu You]] (吳祐); [[Yan Du]] (延篤); [[Shi Bi]] (史弼); [[Lu Zhi (Han dynasty)|Lu Zhi]]; [[Zhao Qi (Han dynasty)|Zhao Qi]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷65|Volume 65]] || 卷六十五皇甫張段列傳第五十五 || Biographies of Huangfu, Zhang, Duan || [[Huangfu Gui]] (皇甫規); [[Zhang Huan (Han dynasty)|Zhang Huan]] (張奐); [[Duan Jiong]] (段熲)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷66|Volume 66]] || 卷六十六陳王列傳第五十六 || Biographies of Chen, Wang || [[Chen Fan]]; [[Wang Yun (Han dynasty)|Wang Yun]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷67|Volume 67]] || 卷六十七黨錮列傳第五十七 || Biographies of [[Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions|Partisan Prohibitions]] || [[Liu Shu (Zhongcheng)|Liu Shu]] (劉淑); [[Li Ying (Eastern Han)|Li Ying]]; [[Du Mi]] (杜密); [[Liu You (Bozu)|Liu You]] (劉佑); Wei Lang (魏朗); [[Xia Fu]] (夏馥); [[Zong Ci]] (宗慈); [[Ba Su]] (巴肅); [[Fan Pang]] (范滂); [[Yin Xun]] (尹勳); [[Cai Yan (Mengxi)|Cai Yan]] (蔡衍); [[Yang Zhi (Sizu)|Yang Zhi]] (羊陟); [[Zhang Jian (Han dynasty)|Zhang Jian]] (張儉); [[Cen Zhi]] (岑晊); [[Chen Xiang (Han dynasty)|Chen Xiang]] (陳翔); {{ill|Yuan Kang (governor)|lt=Yuan Kang|zh|苑康}} (苑康); [[Tan Fu]] (檀敷); [[Liu Ru]] (劉儒); [[Jia Biao]] (賈彪); [[He Yong (Han dynasty)|He Yong]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷68|Volume 68]] || 卷六十八郭符許列傳第五十八 || Biographies of Guo, Fu, Xu || [[Guo Tai (scholar-official)|Guo Tai]] (郭泰); [[Fu Rong (Han dynasty)|Fu Rong]] (符融); [[Xu Shao]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷69|Volume 69]] || 卷六十九竇何列傳第五十九 || Biographies of Dou, He || [[Dou Wu]]; [[He Jin]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷70|Volume 70]] || 卷七十鄭孔荀列傳第六十 || Biographies of Zheng, Kong, Xun || [[Zheng Tai]] (鄭泰); [[Kong Rong]]; [[Xun Yu]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷71|Volume 71]] || 卷七十一皇甫嵩朱鑈列傳第六十一 || Biographies of [[Huangfu Song]], [[Zhu Jun (Han dynasty)|Zhu Jun]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷72|Volume 72]] || 卷七十二董卓列傳第六十二 || Biography of [[Dong Zhuo]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷73|Volume 73]] || 卷七十三劉虞公孫瓚陶謙列傳第六十三 || Biographies of [[Liu Yu (warlord)|Liu Yu]], [[Gongsun Zan]], [[Tao Qian (Han dynasty)|Tao Qian]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷74上|Volume 74 (Part 1)]] || 卷七十四上袁紹劉表列傳第六十四上 || Biographies of [[Yuan Shao]], [[Liu Biao]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷74下|Volume 74 (Part 2)]] || 卷七十四下袁紹劉表列傳第六十四下 || Biographies of [[Yuan Shao]], [[Liu Biao]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷75|Volume 75]] || 卷七十五劉焉袁術呂布列傳第六十五 || Biographies of [[Liu Yan (Han dynasty warlord)|Liu Yan]], [[Yuan Shu]], [[Lü Bu]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷76|Volume 76]] || 卷七十六循吏列傳第六十六 || Biographies of Upright Officials || [[Wei Sa]] (衛颯); [[Wang Jing (Han dynasty)|Wang Jing]] (王景); [[Qin Peng]] (秦彭); [[Wang Huan (Han dynasty)|Wang Huan]] (王渙); [[Xu Jing (Han dynasty)|Xu Jing]] (許荊); [[Meng Chang (Han dynasty)|Meng Chang]] (孟嘗); [[Diwu Fang]] (第五訪); [[Liu Ju (Shufang)|Liu Ju]] (劉矩); [[Liu Chong (Han dynasty)|Liu Chong]] (劉寵); [[Qiu Lan]] (仇覽); Tong Hui (童恢); [[Di Yi (Han dynasty)|Di Yi]] (弟翊)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷77|Volume 77]] || 卷七十七酷吏列傳第六十七 || Biographies of Cruel Officials || [[Dong Xuan (Han dynasty)|Dong Xuan]] (董宣); [[Fan Ye (Han dynasty)|Fan Ye]] (樊曄); [[Li Zhang (Digong)|Li Zhang]] (李章); [[Zhou Zi]] (周錙); [[Huang Chang]] (黃昌); [[Yang Qiu (Fangzheng)|Yang Qiu]] (陽球); [[Wang Ji (Han dynasty)|Wang Ji]] (王吉)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷78|Volume 78]] || 卷七十八宦者列傳第六十八 || Biographies of Eunuchs || [[Zheng Zhong]] (鄭眾); [[Cai Lun]]; [[Sun Cheng]]; [[Cao Teng]]; [[Shan Chao]] (單超); [[Hou Lan]]; [[Cao Jie (eunuch)|Cao Jie]]; Shen Zhong (審忠); [[Lü Qiang]] (呂強); [[Zhang Rang]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷79上|Volume 79 (Part 1)]] || 卷七十九上儒林列傳第六十九上 || Biographies of Confucian Scholars || [[Liu Kun (Han dynasty)|Liu Kun]] (劉昆); [[Zi Die]] (子軼); [[Wa Dan]] (窪丹); [[Yang Hong (scholar)|Yang Hong]] (陽鴻); [[Ren An]] (任安); [[Yang Zheng]] (楊政); [[Zhang Xing (Han dynasty)|Zhang Xing]] (張興); [[Dai Ping]] (戴憑); [[Wei Man (Han dynasty)|Wei Man]] (魏滿); Sun Qi (孫期); [[Ouyang Xi]] (歐陽歙); [[Cao Zeng]] (曹曾); [[Song Deng]] (宋登); [[Zhang Xun (Eastern Han scholar)|Zhang Xun]] (張馴); [[Yin Min]] (尹敏); [[Zhou Fang (Han dynasty)|Zhou Fang]] (周防); [[Kong Xi]] (孔僖); [[Yang Lun]] (楊倫)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷79下|Volume 79 (Part 2)]] || 卷七十九下儒林列傳第六十九下 || Biographies of Confucian Scholars || [[Gao Xu (Han dynasty)|Gao Xu]] (高詡); [[Bao Xian]] (包鹹); [[Wei Ying]] (魏應); [[Fu Gong]] (伏恭); [[Ren Mo]] (任末); [[Jing Luan]] (景鸞); Xue Han (薛漢); [[Du Fu (Han dynasty)|Du Fu]] (杜撫); {{ill|Zhao Xun (scholar)|lt=Zhao Xun|zh|召馴}} (召馴); [[Yang Ren (scholar)|Yang Ren]] (楊仁); [[Zhao Ye]] (趙曄); [[Shi Shan]] (時山); [[Dong Jun (scholar)|Dong Jun]] (董鈞); [[Ding Gong (Jin dynasty scholar)|Ding Gong]] (丁恭); [[Zhou Ze]] (周澤); [[Zhang Kan]] (張堪); Zhong Xing (鐘興); [[Zhen Yu]] (甄宇); [[Lou Wang]] (樓望); [[Cheng Zeng]] (程曾); [[Zhang Xuan (scholar)|Zhang Xuan]] (張玄); [[Li Yu (Han dynasty)|Li Yu]] (李育); [[He Xiu (Han dynasty)|He Xiu]] (何休); [[Fu Qian (Han dynasty)|Fu Qian]] (服虔); [[Ying Rong]] (穎容); [[Xie Gai]] (謝該); [[Xu Shen]]; [[Cai Xuan]] (蔡玄)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷80上|Volume 80 (Part 1)]] || 卷八十上文苑列傳第七十上 || Biographies of Writers || [[Du Du]] (杜篤); Wang Long (王隆); [[Xia Gong (Han dynasty)|Xia Gong]] (夏恭); [[Fu Yi (Han dynasty)|Fu Yi]] (傅毅); [[Huang Xiang (Han dynasty)|Huang Xiang]] (黃香); [[Liu Yi (Marquis of Pingwang)|Liu Yi]] (劉毅); [[Li You (Boren)|Li You]] (李尤); [[Su Shun (Xiaoshan)|Su Shun]] (蘇順); [[Liu Zhen (Qiusun)|Liu Zhen]] (劉珍); [[Ge Gong]] (葛龔); [[Wang Yi (Shushi)|Wang Yi]] (王逸); [[Cui Qi (Han dynasty)|Cui Qi]] (崔琦); [[Bian Shao]] (邊韶)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷80下|Volume 80 (Part 2)]] || 卷八十下文苑列傳第七十下 || Biographies of Writers || [[Zhang Sheng (Yanzhen)|Zhang Sheng]] (張升); [[Shi Jun (Han dynasty)|Shi Jun]] (仕郡); [[Zhao Yi (Fushu)|Zhao Yi]] (趙壹); [[Liu Liang (Manshan)|Liu Liang]] (劉梁); [[Bian Rang]] (邊讓); [[Li Yan (Wensheng)|Li Yan]] (酈炎); Hou Jin (侯瑾); [[Gao Biao]] (高彪); [[Zhang Chao (Zibing)|Zhang Chao]] (張超); [[Mi Heng]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷81|Volume 81]] || 卷八十一獨行列傳第七十一 || Biographies of Loners || [[Qiao Xuan (Junhuang)|Qiao Xuan]] (譙玄); [[Li Ye (Juyou)|Li Ye]] (李業); [[Liu Mao (Ziwei)|Liu Mao]] (劉茂); [[Wen Xu]] (溫序); [[Peng Xiu]] (彭修); [[Suolu Fang]] (索盧放); [[Zhou Jia (Huiwen)|Zhou Jia]] (周嘉); [[Fan Shi (Juqing)|Fan Shi]] (範式); [[Li Shan (Cisun)|Li Shan]] (李善); [[Wang Tun (Shaolin)|Wang Tun]] (王忳); [[Ling Xu]] (陵續); [[Li Chong (Daxun)|Li Chong]] (李充); [[Miao Rong]] (繆肜); [[Chen Zhong (Jinggong)|Chen Zhong]] (陳重); [[Lei Yi]] (雷義); [[Fan Ran]] (范冉); [[Dai Jiu]] (戴就); [[Zhao Bao]] (趙苞); [[Xiang Xu]] (向栩); [[Liang Fu]] (諒輔); [[Liu Yi (Zixiang)|Liu Yi]] (劉翊); [[Wang Lie (Yanfang)|Wang Lie]] (王烈)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷82上|Volume 82 (Part 1)]] || 卷八十二上方術列傳第七十二上 || Biographies of Alchemists || [[Ren Wengong]] (任文公); [[Guo Xian]] (郭憲); [[Xu Yang (Weijun)|Xu Yang]] (許楊); [[Gao Huo]] (高獲); [[Wang Qiaozhe]] (王喬者); [[Xie Yiwu]] (謝夷吾); [[Yang You (Aihou)|Yang You]] (楊由); [[Li Nan (Xiaoshan)|Li Nan]] (李南); [[Li He (Mengjie)|Li He]] (李合); [[Feng Zhou]] (馮冑); [[Duan Yi (Fuzhang)|Duan Yi]] (段翳); [[Liao Fu]] (廖扶); [[Zhe Xiang]] (折像); [[Fan Ying (Jiqi)|Fan Ying]] (樊英)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷82下|Volume 82 (Part 2)]] || 卷八十二下方術列傳第七十二下 || Biographies of Alchemists || [[Tang Tan]] (唐檀); [[Gongsha Mu]] (公沙穆); [[Xu Man]] (許曼); [[Zhao Yan (alchemist)|Zhao Yan]] (趙彥); [[Fan Zhizhang]] (樊志張); Shan Yang (單揚); [[Han Shuo]] (韓說); [[Dong Fu]] (董扶); [[Guo Yu (alchemist)|Guo Yu]] (郭玉); [[Hua Tuo]]; [[Xu Deng]] (徐登); Fei Changfang (費長房); [[Ji Zixun (薊子訓)|Ji Zixun]] (薊子訓); [[Liu Gen]] (劉根); [[Zuo Ci]]; [[Ji Zixun (計子勳)|Ji Zixun]] (計子勳); [[Wang Heping]] (王和平)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷83|Volume 83]] || 卷八十三逸民列傳第七十三 || Biographies of Hermits || [[Xiang Chang]] (向長); [[Feng Meng (Han dynasty)|Feng Meng]] (逢萌); [[Zhou Dang]] (周黨); [[Wang Ba (Ruzhong)|Wang Ba]] (王霸); [[Yan Guang]] (嚴光); [[Jing Dan]] (井丹); Liang Hong (梁鴻); [[Gao Feng (Wentong)|Gao Feng]] (高鳳); [[Tai Tong (Xiaowei)|Tai Tong]] (台佟); [[Han Kang (Boxiu)|Han Kang]] (韓康); [[Jiao Shen]] (矯慎); [[Dai Liang (Shuluan)|Dai Liang]] (戴良); [[Fa Zhen]] (法真); [[Pang Degong|Pang Gong]] (龐公)
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷84|Volume 84]] || 卷八十四列女傳第七十四 || Biographies of Exemplary Women ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷85|Volume 85]] || 卷八十五東夷列傳第七十五 || Treatise on the [[Dongyi]] || [[Buyeo kingdom|Fuyu]]; [[Sushen|Yilou]]; [[Goguryeo|Gaojuli]]; [[Okjeo|Woju]]; [[Yemaek|Huimo]]; [[Samhan|Sanhan]]; [[Wa (Japan)|Wo]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷86|Volume 86]] || 卷八十六南蠻西南夷列傳第七十六 || Treatise on the [[Nanman]], Southwestern Barbarians ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷87|Volume 87]] || 卷八十七西羌傳第七十七 || Treatise on the Western [[Qiang (historical people)|Qiang]]|| [[Qiang (historical people)|Qiang]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷88|Volume 88]] || 卷八十八西域傳第七十八 || Treatise on the [[Western Regions]] || [[Kingdom of Khotan|Yutian]]; [[Seleucid Empire|Tiaozhi]]; [[Parthian Empire|Anxi]]; [[Daqin]]; [[Yuezhi]]; [[Names of India#Tianzhu|Tianzhu]]; [[Alans|Yancai]]; [[Kashgar|Shule]]; [[Karasahr|Yanqi]]; [[Gushi culture|Jushi]]
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷89|Volume 89]] || 卷八十九南匈奴列傳第七十九 || Treatise on the Southern [[Xiongnu]] ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷90|Volume 90]] || 卷九十烏桓鮮卑列傳第八十 || Treatise on the [[Wuhuan]], [[Xianbei]] ||
|-
|}

===Records (志)===
{| class=wikitable width=100%
|-
! width=10%| # !! width=15%| Title !! width=25%| Translation !! width=50%| Notes
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷91|Volume 91]] || 第一律曆上 || One: Rhythm and the Calendar Part One ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷92|Volume 92]] || 第二律曆中 || Two: Rhythm and the Calendar Part Two ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷93|Volume 93]] || 第三律曆下 || Three: Rhythm and the Calendar Part Three ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷94|Volume 94]] || 第四禮儀上 || Four: Etiquette Part One ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷95|Volume 95]] || 第五禮儀中 || Five: Etiquette Part Two ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷96|Volume 96]] || 第六禮儀下 || Six: Etiquette Part Three ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷97|Volume 97]] || 第七祭祀上 || Seven: Rituals and Worship Part One ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷98|Volume 98]] || 第八祭祀中 || Eight: Rituals and Worship Part Two ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷99|Volume 99]] || 第九祭祀下 || Nine: Rituals and Worship Part Three ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷100|Volume 100]] || 第十天文上 || Ten: Astronomy Part One ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷101|Volume 101]] || 第十一天文中 || Eleven: Astronomy Part Two ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷102|Volume 102]] || 第十二天文下 || Twelve: Astronomy Part Three ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷103|Volume 103]] || 第十三五行一 || Thirteen: [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Five Elements]] Part One ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷104|Volume 104]] || 第十四五行二 || Fourteen: [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Five Elements]] Part Two ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷105|Volume 105]] || 第十五五行三 || Fifteen: [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Five Elements]] Part Three ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷106|Volume 106]] || 第十六五行四 || Sixteen: [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Five Elements]] Part Four ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷107|Volume 107]] || 第十七五行五 || Seventeen: [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Five Elements]] Part Five ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷108|Volume 108]] || 第十八五行六 || Eighteen: [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Five Elements]] Part Six ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷109|Volume 109]] || 第十九郡國一 || Nineteen: Commanderies and States Part One ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷110|Volume 110]] || 第二十郡國二 || Twenty: Commanderies and States Part Two ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷111|Volume 111]] || 第二十一郡國三 || Twenty One: Commanderies and States Part Three ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷112|Volume 112]] || 第二十二郡國四 || Twenty Two: Commanderies and States Part Four ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷113|Volume 113]] || 第二十三郡國五 || Twenty Three: Commanderies and States Part Five ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷114|Volume 114]] || 第二十四百官一 || Twenty Four: Officials Part One ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷115|Volume 115]] || 第二十五百官二 || Twenty Five: Officials Part Two ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷116|Volume 116]] || 第二十六百官三 || Twenty Six: Officials Part Three ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷117|Volume 117]] || 第二十七百官四 || Twenty Seven: Officials Part Four ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷118|Volume 118]] || 第二十八百官五 || Twenty Eight: Officials Part Five ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷119|Volume 119]] || 第二十九輿服上 || Twenty Nine: Records on Clothing Part One ||
|-
| [[:s:zh:後漢書/卷120|Volume 120]] || 第三十輿服下 || Thirty: Records on Clothing Part Two ||
|-
|}


== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Wikisource|zh|後漢書|''Book of Later Han'' (in Chinese)}}

; General
{{refbegin}}
* [[Chavannes, Édouard]] (1906). "[https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.56072/2015.56072.Toung-Pao-Ou-Archives-Serie2-Vol7#page/n278/mode/1up Trois généraux chinois de la dynastie des Han orientaux. Pan Tch’ao (32-102 p.C.); – son fils Pan Yong; – Leang K’in (112 p.C.). Chapitre LXXVII du ''Heou Han chou''.]" ''[[T'oung Pao]]'', Série II, Vol. 7, pp. 210–269.
* {{cite journal |title = Les pays d'occident d'après le ''Heou Han chou'' |year = 1907 |first = Édouard |last = Chavannes |journal = [[T'oung Pao]] |number = 8 |pages = 149–244 |doi = 10.1163/156853207X00111 |url = https://zenodo.org/record/2094408 }}
* {{cite book |title = Through the Jade Gate - China to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. Volumes I & II |year = 2015 |first = John |last = Hill |publisher = CreateSpace }}
* Yu, Taishan. 2004. ''A History of the Relationships between the Western and Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Western Regions''. [[Sino-Platonic Papers]] No. 131 March, 2004. Dept. of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania.
* Tan, Jiajian, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105821/http://203.72.198.245/web/Content.asp?ID=63864&Query=1 ''Hou Hanshu'' (''Book of Later Han'')]. ''[[Encyclopedia of China]]'' (Chinese Literature Edition), 1st ed.
* {{cite journal |last=Wylie |first=Alexander |title=Ethnography of the After Han Dynasty |journal=Revue d'Extrême-Orient |date=1882 |volume=1 |pages = 52–83, 198–246, 423–478 |url = https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015011559534?urlappend=%3Bseq=60 |publisher=Ernest Leroux |location=Paris|hdl=2027/mdp.39015011559534?urlappend=%3Bseq=60 }} Contains [[Alexander Wylie (missionary)|Wylie]]'s English translation of Volumes 85 (History of the Eastern Barbarians), 86 (History of the Southern and South-Western Barbarians) and 87 (History of the Western Keang) of the ''Book of the Later Han''.
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* Yap, Joseph P. (2019). ''The Western Regions, [[Xiongnu]] and Han, from the Shiji, [[Hanshu]] and [[Hou Hanshu]]''. {{ISBN|978-1792829154}}.

== External links ==
* [http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/ Silk Road Seattle - University of Washington] (The Silk Road Seattle website contains many useful resources including a number of full-text historical works, maps, photos, etc.)
* [https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/ Hou Han Shu]
* [http://chinesenotes.com/houhanshu.html ''Book of Later Han'' 《後漢書》] Chinese text with matching English vocabulary

{{Clear}}
{{Twenty-Four Canonical Histories}}
{{Han dynasty topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Twenty-Four Histories]]
[[Category:5th-century history books]]
[[Category:History books about the Han dynasty]]
[[Category:Liu Song dynasty]]
[[Category:5th-century Chinese books]]

Pelleedu Pillalu

2026-03-03T20:15:04Z

Sunking: added layout further and added references per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Pelleedu Pillalu
|image = Pelleedu Pillalu.JPG
|director = [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]
|producer = [[D. Madhusudhana Rao]]
|studio = Annapoorna Kalanikethan, Annapoorna Pictures
|writer = [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]] (Dialogue)
|story = [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]]
|starring = [[Vijayashanti]] [[Sumalatha]] [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] [[Sarath Babu]] [[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeetha]] [[J. V. Somayajulu]] [[Rama Prabha]] [[Sai Chand]]
|cinematography = [[Baba Azmi]]
|editing = [[Anil Malnad|G. R. Anil Dattatreya]]
|distributor = Music World (India, VCD)
|released = {{film date|df=yes|1982||||}}
|runtime =
|language = Telugu
|music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
}}

'''''Pelleedu Pillalu''''' ({{langx|te|పెళ్ళీడు పిల్లలు}}) is a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama film]] released in 1982 and directed by [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]. Suresh and [[Vijayashanti]] play the leads in this film, with Sangeetha, [[Sarath Babu]], [[Sumalatha]] and [[J. V. Somayajulu]] in the supporting cast. M. S. Viswanatham scored the music, while the lyrics were written by [[Srirangam Srinivasarao|Sri Sri]] and [[Aathreya]].

Actor Suresh was introduced to the Telugu screen through this film.

==Plot==
On her deathbed, the sister of P. V. Rao ([[J. V. Somayajulu]]) entrusts to him the custody of her property along with daughters Durga ([[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeetha]]) and Shanti ([[Vijayashanti]]). After her death, he usurps the property and arranges Durga's marriage with a pauper Chalapati ([[Sarath Babu]]). After learning of the maternal uncle's intentions, Durga prepares and sells household items along with Shanti for livelihood. Learning that Rao's son (Suresh) is her cousin, Shanti starts teasing him along with her friend Annapoorna ([[Sumalatha]]). After learning their relation, he too starts liking Shanti. Upon hearing about Shanti and his son, Rao accuses the sisters of usurping his property through his son. This enrages Durga, who starts an eatery in front of her uncle's hotel and develops it into a hotel to pull down his business. Rao is bedridden with his business going down. Meanwhile, Durga fixes Shanti's wedding with Chandram (Sai Chand), Ananapoorna's love interest. When Shanti learns of this, she informs Rao about her intent to wed his son and requests his help in this matter. Reformed, Rao assures her of this and instructs Shanti to follow her sister. On the wedding day, with help of Chalapati, Annapurna and her mother ([[Rama Prabha]]), Rao arranges the wedding of Shanti with his son and that of Annapoorna with Chandram. Durga gets angered at the turn of events. The story ends on a happy note with everyone present explaining the situation to Durga.

==Cast==
*[[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Ramesh
*[[Vijayshanti]] as Santhi
*[[Sai Chand]] as Chandram
*[[Sumalatha]] as Annapoorna "Poorna"
*[[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeetha]] as Durga
*[[Sarath Babu]] as Chalapati, Durga's husband
*[[J. V. Somayajulu]] as P. B. Rao(Phani Bhushan Rao)
*[[Rama Prabha]] as Annapoorna's mother
*[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantam]]
*[[Potti Prasad]]

==Crew==
* ''Director'' – [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]
* ''Story'' – [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]]
* ''Dialogue'' – [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]]
* ''Producer'' – D. Madhusudhana Rao
* ''Production Company'' – Annapoorna Kalanikethan, Annapoorna Pictures
* ''Cinematographer'' – [[Baba Azmi]]
* ''Editor'' – G. R. Anil Dattatreya
* ''Choreographer'' – K. Tangappan

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| headline = Songs
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| title1 = Padaharu Prayam
| lyrics1 = [[Aathreya]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 4:20
| title2 = Paruvapu Valapula Sangitam
| lyrics2 = [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]
| extra2 = P. Susheela
| length2 = 3:50
| title3 = Vayase Velluvaga
| lyrics3 = Sri Sri
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| length3 = 4:20
}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0155952}}
* [http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/moviedetail.asp?mid=A0002202 Pelleedu Pillalu songs on Raaga.com]

{{Bapu (film director)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pelleedu Pillalu}}
[[Category:1982 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bapu]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:1982 drama films]]

Independence Day (India)

2026-03-03T02:00:58Z

Sunking: cleanup content per standard format

{{short description|Public holiday celebrated on 15 August}}
{{Redirect2|15 August 1947|August 15, 1947||August 1947#August 15, 1947 (Friday)}}
{{good article}}
{{Pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Independence Day
| type = [[Public holidays in India|Public]]
| image = A still of Red Fort, during the 62nd Independence Day celebrations, in Delhi on August 15, 2008.jpg
| caption = The [[flag of India]] hoisted at the [[Red Fort]] in [[Delhi]]; hoisted flags are a common sight on Independence Day.
| alt = The national flag of India hoisted on a wall adorned with domes and minarets.
| observedby = [[India]]
| month = August
| duration = 24 hours
| frequency = Annual
| date = 15 August
| scheduling = Same day each year
| significance = Commemorates the [[independence of India]]
| celebrations = Flag hoisting, parade, fireworks, singing patriotic songs and the National Anthem [[Jana Gana Mana]], speech by the [[Prime Minister of India]] and the [[President of India]]
| firsttime = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1947|08|15}}
| relatedto = [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]]
}}
{{Part of History of India}}

'''Independence Day''' is celebrated annually on 15 August as a [[Public holidays in India|public holiday in India]] commemorating the nation's [[Indian independence movement|independence from the United Kingdom]] on 15 August 1947. On this day the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]] came into effect, transferring legislative [[sovereignty]] to the [[Indian Constituent Assembly]]. India attained independence following the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]] noted for largely [[nonviolent resistance|non-violent resistance]] and [[civil disobedience]] led by [[Indian National Congress]] under the leadership of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name="metcalf conc" />

Independence coincided with the [[partition of India]],<ref>{{cite web|title=মধ্যরাতে স্বাধীনতার সূর্যোদয়|page=6|language=bn|date=15 August 2023|access-date=26 August 2023|website=dainikstatesmannews.com|publisher=[[Dainik Statesman]] (The Statesman Group)|location=Kolkata|first=Yogabrata|last=Chakraborty|trans-title=The sunrise of freedom at midnight|url=https://archive.org/details/dainik-statesman-15-th-aug-2023}}</ref> in which [[British Raj|British India]] was divided into the [[Dominion of India|Dominions of India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]; the partition was accompanied by violent riots and mass casualties. On 15 August 1947, the first [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] raised the [[Flag of India|Indian national flag]] above the [[Lahori Gate (Red Fort)|Lahori Gate]] of the [[Red Fort]] in [[Delhi]]. On each subsequent Independence Day, the incumbent Prime Minister customarily raises the flag and gives an address to the nation.<ref name="theHindu1">PTI (15 August 2013). [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manmohan-first-pm-outside-nehrugandhi-clan-to-hoist-flag-for-10th-time/article5025367.ece "Manmohan first PM outside Nehru-Gandhi clan to hoist flag for 10th time"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221090006/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manmohan-first-pm-outside-nehrugandhi-clan-to-hoist-flag-for-10th-time/article5025367.ece |date=21 December 2013 }}. ''[[The Hindu]]''. Retrieved 30 August 2013.</ref> The entire event is broadcast by [[Doordarshan]], India's national broadcaster, and usually begins with the [[shehnai]] music of [[Ustad Bismillah Khan]]. Independence Day is observed throughout India with flag-hoisting ceremonies, parades and cultural events. It is a national holiday in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/msn-mail-today/mm-national/story/intelligence-warns-of-terror-strike-in-delhi-ahead-of-independence-day-286461-2015-08-04 |title=Terror strike feared in Delhi ahead of Independence Day : MM-National, News|work=India Today |date=5 August 2015 |access-date=13 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807201201/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/intelligence-warns-of-terror-strike-in-delhi-ahead-of-independence-day/1/456280.html |archive-date=7 August 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/69th-independence-day-security-tightened-red-fort-terror-threat-looms-large-modi-642738 |title=69th Independence Day: Security Tightened at Red Fort as Terror Threat Looms Large on PM Modi |publisher=Ibtimes.co.in |date=28 February 2015 |access-date=13 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814052051/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/69th-independence-day-security-tightened-red-fort-terror-threat-looms-large-modi-642738 |archive-date=14 August 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Independence Day of India, 15 August 2020: History, Significance, Facts and Celebration|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/independence-day-of-india-15-august-2020-history-significance-facts-and-celebration/articleshow/77541312.cms|access-date=15 August 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|Indian independence movement}}

[[Colonial India|European traders]] had established outposts in the [[Indian subcontinent]] by the late 17th century. Through overwhelming military strength, the [[East India Company]] fought and annexed local kingdoms and [[Company rule in India|established themselves]] as the dominant force by the 18th century. Following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] of 1857, the [[Government of India Act 1858]] led the [[The Crown|British Crown]] to assume direct control of India. In the decades following, [[civic society]] gradually emerged across India, most notably the [[Indian National Congress Party]], formed in 1885.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Sumit|author-link=Sumit Sarkar|title=Modern India, 1885–1947|year=1983|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|isbn=978-0-333-90425-1|pages=1–4|url=https://archive.org/details/modernindia1885100sark/page/1}}</ref><ref name="metcalf conc"/>{{rp|123}} The period after [[World War I]] was marked by colonial reforms such as the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]], but it also witnessed the enactment of the unpopular [[Rowlatt Act]] and calls for self-rule by Indian activists. The discontent of this period crystallised into nationwide non-violent movements of non-cooperation and civil disobedience, led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name="metcalf conc">{{cite book|last1=Metcalf|first1=B.|last2=Metcalf|first2=T. R.|author1-link=Barbara Metcalf|author2-link=Thomas R. Metcalf|date=9 October 2006|title=A Concise History of Modern India|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]| isbn=978-0-521-68225-1}}</ref>{{rp|167}}

During the 1930s, the reform was gradually legislated by the British; Congress won victories in the resulting elections.<ref name="metcalf conc"/>{{rp|195–197}} The next decade was beset with political turmoil: [[India in World War II|Indian participation in World War II]], the Congress' final push for non-cooperation, and an upsurge of [[Muslim nationalism]] led by the [[All-India Muslim League]]. The escalating political tension was capped by Independence in 1947. The jubilation was tempered by the [[Partition of India|bloody partition]] of [[colonial India]] into India and Pakistan.<ref name="metcalf conc"/>{{rp|203}}

===Independence Day before Independence===
[[Hasrat Mohani]] was the first person in Indian History who demanded 'Complete Independence' (Azadi-e-Kaamil), at the 1929 session of the Indian National Congress, the ''[[Purna Swaraj]]'' declaration, or "Declaration of the Independence of India" was promulgated,<ref name="Wolpert1999">{{cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley A.|author-link=Stanley Wolpert|title=India|url={{Google books|nHnOERqf-MQC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=20 July 2012|date=12 October 1999|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22172-7|page=204|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509231648/http://books.google.com/books?id=nHnOERqf-MQC|archive-date=9 May 2013}}</ref> and 26 January was declared as Independence Day in 1930.<ref name="Wolpert1999"/> The Congress called on people to pledge themselves to [[civil disobedience]] and "to carry out the Congress instructions issued from time to time" until India attained complete independence.<ref name="Gandhi2006">{{cite book|title=India's Date with Destiny|chapter=India's Independence Pledge|last=Datta|first=V. N.|editor-last=Gandhi|editor-first=Kishore|year=2006|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-932-1|pages=34–39|quote=We recognise, however, that the most effective way of getting our freedom is not through violence. We will therefore prepare ourselves by withdrawing, so far as we can, all voluntary association from British Government, and will prepare for civil disobedience, including non-payment of taxes. We are convinced that if we can but withdraw our voluntary help and stop payment of taxes without doing violence, even under provocation; the need of his inhuman rule is assured. We therefore hereby solemnly resolve to carry out the Congress instructions issued from time to time for the purpose of establishing Purna Swaraj.}}</ref> Celebration of such an Independence Day was envisioned to stoke nationalistic fervour among Indian citizens, and to force the British government to consider granting independence.<ref name="Guha2008">{{cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|title=India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|url={{Google books|2fvd-CaFdqYC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=23 August 2012|date=12 August 2008|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=978-0-06-095858-9|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231095737/http://books.google.com/books?id=2fvd-CaFdqYC|archive-date=31 December 2013}}</ref>{{rp|19}}
The Congress observed 26 January as the Independence Day between 1930 and 1946.<ref name="Vohra2001">{{cite book|last=Vohra|first=Ranbir|title=The Making of India: a Historical Survey|url={{Google books|IDKoyGjFo44C|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=20 July 2012|year=2001|publisher=M. E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-0711-9|page=148|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111195943/http://books.google.com/books?id=IDKoyGjFo44C|archive-date=11 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="telegraph 26 jan">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120126/jsp/nation/story_15055256.jsp|title=Why January 26: the History of the Day|last=Ramaseshan|first=Radhika|date=26 January 2012|access-date=19 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120111841/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120126/jsp/nation/story_15055256.jsp|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> The celebration was marked by meetings where the attendants took the "pledge of independence".<ref name="Guha2008"/>{{rp|19–20}} Jawaharlal Nehru described in his autobiography that such meetings were peaceful, solemn, and "without any speeches or exhortation".<ref name="Nehru1989">{{cite book|last=Nehru|first=Jawaharlal|title=Jawaharlal Nehru, An Autobiography: With Musings on Recent Events in India|url={{Google books|NFKgAAAAMAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=26 August 2012|year=1989|publisher=Bodley Head|isbn=978-0-370-31313-9|page=209|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626232328/http://books.google.com/books?id=NFKgAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=26 June 2014}}</ref> Gandhi envisaged that besides the meetings, the day would be spent " ... in doing some constructive work, whether it is spinning, or service of 'untouchables,' or reunion of Hindus and Mussalmans, or prohibition work, or even all these together".<ref name="(Mahatma)1970">{{cite book|first=(Mahatma)|last=Gandhi|title=Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi|url={{Google books|1sEmAQAAMAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=26 August 2012|volume=42|year=1970|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=398–400|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626232329/http://books.google.com/books?id=1sEmAQAAMAAJ|archive-date=26 June 2014}}</ref> Following actual independence in 1947, the [[Constitution of India]] came into effect on and from 26 January 1950; since then 26 January is celebrated as [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]].

===Immediate background===
In 1946, the [[Labour Party (UK)#Post-war victory under Attlee|Labour government]] in Britain, its exchequer exhausted by the recently concluded [[World War II]], realised that it had neither the mandate at home, the international support nor the reliability of [[British Indian Army|native forces]] for continuing to maintain control in an increasingly restless India.<ref name="metcalf conc"/>{{rp|203}}<ref name=Hyam106>{{cite book|last=Hyam|first=Ronald|title=Britain's Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation, 1918–1968| year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-68555-9|page=106|quote=By the end of 1945, he and the Commander-in-chief, [[General Auckinleck]] were advising that there was a real threat in 1946 of large-scale anti-British disorder amounting to even a well-organised rising aiming to expel the British by paralysing the administration. ...it was clear to Attlee that everything depended on the spirit and reliability of the Indian Army: "Provided that they do their duty, armed insurrection in India would not be an insoluble problem. If, however, the Indian Army was to go the other way, the picture would be very different. ...Thus, [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Wavell]] concluded, if the army and the police "failed" Britain would be forced to go. In theory, it might be possible to revive and reinvigorate the services, and rule for another fifteen to twenty years, but: It is a fallacy to suppose that the solution lies in trying to maintain the status quo. We have no longer the resources, nor the necessary prestige or confidence in ourselves.}}</ref><ref name="Brown 330">{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Judith Margaret|author-link=Judith M. Brown|title=Modern India: the Origins of an Asian Democracy|year=1994|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-873112-2|page=330|quote=India had always been a minority interest in British public life; no great body of public opinion now emerged to argue that war-weary and impoverished Britain should send troops and money to hold it against its will in an empire of doubtful value. By late 1946 both Prime Minister and [[Secretary of State for India]] recognized that neither international opinion nor their own voters would stand for any reassertion of the ''raj'', even if there had been the men, money, and administrative machinery with which to do so}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Sumit|author-link=Sumit Sarkar|title=Modern India, 1885–1947|year=1983|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|isbn=978-0-333-90425-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/modernindia1885100sark/page/418 418]|quote=With a war-weary army and people and a ravaged economy, Britain would have had to retreat; the Labour victory only quickened the process somewhat.|url=https://archive.org/details/modernindia1885100sark/page/418}}</ref> On 20 February 1947, Prime Minister [[Clement Attlee]] announced that the British government would grant full self-governance to British India by June 1948 at the latest.<ref name="Romein1962">{{cite book|last=Romein|first=Jan|author-link=Jan Romein|title=The Asian Century: a History of Modern Nationalism in Asia|url={{Google books|OXaIQZMevjcC|page=PA357|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=24 July 2012|year=1962|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|page=357|asin=B000PVLKY4|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626224411/http://books.google.com/books?id=OXaIQZMevjcC&pg=PA357|archive-date=26 June 2014}}</ref>

The new [[Viceroy of India|viceroy]], [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]], advanced the date for the transfer of power, believing the continuous contention between the Congress and the [[Muslim League (Opposition)|Muslim League]] might lead to a collapse of the interim government.<ref name="ReadFisher1999">{{cite book|last1=Read|first1=Anthony|last2=Fisher|first2=David|title=The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence|url={{Google books|q9ebuSG64dkC|page=PA459|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=4 August 2012|date=1 July 1999|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-31898-2|pages=459–60|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921063252/http://books.google.com/books?id=q9ebuSG64dkC&pg=PA459|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> He chose the second anniversary of Japan's surrender in World War II, 15 August, as the date of power transfer.<ref name="ReadFisher1999"/> The British government announced on 3 June 1947 that it had accepted the idea of partitioning British India into two states;<ref name="Romein1962"/> the successor governments would be given [[dominion]] status and would have an implicit right to secede from the [[British Commonwealth]]. The [[Indian Independence Act 1947]] (10 & 11 Geo 6 c. 30) of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] partitioned [[British India]] into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan (including what is now [[Bangladesh]]) with effect from 15 August 1947, and granted complete legislative authority upon the respective [[Constituent Assembly|constituent assemblies]] of the new countries.<ref name="the act">{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/10-11/30|title=Indian Independence Act 1947|publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]], [[Her Majesty's Government (term)|Her Majesty's Government]]|access-date=17 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630080036/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/10-11/30|archive-date=30 June 2012}}</ref> The Act received [[royal assent]] on 18 July 1947.
{{Clear}}

===Partition and independence===
[[File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_delivering_his_"tryst_with_destiny"_speech.jpg|thumb|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] delivering his speech, ''[[Tryst with Destiny]]'', on the eve of India's first independence day.]]
Millions of Muslim, Sikh and Hindu refugees trekked the [[Radcliffe Line|newly drawn borders]] in the months surrounding independence.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keay |first1=John |title= India: A History |year=2000 |publisher= Grove Press |isbn=9780802137975 |page=508 |quote=East to west and west to east perhaps ten million fled for their lives in the greatest exodus in recorded history.}}</ref> In [[Punjab region|Punjab]], where the borders divided the [[Sikh]] regions in halves, massive bloodshed followed; in [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]], where Mahatma Gandhi's presence assuaged communal tempers, the violence was mitigated. In all, between 250,000 and 1,000,000 people on both sides of the new borders died in the violence.<ref name="DEROUENHEO">{{cite book|last1=DeRouen|first1=Karl|last2=Heo|first2=Uk|title=Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts since World War II|url={{Google books|nrN077AEgzMC|page=PA414|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=24 July 2012|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-85109-919-1|pages=408–414|date=28 March 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626224414/http://books.google.com/books?id=nrN077AEgzMC&pg=PA414|archive-date=26 June 2014}}</ref> While the entire nation was celebrating the Independence Day, Gandhi stayed in [[Calcutta]] in an attempt to stem the carnage.<ref name="miracle">{{cite web|url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/amiracleincalcutta/|title=A miracle in Calcutta|last=Alexander|first=Horace|author-link=Horace Alexander|work=[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]]|date=1 August 2007|access-date=27 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509064628/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/amiracleincalcutta/|archive-date=9 May 2013}}</ref> On 14 August 1947, the [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|Independence Day of Pakistan]], the new Dominion of Pakistan came into being; [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] was sworn in as its first [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor General]] in [[Karachi]].

The [[Constituent Assembly of India]] met for its fifth session at 11 pm on 14 August in the Constitution Hall in New Delhi.<ref name="fifthsession">{{cite web| url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol5p1.htm| title=Constituent Assembly of India Volume V| access-date=15 August 2013| publisher=Parliament of India| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904092038/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol5p1.htm| archive-date=4 September 2013| df=dmy-all}}</ref> The session was chaired by the president [[Rajendra Prasad]]. In this session, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] delivered the [[Tryst with Destiny]] speech proclaiming India's independence.

{{cquote|Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history when we step out from the old to the new when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment, we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity.|x|x|Tryst with Destiny speech, Jawaharlal Nehru, 15 August 1947<ref>{{cite web|title=Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964): Speech On the Granting of Indian Independence, August 14, 1947|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1947nehru1.html|publisher=[[Fordham University]]|access-date=26 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818123622/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1947nehru1.html|archive-date=18 August 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
}}
The members of the Assembly formally took the pledge of being in the service of the country. A group of women, representing the women of India, formally presented the national flag to the assembly.

The Dominion of India became an independent country as official ceremonies took place in New Delhi. Nehru assumed office as the [[List of Prime Ministers of India|first prime minister]], and the viceroy, [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]], continued as its first [[Governor-General of India|governor general]].<ref name="Guha2007">{{cite book|last=Guha|first=Rama Chandra|title=India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|year=2007|publisher=Macmillan|location=London|isbn=978-0-230-01654-5}}</ref>{{rp|6}} Gandhi's name was invoked by crowds celebrating the occasion; Gandhi himself however took no part in the official events. Instead, he marked the day with a 24-hour fast, during which he spoke to a crowd in Calcutta, encouraging peace between Hindus and Muslims.<ref name="Guha2007" />{{rp|10}}

==Celebration==
{{Quote box
|quote = 08.30 am. Swearing in of governor general and ministers at Government House 09.40 am. Procession of ministers to Constituent Assembly 09.50 am. State drive to Constituent Assembly 09.55 am. Royal salute to governor general 10.30 am. Hoisting of national flag at Constituent Assembly 10.35 am. State drive to Government House 06.00 pm. Flag ceremony at India Gate 07.00 pm. Illuminations 07.45 pm. Fireworks display 08.45 pm. Official dinner at Government House 10.15 pm. Reception at Government office.
|source = The day's programme for 15 August 1947<ref name="Guha2007"/>{{rp|7}}
}}

[[File:As part of rehearsals of Independence Day 2014 the Interservices Flag Guard paying respect to the National Flag after its unfurlment in the Red Fort, in Delhi on August 13, 2014.jpg|thumb| Armed forces saluting the [[national flag]]]]

[[File:Pared of independence.jpg|thumb| Parade on [[independence day]] ]]

[[File:Flag hoisting ceremony of Independence day in Bhuj.jpg|thumb| Motor cycle [[stunts]] on [[Independence day]] ]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi addressing the Nation on the occasion of 74th Independence Day from the ramparts of Red Fort, in Delhi on August 15, 2020 (2).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] addressing the Nation on the occasion of 74th Independence Day from the ramparts of Red Fort, in Delhi on 15 August 2020.]]
Independence Day, one of the three [[Public holidays in India#National holidays|National holidays]] in India (the other two being the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] on 26 January and [[Gandhi Jayanti|Mahatma Gandhi's birthday]] on 2 October), is observed in all Indian states and union territories. On the eve of Independence Day, the [[President of India]] delivers the "Address to the Nation". On 15 August, the Prime Minister hoists the [[Flag of India|Indian flag]] on the ramparts of the historical site of [[Red Fort]] in Delhi.<ref name="theHindu1" /> In his speech, the Prime Minister highlights the past year's achievements, raises important issues and calls for further development. He pays tribute to the leaders of the [[Indian independence movement]]. The Indian national anthem, "[[Jana Gana Mana]]", is sung. The speech is followed by a [[march past]] of divisions of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] and [[Paramilitary forces of India|paramilitary forces]]. Parades and pageants showcase scenes from the independence struggle and India's diverse cultural traditions. Similar events take place in state capitals where the [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Ministers]] of individual states unfurl the national flag, followed by parades and pageants.<ref name="states desc outlook">{{cite web |url= http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=772093 |title= India Celebrates Its 66th Independence Day |work= [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date= 15 August 2012 |access-date= 20 August 2012 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120820102252/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=772093 |archive-date= 20 August 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="states desc mandc">{{cite news|url=http://news.monstersandcritics.com/india/news/article_1343371.php/Barring_northeast_peaceful_I-Day_celebrations_across_India%0A_State_Roundup_combining_different_series_|title=Barring Northeast, Peaceful I-Day Celebrations across India (State Roundup, Combining Different Series)|date=15 August 2007|access-date=21 July 2012|publisher=Monsters and Critics|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129044441/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/india/news/article_1343371.php/Barring_northeast_peaceful_I-Day_celebrations_across_India%0A_State_Roundup_combining_different_series_|archive-date=29 January 2013}}</ref> Until 1973, the Governor of the State hoisted the National Flag at the State capital. In February 1974, the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, [[M. Karunanidhi]] took up the issue with then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] that the Chief Ministers, like the Prime Minister, should be allowed to hoist the national flag on Independence Day. Since 1974, Chief Ministers of the respective states have been allowed to hoist the national flag on Independence Day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Karunanidhi-had-a-role-in-Chief-Ministers-hoisting-flag/article16535126.ece|title=Karunanidhi had a role in Chief Ministers hoisting flag|date=16 August 2009|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 July 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/independence-day-2018-m-karunanidhi-death-m-karunanidhi-responsible-for-chief-ministers-unfurling-tr-1900942|title=Karunanidhi Responsible For Chief Ministers Unfurling National Flag|work=NDTV.com|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>

Flag-hoisting ceremonies and cultural programmes take place in governmental and non-governmental institutions throughout the country.<ref name="Gupta2006">{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=K. R.|last2=Gupta|first2=Amita|title=Concise Encyclopaedia of India|url={{Google books|9dNOT9iYxcMC|page=PA1002|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=20 July 2012|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|isbn=978-81-269-0639-0|page=1002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626224418/http://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&pg=PA1002|archive-date=26 June 2014}}</ref> Schools and colleges conduct flag hoisting ceremonies and various cultural events. Governmental and non-governmental institutions decorate their premises with paper, balloon decorations with hangings of freedom fighter portraits on their walls and major government buildings are often adorned with strings of lights.<ref name="gov site">{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/spotlight/spotlight_archive.php?id=46|title=Independence Day Celebration|publisher=Government of India|access-date=17 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215222051/http://india.gov.in/spotlight/spotlight_archive.php?id=46|archive-date=15 December 2011}}</ref> In Delhi and some other cities, kite flying adds to the occasion.<ref name="gove site 2">{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/spotlight/spotlight_archive.php?id=66|title=Independence Day|publisher=Government of India|access-date=18 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406162702/http://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/spotlight_archive.php?id=66|archive-date=6 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/indians-still-battling-it-out-on-independence-day-1.425628/|title=Indians Still Battling it out on Independence Day|last=Bhattacharya|first=Suryatapa|date=15 August 2011|access-date=20 July 2012|newspaper=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122092542/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/indians-still-battling-it-out-on-independence-day|archive-date=22 November 2012}}</ref> National flags of different sizes are used abundantly to symbolise allegiance to the country.<ref name="dna pride">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_when-india-wears-its-badge-of-patriotism-with-pride_1115730|title=When India Wears its Badge of Patriotism with Pride|date=15 August 2007|access-date=22 July 2012|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101013808/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_when-india-wears-its-badge-of-patriotism-with-pride_1115730|archive-date=1 November 2012}}</ref> Citizens adorn their clothing, wristbands, cars, household accessories with replicas of the tri-colour.<ref name="dna pride"/> Over a period of time, the celebration has changed emphasis from nationalism to a broader celebration of all things India.<ref name="DNA pop"/><ref name="toi cool">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-08-14/india/27859884_1_desh-bhakti-american-independence-day-patriotism|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511025139/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-08-14/india/27859884_1_desh-bhakti-american-independence-day-patriotism|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 May 2013|title=It's Cool to Be Patriotic: GenNow|last1=Dutta Sachdeva|first1=Sujata|last2=Mathur|first2=Neha|date=14 August 2005|access-date=25 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In some places of [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[West Bengal]], Independence Day celebrated on 17–18 August instead of 15 August, as the rest of Nadia district except [[Nabadwip]] had become part of [[Pakistan]] for map drawing error. The error was corrected on the night of 17 August after popular protests.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=19 August 2011|title=Nadia keeps a date with history {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/nadia-keeps-a-date-with-history/articleshow/9654550.cms|access-date=9 August 2024|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 August 2019|title=In West Bengal, some villages celebrate Independence Day after August 15; here's why|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/west-bengal-partition-india-independence-day-5908464/|access-date=9 August 2024|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

The [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]] celebrates Independence Day around the world with parades and pageants, particularly in regions with higher concentrations of Indian immigrants.<ref name="the hindu diaspora">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article573903.ece|title=Indian-Americans Celebrate Independence Day|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 August 2010|access-date=18 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110802190835/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article573903.ece|archive-date=2 August 2011}}</ref> In some locations, such as [[New York City|New York]] and other US cities, 15 August has become "India Day" among the diaspora and the local populace. Pageants celebrate "India Day" either on 15 August or an adjoining weekend day.<ref name="India day parade">{{cite web|url=http://www.nritoday.net/community-news/428-cover-story-indias-independence-day-celebrations-across-the-united-states|title=India's Independence Day Celebrations across the United States—Showcasing India's Cultural Diversity and Growing Economic Growth|year=2008|last=Ghosh|first=Ajay|publisher=NRI Today|access-date=20 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729041552/http://www.nritoday.net/community-news/428-cover-story-indias-independence-day-celebrations-across-the-united-states|archive-date=29 July 2012}}</ref>

==Security threats==
As early as three years after independence, the [[Naga National Council]] called for a boycott of Independence Day in [[northeast India]].<ref name="Sharma2006">{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Suresh K.|title=Documents on North-East India: Nagaland|url={{Google books|_-YixIgJbSAC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=30 August 2012|year=2006|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-095-6|pages=146, 165|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626224506/http://books.google.com/books?id=_-YixIgJbSAC|archive-date=26 June 2014}}</ref> Separatist protests in this region intensified in the 1980s; calls for boycotts and terrorist attacks by insurgent organisations such as the [[United Liberation Front of Assam]] and the [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]], marred celebrations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ulfas-independence-day-gift-for-india-blasts_1574951|title=ULFA's Independence Day Gift for India: Blasts|last=Mazumdar|first=Prasanta|work=DNA|date=11 August 2011|access-date=21 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101013820/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ulfas-independence-day-gift-for-india-blasts_1574951|archive-date=1 November 2012}} {{cite book|author=Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism|title=Country Reports on Terrorism 2004|url={{Google books|-fCbolclzRgC|page=PA129|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=22 July 2012|publisher=United States Department of State|page=129|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626224502/http://books.google.com/books?id=-fCbolclzRgC&pg=PA129|archive-date=26 June 2014}} {{cite book|last1=Schendel|first1=Willem Van|last2=Abraham|first2=Itty|title=Illicit Flows and Criminal Things: States, Borders, and the Other Side of Globalization|url={{Google books|FTJhFP1FK1wC|page=PA55|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=22 July 2012|year=2005|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=978-0-253-21811-7|pages=55–56|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626224513/http://books.google.com/books?id=FTJhFP1FK1wC&pg=PA55|archive-date=26 June 2014}} {{cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/aug/10/northeast-rebel-groups-call-for-iday-boycott.htm|title=Rebels Call for I-Day Boycott in Northeast|date=10 August 2010|access-date=21 July 2012|publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016060433/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/aug/10/northeast-rebel-groups-call-for-iday-boycott.htm|archive-date=16 October 2012}} {{cite book|last1=Biswas|first1=Prasenjit|last2=Suklabaidya|first2=Chandan|title=Ethnic Life-Worlds in North-East India: an Analysis|url={{Google books|lO8MAQAAMAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=22 July 2012|date=6 February 2008|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]]|isbn=978-0-7619-3613-8|page=233|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626224453/http://books.google.com/books?id=lO8MAQAAMAAJ|archive-date=26 June 2014}} {{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolitician.com/27087-india-independence-day-ethnicities|title=Appreciating the Spirit of India's Independence Day|last=Thakuria|first=Nava|date=5 September 2011|access-date=21 July 2012|work=[[Global Politician]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013124514/http://www.globalpolitician.com/27087-india-independence-day-ethnicities|archive-date=13 October 2012}}</ref> With increasing [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]] from the late 1980s,<ref name="Heiberg2007">{{cite book|last1=Heiberg|first1=Marianne|last2=O'Leary|first2=Brendan|last3=Tirman|first3=John|title=Terror, Insurgency, and the State: Ending Protracted Conflicts|url={{Google books|m8_pM7Ncij8C|page=PA254|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=19 November 2012|year=2007|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-3974-4|page=254|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626224455/http://books.google.com/books?id=m8_pM7Ncij8C&pg=PA254|archive-date=26 June 2014}}</ref> separatist protesters boycotted Independence Day there with ''[[bandh]]'' (strikes), use of black flags and by [[flag burning]].<ref name="bbc kashmir">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7562634.stm|title=Kashmir Independence Day Clashes|date=15 August 2008|access-date=21 July 2012|publisher=BBC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202215123/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7562634.stm|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="BeheraChadha">{{cite book|last=Behera|first=Navnita Chadha|title=Demystifying Kashmir|url={{Google books|qM6kW9ZRMRkC|page=PA146|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=22 July 2012|publisher=[[Pearson Education|Pearson Education India]]|isbn=978-81-317-0846-0|page=146|year=2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626224517/http://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC&pg=PA146|archive-date=26 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="Das2001">{{cite book|last=Das|first=Suranjan|title=Kashmir and Sindh: Nation-Building, Ethnicity and Regional Politics in South Asia|url={{Google books|S-t6WPdnAlgC|page=PA49|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=22 July 2012|date=1 August 2001|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-898855-87-3|page=49|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626224518/http://books.google.com/books?id=S-t6WPdnAlgC&pg=PA49|archive-date=26 June 2014}}</ref> Terrorist groups such as [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], the [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] and the [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] have issued threats, and have carried out attacks around Independence Day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-08-14/news/27354409_1_fidayeen-attacks-security-forces-suicide-squads|title=LeT, JeM Plan Suicide Attacks in J&K on I-Day|date=14 August 2002|access-date=25 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020627/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-08-14/news/27354409_1_fidayeen-attacks-security-forces-suicide-squads|url-status=dead}} {{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/08/11/jaish-coordinator-killed-in-jammu-1186806783.html|title=Ayodhya Attack Mastermind Killed in Jammu|date=11 August 2007|access-date=25 August 2012|work=OneIndia News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513040227/http://news.oneindia.in/2007/08/11/jaish-coordinator-killed-in-jammu-1186806783.html|archive-date=13 May 2013}} {{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/let-to-hijack-plane-from-ahmedabahd-ahead-of-independence-day-415350.html|title=LeT to Hijack Plane Ahead of Independence Day?|date=12 August 2012|access-date=25 August 2012|work=[[The First Post]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814221228/http://www.firstpost.com/india/let-to-hijack-plane-from-ahmedabahd-ahead-of-independence-day-415350.html|archive-date=14 August 2012}} {{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/two-hizbul-militants-held-in-delhi-6820|title=Two Hizbul Militants Held in Delhi|date=7 August 2009|access-date=25 August 2012|publisher=[[NDTV]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214125554/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/two-hizbul-militants-held-in-delhi-6820|archive-date=14 December 2012}}</ref> Boycotting of the celebration has also been advocated by insurgent [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Maoist rebel]] organisations.<ref name="hind mao">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article2359094.ece|title=Maoist Boycott Call Mars I-Day Celebrations in Orissa|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 August 2011|access-date=21 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911015834/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article2359094.ece|archive-date=11 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="Verma2012">{{cite book|last=Verma|first=Bharat|title=Indian Defence Review Vol. 26.2: Apr–Jun 2011|url={{Google books|ztwBmVMUOW4C|page=PA111|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=22 July 2012|date=1 June 2012|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-219-2|page=111|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626224459/http://books.google.com/books?id=ztwBmVMUOW4C&pg=PA111|archive-date=26 June 2014}}</ref>

In the anticipation of terrorist attacks, particularly from militants, security measures are intensified, especially in major cities such as Delhi and Mumbai and in troubled states such as [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="cnn islamic">{{cite web|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2002-08-14/world/india.independence_1_srinagar-militants-new-delhi|title=India Braces for Independence Day|publisher=CNN|date=14 August 2002|access-date=18 July 2012|first=Ram|last=Ramgopal}}{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="bbc terror">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4782525.stm|title=US Warns of India Terror Attacks|publisher=BBC|date=11 August 2006|access-date=18 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530190449/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4782525.stm|archive-date=30 May 2012}}</ref> The airspace around the Red Fort is declared a [[no-fly zone]] to prevent aerial attacks<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2359798.ece?textsize=small&test=2|title=Rain Brings Children Cheer, Gives Securitymen a Tough Time|newspaper=The Hindu|date=16 August 2011|access-date=27 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234043/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2359798.ece?textsize=small&test=2|archive-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> and additional police forces are deployed in other cities.<ref>{{cite news|title=India Heightens Security ahead of I-Day|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-14/india/27804393_1_security-personnel-security-blanket-security-arrangements|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511025112/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-14/india/27804393_1_security-personnel-security-blanket-security-arrangements|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 May 2013|access-date=27 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 August 2006}}</ref>

Since the [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]], prime ministers would give their speeches from behind a [[Bulletproof glass|bullet-proof glass]] panel.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2014 |title=PM Narendra Modi says no to bullet-proof shield at Red Fort |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-narendra-modi-says-no-to-bullet-proof-shield-at-red-fort/articleshow/40312128.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref> Since 2014, when [[Narendra Modi]] was elected as prime minister, he did away with this tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2014 |title=How PM Modi got bullet-proof shield out of his way |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/how-pm-modi-got-bullet-proof-shield-out-of-his-way/story-0NnGCvEQxbtRI7PqdMyvgI.html |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Nevertheless, additional intense measures were taken to ensure security of Modi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sikdar |first=Shubhomoy |date=15 August 2014 |title=Tight security as Modi does away with bullet-proof shield |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tight-security-as-modi-does-away-with-bulletproof-shield/article6321861.ece |access-date=15 August 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
On Independence Day and Republic Day, patriotic songs in [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution|regional languages]] are broadcast on television and radio channels.<ref name="Nayar2006">{{cite book|last=Nayar|first=Pramod K.|title=Reading Culture: Theory, Praxis, Politics|url={{Google books|8FiPb3JCmy0C|page=PA57|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=22 July 2012|date=14 June 2006|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-3474-5|page=57|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921063404/http://books.google.com/books?id=8FiPb3JCmy0C&pg=PA57|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> They are also played alongside flag-hoisting ceremonies.<ref name="Nayar2006"/> Patriotic films are broadcast.<ref name="Gupta2006"/> Over the decades, according to ''[[The Times of India]]'', the number of such films broadcast has decreased as channels report that audiences are oversaturated with patriotic films.<ref name="toi patr film">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Patriotic-films-anyone/articleshow/2730159.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511035649/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-26/news-interviews/27771292_1_patriotic-films-masala-films-channels-show|url-status=live|archive-date=11 May 2013|title=Patriotic Films, Anyone?|last1=Pant|first1=Nikhila|last2=Pasricha|first2=Pallavi|date=26 January 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 July 2012}}</ref> The population belonging to [[Generation Y]] often combine nationalism with [[popular culture]] during the celebrations. This mixture is exemplified by outfits and savouries dyed with the tricolour and garments that represent India's various cultural traditions.<ref name="DNA pop">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_independence-day-for-gennext-its-cool-to-flaunt-patriotism_1576086|title=Independence Day: For GenNext, It's Cool to Flaunt Patriotism|last=Ansari|first=Shabana|newspaper=DNA|date=15 August 2011|access-date=20 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101013836/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_independence-day-for-gennext-its-cool-to-flaunt-patriotism_1576086|archive-date=1 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Vohra|first=Meera|title=Fashion fervour gets tri-coloured!|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-14/trends/33199927_1_national-colours-independence-day-indian-flag|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613085146/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-14/trends/33199927_1_national-colours-independence-day-indian-flag|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2013|access-date=15 August 2012|date=14 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|author2=Shashank Tripathi}}</ref> Shops often offer Independence Day sales promotions.<ref name="toi commerce">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-13/people/28280639_1_weekend-getaways-independence-day-discounts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511030034/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-13/people/28280639_1_weekend-getaways-independence-day-discounts|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 May 2013|title=Pop Patriotism—Is Our ''Azaadi'' on Sale?|last=Sharma|first=Kalpana|date=13 August 2010|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="et retail">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-08-14/news/27623445_1_retail-chains-indian-retailers-double-sales|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511015137/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-08-14/news/27623445_1_retail-chains-indian-retailers-double-sales|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 May 2013|title=Retail Majors Flag Off I-Day Offers to Push Sales|last1= Basu|first1=Sreeradha D|last2= Mukherjee|first2=Writankar|newspaper= [[The Economic Times]]|date=14 August 2010|access-date=29 July 2012}}</ref> Some news reports have decried the commercialism.<ref name="toi commerce"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19970816/22850113.html|title=The Business of Patriotism|last=Chatterjee|first=Sudeshna|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=16 August 1997|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514232306/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19970816/22850113.html|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="et commercial">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-09-18/news/27667084_1_patriotism-national-colours-cricket|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511013729/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-09-18/news/27667084_1_patriotism-national-colours-cricket|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 May 2013| title=Commercial Patriotism Rides New Wave of Optimism|last=Sinha|first=Partha|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=18 September 2007|access-date=22 July 2012}}</ref> [[Indian Postal Service]] publishes commemorative stamps depicting independence movement leaders, nationalistic themes and defence-related themes on 15 August.<ref name="indiapost">{{cite web|url=http://indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Indian_Postage_Stamp_Catalogue_1947-2011.pdf|title=Indian Postage Stamps Catalogue 1947–2011|work=India Post|access-date=28 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117224026/http://indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Indian_Postage_Stamp_Catalogue_1947-2011.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2013}}</ref>

Independence and partition inspired [[Artistic depictions of the partition of India|literary and other artistic creations]].<ref name="Cleary2002">{{cite book|last=Cleary|first=Joseph N.|title=Literature, Partition and the Nation-State: Culture and Conflict in Ireland, Israel and Palestine|url={{Google books|omFqtDGADfYC|page=104|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=27 July 2012|date=3 January 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-65732-7|page=104|quote=The partition of India figures in a good deal of imaginative writing...|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530040329/http://books.google.com/books?id=omFqtDGADfYC|archive-date=30 May 2013}}</ref> Such creations mostly describe the human cost of partition, limiting the holiday to a small part of their narrative.<ref name="Natarajan1996">{{cite book|last=Bhatia|first=Nandi|editor-last=Natarajan|editor-first=Nalini|title=Handbook of Twentieth-Century Literatures of India|url={{Google books|1lTnv6o-d_oC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=27 July 2012|year=1996|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|chapter=Twentieth Century Hindi Literature|pages=146–147|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530024816/http://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC|archive-date=30 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Roy2011">{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Rituparna|title=South Asian Partition Fiction in English: From Khushwant Singh to Amitav Ghosh|url={{Google books|HCQfRFr6iMgC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=27 July 2012|date=15 July 2011|publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]]|isbn=978-90-8964-245-5|pages=24–29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602022816/http://books.google.com/books?id=HCQfRFr6iMgC|archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> [[Salman Rushdie]]'s novel ''[[Midnight's Children]]'' (1980), which won the [[Booker Prize]] and the [[The Best of the Booker|Booker of Bookers]], wove its narrative around children born at midnight of 14–15 August 1947 with magical abilities.<ref name="Roy2011"/> ''[[Freedom at Midnight]]'' (1975) is a non-fiction work by [[Larry Collins (writer)|Larry Collins]] and [[Dominique Lapierre]] that chronicled the events surrounding the first Independence Day celebrations in 1947. Few films centre on the moment of independence,<ref name="Bhatia2008">{{cite book|last=Mandal|first=Somdatta|editor1-last=Bhatia|editor1-first=Nandi|editor2-last=Roy|editor2-first=Anjali Gera|title=Partitioned Lives: Narratives of Home, Displacement, and Resettlement|url={{Google books|YWB0GmmoOSMC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=27 July 2012|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1416-4|pages=66–69|chapter=Constructing Post-partition Bengali Cultural Identity through Films|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530042051/http://books.google.com/books?id=YWB0GmmoOSMC|archive-date=30 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="hindi guide">{{Cite journal | last1 = Dwyer | first1 = R. |url=https://www.amu.ac.in/emp/studym/99993703.pdf | title = Bollywood's India: Hindi Cinema as a Guide to Modern India | doi = 10.1080/03068374.2010.508231 | journal = Asian Affairs | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 381–398 | year = 2010 | s2cid = 70892666 }}</ref><ref name="Sarkar2009">{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Bhaskar|title=Mourning the Nation: Indian Cinema in the Wake of Partition|url={{Google books|wghFNlpM3PIC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=27 July 2012|date=29 April 2009|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8223-4411-7|page=121|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530043825/http://books.google.com/books?id=wghFNlpM3PIC|archive-date=30 May 2013}}</ref> instead highlighting the circumstances of partition and its aftermath.<ref name="Bhatia2008"/><ref name="vishwanath 2009">{{cite journal|last1= Vishwanath|first1= Gita|last2= Malik|first2= Salma|year= 2009|title= Revisiting 1947 through Popular Cinema: a Comparative Study of India and Pakistan|journal= [[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume= XLIV|issue= 36|pages= 61–69|url= http://www.careerlauncher.com/lstcontent/plansuppliments/attachments/40/62/REVISITING%201947%20THROUGH%20popular%20cinema.pdf|access-date= 27 July 2012|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053940/http://www.careerlauncher.com/lstcontent/plansuppliments/attachments/40/62/REVISITING%201947%20THROUGH%20popular%20cinema.pdf|archive-date= 21 September 2013|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="ritwik journal">{{cite journal |last1=Raychaudhuri |first1=Anindya |year= 2009|title=Resisting the Resistible: Re-writing Myths of Partition in the Works of Ritwik Ghatak |journal=Social Semiotics |volume=19 |issue= 4|pages= 469–481 |doi=10.1080/10350330903361158|s2cid=143332374 }}{{subscription required}}</ref> On the Internet, Google has been commemorating Independence Day of India since 2003 with a special [[Google Doodle|doodle]] on its Indian homepage.<ref name="doodle ibn 2012">{{cite web|title=Google doodles Independence Day India|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/google-doodles-independence-day-india/282430-11.html|publisher=CNN-IBN|access-date=15 August 2012|date=15 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817221156/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/google-doodles-independence-day-india/282430-11.html|archive-date=17 August 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|India|Holidays}}
* {{anl|75th Anniversary of Indian Independence}}
* [[History of India]]
* [[India]]
* [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area#Indian Independence Day Parade|Indian Independence Day Parade]]
* {{anl|Partition Horrors Remembrance Day}}
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

*

{{Indian days}}
{{Indian independence movement}}

[[Category:August observances]]
[[Category:Public holidays in India]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Observances in India]]
[[Category:Independence days]]

Afzal Gunj Masjid

2026-02-24T16:57:00Z

Sunking: new new info

{{Short description|Mosque in Afzalgunj, Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Afzal Gunj Masjid
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Hyderabad - Mosque of Afgul Amri LCCN2004707340.tif
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = The mosque in 1895
| map_type = India Hyderabad
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Hyderabad]]
| coordinates = {{coord|17.443811|78.472616|region:IN-TE_type:landmark|format=dms|display=title,inline}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| locale =
| location = [[Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad District]], [[Telangana]]
| deity =
| rite =
| sect =
| tradition =
| festival = 
| country = [[India]]
| administration =
| consecration_year =
| organisational_status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| heritage_designation =
| ownership =
| governing_body =
| leadership =
| bhattaraka =
| patron =
| religious_features_label =
| religious_features =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Qutb Shahi architecture|Qutb Shahi]] Revival
| founded_by =
| creator =
| funded_by = [[Afzal-ud-Daulah]]
| general_contractor =
| established =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 1866
| construction_cost = {{INR}}1 [[lakh]]
| date_demolished = 
| facade_direction =
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| height_max =
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| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = Two
| minaret_height =
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| website =
}}

The '''Afzal Gunj Masjid''', also known as the '''AfzalGunj Masjid''' and also the '''Afzalgunj Mosque''', is a [[mosque]] located in the [[Afzalgunj]], [[Hyderabad]], in the state of [[Telangana]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Mohd Minhajuddin |date=2019-01-21 |title=Historic mosque slowly slipping into oblivion |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2019-01-21/Historic-mosque-slowly-slipping-into-oblivion/478926 |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The mosque was constructed in 1866 by [[Afzal-ud-Daulah]], the fifth [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], after the construction of [[Nayapul]] which connects the city with its new establishment.

== Overview ==
The mosque was commissioned by Afzal-ud-Daulah, and constructed at a cost of {{INR}}1 [[lakh]]. Upon its completion, the mosque was the second-largest in the city, with the [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]] being the largest.<ref name="Brill" />

The mosque is constructed in a [[Qutb Shahi architecture|Qutb Shahi]] revival style. However, it has three arches instead of five; with two [[minaret]]s in the front corner of rectangular hall.<ref name="MIT">{{cite web |title=Afzalgunj Masjid |url=https://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/20143 |last=Khalidi |first=Omer |work=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries]] |year=2014 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> The minarets are surmounted by domes and finials, and the [[façade]] is embellished by plaster work.<ref name="Brill">{{cite book |title=The City in the Islamic World, Volume 94/1 & 94/2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nY2DqJNPmioC |first1=Salma K. |last1=Jayyusi |first2=Renata |last2=Holod |first3=Attilio |last3=Petruccioli |first4=Andre |last4=Raymond |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2008 |isbn=9789004162402 |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref>{{rp|611–612}}

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Islam|Hyderabad}}}}
[[File:Afzal Gunj Masjid, Hyderabad.png|thumb|Afzal Gunj Mosque]]
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in Telangana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{Mosques in India}}
{{Qutb Shahi monuments}}

[[Category:19th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1860s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Qutb Shahi architecture]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1866]]

{{India-mosque-stub}}

Nivedhitha

2026-02-18T17:33:14Z

Sunking: starting basic stub from scratch!

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Niveditha
|image = Nivedhitha Actress.jpg
| caption = Niveditha, [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[45th International Film Festival of India|2014]])
| birth_name = Smitha Jagadish
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names = Niveditha, Smitha
| known_for =
| occupation = actress, model
| years_active =
}}

'''Niveditha''', formerly known and credited as '''Smitha''', is an Indian actress, who predominantly appears in Kannada films. She attracted notable attention with her performance in the film ''[[Avva (film)|Avva]]'' (2008) that fetched her the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref name=autogenerated4>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080608155854/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/interview/6877.html 'I Have made a ground' – Smitha]</ref><ref name=autogenerated3>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140111204819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-10/news-interviews/28676633_1_first-film-avva-nivedita A kiss & a slap are the same: Nivedita - The Times of India]</ref><ref>[https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-niveditha/20120425.htm Niveditha: I am not comfortable kissing on screen - Rediff.com Movies]</ref>

==Early life==
<ref name=autogenerated1>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131103184938/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-01/news-interviews/30459247_1_film-niveditha-brahmin Niveditha's all for love - The Times of India]</ref> Her father Jagadish worked as a deputy commissioner of commercial taxes, her mother Lakshmi is a housewife.<ref name=autogenerated2>[https://www.deccanherald.com/content/176598/smitha-marimuthu-eve-teasers.html Smitha, 'Marimuthu' for eve teasers]</ref> She did her schooling in [[chikmagalur]];<ref name=autogenerated5>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131106084254/http://newindianexpress.com/education/edex/article522882.ece Sandalwood actor was an unapologetic tomboy – The New Indian Express]</ref> later she studied at the [[Marimallappa High School]] and completed her [[Pre University Course|PUC]] at the Marimallappa Pre-University College in [[Mysore]], both part of Marimallappa's Educational Institutions.<ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref name=autogenerated5 /> As a student, Smitha, who described herself as a [[tomboy]], was also an [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC cadet]].<ref name=autogenerated5 /> After graduating as an engineering student from the [[CMR Institute of Technology|CMRIT College]], [[Bangalore]],<ref name=autogenerated4 /> she went on to work at the software company [[Infosys]] for a year.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> She quit the job to pursue an acting career; when she was offered a role, she first joined actor [[Anupam Kher]]'s acting school, [[Actor Prepares - The School for Actors|Actor Prepares]] and took a crash course.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

==Career==
Smitha was first signed on for a role in the film ''Akasha Gange'' by [[Dinesh Baboo]], however as the film got delayed, several films she had signed later, including ''[[Kallarali Hoovagi]]'', ''Sixer'', ''Mathad Mathadu Mallige'' and ''[[Avva (film)|Avva]]'' released before.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> Among her early releases, the [[Kavita Lankesh]]-directed ''Avva'' remains her most notable. The film particularly made headlines for a kissing scene featuring her and her co-star [[Duniya Vijay]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name=autogenerated3 /> Her performance in the film earned her the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140111220836/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-14/news-interviews/28048751_1_smitha-intimate-scenes-kannada-films It’s not the kissing scenes that did it: Smita - The Times of India]</ref> Although completed in July 2006,<ref>[https://archive.today/20130126115833/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/events/10146.html Events - 'Akasha Gange' Is Complete]</ref> ''Akasha Gange'' released only in July 2008 and eventually became her sixth release. As she got no offers in Kannada cinema subsequently, she moved on to work in the Tamil film industry. ''[[Porkkalam]]'' directed by newcomer Bandi Sarojkumar was her first Tamil film, which was panned by critics upon release.<ref>[https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-movie-review-porkkalam/20100115.htm Review: This Porkkalam is a dud - Rediff.com Movies]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140114193324/http://www.sify.com/movies/porkkalam-review-tamil-14927611.html Movie Review : Porkkalam]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100124231121/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2010/01/22/stories/2010012250090300.htm The Hindu : Cinema Plus / Film Review : On grey ground - Porkkalam]</ref>

Smitha then changed her screen name to Niveditha, according to [[numerology]] as advised by her well-wishers, when she did not receive the offers she was looking for.<ref>articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-01/news-interviews/30459247_1_film-niveditha-brahmin</ref><ref name=autogenerated6>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/209569/success-matters-lot-kannada-films.html 'Success matters a lot in Kannada films']</ref> The first release after her name change was her second Tamil film ''[[Kathai (film)|Kathai]]'' (2010). During the period, she had reportedly secured a lead role in [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]]-winning director [[Bala (director)|Bala]]'s ''[[Avan Ivan]]'';<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121001072831/http://www.sify.com/movies/bala-in-full-steam-with-avan-ivan-news-tamil-kkfq8Ecjbdf.html Bala in full steam with Avan Ivan]</ref> however the character was eventually portrayed by [[Madhu Shalini]]. ''9 To 12'' (2011) starring [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] who she previously had co-starred with in ''Porkkalam'', became her first release in Kannada after ''Akasha Gange'' in 2008;<ref>[http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=2456&ptype=News&title=%91SMITHA%92%20MANDHASMITHA%20BEAUTY%20MOOKA%20VISMITHA! Kannada Movie/Cinema News - ?SMITHA? MANDHASMITHA BEAUTY MOOKA VISMITHA! - Chitratara.com]</ref> it opened to negative reception. Her first release in 2012 saw her enacting the title role, a [[Lambani]] girl, in ''[[Parie]]'',<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140112060559/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article388490.ece Niveditha touched by Lambani plight – The New Indian Express]</ref> based on the award-winning Kannada novel ''Bharadwaj''.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Her next release was ''[[Kiladi Kitty]]'' alongside [[Srinagar Kitty]] and [[Haripriya]], with Niveditha lamenting after the release that her role had been cut short.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130103203245/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-15/news-interviews/32237067_1_niveditha-actor-claims-short-changed Niveditha gets short-changed - The Times of India]</ref> Her upcoming films include ''Nimbe Huli'', ''[[Gowri Putra]]'' and the long-delayed ''Dheena''.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!class=unsortable|Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Kallarali Hoovagi]]'' || Gangi
| rowspan="6" |[[Kannada]]|| rowspan="3" | Credited as Smitha
|-
| rowspan="2"|2007 || ''[[Sixer (2007 film)|Sixer]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige]]'' || Mallika
|-
| rowspan="3"|2008 || ''[[Avva (film)|Avva]]'' || Savanthri || Credited as Smitha [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| ''Athmeeya'' || Anupama || rowspan="3" | Credited as Smitha
|-
| ''[[Akasha Gange]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010 || ''[[Porkkalam]]'' || Sneha
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Kathai (film)|Kathai]]'' || Kavya ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011 || ''[[9 to 12]]'' ||
|Kannada||
|-
| ''[[Markandeyan]]'' || Ilavanchi
|Tamil||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2012 || ''[[Parie]]'' || Parie
| rowspan="9" |Kannada||
|-
| ''[[Kiladi Kitty]]'' || Mandakini ||
|-
| ''Gandhi Smiles'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yaare Koogadali]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2014 || ''[[Nimbehuli]]'' || Seetha ||
|-
| ''[[December-1]]'' || Devakka || [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress]]
|-
| ''[[Gowri Putra]]'' || Bharathi ||
|-
| ''Dheena'' || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Shuddhi (2017 film)|Shuddhi]]'' || Jyothi || Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Kannada]] Nominated - [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress|SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Female) - Kannada]]
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi 2]]'' || Dhanalakshmi
|Tamil||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Popcorn Monkey Tiger]]'' || Devika aka "Popcorn" Devi
|Kannada||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=4318528|name=Niveditha}}

{{Karnataka State Award for Best Actress}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:People from Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

2020 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election

2026-02-15T04:15:11Z

Sunking:

{{Short description|Indian municipal election}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2020 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election =
| previous_year = [[2016 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election|2016]]
| next_election =
| next_year = 2025
| outgoing_members =
| seats_for_election = All 150 elected seats in the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]
| opinion_polls =
| registered =
| majority_seats = 76
| turnout = 46.6% ({{increase}}0.89)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-02 |title=GHMC elections: 46.6% voter turnout; repolling in old Malakpet today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/greater-hyderabad-municipal-corporation-elections-voter-turnout-7076170/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao.png|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao]]
| party1 = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| leader_since1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 = 99
| seats1 = '''56'''
| seat_change1 = {{Decrease}} 43
| popular_vote1 = '''1,204,167'''
| percentage1 = '''35.81%'''
| swing1 = {{Decrease}} 8.04%
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Shri G. Kishan Reddy, in New Delhi on August 09, 2019.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| leader2 = [[G. Kishan Reddy]]
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader_since2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| last_election2 = 4
| seats2 = 48
| seat_change2 = {{Increase}} 44
| popular_vote2 = 1,195,711
| percentage2 = 35.56%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 25.22%
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Asaduddin.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| leader3 = [[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
| party3 = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| leader_since3 =
| leaders_seat3 =
| last_election3 = 44
| seats3 = 44
| seat_change3 = {{Steady}}
| popular_vote3 = 630,866
| percentage3 = 18.76%
| swing3 = {{increase}} 2.91%
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=N Uttam kumar Reddy.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader4 = [[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
| party4 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since4 =
| leaders_seat4 =
| last_election4 = 2
| seats4 = 2
| seat_change4 = {{Steady}}
| popular_vote4 = 224,528
| percentage4 = 6.68%
| swing4 = {{decrease}} 3.79%
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Chandrababu Naidu 2017.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| leader5 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| party5 = Telugu Desam Party
| leader_since5 =
| leaders_seat5 =
| last_election5 = 1
| seats5 = 0
| seat_change5 = {{Decrease}} 1
| popular_vote5 = 55,986
| percentage5 = 1.67%
| swing5 = {{decrease}} 11.44%
| election_date = 1 December 2020
| map_image = [[File:GHMC NEW ZONES,CIRCLE MAP.jpg|200px]]
| map2_image = [[File:Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation 2020.svg|250px]]
| title = [[Mayor of Hyderabad, India|Mayor]]
| before_election = [[Bonthu Rammohan]]
| before_party = [[Telangana Rashtra Samiti]]
| after_election = [[Gadwal Vijayalakshmi]]
| after_party = [[Telangana Rashtra Samiti]]
}}

The '''2020 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election''' was conducted on 1 December 2020 to elect members to all 150 wards of the [[municipal corporation]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/telangana-sec-announces-ghmc-elections-schedule-in-hyderabad-polling-on-december-1-656732|title=SEC announces GHMC elections schedule in Hyderabad, polling on December 1|date=17 November 2020|publisher=The Hans India|author=Pavan|accessdate=31 January 2023}}</ref> The BJP made significant inroads into the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|GHMC]] winning 48 seats, much at the loss of the TRS which lost its majority. After the results were declared, the TRS formed the government with outside support from the AIMIM.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-11 |title=GHMC polls: TRS wins mayoral posts with AIMIM extending last-minute support |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ghmc-polls-trs-wins-mayoral-posts-with-aimim-extending-last-minute-support-101613050221656.html |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ghmc-may-be-put-under-special-officers-rule-as-poll-rejig-face-delays/articleshow/125597809.cms|title=GHMC may be put under special officer’s rule as poll, rejig face delays}}</ref>

==Election schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!'''Event'''
!'''Date'''
|-
| Date for Nominations
| 18 November 2020
|-
| Last Date for filing Nominations
|20 November 2020
|-
| Date for scrutiny of nominations
|21 November 2020
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of candidatures
|22 November 2020
|-
| Date of poll
| 1 December 2020
|-
| Date of counting
| 4 December 2020
|-
| Date before which the election shall be completed
| 6 December 2020

|}

==Polls==

=== Exit polls ===
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Date
! rowspan="2" |Polling Agency
| style="background:pink;" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| style="background:green;" |
| style="background:gray;" |
! rowspan="2" |Remarks
|-
! width="70" |[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
! width="70" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP+]]
! width="70" |[[Indian National Congress|INC+]]
! width="70" |[[AIMIM]]
! rowspan="1" width="70" | Others
|-
|2 December 2022
| Patriotic Voter<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/view/hdrabad20/hydrabad-muncipal-20|title=Hydrabad Muncipal 20}}</ref>
| 65
| 42
| 1
| 42
| 0
| Hung
|-
|3 December 2022
| Jan Ki Baat<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jankibaat.com/2020/12/03/pradeep-bhandari-presents-hyderabad-municipal-corporation-election-exit-poll/|title = प्रदीप भंडारी ने प्रस्तुत किया हैदराबाद नगर निगम चुनाव का एग्जिट पोल, पढ़िए रिपोर्ट|date = 3 December 2020}}</ref>
| 74
| 31
| 0
| 40
| 5
| Hung
|-
|}

==Results By Ward==

The results were announced on 5 December 2020, The [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] has won 56 wards while [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] have won 48 and 44 wards respectively. The winners are as follows.<ref>{{Cite book|last=THE TELANGANA GAZETTE|url=https://tsec.gov.in/pdf/circular_gos/Gazette-Elected_Candidates_Names_236.pdf|title=LIST OF WARD WISE ELECTED CANDIDATES TO 4TH ORDINARY GHMC ELECTIONS HELD ON 01.12.2020|publisher=TELANGANA STATE ELECTION COMMISSION|year=2021|isbn=|location=Hyderabad|pages=2–8|access-date=2021-02-11|archive-date=2021-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301185423/https://tsec.gov.in/pdf/circular_gos/Gazette-Elected_Candidates_Names_236.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-04|title=GHMC Election 2020 Winners List: BJP wins 48; TRS bags 56, AIMIM 44|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/ghmc-election-2020-winners-list-aimim-trs-bjp-counting-underway/2142994/|access-date=2021-01-13|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Results
! colspan="2" |Ward
! colspan="4" |Winner
! colspan="4" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
! #
! Name
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
|-
| 1
|[[Kapra]]
|S Swarna Raj
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8762
|A Vinod Kumar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|6684
|2078
|-
|2
|[[A. S. Rao Nagar]]
|Singireddy Shirisha Reddy
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|9043
|Chandrika Meduri
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4647
|4396
|-
|3
|[[Cherlapally]]
|Bonthu Sridevi
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11635
|Surender Goud Kasula
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8905
|2730
|-
|4
|[[Moula-Ali#Sub-regions of Moula Ali|Meerpet HB Colony]]
|J. Prabhu Dass
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11266
|Bangi Jaya Lakshmi
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7327
|3939
|-
|5
|[[Mallapur]]
|Devendar Reddy Pannala
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9157
|Rangu Mallikarjun Goud
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|6465
|2692
|-
|6
|[[Nacharam]]
|Shanthi Saizen Shekar
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9549
|Ampala Anitha
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7495
|2054
|-
|7
|Chilukanagar
|Bannala Geeta Praveen
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10205
|Gone Shailaja
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9597
|608
|-
|8
|[[Habsiguda]]
|Chethana Kakkireni
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10803
|Bethi Swapna Reddy
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9356
|1447
|-
|9
|[[Ramanthapur]]
|Bandaru Srivani
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10033
|Gandham Jyosthna
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9378
|655
|-
|10
|[[Uppal Village|Uppal]]
|M Rajitha
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|14504
|Aratikayala Shalini
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8570
|5934
|-
|11
|[[Nagole]]
|CH Aruna
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|14560
|Cheruku Sangeetha
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11314
|3246
|-
|12
|Mansoorabad
|Koppula Narsimha Reddy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|13318
|Koppula Vittal Reddy
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|7900
|5418
|-
|13
|[[Hayathnagar|Hayaathnagar]]
|K.Navajeevan Reddy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|14916
|S.Tirumala Reddy
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|7777
|7139
|-
|14
|BN Reddy Nagar
|Moddu Lachi Reddy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|11438
|Muddgouni Laxmi Prasanna
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11406
|32
|-
|15
|[[Vanasthalipuram]]
|Venkateshwar Reddy Ragula
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9214
|Jitta Rajashekar Reddy
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8512
|702
|-
|16
|[[Hastinapuram]]
|Banoth Sujatha
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8036
|Ramavath Padma
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|7757
|279
|-
|17
|[[Champapet]]
|Vanga Madhusudhan Reddy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|15164
|Sama Ramana Reddy
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|6156
|9008
|-
|18
|[[Lingojiguda]]
|Akula Ramesh Goud
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10340
|M Srinivasa Rao
| bgcolor=FFC0CB|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|7529
|2811
|-
|19
|[[Saroornagar]]
|Akula Srivani
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12085
|Anitha Reddy Parupally
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8767
|3318
|-
|20
|Ramakrishnapuram
|Radha Veerannagari
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|13036
|Vijaya Bharathi Murukuntla
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9106
|3930
|-
|21
|[[Kothapet, Hyderabad|Kothapet]]
|Pavan Kumar Naikoti
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|11371
|G.V.Sagar Reddy
| bgcolor=FE0175 |
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|6588
|4783
|-
|22
|Chaitanyapuri
|Ranga Venkat Narsimha Rao
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10500
|Ginnaram Vittal Reddy
| bgcolor=FE0175 |
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|5041
|5459
|-
|23
|[[Gaddiannaram]]
|Baddam Prem Maheswar Reddy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10712
|Bhavani Praveen Kumar
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|6110
|4602
|-
|24
|[[Saidabad]]
|Kothakapu Aruna
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10621
|Swarna Latha Singireddy
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9710
|911
|-
|25
|[[Moosrambagh]]
|B Bhagya Lakshmi
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10353
|Teegala Sunaritha
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8234
|2119
|-
|26
|[[Old Malakpet]]
|Juweria Fatima
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|12200
|Kanakaboina Renuka
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3957
|8243
|-
|27
|Akberbagh
|[[Syed Minhajuddin]]
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|8908
|Basupalli Naveen Reddy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5181
|3727
|-
|28
|[[Azampura]]
|Ayesha Jahan Naseem
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|9868
|Asma Khatoon
|bgcolor=#24D330|
|[[Majlis Bachao Tehreek|MBT]]
|6010
|3858
|-
|29
|Chavni
|Mohammaed Abdul Salam Shahid
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|14714
|Md Khaja Ali Siddiqui
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|IND
|2936
|11778
|-
|30
|[[Dabeerpura]]
|Alamdar Hussain Khan
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|13499
|Mirza Akhil Afandi
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2575
|10924
|-
|31
|[[Rein Bazar|Rain Bazar]]
|Mohammed Wasayuddin
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|12388
|Mohammed Abdul Jaweed
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|2833
|9555
|-
|32
|Pathergatti
|Syed Sohail Quadri
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|20717
|Syed Abdul Qadeer
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|1808
|18909
|-
|33
|[[Moghalpura]]
|Nasreen Sultana
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|11754
|C Manjula
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5782
|5972
|-
|34
|[[Talabkatta]]
|Sameena Begum
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|18922
|S Narjis Banu
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|1467
|17455
|-
|35
|Gowlipura
|A Bhagya Laxmi
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|15469
|Boddu Saritha
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|4610
|10859
|-
|36
|Lalithabagh
|MD Ali Sharif
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|12110
|M Chandrasekhar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3878
|8232
|-
|37
|Kurmaguda
|Mahapara
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|13152
|P Shantha
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7028
|6124
|-
|38
|IS Sadan
|J Sweetha
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10924
|Sama Swapna
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8522
|2402
|-
|39
|[[Santoshnagar]]
|Mohammed Muzaffar Hussain
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|17368
|C.Srinivas
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|1524
|15844
|-
|40
|Riyasath Nagar
|Mirza Mustafa Baig
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|17368
|Kolla Mahender
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1202
|16166
|-
|41
|Kanchanbagh
|Reshma Fatima
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|17709
|Vasantha Akula
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|1267
|16442
|-
|42
|[[Barkas, Hyderabad|Barkas]]
|Shabana Begum
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|13558
|Chenniahgari Saritha
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|1891
|11667
|-
|43
|[[Chandrayangutta]]
|Abdul Wahab
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|19152
|J. Naveen Kumar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2419
|16733
|-
|44
|[[Uppuguda]]
|Fahad Bin Abdul Samed Bin Abdat
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|13408
|Thadem Srinivas Rao
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5402
|8006
|-
|45
|Jangammet
|Mohammed Abdur Rahman
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|10629
|Kowdi Mahender
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9046
|1583
|-
|46
|Falaknuma
|K.Thara Bai
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|19434
|Nenawath Bikku Naik
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|2150
|17284
|-
|47
|[[Nawab Saheb Kunta]]
|Shireen Khatoon
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|17543
|Sameena Beguma
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|1923
|15620
|-
|48
|[[Shah-Ali-Banda|Shali Banda]]
|Mohd Mustafa Ali
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|15820
|Y Naresh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5626
|10194
|-
|49
|Ghansi Bazar
|Parveen Sultana
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|14377
|Renu Soni
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8909
|5468
|-
|50
|[[Begum Bazaar]]
|G Shakar Yadav
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|16186
|Pooja Vyas
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|7134
|9052
|-
|51
|[[Goshamahal]]
|Lal Singh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12499
|G Mukesh Singh
|bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|5130
|7369
|-
|52
|Puranapool
|S Raj Mohan
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|10779
|K Surender
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5874
|4905
|-
|53
|Doodbowli
|MD Saleem
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|12230
|Akuthota Niranjan Kumar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4034
|8196
|-
|54
|[[Jahanuma]]
|Mohammed Abdul Muqtader
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|18624
|Palle Veeramani
|bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|1757
|16867
|-
|55
|Ramanastpura
|MD Khader
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|15781
|MD Inkeshaf
|bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|1668
|14113
|-
|56
|Kishanbagh
|Khaja Mubasheeruddin
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|14834
|Mohammed Shakeel Ahmed
|bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|3252
|11582
|-
|57
|Suleman Nagar
|Abida Sultana
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|16723
|Saritha Airva
|bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|3751
|12972
|-
|58
|Shastripuram
|Mohammed Mubeen
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|13676
|Banda Rajesh Yadav
|bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|3057
|10619
|-
|59
|Mylardevpally
|Thokala Srinivas Reddy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|18076
|T Premdas Goud
|bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|16128
|4948
|-
|60
|[[Rajendranagar mandal|Rajendra Nagar]]
|Podavu Archana
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10844
|Korani Srilatha
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8438
|2406
|-
|61
|[[Attapur]]
|Sangeeta Mondra
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|13479
|Cheruku Madhavi
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11395
|2084
|-
|62
|Ziaguda
|Darshan Bohini
| bgcolor=FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12711
|A Krishna
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|6820
|5891
|-
|63
|Manghalhat
|Merampally Shashikala
| bgcolor=FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|11756
|Paramesawari Singh
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10947
|809
|-
|64
|Dattathreyanagar
|Mohmmad Zaker Baquery
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|12314
|N Dharmender Singh
| bgcolor=FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1940
|10374
|-
|65
|[[Karwan]]
|Mandagiri Swamy
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|10546
|Katla Ashok
| bgcolor=FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9427
|1119
|-
|66
|[[Langar Houz|Lunger House]]
|Amina Begum
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|11182
|C.Sugandha Pushpa
| bgcolor=FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7564
|3618
|-
|67
|Golkonda
|Sameena Yasmeen
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|20819
|Asfiya Khan
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|3569
|17250
|-
|68
|[[Tolichowki]]
|Ayesha Humera
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|18089
|Naga Jyothi Abbanapuri
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|1572
|16517
|-
|69
|[[Nanalnagar]]
|[[Mohammed Naseeruddin]]
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|21818
|Shaik Azhar
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|2954
|18864
|-
|70
|[[Mehdipatnam]]
|[[Mohammad Majid Hussain|Mohammed Majid Hussain]]
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|21818
|D Gopala Krishna
| bgcolor=FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1936
|19882
|-
|71
|[[Gudimalkapur]]
|Devara Karunakar
| bgcolor=FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12359
|Bangari Prakash
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8693
|3666
|-
|72
|[[Asif Nagar]]
|Ghousia Sultana
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|12309
|Chennabatni Lavanya
| bgcolor=FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|6215
|6094
|-
|73
|Vijayanagar Colony
|Batha Jabeen
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|11071
|Darga Ashwini
| bgcolor=FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4964
|6107
|-
|74
|Ahmed Nagar
|Rafath Sultana
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|14536
|Mamatha S
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|3164
|11372
|-
|75
|[[Red Hills, Hyderabad|Red Hills]]
|Saddia Mazher
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|10460
|Seema
| bgcolor=FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3920
|6540
|-
|76
|[[Mallepally]]
|Yasmeen Begum
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|12386
|Kolluru Ushasree
| bgcolor=FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9301
|3085
|-
|77
|Jambagh
|Rakesh Jaiswal
| bgcolor=FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8547
|Jadala Ravindra
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|8365
|182
|-
|78
|Gunfoundry
|B. Surekha
| bgcolor=FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|11696
|Mamtha Manga
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8819
|2877
|-
|79
|[[Himayatnagar, Hyderabad|Himayathnagar]]
|G.N.V.K. Mahalakshmi
| bgcolor=FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12134
|J. Hemalatha Yadav
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9158
|2976
|-
|80
|[[Kachiguda]]
|K Uma Rani
| bgcolor=FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|13579
|B Sirisha
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|5590
|7989
|-
|81
|[[Nallakunta]]
|Amrutha Yakara
| bgcolor=FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12779
|Gariganti Sridevi
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9523
|3256
|-
|82
|[[Golnaka]]
|Lavanya Dusari
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|13381
|Kattula Saritha
| bgcolor=FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10665
|2716
|-
|83
|[[Amberpet]]
|E Vijay Kumar Goud
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|14800
|A Yeshwanth
| bgcolor=FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10617
|4183
|-
|84
|Bagh Amberpet
|B Padma Venkat Reddy
| bgcolor=FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12836
|Kuchalakanti Padmavathi
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9037
|3799
|-
|85
|[[Adikmet]]
|C Sunitha Prakash Goud
| bgcolor=FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7830
|B Hemalatha
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|7603
|227
|-
|86
|[[Musheerabad]]
|M Supriya
| bgcolor=FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12551
|Edla Bhagyalakshmi
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9811
|2740
|-
|87
|[[Ramnagar, Hyderabad|Ramnagar]]
|K Ravi Kumar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9819
|V Srinivas Reddy
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9291
|528
|-
|88
|Bholakpur
|Ghouse Uddin Mohd
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|9048
|Bingi Naveen Kumar
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|6437
|2611
|-
|89
|Gandhinagar
|Aenugula Pavani
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9731
|Muta Padma Naresh
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|7155
|2576
|-
|90
|[[Kavadiguda]]
|Rachana Sri Godchala
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|11562
|Lasya Nanditha G
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10085
|1477
|-
|91
|[[Khairtabad]]
|P Vijaya Reddy
| bgcolor=#FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12577
|S Veena Madhuri
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10037
|2540
|-
|92
|Venkateshwara Colony
|Manne Kavitha Reddy
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12966
|B Uma
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5814
|7152
|-
|93
|[[Banjara Hills]]
|Vijaya Laxmi R Gadwal
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10227
|Baddam Mahipal Reddy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9446
|781
|-
|94
|[[Shaikpet Hyderabad|Shaikhpet]]
|[[Mohammed Rashed Faraz Uddin]]
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|13412
|Cherka Mahesh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9045
|4367
|-
|95
|[[Jubilee Hills]]
|Venkatesh Derangula
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10406
|Kaja Suryanarayana
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9627
|779
|-
|96
|[[Yousufguda]]
|Bandari Raj Kumar
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9835
|K Ganaga Raju
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7513
|2322
|-
|97
|[[Somajiguda]]
|Vanam Sangeetha
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11516
|G Vijaya Durga Gunti
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7679
|3837
|-
|98
|[[Ameerpet]]
|Ketineni Sarala
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8947
|N Seshu Kumari
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|7646
|1301
|-
|99
|Vengal Rao Nagar
|G. Dedeepya
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9211
|Kilari Manohar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8065
|1146
|-
|100
|[[Sanathnagar]]
|Kolanu Laxmi
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11665
|K Annapurna
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9236
|2429
|-
|101
|[[Erragadda]]
|Shaheen Begum
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|8971
|K Pallavi
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|7737
|1234
|-
|102
|Rahmath Nagar
|C.N. Reddy
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|14972
|Kolan Venkatesh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5276
|9696
|-
|103
|[[Borabanda]]
|[[Baba Fasiuddin|MD Baba Fasiuddin]]
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|14326
|Mandhuvada Srinivas Goud
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5162
|9164
|-
|104
|[[Kondapur]]
|Shaik Hameed
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|14758
|M Raghunath
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10772
|3986
|-
|105
|[[Gachibowli]]
|V.Gangadhar Reddy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10602
|K.Sai Baba
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9467
|1135
|-
|106
|[[Serilingampally]]
|Ragam Nagender Yadav
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12911
|K.Yellesh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|11468
|1443
|-
|107
|[[Madhapur]]
|V. Jagadeeshwar Goud
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|13672
|Gangala Radhakrishna Yadav
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|6767
|6905
|-
|108
|[[Miyapur]]
|Uppalapati Sreekanth
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9735
|K Raghavender Rao
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7534
|2201
|-
|109
|[[Hafeezpet]]
|V Pujitha
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|15039
|Boini Anusha Yadav
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9850
|5189
|-
|110
|[[Chanda Nagar]]
|R Manjula
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11975
|Kasireddy Sindhu Reddy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8704
|3271
|-
|111
|Bharathi Nagar
|V Sindhu
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11563
|Godhavari Chinnamile
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|6905
|4658
|-
|112
|[[Ramachandrapuram, Telangana|Ramachandrapuram]]
|Burugadda Pushpa
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11540
|Nallagandla Narsing Goud
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5781
|5759
|-
|113
|[[Patancheru]]
|Mettu Kumar Yadav
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|15523
|Ashish Goud Thouti
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9440
|6083
|-
|114
|KPHB Colony
|Mandadi Srinivasa Rao
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12498
|Sarivigari Preetham Kumar Reddy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10093
|2405
|-
|115
|Balaji Nagar
|P Sirisha
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12701
|A Charumathi Devi
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9880
|2821
|-
|116
|Allapur
|Sabiha Begum
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|18648
|Puligolla Srilakshmi
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8338
|10310
|-
|117
|[[Moosapet]]
|K Mahendar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10068
|Thumu Sravan Kumar
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9530
|538
|-
|118
|[[Fateh Nagar, Hyderabad|Fathe Nagar]]
|Satish Babu Pandala
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11626
|M Krishna Goud
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9131
|2495
|-
|119
|[[Old Bowenpally]]
|M Narsimha Yadav
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|16031
|Yengula Thirupathi
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8560
|7471
|-
|120
|[[Balanagar, Medchal district|Bala Nagar]]
|Avula Ravindar Reddy
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10945
|Yasa Narsi Reddy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7214
|3731
|-
|121
|[[Kukatpally]]
|Jupally Satyanarayana Rao
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10679
|Pavan Kumar Naineni
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9930
|749
|-
|122
|V V nagar Colony
|Madhavaram Roja Devi
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11658
|U Vidhya Kalpana
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7539
|4119
|-
|123
|Hyder Nagar
|Narne Srinivasa Rao
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9260
|Velaga Srinivas
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7227
|2033
|-
|124
|[[Allwyn Colony]]
|Dodla Venkatesh Goud
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11079
|Surabhi Ravinder Rao
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9835
|1244
|-
|125
|Gajula Ramaram
|Ravula Seshagiri
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|13267
|Kuna Srinivas Goud
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|12830
|437
|-
|126
|[[Jagadgirigutta]]
|Kolukula Jagan
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10382
|Mahesh Yadav Jella
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9904
|478
|-
|127
|Rangareddy Nagar
|B Vijay Shekhar
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|13516
|Nandanam Divakar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5555
|7961
|-
|128
|Chintal
|Rashida Begum
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8477
|Kotte Radhika
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|6554
|1923
|-
|129
|[[Suraram, Hyderabad|Suraram]]
|Manthri Sathya Narayana
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11115
|Bakka Shanker Reddy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7624
|3491
|-
|130
|Subhash Nagar
|Hemalatha Gudimetla
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|19545
|Somannagari Malathi
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8826
|10719
|-
|131
|[[Quthbullapur]]
|Kuna Gourish Parijatha
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12220
|Gaddam Swathika Reddy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10187
|2033
|-
|132
|[[Jeedimetla]]
|Cherukupally Tara Chandra Reddy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|14004
|K Padma
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9198
|4806
|-
|133
|[[Macha Bollaram]]
|E.S.Raj Jitendernath
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|12089
|Sarvey Naresh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12055
|34
|-
|134
|[[Alwal]]
|Chintala Vijay Shanti
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10998
|Kandhikanti Veena
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8941
|2057
|-
|135
|[[Venkatapuram, Hyderabad|Venkatapuram]]
|Sabitha Kishore
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|7580
|Gaddi Shivabhishek
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|6415
|1165
|-
|136
|[[Neredmet]]
|Kothapally Meena Reddy
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10330
|V Prasanna Naidu
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9662
|668
|-
|137
|[[Vinayak Nagar]]
|Cyanam Rajyalakshmi
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9972
|Baddam Puspalatha
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9685
|287
|-
|138
|[[Moula Ali]]
|Gunnala Sunitha
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10491
|Mumtaz Fathima
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10240
|251
|-
|139
|[[Anandbagh|East Anandbagh]]
|Y Prem Kumar
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10163
|Nagaraj Bakka
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7567
|2596
|-
|140
|[[Malkajgiri]]
|Sravan Vurapalli
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8366
|N Jagadishwar Goud
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8188
|178
|-
|141
|Gotham Nagar
|Mekala Suneetha
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|10304
|S Santoshi
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8004
|2300
|-
|142
|Addagutta
|Lingani Prasnna Lakshmi
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|13532
|Kadari Ashwini
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|6669
|6863
|-
|143
|[[Tarnaka]]
|Mothe Sri Latha
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|14069
|Banda Jaya Sudha Reddy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|11565
|2504
|-
|144
|[[Mettuguda]]
|R Sunitha
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|7592
|U Sharada Mallesh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|7008
|584
|-
|145
|[[Sitaphalmandi]]
|Samala Hema
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|14035
|K Deepthi
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12834
|1201
|-
|146
|[[Boudha Nagar]]
|Kandi Shailaja
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|9997
|Keerthi Mekala
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9185
|812
|-
|147
|Bansilalpet
|Kurma Hemalatha
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|13930
|Ghandhamala Spandana
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|13094
|836
|-
|148
|Ramgopalpet
|Cheera Suchitra
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8453
|A Aruna
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8143
|310
|-
|149
|[[Begumpet]]
|T Maheshwari
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|11407
|R Rajalakshmi
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|10053
|1354
|-
|150
|[[Monda Market]]
|Kontham Deepika
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12015
|Akula Rupha
| bgcolor=FE0175|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|8068
|3947

|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://tsec.gov.in/AbstractResultReportGhmc.se TSEC elections results]

{{Telangana elections}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]
[[Category:2020 elections in India]]
[[Category:Municipal corporation elections in India|Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Local elections in Telangana]]

Joydeep Mukherjee (director)

2026-02-07T23:08:27Z

Sunking: started basic entry first draft!

{{short description|Indian film director, actor and writer}}
{{about|the film director|the cricketer|Joydeep Mukherjee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Joydeep Mukherjee
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| occupation = {{hlist|Director|Writer|Actor}}
| years_active = 2008–present
| notable_works = {{ubl|''[[Byomkesh (2014 TV series)|Byomkesh]]''|''[[The Eken]]''|''[[Eken Babu (TV series)|Eken Babu series]]''|''[[Shikari (2016 film)|Shikari]]''|''[[Nabab (2017 film)|Nabab]]''|''[[Chalbaaz]]''|''[[Bhaijaan Elo Re]]''|''[[The Eken: Ruddhaswas Rajasthan]]''|''[[The Eken: Benaras e Bibhishika]]''}}
| spouse =
| children =
| awards =
}}

'''Joydeep Mukherjee''' is an Indian film director, actor and writer primarily associated with [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali Film Industry]]. He made his directorial debut with the daily soap ''[[Ekhane Aakash Neel]]''. He gained recognition after directing multiple India-Bangladesh joint ventures including ''[[Shikari (2016 film)|Shikari]]'' (2016) and ''[[Nabab (2017 film)|Nabab]]'' (2017). He gained further recognition after directing all the seasons of ''[[Eken Babu (TV series)|Eken Babu series]]'' Season 6 onwards. He is best known for directing the [[Ekenbabu]] theatrical films - ''[[The Eken]]'' (2022), ''[[The Eken: Ruddhaswas Rajasthan]]'' (2023) and ''[[The Eken: Benaras e Bibhishika]]'' (2025).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rongdhono.com/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0/ |script-title=bn:শাকিব খানকে বাংলাদেশের রজনীকান্ত আখ্যা দিলেন নবাবের পরিচালক জয়দীপ মুখার্জী |url-status=dead |language=bn |access-date=2018-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222005114/http://rongdhono.com/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0/ |archive-date=22 February 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsnarayanganj24.net/mega-city/3868 |script-title=bn:নারায়নগঞ্জে অপার ফটোগ্রাফির অপর সম্ভাবনা রয়েছে: জয়দীপ |work=newsnarayanganj24 |url-status=dead |language=bn |access-date=2017-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227034701/https://www.newsnarayanganj24.net/mega-city/3868 |archive-date=27 February 2018 }}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2008, Joydeep started his career with directed television drama serial. Then he directed two more dramas. In 2016, he debuted as a film director with the project of [[Indo-Bangla joint production]] thriller drama film ''[[Shikari (2016 film)|Shikari]]'' share with Zakir Hossain Simanto featuring [[Shakib Khan]] and [[Srabanti Chatterjee]], which became the highest-grossing Bengali film of 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=2016's Most Successful Bengali Films |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/movie-review-0/2016s-most-successful-bengali-films-1337929 |newspaper=The Daily Star|access-date=31 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A year on the silver screen |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/unforgettable-2016/year-the-silver-screen-1338367 |newspaper=The Daily Star|access-date=1 January 2017}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:5%" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:20%" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:10%" | Director
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:10%" | Story writer
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:10%" | Actor
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:35%" | Notes
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:5%" | {{Refh}}
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Bhengchi]]'' || || ||{{yes}} || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016|| ''[[Shikari (2016 film)|Shikari]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=New Indo-Bangla joint production starts |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/new-indo-bangla-joint-production-starts-1196158 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=18 March 2016 |access-date=2 June 2016}}</ref> ||{{yes}} || || || First directed Bengali film and first collaboration between [[Shakib Khan]] and Joydip Mukherjee pair ||
|-
| ''[[Amoler Cabin]]'' || || ||{{yes}} || ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2017|| ''[[Nabab (2017 film)|Nabab]]'' ||{{yes}}||{{yes}}|| || Second collaboration between [[Shakib Khan]] and Joydip Mukherjee pair after the success of the film Shikari ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2018|| ''[[Chalbaaz]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sonalinews.com/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%C2%A0/40025 |script-title=bn:শাকিবের চালবাজ শুটিং হবে লন্ডনে |last=ডটকম|first=সোনালীনিউজ |date=11 January 2018 |work=Sonali News |access-date=16 January 2018|language=bn}}</ref> ||{{yes}} || || || Third collaboration between [[Shakib Khan]] and Joydip Mukherjee. Second time pairing between [[Shakib Khan]] and [[Subhashree Ganguly]] after [[Nabab (2017 film)|Nabab]] ||
|-
| ''[[Bhaijaan Elo Re]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/srabanti-chatterjee-to-reunite-with-shakib-khan-in-bhaijaan/articleshow/63045697.cms|title=Srabanti Chatterjee to reunite with Shakib Khan in 'Bhaijaan' |date=23 February 2018 |work=The Times of India |access-date=27 February 2018}}</ref> ||{{yes}}|| || || Fourth collaboration between [[Shakib Khan]] and Joydip Mukherjee pair ||
|-
| ''[[Tumi Sudhu Amar]]'' || {{yes}} || || || Filming ||
|-
|2020
| ''[[Detective (2020 film)|Detective]]'' || {{yes}} || || || Released 14 August 2020 on Hoichoi ||
|-
|2021
|''[[F.I.R No. 339/07/06 (film)|FIR]]''
| {{yes}}|| || || ||
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Golondaaj]]''
| || ||{{yes}} || ||
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Anusandhan (2021 film)|Anusandhan]]''
||| ||{{yes}} || ||
|-
| 2021
| ''Bikkhov''
||| ||{{yes}} || ||
|-
|2022
| ''[[The Eken]]'' || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
|2022
| ''[[Lokkhi Chele]]''
| || ||{{yes}} || ||
|-
|2023
|''[[Ardhangini (2023 film)|Ardhangini]]''
| || ||{{yes}} || ||
|-
|2023
| ''[[The Eken: Ruddhaswas Rajasthan]]'' || {{yes}} || || || ||
|-
|2025
|''[[The Eken: Benaras e Bibhishika|The Eken: Benaras E Bibhishika]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|
|}

== Web series ==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:5%" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:20%" | Web series
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:10%" | Director
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:10%" | Story writer
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:10%" | Actor
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:10%" | Platform
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:10%" | Notes
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:5%" | {{Refh}}
|-
|2019
|''Sharate Aaj''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|[[ZEE5]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/sharate-aaj-review-zee-5-series-parambrata-chatterjee/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329210853/https://www.filmcompanion.in/sharate-aaj-review-zee-5-series-parambrata-chatterjee/|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 March 2019|title=Sharate Aaj goes beyond the conventions of the slam-bang thriller|date=2019-03-02|website=Film Companion|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sharate-aaj-review-zee5s-new-bengali-series-is-a-smartly-written-thriller-loaded-with-terrific-performances-6187261.html|title=Sharate Aaj review: Zee5's new Bengali series is a smartly written thriller loaded with terrific performances |date=2019-03-03|website=Firstpost|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|''[[Shikarpur (web series)|Shikarpur]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|ZEE5
|
|
|-
|''[[Chhotolok]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|ZEE5
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
|''[[Kaantaye Kaantaye]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|ZEE5
|
|
|-
|''[[Advocate Achinta Aich]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Hoichoi
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[Advocate Achinta Aich]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Hoichoi
|
|
|-
|''[[Nishir Daak (TV series)|Nishir Daak]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|Hoichoi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Snigdha |title=ফের একফ্রেমে সত্যম-সুরঙ্গনা, কার পরিচালনায় হইচই-এ দেখা যাবে অনস্ক্রিন জুটিকে? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/breaking-surangana-bandopadhyay-and-satyam-bhattacharya-will-be-seen-together-in-hoichoi-series-nishir-daak-119634 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=4 October 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|}

== Soap opera ==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:5%" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:20%" | Soap opera
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:10%" | Director
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:10%" | Story writer
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:10%" | Actor
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:20%" | Notes
! style="background:#B0C4DE; width:5%" | {{Refh}}
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Ekhane Aakash Neel]]''|| {{yes}} || || || Debuted in television series ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Gaaner Oparey]]'' ||{{yes}} || || || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Byomkesh (2014 TV series)|Byomkesh]]'' ||{{yes}} || || || ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4354459}}
* {{Twitter|joydeep09}}

{{Joydip Mukherjee}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Joydip}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Paritala Sunitha

2026-02-06T06:16:06Z

Sunking: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{family name hatnote|Paritala|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Paritala Sunitha
| image = Paritala Suneetha (cropped).jpg
| caption = Paritala Sunitha in 2014
| office2 = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| termstart2 = 2024
| termend2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Thopudurthi Prakash Reddy]]
| successor2 =
| constituency2 = [[Raptadu Assembly constituency|Raptadu]]
| termstart3 = 2009
| termend3 = 2019
| predecessor3 = ''Constituency established''
| successor3 = Thopudurthi Prakash Reddy
| constituency3 = [[Raptadu Assembly constituency|Raptadu]]

| office = [[Department of Women and Child Welfare (Andhra Pradesh)|Minister for SERP, Women Empowerment and Child Welfare]], [[Department of Disabled and Senior Citizen Welfare (Andhra Pradesh)|Disabled and Senior Citizens Welfare]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| 1blankname = Governor
| 1namedata = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 2blankname = Chief Minister
| 2namedata = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| term_start = 2 April 2017
| term_end = 29 May 2019
| predecessor = [[Peethala Sujatha]]
| successor = *[[Peddireddy Ramachandra Reddy]] {{small|(Panchayat Raj & Rural Development;SERP)}}
*[[Taneti Vanitha]] {{small|(Women and Child Welfare)}}
*[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]] {{small|(Disabled and Senior Citizen Welfare)}}
| office1 = [[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Minister for Price Monitoring, Consumer Affairs, Food & Civil Supplies]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| 1blankname1 = Governor
| 1namedata1 = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 2blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 2namedata1 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| term_start1 = 8 June 2014
| term_end1 = 2 April 2017
| predecessor1 = [[N. Kiran Kumar Reddy]] {{small|([[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]])}}
| successor1 = [[Prathipati Pulla Rao]]

| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_place = India
| spouse = [[Paritala Ravindra]]
| children = 3 (including Paritala Sriram)
}}

'''Paritala Sunitha''' is an Indian politician. She is a member of the Legislative Assembly and Minister of SERP, Women Empowerment, Child Welfare, Disabled and Senior Citizens Welfare of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] representing the [[Raptadu (Assembly constituency)|Raptadu]] constituency of [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.partyanalyst.com/constituencyPageAction.action?constituencyId=299 |title=Raptdau Assembly Constituency Details |accessdate=19 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904220158/http://partyanalyst.com/constituencyPageAction.action?constituencyId=299 |archivedate=4 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Susarla|first=Ramesh|date=25 July 2020|title=Former Minister Paritala Sunitha bereaved|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/former-minister-paritala-sunitha-bereaved/article32193203.ece|url-status=live|access-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907185658/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/former-minister-paritala-sunitha-bereaved/article32193203.ece|archive-date=7 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She represents the [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091222070852/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/18/stories/2009121860460600.htm Paritala Sunita arrested]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060514220018/http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/11/stories/2005061111300400.htm Paritala Sunita takes oath as MLA]</ref>

==Personal life==
Paritala Sunitha was married to [[Paritala Ravindra]]. She has three children. She has three siblings.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 March 2019|title=Paritala Ravi's daughter Snehalatha Engagement Held|url=https://www.ap7am.com/lv-282019-paritala-ravis-daughter-snehalatha-engagement-held|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506124206/https://www.ap7am.com/lv-282019-paritala-ravis-daughter-snehalatha-engagement-held|archive-date=6 May 2021|access-date=6 May 2021|website=ap7am.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Paritala Sunitha entered politics following the death of her husband. She was elected as a Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Raptadu constituency in [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] and [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] elections. She has not contested the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 elections]] to pave the path for her son, Paritala Sriram<ref>{{Cite news|last=Raghavan|first=Sandeep|date=14 March 2019|title=Minister Paritala Sunitha gives up Raptadu seat for son Sriram|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/minister-paritala-sunitha-gives-up-raptadu-seat-for-son-sriram/articleshow/68404435.cms|url-status=live|access-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226154319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/minister-paritala-sunitha-gives-up-raptadu-seat-for-son-sriram/articleshow/68404435.cms|archive-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> and she won in the elections of 2024 as member of legislative assembly.

==Popular culture==
[[Ram Gopal Varma]] made the film, ''[[Rakta Charitra]]'', based on the life of her husband. [[Radhika Apte]] played her character while [[Vivek Oberoi]] played her husband.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/paritala-ravis-services-recalled/article6819727.ece |title=Paritala Ravi's services recalled |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2015-01-25 |accessdate=2016-07-23}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunitha, Paritala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

Bagar (region)

2026-02-01T12:28:29Z

Sunking: new a data

{{Short description|Region in north-western India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Not to be confused|Bhattiana|text=the [[Bhattiana]] region}}
{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 300px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="margin-left: inherit; background:#FF7722; text-align:center; font-size: medium;" |Historical region '''Bagar'''
|- align="center"
| colspan="2"| <div style="position: center; margin: 0 0 0 0; border-collapse: collapse; border="1" cellpadding="0"> [[File:The Bagar region.png|249x249px]] </div>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''Location'''
| '''Northwestern India'''
{{coord|29|58|N|74|32|E|region:IN_dim:200000|display=inline,title}}
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''[[Language]]'''
| [[Bagri language|Bagri]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''[[Dynasty|Dynasties]]'''
| [[Yaudheya]]
* Established 5th century BCE
* Disestablished 3rd-4th century CE
[[Bhati]]
* Established 255 AD
* Disestablished 1527 AD at [[Bhatner fort|Bhatner]]
[[History of Bikaner|Rathore]]
* Established – 1488(15th century) in Lower Bagar region
* Established – 1527 AD in [[Bhatner fort|Bhatner]]
* Disestablished –1949(20th century)
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''Historical [[Capital (political)|capitals]]'''
| [[Bikaner]], Shaikhsar, [[Hanumangarh]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|}
'''Bagar''', also '''Bagad''', a term meaning the "dry country",<ref name=bagartribune1>Nonica Datta, [http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jul03/saturday/head1.htm "Forming an identity"], [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 3 July 1999.</ref> is a reference to a region in north-western [[India]] in north [[Rajasthan]], West [[Haryana]], south-west [[Punjab]], India where the [[Bagri language]] is spoken and which is inhabited by the [[Bagri people]]. The region is characterised by sandy tracks and shifting sand dunes which are now irrigated by canals.<ref name="HarRev">{{Cite web |url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/revised_settlement_hisar.pdf |title=Revised Land and Revenue Settlement of Hisar District 9006-9011 |access-date=26 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517124050/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/revised_settlement_hisar.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Bagar means the [[prairie]] (grazing shrubs and grassland) of northern [[Rajputana]],<ref name=etymology1>Elaine King,1998, Tales & legends of India, Page 61.</ref> which likely comes from [[eponymous]] Arabic word "baqar" or "bagar" (بقرة) meaning "cow" ([[Cattle in religion and mythology#Hinduism|sacred to Hindus]]),<ref name=etymology3>2002, Abubakar Garba, "State, city and society: processes of urbanisation", University of Maiduguri – Centre for Trans Saharan Studies, Archaeological Association of Nigeria, Page 82.</ref> derived from the Arabic word "cattle".<ref name=etymology5 /><ref name=etymology2>Mohamet Lawan, 1997, No travel is little, Page 66.</ref> ''[[Baggara]]'' in Arabic means "cattle herders".<ref name=etymology5>Deepak Kumar Behera, [[Georg Pfeffer]], 2002, The concept of tribal society, Page 284.</ref><ref name=etymology4>Jemera Rone, Brian Owsley, Human Rights Watch/Africa, 1996, Behind the Red Line: Political Repression in Sudan, Page 274.</ref> Bagar tract refers to the [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] semi-fertile [[Rainfed agriculture|rain-fed]] sandy [[Grassland#Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregions|shrubby grassland]] tract at the confluence of [[arid]] [[Thar Desert]] and fertile [[Khadir and Bangar|bangar and khadir]] areas of [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]], which as historically inhabited by the cattle herders who remained semi-nomadic until they began to adapt to settled life in the [[Medieval India|mid to late Medieval Period]]. Before the adoption of the Arabic name bagar, the area was earlier known as [[Jangladesh]] during the [[Vedic era]] of [[Mahabharata]] and even in early medieval times at least until the end of Hindu reign of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]].

== Bagar tracts ==
Bagar (Hindi: बागड़) region is characterised by Bagar tracts which are long strips of shifting sand dunes called ''tibba'' ('''टिब्बा''') and [[Khadir and Bangar|relatively semi-fertile lands]] and the area between them is called ''lal'' ('''लाळ''') in northern districts of [[Rajasthan]] and along the northwestern districts of [[Haryana]].<ref name="Census1961">{{Cite book |last=India. Superintendent of Census Operations |first=Punjab |url=https://archive.org/stream/districtcensusha01indi/districtcensusha01indi_djvu.txt |title=District census handbook, Punjab |last2=Anand |first2=R. L. |date=1965 |publisher=[Chandigarh] : Govt. of Punjab |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The Bagar region has potentially very fertile [[alluvial soil]] interspersed with highly [[Permeability (earth sciences)|permeable]] very sandy tracts in several places with [[water table]] more than 100 feet below ground containing [[brackish water]] usually unfit for human consumption, where [[dust storm]]s frequent during the warm summer months from April till the end of July when [[monsoon]] arrives.

Previously, the drinking water availability in the Bagar tract was solely based on the rain & wells and irrigation was possible only in the small areas of Ghaggar basin of Bagar region in districts of Fatehabad, Sirsa, Hanumangarh, Sri Ganganagar and Anupgarh where the seasonal [[Ghaggar river]] flows.

Earlier [[Western Yamuna Canal]] and after 1963 [[Bhakra Nangal Dam]] canal system provides the water for irrigation in most of Haryana including all of the Bagar region falling in Haryana on its western border.

The [[Ganga canal]] in 1927 and in 1984 [[Indira Gandhi Canal]] irrigation also known as Rajasthan Canal brought the water of [[Sutlej]] and [[Beas]] rivers to the fields of Rajasthan including its Bagar tract, stabilizing the sand dunes and soil erosion by preventing the expansion of desert.<ref name=bag1>E. Walter Coward, 1980, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0801498716 "Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Asia: Perspectives from the social sciences"], [[Cornell University]] press, page 302, {{ISBN|0801498716}}.</ref><ref name="Census1961" />

'''Geographically, the Bagar region lies between the:'''
*[[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa, Punjab]] to the north,
*The [[Shekhawati region]] and the [[Marwar]] region of Rajasthan to the south.
*The Aravali Range to the southeast in the [[Charkhi Dadri]] district & [[Tosham]] tehsil of [[Bhiwani district]],
*[[Ahirwal]] region of Haryana also in the southeast.
*The eastern border in bounded to the Haryanavi speaking region of haryana.
*In the west of Bagar region lies the '''Rohi(रोई)/[[Cholistan desert]]''' in [[Pakistan]]'s [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province, with a few Bagri speakers in Pakistan's [[Bahawalpur district|Bahawalpur]] and [[Bahawalnagar district|Bahawalnagar]] districts.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Geographical extent of Bagar region.
|-
! States !! Districts
|-
| ''Rajasthan'' ||
* [[Anupgarh district]],
*[[Sri Ganganagar district]],
*[[Hanumangarh district]],
*[[Khajuwala]], [[Chhatargarh tehsil|Chhatargarh]], [[Loonkaransar]], [[Pugal]], [[Dungargarh|Sri Dungargarh]] and [[Bikaner]] tehsils of [[Bikaner district]],
*[[Taranagar]], [[Sardarshahar]], [[Rajgarh, Rajasthan|Rajgarh]], [[Sidhmukh]], Bhanipura, [[Ratangarh, Churu|Ratangarh]] and [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]] tehsils in [[Churu district]].<ref name="GL1">Gusain, Lakhan: Reflexives in Bagri. Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 1994</ref><ref name="Census1961" />
|-
| ''Punjab'' ||
* [[Abohar]] & [[Fazilka]] tehsils of [[Fazilka district]],
*Southern villages of [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district]].<ref name="GL1" /><ref name="GL2">Gusain, Lakhan: Limitations of Literacy in Bagri. [[Nicholas Ostler]] & [[Blair Rudes]] (eds.). Endangered Languages and Literacy. Proceedings of the Fourth FEL Conference. University of North Carolina, Charlotte, 21–24 September 2000</ref><ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.aspx Census India 2001]</ref>
|-
| ''Haryana'' ||
*[[Sirsa district]],
*[[Fatehabad, Haryana|Fatehabad district]],<ref name="researchgate.net">{{Cite web |title=The map shows study area and the Eco-cultural regions of Haryana (Modified after Singh, 1994; Khan and Dahiya, 2021) [, 10] |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-map-shows-study-area-and-the-Eco-cultural-regions-of-Haryana-Modified-after-Singh_fig2_364830044 |access-date=November 13, 2024 |website=www.researchgate.net}}</ref>
*[[Barwala, Hisar|Barwala]], [[Adampur]] and [[Hisar city|Hisar]] tehsils of [[Hisar district]].<ref name="GL1" /><ref name="GL2" /><ref name="Census1961" />
* [[Siwani]], [[Loharu]] and [[Tosham]] tehsils of [[Bhiwani district]]<ref name="researchgate.net"/>
* [[Badhra]] tehsil of Charkhi Dadri district<ref name="researchgate.net"/>
|}

== Bagri language ==
{{Main|Bagri language}}

[[File:WIKITONGUES- Raj speaking Bagri.webm|thumb|A Bagri speaker.]]
Bagri ('''बागड़ी'''), a [[dialect]] of overlapping [[Rajasthani language]], [[Haryanvi language]] and [[Punjabi language]] of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan family]], is spoken by about five million speakers residing in Bagar region of [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]] and [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] states in India.<ref name="GL1" /><ref name="GL2" />

== Politics of Bagar Region (Constituencies and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]) ==

There are 40 Constituencies of Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan legislative assemblies where the '''Bagri language''' is spoken by majority of the population.

* In Punjab, there 4 constituencies of Fazilka and Sri Muktsar Sahib in South Punjab where Bagri speakers decide the fate of elections. Out of 4 constituencies only 1 constituency is reserved for [[Scheduled caste|SC candidate]].
* In Haryana, there are 15 constituencies in north west haryana which comes under the Bagar region out of which 2 constituencies are reserved for [[Scheduled caste|SC candidates]].
* In Rajasthan, there are 21 constituencies of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] which comes under the '''Bagar region''' in North Rajasthan. Meanwhile, 4 constituencies out of 21 constituencies are reserved for [[Scheduled caste|SC candidates]].

=== Rajasthan ===
Following is the list of the constituencies and the candidates from Bhartiya Janata Party,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S20.htm | title=Election Commission of India }}</ref> Congress party<ref>{{cite web | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-742S20.htm | title=Election Commission of India }}</ref> and the Independent candidates<ref>{{cite web | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-743S20.htm | title=Election Commission of India }}</ref> appeared in [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywiseresult-S20.htm | title=Election }}</ref> from the '''Bagri speaking region''' of Rajasthan.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Source:<ref name="Rajasthan Election Results 2023: Full list of winners2">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Rajasthan Election Results 2023: Full list of winners|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/rajasthan-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2471236-2023-12-03|accessdate=12 December 2023|date=4 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212114953/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/rajasthan-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2471236-2023-12-03|archivedate=12 December 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rajasthan Election Result 2023: Constituency-wise full list of BJP, Congress, BSP and RLP winners2">{{cite news|last1=India TV|first1=|last2=|title=Rajasthan Election Result 2023: Constituency-wise full list of BJP, Congress, BSP and RLP winners|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/rajasthan/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-complete-winners-list-constituency-wise-with-names-2023-12-03-905390|accessdate=12 December 2023|work=|date=3 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212115222/https://www.indiatvnews.com/rajasthan/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-complete-winners-list-constituency-wise-with-names-2023-12-03-905390|archivedate=12 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="2"|District
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Member of Legislative Assembly
!rowspan="2"|Remarks
|-
!No.
!Name
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[Sri Ganganagar district|Sri Ganganagar]]
!1
|[[Sadulshahar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sadulshahar]]
|[[Gurveer Singh Brar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!2
|[[Ganganagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ganganagar]]
|[[Jaydeep Bihani]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!3
|[[Karanpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Karanpur]]
|[[Rupinder Singh Kooner]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!4
|[[Suratgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Suratgarh]]
|[[Dungar Ram Gedar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!5
|[[Raisinghnagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Raisinghnagar (SC)]]
|[[Sohan Lal Nayak]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!6
|[[Anupgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Anupgarh (SC)]]
|[[Shimla Devi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Hanumangarh district|Hanumangarh]]
!7
|[[Sangaria (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sangaria]]
|[[Abhimanyu Poonia]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!8
|[[Hanumangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Hanumangarh]]
|[[Ganeshraj Bansal|Ganesh Raj Bansal]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
|
|-
!9
|[[Pilibanga (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pilibanga (SC)]]
|[[Vinod Gothwal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!10
|[[Nohar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nohar]]
|[[Amit Chachan]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!11
|[[Bhadra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhadra]]
|[[Sanjeev Beniwal|Sanjeev Kumar Beniwal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|rowspan="7"|[[Bikaner district|Bikaner]]
!12
|[[Khajuwala (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Khajuwala (SC)]]
|[[Vishwanath Meghwal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!13
|[[Bikaner West (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bikaner West]]
|[[Jethanand Vyas]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!14
|[[Bikaner East (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bikaner East]]
|[[Sidhi Kumari|Siddhi Kumari]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!15
|[[Kolayat (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kolayat]]
|[[Anshuman Singh Bhati]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!16
|[[Lunkaransar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Lunkaransar]]
|[[Sumit Godara]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
!17
|[[Dungargarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dungargarh]]
|[[Tarachand Saraswat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!18
|[[Nokha (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nokha]]
|[[Sushila Dudi|Sushila Rameshwar Dudi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[Churu district|Churu]]
!19
|[[Sadulpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sadulpur]]
|[[Manoj Nyangli]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|Merged With Shiv Sena From BSP
|-
!20
|[[Taranagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Taranagar]]
|[[Narendra Budania]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!21
|[[Sardarshahar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sardarshahar]]
|[[Anil Kumar Sharma (Rajasthan politician)|Anil Kumar Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|}

=== Haryana ===
Following is the list of constituencies and Members of Legislative Assembly from the '''Bagri speaking region''' of North Western Haryana.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!District
!No.
!Constituency
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Alliance
! Remarks
! Reservation
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]]
! 1
| [[Tohana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tohana -(39)]]
| [[Paramvir Singh (politician)|Paramvir Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|
|-
! 2
| [[Fatehabad (Haryana Assembly constituency)|Fatehabad – (40)]]
| [[Dura Ram]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|
|-
! 3
| [[Ratia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ratia – (41)]]
| [[Jarnail Singh (Haryana politician)|Jarnail Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|[[Scheduled caste|SC]]
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Sirsa district|Sirsa]]
! 4
| [[Kalanwali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalanwali – (42)]]
| Shishpal Singh
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|[[Scheduled caste|SC]]
|-
! 5
| [[Dabwali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dabwali – (43)]]
| [[Aditya Devilal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}|
| [[Indian National Lok Dal]]
|
| None
|
|
|-
! 6
| [[Rania (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rania – (44)]]
| [[Arjun Chautala]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|
|None
|
|
|-
! 7
| [[Sirsa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sirsa – (45)]]
| [[Gokul Setia]]
| bgcolor={{Party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|
|-
! 8
| [[Ellenabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ellenabad – (46)]]
| [[Bharat Singh Beniwal]]
| bgcolor={{Party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|[[Hisar district|Hisar]]
!9
|[[Adampur, Haryana Assembly constituency|Adampur (46)]]
| [[Chander Parkash (politician)|Chander Parkash]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
! 10
| [[Uklana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Uklana (48)]]
| [[Naresh Selwal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|-
! 11
| [[Barwala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barwala (51)]]
| [[Ranbir Singh Gangwa]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| Cabinet Minister
|-
! 12
| [[Hisar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hisar – (52)]]
| [[Savitri Jindal]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent}}|
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]
! 13
| [[Loharu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Loharu (54)]]
| [[Rajbir Fartia]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|
|
|-
!14
| [[Tosham (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tosham (58)]]
| [[Shruti Choudhry]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}; " |
| [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| Cabinet minister
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Charkhi Dadri district|Charkhi Dadri]]
!15
| [[Badhra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badhra (55)]]
| [[Umed Singh (Haryana politician)|Umed Singh]]
| bgcolor={{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|
|}

=== Punjab ===

Following is the list of constituencies and [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] from [[Fazilka district]] and southern part of [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district]] with the significant presence of '''Bagri Speakers''' in South Punjab, India.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! District
! No.
! Constituency
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party
! Bench
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Fazilka district|Fazilka]]
!1
|[[Fazilka Assembly constituency|Fazilka – (80)]]
|[[Narinderpal Singh Sawna]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Government
|-
!2
|[[Abohar Assembly constituency|Abohar – (81)]]
|[[Sandeep Jakhar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|Opposition
|-
!3
|[[Balluana Assembly constituency|Balluana – (82)]] (SC)
|[[Amandeep Singh Musafir|Amandeep Singh ‘Goldy’ Musafir]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Government
|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Sri Muktsar Sahib]]
!4
|[[Lambi Assembly constituency|Lambi – (83)]]
| [[Gurmeet Singh Khudian]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Government
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
India - Haryana - Sirsa.svg|[[Sirsa district]]
India - Haryana - Fatehabad.svg|[[Fatehabad district]]
India - Haryana - Hisar.svg|[[Hisar district]]
Bhiwani in Haryana (India).svg|[[Bhiwani district]]
India - Haryana - Charkhi Dadri.svg|[[Charkhi Dadri district]]
2025 Rajasthan State New 41 District Map.jpg|Bagar tract through [[Ganganagar district]], [[Anupgarh district]], [[Hanumangarh district]], [[Churu district]] and [[Bikaner district]] in [[Rajasthan]]
Punjab district map.png|Bagar tract through [[Fazilka district]] and southern villages of [[Muktsar district]] of [[Punjab (India)]]
Pakistan Punjab.png|Bagri as minor language is spoken in [[Bahawalpur]] and [[Bahawalnagar district]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan]], though not considered parts of Bagar tract.
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[Doab#Khadir, bangar, barani, nali and bagar|Barani, Nehri, Nalli]]
* [[Bhattiana]]
* [[Chak (village)]]
* [[Dhani (settlement type)]]
* [[Doab]]
* [[Jangladesh]]
* [[Johad]]
* [[Khadir and Bangar]]
* [[Punjab region]]
* [[Divisions of Haryana]]
{{col div end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{PunjabGeography}}
{{Historical regions of North India}}

[[Category:Tracts]]
[[Category:Regions of Haryana]]
[[Category:Regions of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Regions of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]

Prashastapada

2026-01-30T23:10:22Z

Sunking: starting basic post initial version!

{{Short description|Ancient Indian philosopher}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}

'''{{IAST|Praśastapāda}}''' ({{langx|sa|प्रशस्तपाद}}) was an ancient Indian philosopher. He wrote the ''Padārtha-dharma-saṅgraha'' (Collection of Properties of Matter) and a commentary, titled ''Praśastapāda Bhāṣya'', on the [[Vaiśeṣika Sūtra|Vaisheshika Sutra]]s of [[Kanada (philosopher)|Kanada]] (circa 2nd century BCE); both texts are comprehensive books in physics. In these texts Prashastapada discusses the properties of motion.<ref>{{cite book|title=Modern Physics in Ancient India|author=Premendra Priyadarshi|publisher=Scribd.com|page=7|url= https://www.scribd.com/doc/44099229/Modern-Physics-in-Ancient-India}}</ref> Ganganath Jha had translated ''[https://archive.org/details/prashastapadabhashya Praśastapāda Bhāṣya]'' which was published in 1916.<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Ganganath Jha]]|author=Hetukar Jha|isbn=9788172013752|year=1992}}</ref> ''Prashasta'' or ''Praśasta'' ([[Sanskrit]]: प्रशस्त) means praised or praiseworthy, lauded or laudable, commended or commendable or eulogized.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary|author=V.S. Apte|publisher=The digital Dictionaries of South Asia|url= http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/search3advanced?dbname=apte&query=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4&matchtype=exact&display=utf8 |year=1957}}</ref>

[[Dayananda Saraswati]] writes that the [[Sutra]]s of Kanāda and ''Padārthadharmasaṅgraha'' of Praśastapāda do not show much influence of the [[Nyaya]] System.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dayananda's Outline of Vedic Philosophy|author=Satya Prakash|publisher=Dayanand Sansthan|page=43|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=l9ccAAAAMAAJ&q=Prashasta+pada+bhashaya |year=1975}}</ref> ''Praśastapāda Bhāṣya'' is actually not a commentary but an independent compendium of the tenets of the Vaisheshika School.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Oriental philosophy and Religion|publisher=Global Vision Publication House|page=386|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0TBTVPax4E8C&q=Prashastapada&pg=PA386 |isbn=9788182200739|year=2005}}</ref> [[Udayana]]charya of the [[Navya-Nyāya]] School, the author of ''Lakṣaṇāvalī'' which gives the definitions of Vaiśeṣika terms, and ''[[Nyayakusumanjali|Nyāya Kusumanjali]]'' which is a systematic account of Nyaya Theism, who also belonged to [[Mithila, India|Mithila]], had written ''Kiranavali'' which is a commentary on ''Praśastapāda Bhāṣya''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Indology|author=Vishnulok Bihari Srivastva|publisher=V&S Publishers|page=323|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gZuNAwAAQBAJ&q=Prashasta&pg=PT323 |isbn=9789350572351|date=2012-04-01}}</ref>

Praśastapāda can be tentatively dated to the second half of the 6th century C.E.<ref>Potter, Karl H., ed. The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2: Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology: The Tradition of Nyaya-Vaisesika up to Gangesa. Vol. 2. Princeton University Press, 2015. P. 282.</ref> The Vaiśeṣika philosophy recognizes twenty-four ''[[Guṇa|guna]]s'' or qualities that are inherent in substances; these include seventeen gunas listed by Kanada and seven gunas – ''[[gurutva]]'' (heaviness), ''dravatva'' (fluidity), ''sneha'' (viscidity), ''dharma'' (merit), ''adharma'' (demerit), ''shabda'' (sound) and ''samskara'' (faculty) - added by Praśastapāda. ''Vyomavati'' of Vyomaśekhara, ''Nyayakandali'' of Shridhara, ''Kiranavali'' of Udayana and ''Lilavati'' of Śrīvatsa are well known commentaries on his works.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|author=Roshen Dalal|publisher=Penguin Books India|pages=151, 314|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=Prashastapada&pg=PA314 |isbn=9780143414216|year=2010}}</ref>

Praśastapāda refers to a type of perception that is the simple intuition (''alochana'') of the proper form (''svarupa'') of an entity, which is the apprehension of an undifferentiated (''avibhktam'') whole arising from cognition of its specific universals. This is the preliminary stage. He differs from [[Dignāga]] for whom the determinates of cognitions are subjective constructs imposed upon the given, and constructive cognition is not a perception; Praśastapāda, who was a realist, avers that the determinates are objective constituents of reality and their conceptual co-relates are not inter-subjective fictions.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy|publisher=Routledgpage=419|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qunYrHJTf9sC&q=Prashastapada&pg=PA419 |isbn = 9781134691159|date = 2006-10-19}}</ref> Praśastapāda by redefining substance as per se a possessor of attributes opened new turf by separating the cosmological from the logical dimensions of concepts. His commentary overshadowed the Vaisheshika Sutras and became the main vehicle for later commentaries.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Sociology of Philosophies|author=Randall Collins|publisher=Harvard University Press|pages=234|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2HS1DOZ35EgC&q=Prashastapada&pg=PA234 |isbn=9780674029774|date=2009-06-30}}</ref> Praśastapāda describes the dissolution of the earth, water, air and fire in terms of their atomic constituents but excludes space because space is non-atomic. With regard to the conjoining and disjoining of atoms he includes a higher will or order as the guiding principle of universal dissolution which over-rides the natural karma of atoms.<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=physics/0701077 |last1=Narayan |first1=R. H. |title=Nyaya-Vaisheshika: The Indian Tradition of Physics |year=2007 }}</ref>

Kaṇāda does not directly refer to [[Ishvara]] (God) but Praśastapāda sees Ishvara as the cause of the universe<ref>{{cite book|title=The Religions of India|author=Roshen Dalal|publisher=Penguin books India|page=380|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&q=Prashastapada&pg=PA380 |isbn=9780143415176|year=2010}}</ref> but does not explain how God creates.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bulletin of the Ramakrishana Mission Institute of Culture Vol.54|page=163|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=E8nWAAAAMAAJ&q=Prashastapada |year=2003}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/padarthadharmasamgraha-and-nyayakandali The Padarthadharmasamgraha and Nyayakandali] Proofread English translation by Ganganatha Jha, 1915 (includes glossary)

{{Indian philosophy|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prashastapada}}
[[Category:6th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Atomists]]
[[Category:Metaphysicians]]
[[Category:Rishis]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:6th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:6th-century Hindus]]

1954 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election

2026-01-28T08:46:51Z

Sunking:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1954 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1952
| next_election = 1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1957 (KL)
| election_date = 15 February 1954
| seats_for_election = All 117 seats in the [[Travancore–Cochin|Travancore–Cochin Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 59
| turnout = 74.07%
| image1 = {{eppt|Indian National Congress|height=100|width=80}}
| leader1 = [[A. J. John]]
| leader_since1 =
| last_election1 = 44
| seats_before1 =
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 =
| leaders_seat1 = [[Poonjar Assembly constituency|Poonjar]]
| seats_needed1 =
| seats1 = 45
| seat_change1 = {{gain}} 1
| popular_vote1 = 1762820
| percentage1 = 45.32
| swing1 = {{gain}} 9.88
| image2 = {{eppt|Communist Party of India|height=100|width=80}}
| leader2 = [[T. V. Thomas]]
| leader_since2 =
| party2 = Communist Party of India
| alliance2 = [[United Front of Leftists|UFL]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Alappuzha Assembly constituency|Alappuzha]]
| last_election2 = ''Didn't contest''
| seats_before2 =
| seats_needed2 =
| seats2 = 23
| seat_change2 = ''New Party''
| popular_vote2 = 652613
| percentage2 = 16.78
| swing2 = ''New''
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Pattom A. Thanu Pillai.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=13}}
| leader3 = [[Pattom Thanu Pillai]]
| leader_since3 =
| party3 = Praja Socialist Party
| alliance3 = [[United Front of Leftists|UFL]]
| leaders_seat3 = Trivandrum II
| last_election3 = ''Didn't contest''
| seats_before3 =
| seats_needed3 =
| seats3 = 19
| seat_change3 = ''New Party''
| popular_vote3 = 632623
| percentage3 = 16.26
| swing3 = ''New''
| image4 =
| leader4 =
| leader_since4 =
| party4 = Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress
| alliance4 =
| leaders_seat4 =
| last_election4 = 8
| seats_before4 =
| seats_needed4 =
| seats4 = 12
| seat_change4 = {{gain}} 4
| popular_vote4 = 237411
| percentage4 = 6.10
| swing4 = {{gain}} 0.18
| image5 =
| leader5 =
| leader_since5 =
| party5 = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
| alliance5 = [[United Front of Leftists|UFL]]
| leaders_seat5 =
| last_election5 = 6
| seats_before5 =
| seats_needed5 =
| seats5 = 9
| seat_change5 = {{gain}} 3
| popular_vote5 = 212354
| percentage5 = 5.46
| swing5 = {{gain}} 1.98
| map_image = File:India Administrative Divisions 1951.svg
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = Location of [[Travancore-Cochin]] in [[India]]
| title = [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister]]
| posttitle = Elected [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[A. J. John]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Pattom Thanu Pillai]]
| after_party = Praja Socialist Party
}}

Elections to the [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] of the Indian state of [[Travancore-Cochin]] were held on 15 February 1954. 265 candidates competed for the 106 constituencies in the Assembly. There were 11 two-member constituencies and 95 single-member constituencies. Out of these, one single member and one two-member constituency was reserved for [[Dalit|SC]].<ref name="TCECI1954"/> The main contest in the election was between the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and the [[United Front of Leftists]] (UFL). [[Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress]] was also significant in some [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]] - significant constituencies.

== Results ==

=== Summary ===

<section begin=Results />{{election table|title=Summary of results of the 1954 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election<ref name="TCECI1954">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1954/StatRep_TravCochin_1954.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127210305/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1954/StatRep_TravCochin_1954.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013 | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1954|last =The Legislative Assembly of Travancore Cochin | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14}}</ref> |sortable=yes}}
!colspan=10|[[File:India Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly 1954.svg]]
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9; text-align:center;"
! class="unsortable" |
! Political party !! Flag !! Seats Contested !! Won !! Net Change in seats !! % of Seats
! Votes !! Vote % !! Change in vote %
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|
| 115 || 45 || {{increase}} 1 || 38.46 || 17,62,820 || 45.32 || {{increase}} 9.88
|-
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India]]
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|35px]]
| 36 || 23 || ''New'' || 19.66 || 6,52,613 || 16.78 || ''New''
|-
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|
| 38 || 19 || ''New'' || 16.24 || 6,32,623 || 16.26 || ''New''
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress}}
|
| 16 || 12 || {{increase}} 4 || 10.26 || 2,37,411 || 6.10 || {{increase}} 0.18
|-
| {{party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|
| 12 || 9 || {{increase}} 3 || 7.69 || 212354 || 5.46 || {{increase}} 1.98
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician}}
|
| 47 || 9 || {{decrease}} 28 || 7.69 || 3,91,612 || 10.07 || N/A
|- class="unsortable" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! colspan = 3|
! style="text-align:center;" |Total seats !! 117 ({{increase}} 9)!! style="text-align:center;" |Voters !! 52,51,560 !! style="text-align:center;" |Turnout !! colspan = 2|38,89,836 (74.07%)
|}<section end=Results />

=== By constituency ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Results<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4094-travancore-cochin-1954/|title=Travancore-Cochin Assembly elections in 1954 |website= Election Commission of India |access-date= 25 September 2020}}</ref>
! colspan="3" |Assembly Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Turnout (%)
! colspan="4" |Winner
! colspan="4" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" |Winning Party
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
! #
! Name
! Seats
! Candidate
! Party
! Votes
!'''%'''
! Candidate
! Party
! Votes
!'''%'''
|-
| 1
| Tovala
| 1
| 71.02
| Ramaswami Pillai. S
| PSP
| 16702
| 57.09
| Sivarama Pillai. K
| INC
| 8117
| 27.75
| PSP
| 8585
|-
| 2
| Agastisvaram
| 1
| 66.67
| Thanulingam Nadar. P
| TTNC
| 15587
| 52.34
| Balakrishnan. C
| INC
| 8866
| 29.77
| TTNC
| 6721
|-
| 3
| Nagercoil
| 1
| 72.23
| Anantharaman. D
| TTNC
| 14063
| 43.14
| Sankar. C
| CPI
| 10468
| 32.11
| TTNC
| 3595
|-
| 4
| Neendakara
| 1
| 68.19
| Chidambaranantha Nadar. A
| TTNC
| 20169
| 72.83
| Thomas. D
| INC
| 7525
| 27.17
| TTNC
| 12644
|-
| 5
| Padmanabhapuram
| 1
| 66.02
| Noor Mohammed. N. A
| TTNC
| 14684
| 57.59
| Gregory Rajamony. V
| IND
| 7600
| 29.81
| TTNC
| 7084
|-
| 6
| Tiruvattar
| 1
| 56.50
| Ramaswamy Pillai
| TTNC
| 18104
| 88.91
| Pakianathan
| INC
| 2258
| 11.09
| TTNC
| 15846
|-
| 7
| Colachel
| 1
| 69.48
| Thompson Tharmaraj Daniel
| TTNC
| 15542
| 59.14
| Ramachandra Nadar
| INC
| 10738
| 40.86
| TTNC
| 4804
|-
| 8
| Killiyoor
| 1
| 55.16
| Ponnappan Nadar
| TTNC
| 17113
| 85.61
| Gabriel
| INC
| 2877
| 14.39
| TTNC
| 14236
|-
| 9
| Vilavankod
| 1
| 67.65
| William
| TTNC
| 17291
| 63.87
| G. S. Mony
| CPI
| 8274
| 30.56
| TTNC
| 9017
|-
| 10
| Kollenkode
| 1
| 75.95
| Alexander Manuel Simon
| TTNC
| 17936
| 57.04
| Doraswamy
| INC
| 13509
| 42.96
| TTNC
| 4427
|-
| 11
| Parassala
| 1
| 73.94
| Kunjan Nadar
| TTNC
| 11140
| 48.50
| Stuart (Isaac)
| CPI
| 8688
| 37.83
| TTNC
| 2452
|-
| 12
| Kunnathukal
| 1
| 67.32
| Krishna Pillai
| PSP
| 11669
| 51.60
| D. Gana Sigamony
| TTNC
| 8616
| 38.10
| PSP
| 3053
|-
| 13
| Kottukal
| 1
| 74.12
| Vivekanandan
| IND
| 11284
| 45.07
| Jacob Kadaksham
| TTNC
| 7044
| 28.14
| IND
| 4240
|-
| 14
| Nemom
| 1
| 73.61
| Vishwambaran
| PSP
| 15582
| 64.32
| G. Chandrasekhara Pillai
| INC
| 8643
| 35.68
| PSP
| 6939
|-
| 15
| Neyyatinkara
| 1
| 73.97
| M. Bhaskaran Nair
| INC
| 12742
| 53.08
| Krishna Pillai
| PSP
| 11265
| 46.92
| INC
| 1477
|-
| 16
| Karakulam
| 1
| 66.57
| R. Balakrishna Pillai
| CPI
| 13635
| 63.17
| V. Kesavan Nair
| INC
| 7951
| 36.83
| CPI
| 5684
|-
| 17
| Palode
| 1
| 64.93
| N. Chandrasekharan Nair
| PSP
| 12374
| 56.68
| K. Bhaskaran
| INC
| 9458
| 43.32
| PSP
| 2916
|-
| 18
| Nedumangad
| 1
| 68.31
| K. Neelakantaru Pandarathil
| CPI
| 14514
| 68.78
| K. P. Alikunju
| INC
| 6588
| 31.22
| CPI
| 7926
|-
| 19
| Trivandrum I
| 1
| 68.64
| Nataraja Pillai
| PSP
| 14121
| 57.64
| K. R. Elankath
| INC
| 10191
| 41.60
| PSP
| 3930
|-
| 20
| Trivandrum II
| 1
| 68.90
| A. Thanu Pillai
| PSP
| 15130
| 62.57
| K. P. Neelakanta Pillai
| IND
| 7724
| 31.94
| PSP
| 7406
|-
| 21
| Trivandrum III
| 1
| 60.98
| K. Balakrishnan
| RSP
| 13583
| 61.47
| C. R. Das
| INC
| 8112
| 36.71
| RSP
| 5471
|-
| 22
| Ollur
| 2
| 130.13 (Two seats)
| Sreedharan P. Kunjan
| CPI PSP
| 25660 24911
| 29.19 28.34
| Gopi Krishna Sasthri
| INC INC
| 17100 15792
| 19.45 17.96
| CPI PSP
| -
|-
| 23
| Chirayinkil
| 1
| 75.39
| U. Neelakantan
| IND
| 12841
| 51.96
| P. Nanu
| INC
| 11871
| 48.04
| IND
| 970
|-
| 24
| Attingal
| 1
| 73.92
| R. Prakasam
| CPI
| 15342
| 60.74
| G. Krishna Pillai
| INC
| 9917
| 39.26
| CPI
| 5425
|-
| 25
| Varkala
| 2
| 145.69 (Two seats)
| Kochukunju Majeed
| PSP IND
| 30226 29956
| 30.68 30.41
| Achutan K. Shahul Hameed
| INC INC
| 19660 18670
| 19.96 18.95
| PSP IND
| -
|-
| 26
| Paravur
| 1
| 81.14
| Ravindran
| CPI
| 15551
| 56.56
| Gopala Pillai
| INC
| 11673
| 42.46
| CPI
| 3878
|-
| 27
| Eravipuram
| 2
| 154.76 (Two seats)
| Chandrasekharan Sukumaran
| RSP CPI
| 34038 33276
| 30.82 30.13
| Fernandez Krishnan
| INC INC
| 22341 20785
| 20.23 18.82
| RSP CPI
| -
|-
| 28
| Quilon (SC)
| 1
| 78.51
| T. K. Divakaran
| RSP
| 20063
| 59.09
| R. Sankar
| INC
| 13888
| 40.91
| RSP
| 6175
|-
| 29
| Trikkadavur
| 1
| 79.16
| Prakkulam Bhasi
| RSP
| 16686
| 59.66
| Balakrishna Pillai
| INC
| 11157
| 39.89
| RSP
| 5529
|-
| 30
| Chavara
| 1
| 84.87
| Baby John
| RSP
| 16552
| 53.53
| Kunju Krishnan
| INC
| 14377
| 46.48
| RSP
| 2175
|-
| 31
| Karunagappalli
| 1
| 83.63
| A. A. Rahim
| INC
| 15983
| 51.19
| T. A. Moideen Kunju
| IND
| 15242
| 48.81
| INC
| 741
|-
| 32
| Krishnapuram
| 1
| 79.02
| P. P. Kunju
| PSP
| 18835
| 62.14
| P. K. Lakshmanan
| INC
| 11478
| 37.86
| PSP
| 7357
|-
| 33
| Bharanikavu (SC)
| 2
| 152.00 (Two seats)
| Bhaskaran Pillai Kuttappan
| CPI CPI
| 39254 36469
| 32.81 30.48
| Kandan Kali Raghavan
| INC INC
| 22231 19283
| 18.58 16.12
| CPI CPI
| -
|-
| 34
| Kunnathur
| 2
| 154.05 (Two seats)
| Madhavan Pillai K. S. Krishna Sasthri
| CPI RSP
| 29283 29002
| 27.49 27.23
| Adichan Bhaskaran Nair
| INC INC
| 23505 23436
| 22.07 22.00
| CPI RSP
| -
|-
| 35
| Kottarakara
| 1
| 76.00
| B. B. Pandarathil
| RSP
| 17659
| 61.46
| Raman Pillai
| INC
| 11073
| 38.54
| RSP
| 6586
|-
| 36
| Veliyam
| 1
| 77.44
| Damodaran Potti
| PSP
| 16862
| 65.73
| Chandapillai Panicker
| INC
| 8791
| 34.27
| PSP
| 8071
|-
| 37
| Chadayamangalam
| 1
| 69.68
| V. Gangadharan
| PSP
| 17291
| 69.31
| Muhammad
| INC
| 7657
| 30.69
| PSP
| 9634
|-
| 38
| Punalur
| 1
| 78.47
| Gopalan
| IND
| 15574
| 56.16
| Padmanabha Pillai
| INC
| 12157
| 43.84
| IND
| 3417
|-
| 39
| Shencotta
| 1
| 72.91
| K. Sattanatha Karayalar
| IND
| 14092
| 55.79
| Ramachandra Iyer
| INC
| 11166
| 44.21
| IND
| 2926
|-
| 40
| Pathanapuram
| 1
| 81.27
| Velayudhan Nair
| INC
| 14172
| 51.32
| M. N. Govindhan Nair
| CPI
| 13445
| 48.68
| INC
| 727
|-
| 41
| Ranni
| 1
| 82.14
| Idiculla Idiculla
| PSP
| 16485
| 57.12
| V. O. Markos
| INC
| 12377
| 42.88
| PSP
| 4108
|-
| 42
| Pathanamthitta
| 1
| 77.01
| P. S. Vasudevan Pillai
| INC
| 13364
| 45.09
| P. Raman Pillai
| IND
| 12538
| 42.30
| INC
| 826
|-
| 43
| Omallur
| 1
| 75.38
| N. G. Chacko
| INC
| 16625
| 56.24
| V. M. Kurien
| PSP
| 12935
| 43.76
| INC
| 3690
|-
| 44
| Ezhumattur
| 1
| 81.50
| T. M. Varghese
| INC
| 14906
| 56.25
| Saramma Mathew
| PSP
| 11594
| 43.75
| INC
| 3312
|-
| 45
| Tiruvalla
| 1
| 74.54
| Chandrasekharan Pillai. M. P
| INC
| 14421
| 52.53
| Mamman
| PSP
| 13032
| 47.47
| INC
| 1389
|-
| 46
| Chengannur
| 2
| 141.35 (Two seats)
| Ramachandran Nair. C. K [[P. K. Kunjachan]]
| PSP CPI
| 27757 27316
| 27.54 27.10
| Ramachandra Das Velayudhan
| INC INC
| 23930 21801
| 23.74 21.63
| PSP CPI
| -
|-
| 47
| Kadapra
| 1
| 71.12
| Parameswaran Nambudiri
| PSP
| 15817
| 53.76
| Sadasivan Pillai
| INC
| 13607
| 46.24
| PSP
| 2210
|-
| 48
| Mavelikara
| 1
| 73.71
| R. Sankara Narayanan Tampi
| CPI
| 20746
| 63.51
| P. Balakrishnan Tampi
| INC
| 11792
| 36.10
| CPI
| 8954
|-
| 49
| Pattiyur
| 1
| 78.45
| Yesodharan
| RSP
| 19142
| 63.13
| Bhanu
| INC
| 10276
| 33.89
| RSP
| 8866
|-
| 50
| Kartikapally
| 1
| 78.44
| A. Achyuthen
| PSP
| 17863
| 59.20
| A. P. Udayabhanu
| INC
| 12309
| 40.80
| PSP
| 5554
|-
| 51
| Ambalapuzha
| 1
| 73.39
| Narayanan Potti
| RSP
| 17486
| 63.63
| Sankara Pillai
| INC
| 9994
| 36.37
| RSP
| 7492
|-
| 52
| Alleppey I
| 1
| 80.26
| K. C. George
| CPI
| 16703
| 54.16
| Balakrishnan Nair
| INC
| 14135
| 45.84
| CPI
| 2568
|-
| 53
| Alleppey II
| 1
| 84.39
| T. V. Thomas
| CPI
| 18569
| 54.80
| Abdulla
| INC
| 15319
| 45.20
| CPI
| 3250
|-
| 54
| Mararikulam
| 1
| 82.53
| R. Sugathan
| CPI
| 18447
| 56.32
| Karunakara Thandar
| INC
| 14308
| 43.68
| CPI
| 4139
|-
| 55
| Shertala
| 1
| 75.95
| K. R. Gouri
| CPI
| 21042
| 63.16
| Aiyappan
| INC
| 12273
| 36.84
| CPI
| 8769
|-
| 56
| Turavur
| 1
| 84.77
| Sadasivan
| CPI
| 16515
| 53.43
| P. S. Karthikeyan
| INC
| 14396
| 46.57
| CPI
| 2119
|-
| 57
| Arur
| 1
| 78.00
| Aviratharaken
| IND
| 11504
| 36.96
| P. V. Varkey Tharakan
| INC
| 10832
| 34.80
| IND
| 672
|-
| 58
| Takazhi
| 1
| 73.62
| Narayana Kurup
| INC
| 15205
| 55.75
| Kumara Pillai
| RSP
| 12069
| 44.25
| INC
| 3136
|-
| 59
| Kalloppara
| 1
| 71.84
| Mathai
| INC
| 16219
| 60.42
| Mathew. K. A
| PSP
| 9633
| 35.88
| INC
| 6586
|-
| 60
| Manimala
| 1
| 77.00
| Korah
| INC
| 14780
| 56.03
| Rosamma
| IND
| 11598
| 43.97
| INC
| 3182
|-
| 61
| Vazhur
| 1
| 76.33
| Narayana Kurup
| PSP
| 14489
| 51.91
| Narayanan
| INC
| 13422
| 48.09
| PSP
| 1067
|-
| 62
| Kurichi
| 1
| 81.59
| Sebastian
| INC
| 16659
| 54.60
| Thomas
| IND
| 13851
| 45.40
| INC
| 2808
|-
| 63
| Changanacherry
| 1
| 70.47
| Parameswaran Pillai
| INC
| 16866
| 61.81
| Rajasekharan Nair
| RSP
| 10421
| 38.19
| INC
| 6445
|-
| 64
| Tiruvarppu
| 1
| 84.29
| Raghava Kurup
| CPI
| 17523
| 52.10
| Kesava Panicker
| INC
| 16109
| 47.90
| CPI
| 1414
|-
| 65
| Kottayam
| 1
| 84.19
| Bhaskaran Nair
| CPI
| 16955
| 52.49
| P. C. Cherian
| INC
| 15348
| 47.51
| CPI
| 4.98
|-
| 66
| Puthuppalli
| 1
| 82.72
| Thomas
| INC
| 18742
| 59.71
| Zacharia
| PSP
| 12645
| 40.29
| INC
| 6097
|-
| 67
| Vijayapuram
| 1
| 81.33
| Markose
| INC
| 18515
| 61.44
| Sreedharan Nair
| IND
| 11620
| 38.56
| INC
| 6895
|-
| 68
| Ettumanur
| 1
| 82.25
| Sebastian
| INC
| 20625
| 63.08
| Abraham
| PSP
| 12070
| 36.92
| INC
| 8555
|-
| 69
| Ramapuram
| 1
| 79.09
| Joseph
| IND
| 16779
| 58.28
| Sebastian
| INC
| 12011
| 41.72
| IND
| 4768
|-
| 70
| Meenachil
| 1
| 76.46
| [[K.M. Chandy (politician)|Prof.K.M. Chandy]]
| INC
| 18105
| 60.24
| Ulahannan
| PSP
| 11951
| 39.76
| INC
| 6154
|-
| 71
| Poonjar
| 1
| 65.23
| John
| INC
| 17121
| 77.51
| Joseph
| PSP
| 4967
| 22.49
| INC
| 12154
|-
| 72
| Todupuzha
| 1
| 60.97
| Chacko
| INC
| 13609
| 67.92
| Augustine
| IND
| 6427
| 32.08
| INC
| 7182
|-
| 73
| Devicolam
| 2
| 125.63 (Two seats)
| Seshadrinatha Sarma Thankaiah
| TTNC TTNC
| 28596 25853
| 25.78 23.31
| Ganapathy Deviappan
| INC INC
| 21266 20451
| 19.17 18.44
| TTNC TTNC
| -
|-
| 74
| Kanjirappalli
| 1
| 76.03
| Thomas (Son of Thomas)
| INC
| 13730
| 51.90
| Thomas (Son of Jacob)
| PSP
| 12239
| 46.32
| INC
| 1491
|-
| 75
| Vaikom
| 1
| 79.05
| [[C. K. Viswanathan]]
| CPI
| 19367
| 56.75
| V. Madhavan
| INC
| 14760
| 43.25
| CPI
| 4607
|-
| 76
| Kaduthuruthi
| 2
| 155.41 (Two seats)
| K. M. George T. T. Kesava Sasthri
| INC INC
| 36739 36459
| 30.00 29.77
| K. M. Kuriakose Sivadas
| PSP PSP
| 25556 23706
| 20.87 19.36
| INC INC
| -
|-
| 77
| Muvattupuzha
| 1
| 82.36
| M. V. Cherian
| INC
| 21174
| 63.58
| K. T. Jacob
| CPI
| 11801
| 35.44
| INC
| 9373
|-
| 78
| Kumaramangalam
| 1
| 71.28
| Mathew
| INC
| 18701
| 76.79
| Krishna Pillai
| RSP
| 5654
| 23.21
| INC
| 13047
|-
| 79
| Pallivasal
| 1
| 67.18
| Joseph. V. J
| INC
| 16922
| 58.84
| Kuruvilla
| CPI
| 11837
| 41.16
| INC
| 5085
|-
| 80
| Kothyamangalam
| 1
| 76.73
| Manjanatha Prabhu
| PSP
| 14887
| 50.18
| Varkey
| INC
| 14783
| 49.82
| PSP
| 104
|-
| 81
| Kunnatnad
| 2
| 158.73 (Two seats)
| Chanko Kochukuttan
| INC INC
| 35969 35039
| 28.85 28.10
| Kesava Pillai Manian
| PSP PSP
| 28550 25132
| 22.90 20.16
| INC INC
| -
|-
| 82
| Palliviruthi
| 1
| 77.31
| Alexander
| INC
| 18871
| 53.96
| Sivasankaran
| IND
| 16102
| 46.04
| INC
| 2769
|-
| 83
| Mattancheri
| 1
| 67.67
| Anantha Bhatt
| INC
| 13628
| 54.09
| Gangadharan
| CPI
| 11567
| 45.91
| INC
| 2061
|-
| 84
| Kanayannur
| 1
| 65.54
| Kumaran
| INC
| 12748
| 49.87
| Ramakrishnan
| CPI
| 12287
| 48.07
| INC
| 461
|-
| 85
| Elankulam
| 1
| 76.75
| Padmanabha Menon
| IND
| 17404
| 53.68
| Pylee
| INC
| 15015
| 46.32
| IND
| 2389
|-
| 86
| Ernakulam
| 1
| 75.96
| O.R.Chummar
| INC
| 17309
| 57.56
| Krishna Pillai
| IND
| 12760
| 42.44
| INC
| 4549
|-
| 87
| Narakkal
| 1
| 84.72
| Abraham
| INC
| 18921
| 51.55
| Mathai
| IND
| 17783
| 48.45
| INC
| 1138
|-
| 88
| Alwaye
| 1
| 78.62
| Bava
| INC
| 16891
| 54.38
| Abdul Khadir
| IND
| 14170
| 45.62
| INC
| 2721
|-
| 89
| Alangad
| 1
| 78.14
| Gopala Menon
| INC
| 17439
| 50.85
| Raman Menon
| PSP
| 16855
| 49.15
| INC
| 584
|-
| 90
| Parur
| 1
| 82.86
| Balan
| CPI
| 19102
| 51.21
| E. K. Madhavan
| INC
| 18198
| 48.79
| CPI
| 904
|-
| 91
| Perumbavur
| 1
| 83.61
| Poulose
| INC
| 17416
| 54.98
| Ramakrishna Iyer
| IND
| 14263
| 45.02
| INC
| 3153
|-
| 92
| Kothakulangara
| 1
| 77.53
| M. A. Antony
| INC
| 21774
| 71.23
| K. V. Parameswar
| IND
| 8793
| 28.77
| INC
| 12981
|-
| 93
| Cranganur
| 1
| 79.95
| Abdul Khadir
| INC
| 15613
| 51.12
| Gopalakrishna Menon
| CPI
| 14931
| 48.88
| INC
| 682
|-
| 94
| Irinjalakkuda
| 2
| 148.55 (Two seats)
| K. V. Balakrishnan Chathan Kavalan
| INC CPI
| 30887 28833
| 26.59 24.82
| Ittira Ambookan C. L. Davassy
| INC PSP
| 28753 27708
| 24.75 23.85
| INC CPI
| -
|-
| 95
| Chalakkudi
| 1
| 81.43
| P. Govinda Menon
| INC
| 21236
| 62.99
| K. K. Thomas
| IND
| 12476
| 37.01
| 8760
|-
| 96
| Kodakara
| 1
| 70.39
| P. Kesava Menon
| PSP
| 14649
| 55.60
| K. K. Kesavan
| INC
| 11696
| 44.40
| PSP
| 2953
|-
| 97
| Puthukkad
| 1
| 80.63
| T. P. Sitaramayyar
| INC
| 15060
| 51.48
| C. Achuta Menon
| CPI
| 14196
| 48.52
| INC
| 864
|-
| 98
| Cherpu
| 1
| 80.57
| Mundasssery Joseph
| IND
| 16844
| 52.34
| Krishnankutty Menon
| INC
| 15336
| 47.66
| IND
| 1508
|-
| 99
| Ollur
| 1
| 67.74
| Krishnan Ponganammula
| INC
| 14930
| 54.10
| Soolapani Warrier
| IND
| 12667
| 45.90
| INC
| 2263
|-
| 100
| Manalur
| 1
| 81.74
| Kannoth Karunakaran
| INC
| 16492
| 53.45
| Prabhakaran
| CPI
| 14365
| 46.55
| INC
| 2127
|-
| 101
| Trichur
| 1
| 77.17
| Panengadan Anthony
| INC
| 14956
| 54.55
| Krishna Vilasom
| CPI
| 12463
| 45.45
| INC
| 2493
|-
| 102
| Viyyur
| 1
| 69.06
| Krishna Vilasom
| INC
| 15261
| 53.40
| Brahmakulam Anthony
| PSP
| 13316
| 46.60
| INC
| 1945
|-
| 103
| Kunnamkulam
| 1
| 74.36
| Thalekkare Krishnan
| CPI
| 15489
| 51.01
| Mathew Cheruvathur
| INC
| 14877
| 48.99
| CPI
| 612
|-
| 104
| Vadakkancheri
| 2
| 123.49 (Two seats)
| [[C.C. Ayyappan|Ayyappan]] Achutha Menon
| CPI INC
| 25487 24578
| 26.54 25.60
| Balakrishna Menon Koman
| PSP INC
| 24073 21885
| 25.07 22.79
| CPI INC
| -
|-
| 105
| Nemmara
| 1
| 63.44
| Sivarama Bharathy. K. A
| PSP
| 11773
| 52.95
| Krishnan
| INC
| 10461
| 47.05
| PSP
| 1312
|-
| 106
| Chittur
| 1
| 60.30
| A. R. Menon
| INC
| 11031
| 50.03
| Subramania Mudaliar
| PSP
| 7973
| 36.16
| INC
| 3058
|}

==State reorganization and merger==
On 1 November 1956, under the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], Kerala was formed by the merger of [[Travancore-Cochin]] state with the [[Malabar district]] (including Fort Cochin and the Laccadive Islands) of Madras State, [[Kasaragod]] taluk of the [[South Canara]] district and the Amindive Islands. The southern part of [[Travancore-Cochin]], the five taluks of Agastheeswaram, Thovala, Kalkulam, Vilavahcode and Shencotta, were transferred from Travancore-Cochin to the [[Madras State]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates">{{cite web | url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf | title=Reorganisation of States, 1955 | publisher=The Economic Weekly | date=15 October 1955 | accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref> After the reorganization, the assembly constituencies increased from 106 with 117 seats in 1954 to 114 with 126 seats in 1957.

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}

* [[1954 elections in India]]
* [[Travancore-Cochin]]
* [[1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election#Kerala|1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election in Malabar]]
* [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Kerala elections}}

[[Category:1954 State Assembly elections in India|Travancore]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Kerala]]
[[Category:Travancore–Cochin]]

Patil Neeraja Reddy

2026-01-16T14:20:18Z

Sunking: starting some page with sources!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

'''Patil Neeraja Reddy''' (1967 – 2023)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Patil Neeraja Reddy(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- ALUR(KURNOOL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=3124 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> was an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She was a member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Alur Assembly constituency]] in [[Kurnool district]]. She last won the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].

== Early life and education ==
Reddy was from Thernakal village, [[Devanakonda]] mandal, Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh. She married P. Seshi Reddy, a former MLA of [[Pattikonda Assembly constituency|Pathikonda]], who was killed in 1996. Together they had a daughter, Hima Varsha Reddy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-04-16 |title=Former MLA Patil Neeraja Reddy dies in car crash in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/former-mla-patil-neeraja-reddy-dies-in-car-crash-in-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/99538617.cms |access-date=2025-04-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She completed her M.A. in public administration at [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] in 2007.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Reddy won from Alur Assembly constituency representing the Indian National Congress in the 2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. She polled 43,105 votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[Gummanur Jayaram]] of the [[Praja Rajyam Party]], by a margin of 5,645 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/alur-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alur Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Gummanur Jayaram of YSRCP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/alur-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2154783.html |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> She joined [[YSR Congress Party]] in 2019.<ref name=":1" />

=== Death ===
Reddy died at a hospital in Kurnool on 16 April 2023. She met with a road accident when her car tumbled down a steep gradient after a puncture in Jinkallapalli, Itikyala mandal, Jogulamba Gadwal district, Telangana while returning from Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-17 |title=Former MLA Neeraja Reddy Dies In Road Accident In Telangana |url=https://news.abplive.com/telangana/former-mla-neeraja-reddy-dies-in-road-accident-in-telangana-1596070 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> She was admitted in a private hospital in Kurool, along with her driver, but she died while undergoing treatment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Susarla |first=Ramesh |date=2023-04-16 |title=Alur former MLA Patil Neeraja Reddy dies in road accident in Telangana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/alur-former-mla-patil-neeraja-reddy-dies-in-road-accident-in-telangana/article66744334.ece |access-date=2025-04-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neeraja Reddy, Patil}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kurnool district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Madurai Kamaraj University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

1937 Punjab Provincial Assembly election

2026-01-11T11:09:04Z

Sunking:

{{Short description|Punjab Assembly Election of 1937}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1937 Punjab Provincial Assembly election
| country = British India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| turnout = 64.23%
| next_election = 1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election
| next_year = 1946
| election_date = 1936-37
| seats_for_election = 175 seats of the [[Punjab Provincial Assembly (British India)|Punjab Provincial Assembly]]
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan.png|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03|Location=center}}
| image1_size = 100x100px
| leader1 = [[Sikandar Hayat Khan]]
| party1 = Unionist Party (Punjab)
| alliance1 =
| leaders_seat1 = North Punjab (Landholders) (Muhammadans)
| seats1 = 98
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =
| color1 =
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Gopi Chand Bhargava.png|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0|Location=center}}
| image2_size = 100x100px
| leader2 = [[Gopi Chand Bhargava]]
| leaders_seat2 = Lahore City (General-Urban)
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| alliance2 =
| seats2 = 18
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Sardar Sundar Singh Majithia.png|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0|Location=center}}
| image3_size = 100x100px
| leader3 = [[Sundar Singh Majithia]]
| party3 = [[Khalsa National Party|KNP]]
| alliance3 =
| leaders_seat3 = Batala (Sikh-Rural)
| seats3 = 13
| seat_change3 =
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 =
| swing3 =
| color3 = 147472
| majority_seats = 88
| title = [[Prime Minister of Punjab|Premier]]
| after_election = Sikandar Hayat Khan
| after_party = Unionist Party (Punjab)
}}
First Provincial assembly election was held in [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] in the winter of 1936-37 as mandated by the [[Government of India Act 1935]].

==Background==
After the passing of Government of India act 1935, Provincial assembly was set up in Punjab. It consisted 175 constituencies. Out of these 159 were single-member constituencies and 8 were double-members constituencies. In double-members constituencies one was reserved for the [[Schedule Caste]] according to [[Poona Pact]].<ref>[http://panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/downloadPdf.jsp?file=BK-001213.pdf&docid=2769 Elections in Punjab 1920-1947 (Pdf)],(p. 16), Book by Kirpal C. Yadav. Retrieved 7 May 2021.</ref> In double constituencies each voter had two votes to cast his vote, one for SC candidate and one for general candidate but considered as one vote to calculate voter turnout.

All 175 constituencies were reserved on the basis of religion. It was as follows:-
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Constituency Type
!Urban
!Rural
!Total
|-
!General
|8
|34
!42
|-
!Muhammadans
|9
|75
!84
|-
!Sikhs
|2
|29
!31
|-
!Special^
| -
| -
!18
|-
!Total
!19
!138
!175
|}

'''^Special''' constituencies (non-territory constituency) were further divided into Categories and sub-categories as follow:-
* Women - 4
**General - 1
**Mohammadans - 2
**Sikhs - 1
* European - 1
* Anglo-Indian - 1
* Indian Christian - 2
* Punjab Commerce and Industry - 1
* Landholders - 5
**General - 1
**Mohammadans - 3
**Sikhs - 1
* Trade and Labour Unions - 3
* University - 1

==Election schedule==
The election schedule was as follows:-<ref>[http://panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/downloadPdf.jsp?file=BK-001213.pdf&docid=2769 Elections in Punjab 1920-1947 (Pdf)],(p. 84), Book by Kirpal C. Yadav. Retrieved 7 May 2021.</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Election program
!Date
|-
!Filing of nominations
|23 November 1936
|-
!Scrutiny of nominations
|30 November 1936
|-
!Polling
|1 December 1936
|-
!Counting
|2 and 7 December 1936
|-
!Counting in Special constituencies
|21 January 1937
|}

==Voter Statistics==
During 1937 election there were total 27,84,646 voters. Out of these 64.23% voters cast their votes.

26,66,149 voters were in Territorial Constituencies and 1,18,497 were in Non-Territorial Constituencies.

In territorial constituencies the highest number of voters (39,290) were in '24-Hoshiarpur West (General-Rural)' and lowest number of voters (5,496) were in '62-Tarn Taran (Muhammadan-Rural)'. The highest vote turnout (89.87%) registered in '81-Shahpur (Muhammadan-Rural)' and lowest (3.93%) registered in '122-Ambala North (Sikh-Rural)'.

In Non-Territorial Constituencies the highest number of voters (58,106) were in '153-Amritsar (Women-Sikh)' and lowest number of voters (10) were in '163-Baluch Tumandars (Landholders)'. Highest vote turnout (98.35%) was registered in '158-Punjab Commerce and Industry (Commerce and Industry)' and lowest (40.53%) registered in '151-Inner Lahore (Women-Mohammadan)'.

==Results==
[[File:1937 Punjab Provincial Assembly election result.svg|thumb|320px]]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!colspan=2|Seats won
|-
|bgcolor=#0A1BFF|
![[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]] (UoP)
|colspan=2|98
|-
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
![[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|18
|rowspan=2|29{{efn|Indian National Congress and Shiroamani Akali Dal Contested 1936-37 election in coalition.<ref>Electoral Politics in Punjab. Pramod Kumar. p. 4</ref>}}
|-
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
![[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (SAD)
|11
|-
|bgcolor=#147472|
![[Khalsa National Party]] (KNP)
|colspan=2|13
|-
|bgcolor=#8D0FCC|
![[Hindu Election Board]] (HEB)
|colspan=2|12
|-
|bgcolor=#34CD20|
![[Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam]] (MAI)
|colspan=2|4
|-
|bgcolor=#256520|
![[All-India Muslim League]] (AIML)
|colspan=2|2
|-
|bgcolor=#007FFF|
![[Congress Nationalist Party]] (CNP)
|colspan=2|1
|-
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
![[Independent politician|Independents]] (IND)
|colspan=2|16
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!colspan=2|175
|-
!colspan=4| Source=<ref>[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.717.1331%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&ved=2ahUKEwiCxq2d-cfwAhVVQH0KHZ-mBuc4ChAWMAV6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw2wY8OBb_-lob-N7V3uw1pR Political Development and Political Parties in Punjan 1849-1948 (Pdf)], (p. 74), Pakistan Journal of Social Science Vol. 29, No. 1 (June 2009) pp. 65-78. Retrieved 14 May 2021.</ref>
|}

==Category wise result==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: x-small; font-family: verdana"
|-
!rowspan=2| S. No.
!rowspan=2| Party
!colspan=8|Category (Seats)
|-
!General Urban (8)
!General Rural (34)
!Muhammadans Urban (9)
!Muhammadans Rural (75)
!Sikh Urban (2)
!Sikh Rural (29)
!Special (18)
!Total (175)
|-
!1
!Unionist Party
| -
|15
|3
|72
| -
|2
|6
!98
|-
!2
!Indian National Congress
|7
|3
| -
|2
| -
|4
|2
!18
|-
!3
!Khalsa National Party
| -
| -
| -
| -
|2
|10
|1
!13
|-
!4
!Hindu Election Board
|1
|9
| -
| -
| -
| -
|2
!12
|-
!5
!Shiromani Akali Dal
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|10
|1
!11
|-
!6
!Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam
| -
| -
|4
| -
| -
| -
| -
!4
|-
!7
!All-India Muslim League
| -
| -
|1
|1
| -
| -
| -
!2
|-
!8
!Congress Nationalist Party
| -
|1
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
!1
|-
!9
!Independents
| -
|6
|1
| -
| -
|3
|6
!16
|}

'''Special (18)'''
* Women (4)
** General (1)
*** Indian National Congress - 1
** Mohammadans (2)
*** Independents - 2
** Sikhs (1)
*** Shiromani Akali Dal - 1
* European (1)
** Independent - 1
* Anglo Indian (1)
** Independent - 1
* Indian Christian (2)
** Unionist Party - 2
* Punjab Commerce and Industry (1)
** Independent - 1
* Landholders (5)
** General (1)
*** Hindu Election Board - 1
** Mohammadans (3)
*** Unionist Party - 3
** Sikhs (1)
*** Khalsa National Party - 1
* Trade and Labour Unions (3)
** Hindu Election Board - 1
** Indian National Congress - 1
** Unionist Party - 1
* University (1)
** Independent - 1

==Constituency wise result==
[[File:Members of Punjab Provincial Assembly 1st.jpg|thumb|Group Photo of Member of Punjab Provincial Assembly in 1937.]]
'''Color key for the Party of Candidates'''
* {{legend|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]|border=1px solid black}}
* {{legend|#FF9933|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|border=1px solid black}}
* {{legend|blue|[[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]]|border=1px solid black}}
*{{legend|#DDDDDD|[[Independent politician|Independent]]||border=1px solid black}}
*{{legend|#147472|[[Khalsa National Party]]||border=1px solid black}}
*{{legend|#8D0FCC|[[Hindu Election Board]]||border=1px solid black}}
* {{legend|#34CD20|[[Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam]]|border=1px solid black}}
*{{legend|#256520|[[All-India Muslim League]]||border=1px solid black}}
*{{legend|#007FFF|[[Congress Nationalist Party]]||border=1px solid black}}
'''Other color keys'''
*{{legend|wheat|Candidate Elected Unopposed|border=1px solid black}}
*{{legend|lightyellow|Constituency reserved for [[Schedule Caste]]||border=1px solid black}}

'''General Urban'''
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!S. No.
!Cons. No.
!Constituency
!Winner
!colspan=2|Party
|-
!1
!1
|Southern Towns
|Shri Ram Sharma
|rowspan=7 bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|rowspan=7|Indian National Congress
|-
!2
!2
|South-Eastern Towns
|Deshbandhu Gupta
|-
!3
!3
|Eastern Towns
|Sudarshan Seth
|-
!4
!4
|Lahore City
|Gopi Chand Bhargava
|-
!5
!5
|Amritsar City
|Sant Ram Seth
|-
!6
!6
|North-Eastern Towns
|Krishan Gopal Dutt
|-
!7
!7
|North-Western Towns
|Bhimsen Sachar
|-
!8
!8
|South-Western Towns
|bgcolor=wheat|Shiv Dayal
|bgcolor=#8D0FCC|
|Hindu Election Board
|}

'''General Rural'''
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!S. No.
!Cons. No.
!Constituency
!Winner
!colspan=2|Party
|-
!9
!9
|Hissar South
|Hey Ram
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=blue|
|rowspan=2| Unionist Party
|-
!10
!10
|Hansi
|Suraj Mal
|-
!11
!11
|Hissar North
|Atma Ram
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|Independent
|-
!12
!12
|Rohtak North
|Chaudhary Tika Ram
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=blue|
|rowspan=3| Unionist Party
|-
!13
!13
|Rohtak Central
|Ram Sarup
|-
!14
!14
|Jhajjar
|Chottu Ram
|-
!15
!15
|North-western Gurgaon
|Rao Balbir Singh
|bgcolor=#8D0FCC|
|Hindu Election Board
|-
!16
!rowspan=2| 16
|bgcolor=lightyellow|South-Eastern Gurgaon
|bgcolor=wheat|Prem Singh
|rowspan=5 bgcolor=blue|
|rowspan=5| Unionist Party
|-
!17
|South-Eastern Gurgaon
|Sumer Singh
|-
!18
!17
|Karnal South
|Anant Ram
|-
!19
!rowspan=2| 18
|Karnal North
|Chaudhary Ranpat
|-
!20
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Karnal North
|Chaudhary Faqira
|-
!21
!rowspan=2| 19
|Ambala-Simla
|Duni Chand
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|Indian National Congress
|-
!22
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Ambala-Simla
|Jugal Kishore
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|Independent
|-
!23
!20
|Kangra North
|Gopal Das
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=#8D0FCC|
|rowspan=2| Hindu Election Board
|-
!24
!21
|Kangra South
|Dina Nath
|-
!25
!22
|Kangra East
|Bagwant Singh
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|rowspan=2| Independent
|-
!26
!23
|Kangra West
|Bhagat Ram Sharma
|-
!27
!rowspan=2| 24
|Hoshiarpur West
|Kartar Singh
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|Indian National Congress
|-
!28
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Hoshiarpur West
|Mula Singh
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|Independent
|-
!29
!25
|Una
|Rai Hari Chand
|bgcolor=blue|
|Unionist Party
|-
!30
!rowspan=2| 26
|Jullundhar
|Bhagat Ram Choda
|bgcolor=#007FFF|
|Congress Nationalist Party
|-
!31
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Jullundhar
|Seth Krishan Das
|bgcolor=blue|
|Unionist Party
|-
!32
!rowspan=2| 27
|Ludhiana-Ferozpur
|Muni Lal Kalia
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|Indian National Congress
|-
!33
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Ludhiana-Ferozpur
|Gopal Singh
|bgcolor=blue|
|Unionist Party
|-
!34
!28
|Western Lahore
|Gokul Chand Narang
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=#8D0FCC|
|rowspan=2| Hindu Election Board
|-
!35
!rowspan=2| 29
|Amritsar-Sialkot
|Chaudhary Rai
|-
!36
|bgcolor=lightyellow |Amritsar-Sialkot
|bgcolor=wheat|Bhagat Hans Raj
|bgcolor=blue|
|Unionist Party
|-
!37
!30
|Gurdaspur
|Ripudaman Singh
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=#8D0FCC|
|rowspan=2| Hindu Election Board
|-
!38
!31
|Rawalpindi
|Mukund Lal
|-
!39
!32
|South-Eastern Multan
|Girdhari Lal
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|Independent
|-
!40
!rowspan=2| 33
|Layallpur Jhang
|Seth Ram Narain Arora
|bgcolor=#8D0FCC|
|Hindu Election Board
|-
!41
|bgcolor=lightyellow|Layallpur Jhang
|Harnam Das
|bgcolor=blue|
|Unionist Party
|-
!42
!34
|West Multan
|Sham Lal
|bgcolor=#8D0FCC|
|Hindu Election Board
|}

'''Muhammadan Urban'''
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!S. No.
!Cons. No.
!Constituency
!Winner
!colspan=2| Party
|-
!43
!35
|Southern Towns
|Gulam Samad
|rowspan=2 bgcolor=blue|
|rowspan=2| Unionist Party
|-
!44
!36
|South-Eastern Towns
|Mian Abdul Haye
|-
!45
!37
|Eastern Towns
|Barkat Ali
|bgcolor=#256520|
|All-India Muslim League
|-
!46
!38
|Inner Lahore
|Khalid Latif Gauba
|bgcolor=blue|
|Unionist Party
|-
!47
!39
|Outer Lahore
|Abdul Aziz
|bgcolor=#34CD20|
|Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam
|-
!48
!40
|Amritsar City
|Saiffudin Kitchlew
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|Independent
|-
!49
!41
|North-Eastern Towns
|Mazhar Ali Azhar
|rowspan=3 bgcolor=#34CD20|
|rowspan=3| Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam
|-
!50
!42
|Rawalpindi Towns
|Sheikh Muhammad Alam
|-
!51
!43
|Multan Towns
|Ghulam Hussain
|}

'''Muhammadan Rural'''
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!S. No
!Cons. No.
!Constituency
!Winner
!colspan=2|Party
|-
!52
!44
|Hissar
|bgcolor=wheat|Saheb daad Khan
|rowspan=10 bgcolor=blue|
|rowspan=10| Unionist Party
|-
!53
!45
|Rohtak
|Shafi Ali Khan
|-
!54
!46
|North-Western Gurgaon
|Yasin Khan
|-
!55
!47
|South-Eastern Gurgaon
|Abdur Rahim
|-
!56
!48
|Karnal
| Faiz Ali
|-
!57
!49
|Ambala-Simla
|Abdul Hamid Khan
|-
!58
!50
|Kangra East-Hoshiarpur
|Rai Faiz Khan
|-
!59
!51
|Hoshiarpur West
|Rana Nasrullah Khan
|-
!60
!52
|Jullundur North
|Abdur Rahman
|-
!61
!53
|Jullundur South
|Abdur Raab
|-
!62
!54
|Ludhiana
|Mohammed Hassan
|bgcolor=00BFFF|
|Indian National Congress
|-
!63
!55
|Ferozpur Central
|bgcolor=wheat|Shah Nawaz Khan Mamdot
|rowspan=5 bgcolor=blue |
|rowspan=5| Unionist Party
|-
!64
!56
|Ferozpur Eastern
|Amjad Ali Khan
|-
!65
!57
|Fazilka
|Akbar Ali
|-
!66
!58
|Lahore South
|Muzaffar Ali Khan Qizilibash
|-
!67
!59
|Chunian
|Muhammad Husain
|-
!68
!60
|Kasur
|Iftik Haruddin
|bgcolor=00BFFF|
|Indian National Congress
|-
!69
!61
|Amritsar
|Maqbul Mahmud
|rowspan=25 bgcolor=blue|
|rowspan=25| Unionist Party
|-
!70
!62
|Tarn Taran
|Faqir Hussain Khan
|-
!71
!63
|Ajanala
|Fazl Din
|-
!72
!64
|Gurdaspur East
|Ali Akbar
|-
!73
!65
|Batala
|Badar Mohy-ud-din Qadri
|-
!74
!66
|Shakargarh
|Abdur Rahim
|-
!75
!67
|Sialkot North
|bgcolor=wheat|Shahab-ud-din
|-
!76
!68
|Sialkot Center
|Ghulam Rasul Cheema
|-
!77
!69
|Sialkot South
|bgcolor=wheat|Shahab-ud-din Virk
|-
!78
!70
|Gujranwala North
|Nasiruddin Chatha
|-
!79
!71
|Gujranwala East
|bgcolor=wheat|Husain Bhinder
|-
!80
!72
|Hafizabad
|Riasat Ali Chatha
|-
!81
!73
|Sheikhupura
|bgcolor=wheat|Ghulam Mohyuddin Qasuri
|-
!82
!74
|Nankana Sahib
|Karamat Ali
|-
!83
!75
|Shahdara
|Afzal Ali Shah Hasni
|-
!84
!76
|Gujarat North
|Fateh Mohammed
|-
!85
!77
|Gujarat East
|bgcolor=wheat|Fazal Ali Khan
|-
!86
!78
|South-Eastern Gujarat
|Muhammad khan
|-
!87
!79
|Gujarat West
|Irshadullah Ranjha
|-
!88
!80
|South-Western Gujarat
|Muhammad Ashraf Warraich
|-
!89
!81
|Shahpur
|Allah Baksh Khan Tiwana
|-
!90
!82
|Khushab
|bgcolor=wheat|Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana
|-
!91
!83
|Bhalwal
|Umar Hayat Khan
|-
!92
!84
|Sargodha
|Habibullah Khan Tiwana
|-
!93
!85
|Jehlum
|Mohammed Khan Akram
|-
!94
!86
|Pind Dadan Khan
|Gazanfar Ali Khan
|bgcolor=#256520|
|All-India Muslim League
|-
!95
!87
|Chakwal
|Raja Muhammad Sarfraz Ali Khan
|bgcolor=blue rowspan=32|
|rowspan=32|Unionist Party
|-
!96
!88
|Rawalpindi Sadar
|Yusuf Khan
|-
!97
!89
|Gujar Khan
|Farman Ali Khan
|-
!98
!90
|Rawalpindi East
|Raja Fateh Khan
|-
!99
!91
|Attock North
|Muzaffar Khan
|-
!100
!92
|Attock Central
|bgcolor=wheat|Mohammed Nawaz Khan
|-
!101
!93
|Attock South
|Mohyuddin Lal Badshah
|-
!102
!94
|Mianwali North
|Gulam Qadir Khan
|-
!103
!95
|Mianwali South
|Muzaffar Khan
|-
!104
!96
|Montgomery
|Fateh Sher Khan Langrial
|-
!105
!97
|Okara
|Jehangir Khan
|-
!106
!98
|Dipalpur
|bgcolor=wheat|Nur Ahmed Maneka
|-
!107
!99
|Pakpattan
|Sultan Ahmed Hotiana
|-
!108
!100
|Lyallpur
|Mohammed Nurullah
|-
!109
!101
|Samunduri
|Sadat Ali Khan
|-
!110
!102
|Toba Tek Singh
|Nasir-ud-din Shah
|-
!111
!103
|Jaranwal
|Rai Shahadat Ali Khan
|-
!112
!104
|Jhang East
|bgcolor=wheat|Nawazish Ali Khan
|-
!113
!105
|Jhang Central
|Mubarak Ali Shah
|-
!114
!106
|Jhang West
|bgcolor=wheat|Talib Hussain Khan
|-
!115
!107
|Multan
|Ashiq Hussain Qureshi
|-
!116
!108
|Shujabad
|Raja Shah Gilani
|-
!117
!109
|Lodhran
|Vilayat Hussain Shah
|-
!118
!110
|Mailsi
|[[Ahmad Yar Khan Daultana]]
|-
!119
!111
|Khanewal
|Habit Khan Daha
|-
!120
!112
|Kabirwala
|Wali Mohammed Sial Hiraz
|-
!121
!113
|Muzaffargarh Sadar
|Fazl Karim Baksh Qureshi
|-
!122
!114
|Alipur
|Mohammed Hasan
|-
!123
!115
|Muzaffargarh North
|Mushtaq Ahmad Gurmani
|-
!124
!116
|Dera Gaji Khan North
|Gulam Murtaza
|-
!125
!117
|Dera Gaji Khan Central
|bgcolor=wheat|Faiz Mohammed
|-
!126
!118
|Dera Gaji Khan South
|Husain Khan Gurchani
|}

'''Sikh Urban'''
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!S. No.
!Cons. No.
!Constituency
!Winner
!colspan=2|Party
|-
!127
!119
|Eastern Towns
|Santokh Singh
|bgcolor=#147472 rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2| Khalsa National Party
|-
!128
!120
|Western Towns
|Ujjal Singh
|}

'''Sikh Rural'''
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!S. No.
!Cons. No.
!Constituency
!Winner
!colspan=2|Party
|-
!129
!121
|South-Eastern Punjab
|Narotam Singh
|bgcolor=#FF9933 rowspan=3|
|rowspan=3|Shiromani Akali Dal
|-
!130
!122
|Ambala North
|Baldev Singh
|-
!131
!123
|Kangara North-Hoshiarpur
|Hari Singh
|-
!132
!124
|Hoshiarpur South
|Harjap Singh Bains
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|Indian National Congress
|-
!133
!125
|Jullundur West
|Gurbachan Singh
|bgcolor=#147472|
|Khalsa National Party
|-
!134
!126
|Jullundur East
|Kabul Singh
|bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|Indian National Congress
|-
!135
!127
|Ludhiana East
|Kapur Singh
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|Independent
|-
!136
!128
|Ludhiana Central
|Lal Singh Kamla
|bgcolor=blue|
|Unionist Party
|-
!137
!129
|Jagraon
|bgcolor=wheat|Dasaundha Singh
|bgcolor=#147472|
|Khalsa National Party
|-
!138
!130
|Ferozpur North
|Sodhi Harnam Singh
|bgcolor=#147472|
|Khalsa National Party
|-
!139
!131
|Ferozpur East
|bgcolor=wheat|Rur Singh
|bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|Indian National Congress
|-
!140
!132
|Ferozpur West
|Pritam Singh Sidhu
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|Independent
|-
!141
!133
|Ferozpur South
|Tara Singh
|bgcolor=FF9933|
|Shiromani Akali Dal
|-
!142
!134
|Lahore West
|Tehja Singh
|bgcolor=#00BFFF |
|Indian National Congress
|-
!143
!135
|Kasur
|Chanan Singh
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|Shiromani Akali Dal
|-
!144
!136
|Amritsar North
|Sohan Singh Josh
|bgcolor=blue|
|Unionist Party
|-
!145
!137
|Amritsar Central
|Basakha Singh
|bgcolor=#147472|
|Khalsa National Party
|-
!146
!138
|Amritsar South
|Partap Singh Kairon
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|Shiromani Akali Dal
|-
!147
!139
|Gurdaspur North
|Inder Singh
|bgcolor=#147472 rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2| Khalsa National Party
|-
!148
!140
|Batala
|Sundar Singh Majithia
|-
!149
!141
|Sialkot
|Balwant Singh
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|Independent
|-
!150
!142
|Gujranwala-Shahadara
|Joginder Singh
|bgcolor=#147472 rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2| Khalsa National Party
|-
!151
!143
|Sheikhupura West
|Naunihal Singh Mann
|-
!152
!144
|Gujarat Shahpur
|Prem Singh
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|Shiromani Akali Dal
|-
!153
!145
|North-Western Punjab
|Uttam Singh Duggal
|bgcolor=#147472|
|Khalsa National Party
|-
!154
!146
|Montgomery East
|Jagjit Singh Bedi
|bgcolor=#FF9933 rowspan=3|
|rowspan=3| Shiromani Akali Dal
|-
!155
!147
|Lyallpur West
|Sampuran Singh
|-
!156
!148
|Lyallpur East
|Giani Kartar Singh
|-
!157
!149
|South-Western Punjab
|Ajit Singh
|bgcolor=#147472|
|Khalsa National Party
|}

'''Special'''
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!S. No
!Cons. No.
!Constituency
!Winner
!colspan=2|Party
|-
!colspan=6|Women
|-
!158
!150
|Lahore City (General)
|Parbhati Devi
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|Indian National Congress
|-
!159
!151
|Inner Lahore (Muhammadan)
|Rashida Latif
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2| Independent
|-
!160
!152
|Outer Lahore (Muhammadan)
|Jahanara Shah Nawaz
|-
!161
!153
|Amritsar South (Sikh)
|Raghbir Kaur
|bgcolor=#FF9933|
|Shiromani Akali Dal
|-
!colspan=6|Anglo-Indian
|-
!162
!154
|Punjab Anglo-Indian
|bgcolo=wheat|E. Few
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|Independent
|-
!colspan=6|European
|-
!163
!155
|European
|bgcolor=wheat|[[William Roberts (agriculturist)|William Roberts]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|Independent
|-
!colspan=6|Indian Christian
|-
!164
!156
|East-Central Punjab
|S. P. Singha
|bgcolor=blue rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2| Unionist Party
|-
!165
!157
|West-Central Punjab
|Jalal-ud-din Amber
|-
!colspan=6|Commerce and Industry
|-
!166
!158
|Punjab Commerce and Industry
|Binda Saran
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|Independent
|-
!colspan=6|Landholders
|-
!167
!159
|Eastern Punjab (General)
|bgcolor=wheat|Raja Narender Nath
|bgcolor=#8D0FCC|
|Hindu Election Board
|-
!168
!160
|Central Punjab (Sikh)
|Jagjit Singh
|bgcolor=#147472|
|Khalsa National Party
|-
!169
!161
|Northern Punjab (Muhammadan)
|bgcolor=wheat|Sikandar Hayat Khan
|bgcolor=blue rowspan=3|
|rowspan=3|Unionist Party
|-
!170
!162
|Western Punjab (Muhammadan)
|bgcolor=wheat|Hayat Khan Noon
|-
!171
!163
|Baluch Tumandars (Muhammadan)
|bgcolor=wheat|Jamal Khan Leghari
|-
!colspan=6|Trade and Labour Unions
|-
!172
!164
|Punjab Trade and Labour Unions
|Sita Ram
|bgcolor=#8D0FCC|
|Hindu Election Board
|-
!173
!165
|Eastern Punjab
|[[Diwan Chaman Lall]]
|bgcolor=#00BFFF|
|Indian National Congress
|-
!174
!166
|Northern Punjab
|Ahmad Baksh Khan
|bgcolor=blue|
|Unionist Party
|-
!colspan=6|University
|-
!175
!167
|Punjab Universities
|bgcolor=wheat|Manohar Lal
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|Independent
|}

==Government formation==
[[File:Sikandar Hayat Khan Cabinet.jpg|thumb|(Right to Left) Amjad Ali Khan (member), Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana (minister), Dasaundha Singh (member), Sikandar Hayat Khan (prime minister), Chottu Ram (minister), Mian Abdul Haye (minister) in 1940.]]
After the result Unionist party got majority in the assembly on its own. Unionist Party leader Sikandar Hayat Khan claimed the formation of Government in the State. Khalsa National Board and Hindu Election Board also joined the government.

On 5 April 1937 [[Sikandar Hayat Khan]] formed the Government and 5 other members also took oath. The ministers and their ministries were as follows:-<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gwG-yOpSEy8C Turmoil in Punjab politics] Book by Subhash Chandra Arora. Retrieved 7 May 2021.</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Name
!Ministry
!colspan=2|Party
!Constituency
|-
|[[Sikandar Hayat Khan]]
|[[Prime Minister of Punjab|Prime minister]] and Law and order
|bgcolor=blue|
|[[Unionist Party (Punjab)|UoP]]
|North Punjab (Landholders) (Mohammadans)
|-
|[[Chottu Ram]]
|Revenue and Irrigation
|bgcolor=blue|
|[[Unionist Party (Punjab)|UoP]]
|Jhajjat (General-Urban)
|-
|[[Manohar Lal (economist)|Mnohar Lal]]
|Finance and Industry
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|Punjab Universities
|-
|[[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]]
|Electricity, Police and Local governments
|bgcolor=blue|
|[[Unionist Party (Punjab)|UoP]]
|Khushab (Muhammadans-Rural)
|-
|[[Sundar Singh Majithia]]
|Development
|bgcolor=#147472|
|[[Khalsa National Party|KNP]]
|Batala (Sikh-Rural)
|-
|[[Abdul Haye|Mian Abdul Hayee]]
|Education and Health
|bgcolor=blue|
|[[Unionist Party (Punjab)|UoP]]
|South East Town (Muhammadans-Urban)
|}

On 2 April 1941 after the death of Sundar Singh Majithia, the ministry of Development was handed over to Dasaundha Singh (KNP) from Jagraon (Sikh-Rural) constituency.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gwG-yOpSEy8C Turmoil in Punjab politics] Book by Subhash Chandra Arora. Retrieved 7 May 2021.</ref> In 1942 after Sikandar-Baldev Pact KNP leader and minister Dasaundha Singh was removed from the cabinet and [[Baldev Singh]] joined the cabinet.<ref>[https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/historical-events-in-sikh-history/the-british-and-sikhs-1849-1947/sikandar-baldev-singh-pact/ Sikandar-Baldev Pact]. ''www.thesikhencyclopedia.com''. Retrieved 9 May 2021.</ref>

On 26 December 1945 Sikandar Hayat Khan died due to a heart attack. [[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]] succeeded him on 30 December 1945.<ref>Firoz Khan Noon to Khizar Hayat Khan, 21 August 1945, SHC/Punjab vol. IV, 15.</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Punjab (India) elections}}

[[Category:Political history of India]]
[[Category:Political history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:1937 elections in India]]
[[Category:1937 in British India]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Provincial Assembly elections in British India|Punjab]]

Hanuwantiya

2026-01-06T00:16:26Z

Sunking: started initial info w/ refs!

{{short description|Tourist attraction in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
[[file:Gas Balloon at Jal Mahotsav - Hanuwantiya, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|[[Gas balloon]] at Jal Mahotsav, Hanuwantiya, Madhya Pradesh]]
'''Hanuwantiya''' is an island located in Khandwa district, [[Madhya Pradesh, India]]. It is part of an initiative by the [[Madhya Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation]] to promote tourism in the state. The island takes its name from the nearby village of Hanuwantiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MPSTDC {{!}}{{!}} Welcome To MP |url=https://mpstdc.com/destinations/Hanuwantiya |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=mpstdc.com}}</ref>

Hanuwantiya has been developed as a tourism hub by the Madhya Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation.<ref name=":0" />

== Transport ==

The nearest airport is [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport]] in [[Indore district]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hanuwantiya Island: Gateway to Water Sports Activities |url=https://www.mptourism.com/destination-hanuwantia.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204132738/https://www.mptourism.com/destination-hanuwantia.php |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=Madhya Pradesh Tourism}}</ref> located approximately 150 km from Hanuwantiya.<ref name=":0" /> The nearest railway station is in [[Khandwa district]], about 50 km away.<ref name=":0" /> Hanuwantiya is approximately 150 km away from Indore by road and 170 km away from Omkareshwar.<ref name=":0" />

== Weather ==

The island experiences three major weather conditions throughout the year. The cold season begins in November and lasts until March, with average morning temperatures of 5 °C and afternoon temperatures around 15 °C. Summer spans from April to June, bringing daytime temperatures of approximately 45 °C and cooler evenings at 24 °C. The [[monsoon season]] starts in July and continues until October.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hanuwantiya Island for water tourism in Madhya Pradesh Tourism |url=https://www.madhya-pradesh-tourism.com/ |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=www.madhya-pradesh-tourism.com |language=en}}</ref>
== Water festival ==

The water festival was organized for the first time from 12 to 21 February 2016. During the festival, many activities were organized by the tourism department, such as [[Kite|kite flying]], [[volleyball]], [[star gazing]], [[cycling]], [[parasailing]], and [[birdwatching]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=OurTeam |date=2017-07-19 |title=Water Festival in Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/News/water-festival-in-madhya-pradesh |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Geography of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Khandwa district]]
[[Category:River islands of India]]
[[Category:Narmada River]]

COVID-19 pandemic in Uttar Pradesh

2025-12-15T18:49:19Z

Sunking: Starting Post.

{{short description|Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Update|date=April 2021}}
[[COVID-19 pandemic]] spread to [[Uttar Pradesh]] in March 2020. While the [[World Health Organization]] praised the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|UP government]] for its [[contact tracing]] efforts,<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO Praises UP Government's "Exemplary" Efforts For Covid Management|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/who-praises-uttar-pradesh-governments-exemplary-efforts-for-covid-19-management-2326399|access-date=2021-04-16|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> there were several other issues in its management of the pandemic, including under reportage of cases by the government,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yadav|first=Jyoti|date=2021-04-16|title='Dead bodies all over': Lucknow funerals tell a story starkly different from UP govt's claims|url=https://theprint.in/india/dead-bodies-all-over-lucknow-funerals-tell-a-story-starkly-different-from-up-govts-claims/640741/|access-date=2021-04-16|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic|vaccine shortages]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gaur|first=Vatsala|title=Not just Maharashtra, shortage of vaccines in Uttar Pradesh, too|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/shortage-of-vaccines-in-uttar-pradesh-too/articleshow/81977033.cms|access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref> and dismal conditions of COVID-19 hospitals.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Are We Animals?": COVID Patients On "Inhuman Conditions" At UP Hospital|url=https://www.ndtv.com/cities/coronavirus-news-covid-patients-on-inhuman-conditions-at-hospital-in-ups-prayagraj-are-we-animals-2236972|access-date=2021-04-16|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> {{Infobox pandemic
| name = COVID-19 pandemic in [[Uttar Pradesh]]


| map4 =
| legend4 =
| map5 =
| legend5 =
| disease = [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]]
| virus_strain = [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]]
| location = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| first_case = [[Ghaziabad]]
| arrival_date = 4 March 2020 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=04|year1=2020|month2=|day2=|year2=}})
| origin = [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], [[China]]
| confirmed_cases = 5,51,179 (4 December 2020)
| active_cases = 22,665
| recovery_cases = 5,20,637
| deaths = 7,877
| fatality_rate = 1.4 %
| territories = All districts
| website = [https://www.mohfw.gov.in/ MoHFW {{!}} Home] [https://www.covid19india.org/ Coronavirus in India: Latest Map and Case Count]
}}

==Background==
Uttar Pradesh is India's most populated state, with 240 million inhabitants.<ref>{{cite news |title="Dondequiera que mires hay ambulancias y cadáveres": cómo la segunda ola de la pandemia está devastando al estado más poblado de India |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-internacional-56818586 |access-date=28 September 2021 |work=BBC News Mundo |publisher=BBC |date=21 April 2021 |language=es}}</ref> The 17th-century Taj Mahal in Uttar Pradesh is the most popular monument in India, attracting over 7 million visitors per year.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-29/news/68644851_1_agra-circle-taj-mahal-asi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423233109/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-29/news/68644851_1_agra-circle-taj-mahal-asi|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 April 2016|title=Archaeological Survey of India Agra working on compiling visual archives on Taj Mahal|date=29 November 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=16 January 2016}}</ref>

Uttar Pradesh has a large public as well as private healthcare infrastructure. Although an extensive network of public and private sector healthcare providers has been built, the available health infrastructure is inadequate to meet the demand for health services in the state.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anand |first1=Manjaree |title=Health status and health care services in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar: A comparative study |journal=Indian Journal of Public Health |date=1 July 2014 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=174–9 |doi=10.4103/0019-557X.138624 |pmid=25116823 |language=en |issn=0019-557X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Timeline ==

=== March 2020===
* 5 March - A middle-aged man in [[Ghaziabad]] who had travel history to [[Iran]] tested positive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/coronavirus-update-new-case-reported-from-ghaziabad-india-now-has-30-patients-11583401881606.html|title=Coronavirus update: New case reported from Ghaziabad, India now has 30 patients|date=5 March 2020|website=Livemint}}</ref>
* 9 March - A factory worker was tested positive after he came in contact with the coronavirus positive businessman from [[Agra]]. Earlier, five members from the businessman's family were tested positive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/coronavirus-update-two-new-cases-from-kerala-agra-take-total-number-to-41-11583727824797.html|title=Coronavirus update: 4 new cases reported, India now has 43 COVID-19 patients|date=9 March 2020|website=Livemint}}</ref>
* 12 March - A tourist guide in [[Noida]], who came in contact with [[Italian people|Italian]] guests was tested positive.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/one-more-tests-covid-19-positive-uttar-pradesh-tally-is-nine/articleshow/74586351.cms|title=One more tests positive for Covid-19; Uttar Pradesh tally is nine | Lucknow News |website=The Times of India|date=12 March 2020 }}</ref> Also a woman doctor from [[Canada]] tested positive in state capital [[Lucknow]], taking the total cases in the state to ten.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/woman-doctor-from-canada-tests-coronavirus-positive-in-lucknow-54338|title=Woman doctor from Canada tests coronavirus positive in Lucknow|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>
* 13 March - An employee of a private firm in Noida tested positive who had travelled to Italy and [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/coronavirus-noida-employee-with-travel-history-to-italy-tests-positive-6312385/|title=At Noida firm, 707 workers in contact with coronavirus patient quarantined|date=14 March 2020}}</ref> Five patients were recovered.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/7-more-patients-in-india-cured-of-covid-19/story-KdGoZb0ufeippFwgfz7N2O.html|title=Coronavirus: India fights back, 7 more patients cured of Covid-19|date=14 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* 15 March - State's twelfth case was reported in Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-in-india-one-more-covid19-case-reported-in-lucknow-uttar-pradesh-1655527-2020-03-14|title=Coronavirus in India: One more Covid-19 case reported in Lucknow|first1=Shivendra |last1=Srivastava|date=March 14, 2020|website=India Today}}</ref>
* 17 March - Two people who returned from [[France]] tested positive in Noida<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-news-live-updates-india-delhi-italy-china-death-toll-confirmed-cases-europe-1656253-2020-03-17|title=Coronavirus: Govt restricts travel of Indian passport holders with immediate effect|date=17 March 2020|website=India Today}}</ref>
* 18 March - A man from Gautam Buddha Nagar district in Noida who had returned from [[Indonesia]] tested positive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/world/coronavirus-live-updates-covid-19-pandemic-maharashtra-delhi-pune-mumbai-karnataka-kerala-bengal-death-toll-5044481.html|title=Coronavirus Highlights: PM Modi to address nation tomorrow|website=Moneycontrol|date=18 March 2020 }}</ref>
* 19 March - Two more people in state, one from Lucknow and the other from [[Lakhimpur Kheri district]], tested positive. Later, an [[HCL Technologies|HCL]] employee in Noida who had returned from international travel tested positive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/coronavirus-live-updates-total-number-of-coronavirus-cases-in-india-rises-march-19-2020/liveblog/74701641.cms|title=Coronavirus Updates: France reports 108 new coronavirus deaths in last 24 hours|website=The Times of India|date=20 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hcl-employee-in-noida-tests-positive-for-covid-19-cases-in-up-reach-17/story-ohYtiJ2wKalLqgU86aNHYO.html|title=HCL employee in Noida tests positive for Covid-19, cases in UP reach 19|date=19 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* 20 March - [[Bollywood]] singer [[Kanika Kapoor]] who returned from [[London]] tested positive in Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/baby-doll-singer-kanika-kapoor-tests-coronavirus-positive-she-hid-travel-history-threw-party-at-5-star-1657811-2020-03-20|title=Baby Doll singer Kanika Kapoor tests coronavirus positive. She hid travel history, partied at 5-star|date=March 20, 2020|website=India Today}}</ref> Four more people tested positive in Lucknow - three related to a previously infected doctor and one with a travel history to [[Gulf]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/health/coronavirus-outbreak-highlights-covid-19-india-noida-mumbai-bangalore-cases-count-alert-novel-latest-news-today-bird-flu-virus-2-8165681.html|title=Coronavirus outbreak Updates: Italy records highest COVID-19 toll in one day with 627 deaths; 'you are not invincible', WHO tells youth|website=Firstpost|date=21 March 2020 }}</ref>
*21 March - [[Noida]] confirmed a case in Supertech CapeTown society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/noida-coronavirus-supertech-cape-town-society-in-lockdown-covid19-case-600131|title=Noida society in lockdown after person tests COVID-19 positive|date=21 March 2020|website=India TV}}</ref>

=== April 2020 ===
*1 April - 2 deaths reported in single day. First death in the state in [[Basti district|Basti]] and other in [[Meerut]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
*3 April - 59 new cases reported in a single day out of which 54 are returned from Tablighi Jamaat in Delhi.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
*4 April - 70 new cases reported. 25 in Agra, 8 in Noida, 7 in Meerut, 6 in Maharajganj.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
*5 April - Third death in the state reported in [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-coronavirus-death-in-up-old-aged-man-from-varanasi-coronavirus-positive-died-third-from-up-20166377.html|title=CoronaVirus death in UP : उत्तर प्रदेश में कोरोना वायरस से तीसरी मौत, अब तक 284 पॉजिटिव|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref>
*8 April - 4th death reported in state. First death in [[Agra district|Agra]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/coronavirus-agra-registers-first-death-taking-tally-to-4-in-uttar-pradesh/article31287651.ece|title=Coronavirus {{!}} Agra registers first death, taking tally to 4 in Uttar Pradesh|date=2020-04-08|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-08|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*11 April - 5th death in state. An ayurveda Doctor from [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]] died in Delhi hospital.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-records-its-fifth-covid-19-death/story-u55DrH0l2z1BYKdZkBASXI.html|title=Uttar Pradesh records its fifth Covid-19 death|date=2020-04-11|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref> 13 People cured from the disease in a single day. Recovered people data raised to 45.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-coronavirus-positive-in-up-numbers-are-increasing-rapidly-252-jamatis-are-positive-out-of-449-from-up-20181919.html|title=CoronaVirus death in UP : कोरोना से यूपी में आयुर्वेद चिकित्सक की मृत्यु, पांच गंवा चुके जान|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref>
*13 April - 75 new cases reported, 35 from Tablighi Jamaat in Delhi.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ANINewsUP/status/1249742898368634880|title=75 #Coronavirus positive cases were reported in the state today (including 35 related to Tablighi Jamaat). Total number of positive cases in the state stands at 558: State Health Departmentpic.twitter.com/sQX8nDp3Wl|date=2020-04-13|website=@ANINewsUP|language=en|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> 6th death in state and the first in [[Kanpur]].<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/kanpur-s-first-covid-death-after-50-year-old-mutwalli-tests-positive/story-dDxPO4fi2vUfg9nt7oVljM.html|title=Kanpur's first Covid death after 50-year-old mutwalli tests positive|date=2020-04-13|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*14 April - 102 new cases and 4 deaths in the state reported in a single day. Two each in [[Agra district|Agra]] and [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
*15 April - 67 new cases and two deaths in state. 4th in [[Agra district|Agra]]. 1st in [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite tweet |user=ANINewsUP |number=1250454055584858112 |date=15 April 2020 |title=With 67 new #COVID19 positive cases detected today, the total number of positive cases in the state stands at 727 now. 11 deaths have been reported till date. https://t.co/lOzLPWuK59 |language=en |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>
*16 April - 78 new cases and one death in state.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
*23 April - 61 new cases, 8 in [[Bahraich]], 3 in [[Shravasti]], 1 in [[Balrampur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=बहराइच में 8 और श्रावस्ती में 3 कोरोना पॉजिटिव मिले, मचा हड़कंप|url=https://www.newsnationtv.com/states/uttar-pradesh/new-corona-case-in-uttar-pradesh-8-corona-positive-case-in-bahraich-and-3-case-in-shravasti-139259.html|access-date=2020-06-03|website=News Nation|date=23 April 2020 |language=hi}}</ref>
*23 April - Uttar Pradesh minorities commission demands ban on [[Tablighi Jamaat]] in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-tablighi-jamaat-uttar-pradesh-minorities-commission-demands-ban-on-tabligi-jamaat-20216886.html|title=Tablighi Jamaat : उत्तर प्रदेश अल्पसंख्यक आयोग ने की तब्लीगी जमात पर प्रतिबंध लगाने की मांग|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref>
*24 April - 111 new cases- 25 in [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]], 29 in [[Kanpur]], 9 in [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]], 1 in [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

=== April 2021 ===

* 16 April - The UP government announced a partial Sunday lockdown in order to curb the second wave of infections plaguing the state.<ref>{{Cite web|author= |date=2021-04-16|title=UP govt imposes Sunday lockdown in the state. Details here|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/up-govt-imposes-sunday-lockdown-in-the-state-details-here-11618559971928.html|access-date=2021-04-16|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>

== Response ==
[[File:COVID Hospital Bareilly.jpg|thumb|A COVID Hospital in [[Bareilly]], UP]]

=== State Government Response ===
==== Public Health Strategy ====
'''30 April 2020 -''' UP Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath has also directed officials to add 52,000 additional beds in the COVID-19 hospitals in the state. Additional Chief Secretary (Home) Avanish Awasthi told reporters on Wednesday that while 17,000 beds would be added by the Health Department, 35,000 beds would be added by the Medical Educational Department. "The Health Department will increase 10,000 beds in level one, 5,000 beds in level two (with oxygen) and 2,000 beds in level three (with ventilator). The Medical Education Department will increase 20,000 beds in level one, 10,000 beds in level two and 5,000 beds in level three," he said.<ref name=":9">{{cite web|title=Yogi Govt to Amend Epidemic Act to Ensure Strict Punishments for Attack on Corona Warriors|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/yogi-govt-amend-epidemic-act-113900780.html|access-date=2020-04-29|website=in.news.yahoo.com|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==== Containment and Quarantine strategy ====
'''17 March -''' The [[Uttar Pradesh government]] extended the closure of all educational institutions, cinemas, shopping malls, swimming pool, gyms, multiplexes and tourists places in the state until April 2.<ref>{{cite web|title=Coronavirus: Four more cases reported in Lucknow; UP total now at 23|url=https://m.businesstoday.in/lite/story/coronavirus-four-more-cases-reported-in-lucknow-up-total-now-at-23/1/398764.html|access-date=26 March 2020|website=m.businesstoday.in|date=20 March 2020 }}</ref>

[[Slaughterhouse]]s in state were ordered to be closed from 22 to 24 March.<ref>{{cite web|title=कोरोना : उत्तर प्रदेश में 22 से 24 मार्च तक बंद रहेंगे सभी स्लॉटर हाउस|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-up-all-slaughterhouse-will-be-closed-from-22-to-24-march-due-to-coronavirus-3101485.html|access-date=26 March 2020|website=livehindustan.com|language=hi}}</ref>

'''22 March -''' Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] announced the lockdown of fifteen districts in state, from 22 to 25 March, including [[Noida]], [[Ghaziabad]], [[Agra]], [[Aligarh]], [[Prayagraj district|Allahabad]], [[Kanpur]], [[Varanasi]], [[Bareilly]], Lucknow, [[Saharanpur]], [[Meerut]], [[Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh|Lakhimpur]], [[Azamgarh]], [[Firozabad]], [[Gorakhpur]] and others.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 March 2020|title=Coronavirus updates: Egypt senior military officer dies of Covid-19|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-live-updates-india-janata-curfew-world-news-italy-china-wuhan-france-covid-19-cases-1658331-2020-03-22|access-date=26 March 2020|website=India Today}}</ref>

'''26 May -''' The Uttar Pradesh government has decided that arriving flight passengers will have to follow 14-day quarantine at their own homes. On sixth day of home quarantine, flyers can get themselves tested and end the quarantine. Business travellers with return ticket within 6 days will be exempt but will not be allowed to enter containment zones.<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 May 2020|title=Uttar Pradesh quarantine rules mandate 14-day home stay for flight passengers, short stay travellers exempted|work=The Times of India|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/uttar-pradesh-quarantine-rules-mandate-14-day-home-stay-for-flight-passengers-short-stay-travellers-exempted/596895|access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref>

==== Public Awareness ====
'''17 March -''' [[District magistrate]]s were instructed to spread awareness through posters and banners on the viral disease. Additionally, an appeal was made to religious leaders to avoid crowding in temples, mosques, gurudwaras and churches.<ref>{{cite news|title=Corona outbreak: Uttar Pradesh extends 'shutdown' till April 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/corona-outbreak-uttar-pradesh-extends-shutdown-till-april-2/articleshow/74672722.cms|access-date=26 March 2020|website=The Times of India|date=17 March 2020 }}</ref>

==== Unlock 1.0 ====
'''June 1 -''' The Government of UP released a new order that allowed the following to open up:<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 June 2020|title=Unlock 1.0: Uttar Pradesh government releases guidelines, here are important points|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/unlock-1-0-uttar-pradesh-government-releases-guidelines-here-are-important-points/story-CZ6clMPy4LXsEKJlyhep3M.html}}</ref>

* Opening of all offices from June 1, 2020
* Markets opening on a rotation basis from 9 am to 9 pm
* Supermarkets, beauty parlours and salons were allowed to open
* No passes are required for inter-state travel except in Noida and Ghaziabad
* Taxis and rickshaws can take passengers as per the seating capacity in the vehicle
* Roadways buses are allowed to ply, but no passenger is allowed to stand in these buses
* Sweet shops have been allowed to open, but without the dining space
* Wedding halls could open, but they were not allowed to accommodate more than 30 people
* Two people (rider and pillion) are allowed on two-wheelers but with face masks
The lockdown will remain in place in the state until June 30, shopping malls, religious places and hotels and restaurants will open from June 8. The decision on reopening schools and colleges will be taken in July.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 June 2020|title=Unlock 1.0: Uttar Pradesh government releases guidelines, here are important points|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/unlock-1-0-uttar-pradesh-government-releases-guidelines-here-are-important-points/story-CZ6clMPy4LXsEKJlyhep3M.html|access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref>

== Migrant workers crisis ==

=== Transportation to home state ===
On 28 March, the Uttar Pradesh government arranged for 1,000 buses to ferry migrant labourers who were stranded on the border districts owing to a countrywide lockdown without consulting Delhi State Government that resulted in huge chaos on border. Officials of the Transport Department, bus drivers and conductors were contacted on Friday night to help the people who were stranded in [[Noida]], [[Ghaziabad]], [[Bulandshahr]] and [[Aligarh]], among other places.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-28|title=UP govt arranges 1,000 buses for stranded migrant workers|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/up-govt-arranges-1000-buses-for-stranded-migrant-workers/articleshow/74860699.cms|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>

On 25 April, a day after the [[Yogi Adityanath]] government announced that it would bring back UP labourers stranded in other states, the first batch of 2,224 workers, who had completed quarantine period of two weeks in [[Haryana]], were brought back to the state in the first phase of the exercise on Saturday.<ref>{{cite web|title=UP starts bringing back migrant workers, first batch of 2,224 from Haryana reach home|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/apr/25/up-starts-bringing-back-migrant-workers-first-batch-of-2224-from-haryana-reach-home-2135272.html|access-date=2020-04-25|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

On 5 May the Additional Chief Secretary (Home) Awanish K Awasthi informed that over 65000 workers have been brought back from different states. He said that anyone from another state who is stranded in UP can register on 'Jansunwai' portal to seek help. "People from UP stranded in other states can get themselves registered"<ref>{{cite web|title=Unknown title|url=https://www.aninews.in/|access-date=2020-05-07|website=aninews.in|language=en}}</ref> On 7 May the Additional Chief Secretary informed that around 51,371 had reached UP so far.

"Today 43 trains have arrived in the state carrying migrant laborers. With the help of these trains, 51,371 workers arrived from different states. Today, 13 more trains will come before 12 pm, about 15,500-15,600 laborers will come. We have given permission for about 43 trains," These 43 trains arrived at stations such as [[Agra]], [[Kanpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], [[Raebareli|Rae Bareli]], [[Kannauj]], [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]], [[Azamgarh]], [[Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh|Barabanki]], [[Sitapur]] and [[Unnao]]. There were 51,371 workers and labourers on these 43 trains.<ref>{{cite web|title=Over 51,000 stranded migrants brought back to UP by special trains|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/over-51-000-stranded-migrants-132611306.html|access-date=2020-05-07|website=in.news.yahoo.com|language=en-IN}}</ref> On 9 May the Additional Chief Secretary informed that so far, 97 trains carrying migrant workers have entered into Uttar Pradesh from other states and 17 more trains will arrive by evening today. Government has allowed plying of 98 more trains which will arrive tomorrow and day after tomorrow.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=ANINewsUP |number=1259064898920701953 |date=9 May 2020 |title=So far, 97 trains carrying migrant workers have entered into Uttar Pradesh from other states & 17 more trains will arrive by evening today. Govt has allowed plying of 98 more trains which will arrive tomorrow & day after tomorrow: Additional Chief Secretary (Home) Awanish Awasthi https://t.co/vizxHKmUgw |language=en |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>

An [[Air India Express]] flight also brought back 182 Indians to [[Lucknow]] from [[Sharjah]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]].<ref>{{cite tweet |user=ANINewsUP |number=1259153862855757824 |date=9 May 2020 |title=#VandeBharatMission: An Air India Express flight brings back 182 Indians to Lucknow from Sharjah https://t.co/BtnIXLKcMI |language=en |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> By 11 May, 184 trains had brought 2.26 lakh migrant workers from other states. 55 more trains will arrive in Uttar Pradesh today. Around 1 lakh migrant workers also returned by their own conveyance.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=ANINewsUP |number=1259775957696524288 |date=11 May 2020 |title=So far, 184 trains have brought 2.26 lakh migrant workers from other states. 55 more trains will arrive in Uttar Pradesh today. Around 1 lakh migrant workers have returned by their own conveyance: Additional Chief Secretary (Home) Awanish Awasthi https://t.co/2hu5E3IKe4 |language=en |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> On 12 May the Additional Chief Secretary informed that so far, 233 trains had brought 281,408 migrant workers to the state. Today 13 trains have arrived until now and more will come in the coming days. All the passengers will be screened and medical checkups will be conducted.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=ANINewsUP |number=1260153249962708992 |date=12 May 2020 |title=So far, 233 trains have brought 2,81,408 migrant workers to the state. Today 13 trains have arrived till now and more will come in the coming days. All the passengers will be screened and medical checkups will be conducted: Additional Chief Secretary (Home) Awanish Awasthi https://t.co/0yIADMQIlg |language=en |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> On 14 May it was reported that so far, 318 'Shramik Special' trains have brought back 384,260 people to Uttar Pradesh. 67 more special trains will arrive in the state today. Permission has been granted for plying of 174 more such trains.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=ANINewsUP |number=1260876541535195136 |date=14 May 2020 |title=So far, 318 'Shramik Special' trains have brought back 384260 people to Uttar Pradesh. 67 more special trains will arrive in the state today. Permission has been granted for plying of 174 more such trains: Uttar Pradesh Additional Chief Secretary (Home) Awanish Awasthi https://t.co/1cvuCX3X9M |language=en |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>

=== Relief and essentials ===
On 21 March, CM [[Yogi Adityanath]] announced that the Uttar Pradesh government has decided to give ₹1,000 (US$14) to all daily wage laborers affected due to coronavirus in the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Business News Live, Share Market News - Read Latest Finance News, IPO, Mutual Funds News|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/|access-date=26 March 2020|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> On 1 May, Uttar Pradesh CM [[Yogi Adityanath]] directed that any worker or labourer of UP who is stranded in another state due to lockdown, can use his/her ration card number & avail its benefits there. Those who do not have a ration card, then under State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF), food packets are being provided.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=ANINewsUP |number=1256097903069687808 |date=1 May 2020 |title=Any worker or labourer of UP who is stranded in another state due to lockdown, can use his/her ration card number&avail its benefits there. Those who do not have a ration card, then under State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF), food packets are being provided: CM Yogi Adityanath https://t.co/BPkujua70Y |language=en |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>

Uttar Pradesh CM [[Yogi Adityanath]] transferred [[Indian rupee|Rs]] 225.39 Crores to [[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005|Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)]] beneficiaries through direct bank transfer.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=ANINewsUP |number=1260060575050039296 |date=12 May 2020 |title=Uttar Pradesh CM Yogi Adityanath transfers Rs 225.39 Crores to Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) beneficiaries through direct bank transfer https://t.co/AD614DLcoQ |language=en |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> The state government has instructed to provide Rs 1000 to migrant workers who have been asked to remain in home quarantine after their return from other states.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=ANINewsUP |number=1260887836737167360 |date=14 May 2020 |title=Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath has instructed for providing Rs 1000 to migrant workers who have been asked to remain in home quarantine after their return from other states: Additional Chief Secretary (Home) Awanish Awasthi https://t.co/kLTtsWwUqo |language=en |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> On 25 May the CM directed that the migration commission that is being constituted will be named ''Kaamgar, Shramik (Seva Ayojan and Rojgaar) Kalyan Ayog'', to employ migrant workers/labourers. Under this commission, social security will be guaranteed to workers/labourers by providing employment to them.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=ANINewsUP |number=1264867467857281024 |date=25 May 2020 |title=Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath has directed that the migration commission that is being constituted will be named as 'Kaamgar, Shramik (Seva Ayojan and Rojgaar) Kalyan Ayog', to employ migrant workers/labourers: UP Additional Chief Secretary (Home) Awanish Awasthi https://t.co/JnWV8jgu1R |language=en |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>

=== Administrative changes ===

* '''30 March -''' CM [[Yogi Adityanath]] dismissed District Magistrate of [[Gautam Buddh Nagar district]] BN Singh and appointed Suhas L. Y. as New DM.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-30|title=Gautam Buddh Nagar DM Shunted Out after UP CM Pulls Him up over Lapses Related to Virus Lockdown|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/up-cm-pulls-up-gautam-buddh-nagar-dm-over-lapses-as-coronavirus-cases-rise-2557557.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=News18}}</ref>

=== Transportation for non-migrants stranded in other states ===

* '''18 April -''' 9,000 Stranded Students in Kota Leave for Their Homes in UP after Thorough Screening. About 250 buses from Uttar Pradesh on Friday reached Kota in Rajasthan to pick up about 9,000 stranded students and drop them to their native districts. Each bus accommodated a maximum of 30 students.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/over-250-buses-leave-agra-135700385.html|title=Covid-19 Lockdown: 9,000 Stranded Students in Kota Leave for Their Homes in UP after Thorough Screening|website=in.news.yahoo.com|language=en-IN|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref>
*'''27 April -''' Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] ordered for making necessary arrangements to send students preparing for competitive exams in [[Prayagraj]] to their homes in 300 [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|UPSRTC]] buses. The students will be sent in these buses in two rounds. In the first round, students will sent to their homes in [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]], [[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]], [[Chandauli district|Chandauli]], [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]], [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]], [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]], [[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]] & [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]]. Students from other districts will be sent in the second round.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=ANINewsUP |number=1254722347308740608 |date=2020-04-27 |title=In the first round, students will sent to their homes in Sonbhadra, Mirzapur, Chandoli, Varanasi, Jaunpur, Pratapgarh, Kaushambi, Fatehpur & Chitrakoot. Students from other districts will be sent in the second round: Additional Chief Secretary (Home) Awanish Awasthi #lockdowntwitter.com/ANINewsUP/status/1254721246027059204 …}}</ref>
*'''24 May -''' Additional Chief Secretary (Home) Awanish K Awasthi informed that Around 23 lakh people have been brought back to the state of Uttar Pradesh from different states, amid Coronavirus Lockdown.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=ANINewsUP |number=1264504034083233793 |date=24 May 2020 |title=Around 23 lakh people have been brought back to the state of Uttar Pradesh from different states, amid #CoronavirusLockdown: UP Additional Chief Secretary (Home) Awanish Awasthi. https://t.co/FhtQUk45IW |language=en |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>

== Legal Actions ==

The Uttar Pradesh government has said that Perpetrators be charged under the stringent [[National Security Act (India)|National Security Act]], [[Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897|Epidemic Act]] and the [[Disaster Management Act, 2005|Disaster Management Act]] for resorting to violence and preventing the health and police officials from doing their duty. The state government has decided to use the [[Uttar Pradesh Recovery of Damages to Public and Private Property Ordinance, 2020|UP Recovery of Public and Private Property Ordinance, 2020]] against those indulging in violence.

Following several attacks on doctors and other health officials, and subsequent demands from [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] and Resident Doctors Association, the [[Government of India|Union Government]] brought an [[Ordinance (India)|ordinance]] to amend [[Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897|The Epidemic Diseases Act.]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Choudhary|first=Srishti|date=2020-04-22|title=Government passes ordinance to keep healthcare workers safe|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/centre-passes-ordinance-to-end-violence-against-health-workers-11587551943118.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref> Under it, the guilty can be sent to jail for three months to five years, with a fine of Rs.50,000 to Rs.2 lakh. However, if there is grievous injury then the guilty could be sent to jail for six months to seven years and fined Rs. 1 lakh to Rs. 5 lakh.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 23, 2020|title=Cabinet Ordinance: Up to 7 years' jail for attack on health workers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/up-to-7-years-jail-for-attack-on-health-workers-ordinance/articleshow/75309166.cms|access-date=2020-06-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> More than 8000 people have been fined in the state to date for violation of social distancing norms and for not wearing masks.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=ANINewsUP |number=1264508037848379402 |date=24 May 2020 |title=More than 8000 people have been fined in the state till date for violation of social distancing norms and for not wearing masks: UP Additional Chief Secretary (Home) Awanish Awasthi. #CoronavirusLockdown https://t.co/UaCJ3DFDsY |language=en |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Unlock phase 1 Kanpur railway station IMG 20200604 214347.jpg|thumb|Unlock phase 1- [[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur railway station]] on 4 June 2020]]

== Impact ==

=== Environment ===
Due to lower pollution levels in state during the imposition of lockdown, Himalayan range became visible from [[Saharanpur]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Lockdown impact: Himalayan mountains become visible from Saharanpur in Uttar Pradesh | Times of India Travel|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/lockdown-impact-himalayan-mountains-become-visible-from-saharanpur-in-uttar-pradesh/as75468614.cms|access-date=2020-05-11|publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

=== Education ===
Since the closure of educational institutions in lockdown, alternate education strategies like online classes have been adopted in urban areas. While lakhs of children living in villages are deprived of the alternative.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lockdown impact: Children in Uttar Pradesh villages deprive of education|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/lockdown-impact-children-in-uttar-pradesh-villages-deprive-of-education|website=National Herald|date=5 May 2020 }}</ref>

===Social===

==== Violence against medical staff and police ====
Medical staff and police were attacked by villagers while trying to enforce lockdown in [[Meerut]] and [[Muzaffarnagar]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-04-11|title=People attacked medical staff in Meerut, 4 arrests including Imam|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/attack-on-medical-staff-went-to-take-corona-patients-in-meerut-sc103-nu764-ta764-ta277-1084123-1.html|access-date=2020-04-23|website=News Track|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh: Cops attacked by Villagers while trying to enforce lockdown, SI, constable serious|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/uttar-pradesh-cops-attacked-by-villagers-while-trying-to-enforce-lockdown|access-date=2020-04-23|website=National Herald|date=2 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In [[Moradabad]], a mob tried to stop a medical team from taking a coronavirus-infected man into isolation by pelting stones at the ambulance while damaging a police vehicle.<ref name="financialexpress.com">{{cite web|date=2020-04-17|title=Moradabad violence: Confiscate properties of accused to recover damages, orders Yogi Adityanath|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/moradabad-violence-confiscate-properties-of-accused-to-recover-damages-orders-yogi-adityanath/1931352/|access-date=2020-04-23|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> Five of the seventeen arrested stone pelters tested positive in COVID-19 tests.<ref>{{cite web|title=5 Accused Of Attacking Health Workers Test Positive For COVID-19 In UP's Moradabad|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-in-up-5-accused-of-attacking-health-workers-test-positive-for-covid-19-ups-moradabad-2216599|access-date=2020-04-23|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Locals in [[Aligarh]] also pelted stones at police as they tried to enforce lockdown, while in [[Bahraich]] people attached police team for refusing to offer namaz in mosque.<ref>{{cite web|title=Locals Pelt Stones at Cops in Aligarh as They Try to Enforce Lockdown, 1 Injured|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/locals-pelt-stones-cops-aligarh-093500111.html|access-date=2020-04-23|website=in.news.yahoo.com|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lockdown-2 Bahraich : मस्‍ज‍िद में नमाज पढ़ने से रोकने पर पुल‍िसकर्म‍ियों पर हमला, 23 ह‍िरासत में|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-attack-on-police-team-for-refusing-to-offer-namaz-in-mosque-in-bahraich-fir-registered-on-many-20218617.html|access-date=2020-04-24|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=April 26, 2020|title=Demanding non-veg food, Jamaat members create ruckus at Kanpur hospital|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/demanding-non-veg-food-jamaat-members-create-ruckus-at-kanpur-hospital-1671432-2020-04-26|access-date=2020-04-26|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Healthcare workers and police were attacked and stone pelted in [[Kanpur]] when nine members of a family who had been in close contact with a coronavirus positive patient were being taken to a quarantine facility.<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-04-30|title=Health workers, police attacked in Kanpur; CM for invoking NSA|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/health-workers-police-attacked-in-kanpur-cm-for-invoking-nsa/story-jXfKMLnVspX5zv6T9f4i4M.html|access-date=2020-04-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

=== Hospital care crisis ===
International news sources reported many stories of deaths and families damaged by the second wave of COVID-19 in Uttar Pradesh, as infections increased during 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Covid in Uttar Pradesh: Coronavirus overwhelms India's most populous state |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56799303 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=20 April 2021}}</ref> Retired judge Ramesh Chandra told BBC that "for years, I have despaired at the poor medical facilities in the state - it's where my ancestral village is located and I know the struggles of finding a doctor or an ambulance even in normal times.".

== Testing statistics==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Total samples tested
|7,17,38,740
|-
!Sample Tested per million population
|3,59,031
|-
![[COVID-19]] Positive
|17,09,234
|-
!Negative
|1,94,09,214
|-
!Recovered
|16,86,128
|-
|-
| colspan="2" |As of 29 August 2021
|}

=== Testing Costs ===
On 19 June 2020, the Uttar Pradesh government announced that it has fixed the maximum price for COVID-19 tests at ₹2,500. "The price has been fixed in two categories. The first one relates to the corona testing at private or corporate hospitals. In this case, the charges will not be more than ₹2,000 per person. The same applies to a situation where these hospitals tie up with private labs. The second category is that of private pathology or diagnostic labs where the rate cannot exceed ₹2,500," a government spokesperson said.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 June 2019|title=Uttar Pradesh govt caps price of COVID-19 testing|work=Live Mint|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/uttar-pradesh-govt-caps-price-of-covid-19-testing-11592553149269.html|access-date=19 June 2019}}</ref>

=== Testing Facilities===
Currently there are 121 government laboratories conducting COVID-19 Testing.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 August 2020|title=Total Operational (initiated independent testing) Laboratories reporting to ICMR|url=https://www.icmr.gov.in/pdf/covid/labs/COVID_Testing_Labs_15082020.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225223443/https://www.icmr.gov.in/pdf/covid/labs/COVID_Testing_Labs_15082020.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=16 August 2020|website=[[Indian Council of Medical Research]]}}</ref>
Government has also permitted testing in 44 privately operated labs.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}

== See also ==
*[[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
*[[COVID-19 pandemic in Assam]]
*[[COVID-19 pandemic in Bihar]]
*[[COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi]]
*[[COVID-19 pandemic in Goa]]
*[[COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat]]
*[[COVID-19 pandemic in Haryana]]
*[[COVID-19 pandemic in Karnataka]]
*[[COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala]]
*[[COVID-19 pandemic in Madhya Pradesh]]
*[[COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra]]
*[[COVID-19 pandemic in Punjab]]
*[[COVID-19 pandemic in Rajasthan]]
*[[COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu]]
*[[COVID-19 pandemic in Telangana]]
*[[COVID-19 pandemic in Uttarakhand]]
*[[COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{COVID-19 pandemic}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic in India}}

[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in India by state or union territory|Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2020s in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Health in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Disasters in Uttar Pradesh]]

Tadikalapudi

2025-12-05T02:59:50Z

Sunking: new the data more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tadikalapudi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Tadikalapudi
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.53558|N|81.10329|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Eluru district|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kamavarapukota mandal|Kamavarapukota]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = K.Rambabu
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census2011.co.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588203-tadikalapudi-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Tadikalapudi Village Population - Kamavarapukota - West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh|publisher=}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.06
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 19
| population_total = 17156
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 77
| population_density_km2 = auto,bus
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 534 452
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Tadikalapudi''' is a village in [[Eluru district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Kamavarapukota mandal]] of [[Eluru revenue division]]. It is located at a distance of 26 km from district headquarters [[Eluru]] city.

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Tadikalapudi had a population of 17156. The total population constitute, 8267 males and 7968 females a sex ratio of 964 females per 1000 males. 1783 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, with child sex ratio of 875 girls per 1000 boys. The average literacy rate stands at 67.38% with literates.<ref name="census2011.co.in"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

List of Arjuna Award recipients (2020–2029)

2025-12-04T04:44:08Z

Sunking: minor enhance details as per guidelines and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|List of recipients of a sports honor in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Arjuna Award
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = Civilian award for outstanding individual achievements in National Sports
| awarded_for =
| sponsor = [[Government of India|Govt. of India]]
| established = 1961
| former name =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 145
| previous = [[Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award]]
| next =
|firstawarded=1961}}

The [[Arjuna Award]], officially known as the Arjuna Awards for Outstanding Performance in Sports and Games,<ref name ="Scheme" /> is the sports honour of [[India|Republic of India]]. It is awarded annually by the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]. Before the introduction of the [[Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna]] in 1991–1992, the Arjuna award was the highest sporting honour of India.<ref name="EverestNews" /><ref>{{cite press_release|title=Vishwanathan Anand gets Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1992-MIN-OF-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-&-SPORTS/PDF/YTH-1992-08-18_084.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=18 August 1992|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229185750/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1992-MIN-OF-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-%26-SPORTS/PDF/YTH-1992-08-18_084.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, the award comprises "a [[bronze]] [[statuette]] of Arjuna, certificate, ceremonial dress, and a cash prize of {{INRConvert|15|l}}."{{efn|name=a}}

==Name==
The award is named after [[Arjuna]], a character from the [[Sanskrit]] epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' of [[History of India|ancient India]]. He is one of the [[Pandavas]], depicted as a skilled [[archery|archer]] winning the hand of [[Draupadi]] in marriage and in the [[Kurukshetra War]], [[Krishna]] becomes his charioteer teaching him the sacred knowledge of [[Bhagavad Gita|Gita]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691139968/the-bhagavad-gita|title=The Bhagavad Gita|date=26 October 2014|isbn=978-0-691-13996-8|language=en|last1=Davis|first1=Richard H.}}</ref> In [[Hindu mythology]], he has been seen as a symbol of hard work, dedication and concentration.<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Sports Ministry unveils new look Sports Awards|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=52143|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=26 August 2009|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112951/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=52143|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
Instituted in 1961 to honour the outstanding sportspersons of the country,<ref>{{cite web|title=India in Sports: Some Fabulous Achievements|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/ffeb2000/f100220001.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=11 February 2017|author=Bhardwaj, D. K.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813230542/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/ffeb2000/f100220001.html|archive-date=13 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> the award over the years has undergone a number of expansions, reviews, and rationalizations. The award was expanded to include all the recognised disciplines in 1977, has introduced indigenous games and physically handicapped categories in 1995 and introduced a lifetime contribution category in 1995 leading to creation of a separate [[Dhyan Chand Award]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Cash awards for Arjuna winners|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-JAN-DEC-AWARDS/PDF/DEF-1977-10-12_084.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=12 October 1977|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229185750/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-JAN-DEC-AWARDS/PDF/DEF-1977-10-12_084.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press_release|title=Arjuna Awards further expanded|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1995-JAN-DEC-MO-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-&-SPORTS-NO-9/PDF/YTH-1995-05-24_023.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=24 May 1995|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229185750/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1995-JAN-DEC-MO-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-%26-SPORTS-NO-9/PDF/YTH-1995-05-24_023.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The latest revision in 2018 stipulates that the award is given only to the disciplines included in the events like [[Olympic Games]], [[Paralympic Games]], [[Asian Games]], [[Commonwealth Games]], [[World championship|World Championship]] and [[World cup competition|World Cup]] along with [[Cricket]], Indigenous Games, and [[Disabled sports|Parasports]]. It also recommends giving only fifteen awards in a year, relaxing in case of excellent performance in major [[multi-sport event]]s, team sports, across gender and giving away of at least one award to physically challenged category.<ref name="Scheme"/>

The nominations for the award are received from all government recognised National Sports Federations, the [[Indian Olympic Association]], the [[Sports Authority of India]] (SAI), the Sports Promotion and Control Boards, the state and the union territory governments and the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna, [[Dhyan Chand Award|Dhyan Chand]] and [[Dronacharya Award|Dronacharya]] awardees of the previous years. The recipients are selected by a committee constituted by the Ministry and are honoured for their "good performance in the field of sports over a period of four years" at international level and for having shown "qualities of leadership, sportsmanship and a sense of discipline".<ref name="Scheme"/>

==Recipients==
In 2020, a total of twenty-seven individuals were conferred with the award. Individuals from nineteen different sports were awarded, which includes three from shooting, two each from athletics, badminton, boxing, cricket, hockey and wrestling, and one each from archery, basketball, equestrian, football, golf, kabaddi, kho kho, lawn tennis, rowing, swimming, table tennis and winter sports. Three individuals were also awarded from [[parasports]].

In 2022, a total of twenty-five individuals have been conferred with the award. Individuals from fourteen different sports were awarded, which includes three from athletics, two each from badminton, boxing, chess, shooting and wrestling, and one each from hockey, judo, kabaddi, lawn bowls, mallakhamb, table tennis, weightlifting and wushu. Four individuals were also awarded from parasports.

==List of recipients ==
{|class="plainrowheaders"
|+
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"|
{{Bar graph
| title = Award recipients by year<ref name="ArjunaAward" />
| float = right
| bar_width = 12
| width_units = em
| data_max = 35
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 =2020 | data1 =27
| label2 =2021 | data2 =35
| label3 =2022 | data3 =25
| label4 =2023 | data4 =26
| label5 =2024 | data5 =32
| label6 =2025 | data6 =01
}}
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"|
{{Bar graph
| title = Award recipients by sport<ref name="ArjunaAward" />
| float = right
| bar_width = 12
| width_units = em
| data_max = 25
| label_type = Sport
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 =Archery | data1 =5

| label2 =Athletics | data2 =12

| label3 =Badminton | data3 =8

| label4 =Basketball | data4 =1

| label5 =Boxing | data5 =6

| label6 =Canoeing | data6 =1

| label7 =Chess | data7 =4

| label8 =Cricket | data8 =5

| label9 =Equestrian | data9 =3

| label10 =Fencing | data10 =1

| label11 =Football | data11 =1

| label12 =Golf | data12 =2

| label13 =Hockey | data13 =23

| label14 =Judo | data14 =2

| label15 =Kabaddi | data15 =5

| label16 =Kho Kho | data16 =2

| label17 =Lawn Bowls | data17 =2

| label18 =Mallakhamba | data18 =2

| label19 =Rowing | data19 =1

| label20 =Shooting | data20 =9

| label21 =Squash | data21 =1

| label22 =Swimming | data22 =3

| label23 =Table Tennis | data23 =4

| label24 =Tennis | data24 =2

| label25 =Weightlifting | data25 =1

| label26 =Winter Sports | data26 =1

| label27 =Wrestling | data27 =7

| label28 =Wushu | data28 =2}}

|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Key
|-
|align=center style="width:50px;background-color:#E0E0D1"|{{small|§}}
|Indicates Para sports
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:73%"
|+ List of Arjuna award recipients, showing the year, sport, and gender<ref name="ArjunaAward" />
! scope="col" style="width:8%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Recipient
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Sport
! scope="col" style="width:17%" | Gender
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Atanu |Das}}
| Archery || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dutee |Chand}}
| Athletics || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Satwiksairaj |Rankireddy}}
| Badminton || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chirag |Shetty}}
| Badminton || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vishesh |Bhriguvanshi}}
| Basketball || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manish |Kaushik|dab = boxer}}
| Boxing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lovlina |Borgohain}}
| Boxing || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ishant |Sharma}}
| Cricket || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Deepti |Sharma}}
| Cricket || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sawant Ajay|Anant|nolink=1}}
| Equestrian || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sandesh |Jhingan}}
| Football || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Aditi |Ashok}}
| Golf || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Akashdeep |Singh}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Deepika |Thakur}}
| Hockey || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Deepak Niwas |Hooda}}
| Kabaddi || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sarika|Kale}}
| Kho Kho || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dattu Baban |Bhokanal}}
| Rowing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manu |Bhaker}}
| Shooting || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Saurabh |Chaudhary}}
| Shooting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Madhurika |Patkar}}
| Table Tennis || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Divij |Sharan}}
| Tennis || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shiva|Keshavan}}
| Winter Sports || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Divya|Kakran}}
| Wrestling || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rahul|Aware}}
| Wrestling || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Suyash |Jadhav}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Swimming{{small|§}} || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sandeep |Chaudhary}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Athletics{{small|§}} || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manish |Narwal}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Shooting{{small|§}} || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Arpinder |Singh}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Simranjit |Kaur}}
| Boxing || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shikhar |Dhawan}}
| Cricket || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|C. A. Bhavani |Devi}}
| Fencing || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Monika | Malik}}
| Hockey || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vandana |Katariya}}
| Hockey || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sandeep |Narwal|nolink=1}}
| Kabaddi || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Himani |Uttam Parab|nolink=1}}
| Mallakhamba || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Abhishek |Verma|dab=sport shooter}}
| Shooting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ankita |Raina}}
| Tennis || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Deepak |Punia|dab =wrestler}}
| Wrestling || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dilpreet |Singh}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harmanpreet |Singh}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rupinder Pal |Singh}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Surender |Kumar}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Amit | Rohidas}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Birendra | Lakra}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sumit|Walmiki}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nilakanta |Sharma}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hardik |Singh}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vivek |Prasad}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gurjant |Singh}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mandeep |Singh|dab=field hockey}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shamsher |Singh|dab=field hockey}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lalit Kumar |Upadhyay}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Varun |Kumar|dab=field hockey}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Simranjeet |Singh}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yogesh |Kathuniya}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Athletics{{small|§}} || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nishad |Kumar}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Athletics{{small|§}} || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Praveen |Kumar|dab=para-athlete, born 2003}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Athletics{{small|§}} || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Suhas Lalinakere |Yathiraj}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Badminton{{small|§}} || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Singhraj |Adhana}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Shooting{{small|§}} || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhavina |Patel}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Table Tennis{{small|§}} || Female

|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harvinder |Singh|dab=archer}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Archery{{small|§}} || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2021
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sharad |Kumar|dab=athlete}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Athletics{{small|§}} || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Seema |Punia}}
| Athletics || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Eldhose |Paul}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Avinash |Sable}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lakshya |Sen}}
| Badminton || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prannoy |H. S.}}
| Badminton || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Amit |Panghal}}
| Boxing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nikhat |Zareen}}
| Boxing || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhakti |Kulkarni}}
| Chess || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|R |Praggnanandhaa}}
| Chess || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Deep Grace |Ekka}}
| Hockey || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shushila Devi |Likmabam}}
| Judo || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sakshi |Kumari|nolink=}}
| Kabaddi || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nayanmoni |Saikia}}
| Lawn Bowls || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sagar Kailas |Ovhalkar|nolink=1}}
| Mallakhamba || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Elavenil |Valarivan}}
| Shooting || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Om Prakash |Mitharwal}}
| Shooting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sreeja |Akula}}
| Table Tennis || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vikas |Thakur}}
| Weightlifting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anshu |Malik}}
| Wrestling || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sarita |Mor}}
| Wrestling || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Praveen |Kumar |dab=wushu}}
| Wushu || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manasi Girishchandra |Joshi}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Badminton{{small|§}} || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tarun |Dhillon}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Badminton{{small|§}} || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Swapnil Sanjay |Patil|nolink=1}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Swimming{{small|§}} || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2022
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jerlin |Anika}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Badminton{{small|§}} || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ojas|Deotale}}
| Archery || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Aditi|Swami}}
| Archery || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Murali|Sreeshankar}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Parul|Chaudhary}}
| Athletics || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohammad|Hussamuddin}}
| Boxing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|R|Vaishali}}
| Chess || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohammed|Shami}}
| Cricket || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anush|Agarwalla}}
| Equestrian || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Divyakriti|Singh}}
| Equestrian || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Diksha|Dagar}}
| Golf || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Krishan|Pathak}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sushila|Chanu}}
| Hockey || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pawan|Sehrawat}}
| Kabaddi || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ritu|Negi}}
| Kabaddi || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | [[Nasreen Shaikh]]
| Kho Kho || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pinki|Singh|dab=bowls}}
| Lawn Bowls || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Aishwary Pratap|Singh Tomar}}
| Shooting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Esha|Singh}}
| Shooting || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harinder Pal|Sandhu}}
| Squash || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ayhika|Mukherjee}}
| Table Tennis || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sunil|Kumar|dab=wrestler}}
| Wrestling || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Antim|Panghal}}
| Wrestling || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Naorem Roshibina|Devi}}
| Wushu || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sheetal|Devi}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Archery{{small|§}} || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ajay Kumar|Reddy}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Cricket{{small|§}} || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |2023
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prachi|Yadav}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Canoeing{{small|§}} || Female
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jyothi |Yarraji}}
| Athletics || Female
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Annu |Rani}}
| Athletics || Female
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nitu |Ghanghas}}
| Boxing || Female
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Saweety |Boora}}
| Boxing || Female
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vantika |Agrawal}}
| Chess || Female
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Salima |Tete}}
| Hockey || Female
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Abhishek |Nain}}
| Hockey || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sanjay |Rana}}
| Hockey || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jarmanpreet |Singh}}
| Hockey || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sukhjeet |Singh}}
| Hockey || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rakesh|Kumar|Rakesh Kumar (Paralympian)}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" |Archery{{small|§}} || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Preethi |Pal}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" |Athletics{{small|§}} || Female
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Deepthi |Jeevanji}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" |Athletics{{small|§}} || Female
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ajeet |Singh Yadav}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" |Athletics{{small|§}} || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sachin |Khilari}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" |Athletics{{small|§}} || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dharambir |Nain}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" |Athletics{{small|§}} || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pranav |Soorma}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" |Athletics{{small|§}} || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hokato |Hotozhe Sema}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" |Athletics{{small|§}} || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Simran |Sharma}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" |Athletics{{small|§}} || Female
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Navdeep|Singh|Navdeep Singh (athlete)}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" |Athletics{{small|§}} || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kumar |Nitesh}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" |Badminton{{small|§}} || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Thulasimathi |Murugesan}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" |Badminton{{small|§}} || Female
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nithya |Sre Sivan}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" |Badminton{{small|§}} || Female
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manisha |Ramadass}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" |Badminton{{small|§}} || Female
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kapil |Parmar}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" |Judo{{small|§}} || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mona |Agarwal}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" |Shooting{{small|§}} || Female
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rubina |Francis}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" |Shooting{{small|§}} || Female
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Swapnil |Kusale}}
| Shooting || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sarabjot |Singh}}
| Shooting || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Abhay|Singh|Abhay Singh (squash player)}}
| Squash || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sajan |Prakash}}
| Swimming || Male
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2024
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Aman |Sehrawat}}
| Wrestling || Male
|}

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=a|The cash prize was introduced in the year 1977{{ndash}}1978 as a scholarship of {{INRConvert|200}} a month for 2 years.<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Two years Scholarship for winners|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1978-JULY-DEC-MINISTRY-OF-EDUCATION-SOCIAL-WELFARE-&-CULTURE/PDF/EDU-1978-10-27_165.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=27 October 1978|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1978-JULY-DEC-MINISTRY-OF-EDUCATION-SOCIAL-WELFARE-%26-CULTURE/PDF/EDU-1978-10-27_165.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> It was revised to one time cash prize of {{INRConvert|5|k}} in 1986,<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Arjuna Award for 1986 to 13 Sports persons|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1988-JAN-JUNE-HUMAN-RESOURCE-DEVIL-VOL-I/PDF/HRD-1988-01-12_014.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=12 January 1988|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1988-JAN-JUNE-HUMAN-RESOURCE-DEVIL-VOL-I/PDF/HRD-1988-01-12_014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|20|k}} in 1987,<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Value of cash prize enhanced|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1989-JAN-DEC-PRESIDENT-SECTT/PDF/RPB-1989-05-30_030.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=30 May 1989|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1989-JAN-DEC-PRESIDENT-SECTT/PDF/RPB-1989-05-30_030.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|50|k}} in 1993,<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Arjuna awards, Dronachrya awards for 1998 Presented|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1993-JAN-DEC-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-&-SPORTS/PDF/YTH-1993-07-22_045.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=22 July 1993|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1993-JAN-DEC-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-%26-SPORTS/PDF/YTH-1993-07-22_045.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|1.5|l}} in 1998,<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Value of cash prize enhanced|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr99/l0999/r010999.html#8|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=1 September 1998|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143138/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr99/l0999/r010999.html#8|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|3|l}} in 2001,<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Arjuna Awards scheme Revised|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rapr2002/03042002/r0304200215.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=3 April 2002|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143222/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rapr2002/03042002/r0304200215.html|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|5|l}} in 2009,<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Several initiatives undertaken for transformation of sports|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=56322|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=22 December 2009|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001163838/http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=56322|url-status=live}}</ref> and to {{INRConvert|15|l}} in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Enhancement of cash amount of Sports Awards 2020|url=http://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Enhancement%20of%20cash%20amount%20of%20Sports%20Awards%202020.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=27 August 2020|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143104/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Enhancement%20of%20cash%20amount%20of%20Sports%20Awards%202020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ArjunaAward">
*{{cite press_release|title=National Sports Awards 2020 announced|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1647633|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=21 September 2020|date=21 August 2020|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143213/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1647633|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web |title=National Sports Awards 2021 announced|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1875896|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=20 December 2023|date=2 November 2021}}
*{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports announces National Sports Awards 2022 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1875896 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=pib.gov.in}}
*{{cite web |title=Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports announces National Sports Awards 2023|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1988607|website=pib.gov.in|accessdate=20 December 2023|date=20 December 2023}}
*{{cite web |title=Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports Announces National Sports Awards 2024|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2089557|website=pib.gov.in|accessdate=2 January 2025|date=2 January 2025}}
</ref>
<ref name="Scheme">{{cite web|title=Revised Scheme of Arjuna Award|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Scheme%20of%20Arjuna%20Award%20%28amended%20as%20on%207.9.2018%29_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=7 September 2018|format=PDF|df=dmy-all|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143100/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Scheme%20of%20Arjuna%20Award%20%28amended%20as%20on%207.9.2018%29_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EverestNews">{{cite news |last1=Chhetri |first1=Vivek |title=Team spirit at its peak for Arjuna |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/team-spirit-at-its-peak-for-arjuna/cid/1523047 |accessdate=22 September 2020 |work=Telegraph India |date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001205604/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/team-spirit-at-its-peak-for-arjuna/cid/1523047 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [https://yas.nic.in/sports/sports-awards-0 Official Website]

{{Arjuna awards}}
{{National Sports Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Arjuna Award recipients (2020-2029)}}
[[Category:Lists of Arjuna Award recipients|2020-2029]]
[[Category:Indian sports trophies and awards]]

1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election

2025-11-28T00:19:52Z

Sunking: revise

{{short description|Legislative Assembly election in Sikkim State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| previous_election = 1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1989
| next_election = 1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1999
| election_date = 16 November 1994
| seats_for_election = All 32 seats in the [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 17
| image_size = 100px

| party1 = Sikkim Democratic Front
| image1 = PawanKumarChamling.jpg
| leader1 = [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
| leader_since1 =
| last_election1 = ''New''
| leaders_seat1 = [[Damthang Assembly constituency|Damthang]]
| seats1 = 19
| seat_change1 = ''New''
| popular_vote1 = 72,856
| percentage1 = 42.00%
| image2 = File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png

| party2 = Sikkim Sangram Parishad
| leader2 = {{nowrap|[[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]]}}
| leader_since2 =
| leaders_seat2 = [[Soreng-Chakung Assembly constituency|Soreng-Chakung]]
| last_election2 = 32
| seats2 = 10
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 22
| popular_vote2 = 60,851
| percentage2 = 35.08%
| map_image = Vidhan Sabha constituencies in Sikkim Boundary Map.svg
| map_size =
| map_caption = Constituencies of Sikkim
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Sikkim|CM]]
| before_election = [[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]]
| before_party = Sikkim Sangram Parishad
| after_election = [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
| after_party = Sikkim Democratic Front
}}

'''Legislative Assembly elections''' were held in [[Sikkim]], in November 1994, to elect the 32 members of the fifth [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=toi>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/sikkim/no-match-for-sikkims-victorious-regional-parties-since-1979/articleshow/68700102.cms |title=No match for Sikkim's victorious regional parties since 1979 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 Apr 2019 |agency=PTI |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=business-standard>{{cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/success-in-sikkim-eludes-national-parties-119040700130_1.html |title=Success in Sikkim eludes national parties |newspaper=Business Standard |date=7 April 2019 |agency=PTI |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>

== Parties Contested==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Party
! Flag
! Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
|[[File:Sikkim-Democratic-Front-flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Umberlla.png|50px]]
| style="text-align:center| [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
| style="text-align:center| 32
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}};color:white"|'''2.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Sikkim Sangram Parishad]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50px]]
| style="text-align:center| [[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]]
| style="text-align:center| 31
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white"|'''3.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:INC Logo.png|50px]]
| style="text-align:center| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| style="text-align:center| 31
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}};color:white" |'''4.'''
| style="text-align:center" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| [[File:RSP-flag.svg|center|50x50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|center|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:center" |Manoj Bhattacharya
| style="text-align:center" |11
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"|'''5.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center| [[L. K. Advani]]
| style="text-align:center| 3
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white"|'''6.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center| [[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]]
| style="text-align:center| 2
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};color:white"|'''7.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:center| ''collective leadership''
| style="text-align:center| 76
|}

==Results==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:Sikkim Legislative Assembly 1994.svg]]
|party1=[[Sikkim Democratic Front]]|votes1=72856|seats1=19|sc1=New
|party2=[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad]]|votes2=60851|seats2=10|sc2={{decrease}}22
|party3=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes3=26045|seats3=2|sc3={{increase}}2
|party4=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes4=2906|seats4=0|sc4=New
|party5=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes5=274|seats5=0|sc5=New
|party6=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes6=270|seats6=0|sc6=New
|party7=Independents|votes7=10255|seats7=1|sc7={{increase}}1
|total_sc=0
|invalid=4566
|electorate=217743
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3360-sikkim-1994/ ECI]
}}

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
|1||[[Yoksam Assembly constituency|Yoksam]]||82.89%||Ashok Kumar Subba||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||2,231||39.19%||Sanchaman Subba||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,086||36.64%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''145'''
|-
|2||[[Tashiding Assembly constituency|Tashiding]]||82.04%||Thutop Bhutia||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||1,644||35.42%||Rinzing Wangyal Kazi||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||1,512||32.57%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}"|'''132'''
|-
|3||[[Geyzing Assembly constituency|Geyzing]]||82.56%||Dal Bahadur Gurung||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||2,893||50.%||Dal Bahadur Karki||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||1,412||24.4%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|'''1,481'''
|-
|4||[[Dentam Assembly constituency|Dentam]]||85.53%||Chakra Bahadur Subba||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||2,193||40.11%||Padam Lall Gurung||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||1,844||33.72%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|'''349'''
|-
|5||[[Barmiok Assembly constituency|Barmiok]]||83.89%||Tulshi Prasad Pradhan||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||2,007||42.58%||Birendra Subba||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||1,552||32.92%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|'''455'''
|-
|6||[[Rinchenpong Assembly constituency|Rinchenpong]]||78.51%||Phur Tshering Lepcha||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||3,181||59.07%||Phurba Sherpa||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||1,456||27.04%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|'''1,725'''
|-
|7||[[Chakung Assembly constituency|Chakung]]||84.39%||[[Prem Singh Tamang]]||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||3,372||58.07%||Tika Gurung||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||1,766||30.41%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|'''1,606'''
|-
|8||[[Soreong Assembly constituency|Soreong]]||83.18%||[[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]]||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||3,291||50.78%||Man Bahadur Subba||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||2,886||44.53%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}"|'''405'''
|-
|9||[[Daramdin Assembly constituency|Daramdin]]||84.29%||Ran Bahadur Subba||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||3,832||61.04%||Padam Bahadur Gurung||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||2,022||32.21%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|'''1,810'''
|-
|10||[[Jorthang–Nayabazar Assembly constituency|Jorthang–Nayabazar]]||83.8%||[[Bhoj Raj Rai]]||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
||4,160||57.59%||Dil Kumari Bhandari||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||2,519||34.87%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|'''1,641'''
|-
|11||[[Ralong Assembly constituency|Ralong]]||85.93%||[[Dorjee Dazom Bhutia]]||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||2,017||44.82%||Ugen Tashi Bhutia||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||1,135||25.22%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|'''882'''
|-
|12||[[Wak Assembly constituency|Wak]]||82.88%||[[Kedar Nath Rai]]||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||2,301||51.71%||Bedu Singh Panth||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||1,469||33.01%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|'''832'''
|-
|13||[[Damthang Assembly constituency|Damthang]]||80.27%||[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||3,904||68.95%||Kumar Subba||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||1,463||25.84%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|'''2,441'''
|-
|14||[[Melli Assembly constituency|Melli]]||85.13%||Girish Chandra Rai||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||3,108||51.28%||Manita Pradhan||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||2,153||35.52%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|'''955'''
|-
|15||[[Rateypani–West Pendam Assembly constituency|Rateypani–West Pendam]]||82.1%||Aita Singh Kami||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||3,409||54.22%||Madan Kumar Cintury||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||2,186||34.77%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|'''1,223'''
|-
|16||[[Temi–Tarku Assembly constituency|Temi–Tarku]]||77.26%||[[Garjaman Gurung]]||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||3,273||55.89%||Indra Bahadur Rai||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||2,148||36.68%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|'''1,125'''
|-
|17||[[Central Pendam–East Pendam Assembly constituency|Central Pendam–East Pendam]]||82.04%||Dilli Prasad Kharel||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||2,712||34.46%||Sang Dorjee Tamang||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||2,530||32.15%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|'''182'''
|-
|18||[[Rhenock Assembly constituency|Rhenock]]||83.79%||[[Kharananda Upreti]]||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||2,336||45.4%||Biraj Adhikari||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||1,645||31.97%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}"|'''691'''
|-
|19||[[Regu Assembly constituency|Regu]]||84.43%||Karna Bahadur Chamling||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||2,619||48.15%||Krishna Bahadur Rai||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||2,435||44.77%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|'''184'''
|-
|20||[[Pathing Assembly constituency|Pathing]]||83.58%||Ram Lepcha||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||2,625||42.26%||Sonam Dorjee||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||1,848||29.75%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}"|'''777'''
|-
|21||[[Loosing Pachekhani Assembly constituency|Loosing Pachekhani]]||83.35%||Dil Bahadur Thapa||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||1,497||30.54%||Jai Kumar Bhandari||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||1,485||30.3%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|'''12'''
|-
|22||[[Khamdong Assembly constituency|Khamdong]]||81.82%||Gopal Lamichaney||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||3,260||50.69%||Ganju Thatal||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||2,164||33.65%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|'''1,096'''
|-
|23||[[Djongu Assembly constituency|Djongu]]||83.09%||Sonam Chyoda Lepcha||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,550||39.18%||Sonam Dorjee Lepcha||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||1,503||37.99%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''47'''
|-
|24||[[Lachen Mangshila Assembly constituency|Lachen Mangshila]]||81.55%||[[Hishey Lachungpa]]||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||2,316||44.21%||Tseten Lepcha||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,420||27.1%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|'''896'''
|-
|25||[[Kabi Tingda Assembly constituency|Kabi Tingda]]||81.43%||[[Thenlay Tshering Bhutia]]||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
||1,554||35.81%||T. Lachungpa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,499||34.54%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}"|'''55'''
|-
|26||[[Rakdong Tentek Assembly constituency|Rakdong Tentek]]||81.94%||Mingma Tshering Sherpa||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||2,835||52.77%||Phuchung Bhutia||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||880||16.38%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}"|'''1,955'''
|-
|27||[[Martam Assembly constituency|Martam]]||82.98%||[[Dorjee Tshering Lepcha]] ||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}
||2,955||48.96%||Samten Tshering Bhutia||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||1,647||27.29%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}"|'''1,308'''
|-
|28||[[Rumtek Assembly constituency|Rumtek]]||80.33%||Menlom Lepcha||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||2,934||42.91%||Karma Tempo Namgyal Gyaltsen||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||1,969||28.8%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}"|'''965'''
|-
|29||[[Assam–Lingjey Assembly constituency|Assam–Lingjey]]||84.76%||Tseten Tashi||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||1,574||30.99%||Namgey Bhutia||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||1,388||27.33%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}"|'''186'''
|-
|30||[[Ranka Assembly constituency|Ranka]]||81.5%||Rinzing Ongmu||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||2,200||36.78%||Tseten Lepcha||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||2,182||36.48%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}"|'''18'''
|-
|31||[[Gangtok Assembly constituency|Gangtok]]||72.54%||Narendra Kumar Pradhan||{{party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}||2,798||38.73%||Dilli Prasad Dhungel||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,070||28.65%||style="background:{{party color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}"|'''728'''
|-
|32||[[Sangha Assembly constituency|Sangha]]||54.02%||Namkha Gyaltsen Lama||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||767||46.01%||Palden Lama||{{party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}||643||38.57%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''124'''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikkimese elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Sikkim]]
[[Category:1990s in Sikkim]]
[[Category:1994 State Assembly elections in India|Sikkim]]

Road to Heaven, Kutch

2025-11-27T10:20:14Z

Sunking: starting initial data w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Road in Kutch District, Gujarat, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=March 2024}}
{{Advert|date=March 2024}}
}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| name = Road to Heaven
| length_km = 278
| direction_a = West
| terminus_a = Khavda
| direction_b = East
| terminus_b = Dholavira
| established = 2019 (Construction began)
| photo =
| photo_notes = Road to Heaven during sunset
}}

The '''Road to Heaven''' is a highway located in the [[Kutch district|Kutch District]] of [[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]]. It spans approximately 30 kilometers through the [[Great Rann of Kutch]]. The road forms part of the national highway connecting Ghaduli to [[Santalpur]] and has become renowned for its scenic beauty and the distinctive driving experience it provides.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2024-02-19 |title=Watch {{!}} 'Road to heaven' - India's newest scenic road |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/watch-road-to-heaven-indias-newest-scenic-road/article67862914.ece |access-date=2024-03-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-26 |title=Here's Why This Scenic Route In Rann Of Kutch Is Known As 'Road To Heaven' |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/heres-why-this-scenic-route-in-rann-of-kutch-is-known-as-road-to-heaven-8592500.html |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Construction of the Road to Heaven began in 2019, aiming to enhance connectivity within the region and support tourism, especially to the [[Dholavira]] site, a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] as of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2023-12-30 |title=All you need to know about the 'Road to Heaven' in the Rann of Kutch |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2023/12/30/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-road-to-heaven-in-the-rann-of-kutch/ |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>In the run-up to the G-20 Summit, the Government of India cleared the 31.9 km-long Khavda-Khadir road, through the Rann of Kutch.[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/watch-road-to-heaven-indias-newest-scenic-road/article67862914.ece]

== Route ==
Running from [[Khavda]] to [[Dholavira]], the road travels through the heart of the white desert, near the Rann of Kutch Lake, showcasing the natural landscape of the area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-03 |title=Travel: The Rann of Kutch, Dholavira and the real road to heaven |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//news/big-story/travel-rann-of-kutch-road-to-heaven-dholavira-gujarat-111709087760513.html |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref>

== Impact ==
The road has gained attention as a notable destination for travelers, particularly following the G20 Summit held in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-03 |title=Highways to health centres: When smaller cities dressed up for G20 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/highways-health-centres-tier-2-cities-g20-delhi-8922118/ |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The road contributes significantly to the local economy by stimulating tourism, particularly during the annual Rann Utsav festival.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Priyamvada |date=2023-12-25 |title=Enter a winter wonderland at Rann Utsav 2023 in Dhordo, Gujarat |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/travel/2023/Dec/25/enter-a-winter-wonderland-at-rann-utsav-2023-in-dhordo-gujarat-56260.html |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Rann of Kutch]]
* [[Dholavira]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Roads in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Gujarat]]

{{India-road-stub}}

Manasu Mamata

2025-11-22T08:58:25Z

Sunking: Starting

{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=February 2019}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=October 2016}}
{{long plot|date=October 2016}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| num_episodes = 3,305
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| network = [[ETV Network]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2011|01|31|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|11|17|df=yes}}
| genre = [[Soap opera]], [[drama]]
| director = Anil Kumar
| runtime = Approx. 22 minutes
| location = {{ubl|[[Hyderabad]]|[[Visakhapatnam]]|[[Araku Valley]]|[[Borra Caves]]|Pollachi}}
| company = [[Mallemala Entertainments]]
}}

'''''Manasu Mamata''''' is an Indian Telugu [[Serial (radio and television)|serial]] airing on the [[ETV (India)|ETV]] Telugu from Monday to Saturday at 7:30 pm ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]). Directed by [[Anil V. Kumar|Anil Kumar]], this Telugu serial has completed 3305. The pilot episode aired on 31 January 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.etv.co.in/showsentitys/home/47|title=ETV Telugu serial Manasu Mamatha|website=www.etv.co.in|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/more-spellbinding-soap-gathas/300602|title=More Spellbinding Soap Gathas|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story starts with Mr. Koteshwar Rao (Koti), who works for Harshavardan, a man of high status and affluence. Koti, a simple lower-middle class man, lives with his wife and their daughter, Archana, a beautiful girl with praiseworthy character. Archana is valued by Mr. Koti's boss, but Harshavardan's horrible daughter, Soundarya, is jealous of Archana and pulls pranks on her.

The story then turns to Ramprasad, an industrial worker whose wife Pooja dies, leaving his daughter Lalli (Lalitha) and him alone. Meanwhile, Archana joins a school as a teacher and is assigned to Lalli's class. Archana soon learns about Lalli and is highly empathetic towards her, which allows them to form a friendship. Shortly thereafter Ramprasad and Archana marry, and Lalli gains a loving mother for herself.

The newly formed family starts living happily with Ramprasad's parents, his brother Krishna, and his sister. Meanwhile, Soundarya keeps trying to cause problems for them, and in a turn of events, marries Krishna, Ramprasad's brother. She soon starts causing trouble for everyone in the house. She robs Ramprasad's father, who then dies of grief.

The story now turns to Gayatri Devi, a wealthy widow with a son called Bunny. Ramprasad and his family begin to lead a normal life, until Archana suddenly dies in an accident. Meanwhile, Soundarya divorces Krishna and marries Gayatri Devi's rich cousin, Shashank. The two of them then decide to kill Gayatri Devi and take her wealth.

The plot thickens when Krishna claims to have seen Archana. Knowing that this is impossible, Ramprasad does not believe him, but it is later discovered that Archana has a lookalike. The girl falls in love with Krishna and they get married. In another twist of events, however, Archana turns out to be not dead at all! She chose to run away from the house because she was unhappy. She now works as a laborer on a construction site which belongs to Gayatri Devi. Soon Gayatri Devi is murdered by Soundarya and Shashank. During the murder, Archana gets injured badly, scarring her face. The doctors decide to put Gayatri Devi's face on Archana to save her from an untimely death. After recovery, the doctors reveal the truth to Archana and she agrees to take Gayatri Devi's identity. Soundarya is shocked to see Gayatri Devi (who is actually Archana) still alive.

A bit later, Krishna and Archana's lookalike leave for the USA. Back at the real Archana's home, Bunny runs away. He is taken care of by a taxi driver's family and changes his name to Raja. As Raja, he now has a new enemy named Ashok. By this point, Soundraya has been found guilty and has been jailed for the murder of Gayatri Devi. Ashok is a police officer who holds a grudge against Raja. Raja flees his village and settles down in Hyderabad, moving in with a criminal called Shankar and his sister Laxmi. Ashok and Raja start fighting over Lalli, Ramprasad's now grown-up daughter. Lalli, however, ends up marrying Ashok. At this time, Krishna and his daughter Chandu land at Hyderabad. They tell their family that Archana's lookalike died in the USA.

Archana now reveals her actual identity to the family. Also, Raja learns of his real family history and inherits much money, so he starts an orphanage. Also, Shankar is killed by Ashok. Shankar's sister, Laxmi, falls in love with Raja, but Raja is in love with Chandu. Laxmi gives up on her pursuit for Raja and commits suicide. Due to certain misunderstandings, Raja and Chandu break up. However, when they are arguing one day, Raja proposes to Chandu out of nowhere. However, Chandu and Raja don't reveal this to anyone. They soon start living together again and reveal their marriage plans to everyone. Ramprasad does not agree to the marriage, and begins arguing with Raja. Due to all his stress, however, he dies of a heart attack.

Another twist in the tale arises when Archana's look alike is found again. Her real name is Jayanthi and owns a construction company: Jayanthi Constructions. Krishna is shocked by this. He starts working for the company, but realizes that Jayanthi is really a mean woman who shows no sympathy on her employees. One day, Chandu meets Jayanthi in her office. By the help of Jayanthi's father, who wants Jayanthi to marry, Chandu decides to get her father and Jayanthi married. Chandu convinces Jayanthi, and Jayanthi starts impressing Krishna. Right when Krishna agrees to marry Jayanthi, a case is put on Krishna. The girl who put the case on Krishna, Bhargavi, claims that Krishna is her father. Krishna disagrees, saying that he had no relations of these kind. But Bhargavi says that her mother, Soundarya, had written these truths when she was in jail and had even given birth to her in jail. She also had died in the jail.

The judge asks for a DNA test, which shows that Bhargavi was Krishna's daughter. Krishna then gets to know that Bhargavi had asked her friend to add some medicine in Krishna's Thumbs Up which he was drinking that day. Then Soundarya cheated. The friend tells this truth to Krishna, who now believes it and goes to Bhargavi. Bhargavi uses him as a servant, making up for the time Krishna didn't spend with her. Meanwhile, Chandu is diagnosed with brain cancer. She doesn't tell this to anyone and decides to leave everyone and everything and start fighting against Raja now, as she didn't want anyone to feel bad because of her death. Raja eventually gets angry and leaves her.

Chandu then finds out about this doctor called Chakravarthy, who leaves his wife and daughter Pinky due to some misunderstandings with his wife. Chandu then makes it her mission to join this family. She keeps trying, and Chandu's family keep searching for her. When she succeeds, Dr. Chakravarthy finds out about her disease and decides to cure her. The operation goes on, and Chandu's family is there in the hospital. Chandu is cured, but then the doctors realize that her eyesight is gone. Chandu stays blind for a few days before she is cured. Raja and Chandu get back together, and right when everything seems right, Bhargavi starts eyeing on Raja. She starts making Chandu suspicious of Raja, making her feel that Raja is cheating on her with Bhargavi. That's when Bhargavi files a case on Raja saying that he had tried to rape her.

Raja, with perfect evidence, wins the case. Archana now runs the orphanage that was started by Raja. That's when Chandu gets pregnant. When her good friend, a doctor, mentions to Krishna that she won't be able to have children and that Dr. Chakravarthy had mentioned this fact to her after Chandu's brain cancer operation. Everyone was happy at that time, no one got this topic. Chandu, was already holding grudges against Krishna Prasad, as she felt that her father had left her and was only with Bhargavi. Krishna comes and asks Chandu to get aborted, but does not mention the reason to her. Chandu feels that her father hates her now and that he never wants to see her happy, so she tells him to get lost. But when her friend slowly mentions the fact to Chandu, she sadly has to agree. After the operation, the doctor says that Chandu's problem has now been cured! Things between Chandu and her dad then cool down. Again after some time, Chandu gets pregnant.

Bhargavi targets Chandu and tries to get her killed. With the help of a doctor she survives and has a plastic surgery as her face is beyond repair. Raja thinks Chandu is dead and marries another woman. Some years later, Raja's son is now grown up. Raja finds out that Chandu is alive and unites with her. Raja's son marries a woman named Kaveri. It is revealed that Kaveri is working with Bhargavi. Kaveri kills Raja, but later finds out the truth about bhargavi. Bhargavi tries to get Raja's son killed but is saved from drowning by a young girl named Ganga. The police take Bhargavi into custody. Chandu and Kaveri live happily.

Story shifts to Ganga. She lives with an older sister and parents. She kills a man when he tries to molest her mother and goes to jail. She grows up in the jail, with the jailor looking after her. Once she is released from the jail, she initially has some troubles but reunites with her family. Her sister marries a police officer and she falls in love with someone else. Story also adds Kalyan Babu whose wife dies and leaves him and their daughter Madhu. Same time Ganga has an accident and her eyes are replaced with Kalyan Babu's wife's eyes. She then gets the memories of Kalyan Babu's wife into herself and starts feeling of Madhu as hew own. However all this gets resolved and Ganga reunites with her love and gets married. After some years a grown up Madhu's story continues.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Hari Teja]] as Archana, Surya Teja, Jayanthi
*[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Koteswara Rao “Koti”, Archana and Surya Teja's father, Ram and Krishna’s father in law
* Guru Charan As [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Ashok, Raja’s best friend, Krishna & Chandu’s brother & Lalli’s husband
* Baby Bavya Sree As Pinky, Chandu’s daughter & Koti’s childhood
* Vikas C. As Ram Prasad, Chandu big elder father & Krishna’s brother & Archana’s husband & Raja’s father & Lalli’s father
* Divya Rao As Bhargavi/Nandini, Raja & Chandu, Krishna’s henchmen
* Sneha As Madhavi
* Shruti as Chandu, Raja’s wife & Krishna’s daughter
*Priyatham Charan as Raja, Chandu’s husband former & Krishna’s son in law <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-09-06/Hard-work-also-needs-smart-work/174640|title=Priyatham Charan, who played the lead, Raja in ETV's 'Manasu Mamatha' and Gopi in MAA TV's 'Putinti Patucheera', shares his nuggets of advice from his experiences}}</ref>
*Ragini
*[[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1989)|Ravi Krishna]] as Siddu/Anand
*[[Prasad Babu]]
*[[Vizag Prasad]]
*Anil Allam as Krishna Prasad, Chandu’s father & Jayanthi’s husband & Raja’s uncle <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-01-24/From-frames-to-fame/202163|title=Anil Allam speaks about his recent show 'Manasu Mamatha' and other facets of his career.}}</ref>
*Priyatham
*Hema Sri
*Krishna Reddy
*[[Ashmita Karnani]] As Archana, Krishna’s Sister in Law & Chandu’s mother, Raja’s colleague & Ram Prasad’s wife
*Aumkar Kotamraju
*Venu
*Kranthi
*Sirisha
*Seetha mahalakshmi
*Sravya Sruthi
*Monisha
*Kalyan
*Chakri
*Yashwin
*Suresh Chandra
*[[Subbaraya Sarma]]
*Indu Anand
*Draksharamam Saroja
*Raaj
*[[Visweswara Rao]]
*Priyanka
*Shilpa Reddy
*Sravani Kondapalli
*Abhishek Yannam
*[[Varsha (Telugu actress)|Varsha]]
*Jayaseela
*Manasa
*Shobha Rani
*Ishita Varsha
*Anusha
*Girish
*Dhana Lakshmi
*Nishanth
*Gayatri
*Srivani
*Malakpet Sailaja
*Kallu Krishna Rao
*Lalithya As Lalli, Ashok’s wife & Krishna’s younger brother & Ram Prasad’s daughter
*Sneha
*Mukesh
*Bhargava Rao Guttikonda
*Kavya Gowda
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt8996230}}

[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:ETV Telugu original programming]]

Dagadarthi

2025-11-22T05:05:03Z

Sunking: add information additionally and fixed typos for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dagadarthi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14|42|28|N|79|51|02|E|region:IN_type:city_source:kolossus-tewiki|display=title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Nellore
| established_title = 
| established_date =
File:https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSWbbHD2j6q-PujRAv8C2zOcH9cRmADiIcVjQ&s
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Dagadarthi
| government_type = mandal head quarter
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 524240
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
[[File:Dagadarthi Sai Baba Temple.JPG|thumb|Dagadarthi Sai Baba Temple, Nellore district]]

'''Dagadarthi''' is a village and a [[Subdivisions of India|Mandal]] in [[Nellore district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/
|title=List of Sub-Districts
|publisher=Census of India
|accessdate=2007-03-26
}}</ref>

==Nellore Airport==

The upcoming [[Nellore Airport]] which has a foundation stone laid by Sri Chandrababu Naidu is located near Dagadarthi. It will be ready by 2027.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Nellore district}}
[[Category:Villages in Nellore district]]

{{Nellore-geo-stub}}

Vikram Singh

2025-10-16T18:24:47Z

Sunking: starting - done

{{wiktionary|sa:विक्रमसिंह}}
'''Vikram Singh''' may refer to:

* [[Vikram Singh (actor)]] (born 1979), Indian film actor
* [[Vikram Singh (air marshal)]] (born 1963), Indian Air Force
* [[Vikram Singh (composer)]] (born 1983), Indian singer, composer, director and producer
* [[Vikram Singh (police officer)]] (born 1950), Indian educationist and Indian Police Service officer
* [[Vikram Singh (producer)]], Indian film producer
* [[V. R. V. Singh]] (born 1984), Indian cricketer
* [[Vikramjit Singh]] (born 2003), Dutch cricketer
* [[Vikram Pratap Singh]] (born 2002), Indian footballer
* Vikram Singh Rathore, fictional character played by Akshay Kumar in the 2012 Indian film ''[[Rowdy Rathore]]''
* [[Vikram Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)]], Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh
* [[Vikram Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)]], Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh

==See also==
*[[Wickremasinghe]], a Sinhalese name
*Vikrama-simha, a character in the 11th-century Indian story collection ''[[Shringara-manjari-katha]]''
*Vikramasimha, a character in the 11th-century Indian story collection ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]''
*[[Vikram Singh Rao II Puar]], 10th Maharaja of Dewas State, India
*''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]'', a 2014 Indian Tamil-language film by Soundarya Rajinikanth, titled ''Vikrama Simha'' in Telugu
*[[Vikrama Simhapuri University]], Andhra Pradesh, India

{{human name disambiguation|Singh, Vikram}}

Bagmane Group

2025-09-15T06:45:39Z

Sunking: new details

{{Short description|Indian real estate developer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Bagmane Developers Pvt. Ltd.
| logo =
| image = File:Bagmane Tech Park, Bangalore (2024) 140.jpg
| image_size = 250
| image_caption = Bagmane Tech Park
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| predecessors =
| industry = Real estate investment management and real estate development
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|1996}}<ref name="about">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bagmanegroup.com/about-us|title=About Bagmane Group | Leaders in Commercial Real Estate|website=www.bagmanegroup.com}}</ref>
| location = Bengaluru, India
| key_people =
| parent =
| num_employees =
| homepage = {{URL|bagmanegroup.com}}
| slogan =
}}

'''Bagmane Group''' is a [[real estate developer]] based in [[Bengaluru]], [[India]].

== History ==
Bagmane was founded in 1996.<ref name="ipo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/blackstone-backed-bengaluru-developer-bagmane-planning-rs-4-000-crore-reit-ipo-13313272.html|title=Blackstone-backed Bengaluru developer Bagmane planning Rs 4,000-crore REIT IPO|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref> Its flagship IT park, Bagmane Tech Park, was one of the earliest in Bengaluru when launched in 2001.<ref name="ipo"/>
As of 2025, it operates around 30 million sq.ft. of offices and controls a land bank with development potential for 31 million sq.ft.<ref name="ipo"/>

In December 2024, US-based investment firm [[Blackstone Inc.|Blackstone]] purchased a minority stake in Bagmane.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/allied-industries/cci-approves-blackstones-stake-acquisition-in-bagmane-group-entities/116194201|title=CCI approves Blackstone's stake acquisition in Bagmane Group entities|website=ETRealty.com}}</ref> In July 2025, the group was reported to be considering an [[initial public offering|IPO]] valued at up to {{INRConvert|4000|c|0}}.<ref name="ipo"/>

== Properties ==
To date, all of Bagmane's business parks have been in [[Bengaluru]], [[India]], although the company is developing parks in [[Chennai]] and the Delhi [[National Capital Region]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://therealtytoday.com/|title=Bagmane Group Acquires 124,000 Sq. Meter Railway Land in Dwarka, Delhi for ₹1,530 Crore|date=9 May 2025|website=Bagmane Group Acquires 124,000 Sq. Meter Railway Land in Dwarka, Delhi for ₹1,530 Crore}}</ref>

* Bagmane Tech Park, [[C. V. Raman Nagar Assembly constituency|C V Raman Nagar]] (2001).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://latitude.to/articles-by-country/in/india/9867/bagmane-tech-park|title=GPS coordinates of Bagmane Tech Park, India. Latitude: 12.9786 Longitude: 77.6611|last=Latitude.to|website=Latitude.to, maps, geolocated articles, latitude longitude coordinate conversion.|language=en|access-date=2018-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/10-amazing-software-technological-parks-in-bengaluru/|title=10 Amazing Software Technological Parks in Bengaluru|website=www.walkthroughindia.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-09|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816123851/http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/10-amazing-software-technological-parks-in-bengaluru/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.blkashyap.com/projects/it-parks/|title=IT Park Developers {{!}} IT Park Construction Companies in Bangalore India {{!}} Blkashyap|work=Blkashyap|access-date=2018-07-09|language=en-US|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703135529/http://www.blkashyap.com/projects/it-parks/|url-status=dead}}</ref> This park is built and maintained by Bagmane Group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/Directory/Company/Bagmane-Developers-Pvt-Ltd|title=Services in Karnataka, India {{!}} Bagmane Developers Pvt. Ltd. {{!}} Project Fraternity {{!}} ProjectsToday|website=www.projectstoday.com|access-date=2018-07-09}}</ref> The park shares its boundaries with [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] and [[DRDO]] and is near the HAL Airport. Consisting of 10 large buildings, the park is home to companies including Boeing India Pvt Ltd etc., [[Alstom Transport]], [[CommVault Systems]], Netserv Technologies, [[Informatica]], [[Infineon Technologies]], [[Dover Corporation]], [[HSBC]], [[Motorola]], [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise]], [[Publicis Sapient]], [[Grant Thornton India]], [[Oracle Financial Services Software Limited]], [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]], [[Juniper Networks]], [[Ericsson]], [[Lenovo]], [[Texas Instruments]], [[LinkedIn]], [[MphasiS]], [[Sasken]], [[Micro Focus]], [[Cognizant Technology Solutions]], [[Ogilvy (department store)|Ogilvy]], [[Volvo]], [[Dell]], [[Tecnotree]], [[Concur Technologies]], [[PwC]], [[CME Group]], [[Palo Alto Networks]].
* Bagmane World Technology Centre, [[Outer Ring Road, Bengaluru|Outer Ring Road]] (2007).
* Bagmane Constellation Business Park, Outer Ring Road
* Bagmane Capital
* Bagmane Bagmane Solarium City, Whitefield
* Bagmane Sierra Business District, Whitefield

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed>
File:Bagmane Tech Park Bangalore India.jpg|Offices of Oracle and others in Bagmane Tech Park Bangalore
File:AlstomIndia-Bangalore-1.jpg|The Bagmane Tech Park houses many IT companies
File:AlstomIndia-Bangalore-2.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons category|Bagmane Tech Park}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bagmanegroup.com The Official Website for Bagmane group]

{{coord|12.978611|77.661111|display=title}}

[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1996]]
[[Category:Real estate companies of India]]
[[Category:Software technology parks in Bengaluru]]

K. Hrahmo

2025-09-13T22:11:23Z

Sunking: started some pg nd citations!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''K. Hrahmo''' (born 8 May 1960)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.mizoramassembly.in/members/details/63 |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=www.mizoramassembly.in}}</ref> is an Indian politician from Mizoram. He is a member of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly representing the Bharatiya Janata Party. He won the [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Palak Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Siaha district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Mizoram 2023 result highlights: BJP wins Siaha, Palak; ZPM gets Lawngtlai East; INC Lawngtlai West |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/mizoram-assembly-election/mizoram-2023-live-lawngtlai-west-lawngtlai-east-siaha-and-palak-counting-updates-101701653996932.html |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
K.Hrahmo was born in [[Chakhei]], Siaha District, Mizoram, India. He is the son of K. Kihly and T. Pawchhai (mother). He married B. Ngiaso in 1987 and they have a son and four daughters. He graduated from [[North-Eastern Hill University|North Eastern Hill University]], Shillong, Meghalaya <ref>{{Cite web |title=K Hrahmo Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Mizoram Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/mizoram-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/k-hrahmo-16040-1 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref> and served as secretary of the Mara Christian Fellowship in [[Shillong]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=MADC, Mizoram Government |date=2017-08-16 |title=Mara Autonomous District Council (MADC), Siaha |url=https://madc.mizoram.gov.in/page/puhpa-k-hrahmo |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=www.madc.mizoram.gov.in}}</ref> He has a hobby in fishing.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
He served as an executive member of the [[Mara Autonomous District Council]], Siaha for seven terms. He was elected from Palak Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Palak assembly election result 2023: BJP's K. Hrahmo defeats MNF's KT Rokhaw and INC's I. P. Junior |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/palak-assembly-election-result-2023-bjps-k-hrahmo-defeats-mnfs-kt-rokhaw-and-incs-i-p-junior/articleshow/105730739.cms |access-date=2024-04-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Mizoram Election Result 2023: Full List of Winners in 40-member Mizoram Assembly |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/mizoram-election-result-2023-full-list-of-winners-in-40-member-mizoram-assembly-9053532/ |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He polled 6,064 votes and defeated his nearest rival, K. T. Rokhaw of the [[Mizo National Front]], by a margin of 1,241 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP candidate K Hrahmo wins Palak seat |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2023/12/04/cal15-elections-mz-results-bjp.html |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> BJP won for the first time in Palak constituency.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hrahmo, K.}}
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Mizo people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Mizoram]]
[[Category:People from Saiha district]]

Pratappur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T09:50:11Z

Sunking: minor refine references per sources further and corrected details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{For|Chhattisgarh constituency|Pratappur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pratappur
| map_image = 257-Pratappur, Uttar Pradesh.svg
| mla = [[Vijama Yadav]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 4,06,567
| constituency_no = 257
}}

'''Pratappur''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] comprising parts of [[Handia tehsil|Handia]] and [[Phulpur tehsil]]s in [[Prayagraj district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Bhadohi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher = [[Election Commission of India]] |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2022 it is represented by [[Vijama Yadav]] of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name="election2022"/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Jokhu Lal Yadav]]

|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Vijama Yadav]]<ref name="election2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Mohd. Mujtaba Siddqui]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Vijama Yadav]]<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pratappur<ref name="election2022"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Vijama Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:91142}}
|percentage = 40.09
|change = +15.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|candidate = [[Rakeshdhar Tripathi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:80186}}
|percentage = 35.27
|change = +4.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ghanshyam Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:34912}}
|percentage = 15.36
|change = -16.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Manju Maurya
|votes = {{formatnum:3106}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sanjay Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:2971}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Mohd Ahmad Ansari
|votes = {{formatnum:2143}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:654}}
|percentage = 0.29
|change = -1.13
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10956}}
|percentage = 4.82
|change = +3.54
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:227363}}
|percentage = 55.92
|change = +0.49
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Pratappur<ref name="election2017"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohd. Mujtaba Siddqui
|votes = {{formatnum:66805}}
|percentage = 32.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|candidate = Karan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:64151}}
|percentage = 30.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Vijama Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:51645}}
|percentage = 24.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Santosh Yadav Army
|votes = {{formatnum:7264}}
|percentage = 3.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dr. K. L.Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:4658}}
|percentage = 2.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sarv Sambhaav Party
|candidate = Pushpraj Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2020}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2916}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2654}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:207673}}
|percentage = 55.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.39|82.30|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Prayagraj district]]

Anbil

2025-07-28T08:34:58Z

Sunking:

{{Infobox given name
| name = Anbil அன்பில்
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| pronunciation = Aṉpil
| gender = Male, Female
| meaning =
| region = Southern India North-eastern Sri Lanka
| language = Tamil
| origin =
| alternative spelling =
| nickname =
| variant forms =
| related names =
| name day =
| derived =
| languageorigin =
| variant =
| shortform =
| petname =
| cognate =
| derivative =
| seealso =
| popularity =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Anbil''' ({{langx|ta|அன்பில்}}) is a [[Tamils|Tamil]] male [[given name]]. Due to the [[Tamil name|Tamil tradition]] of using [[patronymic surname]]s it may also be a [[surname]] for males and females.

==Notable people==
===Given name===
* [[Anbil P. Dharmalingam]], Indian politician

===Surname===
* [[Anbil Periyasamy]], Indian politician
* [[Anbil Poyyamozhi]], Indian politician

==Other uses==
* [[Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute]], college in Tamil Nadu
* [[Anbilalanturai]], temple in Tamil Nadu

==See also==
* {{In title|Anbil}}

{{Given name}}
{{Surname}}

[[Category:Tamil masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

V. M. Devadas

2025-07-16T21:00:44Z

Sunking: new a data nd citations

{{short description|Indian poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = V. M. Devadas
| image = Devadas V.M Malayalam Novelist from Kerala.jpg|
| native_name =
| birth_date = March 1981
| birth_place = [[Wadakkancherry]], [[Thrissur]], Kerala, India
| occupation = Novelist, [[short story writer]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| nationality = Indian
| genre = Novel, short story, essays
| subject =
| notableworks = Pannivetta, Shalabhajeevitham
| website = [http://devadasvm.blogspot.com Official blog]
}}

'''V. M. Devadas''' (born March 1981) is a [[Malayalam]] novelist, short story writer and screenwriter from [[Wadakkancherry]], Kerala, India.

==List of works==
===Novels===
* ''Dildo: Aaru Maranangalude Pulp Fiction Patapusthakam'' (Palghat: Logos, 2009)<ref>[https://www.logosbooks.in/product/%e0%b4%a1%e0%b4%bf%e0%b5%bd%e0%b4%a1%e0%b5%8b-dildo/ "ഡിൽഡോ Dildo"]. Logos Books. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</ref>
* ''Pannivetta'' (Trivandrum: Chintha, 2010)
* ''Cheppum Panthum'' (Kottayam:DC Books, 2017)
* ''Eru'' (Kottayam:DC Books, 2021)<ref>[https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/bookreview/2021/06/01/eru-book-written-by-devadas-vm.html "ഓര്‍ക്കാപ്പുറത്ത് ഓര്‍മപ്പെടുത്തലുകളാകുന്ന കല്ലേറുകള്‍"]. 1 June 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</ref>

===Short story collections===
*''Marana Sahayi'' (Kottayam:DC Books, 2011)
*''Salabha Jeevitham'' (Trivandrum: Chintha, 2014)<ref>[https://www.puzha.com/blog/shalabhajeevitham/ "ശലഭജീവിതം"]. Puzha.com. 19 July 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</ref>
*''Avanavan Thuruthu'' (Kottayam:DC Books, 2016)
*''Vazhi Kanupidikkunnavar'' (Calicut: Mathrubhumi, 2018)
*''Kadinu Nadukkoru Maram'' (Kottayam:DC Books, 2021)
*''Katha'' (Kottayam: S.P.C.S., 2021)

==Screenwriter==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Name
! Year
! Production
! Director
|-
| '' Garass''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3604126/ |title=Garass |trans-title= Hindi Short Film }}</ref>
| 2014
| Pune Film Institute
| [[Sanju Surendran]]
|-
|-
| '' Nadakantham''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ficocc.com/winners10 |title=FICOCC- Short Film Awards. |language=en |date=2 January 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180118074612/https://www.ficocc.com/winners10 |archive-date=18 January 2018 |access-date=1 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 2017
| Tungsten Brains
| Vishnuprasad
|-
|}

==Awards==
* 2010: [[Malayala Manorama]] Novel Carnival Award – ''Pannivetta''<ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/award-for-vm-devadas/article2318067.ece |title=Award for V.M. Devadas |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 August 2011 |access-date=14 September 2015}}</ref>
* 2011: [[List of Malayalam literary awards#Nooranad Haneef Award|Nooranad Haneef Memorial Award]] – ''Pannivetta''<ref name="auto"/>
* 2011: Chandrika Katha Puraskaram – ''Tibet (Story)''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/gets-award/article1717413.ece |title=Gets award |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 April 2011 |access-date=14 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/896911/2011-04-20/kerala |title='ചന്ദ്രിക' കഥാ പുരസ്‌കാരം വി.എം.ദേവദാസിന് |language=ml |website=Mathrubhumi |date=20 April 2011 |access-date=25 July 2015 |archive-date=25 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725150500/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/896911/2011-04-20/kerala |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*2015 : Ettumanoor Kavya Vedhi Puraskaram – ''SalabhaJeevitham''
*2016 : [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]'s [[Geetha Hiranyan]] Endowment Award 2014 – ''MaranaSahayi''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Akademi%20Award%20-%202016_new.pdf |title=Kerala Sahithya Akademi Awards-2014|language=ml |website=Kerala Sahithya Akademi |date=29 February 2016 |access-date=29 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/736004/Thrissur/1-march-2016#page/14/2 |title=Kerala Sahithya Akademi Awards-2014|language=ml |website=Mathrubhumi |date=1 March 2016 |access-date=1 March 2016}}</ref>
*2016 - Mazhavil Sahitya Puraskaram – ''Chaavusakshyam''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deshabhimani.com/images/epapper/slice-img/thrissur_local_pages_01-12-2016_12-54083-slice5.jpg|title=മഴവിൽ സാഹിത്യ പുരസ്ക്കാരം വി എം ദേവദാസിന് – ദേശാഭിമാനി ദിനപ്പത്രം, 01-December-2016|access-date=7 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082534/http://www.deshabhimani.com/images/epapper/slice-img/thrissur_local_pages_01-12-2016_12-54083-slice5.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2017 – Ankanam Sahitya Puraskaram – SalabhaJeevitham<ref>{{cite news |url=http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/1071572/Thrissur/15-Jan-2017#page/12 |title=Ankanam Award for V.M Devadas and Arya Gopi |language=ml |website=Mathrubhumi |date=15 January 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170116071711/http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/c/16136325#page/12 |archive-date=16 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/antony-calls-for-new-social-reform-movements/article17416243.ece |title= A.K. Antony presenting Anganam literary awards |website=The Hindu|date=6 March 2017 }}</ref>
* 2017 – Manoraj KathaSamahara Puraskaram – Avanavan Thuruthu<ref>{{cite news |url=http://mangalamepaper.com/index.php?edition=34&dated=2017-09-20&page=14 |title=വി.എം. ദേവദാസിന്‌ മനോരാജ്‌ കഥാപുരസ്‌കാരം |language=ml |website=Mangalam |date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170920072644/http://mangalamepaper.com/upload/news/2017-09-20/1505843050cp.jpg |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=20 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2017 – C.V Sreeraman Smrithi Puraskaram – Avanavan Thuruthu<ref>{{cite news|url=http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/1373143/Thrissur/27-September-2017#page/12|title=സി.വി. ശ്രീരാമൻ സ്‌മൃതി പുരസ്കാരം വി.എം. ദേവദാസിന്.|language=ml|website=Mathrubhumi|date=27 September 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170927083611/http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/1373143/Thrissur/27-September-2017%23page/12|archive-date=27 September 2017|access-date=28 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2017 – Yes Press Books Novel Award – Cheppum Panthum<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-kerala-19-11-2017/686795 |title=യെസ് പ്രസ് ബുക്സ് നോവല്‍ അവാര്‍ഡ് വി എം ദേവദാസിന്. |language=ml |website=Deshabhimani |date=19 November 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171120081949/http://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-kerala-19-11-2017/686795 |archive-date=20 November 2017 |access-date=20 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://mangalamepaper.com/index.php?edition=34&dated=2017-11-20&page=45 |title=വി.എം ദേവദാസിന് പുരസ്‌കാരം. |language=ml |website=Mangalam |date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171120082532/http://mangalamepaper.com/upload/news/2017-11-20/1511114683cp.jpg |archive-date=20 November 2017 |access-date=20 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2018 – Five Continents International Film Festival – Best Drama Short Film – Nadakantham<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ficocc.com/winners10 |title=2017-December´s Winners. |website=FICOCC|date=2 January 2018 }}</ref>
* 2018 – Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai award for best short film script at [[K.P.A.C]] International Fim Fest – Nadakantham
* 2018 – [[Karur Neelakanta Pillai]] Smaraka Katha Puraskaram – Panthirukulam<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/panthirukulam-wins-short-story-award/article22913522.ece |title=Panthirukulam wins short story award |language=ml |website=thehindu.com |date=3 March 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180302210540/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/panthirukulam-wins-short-story-award/article22913522.ece |archive-date=2 March 2018 |access-date=2 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2018 – Swami Vivekananda Yuva Prathibha Award instituted by the Kerala State Youth Welfare Board – Avanavan Thuruthu<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/youth-welfare-board-awards-declared/article23249754.ece |title=Youth welfare board awards declared |website=The Hindu|date=15 March 2018}}</ref>
*2018 – K.V. Sudhakaran Katha Puraskaram – Avanavan Thuruthu<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dcbooks.com/k-v-sudhakaran-memorial-award-for-v-m-devadas.html |title=പ്രഥമ കെ.വി സുധാകരന്‍ കഥാപുരസ്‌കാരം വി.എം ദേവദാസിന് |language=ml |website=DC Books News|date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180928155140/http://www.dcbooks.com/k-v-sudhakaran-memorial-award-for-v-m-devadas.html| archive-date=28 September 2018}}</ref>
*2019 – Vaikom Muhammad Basheer Malayala Padhanakendram Award – Cheppum Panthum<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dcbooks.com/k-v-sudhakaran-memorial-award-for-v-m-devadas.html |title=വൈക്കം മുഹമ്മദ് ബഷീര്‍ മലയാള പഠനകേന്ദ്രം സാഹിത്യ പുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങള്‍ സമ്മാനിച്ചു |language=ml |website=DC Books News|date=8 July 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190708085357/http://www.dcbooks.com/basheer-malayala-padanakendram-awards.html| archive-date=8 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/ernakulam/news/kochi-1.3924627 |title=ബഷീർ അനുസ്മരണവും പുരസ്‌കാരദാനവും നാളെ. |language=ml |website=Mathrubhumi |date=4 July 2019 |access-date=8 July 2019 |archive-date=8 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708090257/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/ernakulam/news/kochi-1.3924627 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*2019 – D Sreeman Namboothiri Sahithya Puraskaram – Cheppum Panthum<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/ernakulam/news/moovattupuzha-1.4375991 |title=ഡി. ശ്രീമാൻ പുരസ്‌കാരം വി.എം. ദേവദാസിന് |language=ml |website=Mathrubhumi News|date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191223131957/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/ernakulam/news/moovattupuzha-1.4375991| archive-date=23 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://epaper.deshabhimani.com/c/47200016 |title=അജു ഫൗണ്ടേഷൻ പുരസ്കാരങ്ങൾ സമ്മാനിച്ചു |language=ml |website=Deshabhimani|date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191226092955/https://epaper.deshabhimani.com/c/47200016| archive-date=26 December 2019}}</ref>
*2021 – K.A. Kodungallur Madhyamam Sahitya Puraskaram - Keezhkkamthookku<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/culture/literature/ka-kodungallur-madhyamam-literary-award-894093 |title=K.A. Kodungallur Madhyamam Sahitya Puraskaram |language=ml |website=Madhyamam Daily|date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211222063646/https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/mills-responsibility-for-rice-quality-food-minister-withdraws-order-following-madhyamam-news-894864?infinitescroll=1| archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
*2022 – Thoppil Ravi Smaraka Sahithya Puraskaram - Eru<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dcbooks.com/devadas-vm-received-thoppil-ravi-award.html |title=Thoppil Ravi Smaraka Sahithya Puraskaram |language=ml |website=DC Books|date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220216152908/https://www.dcbooks.com/devadas-vm-received-thoppil-ravi-award.html| archive-date=16 February 2022}}</ref>
*2022 – [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story]] Collection - Vazhi Kandupidikkunnavar<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-27 |title=kerala sahithya academy award announced. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/state-sahitya-akademi-fellowships-for-vaisakhan-kp-sankaran/article65689827.ece |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=www.thehindu.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
*2023 – O. V. Vijayan Literary Award - Kadinu Nadukkoru Maram<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ov-vijayan-awards-for-mathews-devadas-nidhin/article66463747.ece |title=O.V. Vijayan awards for Mathews, Devadas, Nidhin |website=thehindu.com|date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230209094117/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ov-vijayan-awards-for-mathews-devadas-nidhin/article66463747.ece| archive-date=9 February 2023}}</ref>

==External links==
* {{Cite journal |url=http://malayalamvaarika.com/2014/January/10/story.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081816/http://malayalamvaarika.com/2014/January/10/story.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title=കുളവാഴ – കഥ, ദേവദാസ് വി എം |trans-title=Kulavazha – Story by Devadas V. M |journal=Malayalam Vaarika |language=ml }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://devadasvm.blogspot.com |title='മേശപ്പുറം'- ദേവദാസിന്റെ ബ്ലോഗ് |trans-title=Devadas's Blog |language=ml }}
* {{IMDb name | id= 6366394 }}

==References==

<references/>

{{Authority control}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devadas, V. M.}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]

Romansh

2025-06-23T15:31:03Z

Sunking: data

{{Wiktionary|Romansh|Romansch}}

'''Romansh''' (also spelled '''Romansch''', '''Rumansch''' and '''Rumantsch''') may refer to:
*[[Romansh language]], a Romance language of the Rhaeto-Romance group, spoken in southeastern Switzerland
*[[Romansh people]], people who speak this language
==See also==

* [[Romance languages]], the group of languages derived from Latin.
{{Disambiguation}}
[[Category:Language and nationality disambiguation pages]]

Line 10 (Mumbai Metro)

2025-05-30T10:13:54Z

Sunking: cleaned up structure for accuracy for consistency

#REDIRECT [[Green Line (Mumbai Metro)]]

Wildlife Crime Control Bureau

2025-03-31T18:58:09Z

Sunking: content fix

{{moresources|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Wildlife Crime Control Bureau
| nativename =
| abbreviation = WCCB
| logo = Wildlife Crime Control Bureau.png
| motto = "Fighting Transboundary Environmental Crime"
| formed = 6 June 2007
| headquarters = Trikoot-1 Building, 2nd Floor, Bhikaji Cama Place, [[New Delhi]]-110066
| employees = Classified
| budget = {{INRConvert|13.86|c}} (2025{{ndash}}26)<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Feb 2025 |title=DEMAND NO. 28, Demands for Grants, 2025-2026, MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FORESTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe28.pdf |access-date=1 Feb 2025 |website=IndiaBudget.gov.in |pages=5 |publication-place=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| national = Yes
| federal =
| map =
| mapcaption =
| sizearea =
| sizepopulation =
| legaljuris =
| governingbody = Government of India
| electeetype = Minister
| minister1name = [[Bhupendra Yadav]]
| minister1pfo = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
| chief1name = Tilotama Varma
| chief1position = Additional Director
| parentagency = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
| officetype = Regional
| website = {{url|http://wccb.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Wildlife Crime Control Bureau''' ('''WCCB''') is a statutory body established by the [[Government of India]] under the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] to combat organised [[wildlife crime]]. The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2006 provisions came in to force on 6 June 2007. It became operational in the year 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Creation of WCCB |url=http://wccb.gov.in/Content/Creationofwccb.aspx |website=wccb.gov.in |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref>

WCCB won the 2010 Clark R. Bavin Wildlife Law Enforcement Awards for its outstanding work on wildlife law enforcement in the country, which was received by Ramesh K Pandey, Deputy Director, on behalf of WCCB.<ref>[http://www.ssn.org/aboutus_awards_2010_EN.htm Species Survival Network]</ref> UNEP has also awarded WCCB with Asia Environment Enforcement Award, 2018.

WCCB is also partnering with [[United Nations University]] and [[CIESIN]]-[[Earth Institute]] at [[Columbia University]] through the [[Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System]] Initiative.

==See also==
*[[Hunting license]]
*[[List of endangered animals in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://wccb.gov.in/}}

{{Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (India)}}
{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}

[[Category:Specialist law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Wildlife conservation in India]]
[[Category:Wildlife smuggling]]
[[Category:Crime prevention]]
[[Category:Indian intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2008]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

A. S. Ponnanna

2025-03-07T06:44:03Z

Sunking: new a article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''A. S. Ponnanna''' (born 1975) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Virajpet Assembly constituency]] in [[Kodagu district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A.S. Ponnanna Archives |url=https://starofmysore.com/tag/a-s-ponnanna/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref> He represents [[Indian National Congress]] Party and won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A S Ponnanna in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/a-s-ponnanna-virajpet-candidate-s10a209c009/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ponnanna is from Virajpet, Kodagu district. He is an advocate. HIs late father was [[A. K. Subbaiah]]. He did his B.A. and then completed his LLB in 1987 from [[University Law College, Bangalore University|University Law College]], Bengaluru University. He married a teacher.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A.S.Ponnanna(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- VIRAJPET(KODAGU) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=8397 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ponnanna won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Virajpet Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]]. He polled 83,791 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[K. G. Bopaiah]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a narrow margin of 4291 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=Virajpet Election 2023: Congress' AS Ponnanna defeats BJP's K G Bopaiah - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/karnatka-virajpet-election-results-2023-live-updates-16643241.htm |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10209.htm?ac=209</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Virajpet Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate A.s.ponnanna Wins From Virajpet |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/virajpet-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601927 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ponnanna, A. S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:University Law College, Bangalore University alumni]]

Delvada railway station

2024-07-29T00:46:09Z

Sunking: minor added section after review also and updated info

{{short description|Railway station in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Delvada railway station
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway Station]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image_caption =
| address = [[Delvada]], [[Gir Somnath district]]
| country = [[India]]
| elevation = {{convert|14|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| coordinates = {{coord|20.773345|71.041692|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = Veraval–Delvada section
| other =
| structure = Standard (On Ground)
| platform = 1
| tracks = 1
| parking = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = No
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = DVA
| zone = [[Western Railway Zone|Western Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Bhavnagar}}
}}
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway Zone|Western Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| map_type = India Gujarat
| map_dot_label = Delvada railway station
| map_size = 300
}}

'''Delvada railway station''' is a railway station on the [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] network in the state of [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/delvada-dva-station |title=Delvada Railway Station (DVA) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry |website=www.ndtv.com |publisher=[[NDTV]] |location=India |language=en |access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/delvada-dva/4011| title=DVA/Delvada| website=India Rail Info}}</ref> Delvada railway station is 160 km far away from [[Junagadh Junction railway station]]. Passenger trains halt here.

== Major trains ==

* 52949/52950 Delvada - Veraval MG Passenger (UnReserved)
* 52951/52952 Delvada - Junagadh MG Passenger (UnReserved)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Gir Somnath district]]

{{Railway stations in Gujarat|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Gir Somnath district]]
[[Category:Bhavnagar railway division]]

{{Gujarat-railstation-stub}}

Bangarchole

2024-07-08T18:45:32Z

Sunking: new a article

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bangarchole
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.7541752|N|72.9844401|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vikramgad]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 51
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 459
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551813
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bangarchole''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Vikramgad]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Bangarchole has 98 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 66.84%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 459 || 222 || 237
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 79 || 30 || 49
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 448 || 217 || 231
|-
| Literates || 254 || 151 || 103
|-
| Workers (all) || 270 || 137 || 133
|-
| Main workers (total) || 267 || 135 || 132
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 30 || 15 || 15
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 221 || 109 || 112
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 16 || 11 || 5
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 3 || 2 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Non-workers || 189 || 85 || 104
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikramgad taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikramgad taluka]]

Viswa Malayala Mahotsavam 2012

2024-02-17T04:19:35Z

Sunking: new the entry added tags...

[[File:Viswa Malayala Mahotsavam 2012 Logo.jpg|right|thumb|Logo of the Festival]]
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{Malayalam transliteration}}

'''Viswa Malayala Mahotsavam 2012''' ('''വിശ്വമലയാള മഹോത്സവം 2012''') (''Great [[World]] [[Malayalam]] [[Festival]]'' 2012) is an event organised jointly by [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] and the Department of Cultural Affairs, [[Government of Kerala]], at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] during 30, 31 October, 1 November 2012. The event was inaugurated by [[Pranab Mukherjee]], [[President of India]], on 30 October 2012 in a function held in the Senate Hall of [[Kerala University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Address by the President at inauguration of Viswa Malayalee Mahotsav at Thiruvananthapuram|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=88702|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Govt of India|accessdate=6 November 2012}}</ref>

There were literary seminars and poetry sessions as part of the three-day festival. There were also dialogues with writers from Kerala and outside and also honouring of the great men of Malayalam literature. A book fair and cultural performances were other attractions of the Festival. A notable special guest of the event was the Booker winning [[Nigerian]] novelist [[Ben Okri]].<ref>{{cite news|last=K P Sai Kiran|title=Being in exile helps in seeing reality|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-01/thiruvananthapuram/34856374_1_exile-spirit-child-ben-okri|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103103508/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-01/thiruvananthapuram/34856374_1_exile-spirit-child-ben-okri|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|accessdate=6 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 November 2012}}</ref>

The event was carefully orchestrated by the organisers to boost Kerala's case for granting the [[Languages of India#Classical languages of India|classical language]] status to Malayalam language.<ref>{{cite news|title=Joint effort for classical status for Malayalam: Chandy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/joint-effort-for-classical-status-for-malayalam-chandy/article4057002.ece|accessdate=6 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Oommen Chandy, Chief Minister of Kerala|title=Malayalam should be considered a classical language|url=http://www.keralacm.gov.in/index.php/component/blog_calendar/?year=2012&month=07&day=11&modid=134|publisher=Govt of Kerala|accessdate=6 November 2012}}</ref>

==Second World Malayalam Conference==

The Viswa Malayalam Mahotsavam 2012 has been described as the Second World Malayalam Conference (ലോകമലയാള സമ്മേളനം). The first World Malayalam Conference was organised by [[Kerala University]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in the year 1976.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ramachandran|first=Puthussery|title=Loka Malayala Sammelanam|url=http://viswamalayalam.com/news/?page_id=58|publisher=Organising Committee, Viswa Malayalam Sammelanam 2012|accessdate=6 November 2012}}</ref>

==Controversies==
There were a few controversies regarding certain aspects of the organisation of the festival:
*Displaying a bust of scientist [[C V Raman]] instead of a bust of the legendary Malayalam writer [[C V Raman Pillai]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Government studying lapses in ‘Viswa Malayala Mahotsavam’|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1326527.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110031/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1326527.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 4, 2016|accessdate=6 November 2012|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=4 November 2012}}</ref>
*Last-minute change in the chairpersonship of a seminar on environment and subsequent cancellation of the seminar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Viswa Malayala Mahotsavam: Sugathakumari’s removal triggers row|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1323608.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193050/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1323608.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 4, 2016|accessdate=6 November 2012|newspaper=The New indian Express|date=2 November 2012}}</ref>

==Website==
Viswa Malayala Mahotsavam : [http://www.viswamalayalam.com/ Viswamalayalam]

==See also==
*[[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Malayalam language]]
[[Category:Literary festivals in India]]
[[Category:2012 in India]]
[[Category:2012 in art]]