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English Bazar Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T15:54:01Z

Sunil Tani:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = English Bazar
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/English Bazar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining English Bazar Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Sreerupa Mitra Chaudhury]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Malda district|Malda]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Maldaha Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Maldaha Dakshin]]
| constituency_no = 51
| established = 1957
| electors = 275,296
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''English Bazar Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Maldah district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 51 English Bazar Assembly constituency covers [[English Bazar Municipality, Malda|English Bazar Municipality]] and Amriti, [[Binodpur Gram Panchayat]], Jadupur I, Jadupur II, Kajigram, Kotwali and Mahadipur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[English Bazar (Community development block)|English Bazar]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]],<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 12 July 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

English Bazar Assembly constituency is part of No. 8 [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/> It was earlier part of [[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Santi Gopal Sen]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan="3"|Bimal Kanti Das
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="3"|Sailen Sarkar
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Prabhat Acharya
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Goutam Chakraborty
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|Samar Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Krishnendu Narayan Choudhury]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
|2013^
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|Nihar Ranjan Ghosh
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Sreerupa Mitra Chaudhury]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Amlan Bhaduri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-

|}

* ^ by-election

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: English Bazar}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Amlan Bhaduri]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=154,096{{formatnum:}}|percentage=65.70%|change=+15.74%}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashish Kundu|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=60,312{{formatnum:}}|percentage=25.71%|change=-14.93%}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ambar Mitra|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=7,122{{formatnum:}}|percentage=3.04%|change=-2.04%}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Masud Alam]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=6,929{{formatnum:}}|percentage=2.95%|change=+2.95%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gautam Sarkar|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|votes=218{{formatnum:}}|percentage=0.09%|change=+0.09%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,727{{formatnum:}}|percentage=0.74%|change=-1.35%}}
{{Election box majority||votes=93,784{{formatnum:}}|percentage=39.99%|change=+30.55%}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[English Bazar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sreerupa Mitra Chaudhury|Sreerupa Mitra Choudhury]]
|votes = 1,07,755
|percentage = 49.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Krishnendu Narayan Choudhury]]
|votes = 87,656
|percentage = 40.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Koushik Mishra
|votes = 10,953
|percentage = 5.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,196
|percentage = 1.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Md Anisur Rahaman
|votes = 1,787
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 20,099
|percentage = 9.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,17,988
|percentage = 79.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Independent politician
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 election, Nihar Ranjan Ghosh of Left Front-Congress Supported Independent defeated his nearest rival Krishnendu Narayan Chowdhury of Trinamool Congress.<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=51 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130614040124/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=51 | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 14 June 2013 |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = English Bazar | publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 8 April 2011}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[English Bazar]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = [[Nihar Ranjan Ghosh]]
|votes = 1,07,183
|percentage = 52.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Krishnendu Narayan Choudhury]]
|votes = 67,456
|percentage = 33.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Suman Banerjee
|votes = 23,171
|percentage = 11.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 4,336
|percentage = 2.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nihar Ghosh
|votes = 2,293
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 4,336
|percentage = 2.09
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 39,727
|percentage = 19.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,07,542
|percentage = 84.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|winner = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing based on LF+Congress vote percentages taken together in 2016.

===2013 by-election===
The 2013 by-election was necessitated by the switch-over of sitting Congress MLA Krishnendu Narayan Choudhury to Trinamool Congress.<ref name=2013bye>{{cite web| url = http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/wire-news/congress-retains-rejinagar-seat-loses-nalhati_832091.html |title = Congress retains Rejinagar seat, loses Nalhati |work= PTI, 28 February 2013| publisher = moneycontrol.com |access-date = 9 July 2014 }}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2013: English Bazar<ref name=2013bye/><ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/WB_EngBazar.pdf |title = Form 21E Return of Elections |work =51 English Bazar Assembly Constituency | publisher =Election Commission of India |access-date = 1 March 2013}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Krishnendu Narayan Choudhury]]
|votes = 70,791
|percentage = 39.33
|change = +39.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Koushik Mishra (Saheb)
|votes = 50,339
|percentage = 27.96
|change = -11.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Narendra Nath Tiwari
|votes = 45,271
|percentage = 25.15
|change = -26.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanjit Misra
|votes = 9,442
|percentage = 5.24
|change = -0.62
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Satish Rajbanshi
|votes = 2,851
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 20,452
|percentage = 11.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 179,990
|percentage = 81.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Krishnendu Narayan Chowdhury of Congress defeated his nearest rival Samarananda Roy of CPI(M).<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=51 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130614040124/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=51 | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 14 June 2013 |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = English Bazar | publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 8 April 2011}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[English Bazar]] }}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Krishnendu Narayan Choudhury]]
|votes = 89,421
|percentage = 51.79
|change = +0.48#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Samarendra Roy
|votes = 67,592
|percentage = 39.15
|change = -6.49
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gobinda Chandra Mandal
|votes = 10,116
|percentage = 5.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Satish Rajbanshi
|votes = 2,527
|percentage = 1.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Uma Das
|votes = 1,535
|percentage = 0.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 21,829
|percentage = 12.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,72,830
|percentage = 82.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = +6.97#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing based on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> state assembly elections, [[Krishnendu Narayan Choudhury]] of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] won the English Bazar assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Samar Roy of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Samar Roy of CPI(M) defeated Goutam Chakraborty of Congress in 2001.<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Goutam Chakraborty of Congress defeated Ashok Bhattacharya of CPI(M) in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Prabhat Acharya of CPI(M) defeated Pradip Kar of Congress in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> [[Sailen Sarkar]] of CPI(M) defeated Ashok Kundu of Congress in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Swapan Mitra of Congress in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> and Hari Prasanna Mitra of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp46.htm | title = 46 - Englishbazar Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 26 September 2010}}</ref>

===1957–1972===
Bimal Kanti Das of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1972,<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> 1971<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> and 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Santi Gopal Sen of Congress won in 1967,<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> and [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Prior to that the English Bazar seat was not there.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malda topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:English Bazar Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Malda district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in West Bengal]]

Meerut mutiny

2026-05-05T10:17:10Z

Sunil Tani: creating a info

{{Short description|First armed resistance during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 at Meerut}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Meerut mutiny
| image = Death of Colonel Finnis in Meerat, 1857.jpg
| caption = ''Death of Colonel Finnis in Meerut'' (published in 1858)
| partof = the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
| date = 10 and 11 May 1857
| place = [[Meerut]], [[Company rule in India|India]]
| result = Mutineers victory
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|UK}} [[British Empire]] [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|25px]] [[East India Company]]
| combatant2 = Rebel [[East India Company|Company]] sepoys
| commander1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} W. H. Hewitt
| commander2 = ?
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}
{{Campaign box India 1857}}
The '''Meerut mutiny''' was a military [[mutiny]] on 10 and 11 May 1857 in the city of [[Meerut]] in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British-controlled India]], the first significant armed action against [[British Army|British military authority]] which accelerated an outbreak of the [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Indian rebellion of 1857 and 1858]]. Most of the Indian native soldiers of whole city garrison, outraged by a severe punishment of their 85 other comrades, raised their weapons against the local British forces and eventually civilians in the city. The event sparked an intense impulse to the other Indian soldiers in British ranks and following rebellion spread to various regions of British-ruled India.

==Prelude==
In 1857 tensions between the [[Sepoy|sepoys]], native Indian soldiers, and British colonial authority started to rise. Long-standing issues because of accepting men of different castes, service changes of 1856 [[General Service Enlistment Act]], allowing to send sepoys out of the continent for their service, both of that contributed to unrest among sepoy troops. As a serious problem also appeared to be putting the new [[Royal Small Arms Factory|Enfield]] [[Pattern 1853 Enfield|Pattern 1853]] [[rifled musket]] in service in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luscombe |first=Stephen |title=Indian Mutiny |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armycampaigns/indiancampaigns/mutiny/mutiny.htm |access-date=6 February 2022 |website=Britishempire.co.uk |archive-date=4 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104143818/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armycampaigns/indiancampaigns/mutiny/mutiny.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Used [[paper cartridge]]s serving as ammunition were imported pre-greased. While [[Muslims|Muslim]] soldiers believed the paper was greased with pig fat and [[Hindus]] thought it was greased with cow one, opening the cartridge during rifle loading by tear-off the top with their teeth would mean to break their religion rules, as Muslims are not allowed to consume pork just as Hindus cannot consume beef. Some sepoys saw it as a direct attempt to dispute Muslim and Hindi traditions.

Due to those circumstances in British colonial forces, on 29 March 1857 sepoy [[Mangal Pandey]] of [[Barrackpore]] garrison, Bengal, shot at two of his commanding officers, missed, then [[suicide attempt|attempted suicide]], failed and was later executed. By April, news about Pandey's deed had spread across North India and reached Meerut, which was then the second-largest [[East India Company]] garrison, counting 2,357 Indian sepoys and 2,038 British soldiers stationed there along with 12 British-manned guns. Several hundreds of British civilians were also present living in a separate [[cantonment]], mostly relatives of European-British soldiers.

==Mutiny==
On 24 April 1857, Meerut's commander, Colonel Carmichael Smyth, paraded 90 Indian sepoys of the 3rd Light [[Bengal Cavalry]] Regiment, most of whom of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] descent. Smyth ordered the soldiers to fire the new Enfield cartridges they had been supplied with. 85 soldiers (of total number of 90) refused to touch them when ordered to, which led to their direct imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/folk-theorem/hashimpura-and-the-echoes-of-1857-meerut-is-common-to-both/|title=Hashimpura and the echoes of 1857: Meerut is common to both|work=[[The Times of India]] Blogs|access-date=27 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726014434/http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/folk-theorem/hashimpura-and-the-echoes-of-1857-meerut-is-common-to-both/|archive-date=26 July 2015|url-status=live|date=5 April 2015}}</ref>

On 9 May the entire garrison of about 4,000 men, both British and Indian,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gough |first1=Hugh |title=Old Memories |journal=The Pall Mall Magazine |date=1896 |volume=10 |url=https://www.google.cz/books/edition/The_Pall_Mall_Magazine/4sohAQAAIAAJ?hl=cs&gbpv=1 |access-date=17 August 2025}}</ref> was summoned to the general exercise ground at Meerut Fort to witness the execution of the guilty. The condemned sepoys were lined up on one side of the square; dressed in their red and white uniforms, but barefoot and without weapons. The other Indian regiments carried unloaded rifles. The British regiments were armed with the new Enfield rifles, loaded with the controversial cartridges, and were ordered to point with those weapons on the mutineers, same as the dragoons with sabres. A British officer then stepped forward and read out the sentence against the condemned soldiers, while his words, translated into [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] by an Indian officer: most of them were sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment with hard labour, eleven comparatively young soldiers were given five years' imprisonment. After the sentence had been read out, a group of British soldiers walked in front of the line of condemned soldiers and tore the buttons from their uniforms and the coats from their backs and their feet were then chained. The condemned soldiers then raised their arms in appeal to the general. When they were ignored, they turned to the other Indian soldiers and reproached them for not intervening when they saw them being humiliated. The atmosphere was described as very tense. The condemned soldiers were then escorted away.

In the evening some of the Indian soldiers present on the parade during the day were taunted by local [[prostitutes]] who refused them their services, which reportedly became another provoking factor for Indians to take revenge on the Europeans. In the city posters were seen calling for rebellion against the British. That same evening, British officer Hugh Gough was warned that sepoys in Meerut were planning the mutiny and massacre the British soldiers and their families. Although Gough immediately reported this matter to his commander George Carmichael-Smyth, no provisions were done.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wigram |first1=Francis Spencer |title=Mutiny at Meerut, 1857-58. Extracts from letters |date=1858 |location=Southampton |url=https://www.google.cz/books/edition/Mutiny_at_Meerut_1857_58_Extracts_from_l/QXUIAAAAQAAJ?gbpv=1 |access-date=17 August 2025}}</ref>

==11 May==
[[File:The Sepoy revolt at Meerut.jpg|thumb|"The Sepoy revolt at Meerut", wood-engraving from the ''[[Illustrated London News]]'', 1857]]
[[File:1857 mutineers mosque meerut2.jpg|thumb|An 1858 photograph by [[Robert Christopher Tytler]] and [[Harriet Tytler]] of a mosque in Meerut where some of the rebel soldiers may have prayed]]
On Sunday 10 May city of Meerut was already met with unrest, with angry protests in the bazaar and some buildings being set on fire. In the evening, most British officers were preparing to attend church, while many of the British soldiers were off duty and had gone into canteens or into the bazaar in Meerut.<ref name=Sehgal2022>{{Cite book |last=Sehgal |first=Vineeta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGqVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38 |title=1857 Augarnath Temple Meerut Beginning of India's Freedom Fight |date=2022 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |pages=38–40 |language=en}}</ref> Also a rumour spread, that British troops were about to disarm more sepoy troops. At this moment, the mutinied Indian troops, led by the 3rd Cavalry, broke into open revolt.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ball |first1=Charles |title=The history of the Indian mutiny, Volume I |date=1858 |publisher=London Publishing and Printing Company, Ltd. |location=London |pages=52-57 |url=https://www.google.cz/books/edition/The_History_of_the_Indian_Mutiny_Giving/jHYIAAAAQAAJ?hl=cs&gbpv=1&dq=Meerut+3th+Cavalry&pg=PA60&printsec=frontcover |access-date=17 August 2025}}</ref> British junior officers who attempted to quell the first outbreaks were killed by the rebels. Other numerous officers' and civilians' quarters were attacked, and four civilian men, eight women and eight children were killed. Among the killed officers was Colonel John Finnis, who died on the Meerut parade ground as the first European military victim of the whole conflict.

Crowds in the bazaar attacked off-duty soldiers there. About 50 Indian civilians, some of them officers' servants who tried to defend or conceal their employers, were also killed by the sepoys.<ref name="David 2003 93">{{Harvnb|David|2003|p=93}}</ref> While the action of the sepoys in freeing their 85 imprisoned comrades appears to have been spontaneous, some civilian rioting in the city was reportedly encouraged by [[Kotwal]] (chief police officer) [[Dhan Singh Gurjar]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Hibbert|1980|pp=80–85}}</ref> Sepoys from the 11th and the 20th Native Infantry Regiments then stormed the general jail and freed their fellow prisoners, who supported them.

==Massacre of civilians==
On the evening of May 10 mob attacked the British residential area and staged a massacre of British civilians in their residential quarter, Civil Lines. The British were taken by surprise and sought refuge in the British barracks until the mutineers had left the city on 11 May.

Two of the civilian victims were to become particularly notable: Charlotte Chambers and Mrs Dawson. Twenty-three-year-old Charlotte Chambers, who was pregnant, had her fetus cut out of her womb<ref>{{cite book | last = von Tunzelmann | first = Alex | title = Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire | publisher = [[Henry Holt and Company]] | year = 2007 | location = New York | pages = 19 | isbn = 978-0-8050-8073-5 | url-access = registration | url = https://www.google.cz/books/edition/Indian_Summer/TDQBgKl80l4C?gbpv=1 }}</ref> with a butcher's knife by the butcher Mowla Baksh of Saddar Bazaar. The murder was witnessed by her neighbour Mrs Craigie, who saw Chambers standing alone on the verandah while her house was set on fire. Craigie tried to send her servants to fetch Chambers, but they were unable to reach her until it was too late, and they found her naked, with the fetus cut out of her body and placed on her chest. It later emerged that Charlotte Chambers had previously bought meat from Mowla Baksh but had complained about its quality and said she would tell other British women about it, which threatened his business (he was later arrested and executed). Mrs Dawson and her husband were sick with smallpox, and went out onto the verandah when the mob arrived, where the husband was shot. Because Mrs. Dawson had smallpox, no one wanted to go near her because of the risk of infection, but the mob instead threw burning torches at her until she caught fire and was burned to death.<ref>{{cite book |last=Spilsbury |first=Julian |year=2007 |title=The Indian Mutiny |url=https://archive.org/details/indianmutiny00juli/page/n166/mode/1up |url-access=registration |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-0-297-84651-2}}</ref>

41 British civilians were killed in the massacre: 25 men, eight women and eight children. Some of them had clearly been subjected to particularly cruel treatment, and several were found naked. One British soldier had his stomach cut open and his entrails exposed, and a nine-year-old girl had her cheeks cut out and her arms cut off. At least two British women were reported to have been raped, but as rape at that time was considered dishonourable to the victim, their names were kept secret. It is not known whether Charlotte Chambers was one of them, but her body was reportedly found naked. Anglo-Indians, Christian Indians, Indians employed by the British were also targets of the attack.

==Aftermath==
[[File:Kali Paltan Mandir memorial, Meerut.jpg|thumb|Mutiny memorial at Kali Paltan Mandir temple, Meerut]]
The sudden mutiny and massacre caught many senior British officers, many of whom were older men who had not been in active combat for many years, by surprise. The British garrison was not attacked, but officers fortified inside weren't able to react adequately and then did little more than guard the civilians while they waited for reinforcements. Troops telegraphed to [[Shimla]], [[Ambala]] and [[Agra]], but did not reach Delhi to warn the British garrison there. Major-General W. H. Hewitt was later relieved of his command of the Meerut garrison for his poor handling of the situation.

The next day, 11 May, the rebel troops left Meerut and headed for Delhi, about 40 km east, to hail [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]] as the monarch of a united India and to place him at the head of a rebellion against the British. Their arrival triggered the mutiny there, from where the rebellion was spread throughout British North India.

The murders of British civilians in Meerut, particularly the murder of Charlotte Chambers were used as a battle cry by British soldiers (''Remember Mrs Chambers!'')during the rebellion until it was surpassed in notoriety by the [[Bibighar Massacre]] during the [[siege of Cawnpore]].

==See also==
* [[Indian rebellion of 1857]]
* [[Mangal Pandey]]

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Michael Edwardes, ''Battles of the Indian Mutiny'', Pan, 1963, {{ISBN|0-330-02524-4}}
* Christopher Hibbert, ''The Great Mutiny'', Penguin, 1978, {{ISBN|0-14-004752-2}}
* {{cite book| last=Edwardes| first=Michael| year=1975| title=Red Year| location=London| publisher=Sphere Books}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Meerut Mutiny}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meerut}}
[[Category:Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:British administration in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1857 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1857]]
[[Category:Mutinies]]
[[Category:Rebellions against the British Empire]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1857]]

Noor Mohammad Sheikh

2026-05-02T15:01:57Z

Sunil Tani: started pg

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''Noor Mohammad Sheikh''' (born 1966) is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He was a member of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly from [[Batmaloo Assembly constituency]] in [[Srinagar district]]. He won the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=159291377 | title=PDP Candidate for Batmaloo Noor Mohammad Sheikh show victory sign after winning the Batmaloo... | the Hindu Images }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sheikh is from [[Batamaloo|Batmaloo]], Srinagar district, Jammu and Kashmir. He is the son of [[Ghulam Nabi Sheikh|Gulam Nabi Sheikh]]. He completed his Class 10 in 1982 and later discontinued his studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Noor Mohamad Sheikh(JKPDP):Constituency- BATAMALOO(SRINAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=590 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sheikh won from Batmaloo Assembly constituency representing the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] in the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election. He polled 12,542 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Mohammad Irfan Shah of the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|J&K National Conference]], by a margin of 4,327 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-23 |title=PDP wrests Srinagar, all BJP candidates except 1 lose deposit |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pdp-wrests-srinagar-all-bjp-candidates-except-1-lose-deposit/articleshow/45617788.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Later, he left the PDP following the abrogation of [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]]. In [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]], he contested in the [[Central Shalteng Assembly constituency]] as an independent candidate after he resigned in August 2024, from the Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2024 |title=Ex MLA Noor Mohammad Sheikh to contest polls as independent candidate Rejoins JKPDP on 28 May 2025 in presence of Mehbooba Mufti |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2024/09/02/ex-mla-noor-mohammad-sheikh-to-contest-polls-as-independent-candidate/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Kashmir Reader |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2024 |title=Noor Sheikh quits Apni Party, 3rd in recent past |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/noor-sheikh-quits-apni-party-3rd-in-recent-past-101722880229639.html |access-date=29 May 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He could finish only third, behind winner [[Tariq Hameed Karra]] of the Indian National Congress and another independent, Mohammed Irfan Shah, who finished second.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Noor Mohammad Sheikh , IND Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Noor Mohammad Sheikh , Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/jammu-kashmir/assembly-election-candidates-list-2024/noor-mohammad-sheikh-09026-11 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheikh, Noor Mohammad}}

[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar district]]
[[Category:Apni Party politicians]]
[[Category:Independent politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]

Taanakkaran

2026-05-02T07:34:25Z

Sunil Tani: Creating A Stub

{{Short description|2022 Indian Tamil film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Taanakkaran poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Tamizh
| writer = Tamizh
| producer = S. R. Prakash Babu [[S. R. Prabhu]] P. Gopinath Thanga Prabaharan R.
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vikram Prabhu]]
* [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1995)|Anjali Nair]]
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Madhesh Manickam
| editing = [[Philomin Raj]]
| music = [[Ghibran]]
| studio = Potential Studios
| distributor = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|04|08|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Taanakkaran''''' ({{translation|[[Circle officer|Circle Inspector]]}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama]] film written and directed by Tamizh (in his directorial debut) and produced by Potential Studios.<ref name="Taana announce sify" /> The film stars [[Vikram Prabhu]], with [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1995)|Anjali Nair]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[M. S. Bhaskar]], and [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] in supporting roles.<ref name="Taana FL Hindu" /> The film is based on real life incidents from 1997 related to police training.<ref name="Taana N18" /><ref name="Taana poilce violence TNM" />

''Taanakkaran'' was released directly on the streaming platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 8 April 2022. The film won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Third Best Film]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-30 |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for 2016-2022 announced; see full list |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130060303/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375 |archive-date=30 January 2026 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |language=en |access-date=3 February 2026 }}</ref>

==Plot==
The story is set in 1999 where Arivu (Vikram Prabhu) is a young cop who just got selected into [[Tamil Nadu Police]] topping his batch and is sent to a Police Recruit School (PRS) for training. He is joined by a few of his friends and soon befriends other trainees of his batch. A few amongst them are much older trainees, who cleared their selection rounds in 1982, but due to some political reasons, could not get placed. They all get placed only in 1999 following a long court process. Most of the trainers of the school see these old trainees as unfit men and constantly mock them. However, Arivu supports them.

The PRS is run by Inspector Muthupandi (Madhusudhan Rao), a stern but corrupt officer, who is feared by all. One of his aides Eshwaramurthy (Lal), is a very strict and ruthless trainer, who has a record of winning all the parades and even resulting in the deaths of a few trainees in the name of extreme training, known as Extra Drill (ED). On the very first day of training, one of Arivu's friends from the '82 batch, faces the wrath of Muthupandi after he complains about the lack of proper toilet facilities in the campus. Soon, Eshwaramurthy starts seeing Arivu as his rival, and warns him that he will not allow him to pass the training. He devices many tactics to brutally punish and demotivate Arivu and his batch. Eshwaramurthy warns Arivu and his friends to leave the training and find some other job. However, Arivu stays stubborn in continuing the training and also motivates his fellow batchmates to fight without fearing for Eshwaramuthy. Eeshwari (Anjali Nair) is a constable in PRS who develops an affection towards Arivu. Mathi (Bose Venkat) is a good Inspector who handles law classes for the trainees and has a good image on Arivu.

One of the trainees from ’82 batch dies due to extra drill punishment given by Eshwaramurthy leading to riots inside the PRS. Arivu complaints to the Commandant about the mistakes that keep happening at the PRS such as bribes, favouritism and extreme punishments in the name of training. Arivu and his friends are now moved out of Eshwaramuthy's team to Sellakkannu's team (MS Bhaskar) who happens to be a kind-hearted trainer. However, Sellakkannu gets no respect from his fellow police officers owing to his straightforward nature making him stay in lower ranks without promotion for several years. Sellakkannu advises Arivu to leave the police job as honesty is not rewarded here, but Arivu does not agree. A small flashback is shown for Arivu's strong determination to become a police officer, which was the dream of his father Rajendran (Livingston) who died when Arivu was young.

Arivu wants to teach Eshwaramurthy a lesson by breaking his over confidence of winning all the parades for consecutive years. Eshwaramurthy challenges Arivu that he would quit his job if Arivu's team won the competition. Similarly, Arivu agrees that if Eshwaramuthy wins, then he would leave the police force. Meanwhile, Muthupandi secretly tries to strike a deal with Sellakkannu to make Arivu lose in the parade competition by providing wrong and confusing commands and promises a promotion for Sellakkannu. However, Sellakkannu supports Arivu in the final parade and his team wins. But the senior police officers still declare Eshwaramurthy's team to be the winners as they don't want to break the legacy. However, Eshwaramurthy understands that he has lost to Arivu and feels embarrassed in front of Arivu and his team members. Arivu feels dejected and decides to leave the police force, However, Mathi motivates Arivu that the current police system is highly corrupted, and this can be changed only if energetic youngsters like Arivu could join the police force. Arivu agrees and decides to continue in police force hoping that a change could be brought sometime.

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Vikram Prabhu]] as Arivazhagan (Arivu)
* [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1995)|Anjali Nair]] as [[Constable]] Eeshwari
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as [[Drill instructor|Assistant Drill Instructor]] Eshwaramurthy
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Assistant Drill Instructor Sellakkanu
* [[Bose Venkat]] as [[Inspector]] Mathi
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Inspector Muthupandi
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Rajendran, Arivu's father
* [[Pavel Navageethan]] as Kadar Basha, Arivu's friend
* [[Nitish Veera]] as [[Councillor]] Sahul Bhai
* Karthick Kannan as Murugan, Arivu's friend
* [[Lingesh]] as Manimaran, Arivu's friend
* [[Uday Mahesh]] as Nandhakumar
* Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy as Nagachi Mani, a money lender
{{Colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack and score is composed by [[Ghibran]].
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Kattikoda
| lyrics1 = Chandru
| extra1 = [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length1 = 3:21
| title2 = Thudithezhu Thozha
| lyrics2 = Chandru
| extra2 = Shenbagaraj, Aravind Srinivas, Narayanan, Sarath Santosh
| length2 = 3:51
| extra_column = Singer(s)
}}

==Release and reception==
''Taanakkaran'' was released directly on the streaming platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 8 April 2022.<ref name="Taana OTT Mint" /><ref name="Taana OTT Sify" /> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Vikram Prabhu comes up with a sturdy performance, capturing Arivu's physicality very well. MS Bhaskar shines as a veteran cop who is paying the price for an insubordination years ago, and Lal makes us hate his character. Bose Venkat, as Madhi, an honest cop who wants to turn the recruits into good policemen despite being aware of the system's flaws, pitches in with an empathetic performance. These performances hold the film together and keep us engaged."<ref>{{Cite news |title=TAANAKKARAN REVIEW : AN ENGAGING, IF MELODRAMATIC, DRAMA ON ABUSE OF POWER |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/taanakkaran/ottmoviereview/90684858.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=7 May 2022 |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507194556/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/taanakkaran/ottmoviereview/90684858.cms |url-status=live |last=Suganth|first=M|date=8 Apr 2022}}</ref> Navein Darshan from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars and said that "A powerful film about a lesser-known problem '<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=8 April 2022 |title=Taanakkaran Movie Review: A powerful film about a lesser-known problem |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/apr/08/taanakkaran-movie-reviewa-victory-march-30760.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523214826/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/apr/08/taanakkaran-movie-reviewa-victory-march-30760.html |archive-date=23 May 2022 |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Bharathy Singaravel from ''[[The News Minute]]'' noted that "Lal in well-written roles is a phenomenal actor. His Yama raja in Karnan showed off the depth of his skill and ability for nuance. Unfortunately, nuance is exactly what’s missing in his characterization".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singaravel |first=Bharathy |date=2022-04-08 |title=Taanakkaran review: Tamizh's debut film revels in brutality, fails to engage the audience |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/taanakkaran-review-tamizh-s-debut-film-revels-brutality-fails-engage-audience-162726 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313131514/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/taanakkaran-review-tamizh-s-debut-film-revels-brutality-fails-engage-audience-162726 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref> Janani K from ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3 out of 5 rating and noted that "Taanakkaaran is an engaging cop drama that is refreshing to watch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=8 April 2022 |title=Taanakkaran Movie Review: Vikram Prabhu's cop film is searing piece on abuse of power |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/taanakkaran-movie-review-vikram-prabhu-s-cop-film-is-searing-piece-on-abuse-of-power-1935080-2022-04-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313131829/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/taanakkaran-movie-review-vikram-prabhu-s-cop-film-is-searing-piece-on-abuse-of-power-1935080-2022-04-08 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Thinkal Menon from ''[[OTTplay|OTTPlay]] noted that "''Watch it if you're a fan of realistic cop dramas that effectively address serious issues in society" and rated it 3 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=Apr 8, 2022 |title=Taanakkaran movie review: This Vikram Prabhu-starrer is an earnest attempt and largely entertaining |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/taanakkaran-movie-review-this-vikram-prabhu-starrer-is-an-earnest-attempt-and-largely-entertaining/7971e195b2624 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251105045351/https://www.ottplay.com/review/taanakkaran-movie-review-this-vikram-prabhu-starrer-is-an-earnest-attempt-and-largely-entertaining/7971e195b2624 |archive-date=5 Nov 2025 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Taana announce sify">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2021 |title=Vikram Prabhu is back, in and as 'Taanakkaran' |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-prabhu-is-back-in-and-as-taanakkaran-news-tamil-vdlgMzhffejfj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311065906/https://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-prabhu-is-back-in-and-as-taanakkaran-news-tamil-vdlgMzhffejfj.html |archive-date=11 March 2021 |access-date=11 March 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Taana FL Hindu">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2021 |title=விக்ரம் பிரபுவின் 'டாணாக்காரன்' ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/644067-taanakkaran-first-look-released.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251103212742/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/644067-taanakkaran-first-look-released.html |archive-date=3 Nov 2025 |access-date=11 March 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="Taana N18">{{Cite web |date=3 November 2021 |title=Here's The Link Between Suriya's Jai Bhim And Vikram Prabhu's Upcoming Taanakkaran |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/heres-the-link-between-suriyas-jai-bhim-and-vikram-prabhus-upcoming-taanakkaran-4400156.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106031937/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/heres-the-link-between-suriyas-jai-bhim-and-vikram-prabhus-upcoming-taanakkaran-4400156.html |archive-date=6 November 2021 |access-date=3 November 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Taana poilce violence TNM">{{Cite web |date=17 July 2021 |title=Teaser of Vikram Prabhu's 'Taannakkaran' takes on violence in police training |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/teaser-vikram-prabhus-taannakkaran-takes-violence-police-training-152505 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251103221027/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/teaser-vikram-prabhus-taannakkaran-takes-violence-police-training-152505 |archive-date=3 Nov 2025 |access-date=17 July 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Taana OTT Mint">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2022 |title=Disney+ Hotstar to premiere Tamil drama 'Taanakkaran' |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/disney-hotstar-to-premiere-tamil-drama-taanakkaran-11647757076868.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171157/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/disney-hotstar-to-premiere-tamil-drama-taanakkaran-11647757076868.html |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Taana OTT Sify">{{Cite web |date=26 October 2021 |title=Vikram Prabhu's 'Taanakkaran' to skip theatrical release |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-prabhus-taanakkaran-to-skip-theatrical-release-news-tamil-vk0fIKcifdiag.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026092833/https://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-prabhus-taanakkaran-to-skip-theatrical-release-news-tamil-vk0fIKcifdiag.html |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=5 November 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film}}
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 action drama films]]
[[Category:2022 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films produced by S. R. Prabhu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghibran Vaibodha]]
[[Category:Films set in 1998]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Muhuripur Assembly constituency

2026-05-01T16:04:26Z

Sunil Tani: creating a post.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Tripura legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Muhuripur
| type= SLA
| state = [[Tripura]]
| established = 1963
| abolished = 1972
| electors = 13,917
| mla = [[Achaichhi Mog]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Muhuripur''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || S. C. Chowdhury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || [[Achaichhi Mog]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Muhuripur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Achaichhi Mog]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,394 |percentage=55.93% |change={{decrease}}20.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Brajamohan Jamatia]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,583 |percentage=32.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hlura Aung Mog]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=879 |percentage=11.19% |change={{decrease}}7.75 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,811 |percentage=23.05% |change= {{decrease}}34.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,856 |percentage=58.60% |change= {{decrease}}14.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,917 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}35.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}20.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Muhuripur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006135955/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. C. Chowdhury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,584 |percentage=76.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hlura Aung Mog]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,875 |percentage=18.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. G. Sarkar |party=Independent politician |votes=725 |percentage=4.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,709 |percentage=57.36% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,184 |percentage=73.00% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,480 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}
{{coord|23.23|91.57|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 disestablishments in India]]

{{Tripura-geo-stub}}

Sherpur, Maner

2026-05-01T15:48:59Z

Sunil Tani: Creating Details!

{{About|a village in Maner Block, [[Bihar]], [[India]]|other items with the same name|Sherpur (disambiguation){{!}}Sherpur}}{{Short description|Village in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sherpur
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = Bihar#India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|39|07|N|84|58|20|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block|Block]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Patna district|Patna]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Maner, Bihar|Maner]]
| government_type = [[Sarpanch]]
| area_total_km2 = 5.85
| elevation_m = 57
| population_total = 31073
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Spoken
| demographics1_info1 = [[Magadhi Prakrit|Magadhi]], [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 801503
| area_code = 06115
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| registration_plate = BR-01
}}
'''Sherpur''' is a village in [[Maner, Bihar|Maner]] block of [[Patna district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is located in the northern portion of Patna district, about 22 kilometres northwest of the district seat [[Patna]]. Its population was 31,073 in the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Population finder 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Sherpur lies on the southern shore of [[Ganges river|Ganges River]], with Chhitnawan-Maner Road passing through its north. It has a total area of 585 hectares.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/298/download/842/DH_2011_1028_PART_A_DCHB_PATNA.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 Bihar District Census Handbook Patna |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Bihar |page=246 |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As per the [[2011 India census]], Sherpur had a total population of 31,073, of which 16,335 were male and 14,738 were female. The literacy rate was 43.64%, with 8,121 of the male residents and 5,439 of the female residents being literate.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Patna district]]

Bhag Singh

2026-04-29T19:57:45Z

Sunil Tani: Started initial bio first draft

{{Short description|Indian revolutionary}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Bhag Singh
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1957
| term_end = 1962
| preceded = {{ubl|Harbhajan Singh|Kartar Singh}}
| succeeded = Rattan Singh
| constituency = [[Garhshankar Assembly constituency|Garhshankar]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1898||}}
| birth_place = [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1966|08|10|1898||}}
| death_place = [[India]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (1964–1966) [[Communist Party of India]] (until 1964)
| education = {{ubl|[[National College of Arts]]|[[University of California]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Teacher]]|[[Politician]]}}
}}

'''Dr. Bhag Singh''' (1898–10 August 1966) was an Indian [[anti-imperialist]] revolutionary, [[freedom fighter]], [[All India Kisan Sabha|Kisan]] leader and [[Communist]] politician who was an active member of the [[Ghadar Party]] during the [[Indian independence movement]] and later became one of the founding members of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=History Commission |first=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_of_the_Communist_Movement_in_Ind/KqLaAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Bhag%20Singh%20Cpim |title=History of the Communist Movement in India: The formative years, 1920-1933 |publisher=CPI(M) Publications |year=2005 |language=English}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Bhag Singh earned his master's degree from [[National College of Arts]] in [[Lahore]], which was established by the Indian National Movement. He continued to work as a teacher in the [[Jhelum District]] in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], now in [[Pakistan]], and was active in both the [[Indian National Congress|Congress movement]] and the [[Akali movement|Gurdwara Reform Movement]], which was launched by the [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akali party]] against the British government's feudal stooges.<ref name=":0" />

== Independence Movement in United States ==
After a few years, he left for the [[United States of America]], where he came into contact with the [[Ghadar Movement]] and joined the [[Ghadar Party]]. For some time he edited "Hindustan Ghadar", the revolutionary organ of the party. During the same period, he obtained a doctorate in political science from the [[University of California]]. While working in the Ghadar Party, he began studying [[Marxism]] and [[Communism]] under the influence of the International Communist movement. In the early 1930s, the Ghadar Party asked him to return to India and organise peasants and workers, which he readily agreed.<ref name=":0" />

== Independence Movement in India ==
On Dr. Bhag Singh's return to India, he became one of the founders of the [[All India Kisan Sabha]] and was active with the [[Workers and Peasants Party (India)|Workers and Peasants Party]], famously known as the Kirti Kisan Party, for many years. In 1936 he started working as editor of "Kirti-Lehar" (Workers Movement). He was in the forefront of the Lahore Kisan Morcha organised by Punjab Kisan Sabha in 1939. The Lahore Kisan Morcha was meant to fight against the [[British Government]] for amplifying land revenue through fresh settlement in the district of Lahore before the outbreak of the [[World War II]]. It was an important phase in the struggle of peasants. The enhancement was made at a time when the whole peasantry had been hit badly due to a steep fall in the prices of crops and a prolonged drought in the 1930s, which had adversely affected the crop output. Approximately four thousand Kisans were also arrested and jailed in the course of the movement. Among important leaders who were imprisoned were [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]] and [[Dalip Singh Tapiala]]. The coercive attitude of the government could not melt the confidence and spirit of the fighters. The morcha carried on their operations very well for five months till September 4, 1939. The outbreak of the [[World War II]] changed the political scenario and has changed the perspectives of the revolutionary movement. After that, he started working on the editorial board of "Jang-e-Azadi" (War of Independence), published from [[Lahore]], but soon after the war outbreak, he was arrested by the [[British government]] and detained along with communist leaders from all over the country in the Deoli Detention Camp.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sidhu |first=Ajmer |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Baba_Bujha_Singh_An_Untold_Story/Vin5KbaJoh4C?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Baba Bujha Singh An Untold Story |publisher=Online Punjabi Book Store |language=English |format=}}</ref>

== Communist Movement ==
Dr. Bhag Singh got elected as Joint Secretary of the [[All India Kisan Sabha]] along with [[M.A. Rasul]], [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], and [[Puchalapalli Sundarayya|P. Sundarayya]] at the 9th AIKS Conference held in [[Netrokona]], [[Bangladesh]], from 5 to 9 April 1945. The [[Indian National Congress|Congress government]] eventually cracked down on him and issued an arrest order for him after the country gained independence in 1947. While evading the warrant and remaining underground for some time, he was caught and detained until 1952.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mollah |first=Hannan |author-link=Hannan Mollah |url=https://kisansabha.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/hannanbook.pdf |title=An Outline History of All India Kisan Sabha |publisher=P. Sundarayya Memorial Trust and All India Kisan Sabha |year=2018 |language=English}}</ref>

Soon after being released from prison, he contested in the [[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] as a [[Communist Party of India]] candidate from the [[Garhshankar Assembly constituency]] and eventually won the seat, becoming a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. Dr. Bhag Singh again contested in the [[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] from the same constituency but lost to [[Indian National Congress|INC]] candidate Rattan Singh. Along with [[Dalip Singh Tapiala]] and [[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]], he was also a prominent figure in the Punjab Kisan movement and a leader of the Kisan Sabha. During the [[Indo-China War]] in 1962, he was again detained by the Congress government for over ten months, and during the inner struggle of the Communist Party, Bhag Singh sided with the Left Fraction, and during the [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India]], he became one of the 32 founding members of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and became a member of the Central Control Commission, the party's highest decision-making body, along with [[Abdul Halim (communist)|Abdul Halim]] and C. Venkatraman.<ref>{{Cite book |last=S. Judge |first=Paramjit |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Insurrection_to_Agitation/HvYpVtBXw5kC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Insurrection to Agitation, The Naxalite Movement in Punjab |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1992 |isbn=9788171545278 |language=English}}</ref>

== Death ==
After years of Prisons life and revolutionary struggle Dr. Bhag Singh's health was shattered which developed into serious Kidney trouble which eventually took his life on August 10, 1966.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}

[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian anti-imperialists]]
[[Category:Farmers' rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Ghadar Party]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]

Appajee Vardarajan

2026-04-24T23:00:02Z

Sunil Tani: Started initial stub first draft

{{short description|Judge of Supreme Court of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Appajee Varadarajan
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Supreme Court of India]]
| nominator = [[Y. V. Chandrachud]]
| appointer = [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
| term_start = 10 December 1980
| term_end = 16 August 1985
| office1 = [[Judge]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1920|08|17}}
| term_start1 = 1974
| term_end1 = 1980
| death_date = {{Death date|df=y|2009|10|15}}
| death_place = [[Anna Nagar]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.
| nominator1 = [[A. N. Ray]]
| appointer1 = [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice
| birth_place = [[Tiruppattur, Tirupattur district|Tirupattur]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India (now Tirupattur district, [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| website =
}}

'''Justice A.Varadarajan''' (1920-2009) was a judge of [[Supreme Court of India]].

== Early life ==

A. Varadarajan was born into a [[Scheduled Caste]] family at [[Jolarpettai]], Vellore district, Madras Presidency. He was inspired by [[Iyothee Thass]], a pioneer in Dalit activism, during his youth days. He did his matriculation from Municipal High School at Tirupattur, intermediate from [[Voorhees College (India)|Voorhees College]], (Vellore), B.A. from [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]] (Madras) and LLB from [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College]] (Madras).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vignessh|date=2020-08-18|title=The first Dalit SC judge: Tale of a forgotten luminary|url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/the-first-dalit-sc-judge-tale-of-a-forgotten-luminary/|access-date=2020-10-07|website=The Federal|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1944 he was enrolled as a lawyer and practised in civil and criminal matters on the original and appellate sides. Later he got promoted as Sub-Judge, District and Sessions Judge, Additional Judge and Permanent Judge in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Supreme Court of India – Former Judges|url=http://164.100.107.37/judges/bio/49_avaradarajan.htm|access-date=2020-10-07|website=164.100.107.37}}</ref>

In 1980 he was nominated as a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]], being the first [[Dalit]] to reach such position.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sengupta|first=Arghya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVZxDwAAQBAJ&q=A.Varadarajan+Supreme+Court+of+India&pg=PT89|title=Appointment of Judges to the Supreme Court of India: Transparency, Accountability, and Independence|date=2017-03-21|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-909662-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Caste and Judiciary: Looking for Dalit and Adivasi Judges in Supreme Court of India|work=Round Table India|url=https://roundtableindia.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9623:caste-and-judiciary-looking-for-dalit-and-adivasi-judges-in-supreme-court-of-india&catid=119:feature&Itemid=132}}</ref>

Varadarajan retired in 1985 and joined [[Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar|Prakash Ambedkar]] in his efforts for implementing reservations and seeking actions against violence on Dalits.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

== References ==

<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vardarajan, Appajee}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]

H. R. Gaviyappa

2026-04-24T20:17:06Z

Sunil Tani: started a article!

{{Short description|Indian politician from Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = H. R. Gaviyappa
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Vijayanagara Assembly constituency|Vijayanagara]]
| preceded = [[Anand Singh (Karnataka politician)|Anand Singh]]
| succeeded =
| term_start = May 2023
| term_end =
| constituency2 = [[Hospet Assembly constituency|Hospet]]
| preceded2 = Jayalakshmi Gujjal
| succeeded2 = [[Anand Singh (Karnataka politician)|Anand Singh]] ''(As [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for [[Vijayanagara Assembly constituency|Vijayanagara]])''
| term_start2 = 2004
| term_end2 = 2007
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name="‘Defeat Anand Singh and Nagendra for betrayal’">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title='Defeat Anand Singh and Nagendra for betrayal' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/defeat-anand-singh-and-nagendra-for-betrayal/article22883579.ece |access-date=30 April 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430071616/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/defeat-anand-singh-and-nagendra-for-betrayal/article22883579.ece |archive-date=30 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''H. R. Gaviyappa''' is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=H R Gaviyappa in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/undefined-undefined-candidate-undefined/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He is currently serving as [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Vijayanagara Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=H R Gaviyappa Profile, News, Photos & Political Career - Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023/vijayanagar/key-candidates-h-r-gaviyappa |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite news | date=2018-03-26 |title=Gaviyappa begins padayatra from Bukkasagar village |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-2018/gaviyappa-begins-padayatra-from-bukkasagar-village/article23359017.ece |access-date=2023-05-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He previously served as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Hospet Assembly constituency|Hospet]] (Before that got renamed as [[Vijayanagara Assembly constituency|Vijayanagara]]) from 2004 to 2007 as an [[Independent Politician]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hospet Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/hospet-karnataka-assembly-constituency |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref name="In Hosapete, it's the war of the minelords {{!}} In Hosapete, it's the war of the minelords">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=In Hosapete, it's the war of the minelords {{!}} In Hosapete, it's the war of the minelords |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/080318/in-hosapete-its-the-war-of-the-minelords.html |access-date=30 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=8 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430072237/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/080318/in-hosapete-its-the-war-of-the-minelords.html |archive-date=30 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Election Results 2023 winners: Full list of winning candidates">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-assembly-polls-2023/story/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2378524-2023-05-13|title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 winners: Full list of winning candidates|last1=India Today|date=14 May 2023|accessdate=14 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514043110/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-assembly-polls-2023/story/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2378524-2023-05-13|archivedate=14 May 2023|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaviyappa, H. R.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-24T02:48:52Z

Sunil Tani: made a pg.

{{Short description|Constituency in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Chittoor {{Small|AP-25}}
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Chittoor.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1951
| assembly_cons = [[Chandragiri Assembly constituency|Chandragiri]] [[Nagari Assembly constituency|Nagari]] [[Gangadhara Nellore Assembly constituency|Gangadhara Nellore]] [[Chittoor Assembly constituency|Chittoor]] [[Puthalapattu Assembly constituency|Puthalapattu]] [[Palamaner Assembly constituency|Palamaner]] [[Kuppam Assembly constituency|Kuppam]]
| reservation = SC
| mp = [[Daggumalla Prasada Rao]]
| preceded_by = [[N. Reddeppa]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| electors = 16,40,202 (2024)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |title= ECI/PN/102/2024 Press Note|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2024 |url-status=live |publisher= [[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}

'''Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|lok sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It comprises seven assembly segments and belongs to [[Chittoor district|Chittor]] and [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]] districts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |accessdate=24 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archivedate=3 October 2018 |url-status=dead |page=31 |date=17 December 2018}}</ref> [[Daggumalla Prasada Rao]] is the present [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] of the constituency representing [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref name="results2024">{{cite web|title=MP (Lok Sabha)|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0125.htm|publisher=AP State Portal|accessdate=5 July 2024}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|value1=50|value2=44.4|value3=5.6|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (9 Times)]]|label2=[[Telugu Desam Party|'''TDP '''(8 Times)]]|label3=[[YSR Congress Party|'''YSRCP''' (1 time)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color2={{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|color3={{party color|YSR Congress Party}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Chittor Lok Sabha}}

== Assembly segments ==
Chittoor constituency comprises the following [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=32}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|#
!width="200px"|Name
!District
!Members
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|166
|[[Chandragiri Assembly constituency|Chandragiri]]
|[[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
|[[Pulivarthi Venkata Mani Prasad]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=7}}
|rowspan="7"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=7}}
|rowspan="7"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|-
|170
|[[Nagari Assembly constituency|Nagari]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
|[[Gali Bhanu Prakash]]
|-
|171
|[[Gangadhara Nellore Assembly constituency|Gangadhara Nellore]](SC)
|[[V. M. Thomas]]
|-
|172
|[[Chittoor Assembly constituency|Chittooru]]
|[[Gurajala Jagan Mohan]]
|-
|173
|[[Puthalapattu Assembly constituency|Puthalapattu]](SC)
|[[Kalikiri Murali Mohan]]
|-
|174
|[[Palamaner Assembly constituency|Palamaneru]]
|[[N. Amarnath Reddy]]
|-
|175
|[[Kuppam Assembly constituency|Kuppam]]
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Indian general election|1952{{efn|name=fn1|}}]]
|[[M. V. Gangadhara Siva]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=9}}
|-
||[[T. N. Viswanatha Reddy]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Indian general election|1957{{efn||name=fn1}}]]
|[[M. V. Gangadhara Siva]]
|-
|[[Madabhushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Madabhushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|N. P. Chengalraya Naidu
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|P. Narasimha Reddy
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|rowspan = 2 |[[Paturi Rajagopala Naidu]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[N. P. Jhansi Lakshmi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|rowspan = 2 |[[M. Gnanendra Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|rowspan = 3 |[[Nuthanakalva Ramakrishna Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[D. K. Adikesavulu Naidu]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|rowspan = 2 |[[Naramalli Sivaprasad]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[N. Reddeppa]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Daggumalla Prasada Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 1952{{efn|name=fn1}}===

{{Election box begin | title=[[1951 Indian general election]]: Chittoor

<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIg5j%2FHYFqSqJgJGr0bST3IUhAF9SfDN8Uuc8gj%2BDh4kAfDOTuR4Nkt0ekULalb4eUwj3FEb6QN6V5bMrpRuFg7z8ZJWF%2F1POgiq%2ByICySNyC
|title=General Election 1951 Vol1
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=92
}}
</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIrNF0MIwFfgMd0t44P4hNsYSWd3T7DvFG9a8gu4MpXHx3DTcDeZQ%2B4GCQNmZfTegK%2BUiDpBfegWYdrpReRnOim6or6qm5%2FyraJrkD%2BhI0mAF
|title=General Election 1951 Vol2
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=139
}}
</ref>
}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[T. N. Viswanatha Reddy]]
| votes = 151,082
| percentage = 20.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[M. V. Gangadhara Siva]]{{efn|name=fn1}}
| votes = 161,590
| percentage = 19.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Krishikar Lok Party
| candidate = K.Nanjappa
| votes = 119,412
| percentage = 15.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Krishikar Lok Party
| candidate = C.L.Narasimha Reddy
| votes = 99,400
| percentage = 12.60
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = R.Narasimha Reddy
| votes = 95,097
| percentage = 12.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Socialist Party (India, 1948)
| candidate = T.Sankara Reddy
| votes = 63,420
| percentage = 8.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = D.Kadar Khan
| votes = 58,351
| percentage = 7.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Scheduled Castes Federation
| candidate = Rajamohan Vithal
| votes = 40,342
| percentage = 5.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 788,694
| percentage = 54.97
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1957 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Indian general election]]: Chittoor
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIvqLnwF0GbRTiG1mhWuFAao%2FO08PDvWeSb5efragQtmsq3FhY%2FjFoXkR39D6%2BIKxaRcuxQRfyT%2BuC9oksmsRl%2BYf08rhOhr%2FagaTDiCOeRJ%2F
|title=General Election 1957 Vol1
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=54
}}
</ref>
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIqIpBwgNEgFjurne4fa5xyVB5wSAgKzoZ36mHr9f%2ForIbMEasNARwtMFmQPLFC29gtUDK8kuJW842XIUfF4yk3cswNIt%2F5d8ez4TXt6VewwL
|title=General Election 1957 Vol2
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=18
}}
</ref>
}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Madabhushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar]]
| votes = 154,817
| percentage = 63.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = C.V.L.Narayan
| votes = 71,357
| percentage = 29.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = K.Govindaswami
| votes = 11,618
| percentage = 4.76
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Kakarla Venkataramanappa
| votes = 6,418
| percentage = 2.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 244,210
| percentage = 27.94
| change = {{decrease}}27.03
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Independent
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Indian general election]]: Chittoor
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgInSyPC%2FmhOzrKVEE08XTKdHa0gw068e9xwJaWiRnPmZknCDB%2BXbTUuSpFrCsKQ9P9okUoJWy%2BaIrAK1YRBEcNJf5z%2Bq0uVb53tFvbLeIHH5S
|title=General Election 1962 Vol1
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=86
}}
</ref>
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIt%2F10MUyuxesyPn4o89CqUoGgMpPS22kgIXB7tn%2B%2BNObFbOq5nomD4MjJtMmgoPxWs9Bx0m3tnJALPBPURqUtPZxeTrHDQWhdx5J78c6krZs
|title=General Election 1962 Vol2
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=23
}}
</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Madabhushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar]]
| votes = 130,026
| percentage = 45.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Swatantra Party
| candidate = C.V.L.Narayan
| votes = 106,062
| percentage = 36.93
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = K.Siddiah Naidu
| votes = 51,126
| percentage = 17.80
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 23,964
| percentage = 8.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 287,214
| percentage = 67.65
| change = {{increase}}39.71
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Swatantra Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Indian general election]]: Chittoor
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIoseT0ZHlxSqV5yDBw7qZy8BF%2FVqVfUFZB5kPI2dacyxFUsCtgFOtq6nBgIeTuoJZxx9hqrgzh%2Bp%2FKhICKDnqu%2FEPIcjKuQAupJewJECwP16
|title=General Election 1967 Vol1
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=109
}}
</ref>
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIuxiJQ2gxXGAtNjjH3a2JovCTwUao1FEeLgMSjaIzw4B2bhNQd0z10hbnidHP19rpCZ2IAcJthJ%2BwDEak1fEz1bkhr1MLCPLPTuC6l4aeEZu
|title=General Election 1967 Vol2
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=21
}}
</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = N. P. Chengalraya Naidu
| votes = 186,594
| percentage = 54.00
| change = {{increase}}8.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Swatantra Party
| candidate = [[N. G. Ranga|Acharya N G Ranga]]
| votes = 158,931
| percentage = 46.00
| change = {{increase}}9.07
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 27,663
| percentage = 8.00
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 345,525
| percentage = 68.54
| change = {{increase}}0.89
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Swatantra Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1971 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Indian general election]]: Chittoor
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIrrxZag0hRAPmr3CmisbGNG8rG1HxhX9METl1rU6R7ngFt1ycISY3MneuzoH%2F9gvVEcgNRIM5SehE5OyoBLXMODKgYYeja9De603q%2FlBgJYf
|title=General Election 1971 Vol1
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=111
}}
</ref>
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIqWJjfkWRnVDjF4qQ6Sy9%2FTMbuFYmEgHnMgZ6fyauvI%2BAnynt%2BDVkb25vIPOBh5FGMrtDULk6VgpImOulYdCodK%2FBGagQ7u50a%2FUJ4FMtNJl
|title=General Election 1971 Vol2
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=23
}}
</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = P. Narasimha Reddy
| votes = 245,052
| percentage = 67.81
| change = {{increase}}13.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress (Organisation)
| candidate = N. P. Chengalraya Naidu
| votes = 116,313
| percentage = 32.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 128,739
| percentage = 35.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 361,365
| percentage = 69.07
| change = {{increase}}0.53
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Indian National Congress (Organisation)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]: Chittoor
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIgdcW08G8jKLiYiSkgBsTJBTvffmA2r1gkWY31UQFIgluWb7a3G4fFGcNZKLAql3AsefuIcxaJxbfgfseaQVlcBsrrXI01wOLXV%2FqpRspv%2Fu
|title=General Election 1977 Vol1
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=120
}}
</ref>
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIhgPqEQTyVU4arFX4liFqVq9M%2FhpEmpY6Ixg6YcsglGX509rV4dCDpdcKeQlrtlsTLSE2chQTOCwAEPcjz1eCk%2BZg1kgfO4p0vV0YQYWKtQq
|title=General Election 1977 Vol2
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=23
}}
</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Paturi Rajagopala Naidu]]
| votes = 229,252
| percentage = 49.98
| change = {{decrease}}17.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Lok Dal
| candidate = N.P.Chengalaraya Naidu
| votes = 218,805
| percentage = 47.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 10,447
| percentage = 2.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 458,705
| percentage = 67.56
| change = {{decrease}}1.51
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Lok Dal
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1980 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: Chittoor
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIrkMkhGhMjPeTY%2BPWma%2FwX%2F8Izx%2B1DfxezOkQc0%2F0Y7EbMQ%2BBr8WZalKhiKoh3gBixCS0pvrsXes0IES9wL9GL64n5Cy8g2J0%2FFZUDyYnPFQ
|title=General Election 1980 Vol1
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=126
}}
</ref>
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIvuVIp4bi7FC2tR0cx80WD2K3RjpqQ7elVznh8hSmwpVTGs08WYOHcva4Pz6Dfs%2B5M7GW5TnwxZwOqP0qK2K2bSuEilAAXiLdjLbZf3VwXby
|title=General Election 1980 Vol2
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=23
}}
</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| candidate = [[Paturi Rajagopala Naidu]]
| votes = 232,249
| percentage = 51.55
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Party
| candidate = N.P.Chengalaraya Naidu
| votes = 172,402
| percentage = 38.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Party (Secular)
| candidate = Peddireddy Thimmareddy
| votes = 45,857
| percentage = 10.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 59,847
| percentage = 13.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 450,508
| percentage = 62.44
| change = {{decrease}}5.12
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1984 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]: Chittoor
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIioTRtrX9vvkQ8lDf9Brh2QljusDaFYGfpJM9zoHo8J9PwdGGp0XefbaBYdvPF8WFYJhpk%2BW%2Bp89Gy9OKaFe1hlV80Naz6W6EWVdsoeDF0ia
|title=General Election 1984 Vol1
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=117
}}
</ref>
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIt7gSEPKPVL2kehC0JQT1vRGIxmMhnAeG%2FwhyVmKQ2NjpToc7ELYDsys9VReCNk8Z9xMnEN%2BscTubCtkzTZRCylNbBJs9OIwfTKaf7s8fphQ
|title=General Election 1984 Vol2
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=22
}}
</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[N. P. Jhansi Lakshmi]]
| votes = 332,543
| percentage = 54.54
| change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Nallari Amarnath Reddy]]
| votes = 271,332
| percentage = 44.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 61,211
| percentage = 10.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 609,686
| percentage = 76.31
| change = {{increase}}13.87
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: Chittoor
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgInMRAMNg8PaP0CwQDgvm1TfOwdQ7ZrKZOu5S2TOM%2BKJg0H%2FFEltHcGuurSDHpdXYBA3aZmTyznbxm%2BIMcg53UkoRxiJFiG%2FG946CDJF6vuho
|title=General Election 1989 Vol1
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=145
}}
</ref>
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIs2ysOXxCb8opdMTNKW1F6vY46MN%2BXyE9ICk2engH5xExyFTwjerh7SE1w6yHEj%2Fxhzx2bHUhhmFjvejPM33EQSjZp1sTXiyiF%2BKZ01O%2Fu1R
|title=General Election 1989 Vol2
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=24
}}
</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[M. Gnanendra Reddy]]
| votes = 390,786
| percentage = 54.83
| change = {{increase}}10.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = N.Rangaswami Naidu
| votes = 308,278
| percentage = 43.25
| change = {{decrease}}11.29
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 82,508
| percentage = 11.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 712,718
| percentage = 73.93
| change = {{decrease}}2.38
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1991 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: Chittoor
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIkHotteBQ6H2LGDXDgP2%2BqgW4yG8x3Lcuk0yt32gckmDWAecGstrzpYkQa565gViOyb4kYoTEQOCP1SBqhQ%2FL8TLflr7mVWtNWoK3EFC2Y6S
|title=General Election 1991 Vol1
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=133
}}
</ref>
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIrbUq%2BoR6gE7bS20Kfd83TqamPv89n7c7D5SYLscOZtZtW5Z%2FUj3BjGIdoY03n6UAg54cdL%2FgW4yHrIV4DIPQjLsORtAHjFP0yj42xtnBN%2F8
|title=General Election 1991 Vol2
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=25
}}
</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[M. Gnanendra Reddy]]
| votes = 373,631
| percentage = 56.02
| change = {{increase}}1.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = G.V.Sreenatha Reddy
| votes = 263,649
| percentage = 39.53
| change = {{decrease}}3.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[N. P. Jhansi Lakshmi]]
| votes = 20,864
| percentage = 3.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 109,982
| percentage = 16.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 667,018
| percentage = 68.05
| change = {{decrease}}5.88
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1996 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: Chittoor
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIuTuCk2PkeBIxFg6I0eU5VPBleY%2F6DYULm%2FuXGBfnzIL0Ossb%2FOZWQZAC46suNmXLGuKAvNGAd8XYdXG8yyL7DmzUC9jIpIidmbrBMwxOPlx
|title=General Election 1996 Vol1
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=194
}}
</ref>
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIhiBCOyGU9qy%2Bi8UZE4xdt1qGDitfmYlwDfSAaL0f%2FkuxpvxYoqWlGD6ZURaqQ7Luil1%2BxWiAq5NYOr2d6QmG307YZvDNFRzRqs%2FTBwA6JEo
|title=General Election 1996 Vol2
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=27
}}
</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Nuthanakalva Ramakrishna Reddy]]
| votes = 405,052
| percentage = 50.80
| change = {{increase}}11.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[D. K. Adikesavulu Naidu]]
| votes = 343,702
| percentage = 43.10
| change = {{decrease}}12.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)
| candidate = [[Gali Muddukrishnama Naidu]]
| votes = 24,240
| percentage = 3.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 61,350
| percentage = 7.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 797,386
| percentage = 71.60
| change = {{increase}}3.55
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: Chittoor
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIotDO5N8hbvBFq8kBOnZ7sAHisPYaglbcR%2Bvju5fSVaOXf9Vty0jaav%2F5MHa3IhIjhiXm886AoS1DyVcNFs9r4o2myzOL0Zc4rsnVkw9Ae1D
|title=General Election 1998 Vol1
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=172
}}
</ref>
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIuGe00n6AggpbSxsSDgFJ0J%2Bvyj%2Bu1l%2BMoA70JcIV8isikJk14T%2FRzP11xgdj7RJ9Z2LaWW5%2BHh2k3fxcJhb8qTsYilX5KkndyIOLHV%2BSUKe
|title=General Election 1998 Vol2
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=26
}}
</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Nuthanakalva Ramakrishna Reddy]]
| votes = 349,831
| percentage = 45.13
| change = {{decrease}}5.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[M. Gnanendra Reddy]]
| votes = 269,750
| percentage = 34.80
| change = {{decrease}}8.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = N.P.Venkateswara Chowdary
| votes = 147,861
| percentage = 19.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 80,081
| percentage = 10.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 775,143
| percentage = 69.94
| change = {{decrease}}1.66
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: Chittoor
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIkUhbtp1jYSDOEh0putYIbkiZnCZWMJAWv5FOo8QaiJzbCrRQmR%2FvdHfl2oiLCgpBOFiQQw1DFUOpqPxvwifJXEZ%2FmEz%2F%2FSc%2FlW4LA3Se2g1
|title=General Election 1999 Vol1
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=166
}}
</ref>
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIpCcqS67e%2BuI7ByVpGUCq32pcgk4eDfC1RqiWXp%2Fb3A%2BSKoQszycDTXSHBenyv6BfsLUbZVTnUOefxCqEIuQ9mAgcnROy3DSW%2F4SRUDodxkv
|title=General Election 1999 Vol2
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=26
}}
</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Nuthanakalva Ramakrishna Reddy]]
| votes = 419,208
| percentage = 50.18
| change = {{increase}}5.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = R.Gopinath
| votes = 400,570
| percentage = 47.95
| change = {{increase}}13.15
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 18,638
| percentage = 2.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 835,406
| percentage = 74.88
| change = {{increase}}4.94
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: Chittoor
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIsoA%2BXCXZnG6uydEggnVRZmGUymXljx52Ks9I6%2FE0G%2Bvsy%2FPaobJQQ78Lxwa6Q%2FNsnhE64UeF0L0Zo5BluaLP%2BtUpyGVFqMTjZoK%2FJnG4EEj
|title=General Election 2004 Vol1
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=195
}}
</ref>
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIrYsA%2BpuHvKgxNfjT4KHcLrioOCuMWiYWp2sCC4uQ448a4WMalyltzz4z0XPEBrX8yHSP9VRu4DKLXu%2Fml6XL6F5CjgA9IkcmLlusqGQ2Nbv
|title=General Election 2004 Vol2
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=27
}}
</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[D. K. Adikesavulu Naidu]]
| votes = 454,128
| percentage = 51.84
| change = {{increase}}1.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = DR.Ravuri Venkata Swamy
| votes = 391,990
| percentage = 44.74
| change = {{decrease}}3.21
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 62,138
| percentage = 7.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 875,992
| percentage = 74.90
| change = {{increase}}0.02
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: Chittoor
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2854-constituency-data-summary/?do=download&r=6634&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=5c340395c938ef9ed6466a6c3c5f2f7a
|title=General Election 2009 Vol1
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=42
}}
</ref>
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/?do=download&r=6640&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=5c340395c938ef9ed6466a6c3c5f2f7a
|title=General Election 2009 Vol2
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=15
}}
</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Naramalli Sivaprasad]]
| votes = 434,376
| percentage = 41.59
| change = {{decrease}}10.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Thippeswamy M
| votes = 423,717
| percentage = 40.57
| change = {{decrease}}4.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = Talari Manohar
| votes = 143,898
| percentage = 13.77
| change = new
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 10,813
| percentage = 1.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 10,44,438
| percentage = 80.84
| change = {{increase}}5.94
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: Chittoor
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2787-constituency-data-summary/?do=download&r=6468&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=5c340395c938ef9ed6466a6c3c5f2f7a
|title=General Election 2014 Vol1
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=42
}}
</ref>
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2785-constituency-wise-detailed-result/?do=download&r=6463&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=5c340395c938ef9ed6466a6c3c5f2f7a
|title=General Election 2014 Vol2
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=36
}}
</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=Chittoor General Election 2014 Results|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/parliamentaryconstituencies/andhrapradesh/chittoor.htm|publisher=mapsofindia|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Naramalli Sivaprasad]]
| votes = 594,862
| percentage = 49.62
| change = {{increase}}8.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = G. Samanyakiran
| votes = 550,724
| percentage = 45.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = B. Rajagopal
| votes = 16,572
| percentage = 1.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Jithendra Kumar .Dhandu
| votes = 15,897
| percentage = 1.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 6,996
| percentage = 0.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 44,138
| percentage = 3.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 11,98,915
| percentage = 82.59
| change = {{increase}}1.75
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: Chittoor
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10929-33constituency-wise-detailed-result/?do=download&r=30003&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=5c340395c938ef9ed6466a6c3c5f2f7a
|title=General Election 2019
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=26
}}
</ref>
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13537-34-details-of-assembly-segment-of-pc/?do=download&r=37781&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=5c340395c938ef9ed6466a6c3c5f2f7a
|title=General Election 2019 Assembly Wise
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024
|page=88,89,90
}}
</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = YSR Congress Party
| candidate = [[N. Reddeppa]]
| votes = 686,792
| percentage = 52.04
| change = {{increase}}6.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Naramalli Sivaprasad]]
| votes = 549,521
| percentage = 41.64
| change = {{decrease}}7.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Cheemala Rangappa
| votes = 24,643
| percentage = 1.87
| change = {{increase}}1.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 20,556
| percentage = 1.56
| change = {{increase}}0.98
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 137,271
| percentage = 10.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 13,19,472
| percentage = 84.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,66,499
|ref= }}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Chittoor]]
<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0125.htm
|title=General Election 2024 Chittoor
|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]
|date=July 5, 2024}}
</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Daggumalla Prasada Rao]]
|votes = 7,78,071
|percentage = 54.84
|change = {{increase}}13.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[N. Reddeppa]]
| votes = 5,57,592
|percentage = 39.30
|change = {{decrease}}12.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Motukur Jagapathi
|votes = 30,150
|percentage = 2.12
|change = {{increase}}0.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 11,976
|percentage = 0.84
|change = {{decrease}}0.72
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,20,479
|percentage = 15.54
|change = {{up}}5.14
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 14,25,910
|percentage = 86.76
|change = {{increase}}2.52
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = YSR Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
*[[Chittoor district]]
*[[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

== Notes ==
{{efn|name=fn1|86 constituencies elected two members, one from the general category and one from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes]]. There was one constituency with three elected representatives.<ref>
{{cite web
|title=General Election of India 1951, List of Successful Candidate
|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF
|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF
|archive-date=8 October 2014
|access-date=12 January 2010
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|page=6
}}
</ref> The multi-seat constituencies were created as reserved seats for backward sections of society, and were abolished in the 1960s.}}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

{{coord|13|09|00|N|78|58|12|E|region:IN_type:city_source:kolossus-tewiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1951]]
{{Tirupati district}}
{{Chittoor district}}

Zaneta Mascarenhas

2026-04-23T01:27:24Z

Sunil Tani: Creating Post!

{{Short description|Australian politician (born 1980)}}
{{Use Australian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Zaneta Mascarenhas
| honorific_suffix = [[Australian House of Representatives|MP]]
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of the [[Australian House of Representatives|Australian Parliament]] for [[Division of Swan|Swan]]
| status =
| term_start = 21 May 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Steve Irons]]
| successor =
| birth_name = Zaneta Felice Antoinetta Mascarenhas
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|07|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kalgoorlie, Western Australia]], Australia
| party = [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater = {{ubl|
* [[John Paul College, Kalgoorlie]]
* [[Curtin University]]}}
| relations =
| mother =
| father =
| children = 2
| relatives =
| occupation = Engineer
| profession =
| known_for =
| website = {{URL|zanetamascarenhas.com.au/}}
}}

'''Zaneta Felice Antoinetta Mascarenhas''' ({{IPAc-en|z|ə|ˈ|n|iː|t|ə|_|ˌ|m|æ|s|k|ə|ˈ|r|eɪ|n|ə|s}} {{respell|zə|NEE|tə|_|MASS|kə|RAY|nəs}};<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQZ-CzBWTEo|title=Zaneta Mascarenhas - WA Labor for Swan|publisher=[[Australian Labor Party (Western Australian Branch)|WA Labor]]|via=[[YouTube]]|date=15 May 2022|access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref> born 26 July 1980) is an Australian politician and engineer. She was elected to the [[Australian House of Representatives]] at the [[2022 Australian federal election]] for the [[Division of Swan]].

==Early life and career==
Zaneta Felice Antoinetta Mascarenhas was born on 26 July 1980 in [[Kalgoorlie]], Western Australia,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Senators_and_Members/Parliamentarian?MPID=298800|title=Ms Zaneta Mascarenhas MP|publisher=[[Parliament of Australia]]|access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref> to Indian immigrant parents of [[Goans|Goan]] descent who migrated from Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Qualification Checklist: Zaneta Mascarenhas |url= https://www.aec.gov.au/election/files/data/qc/27966_WA_H_SWAN_37333_MAS.pdf |website=Australian Electoral Commission |access-date=21 May 2022 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220521181403/https://www.aec.gov.au/election/files/data/qc/27966_WA_H_SWAN_37333_MAS.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Goanorigin-firsttime-MP-from-W-Australia-pays-rich-tributes-to-fellow-Goenkars/189858|title=Goan-origin first-time MP from W Australia pays rich tributes to fellow Goenkars|work=O Heraldo|date=23 May 2022|accessdate=27 June 2022|first=Frankey Gerard|last=Fernandes}}</ref> She grew up in [[Kambalda]]<ref name="ALP profile">{{cite web |title=Zaneta Mascarenhas |url=https://www.alp.org.au/our-people/our-people/zaneta-mascarenhas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503022311/https://www.alp.org.au/our-people/our-people/zaneta-mascarenhas/ |archive-date=3 May 2022 |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=Australian Labor Party}}</ref> and attended [[John Paul College, Kalgoorlie|John Paul College]] in Kalgoorlie.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brosnan |first1=Andrew |title=Fields links open doors for engineer |url=https://thewest.com.au/news/goldfields/fields-links-open-doors-for-engineer-ng-ya-267674 |website=The West Australian |access-date=21 May 2022 |date=3 October 2013 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220521181404/https://thewest.com.au/news/goldfields/fields-links-open-doors-for-engineer-ng-ya-267674 |url-status=live }}</ref> She studied science and engineering at [[Curtin University]] in [[Perth]] where she became President of the Student Guild as well as becoming the President of the [[National Union of Students (Australia)|National Union of Students]] WA State Branch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Zaneta |url=https://zanetamascarenhas.com.au/about/about-zaneta/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=zanetamascarenhas.com.au |language=en}}</ref> She worked as an engineer for 15 years in Western Australia and [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]], including as a [[Fly-in fly-out|FIFO]] engineer.<ref name="ALP profile"/><ref name="The West Australian 21 May 2022"/> She worked in climate change action for 12 years, where she helped [[S&P/ASX 200|ASX 200]] companies with decarbonisation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title='A woman of colour in steel-capped boots': Zaneta Mascarenhas's journey from engineer to MP |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/hindi/en/podcast-episode/a-woman-of-colour-in-steel-capped-boots-zaneta-mascarenhass-journey-from-engineer-to-mp/vx8xejhb1 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=SBS Language |language=en}}</ref> She also volunteered for [[The Climate Reality Project]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scarr |first1=Lanai |title=Federal election 2022: Star WA Labor candidate Zaneta Mascarenhas linked to carbon tax |url=https://thewest.com.au/politics/election/federal-election-2022-star-wa-labor-candidate-zaneta-mascarenhas-linked-to-carbon-tax--c-6747759 |website=The West Australian |access-date=21 May 2022 |date=10 May 2022 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220511184337/https://thewest.com.au/politics/election/federal-election-2022-star-wa-labor-candidate-zaneta-mascarenhas-linked-to-carbon-tax--c-6747759 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Political career==
Mascarenhas contested the [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]] [[preselection]] for the [[Division of Swan]] for the [[2019 Australian federal election]], but withdrew, enabling [[Hannah Beazley]] to be preselected. Mascarenhas is part of the [[Labor Left]] faction of the Labor Party, and she is supported by the [[Australian Manufacturing Workers' Union]]. In June 2021, she beat Fiona Reid to win preselection for Swan at the [[2022 Australian federal election]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Law |first1=Peter |title=Zaneta Mascarenhas looks set to be Labor's candidate for Federal seat of Swan |url=https://thewest.com.au/politics/federal-politics/zaneta-mascarenhas-looks-set-to-be-labors-candidate-for-federal-seat-of-swan-ng-b881904662z |website=The West Australian |access-date=21 May 2022 |date=18 June 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618072937/https://thewest.com.au/politics/federal-politics/zaneta-mascarenhas-looks-set-to-be-labors-candidate-for-federal-seat-of-swan-ng-b881904662z |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the 2022 election on 21 May, Mascarenhas won the [[Division of Swan]], succeeding retiring [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]] politician [[Steve Irons]] and defeating his party's candidate Kristy McSweeney.<ref name="The West Australian 21 May 2022">{{cite web |last1=Rintoul |first1=Caitlyn |title=Federal Election 2022: Swan's Labor candidate Zaneta Mascarenhas defeats Liberal Kristy McSweeney |url=https://thewest.com.au/politics/federal-election/federal-election-2022-swans-labor-candidate-zaneta-mascarenhas-expected-to-defeat-liberal-kristy-mcsweeney-c-6832512 |website=The West Australian |access-date=21 May 2022 |date=21 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Green |first1=Antony |title=Swan (Key Seat) – Federal Election 2022 |url= https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/federal/2022/guide/swan |website=ABC News |access-date=21 May 2022 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506151446/https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/federal/2022/guide/swan |url-status=live }}</ref> Mascarenhas is the first woman to win the seat of Swan in its 101-year history.<ref name=":0" /> She is the first person of [[Goan]] origin to be elected to Australia's House of Representatives.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-23 |title=Goan-origin Zaneta Mascarenhas elected to Australia's lower house |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goan-origin-zaneta-mascarenhas-elected-to-australias-lower-house/articleshow/91729380.cms |access-date=2024-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Mascarenhas lives in [[East Victoria Park, Western Australia|East Victoria Park]] with her husband and two children. She speaks [[Bangla language|Bangla]] and [[Konkani language|Konkani]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|au}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Steve Irons]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=Member for [[Division of Swan|Swan]] |years=2022–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Current Western Australia Representatives}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mascarenhas, Zaneta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia]]
[[Category:Labor Left politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Swan]]
[[Category:People from Kalgoorlie]]
[[Category:Australian people of Goan descent]]
[[Category:Australian women engineers]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Women members of the Australian House of Representatives]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian women politicians]]
[[Category:Australian politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 2022–2025]]
[[Category:Australian MPs 2025–2028]]

Kalvakuntla Sanjay

2026-04-19T22:17:50Z

Sunil Tani: started a stub!

{{Short description|Indian politician and orthopaedician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kalvakuntla Sanjay
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image = Kalvakuntla Sanjay.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|10|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = Raghavapet village, [[Mallapur mandal]], [[Jagtial district]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| predecessor = [[Kalvakuntla Vidya Sagar Rao]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Koratla Assembly constituency|Koratla]]
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = [[Kalvakuntla Vidya Sagar Rao]], Sarojana
| footnotes =
| father =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Kalvakuntla Sanjay''' (born 18 October 1976) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is a member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] from [[Koratla Assembly constituency|Korutla Assembly constituency]] in [[Jagtial district]]. He represents [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Telangana Elections: తొలి అడుగులోనే సంచలన గెలుపు {{!}} |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/elections/general/3606/123224832 |access-date=2024-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204043204/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/elections/general/3606/123224832 |archive-date=4 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalvakuntla Sanjay, BRS Candidate from Koratla Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/telangana/kalvakuntla-sanjay-assembly-candidate-s29aed2008a020e2023c002/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sanjay was born in Raghavapet village, [[Mallapur mandal]], Jagtial district to Kalvakuntla Vidyasagar and Saroja. His father was a three time former MLA. He studied intermediate at Vignan College in [[Guntur]] from 1991 to 1993. Later, he did his master's degree in microbiology and biochemistry and passed his MBBS from B.M. Patel Medical College, [[Bijapur]] in 1999. He went on to complete his Master of Surgery at JSS Medical College, Mysuru, specialising in orthopaedics in 2003. Later, he started working in [[Yashoda Hospitals|Yashoda hospitals]] group in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalvakuntla Sanjay(BRS):Constituency- KORATLA(JAGTIAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=152 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Sanjay won from [[Koratla Assembly constituency|Korutla Assembly constituency]] representing [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 72,115 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Dharmapuri Arvind]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 10,305 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-03 |title=Koratla constituency election result 2023: Kalvakuntla Sanjay from BRS wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/koratla-constituency-election-result-2023-its-brs-candidate-kalvakuntla-sanjay-against-narsinga-rao-juvvadi-from-inc/articleshow/105695123.cms |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koratla assembly election results 2023: Koratla Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/koratla-assembly-result-29020 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koratla Election Result 2023 Live, Koratla Elections Vote Counting, Telangana Results 2023 {{!}} ABPLive |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/telangana-assembly-election-2023/telangana-koratla-constituency-20.html |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanjay, Kalvakuntla}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T09:02:12Z

Sunil Tani: made post.

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chhota Udaipur
| type = LS
|map_image = છોટા ઉદેપુર – Chhota Udaipur.svg
|established = 1967
|reservation = ST
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|mp = [[Jashubhai Rathva]]
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
|state = [[Gujarat]]
|assembly_cons = [[Halol Assembly constituency|Halol]] [[Chhota Udaipur Assembly constituency|Chhota Udaipur]] [[Jetpur, Chhota Udaipur Assembly constituency|Jetpur]] [[Sankheda Assembly constituency|Sankheda]] [[Dabhoi Assembly constituency|Dabhoi]] [[Padra Assembly constituency|Padra]] [[Nandod Assembly constituency|Nandod]]
}}
'''Chhota Udaipur''' is one or the 26 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Gujarat]] state in western [[India]].This seat is dominated by tribal and is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency comprises seven [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf |title=Parliament Constituency wise Electors Detail, Polling Stations & EPIC - Loksabha Election 2009 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Gujarat website |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416162919/http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf |archivedate=2009-04-16 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="120px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|128
|[[Halol Assembly constituency|Halol]]
|None
|[[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|137
|[[Chhota Udaipur Assembly constituency|Chhota Udaipur]]
|ST
| rowspan="3" |[[Chhota Udaipur district|Chhota Udaipur]]
|-
|138
|[[Jetpur, Chhota Udaipur Assembly constituency|Jetpur]]
|ST
|-
|139
|[[Sankheda Assembly constituency|Sankheda]]
|ST
|-
|140
|[[Dabhoi Assembly constituency|Dabhoi]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
|-
|146
|[[Padra Assembly constituency|Padra]]
|None
|-
|148
|[[Nandod Assembly constituency|Nandod]]
|ST
|[[Narmada district|Narmada]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Manubhai Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Prabhudas Patel]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Amarsinh Rathawa]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Naranbhai Rathwa]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Ramsinh Rathwa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Naranbhai Rathwa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramsinh Rathwa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Gitaben Rathva]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Jashubhai Rathva]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== General elections 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Chhota Udaipur]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=2014-05-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718190634/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |archivedate=2014-07-18 }}</ref><ref name="auto1">CEO Gujarat. ''[http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF Contesting Candidates LS2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514025434/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF |date=2014-05-14 }}''</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|access-date=2014-05-17|archive-date=2014-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135238/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Naranbhai Rathwa]]
|votes = 2,46,855
|percentage = 44.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramsinh Rathwa]]
|votes = 2,10,616
|percentage = 37.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 36,239
|percentage = 6.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,56,551
|percentage = 52.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Chhota Udaipur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=2014-05-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archivedate=2014-08-11 }}</ref><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramsinh Rathwa]]
|votes = 3,53,526
|percentage = 46.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Naranbhai Rathwa]]
|votes = 3,26,522
|percentage = 42.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Prakashbhai Bhil
|votes = 43,970
|percentage = 5.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 26,998
|percentage = 3.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,65,304
|percentage = 54.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Chhota Udaipur]]<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramsinh Rathwa]]
|votes = 6,07,916
|percentage = 55.24
|change = +9.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Naranbhai Rathwa]]
|votes = 4,28,187
|percentage = 38.91
|change = -3.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Prof.Arjun Rathwa
|votes = 23,116
|percentage = 2.10
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 28,815
|percentage = 2.62
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 179,729
|percentage = 16.33
|change = +12.80
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,01,623
|percentage = 71.71
|change = +17.52
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +9.04
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Chhota Udaipur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Gitaben Rathva]]
|votes = 7,64,445
|percentage = 62.03
|change = +6.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rathava Ranjitsinh Mohansinh
|votes = 3,86,502
|percentage = 31.36
|change = -7.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 32,868
|percentage = 2.67
|change = +0.05
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,77,943
|percentage = 30.67
|change = +14.34
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,35,055
|percentage = 73.90
|change = +1.19
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Chhota Udaipur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jashubhai Rathva]]
|votes = 7,96,589
|percentage = 62.84
|change = {{up}}0.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sukhram Rathva]]
|votes = 3,97,812
|percentage = 31.38
|change = {{up}}0.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 29,655
|percentage = 2.34
|change = {{down}}0.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bhil Somabhai Gokalbhai
|votes =16,093
|percentage = 1.27
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party =[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate =Rathva Mukeshbhai Nurabhai
|votes = 8,065
|percentage = 0.64
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,98,777
|percentage = 31.46
|change = {{up}}0.79
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =12,69,390
|percentage = 69.65
|change = {{down}}4.25
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Vadodara district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat}}

{{coord|22.3|74.0|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Vadodara district]]

Neuland Laboratories

2026-04-17T04:54:04Z

Sunil Tani: started new data

{{Short description|Indian pharmaceutical company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Neuland Laboratories
| logo =
| trading_name = [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]]: [https://www.nseindia.com/get-quotes/equity?symbol=NEULANDLAB NEULANDLAB] [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]] : [https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/neuland-laboratories-ltd/neulandlab/524558/ 524558]
| type = [[Public limited company|Public]]
| founded = January 7 1984
| founders =
| hq_location_city = [[Hyderabad]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year =
| area_served = [[North America]], [[Switzerland]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]] and the [[Netherlands]] and 80 more countries.
| key_people = Dr. Davuluri Rama Mohan Rao (Executive Chairman) D. Sucheth Rao (Executive Vice Chairman) D. Saharsh Rao (Chief Executive Officer & Managing Director)
| industry = [[Contract manufacturing organization|CDMO]]
| num_employees = ~2,000 (including 360+ scientists) <ref>{{cite web |title=Neuland Laboratories Limited – Q1 FY26 Investor Presentation |url=https://www.neulandlabs.com/sites/neulandlabs/files/neuland-labs/Investors/investor-presentations/2025-26/NLL_Q1FY26_InvestorPresentationvF.pdf |access-date=February 14, 2026}}</ref>
| num_employees_year =
| parent =
| website = {{URL|http://www.neulandlabs.com}}
}}

'''Neuland Laboratories Limited''' is an Indian publicly listed [[Contract manufacturing organization|contract development and manufacturing organization]] (CDMO) headquartered in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buy, Sell or Hold: Nuvama initiates coverage on Neuland Laboratories; Motilal Oswal maintains buy on L&T Finance |url=https://m.economictimes.com/markets/stocks/news/buy-sell-or-hold-nuvama-initiates-coverage-on-neuland-laboratories-motilal-oswal-maintains-buy-on-lt-finance/articleshow/123689639.cms |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Founded in 1984, the company produces [[Active ingredient|active pharmaceutical ingredients]] (APIs), advanced intermediates, and peptide APIs.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 May 2025 |title=Market master Vijay Kedia’s 2 favourite stocks: Must-know holdings for smart investors |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/stock-insights/market-master-vijay-kedias-2-favourite-stocks-must-know-holdings-for-smart-investors/3840593/ |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> Its shares are traded on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laboratories |first1=Neuland |title=Why Neuland Laboratories shares fall 7% in trade? check reasons here |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/news/neuland-labs-down-7-after-0-7-million-shares-change-hands-via-block-deals-124121200215_1.html |work=www.business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Neuland appoints Parag Deshmukh as SVP – Head of Manufacturing |url=https://www.indianpharmapost.com/people/neuland-appoints-parag-deshmukh-as-svp-head-of-manufacturing-16933 |work=www.indianpharmapost.com/}}</ref>

== Overview ==

Neuland operates through two primary business verticals: Generic Drug Substances (GDS) and CDMO services. Its operations span process research and development, custom synthesis, scale-up, regulatory documentation support, and commercial manufacturing.<ref>{{cite web |title=CDMO Services |url=https://www.neulandlabs.com/en/cdmo-services |website=Neuland Laboratories |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref>

The company exports products to more than 80 countries and maintains approvals from major international regulatory authorities, including the [[USFDA|United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA)]], European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM), and Japan’s Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA).<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2024–25 |url=https://www.neulandlabs.com/sites/neulandlabs/files/neuland-labs/Investors/annual-reports/2024-25/Neuland_Annual_Report_2024-25.pdf |website=Neuland Laboratories |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref>

As of 2025, Neuland employs approximately 2,000 people, including over 360 scientists engaged in research and development activities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Investor Presentation – Corporate Overview |url=https://www.neulandlabs.com/en/investors/investor-presentations |website=Neuland Laboratories |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref>
==Product development==
The company's operations are divided into three segments: Custom Manufacturing Solutions, which develops APIs from pre-clinical to commercial stages; Generic Drug Substances, which manufactures non-exclusive APIs; and a Peptide API unit that specializes in peptide synthesis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Neuland Laboratories |url=https://trendlyne.com/visitor/loginmodal.html?next=/research-reports/stock/933/NEULANDLAB/neuland-laboratories-ltd/ |website=HDFC securities}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
Neuland Laboratories operates multiple world-class facilities supporting active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), intermediate, and peptide production.

* '''Unit I – Bonthapally''': The primary manufacturing hub situated in Bonthapally village, Medak District, Telangana, with multiple production blocks including kilo labs and quality assurance laboratories. It holds approvals from major regulatory agencies and supports commercial API production. <ref>{{cite web |title=Unit I – Bonthapally |url=https://www.neulandlabs.com/en/about-us/our-facilities/unit-i-bonthapally |access-date=February 14, 2026}}</ref>
* '''Unit II – Pashamylaram''': A large-scale manufacturing facility comprising multiple production blocks, an engineering workshop, and warehouses. <ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – Our Facilities |url=https://www.neulandlabs.com/en/about-us/our-facilities |access-date=February 14, 2026}}</ref>
* '''Unit III – Gaddapotharam''': A multi-product facility designed for advanced intermediates and APIs, with analytical development and pilot plant capabilities. <ref>{{cite web |title=Unit III – Gaddapotharam |url=https://www.neulandlabs.com/en/about-us/our-facilities/unit-iii-gaddapotharam |access-date=February 14, 2026}}</ref>
* '''R&D Centre – Bonthapally''': Research and development centre with a team of approximately 360 scientists, pilot labs, and analytical capabilities to catalyze process development and technology transfer. <ref>{{cite web |title=R&D Centre – Our Facilities |url=https://www.neulandlabs.com/en/about-us/our-facilities/rd-centre |access-date=February 14, 2026}}</ref>

== Upcoming Peptide Facility ==
The new peptide facility at the company’s 17‑acre Bonthapally campus in Hyderabad is expected to become operational by summer 2026, supporting increased production capacity to address growing global demand for complex peptides, including GLP‑1 therapies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-09 |title=Neuland Labs to Add Commercial Peptide Capacity with New India Facility in 2026 |url=https://www.contractpharma.com/breaking-news/neuland-labs-to-add-commercial-peptide-capacity-with-new-india-facility-in-2026/ |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=Contract Pharma |language=en-US}}</ref>

The new peptide manufacturing facility will feature digitalized operations supported by distributed control system (DCS) automation and electronic batch‑record platforms. It is also designed with expanded purification and drying infrastructure, including multi‑column preparative HPLC systems, large‑scale lyophilizers, enhanced solvent‑handling capabilities, and upgraded waste‑management processes. These features are intended to support consistent batch quality and more efficient production cycles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sternberg |first=Charlie |date=2026-03-09 |title=Neuland Labs to Add Commercial Peptide Capacity with New India Facility in 2026 |url=https://www.contractpharma.com/breaking-news/neuland-labs-to-add-commercial-peptide-capacity-with-new-india-facility-in-2026/ |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=Contract Pharma |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies]]
[[Category:Laboratories in India]]
[[Category:Contract development and manufacturing organizations]]
[[Category:Health care companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Hyderabad, India]]

Aliganj Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:10Z

Sunil Tani: Started a bio from scratch

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Aliganj
| constituency_no = 103
| state = Uttar Pradesh
| district = Etah
| reservation = None
| electors = 299,641 (2012)
| mla = Satyapal Singh Rathore
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| latest_election_year = 2022
| type = SLA
}}

'''Aliganj Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Etah district|Etah]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1956.<ref name="DPACO (1956)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 June 2018|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 103.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 1 June 2018|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 June 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=1 June 2018|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/aliganj.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=1 June 2018|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Aliganj Assembly constituency is Aliganj Tehsil.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!Party
|-
|1957
|Bhup Kishore<ref name="1957 Election Results">{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf|title=1957 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|1962
|Ch Lokpal Singh<ref name="1962 Election Results">{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf|title=1962 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|1967
|Chaudhary Latoori Singh Yadav<ref name="1967 Election Results">{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf|title=1967 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1969
|Satish Chandra<ref name="1969 Election Results">{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf|title=1969 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|1974
|Chaudhary Latoori Singh Yadav<ref name="1974 Election Results">{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf|title=1974 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1977
|Genda Lal Gupta<ref name="1977 Election Results">{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf|title=1977 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|1980
|Chaudhary Latoori Singh Yadav<ref name="1980 Election Results">{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|title=1980 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|1985
|Udayvir Singh Rathore<ref name="1985 Election Results">{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf|title=1985 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1989
|Chaudhary Latoori Singh Yadav<ref name="1989 Election Results">{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf|title=1989 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<ref name="1991 Election Results">{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf|title=1991 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|Ch.Awadhpal Singh Yadav
|[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name="1993 Election Results">{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf|title=1993 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|rowspan="3"|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<ref name="1996 Election Results">{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf|title=1996 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|[[Rameshwar Singh Yadav]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<ref name="2002 Election Results">{{cite news|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf|title=2002 Election Results|access-date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref name="2007 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2007 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|Ch.Awadhpal Singh Yadav
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>
|[[Rameshwar Singh Yadav]]
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Satyapal Singh Rathore]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Aliganj<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |title=UP assembly election results 2022: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election/up-election-result-2022-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-sp-akhilesh-yadav-bjp-yogi-adityanath-congress-rld-election-news-today-karhal-gorakhpur-101646878144820.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=10 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Satyapal Singh Rathore]]
|votes = {{formatnum:102873}}
|percentage = 45.44
|change = {{increase}}4.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Rameshwar Singh Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:99063}}
|percentage = 43.76
|change = {{increase}}9.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Saood Ali Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:17751}}
|percentage = 7.84
|change = {{decrease}}13.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1263}}
|percentage = 0.56
|change = {{decrease}}0.17
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3810}}
|percentage = 1.68
|change = {{decrease}}4.72
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:226375}}
|percentage = 66.15
|change = {{increase}}1.29
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Aliganj<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Satyapal Singh Rathore]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:88695}}
|percentage = 40.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rameshwar Singh Yadav]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:74844}}
|percentage = 34.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Awadhpal Singh Yadav
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:46275}}
|percentage = 21.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1572}}
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13851}}
|percentage = 6.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:216594}}
|percentage = 64.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===

[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha: 2012 General Elections]]

{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Aliganj<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/><ref name="2012 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Rameshwar Singh Yadav]]
|votes = 91,141
|percentage = 45.63
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Sanghmitra Maurya]]
|votes = 65,120
|percentage = 32.6
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Neeraj Kishor
|votes = 24,535
|percentage = 12.28
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 13 candidates
|votes = 18,952
|percentage = 9.48
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 26,021
|percentage = 13.03
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 199,748
|percentage = 66.66
|change = -
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Etah district]]
*[[Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Etah district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Pattathu Yaanai

2026-04-13T04:44:19Z

Sunil Tani: started info

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Boopathy Pandian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pattathu Yaanai
| image = Pattathu Yaanai poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Boopathy Pandian|Bhoopathy Pandian]]
| producer = [[S. Michael Rayappan]] '''(Presenter)''' M. Sheraphin Xavier
| writer = Bhoopathy Pandian
| starring = [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] [[Aishwarya Arjun]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[S. Thaman]] '''Score:''' [[Sabesh–Murali]]
| cinematography = [[Vaidy S]]
| editing = [[A. L. Ramesh]]
| studio = [[S. Michael Rayappan|Global Infotainment Pvt Ltd]]
| distributor = [[Vishal Film Factory]]
| released = {{Film date|2013|07|26|df=y}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross =
}}

'''''Pattathu Yaanai''''' ({{translation|''Royal Elephant''}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy film]] written and directed by [[Boopathy Pandian]] and produced by [[S. Michael Rayappan|Michael Rayappan]].

The film stars [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] and newcomer [[Aishwarya Arjun]] with [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] playing a supporting role. Music was composed by [[S. Thaman]], and the film released on 26 July 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arjun's daughter pairs with Vishal |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-12/news-interviews/34389085_1_boopathy-pandian-malaikottai-aishwarya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928205147/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-12/news-interviews/34389085_1_boopathy-pandian-malaikottai-aishwarya |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=1 February 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film opened to average reviews.<ref name="Reporter">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=IBTimes Staff |date=2013-07-27 |title='Pattathu Yaanai' Review Roundup: Watch it for Santhanam |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/039pattathu-yaanai039-review-roundup-watch-it-for-santhanam-494928 |access-date=2020-04-26 |website=International Business Times, India Edition |language=english}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|vm770_gBvMo}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story opens in Karaikudi, where Gouravam is a well-known traditional cook making a living undertaking orders for marriage functions. He is forced into taking an order for a local goon's wedding and is not happy about it. Saravanan and his four friends, who come to work for him as junior cooks, offer to help him but land him in even greater trouble and they are forced to flee from Karaikudi.

The story shifts to Trichy, where Saravanan and his friends have grand plans of opening a restaurant with the help of Gouravam and his money. Here, just like in ''[[Malaikottai]]'', it is love at first sight for Saravanan when he sees Aishwarya. Things go wrong and as their love deepens we are introduced to two rival gangs, Kasi and Manaa along with a ‘Madurai Anachi’ who are constantly at each other's throat.

In a conflict Manaa forces Aishwarya to marry him and in the process of saving his love Saravanan reveals his past. Saravanan is a jail returnee who had killed three people in Madurai including Anachi's only son, to avenge the murder of an orphan kid whom Saravanan considered his little sister. The rest of the story is how Saravanan protects his love and defeat his foes.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] as Karaikudi Saravanan
* [[Aishwarya Arjun]] as Aishwarya
* [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] in a [[dual role]] as
**Gouravam (Son)
**Poongavanam (Father)
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Inspector Rajasekar
* [[Mayilsamy]] as Jackpot
* [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]] as Ada Murugesan
* Karthik Sabesh as Pongal Kumar
* ''Vada Poche'' Sarithiran as Vada Ganesan
* [[Murali Sharma]] as Marudhamuthu
* [[John Vijay]] as Daya
* [[Pattimandram Raja]] as Rajaram
* [[Besant Ravi]] as Kada Murugan
*Raneesh
*Baby Jeyashree as Meera
* [[T. S. B. K. Moulee|Mouli]]
* [[Subbu Panchu Arunachalam|Subbu Panchu]] as Collector
* [[Motta Rajendran]] as Ambi's Cafe owner
* [[Singamuthu]] as Ambi's Cafe worker
* [[Ambani Shankar]] as Ambi's Cafe worker
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Andaa
* [[Badava Gopi]] as Teacher
* [[Nellai Siva]] as Constable
* [[Ambani Shankar]] as Hotel Servant Boy
* [[Aditya Om]] as Manna
* [[Swaminathan]] as Doctor
* [[Muthukaalai]]
* [[Manobala]]
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Henchman
* [[Crane Manohar]]
* [[Cool Suresh]] as Henchman
* [[Rangammal]] as Gouravam's servant
{{colend}}

==Production==
Following a successful collaboration with the 2007 film ''[[Malaikottai]]'', Vishal and Boopathy Pandian signed terms to make another film together in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-25 |title=Vishal, Boopathi Pandian come together again |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/53820.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128082709/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/53820.html |archive-date=28 January 2010 |access-date=2013-08-18 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Boopathy Pandian subsequently moved on to make a film titled ''Vedi'' with [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] in the lead role, but the film was cancelled after an initial schedule.<ref name="kollyinsider1">{{Cite web |last=Rajkumar S |date=2010-11-01 |title=Vikram's 'Vedi' Is Vishal's 'Pattathu Yaanai' |url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2010/11/vikrams-vedi-is-vishals-pattathu-yaanai.html |access-date=2013-08-18 |publisher=Kollyinsider}}</ref> In November 2010, it was reported that Pandian and Vishal would make another film under the Vishal's home banner, GK Films Corporation, in a venture titled ''Pattathu Yaanai'' and that it would feature the story that Pandian had planned for Vikram in his project ''Vedi''.<ref name="kollyinsider1" /> In a turn of events, the director decided to opt out of the project and do the film instead with [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] and his banner, Show People. The deal took place without the knowledge of GK Corporation who had paid him an advance, with the production house's director [[Shriya Reddy]] criticizing the director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-14 |title=Shreya Reddy blasts Boopathy Pandian |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shreya-reddy-blasts-boopathy-pandian-news-tamil-ldnnohjbica.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314085036/http://www.sify.com/movies/shreya-reddy-blasts-boopathy-pandian-news-tamil-ldnnohjbica.html |archive-date=2011-03-14 |access-date=2013-08-18 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> But Arya opted out of the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-12 |title=Is Boopathy Pandian messing up? |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/64806.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315013141/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/64806.html |archive-date=15 March 2011 |access-date=2013-08-18 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Boopathy Pandian after opting out of Telugu film ''[[Jagan Mohan IPS]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Boopathy Pandian walks out of film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Boopathy-Pandian-walks-out-of-film/articleshow/15384790.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327052042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Boopathy-Pandian-walks-out-of-film/articleshow/15384790.cms |archive-date=27 March 2018 |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> subsequently agreed again to make the film with Vishal and Michael Rayappan agreed to produce the film under Global Infotainment Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |last=V Lakshmi |date=2012-08-19 |title=Vishal's next with Boopathy Pandian |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/news-interviews/33272244_1_malaikottai-madha-gadha-raja-thiru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062604/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/news-interviews/33272244_1_malaikottai-madha-gadha-raja-thiru |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2013-08-18 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Reports suggested that [[Amala Paul]] was set to be signed on to play the lead female role in the film, but this proved to be untrue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-22 |title=Vishal to romance Amala Paul? |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/85036.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823182833/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/85036.html |archive-date=23 August 2012 |access-date=2013-08-18 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Subsequently, Aishwarya Arjun, daughter of actor [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], was signed on to make her debut with the film. She would be portraying a Plus 2 student in the film, and was signed after being recommended by director [[Sundar C]]. [[Vadivelu]] was initially announced to be making a comeback with the film but was later replaced by [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] who would be seen in three roles, that of a grandfather, father and son.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-10 |title=Santhanam Wins Over Vadivelu? |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/nov-12-02/santhanam-vadivelu-10-11-12.html |access-date=2013-08-18 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-01 |title=Santhanam, the son, father and the grandpa |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/santhanam-the-son-father-and-the-grandpa-santhanam-pattathu-yaanai-01-07-13.html |access-date=2013-08-18 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film began filming in December 2012 with a lunch event at the AVM studios, with a scene shot of Vishal praying at the Muthukumaraswamy temple in the studio premises.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-12 |title=Vishal's 'Pattathu Yaanai' kick-starts |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-12/news-interviews/35773514_1_kick-starts-madha-gaja-raja-avm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407132812/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-12/news-interviews/35773514_1_kick-starts-madha-gaja-raja-avm |archive-date=2013-04-07 |access-date=2013-08-18 |website=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN}}</ref> The team shot in locations across [[Karaikudi]], [[Madurai]] and [[Trichy]] as a part of the initial schedule with [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]] and [[Manobala]] added to the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-22 |title=Aishwarya Arjun an exception among star kids says director Pandian |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aishwarya-arjun-an-exception-among-star-kids-says-director-pandian/380480-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208232141/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aishwarya-arjun-an-exception-among-star-kids-says-director-pandian/380480-71-180.html |archive-date=2013-12-08 |access-date=2013-08-18 |publisher=CNN IBN}}</ref> A first look poster was released on 14 April 2013 depicting Vishal and Santhanam in their respective roles.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pattathu Yaanai
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to Pattathu Yaanai
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 23 June 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = S. Thaman
| prev_title = [[Balupu]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]
| next_year = 2013
}}
Music is composed by [[S. Thaman]] collaborating with Bhoopathy Pandian and Vishal for first time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=2013-07-13 |title=Audio beat: Pattathu Yanai - Laugh riot |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-pattathu-yanai-laugh-riot/article4911932.ece |access-date=2013-08-18 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Lyrics were written by Na. Muthukumar, Annamalai and Sarathy. The audio released on 23 June 2013<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-23 |title=Pattathu Yaanai: Vishal thanks Arya! |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-events/pattathu-yaanai-vishal-thanks-arya-pattathu-yaanai-vishal.html |access-date=2013-08-18 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Milliblog called it "tired and sedate",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |date=2013-06-23 |title=Pattathu Yaanai (Music review), Tamil – Thaman S by Milliblog! |url=http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2013/06/23/pattathu-yaanai-music-review-tamil-thaman-s/ |access-date=2013-08-18 |publisher=Itwofs.com}}</ref> India glitz wrote:" Album made with Commercial aspects in mind"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-25 |title=Pattathu Yaanai Music Review songs lyrics |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/16983.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630024838/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/16983.html |archive-date=30 June 2013 |access-date=2013-08-18 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> while Behindwoods claimed that it "lacks freshness and fun".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-23 |title=Pattathu Yaanai Songs Review |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/pattathu-yaanai/pattathu-yaanai-songs-review.html |access-date=2013-08-18 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Enna Oru" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || [[Na. Muthukumar]]
|-
| 2 || "Poosani Kaai" || [[Gaana Bala]]
|-
| 3 || "Raja Naandhane" || [[Haricharan]], [[Udit Narayan]] || Sarathy
|-
| 4 || "Thalakaal Puriyala" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Suchitra]] || Na. Muthukumar
|-
| 5 || "Thattungada Melatha" || [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[M. M. Manasi]] || Annamalai
|}

==Release==
The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Zee Tamizh|Zee Thamizh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-27 |title=விட்டுக் கொடுத்த விஷால் |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/95888.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730043558/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/95888.html |archive-date=30 July 2013 |access-date=2013-08-18 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The film released on 26 July 2013<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-15 |title=Pattathu Yaanai set for July 26th release |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/57535/kollywood/pattathu-yaanai-set-for-july-26th-release-news-details |access-date=2013-08-18 |publisher=Supergoodmovies.com |archive-date=18 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718075958/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/57535/kollywood/pattathu-yaanai-set-for-july-26th-release-news-details |url-status=usurped }}</ref> in 850 screens.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-18 |title='Pattathu Yaanai' to tromp in 850 screens |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/95611.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719211712/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/95611.html |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=2013-08-18 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
''Pattathu Yaanai'' opened to mixed reviews from critics.<ref name="Reporter" /> S Saraswathi of ''[[Rediff]]'' said, "Pattathu Yaanai is a good and half-hearted effort by both Pandian and Krishna. The film has a purely written script and has either the music or the performances to carry it through. Only the comic elements in the film and Santhanam make it most watchable."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-26 |title=Review: Pattathu Yaanai is good |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-pattathu-yaanai-is-disappointing/20130726.htm |access-date=2013-08-18 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref>

''in.com'' said, "Pattathu Yaanai is not boring! Boopathy Pandian has come up with decade old story again and has stick with the formula of songs, action, sentiment and comedy. The problem is the strong script and greater strength to integrate all these commercial elements in screenplay properly. He is good at mixing humour at most expected circumstances and that’s the only thing that worked to some extent in this film with the help of Santhanam".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil movie review: Pattathu Yaanai is boring! |url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-movie-review-pattathu-yaanai-is-boring-50241162-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730225407/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-movie-review-pattathu-yaanai-is-boring-50241162-in-1.html |archive-date=2013-07-30 |access-date=2013-08-18 |publisher=In.com}}</ref><ref>https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/pattathu-yaanai-the-superhero-called-elephantman/article4959782.ece</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4197476}}
{{Boopathy Pandian}}
{{Vishal Film Factory}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karaikudi]]
[[Category:2013 masala films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Boopathy Pandian]]
[[Category:2013 comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Jyoti Rumavat

2026-04-13T03:30:30Z

Sunil Tani: started info!

{{short description|Indian field hockey player (born 1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Jyoti Rumavat
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|12|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sonipat]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| height =
| weight =
| position = Forward
| currentclub =
| years1 =
| clubs1 = Hockey Haryana
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 = Indian Oil Corporation Ltd
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2025–
| clubs3 = [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| nationalyears1 = 2016
| nationalteam1 =
[[India women's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
| nationalcaps1 = 4
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| nationalyears2 = 2019–
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 98
| nationalgoals2 = 8
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}} [[File:Field hockey pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalComp|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2025 Hangzhou]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2022 Muscat]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2023 Ranchi]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2024 Rajgir]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|FIH Nations Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2022 Spain]]|}}
}}
'''Jyoti Rumavat''' (born 11 December 1999) is an Indian [[field hockey]] player from Haryana.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/jyoti-profile-292 |title=Jyoti |publisher=Hockey India |access-date=26 February 2022 }}</ref> She plays as a forward for the [[India women's national field hockey team|national team]]. Rumavat plats for [[Soorma Hockey Club]] in [[Hockey India League]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/three-sonepat-girls-part-of-junior-hockey-team-777063 |title=Three Sonepat girls part of junior hockey team |publisher=The Tribune |date=23 May 2019 |access-date=31 July 2023 }}</ref> She was a part of the squad at the [[2022 Women's Hockey Asia Cup]] which won the bronze medal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Hockey Federation |url=https://tms.fih.ch/people/16317 |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=tms.fih.ch}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Rumavat is from Sonipat, Haryana. She made her senior India debut in 2019. She played for India in the FIH Hockey Pro League 2021-22, where India won the gold medal. SHe also played for India in the FIH Hockey Pro League 2023-24. She was also part of the Indian team that won the bronze medal in the Commonwealth Games 2022 held at Birmingham, England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Hockey News and Updates - Hockey India |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/hockey-india-names-18-member-indian-womens-hockey-team-for-commonwealth-games-2022 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=www.hockeyindia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-07 |title=Commonwealth Games 2022: Heartbreak in Tokyo and Gold Coast, glory in Birmingham for India women’s hockey |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/commonwealth-games-2022/story/commonwealth-games-2022-heartbreak-in-tokyo-and-gold-coast-glory-in-birmingham-for-india-women-s-hockey-1984889-2022-08-07 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, she played the FIH Hockey Women's World Cup held in Spain and Netherlands, where Indian women finished ninth. In202, she also represented India which won the bronze medal in the Asia Cup in Muscat.<ref name=":0" />

In 2023, she was part of the Indian team that won the gold medal in the Women's Hockey5s Asia Cup at Salalah.<ref name=":0" /> She was also part of the Indian team that won gold medal in the Jharkhand Women's Asian Champions Trophy Ranchi in 2023 and the Bihar Women's Asian Champions Trophy Rajgir in 2024.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganesan |first=Uthra |date=2024-11-12 |title=Women’s Asian Champions Trophy: Deepika’s brace hands India 3-2 win over Korea |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/women-asian-champions-trophy-india-vs-korea-match-on-november-12-2024/article68859975.ece |access-date=2025-04-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India crowned champions of Bihar Asian Champions Trophy Rajgir 2024 with 1-0 victory over China |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/india-crowned-champions-of-bihar-asian-champions-trophy-rajgir-2024-with-1-0-victory-over-china/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=ddnews.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/jyoti-profile-292 Jyoti] at [[Hockey India]]
* {{International Hockey Federation|16317|Jyoti}}
* {{2022 Commonwealth Games profile|26307|Jyoti}}
* {{Instagram|name=Jyoti Rumavat}}

{{India FHW Squad 2022 Asia Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 World Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2025 Asia Cup}}

[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Women's field hockey forwards]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Sonipat]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Haryana]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rumawat, Jyoti}}

Tavarekere metro station

2026-04-10T11:48:57Z

Sunil Tani: Creating New Details!

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Pink Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Tavarekere
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Pink}}
| other_name = Swagath Cross
| style = Namma Metro
| image = Tavarekere metro station (Apr '26).jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = This metro station's final stages before Operations under Namma Metro's [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]] as of April 2026
| address = 47, Bannerghatta Rd, SR Krishnappa Garden, Hombegowda Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560041
| coordinates = {{coord|12.92942|77.60049|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}} Platform-2 → Train Terminates Here * ''* (Further extension to '''{{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}}''' in the future)''
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| tracks = 2
| connections =
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|May 2026|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = Final Stages before Operations
| code = '''''(TBC)'''''
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| architect = GR Infraprojects Ltd. (Simplex contract terminated in 2021)
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Pink|left1=|to-left1=Tavarekere|note-mid1=''(Operational from May 2026)''|right1=Jayadeva Hospital|to-right1=Kalena Agrahara|line2=Pink|left2=Dairy Circle|to-lef2=Nagawara|note-mid2=''(Operational around December 2026)''|right2=Jayadeva Hospital|to-right2=Kalena Agrahara}}
| route_map = {{BMR Pink line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Tavarekere''' is an upcoming elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro Pink Line: Route, Status, Completion Date & More |url=https://timesproperty.com/amp/webstories/namma-metro-pink-line-details-wid-913 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=timesproperty}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], India. Around this metro station holds the main '''Tavarekere Park''' followed by some prime locations like Byransandra Lake Park, Sagar Hospitals (Jayanagar) and the famous Dairy Circle Flyover which leads towards [[Nexus Mall (Koramangala)]] in the east and towards [[Lal Bagh]] in the west.

As per the latest updates, this metro station, under the first phase, covering a total distance of 7.5 km elevated stretch ([[Kalena Agrahara metro station|Kalena Agrahara]] - '''Tavarekere'''), is expected to be operational around ''May 2026'' <ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-01-26 |title=7.5-km stretch of Pink Line metro in Bengaluru to open in May 2026 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bmrcl-begins-beautification-drive-under-pink-line-on-bannerghatta-road/article70549393.ece |access-date=2026-03-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=Namma Metro Pink Line Opening Delayed: When Will It Finally Open For Bengaluru Residents? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-metro-pink-line-namma-metro-pink-line-opening-delayed-when-will-it-finally-open-for-bengaluru-article-151633658 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=B.P |first=Darshan Devaiah |date=2025-05-13 |title=Namma Metro’s Pink Line deadline pushed to 2026 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/namma-metros-pink-line-deadline-pushed-to-2026/article69572071.ece |access-date=2025-05-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-13 |title=Bengaluru Metro's Reach 6 Line Likely To Be Commissioned In Sept 2026; See Which Areas It Will Connect |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-metros-reach-6-line-likely-to-be-commissioned-in-sept-2026-see-which-areas-it-will-connect-article-151624040 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> instead of ''December 2025''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru: Namma Metro pushes Pink Line deadline to December 2026 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-pushes-pink-line-deadline-to-december-2026-3256417 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-04 |title=Namma Metro's Pink line likely to open in phases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/namma-metros-pink-line-likely-to-open-in-phases/article68484715.ece |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-25 |title=Namma Metro's Pink Line: This Upcoming Corridor Is Set To Redefine The City Commute |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metros-pink-line-this-upcoming-corridor-is-set-to-redefine-the-city-commute-article-101255989 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-10 |title=Namma Metro Phase 2 In Bengaluru To Be Operational By 2025, Announces Karnataka Deputy CM |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-phase-2-in-bengaluru-to-be-operational-by-2025-announces-karnataka-deputy-cm-dk-shivakumar-article-107571304 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=Namma Metro: Bengaluru's Under-Construction Pink Line Slated To Achieve 2 Milestones In a Week |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-bengalurus-under-construction-pink-line-slated-to-achieve-2-milestones-in-a-week-article-107286084 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
In March 2017, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) sought bids for building the Tavarekere metro station on the 7.5 km Kalena Agrahara - South Ramp section of the 21.25 km Pink Line of Namma Metro. This section comprises 5 stations, excluding Jayadeva Hospital, which was part of a [[joint venture]] between HCC - URC Constructions. Initially, Simplex Infrastructures won the tender in September 2017 but due to slow progress, their contract was terminated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-04 |title=Bangalore Metro Terminates Simplex Infra's Pink Line Contract |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/02/04/bangalore-metro-terminates-simplex-infras-pink-line-contract/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> In July 2021, GR Infraprojects became the lowest bidder and was awarded the Rs 364.87 Crore contract for this section. They commenced the construction of this metro station as per the agreement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-16 |title=GR Infra Wins Bangalore Metro Pink Line's Pending Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/07/16/gr-infra-wins-bangalore-metro-pink-lines-pending-work/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Station layout==
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed''''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-28 |title=Bengaluru Metro: Track-Laying Work Is Expected To Complete By Second Half Of 2024 |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/bengaluru-metro-track-laying-work-is-expected-to-complete-by-second-half-of-2024-8594523.html |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Tavarakere track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-color = white
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = exvCONTgfa
cPLT\exvSTR!~vENDEa\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to '''Train Terminates Here''' * / {{stl|Namma Metro|Dairy Circle}} **
*'''P#'''\cPLT\vSTRgf\cPLT\*'''P#'''
cPLT\vSTRgf\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Jayadeva Hospital}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Yellow|croute}}
vCONTgfe
| top = * '''''Further Extension to {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}} in the future'''''
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms ** '''Under Construction'''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Jayadeva Hospital}} '''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Namma Metro|Yellow|croute}}'''''
|-
|'''Platform #''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← Train Terminates Here ** '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Dairy Circle}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''''Note:'''''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|'''''** To be further extended to {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}} in the future'''''
|-
|}

==Entry/Exit==
{{Empty section|date=August 2024}}

==See also==
*[[Bengaluru]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]
{{Portal bar|Bengaluru|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://english.bmrc.co.in Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{Namma Metro|pink line=yes}}
__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]

Jews

2026-03-29T15:15:58Z

Sunil Tani: brief expand citations and added references

{{Short description|Ethnoreligious group}}
{{Redirect|Jew|the word|Jew (word){{!}}''Jew'' (word)|other uses}}
{{About|the ethnoreligious group|the religion itself|Judaism}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Jews
| native_name = {{Script/Hebrew|יְהוּדִים{{popdf}}}} ({{lang|he-Latn|Yehudim}})
| native_name_lang = he
| flag = Star of David.svg
| flag_caption = The [[Star of David]], a common symbol of the Jewish people
| rawimage = Maurycy Gottlieb - Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur.jpg
| image =
| image_caption = [[Maurycy Gottlieb]]'s 1878 painting of [[Ashkenazi Jews]] praying in [[synagogue]] on [[Yom Kippur]].
| total = '''15.2 million''' Enlarged population (includes anyone with a Jewish parent): '''20 million'''{{efn|The global core Jewish population was estimated at approximately 15,263,500 in 2022. Including individuals who identify as partly Jewish and anyone with one or two Jewish parents increases the estimate to 20,028,800. Adding individuals with a Jewish background but without Jewish parents, and non-Jewish household members living with Jews, yields an enlarged estimate of 22,720,400.<ref>{{Cite book |title=American Jewish Year Book 2022 |date=2023 |volume=122 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-33406-1 |isbn=978-3-031-33405-4 }}{{pn|date=January 2026}}</ref>}}
| total_year = 2022
| total_source = estimate
| total_ref = <ref name="JDB">{{cite report |editor1-last=Dashefsky |editor1-first=Arnold |editor-link1=Arnold Dashefsky |editor2-last=Della-Pergola |editor2-first=Sergio |editor-link2=Sergio Della Pergola |editor3-last=Sheskin |editor3-first=Ira |date=2021 |title=World Jewish Population|url=https://www.jewishdatabank.org/api/download/?studyId=1185&mediaId=bjdb%5c2021_World_Jewish_Population_AJYB_(DellaPergola)_DB_Public.pdf|publisher=[[Berman Jewish DataBank]]|access-date=4 September 2023}}</ref>
[[File:Jewish people around the world.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]]
| region1 = [[Israel]] (incl. [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupied territories]])
| pop1 = 7,300,000–7,455,200
| ref1 = <ref name="TOI2">{{Cite web |date=2 October 2024 |title=World's Jewish population hits 15.8 million, on eve of Rosh Hashanah |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/worlds-jewish-population-hits-15-8-million-on-eve-of-rosh-hashanah/ |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref>
| region2 = [[United States]]
| pop2 = 6,300,000–7,500,000
| ref2 = <ref name="TOI2"/>
| region3 = [[France]]
| pop3 = 438,500–550,000
| ref3 = <ref name="TOI2"/>
| region4 = [[Canada]]
| pop4 = 400,000–450,000
| ref4 = <ref name="TOI2"/>
| region5 = [[United Kingdom]]
| pop5 = 312,000–330,000
| ref5 = <ref name="JDB"/><ref name="TOI">{{cite web | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/global-jewish-population-hits-15-7-million-ahead-of-new-year-46-of-them-in-israel/amp/ | title=Global Jewish population hits 15.7 million ahead of new year, 46% of them in Israel | website=[[The Times of Israel]] }}</ref>
| region6 = [[Argentina]]
| pop6 = 171,000–240,000
| ref6 = <ref name="JDB"/><ref name="TOI"/>
| region7 = [[Russia]]
| pop7 = 132,000–290,000
| ref7 = <ref name="JDB"/><ref name="TOI"/>
| region8 = [[Germany]]
| pop8 = 125,000–175,000
| ref8 = <ref name="JDB"/><ref name="TOI"/>
| region9 = [[Australia]]
| pop9 = 117,200–130,000
| ref9 = <ref name="JDB"/><ref name="TOI"/>
| region10 = [[Brazil]]
| pop10 = 90,000–120,000
| ref10 = <ref name="Cohen-2001" /><ref name="TOI"/>
| region11 = [[South Africa]]
| pop11 = 51,000–75,000
| ref11 = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region12 = [[Ukraine]]
| pop12 = 40,000–90,000
| ref12 = <ref name="Cohen-2001" />
| region13 = [[Hungary]]
| pop13 = 46,500–75,000
| ref13 = <ref name="Cohen-2001" />
| region14 = [[Mexico]]
| pop14 = 40,000–45,000
| ref14 = <ref name="Cohen-2001" />
| region15 = [[Netherlands]]
| pop15 = 29,700–43,000
| ref15 = <ref name="Cohen-2001" />
| region16 = [[Belgium]]
| pop16 = 28,800–35,000
| ref16 = <ref name="Cohen-2001" />
| region17 = [[Italy]]
| pop17 = 27,000–34,000
| ref17 = <ref name="Cohen-2001" />
| region18 = [[Switzerland]]
| pop18 = 18,800–22,000
| ref18 = <ref name="Cohen-2001" />
| region19 = [[Uruguay]]
| pop19 = 16,300–20,000
| ref19 = <ref name="Cohen-2001" />
| region20 = [[Chile]]
| pop20 = 15,800–20,000
| ref20 = <ref name="Cohen-2001" />
| region21 = [[Sweden]]
| pop21 = 14,900–20,000
| ref21 = <ref name="Cohen-2001" />
| region22 = [[Turkey]]
| pop22 = 14,300–17,500
| ref22 = <ref name="Cohen-2001" />
| region23 = [[Spain]]
| pop23 = 12,900–16,000
| ref23 = <ref name="Cohen-2001" />
| region24 = [[Austria]]
| pop24 = 10,300–14,000
| ref24 = <ref name="Cohen-2001" />
| region25 = [[Panama]]
| pop25 = 10,000–11,000
| ref25 = <ref name="Cohen-2001" />
| languages = {{plainlist|
* '''Predominantly spoken:'''<ref name=Languages>{{cite web|url=http://www.bh.org.il/links.aspx |title=Links |access-date=2 April 2012 |publisher=[[Beth Hatefutsoth]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326102214/http://www.bh.org.il/links/jewishlangs.asp |archive-date=26 March 2009 }}</ref>
* {{hlist|[[Modern Hebrew]]|[[English language|English]]|[[Russian language|Russian]]|[[French language|French]]|[[Spanish language|Spanish]]}}
* '''Historical:'''
* {{hlist|[[Yiddish]]|[[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]]|[[Judeo-Arabic]]|[[Jewish languages|others]]}}
* '''Sacred:'''
* {{hlist|[[Biblical Hebrew]]|[[Biblical Aramaic]]|[[Talmudic Aramaic]]}}
}}
| religions = '''Majority:''' {{ubl| [[Judaism]] |'''Minority:''' [[Jewish atheism|Irreligion]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=New Poll Shows Atheism on Rise, With Jews Found to Be Least Religious |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2012-08-20/ty-article/jews-least-observant-intl-poll-finds/0000017f-e2b6-d7b2-a77f-e3b7be450000 |url-status=live |access-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719095822/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/jews-least-observant-int-l-poll-finds-1.5287579 |archive-date=19 July 2018}}</ref>}}
| related-c = {{plainlist|
* [[Samaritans]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Genes, Polymorphisms and the Making of Societies: How Genetic Behavioral Traits Influence Human Cultures |last=Kiaris|first= Hippokratis|publisher=Universal Publishers|year=2012 |isbn=978-1-61233-093-8 |page=21}}</ref><ref name="evolutsioon" /><ref name=DigitalSamaritans>{{Cite book |title=Digital Samaritans: Rhetorical Delivery and Engagement in the Digital Humanities |last=Ridolfo |first=Jim |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-472-07280-4 |page=69}}</ref> [[Arabs]],<ref name="evolutsioon">{{cite journal |last1=Shen |first1=Peidong |last2=Lavi |first2=Tal |last3=Kivisild |first3=Toomas |last4=Chou |first4=Vivian |last5=Sengun |first5=Deniz |last6=Gefel |first6=Dov |last7=Shpirer |first7=Issac |last8=Woolf |first8=Eilon |last9=Hillel |first9=Jossi |last10=Feldman |first10=Marcus W. |last11=Oefner |first11=Peter J. |title=Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-Chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation |journal=Human Mutation |date=September 2004 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=248–260 |doi=10.1002/humu.20077 |pmid=15300852 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Studies Show Jews' Genetic Similarity|first= Nicholas|last= Wade|date=9 June 2010|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/science/10jews.html |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nebel |first1=Almut |last2=Filon |first2=Dvora |last3=Weiss |first3=Deborah A. |last4=Weale |first4=Michael |last5=Faerman |first5=Marina |last6=Oppenheim |first6=Ariella |last7=Thomas |first7=Mark G. |title=High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews |journal=Human Genetics |date=December 2000 |volume=107 |issue=6 |pages=630–641 |doi=10.1007/s004390000426 |pmid=11153918 }}</ref><ref name="sciencedaily">{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/05/000509003653.htm |title=Jews Are the Genetic Brothers of Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=9 May 2000 |access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref> [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]],<ref name="Abraham 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Atzmon |first1=Gil |last2=Hao |first2=Li |last3=Pe'er |first3=Itsik |last4=Velez |first4=Christopher |last5=Pearlman |first5=Alexander |last6=Palamara |first6=Pier Francesco |last7=Morrow |first7=Bernice |last8=Friedman |first8=Eitan |last9=Oddoux |first9=Carole |last10=Burns |first10=Edward |last11=Ostrer |first11=Harry |title=Abraham's Children in the Genome Era: Major Jewish Diaspora Populations Comprise Distinct Genetic Clusters with Shared Middle Eastern Ancestry |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=June 2010 |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=850–859 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015 |pmid=20560205 |pmc=3032072 }}</ref> and [[Genetic studies of Jews|others]]
}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Hebrew}}

{{Jews and Judaism sidebar}}{{Judaism}}
'''Jews''' ({{langx|he|{{Script/Hebr|יְהוּדִים}}}}, {{small|[[ISO 259#ISO 259-2|ISO 259-2]]:}} {{transliteration|he|''Yehudim''}}, {{small|[[Modern Hebrew|Israeli pronunciation]]:}} {{IPA|he|jehuˈdim|}}), or '''the Jewish people''', are an [[ethnoreligious group]]<ref name="Jews-are-ethnoreligious-group" /> and [[nation]],<ref>*{{cite book |author=M. Nicholson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvI8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |title=International Relations: A Concise Introduction |publisher=NYU Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8147-5822-9 |pages=19–|quote=The Jews are a nation and were so before there was a Jewish state of Israel}}
*{{cite book |author=Jacob Neusner |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoju0000neus |title=An Introduction to Judaism: A Textbook and Reader |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-664-25348-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoju0000neus/page/375 375]– |url-access=registration|quote=That there is a Jewish nation can hardly be denied after the creation of the State of Israel}}
*{{cite book |author=Alan Dowty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vL8r4U1FKSQC&pg=PA3 |title=The Jewish State: A Century Later, Updated With a New Preface |publisher=University of California Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-520-92706-3 |pages=3–|quote=Jews are a people, a nation (in the original sense of the word), an ethnos}}
*{{cite web|last=Brandeis|first=Louis|author-link=Louis Brandeis|title=The Jewish Problem: How To Solve It|date=25 April 1915|publisher=University of Louisville School of Law|access-date=2 April 2012|quote=Jews are a distinctive nationality of which every Jew, whatever his country, his station or shade of belief, is necessarily a member|url=https://louisville.edu/law/library/special-collections/the-louis-d.-brandeis-collection/the-jewish-problem-how-to-solve-it-by-louis-d.-brandeis}}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Edward Henry|author-link1=Edward Henry Palmer|title=A History of the Jewish Nation: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishn00palm|access-date=2 April 2012|year= 2002|orig-date=First published 1874|publisher=Gorgias Press|isbn=978-1-931956-69-7|oclc=51578088}}</ref> originating from the [[Israelites]] of [[History of ancient Israel and Judah|ancient Israel and Judah]].<ref>*{{cite book |author=Facts On File, Incorporated |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |pages=337–|quote=The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA337}}
*{{Cite book |last=Spielvogel |first=Jackson J. |title=Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500 |publisher=Wadsworth Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-495-50288-3 |page=36 |quote=The people of Judah survived, eventually becoming known as the Jews and giving their name to Judaism, the religion of Yahweh, the Israelite God.}}
*{{cite book |author= Scheindlin, Raymond P. |title=A Short History of the Jewish People: From Legendary Times to Modern Statehood |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |pages=1–|quote=Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites |isbn=978-0-19-513941-9 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bfsuicMmrE0C&pg=PA1}}
*{{Cite book |last=Cline |first=Eric H. |title=Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-472-11313-5 |location=Ann Arbor |page=33 |oclc=54913803 |quote=Few would seriously challenge the belief that most modern Jews are descended from the ancient Hebrews |author-link=Eric H. Cline}}
*{{cite book |author=Harry Ostrer MD |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RayZR3V1SFwC&pg=PT26 |title=Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-997638-6 |pages=19–22}}</ref> They traditionally adhere to [[Judaism]].<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=Jew | History, Beliefs, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jew-people |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=Britannica |quote= any person whose religion is Judaism. In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves descendants of the Hebrews of the Bible (Old Testament). |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901033920/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jew-people |archive-date= 1 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/jew |title=Jew |publisher=Cambridge Dictionary |quote="a member of a people whose traditional religion is Judaism" |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706024026/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/jew |archive-date= 6 July 2021 }} {{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/jew |title=Jew |publisher=Oxford Dictionary |quote="a member of the people and cultural community whose traditional religion is Judaism and who come from the ancient Hebrew people of Israel; a person who believes in and practises Judaism" |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213075948/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/jew |archive-date= 13 February 2023 }} {{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/jew |title=Jew |publisher=Collins |quote="a person whose religion is Judaism", "a member of the Semitic people who claim descent from the ancient Hebrew people of Israel, are spread throughout the world, and are linked by cultural or religious ties" |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722022904/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/jew |archive-date= 22 July 2023 }}</ref> Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly interrelated,<ref name="Lederhendler20012">{{cite book |author=Eli Lederhendler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wvahJv83AgC&pg=PA101 |title=Studies in Contemporary Jewry: Volume XVII: Who Owns Judaism? Public Religion and Private Faith in America and Israel |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-534896-5 |pages=101–|quote=Historically, the religious and ethnic dimensions of Jewish identity have been closely interwoven. In fact, so closely bound are they, that the traditional Jewish lexicon hardly distinguishes between the two concepts. Jewish religious practice, by definition, was observed exclusively by the Jewish people, and notions of Jewish peoplehood, nation, and community were suffused with faith in the Jewish God, the practice of Jewish (religious) law and the study of ancient religious texts}}</ref><ref name="Yee20052">{{cite book |author=Tet-Lim N. Yee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4OwXhMOn5cC&pg=PA102 |title=Jews, Gentiles and Ethnic Reconciliation: Paul's Jewish identity and Ephesians |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-139-44411-8}}</ref> as Judaism is an [[ethnic religion]],<ref name="Nicholson20022">{{cite book |author=M. Nicholson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvI8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |title=International Relations: A Concise Introduction |publisher=NYU Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8147-5822-9 |pages=19–|quote=The Jews are a nation and were so before there was a Jewish state of Israel}}</ref><ref name="Dowty19982">{{cite book |author=Alan Dowty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vL8r4U1FKSQC&pg=PA3 |title=The Jewish State: A Century Later, Updated With a New Preface |publisher=University of California Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-520-92706-3 |pages=3–|quote=Jews are a people, a nation (in the original sense of the word), an ethnos}}</ref> though many ethnic Jews do not practice it.<ref name="KrauszTulea2">{{cite book |author1=Ernest Krausz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnxv-Mlz0JIC&pg=PA90 |title=Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century; [... International Workshop at Bar-Ilan University on the 18th and 19th of March, 1997] |author2=Gitta Tulea |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-4128-2689-1 |pages=90–|quote=A person born Jewish who refutes Judaism may continue to assert a Jewish identity, and if he or she does not convert to another religion, even religious Jews will recognize the person as a Jew}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Institute for Jewish Policy Research|url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/insights/belonging-without-believing-british-jewish-identity-and-god|title=Belonging without believing: British Jewish identity and God|date=20 March 2024|quote=Only a third of Jews living in the UK have faith in God, as described in the Bible, yet 'non-believers' make up more than half of paid-up synagogue memberships, according to data from the JPR National Jewish Identity Survey}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=[[Pew Research Center]]|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/05/13/jews-in-u-s-are-far-less-religious-than-christians-and-americans-overall-at-least-by-traditional-measures|title=Jews in U.S. are far less religious than Christians and Americans overall, at least by traditional measures|date=13 May 2021}}</ref> Religious Jews regard [[Gerim|converts to Judaism]] as members of the Jewish nation, pursuant to the [[Conversion to Judaism|long-standing conversion process]].<ref name="KrauszTulea2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC - Religions - Judaism: Converting to Judaism |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/beliefs/conversion.shtml |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

The Israelites emerged from the pre-existing [[Canaanite peoples]] to establish the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Israel]] and [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]] in the [[Southern Levant]] during the [[Iron Age]].<ref name= Day>[[John Day (Old Testament scholar)|John Day]] (2005), ''In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel'', Bloomsbury Publishing, pp. 47.5 [48] 'In this sense, the emergence of ancient Israel is viewed not as the cause of the demise of Canaanite culture but as its upshot'.</ref> Originally, Jews referred to the inhabitants of Judah,<ref name="Jastrow-2005">Cf. [[Marcus Jastrow]]'s ''Dictionary of the Targumim, Talmud Babli, Talmud Yerushalmi and Midrashic Literature'', and the source he used: [[Megillah (Talmud)|Megilla]] 13a:2 (Talmud).</ref> and were distinguished from the [[gentile]]s and the [[Samaritans]].<ref name="Amy-2006">Amy-Jill Levine. ''The Misunderstood Jew: The Church and the Scandal of the Jewish Jesus''. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2006, page 162</ref> According to the [[Hebrew Bible]], these inhabitants predominately originate from the [[tribe of Judah]], who were descendants of [[Judah (Bible)|Judah]], the fourth son of [[Jacob]].<ref name="Jew">"Jew", ''Oxford English Dictionary''.</ref> The [[tribe of Benjamin]] were another significant demographic in Judah and were considered Jews too.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">{{cite web |title=Jew {{!}} History, Beliefs, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jew-people |website=Encyclopedia Britannica }}</ref> By the late 6th century BCE, Judaism had evolved from the Israelite religion, dubbed [[Yahwism]] (for [[Yahweh]]) by modern scholars,<ref name="MINDELL2009">{{cite book |author=David P Mindell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8kA6eaz7hsC&pg=PA224 |title=The Evolving World |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-674-04108-0 |page=224}}</ref> having a theology that religious Jews believe to be the expression of the [[Mosaic covenant]] between [[God in Judaism|God]] and the Jewish people.<ref name="Knowledge Resources: Judaism">{{cite web |title=Knowledge Resources: Judaism |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/traditions/judaism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827210045/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/traditions/judaism |archive-date=27 August 2011 |access-date=22 November 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}}</ref> After the [[Babylonian exile]], Jews referred to followers of Judaism,<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica" /><ref name="Lau-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Lau |first=Peter H.W. |date=2009 |title=Gentile Incorporation into Israel in Ezra - Nehemiah? |journal=Peeters Publishers |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=356–373 |jstor=42614919}}</ref> descendants of the Israelites,<ref name="Thiessen-2011a">{{cite book |last1=Thiessen |first1=Matthew |title=Contesting Conversion |chapter=Jewishness as Genealogy in the Late Second Temple Period |date=2011 |pages=87–110 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199793563.003.0004 |isbn=978-0-19-979356-3 }}</ref><ref name="Goodman-2006">{{cite book |last1=Goodman |first1=Martin |title=Judaism in the Roman World |date=2006 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004153097.i-275 |isbn=978-90-474-1061-4 }}{{pn|date=January 2026}}</ref><ref name="Thiessen-2011a"/><ref>Josephus, ''[[The Jewish War]]'' iv. 4, § 5</ref> citizens of [[Judea]],<ref name="Penner">{{cite book |author=Todd Penner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qnv7CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73 |title=De-Introducing the New Testament: Texts, Worlds, Methods, Stories |author2=Davina Lopez |author-link2=Davina Lopez |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-118-43296-9 |pages=71–74}}</ref><ref name="Schwartz-2014">{{Cite book |last=Schwartz |first=Daniel R. |title=Judeans and Jews: Four Faces of Dichotomy in Ancient Jewish History |date=2014 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-4839-5 |pages=3–10|jstor=10.3138/j.ctt1287s34 }}</ref> or allies of the Judean state.<ref name="Cohen-2001">{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Shaye J.D. |title=The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties |date=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22693-7}}</ref><ref name="Schwartz-2021">{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Daniel R. |date=2021 |title=Judea versus Judaism: Between 1 and 2 Maccabees |url=https://www.thetorah.com/article/judea-versus-judaism-between-1-and-2-maccabees |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316100256/https://www.thetorah.com/article/judea-versus-judaism-between-1-and-2-maccabees |archive-date=16 March 2024 |website=TheTorah.com}}</ref><ref name="Yarden-2022">{{Cite web |last=Yarden |first=Ophir |date=10 March 2022 |title=Jewish Not Judean: The Diaspora in the Book of Esther |url=https://www.thetorah.com/article/jewish-not-judean-the-diaspora-in-the-book-of-esther |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530045830/https://www.thetorah.com/article/jewish-not-judean-the-diaspora-in-the-book-of-esther |archive-date=30 May 2025 |website=TheTorah.com}}</ref> Jewish migration within the Mediterranean region during the [[Hellenistic period]], followed by [[Population transfer|population transfers]], caused by events like the [[Jewish–Roman wars]], gave rise to the [[Jewish diaspora]], consisting of diverse Jewish communities that maintained their sense of [[Jewish history]], [[Jewish identity|identity]], and [[Jewish culture|culture]].<ref>* {{cite book |author=Marvin Perry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2pnv0Aoh2EC |title=Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1789 |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-111-83720-4 |page=87}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Botticini |first1=Maristella |last2=Eckstein |first2=Zvi |date=1 September 2007 |title=From Farmers to Merchants, Conversions and Diaspora: Human Capital and Jewish History |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=885–926 |doi=10.1162/JEEA.2007.5.5.885}} "The death toll of the Great Revolt against the Roman empire amounted to about 600,000 Jews, whereas the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 caused the death of about 500,000 Jews. Massacres account for roughly 40 percent of the decrease of the Jewish population in Palestine. Moreover, some Jews migrated to Babylon after these revolts because of the worse economic conditions. After accounting for massacres and migrations, there is an additional 30 to 40 percent of the decrease in the Jewish population in Palestine (about 1–1.3 million Jews) to be explained" (p. 19).
* [http://nes.berkeley.edu/Web_Boyarin/BoyarinArticles/69%20Diaspora%20(1993).pdf Boyarin, Daniel, and Jonathan Boyarin. 2003. Diaspora: Generation and the Ground of Jewish Diaspora. p. 714] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011234750/https://nes.berkeley.edu/Web_Boyarin/BoyarinArticles/69%20Diaspora%20(1993).pdf|date=11 October 2020}} "...it is crucial to recognize that the Jewish conception of the Land of Israel is similar to the discourse of the Land of many (if not nearly all) "indigenous" peoples of the world. Somehow the Jews have managed to retain a sense of being rooted somewhere in the world through twenty centuries of exile from that someplace (organic metaphors are not out of place in this discourse, for they are used within the tradition itself). It is profoundly disturbing to hear Jewish attachment to the Land decried as regressive in the same discursive situations in which the attachment of native Americans or Australians to their particular rocks, trees, and deserts is celebrated as an organic connection to the Earth that "we" have lost" p. 714.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=OcY0Oy5VpGIC&q=greek&pg=PA24 Cohen, Robin (1997), Global Diasporas: An Introduction. p. 24 London: UCL Press.] "...although the word Babylon often connotes captivity and oppression, a rereading of the Babylonian period of exile can thus be shown to demonstrate the development of a new creative energy in a challenging, pluralistic context outside the natal homeland. When the Romans destroyed the Second Temple in AD 70, it was Babylon that remained as the nerve- and brain-centre for Jewish life and thought...the crushing of the revolt of the Judaeans against the Romans and the destruction of the Second Temple by the Roman general Titus in AD 70 precisely confirmed the catastrophic tradition. Once again, Jews had been unable to sustain a national homeland and were scattered to the far corners of the world" (p. 24).
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=YBarWAR2qVkC&pg=PA159 Johnson, Paul ''A History of the Jews'' "The Bar Kochba Revolt," (HarperPerennial, 1987) pp. 158–61]: Paul Johnson analyzes Cassius Dio's ''Roman History: Epitome of Book LXIX'' para. 13–14 (Dio's passage cited separately) among other sources: "Even if Dio's figures are somewhat exaggerated, the casualties amongst the population and the destruction inflicted on the country would have been considerable. According to Jerome, many Jews were also sold into slavery, so many, indeed, that the price of Jewish slaves at the slave market in Hebron sank drastically to a level no greater than that for a horse. The economic structure of the country was largely destroyed. The entire spiritual and economic life of the Palestinian Jews moved to Galilee. Jerusalem was now turned into a Roman colony with the official name ''Colonia Aelia Capitolina'' (''Aelia'' after Hadrian's family name: P. Aelius Hadrianus; ''Capitolina'' after Jupiter Capitolinus). The Jews were forbidden on pain of death to set foot in the new Roman city. Aelia thus became a completely pagan city, no doubt with the corresponding public buildings and temples... We can...be certain that a statue of Hadrian was erected in the centre of Aelia, and this was tantamount in itself to a desecration of Jewish Jerusalem." p. 159.
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/69*.html Cassius Dio's ''Roman History: Epitome of Book LXIX'' para. 13–14]: "13 At first the Romans took no account of them. Soon, however, all Judaea had been stirred up, and the Jews everywhere were showing signs of disturbance, were gathering together, and giving evidence of great hostility to the Romans, partly by secret and partly by overt acts; 2 many outside nations, too, were joining them through eagerness for gain, and the whole earth, one might almost say, was being stirred up over the matter. Then, indeed, Hadrian sent against them his best generals. First of these was Julius Severus, who was dispatched from Britain, where he was governor, against the Jews. 3 Severus did not venture to attack his opponents in the open at any one point, in view of their numbers and their desperation, but by intercepting small groups, thanks to the number of his soldiers and his under-officers, and by depriving them of food and shutting them up, he was able, rather slowly, to be sure, but with comparatively little danger, to crush, exhaust and exterminate them. Very few of them in fact survived. Fifty of their most important outposts and nine hundred and eighty-five of their most famous villages were razed to the ground. Five hundred and eighty thousand men were slain in the various raids and battles, and the number of those that perished by famine, disease and fire was past finding out. 2 Thus nearly the whole of Judaea was made desolate, a result of which the people had had forewarning before the war. For the tomb of Solomon, which the Jews regard as an object of veneration, fell to pieces of itself and collapsed, and many wolves and hyenas rushed howling into their cities. 3 Many Romans, moreover, perished in this war. Therefore Hadrian in writing to the senate did not employ the opening phrase commonly affected by the emperors, 'If you and our children are in health, it is well; I and the legions are in health'" (para. 13–14).
* {{cite journal |last1=Safran |first1=William |date=2005 |title=The Jewish Diaspora in a Comparative and Theoretical Perspective |journal=Israel Studies |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=36–60 |doi=10.2979/ISR.2005.10.1.36 |jstor=30245753 |id={{Project MUSE|180371}}}} "...diaspora referred to a very specific case—that of the exile of the Jews from the Holy Land and their dispersal throughout several parts of the globe. Diaspora [galut] connoted deracination, legal disabilities, oppression, and an often painful adjustment to a hostland whose hospitality was unreliable and ephemeral. It also connoted the existence on foreign soil of an expatriate community that considered its presence to be transitory. Meanwhile, it developed a set of institutions, social patterns, and ethnonational and/or religious symbols that held it together. These included the language, religion, values, social norms, and narratives of the homeland. Gradually, this community adjusted to the hostland environment and became itself a center of cultural creation. All the while, however, it continued to cultivate the idea of return to the homeland." (p. 36).
* {{cite journal |last1=Sheffer |first1=Gabriel |date=2005 |title=Is the Jewish Diaspora Unique? Reflections on the Diaspora's Current Situation |journal=Israel Studies |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–35 |doi=10.2979/ISR.2005.10.1.1 |jstor=30245752 |id={{Project MUSE|180374}}}} "...the Jewish nation, which from its very earliest days believed and claimed that it was the "chosen people," and hence unique. This attitude has further been buttressed by the equally traditional view, which is held not only by the Jews themselves, about the exceptional historical age of this diaspora, its singular traumatic experiences its singular ability to survive pogroms, exiles, and Holocaust, as well as its "special relations" with its ancient homeland, culminating in 1948 with the nation-state that the Jewish nation has established there... First, like many other members of established diasporas, the vast majority of Jews no longer regard themselves as being in ''Galut'' [exile] in their host countries....Perceptually, as well as actually, Jews permanently reside in host countries of their own free will, as a result of inertia, or as a result of problematic conditions prevailing in other hostlands, or in Israel. It means that the basic perception of many Jews about their existential situation in their hostlands has changed. Consequently, there is both a much greater self- and collective-legitimatization to refrain from making serious plans concerning "return" or actually "making Aliyah" [to emigrate, or "go up"] to Israel. This is one of the results of their wider, yet still rather problematic and sometimes painful acceptance by the societies and political systems in their host countries. It means that they, and to an extent their hosts, do not regard Jewish life within the framework of diasporic formations in these hostlands as something that they should be ashamed of, hide from others, or alter by returning to the old homeland" (p. 4).
* {{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=William David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjtWLZhhMoYC |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |last2=Finkelstein |first2=Louis |last3=Katz |first3=Steven T. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |quote=Although Dio's figure of 985 as the number of villages destroyed during the war seems hyperbolic, all Judaean villages, without exception, excavated thus far were razed following the Bar Kochba Revolt. This evidence supports the impression of total regional destruction following the war. Historical sources note the vast number of captives sold into slavery in Palestine and shipped abroad. ... The Judaean Jewish community never recovered from the Bar Kochba war. In its wake, Jews no longer formed the majority in Palestine, and the Jewish center moved to the Galilee. Jews were also subjected to a series of religious edicts promulgated by Hadrian that were designed to uproot the nationalistic elements with the Judaean Jewish community, these proclamations remained in effect until Hadrian's death in 138. An additional, more lasting punitive measure taken by the Romans involved expunging Judaea from the provincial name, changing it from Provincia Judaea to Provincia Syria Palestina. Although such name changes occurred elsewhere, never before or after was a nation's name expunged as the result of rebellion.}}
* Dalit Rom-Shiloni, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ffE3AAAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 Exclusive Inclusivity: Identity Conflicts Between the Exiles and the People who Remained (6th–5th Centuries BCE)]'', A&C Black, 2013 p. xv n.3: 'it is argued that biblical texts of the Neo-Babylonian and the early Persian periods show a fierce adversarial relationship(s) between the Judean groups. We find no expressions of sympathy to the deported community for its dislocation, no empathic expressions towards the People Who Remained under Babylonian subjugation in Judah. The opposite is apparent: hostile, denigrating, and denunciating language characterizes the relationships between resident and exiled Judeans throughout the sixth and fifth centuries.' (p. xvii)</ref>

In the following millennia, Jewish diaspora communities [[Coalescent theory|coalesced]] into three major [[Jewish ethnic divisions|ethnic subdivisions]] according to where their ancestors settled: the ''[[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazim]]'' ([[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]]), the ''[[Sephardic Jews|Sephardim]]'' ([[Iberian Peninsula]]), and the ''[[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahim]]'' ([[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Eban|first=Abba Solomon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkzdBDuhoRgC&pg=PA87|title=Heritage: Civilization and the Jews|date=1984|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-671-44103-6|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dosick">Dosick (2007), pp. 59, 60.</ref> While these three major divisions account for most of the world's Jews, there are other smaller Jewish groups outside of the three.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews |url=https://www.jewfaq.org/ashkenazic_and_sephardic |website=Judaism 101 (JewFAQ) }}</ref> Prior to [[World War II|World War II]], the [[Jewish population by country|global Jewish population]] reached a peak of 16.7 million,<ref name="JVIL2010">{{cite web|url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/jewpop.html|title = The Jewish Population of the World (2014)|work = [[Jewish Virtual Library]]|access-date = 30 June 2015}}, based on {{cite book|title = American Jewish Year Book|publisher = [[American Jewish Committee]]|url = http://www.ajcarchives.org/main.php?GroupingId=10142}}</ref> representing around 0.7% of the world's population at that time. During World War II, approximately six million Jews throughout [[History of the Jews in Europe|Europe]] were systematically murdered by [[Nazi Germany]] in a genocide known as [[the Holocaust]].<ref>{{cite web|title = The Holocaust|url = http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/the-holocaust|website = HISTORY.com| date=14 October 2009 |access-date = 10 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitchell |first1=Travis |title=What Americans Know About the Holocaust |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2020/01/22/what-americans-know-about-the-holocaust/ |work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |access-date=16 January 2023 |date=22 January 2020}}</ref> Since then, the population has slowly risen again, and {{as of|2021|lc=y}}, was estimated to be at 15.2 million by the demographer [[Sergio Della Pergola]]<ref name="JDB" /> or less than 0.2% of the total world population in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4291987,00.html|title= Jews make up only 0.2% of mankind|newspaper=[[ynetnews]]|date=October 2012|last1= Silverman|first1= Anav}}</ref>{{efn|The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure. In addition to issues with census methodology, disputes among proponents of ''[[halakhic]]'', secular, political, and ancestral identification factors regarding [[who is a Jew]] may affect the figure considerably depending on the source.<ref name="Pfeffer">{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/903585.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319024731/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/903585.html |archive-date=19 March 2009 |title=Jewish Agency: 13.2 million Jews worldwide on eve of Rosh Hashanah, 5768 |access-date=24 January 2009 |last=Pfeffer |first=Anshel |date=12 September 2007 |newspaper=Haaretz }}</ref>}} Today, over 85% of Jews live in [[Israel]] or the [[History of the Jews in the United States|United States]]. Israel, whose population is 73.9% Jewish, is the only country where Jews comprise more than 2.5% of the population.<ref name="JDB" />

Jews have significantly influenced and contributed to the development and growth of human progress in many fields, both historically and in modern times, including in [[Jewish culture#Science and technology|science and technology]],<ref name="Daly2013"/> [[Jewish philosophy|philosophy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/maimonid/|title=Maimonides – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|work=utm.edu|access-date=26 August 2015}}</ref> [[Jewish ethics|ethics]],<ref name="Sekine-2005">{{cite book |last1=Sekine |first1=Seizo |title=A Comparative Study of the Origins of Ethical Thought: Hellenism and Hebraism |date=20 January 2005 |publisher=Sheed & Ward |isbn=978-1-4616-7459-7 }}{{page needed|date=October 2020}}</ref> [[Jewish literature|literature]],<ref name="Daly2013">{{cite book|author=Jonathan Daly|title=The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9aZPAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|year= 2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1851-6|pages=21–}}"Upon the foundation of Judaism, two civilizations centered on monotheistic religion emerged, Christianity and Islam. To these civilizations, the Jews added a leaven of astonishing creativity in business, medicine, letters, science, the arts, and a variety of other leadership roles."</ref> [[Jewish political movements|governance]],<ref name="Daly2013"/> [[Jewish culture#Economic activity|business]],<ref name="Daly2013"/> [[Jewish art|art]], [[Jewish music|music]], [[Jewish humor|comedy]], [[Jewish theatre|theatre]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dctheatrescene.com/2013/06/25/broadway-musicals-a-jewish-legacy/|title=Broadway Musicals: A Jewish Legacy|work=DC Theatre Scene}}</ref> [[Jewish culture#Cinema|cinema]], [[Architecture of Israel|architecture]],<ref name="Daly2013" /> [[Jewish cuisine|food]], [[Jewish medicine|medicine]],<ref name="Rabin">{{Cite news|last=Rabin|first=Roni Caryn|date=14 May 2012|title=Tracing the Path of Jewish Medical Pioneers|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/15/health/exhibition-traces-the-emergence-of-jews-as-medical-innovators.html|access-date=20 August 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Shatzmiller, Joseph 1995">Shatzmiller, Joseph. Doctors to Princes and Paupers: Jews, Medicine, and Medieval Society. Berkeley: U of California, 1995. Print.</ref> and [[Jewish religious movements|religion]]. Jews founded [[Jewish Christianity|Christianity]]<ref name="BarclaySweet1996">{{cite book|author1=John M. G. Barclay|author2=John Philip McMurdo Sweet|title=Early Christian Thought in Its Jewish Context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DN0t06-wVvoC&pg=PA20|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-46285-3|pages=20–}}"Early Christianity began as a Jewish movement in first-century Palestine"</ref> and had [[Islamic–Jewish relations|an indirect but profound influence on Islam]].<ref name="Paterson2009">{{cite book|author=Dr. Andrea C. Paterson|title=Three Monotheistic Faiths – Judaism, Christianity, Islam: An Analysis and Brief History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tuuys4HxSzcC&pg=PA41|year=2009|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4520-3049-4|pages=41–}} "Judaism also contributed to the religion of Islam for Islam derives its ideas of holy text, the Qur'an, ultimately from Judaism. The dietary and legal codes of Islam are based on those of Judaism. The basic design of the mosque, the Islamic house of worship, comes from that of the early synagogues. The communal prayer services of Islam and their devotional routines resembles those of Judaism."</ref> In these ways and others, Jews have played a significant role in the development of [[Western culture]].<ref name="Cambridge University Historical Series">Cambridge University Historical Series, ''An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects'', p. 40: "Hebraism, like Hellenism, has been an all-important factor in the development of Western Civilization; Judaism, as the precursor of Christianity, has indirectly had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of Western nations since the Christian era."</ref><ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web|title=Judaism – The Judaic tradition | Britannica|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Judaism/The-Judaic-tradition|access-date=20 August 2022|language=en|quote=Judaism has played a significant role in the development of Western culture because of its unique relationship with Christianity, the dominant religious force in the West}}</ref>

== Name and etymology ==
{{Main|Jew (word)}}
{{Main list|List of Jewish ethnonyms}}

The term "Jew" is derived from the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] word {{lang|he|יְהוּדִי}} {{transliteration|he|Yehudi}}, with the [[plural]] {{lang|he|יְהוּדִים}} {{transliteration|he|Yehudim}}.<ref name="EJ253">{{cite EJ|last=Grintz|first=Yehoshua M.|title=Jew|volume=11|page=253}}</ref> [[Endonym]]s in other [[Jewish language]]s include the [[Ladino language|Ladino]] {{lang|lad|ג׳ודיו}} {{transliteration|lad|Djudio}} (plural {{lang|lad|ג׳ודיוס}}, {{transliteration|lad|Djudios}}) and the [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] {{lang|yi|ייִד}} {{transliteration|yi|Yid}} (plural {{lang|yi|ייִדן}} {{transliteration|yi|Yidn}}).

Though Genesis 29:35 and 49:8 connect "Judah" with the verb {{transliteration|he|yada}}, meaning "praise", scholars generally agree that "Judah" most likely derives from the name of a [[Levant]]ine geographic region dominated by gorges and ravines.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pcAkKMECPKIC&pg=PA483 |title=Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament |publisher=William B. Eerdmans |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-8028-2329-8 |editor1-last=Botterweck |editor1-first=G. Johannes |editor1-link=G. Johannes Botterweck |volume=V |location=Grand Rapids, Mich. |pages=483–84 |translator-last=Green |translator-first=David E. |editor2-last=Ringgren |editor2-first=Helmer |editor2-link=Helmer Ringgren}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Julia Phillips Berger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zese2C-fDTEC&q=when+was+the+term+jew+first+used&pg=PA41 |title=Teaching Jewish History |author2=Sue Parker Gerson |publisher=Behrman House, Inc |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-86705-183-4 |page=41}}</ref> The gradual [[ethnonym]]ic shift from "[[Israelites]]" to "Jews", regardless of their descent from [[Judah (son of Jacob)|Judah]], although not contained in the [[Torah]], is made explicit in the [[Book of Esther]] (4th century BCE) of the [[Tanakh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chouraqui |first=André |url=http://archive.org/details/peoplefaith00andr |title=The people and the faith of the Bible |date=1975 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |location=Amherst, Massachusetts |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-87023-172-8 |page=43}}</ref> Some modern scholars disagree with the conflation, based on the works of [[Josephus]], [[Philo]] and [[Apostle Paul]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Staples |first1=Jason A. |title=The Idea of Israel in Second Temple Judaism |date=2021 |doi=10.1017/9781108906524 |isbn=978-1-108-90652-4 }}{{pn|date=January 2026}}</ref>

The English word "Jew" is a derivation of [[Middle English]] ''{{lang|enm|Gyw, Iewe}}''. The latter was loaned from the [[Old French]] ''{{lang|fro|giu}}'', which itself evolved from the earlier ''{{lang|fro|juieu}}'', which in turn derived from ''{{lang|fro|judieu/iudieu}}'' which through [[elision]] had dropped the letter "d" from the [[Medieval Latin]] ''Iudaeus'', which, like the New Testament [[Koine Greek|Greek]] term ''[[Ioudaios]]'', meant both "Jew" and "[[Judean]]" / "of [[Judea]]".<ref>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Facts On File Inc., Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 336</ref> The Greek term was a loan from [[Middle Aramaic|Aramaic]] ''{{transliteration|arc|*yahūdāy}}'', corresponding to Hebrew {{lang|he|יְהוּדִי}} {{transliteration|he|Yehudi}}.<ref name="Jew" />

Some scholars prefer translating ''Ioudaios'' as "Judean" in the Bible since it is more precise, denotes the community's origins and prevents readers from engaging in antisemitic [[eisegesis]].<ref>[[Adele Reinhartz]], [http://marginalia.lareviewofbooks.org/vanishing-jews-antiquity-adele-reinhartz/ "The Vanishing Jews of Antiquity"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822181415/http://marginalia.lareviewofbooks.org/vanishing-jews-antiquity-adele-reinhartz/|date=22 August 2017}} "Marginalia", ''L.A. Review of Books'', 24 June 2014.</ref><ref>Danker, Frederick W. ''"Ioudaios"'', in ''A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature.'' third edition University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|978-0-226-03933-6}}</ref> Others disagree, believing that it erases the Jewish identity of Biblical characters such as [[Jesus]].<ref name="Amy-2006" /> Daniel R. Schwartz distinguishes "Judean" and "Jew". Here, "Judean" refers to the inhabitants of Judea, which encompassed southern [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. Meanwhile, "Jew" refers to the descendants of Israelites that adhere to [[Judaism]]. Converts are included in the definition.<ref name="Schwartz-2014"/> But [[Shaye J. D. Cohen|Shaye J.D. Cohen]] argues that "Judean" is inclusive of believers of the Judean God and allies of the Judean state.<ref name="Cohen-2001"/> Another scholar, [[Jodi Magness]], wrote the term ''Ioudaioi'' refers to a "people of Judahite/Judean ancestry who worshipped the God of Israel as their national deity and (at least nominally) lived according to his laws."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Magness|first=Jodi|title=Jerusalem through the ages: from its beginnings to the Crusades|date=2024|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-093780-5|location=New York, NY|pages=131}}</ref>

The etymological equivalent is in use in other languages, e.g., يَهُودِيّ ''yahūdī'' (sg.), ''al-yahūd'' (pl.), in [[Arabic]], "Jude" in [[German language|German]], "judeu" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], "Juif" (m.)/"Juive" (f.) in [[French language|French]], "jøde" in [[Danish language|Danish]] and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], "judío/a" in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], "jood" in [[Dutch language|Dutch]], "żyd" in [[Polish language|Polish]] etc., but derivations of the word "Hebrew" are also in use to describe a Jew, e.g., in [[Italian language|Italian]] (''Ebreo''), in [[Persian language|Persian]] ("Ebri/Ebrani" ({{langx|fa|عبری/عبرانی}})) and [[Russian language|Russian]] (''Еврей, Yevrey'').<ref>{{cite book |last=Falk |first=Avner |author-link=Avner Falk |title=A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-8386-3660-8 |location=Madison, N.J. |page=131}}</ref> The German word "Jude" is pronounced {{IPA|de|ˈjuːdə|}}, the corresponding [[adjective]] "jüdisch" {{IPA|de|ˈjyːdɪʃ|}} (Jewish) is the origin of the word "Yiddish".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Yiddish |encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster |location=Springfield, Massachusetts |url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc00merr_6/page/1453 |edition=11th |page=[https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc00merr_6/page/1453 1453] |isbn=0-87779-809-5}}</ref>

According to ''[[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'', fourth edition (2000),
<blockquote>It is widely recognized that the attributive use of the noun ''Jew'', in phrases such as ''Jew lawyer'' or ''Jew ethics'', is both vulgar and highly offensive. In such contexts ''Jewish'' is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of ''Jew'' as a noun, a practice that carries risks of its own. In a sentence such as ''There are now several Jews on the council'', which is unobjectionable, the substitution of a circumlocution like ''Jewish people'' or ''persons of Jewish background'' may in itself cause offense for seeming to imply that ''Jew'' has a negative connotation when used as a noun.<ref>{{cite book|title=The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style|at=Jew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xb6ie6PqYhwC&pg=PA269|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|year=2005|isbn=978-0-618-60499-9|editor1-last=Kleinedler|editor1-first=Steven|editor2-last=Spitz|editor2-first=Susan|display-editors=etal}}</ref></blockquote>

== Identity ==
{{main|Who is a Jew?|Jewish identity|Jewish peoplehood}}

[[File:A map of Canaan (8343807206).jpg|thumb|17th century map of [[Canaan]]]]
[[Judaism]] shares some of the characteristics of a [[nation]],<ref name="Nicholson2002">{{cite book|author=M. Nicholson|title=International Relations: A Concise Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvI8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|year=2002|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-5822-9|pages=19–}} "The Jews are a nation and were so before there was a Jewish state of Israel"</ref><ref name="Neusner1991">{{cite book|author=Jacob Neusner|title=An Introduction to Judaism: A Textbook and Reader|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoju0000neus|url-access=registration|year=1991|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-25348-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoju0000neus/page/375 375]–}} "That there is a Jewish nation can hardly be denied after the creation of the State of Israel"</ref><ref name="Dowty1998">{{cite book|author=Alan Dowty|title=The Jewish State: A Century Later, Updated With a New Preface|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vL8r4U1FKSQC&pg=PA3|year=1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92706-3|pages=3–}} "Jews are a people, a nation (in the original sense of the word), an ethnos"</ref><ref name="Brandeis-1915">{{cite web|url=https://louisville.edu/law/library/special-collections/the-louis-d.-brandeis-collection/the-jewish-problem-how-to-solve-it-by-louis-d.-brandeis|title=The Jewish Problem: How To Solve It|first=Louis|last=Brandeis|author-link=Louis Brandeis|date=25 April 1915|publisher=University of Louisville School of Law|access-date=2 April 2012|quote=Jews are a distinctive nationality of which every Jew, whatever his country, his station or shade of belief, is necessarily a member}}</ref><ref name="Palmer-2002">{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Edward Henry|author-link1=Edward Henry Palmer|title=A History of the Jewish Nation: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishn00palm|access-date=2 April 2012|year= 2002|orig-date=First published 1874|publisher=Gorgias Press|isbn=978-1-931956-69-7|oclc=51578088}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.princeton.edu/einstein/materials/jewish_nationality.pdf|title=How I Became a Zionist|first=Albert|last=Einstein|author-link=Albert Einstein|work=[[Einstein Papers Project]]|quote=The Jewish nation is a living fact|date=21 June 1921|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|access-date=5 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105012335/http://press.princeton.edu/einstein/materials/jewish_nationality.pdf|archive-date=5 November 2015}}</ref> an [[ethnicity]],<ref name="Jews-are-ethnoreligious-group" /> a [[religion]], and a [[culture]],<ref name="GordisHeller2012">{{cite book|author1=David M. Gordis|author2=Zachary I. Heller|title=Jewish Secularity: The Search for Roots and the Challenges of Relevant Meaning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QWrSy8Ckd5UC&pg=PA1|year=2012|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-5793-8|pages=1–}}: "Judaism is a culture and a civilization which embraces the secular as well"</ref><ref name="Kunin2000">{{cite book|author=Seth Daniel Kunin|title=Themes and Issues in Judaism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=St_TAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|year= 2000|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-304-33758-3|pages=1–}}: Although culture - and Judaism is a culture (or cultures) as well as religion - can be subdivided into different analytical categories..."</ref><ref name="Mendes-Flohr1991">{{cite book|author=Paul R. Mendes-Flohr|title=Divided Passions: Jewish Intellectuals and the Experience of Modernity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VBuFygk2C-AC&pg=PA421|year=1991|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=0-8143-2030-9|pages=421–}}: "Although Judaism is a culture - or rather has a culture - it is eminently more than a culture"</ref> making the definition of who is a Jew vary slightly depending on whether a religious or national approach to identity is used.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/whojew1.html|title=Who is a Jew?|access-date=6 October 2007|last=Weiner|first=Rebecca|year=2007|encyclopedia=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}} Generally, in modern secular usage, Jews include three groups: people who were born to a Jewish family regardless of whether or not they follow the religion, those who have some Jewish ancestral background or lineage (sometimes including those who do not have strictly [[Matrilineality in Judaism|matrilineal descent]]), and people without any Jewish ancestral background or lineage who have formally [[Conversion to Judaism|converted to Judaism]] and therefore are followers of the religion.<ref>{{cite book|title=World Religions: An Introduction for Students|last=Fowler|first=Jeaneane D.|year=1997|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=1-898723-48-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldreligionsin0000unse/page/7 7]|url=https://archive.org/details/worldreligionsin0000unse/page/7}}</ref> In the context of biblical and classical literature, Jews could refer to inhabitants of the Kingdom of Judah,<ref name="Jastrow-2005"/><ref name="Amy-2006"/><ref name="Jew"/><ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica"/> or the broader [[Judea|Judean]] region,<ref name="Penner"/><ref name="Schwartz-2014"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Snyder |first=Glenn E. |date=2015 |title=Paul Beyond the Jew/Gentile Dichotomy: A Perspective from Benjamin |url=https://expositions.journals.villanova.edu/article/view/1957/1790 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601052304/https://expositions.journals.villanova.edu/article/view/1957/1790 |archive-date=1 June 2025 |website=Expositions}}</ref> allies of the Judean state,<ref name="Cohen-2001" /><ref name="Schwartz-2021" /><ref name="Yarden-2022" /> or anyone that followed Judaism.<ref name="Martin-2003">{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=Troy W. |date=2003 |title=The Covenant of Circumcision (Genesis 17:9-14) and the Situational Antitheses in Galatians 3:28 |journal=Journal of Biblical Literature |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=111–125 |doi=10.2307/3268093 |jstor=3268093 }}</ref><ref name="Lau-2009" />

Historical definitions of [[Jewish identity]] have traditionally been based on ''[[halakha|halakhic]]'' definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions. These definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the [[Oral Torah]] into the [[Talmud|Babylonian Talmud]], around 200 [[Common Era|CE]]. Interpretations by Jewish sages of sections of the Tanakh – such as {{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|7:1–5}}, which forbade intermarriage between their [[Israelites|Israelite ancestors]] and seven non-Israelite nations: "for that [i.e. giving your daughters to their sons or taking their daughters for your sons,] would turn away your children from following me, to serve other gods"<ref name= Day/>{{Failed verification|date=July 2022}} – are used as a warning against [[Interfaith marriage in Judaism|intermarriage]] between Jews and gentiles. {{bibleverse|Leviticus|24:10}} says that the son in a marriage between a Hebrew woman and an Egyptian man is "of the community of Israel." This is complemented by {{bibleverse|Ezra|10:2–3}}, where Israelites returning from Babylon vow to put aside their [[gentile]] wives and their children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/10-11.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961018024300/http://shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/10-11.html|archive-date=18 October 1996|title=What is the origin of Matrilineal Descent?|access-date=9 January 2009|date=4 September 2003|publisher=Shamash.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.torah.org/qanda/seequanda.php?id=318 |title=What is the source of the law that a child is Jewish only if its mother is Jewish? |access-date=9 January 2009 |publisher=Torah.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224205847/http://www.torah.org/qanda/seequanda.php?id=318 |archive-date=24 December 2008}}</ref> A popular theory is that the rape of Jewish women in captivity brought about the law of Jewish identity being inherited through the maternal line, although scholars challenge this theory citing the Talmudic establishment of the law from the pre-exile period.<ref name="Klein2016" /> Another argument is that the rabbis changed the law of patrilineal descent to matrilineal descent due to the widespread rape of Jewish women by Roman soldiers.<ref name="Schott2010">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iFx-wHhMJMC&pg=PA67|title=Birth, Death, and Femininity: Philosophies of Embodiment|author=Robin May Schott|year=2010|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-00482-6|pages=67–}}</ref> Since the anti-religious ''[[Haskalah]]'' movement of the late 18th and 19th centuries, ''halakhic'' interpretations of Jewish identity have been challenged.<ref>Dosick (2007), pp. 56–57.</ref>

According to historian [[Shaye J. D. Cohen]], the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined [[Patrilineality|patrilineally]] in the Bible. He brings two likely explanations for the change in [[Mishnah|Mishnaic]] times: first, the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures (''[[Kil'ayim (prohibition)|Kil'ayim]]''). Thus, a mixed marriage is forbidden as is the union of a [[horse]] and a [[donkey]], and in both unions the offspring are judged matrilineally.<ref name="J.D. Cohen">{{cite book|author=Shaye J.D. Cohen|year=1999|title=The Beginnings of Jewishness|publisher=U. California Press|pages=305–06|isbn=0-585-24643-2}}</ref> Second, the [[Tannaim]] may have been influenced by [[Roman law]], which dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, [[Mater semper certa est|offspring would follow the mother]].<ref name="J.D. Cohen" /> Rabbi Rivon Krygier follows a similar reasoning, arguing that Jewish descent had formerly passed through the patrilineal descent and the law of matrilineal descent had its roots in the Roman legal system.<ref name="Klein2016">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BC_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|title=Lost Jews: The Struggle for Identity Today|author=Emma Klein|year=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-24319-8|pages=6–}}</ref>

== Origins ==
{{further|Canaan|Israelites| Yahwism|Origins of Judaism|History of ancient Israel and Judah}}
[[File:Procession of the Aamu, Tomb of Khnumhotep II (composite).jpg|thumb|upright=2|right|Egyptian depiction of the visit of Western Asiatics in colorful garments, labeled as ''[[Aamu]]''. The painting is from the tomb of a 12th dynasty official [[Khnumhotep II|Khnumhotep II]] at [[Beni Hasan]], and dated to c. 1900 BCE. Their nearest Biblical contemporaries were the earliest of Hebrews, such as [[Abraham]] and [[Joseph (Genesis)|Joseph]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mieroop |first1=Marc Van De |title=A History of Ancient Egypt |date=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-6070-4 |page=131 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JADDYAZ9GIIC&pg=PA131 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bard |first1=Kathryn A. |author-link=Kathryn A. Bard |title=An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt |date=2015 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-89611-2 |page=188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFscBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="archaeology.org">{{cite journal |last1=Curry |first1=Andrew |title=The Rulers of Foreign Lands |journal= [[Archaeology (magazine)|Archaeology Magazine]] |date=2018 |url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/309-1809/features/6855-egypt-hyksos-foreign-dynasty}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kamrin |first1=Janice |title=The Aamu of Shu in the Tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan |journal=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections |date=16 September 2010 |volume=1 |issue=3 |doi=10.2458/azu_jaei_v01i3_kamrin |doi-access=free }}</ref>]]The prehistory and [[ethnogenesis]] of the Jews are closely intertwined with archaeology, biology, historical textual records, mythology, and religious literature. The ethnic origin of the Jews lie in the [[Israelites]], a confederation of Iron Age [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]-speaking tribes that inhabited a part of [[Canaan]] during the [[history of ancient Israel and Judah|tribal and monarchic periods]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People |last=Ostrer |first=Harry |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-537961-7 |publication-date=8 May 2012}}</ref> Modern Jews are named after and also descended from the southern Israelite [[Kingdom of Judah]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Killebrew|first=Ann E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC|title=Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanite|date=October 2005|publisher=Society of Biblical Lit|isbn=978-1-58983-097-4|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Schama2014">{{cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Schama |title=The Story of the Jews: Finding the Words 1000 BC–1492 AD|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHIpAgAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-233944-7}}</ref><ref>* "In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves the descendants of the Hebrews of the Old Testament."
* "The Jewish people as a whole, initially called Hebrews (ʿIvrim), were known as Israelites (Yisreʾelim) from the time of their entrance into the Holy Land to the end of the Babylonian Exile (538 BC)."
[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303358/Jew Jew] at [https://www.britannica.com/ Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref><ref name="Ostrer2012">{{cite book |last=Ostrer |first=Harry |title=Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIloAgAAQBAJ|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-970205-3}}</ref><ref name="Brenner2010">{{cite book |last=Brenner |first=Michael |title=A Short History of the Jews|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofje00bren|url-access=registration |year=2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14351-4}}</ref><ref name="Adams1840">{{cite book |last=Adams |first=Hannah |title=The History of the Jews: From the Destruction of Jerusalem to the Present Time|url=https://archive.org/details/historyjewsfrom00adamgoog|year=1840|publisher=London Society House}}</ref>
[[Gary A. Rendsburg]] links the early Canaanite [[Nomadic pastoralism|nomadic pastoralists]] confederation to the [[Shasu]] known to the Egyptians around the 15th century BCE.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last1=Rendsburg |first1=Gary A. |title=The Hebrew Bible |chapter=1 Israel Without the Bible |date=2022 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.18574/nyu/9780814733080.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-8147-3308-0 }}</ref>

According to the [[Tanakh|Hebrew Bible]] narrative, Jewish history begins with the [[Patriarchs (Bible)|Biblical patriarchs]] such as [[Abraham]], his son [[Isaac]], Isaac's son [[Jacob]], and the Biblical matriarchs [[Sarah]], [[Rebecca (biblical figure)|Rebecca]], [[Leah]], and [[Rachel]], who lived in [[Canaan]]. The twelve sons of Jacob subsequently gave birth to the [[Twelve Tribes]]. Jacob and his family migrated to [[Ancient Egypt]] after being invited to live with Jacob's son [[Joseph (son of Jacob)|Joseph]] by the [[Pharaohs in the Bible|Pharaoh]] himself. Jacob's descendants were later enslaved until the [[The Exodus|Exodus]], led by [[Moses]]. Afterwards, the Israelites conquered Canaan under Moses' successor [[Joshua]], and went through the period of the [[Biblical judges]] after the death of Joshua. Through the mediation of [[Samuel]], the Israelites were subject to a king, [[Saul]], who was succeeded by [[David]] and then [[Solomon]], after whom the [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|United Monarchy]] ended and was split into a separate [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]] and a [[Kingdom of Judah]]. The Kingdom of Judah is described as comprising the tribes of [[Tribe of Judah|Judah]], [[Tribe of Benjamin|Benjamin]] and partially, [[Tribe of Levi|Levi]]. They later assimilated remnants of other tribes who migrated there from the northern Kingdom of Israel.<ref name="Broshi 2001 174">{{cite book |last=Broshi |first=Maguen |title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PA174|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2001 |page=174 |isbn=1-84127-201-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Judah |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Judah-Hebrew-tribe |access-date=1 April 2018 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/MAGAZINE-israelite-refugees-found-high-office-in-judah-seals-found-in-jerusalem-show-1.5448092|title=Israelite refugees found high office in Kingdom of Judah, seals found in Jerusalem show|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref>

In the extra-biblical record, the Israelites become visible as a people between 1200 and 1000 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spielvogel |first1=Jackson J. |title=Western civilization |date=2012 |publisher=Wadsworth/Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-495-91324-5 |edition=8th |location=Australia |page=33 |quote=What is generally agreed, however, is that between 1200 and 1000 B.C.E., the Israelites emerged as a distinct group of people, possibly united into tribes or a league of tribes}}</ref> There is well accepted archeological evidence referring to "Israel" in the [[Merneptah Stele]], which dates to about 1200 BCE,<ref name="NollMerneptah">{{Cite book|last=Noll|first=K. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMeRK7B1EsMC&pg=PA139|title=Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: A Textbook on History and Religion: Second Edition|date=7 December 2012|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-567-44117-1|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ThompsonMerneptah">{{Cite book|last=Thompson|first=Thomas L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwrrUuHFb6UC&pg=PA275|title=Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written & Archaeological Sources|date=1 January 2000|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-11943-7|language=en|quote=They are rather a very specific group among the population of Palestine which bears a name that occurs here for the first time that at a much later stage in Palestine's history bears a substantially different signification.|pages=137ff}}</ref> and in the Mesha stele from 840 BCE. It is debated whether a period like that of the [[Biblical judges]] occurred<ref name="Yoder2015">{{Cite book |last=Yoder |first=John C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kFCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5%257CYEAR=2015%257CPUBLISHER=FORTRESS |title=Power and Politics in the Book of Judges: Men and Women of Valor |date=2015 |publisher=Augsburg Fortress Publishers |isbn=978-1-4514-9642-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brettler2002">{{cite book |author=Marc Zvi Brettler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9j9Jbcl6g38C&pg=PA107 |title=The Book of Judges |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-16216-6 |page=107}}</ref><ref name="Thompson2000">{{cite book |author=Thomas L. Thompson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwrrUuHFb6UC&pg=PA96 |title=Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written & Archaeological Sources |publisher=Brill |year=2000 |isbn=90-04-11943-4 |page=96}}</ref><ref name="HjelmThompson2016">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmOaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |title=History, Archaeology and The Bible Forty Years After "Historicity": Changing Perspectives |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-42815-2 |editor-last=Hjelm |editor-first=Ingrid |page=4 |editor-last2=Thompson |editor-first2=Thomas L}}</ref><ref name="Davies1995">{{cite book |author=Philip R. Davies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5D5GNju1-ggC&pg=PA26 |title=In Search of "Ancient Israel": A Study in Biblical Origins |publisher=A&C Black |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-85075-737-5 |page=26}}</ref> and if there ever was a [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|United Monarchy]].<ref name="lipschits">{{cite book |last1=Lipschits |first1=Oded |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ |title=The Jewish Study Bible |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-997846-5 |editor1-last=Berlin |editor1-first=Adele |edition=2nd |language=en |chapter=The History of Israel in the Biblical Period |editor2-last=Brettler |editor2-first=Marc Zvi}}</ref><ref name="Finkelstein">{{cite book |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Israel |title=The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories |last2=Silberman |first2=Neil Asher |date=2001 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=0-684-86912-8 |edition=1st Touchstone |location=New York}}</ref><ref name="Kuhrtp438">{{cite book |last=Kuhrt |first=Amiele |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientneareastc00akuh/page/438 |title=The Ancient Near East |publisher=Routledge |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-415-16762-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientneareastc00akuh/page/438 438]}}</ref><ref name="Wright">{{cite web |last1=Wright |first1=Jacob L. |date=July 2014 |title=David, King of Judah (Not Israel) |url=http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/2014/07/wri388001.shtml |publisher=The Bible and Interpretation}}</ref> There is further disagreement about the earliest existence of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah and their extent and power. Historians agree that a [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]] existed by {{Circa|900 BCE}},<ref name="Finkelstein" />{{rp|169–95}}<ref name="Kuhrtp438" /><ref name="Wright" /> there is a consensus that a [[Kingdom of Judah]] existed by c. 700 BCE at least,<ref name="Pitcher">{{Cite book |last1=Holloway |first1=Steven W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 |title=The Pitcher is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gösta W. Ahlström |last2=Handy |first2=Lowell K. |date=1 May 1995 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-567-63671-3 |language=en |quote=For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to date.}}</ref> and recent excavations in [[Khirbet Qeiyafa]] have provided strong evidence for dating the Kingdom of Judah to the 10th century BCE.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Garfinkel |first1=Yosef |last2=Ganor |first2=Saar |date=31 December 2008 |title=Khirbet Qeiyafa: Sha'arayim |url=https://jhsonline.org/index.php/jhs/article/view/6220 |journal=Journal of Hebrew Scriptures |volume=8|doi=10.5508/jhs.2008.v8.a22 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 587 BCE, [[Nebuchadnezzar II|Nebuchadnezzar II]], King of the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]], [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|besieged Jerusalem]], destroyed the [[Solomon's Temple|First Temple]] and deported parts of the Judahite population.<ref name="us-israel-archaeology">{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Luke |date=3 February 2017 |title=Ancient tablets reveal life of Jews in Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-archaeology-babylon-idUSKBN0L71EK20150203}}</ref>

Scholars disagree regarding the extent to which the Bible should be accepted as a historical source for early Israelite history. [[Gary A. Rendsburg|Rendsburg]] states that there are two approximately equal groups of scholars who debate the [[Historicity of the Bible|historicity of the biblical narrative]], the [[Biblical minimalism|minimalists]] who largely reject it, and the maximalists who largely accept it, with the minimalists being the more vocal of the two.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rendsburg |first1=Gary A. |title=The Hebrew Bible |chapter=Israel Without the Bible |date=2022 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.18574/nyu/9780814733080.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-8147-3308-0 |quote-page=7 |quote=I am not sure I can quantify the schools, that is, tell you that the majority of biblical scholars today are maximalist or minimalist - I suppose the divide is about 50-50 - But I can tell you this: there is no doubt that the minimalists are more vocal, and they are the ones who set the agenda, publish books at a very rapid pace, organize conferences to present their views (especially in Europe) and take advantage of the popular press. The maximalists, in turn, frequently are left to respond to these diatribes, often needing to take time away from their own research to counter the views expressed in the many publications emanating from the pens of minimalist scholars.}}</ref>

Some of the leading minimalists reframe the biblical account as constituting the [[Israelites]]' inspiring [[national myth]] narrative, suggesting that according to the modern archaeological and historical account, the Israelites and their culture did not overtake the region by force, but instead branched out of the [[Canaanite languages|Canaanite peoples]] and culture through the development of a distinct [[monolatrism|monolatristic]]—and later [[monotheism|monotheistic]]—religion of [[Yahwism]] centered on [[Yahweh]], one of the gods of the Canaanite pantheon. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of cultic practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite [[ethnic group]], setting them apart from other Canaanites.{{sfn|Tubb|1998|pp=13–14}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Mark |last=Smith |title=The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel|quote= "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." |pages= 6–7 |year=2002|publisher=Eerdman's |isbn=978-0-8028-3972-5 |oclc=49493240}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> According to [[William G. Dever|Dever]], modern [[archaeology|archaeologists]] have largely discarded the search for evidence of the biblical narrative surrounding the patriarchs and the exodus.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dever |first=William |title=What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It? |year=2001 |publisher=Eerdmans |isbn=3-927120-37-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC |pages=98–99 |quote=After a century of exhaustive investigation, all respectable archaeologists have given up hope of recovering any context that would make Abraham, Isaac, or Jacob credible "historical figures" [...] archaeological investigation of Moses and the Exodus has similarly been discarded as a fruitless pursuit.}}</ref>[[File:Jehu on the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III.jpg|thumb|upright|Depiction of King [[Jehu]], tenth [[king]] of the [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|northern Kingdom of Israel]], on the [[Black Obelisk]] of [[Shalmaneser III|Shalmaneser III]], 841–840 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kuan |first1=Jeffrey Kah-Jin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMOqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 |title=Neo-Assyrian Historical Inscriptions and Syria-Palestine: Israelite/Judean-Tyrian-Damascene Political and Commercial Relations in the Ninth-Eighth Centuries BCE |date=2016 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-8143-0 |pages=64–66 |language=en}}</ref> This is "the only portrayal we have in ancient Near Eastern art of an Israelite or Judaean monarch".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cohen |first1=Ada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRKU0YXBWtgC&pg=PA127 |title=Assyrian Reliefs from the Palace of Ashurnasirpal II: A Cultural Biography |last2=Kangas |first2=Steven E. |date=2010 |publisher=UPNE |isbn=978-1-58465-817-7 |page=127 |language=en}}</ref>]]

According to the maximalist position, the modern archaeological record independently points to a narrative which largely agrees with the biblical account. This narrative provides a testimony of the Israelites as a [[nomad]]ic people known to the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|Egyptians]] as belonging to the [[ʿApiru|Shasu]]. Over time these nomads left the desert and settled on the central mountain range of the land of Canaan, in simple semi-nomadic settlements in which pig bones are notably absent. This population gradually shifted from a [[Tribe|tribal]] lifestyle to a monarchy. While the archaeological record of the ninth century BCE provides evidence for two monarchies, one in the south under a dynasty founded by a figure named David with its capital in [[Jerusalem]], and one in the north under a dynasty founded by a figure named [[Omri]] with its capital in [[Samaria (ancient city)|Samaria]]. It also points to an early monarchic period in which these regions shared [[material culture]] and religion, suggesting a common origin. Archaeological finds also provide evidence for the later cooperation of these two kingdoms in their coalition against [[Aram-Damascus|Aram]], and for their destructions by the [[Assyria]]ns and later by the Babylonians.<ref name="auto1"/>

[[Genetic studies on Jews]] show that most Jews worldwide bear a common genetic heritage which originates in the [[Middle East]], and that they share certain genetic traits with other Gentile peoples of the [[Fertile Crescent]].<ref name="WhoAreTheJews">{{cite web |author=Jared Diamond |year=1993 |title=Who are the Jews? |url=http://ftp.beitberl.ac.il/~bbsite/misc/ezer_anglit/klali/05_123.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721133548/http://ftp.beitberl.ac.il/~bbsite/misc/ezer_anglit/klali/05_123.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=8 November 2010}} Natural History 102:11 (November 1993): 12–19.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=MF |last2=Redd |first2=AJ |last3=Wood |first3=ET |display-authors=etal |date=June 2000 |title=Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=97 |issue=12 |pages=6769–74 |bibcode=2000PNAS...97.6769H |doi=10.1073/pnas.100115997 |pmc=18733 |pmid=10801975 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |date=9 May 2000 |title=Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/09/science/y-chromosome-bears-witness-to-story-of-the-jewish-diaspora.html |access-date=10 October 2012}}</ref> The genetic composition of different Jewish groups shows that Jews share a common gene pool dating back four millennia, as a marker of their common ancestral origin.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Balter |first=Michael |date=3 June 2010 |title=Tracing the Roots of Jewishness |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/tracing-roots-jewishness-rev2 |access-date=4 October 2018 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]}}</ref> Despite their long-term separation, Jewish communities maintained their unique commonalities, propensities, and sensibilities in culture, tradition, and language.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFtYAgAAQBAJ&q=the+importance+of+ancestral+origin+box+5-1&pg=PT116 |title=Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment:: Moving Beyond the Nature ...By Committee on Assessing Interactions Among Social, Behavioral, and Genetic Factors in Health, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Institute of Medicine, Lyla M. Hernandez |date=2006 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-10196-7 |page=100 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|Jewish history}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Jewish history}}
{{Tribes of Israel}}

=== Ancient Israel and Judah ===
{{Further|History of ancient Israel and Judah|}}

The earliest recorded evidence of a people by the name of Israel appears in the [[Merneptah Stele]], which dates to around 1200 BCE. The majority of scholars agree that this text refers to the [[Israelites]], a group that inhabited the central highlands of [[Canaan]], where archaeological evidence shows that hundreds of small [[Israelite highland settlement|settlements were constructed]] between the 12th and 10th centuries BCE.{{sfn|Stager|1998|p=91}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dever |first=William G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC&dq=What+did+the+biblical+writers+know&pg=PA102 |title=What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8028-2126-3 |language=en}}</ref> The Israelites differentiated themselves from neighboring peoples through various distinct characteristics including [[Yahwism|religious practices]], [[Endogamy|prohibition on intermarriage]], and an emphasis on genealogy and family history.{{sfn|McNutt|1999|p=35}}{{sfn|Dever|2003|p=206}}

In the 10th century BCE, two neighboring Israelite kingdoms—the northern [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]] and the southern [[Kingdom of Judah]]—emerged. Since their inception, they shared ethnic, cultural, [[Biblical Hebrew|linguistic]] and [[Yahwism|religious]] characteristics despite a complicated relationship. Israel, with its capital mostly in [[Samaria (ancient city)|Samaria]], was larger and wealthier, and soon developed into a regional power.{{sfn|Finkelstein|Silberman|2002|pp=146–7|ps=Put simply, while Judah was still economically marginal and backward, Israel was booming. [...] In the next chapter we will see how the northern kingdom suddenly appeared on the ancient Near Eastern stage as a major regional power}} In contrast, Judah, with its capital in [[Jerusalem]], was less prosperous and covered a smaller, mostly mountainous territory. However, while in Israel the royal succession was often decided by a military coup d'état, resulting in several dynasty changes, political stability in Judah was much greater, as it was ruled by the [[Davidic line|House of David]] for the whole four centuries of its existence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lemaire |first=André |title=The Oxford Illustrated History of the Holy Land |date=2018 |others=Robert G. Hoyland, H. G. M. Williamson |isbn=978-0-19-872439-1 |edition=1st |pages=61–85 |chapter=Israel and Judah |publisher=Oxford University Press |oclc=1017604304}}</ref> Scholars also describe Biblical Jews as a 'proto-[[nation]]', in the modern nationalist sense, comparable to [[Classical Greece|classical Greeks]], the [[Gauls]] and the [[British Iron Age|British Celts]].<ref name="Smith-1993">{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Anthony D. |title=National Identity |date=1993 |publisher=University of Nevada Press |isbn=978-0-87417-204-1 |edition=Reprint |series=Ethnonationalism in comparative perspective |location=Reno Las Vegas |pages=48–50}}</ref><ref name="Goodblatt-2006">{{Cite book |last=Goodblatt |first=David |title=Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86202-8 |location=Cambridge |pages=11–12 |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511499067 }}</ref><ref name="auto">Tom Garvin, "Ethnic Markers, Modern Nationalisms, and the Nightmare of History," in Kruger, ed., ¨ Ethnicity and Nationalism, p. 67.</ref><ref name="Hastings-1997">{{Cite book |last=Hastings |first=Adrian |title=The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=0-521-59391-3 |location=Cambridge |pages=186–187}}</ref>

[[File:Hazor - Royal fortress gate.jpg|thumb|Gate from the Israelite city of [[Tel Hazor|Hazor]]'s royal fort, dating to the time of [[Ahab]], 9th century BCE]]

Around 720 BCE, Kingdom of Israel was destroyed when it was [[Samerina|conquered]] by the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]], which came to dominate the ancient Near East.<ref name="Broshi 2001 174" /> Under the [[Resettlement policy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyrian resettlement policy]], a significant portion of the northern Israelite population was [[Assyrian captivity|exiled to Mesopotamia]] and replaced by immigrants from the same region.{{sfn|Tobolowsky|2022|pp=69–70; 73–75}} During the same period, and throughout the 7th century BCE, the Kingdom of Judah, now under Assyrian [[Vassal state|vassalage]], experienced a period of prosperity and witnessed a significant population growth.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2kSovzudhFUC |title=A History of the Jewish People |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |editor-last=Ben-Sasson |editor-first=Haim Hillel |editor-link=H.H. Ben-Sasson |page=142 |quote=Sargon's heir, Sennacherib (705–681), could not deal with Hezekiah's revolt until he gained control of Babylon in 702 BCE. |access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref> This prosperity continued until the Neo-Assyrian king [[Sennacherib]] [[Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant|devastated the region of Judah]] in response to a rebellion in the area, ultimately halting at [[Jerusalem]].<ref>Finkelstein, Israel and Mazar, Amihai. ''The Quest for the Historical Israel: Debating Archaeology and the History of Early Israel''. Leiden: Brill, 2007. p. 166.</ref> Later in the same century, the Assyrians were defeated by the rising [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]], and Judah became its vassal. In 587 BCE, following a [[Judah's revolts against Babylon|revolt in Judah]], the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|besieged and destroyed Jerusalem]] and the [[Solomon's Temple|First Temple]], putting an end to the kingdom. The majority of Jerusalem's residents, including the kingdom's elite, were [[Babylonian captivity|exiled to Babylon]].{{sfn|Lipiński|2020|p=94}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lipschits |first=Oded |title=The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah under Babylonian Rule |date=2005 |publisher=Penn State University Press |isbn=978-1-57506-297-6 |page=367 |doi=10.5325/j.ctv1bxh5fd|jstor=10.5325/j.ctv1bxh5fd }}</ref>

=== Second Temple period ===
{{further|Second Temple period|Jewish–Roman wars}}
According to the [[Book of Ezra]], the Persian [[Cyrus the Great]] ended the [[Babylonian exile]] in 538 BCE,<ref name="rennert">{{cite web|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_4.html |title=Second Temple Period (538 BCE. to 70 CE) Persian Rule |publisher=Biu.ac.il |access-date=15 March 2014}}</ref> the year after he captured Babylon.<ref>''Harper's Bible Dictionary'', ed. by Achtemeier, etc., Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1985, p. 103</ref> The exile ended with the return under [[Zerubbabel]] the Prince (so called because he was a descendant of the royal line of [[David]]) and Joshua the Priest (a descendant of the line of the former [[High Priest of Israel|High Priests of the Temple]]) and their construction of the [[Second Temple]] circa 521–516 BCE.<ref name="rennert" /> As part of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Empire]], the former Kingdom of Judah became the province of Judah (''[[Yehud Medinata]]''),<ref>Yehud being the Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew Yehuda, or "Judah", and "medinata" the word for province</ref> with a smaller territory<ref name="Grabbe355">{{cite book |last=Grabbe |first=Lester L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MnE5T_0RbMC&q=gave+the+Jews+permission+to+return+to+Yehud+province+and+to+rebuild+the&pg=PA355 |title=A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud – A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1 |publisher=T & T Clark |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-567-08998-4 |page=355}}</ref> and a reduced population.<ref name="Finkelstein" />

Judea was under control of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenids]] until the fall of their empire in c. 333 BCE to [[Alexander the Great]]. After several centuries under foreign imperial rule, the [[Maccabean Revolt]] against the [[Seleucid Empire]] resulted in an independent [[Hasmonean Judea]], under which the Jews once again enjoyed political independence for a period spanning from 110 to 63 BCE.<ref name="BangScheidel2013">{{cite book |author1=Peter Fibiger Bang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCj09AmtvvwC&pg=PAPA184 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean |author2=Walter Scheidel |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-518831-8 |pages=184–187 |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160404/https://books.google.com/books?id=GCj09AmtvvwC&pg=PAPA184 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Under Hasmonean rule the boundaries of their kingdom were expanded to include not only the land of the historical [[kingdom of Judah]], but also the [[Galilee]] and [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]].<ref>Stern, Menahem. (2007). "Hasmoneans". In Skolnik, Fred (ed.). Encyclopaedia Judaica Volume 8 Gos–Hep (2nd ed.). Michigan: Thompson Gale. p. 446.</ref> In the beginning of this process the [[Idumeans]], who had infiltrated southern Judea after the destruction of the [[Solomon's Temple|First Temple]], were converted en masse.<ref name="Levin-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Levin |first=Yigal |date=24 September 2020 |title=The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism |journal=Religions |volume=11 |issue=10 |page=487 |doi=10.3390/rel11100487 |issn=2077-1444 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>[[Strabo]], ''Geography'' Bk.16.2.34</ref> In 63 BCE, Judea was conquered by the Romans. From 37 BCE to 6 CE, the Romans allowed the Jews to maintain some degree of independence by installing the [[Herodian dynasty]] as [[Vassal state|vassal kings]]. However, Judea eventually came directly under Roman control and was incorporated into the [[Roman Empire]] as the [[Judaea (Roman province)|province of Judaea]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Peter Fibiger Bang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCj09AmtvvwC&pg=PA184 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean |author2=Walter Scheidel |publisher=OUP USA |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-518831-8 |pages=184–87}}</ref><ref name="Malamat1976">{{cite book |author=Abraham Malamat |url={{Google books|2kSovzudhFUC|page=PA223|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=A History of the Jewish People |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |pages=223–239}}</ref>
[[File:Monnaie_-_Prutah,_bronze,_Jérusalem,_Judée,_Mattathias_Antigonos_-_btv1b8480202s_(1_of_2).jpg|thumb|[[Temple menorah]] depicted on a coin of the [[Hasmonean dynasty|Hasmonean]] king of Judaea [[Antigonus II Mattathias]]]]

The [[Jewish–Roman wars]], a series of failed uprisings against Roman rule during the first and second centuries CE, had profound and devastating consequences for the Jewish population of Judaea.<ref name="Zissu-2018">{{Cite book |last=Zissu |first=Boaz |title=Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE |date=2018 |publisher=Brill |others=Joshua Schwartz, Peter J. Tomson |isbn=978-90-04-34986-5 |page=19 |chapter=Interbellum Judea 70-132 CE: An Archaeological Perspective |oclc=988856967}}</ref><ref name="FahlbuschBromiley2005">{{cite book |author1=Erwin Fahlbusch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PAPA15 |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |author2=Geoffrey William Bromiley |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5 |pages=15– |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160412/https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PAPA15 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[First Jewish–Roman War]] (66–73/74 CE) culminated in the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple]], after which the significantly diminished Jewish population was stripped of political autonomy.<ref name="AHJ-GM">{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=Martin |title=A History of Judaism |date=2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18127-1 |location=Princeton Oxford |pages=21, 232}}</ref> A few generations later, the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]] (132–136 CE) erupted in response to Roman plans to rebuild Jerusalem as a [[Aelia Capitolina|Roman colony]], and, possibly, to restrictions on circumcision.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eshel |first=Hanan |author-link=Hanan Eshel |title=The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |publisher=Cambridge University press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |series=The Cambridge history of Judaism |volume=4 |location=Cambridge |pages=105–127 |chapter=The Bar Kochba Revolt, 132–135}}</ref> Its violent suppression by the Romans led to the near-total depopulation of Judea,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Joan E. |title=The Essenes, the scrolls, and the Dead Sea |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-955448-5 |location=Oxford |page=243}}</ref><ref name="Levine-2017">{{cite book |last1=Levine |first1=David |title=Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE |chapter=70 ce or 135 ce – Where was the Watershed? Ancient and Modern Perspectives |date=2017 |pages=161–175 |doi=10.1163/9789004352971_011 |isbn=978-90-04-35297-1 }}</ref> and the demographic and cultural center of Jewish life shifted to [[Galilee]].<ref name="Levine-2017" /> Jews were subsequently banned from residing in Jerusalem and the surrounding area,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartz |first1=Seth |title=Revolt and Resistance in the Ancient Classical World and the Near East |chapter=15 the Impact of the Jewish Rebellions, 66–135 CE: Destruction or Provincialization? |date=2016 |pages=234–252 |doi=10.1163/9789004330184_016 |isbn=978-90-04-33018-4 }}</ref> and the province of Judaea was renamed [[Syria Palaestina]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eck |first=Werner |date=1999 |title=The bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View |journal=The Journal of Roman Studies |volume=89 |pages=88–89 |doi=10.2307/300735 |jstor=300735 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Magness |first=Jodi |title=The archaeology of the Holy Land: from the destruction of Solomon's Temple to the Muslim conquest |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-01383-3 |location=New York |page=260}}</ref> These developments effectively ended Jewish efforts to restore political sovereignty in the region for nearly two millennia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grabbe |first=Lester L. |title=An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History And Religion Of The Jews In The Time Of Nehemiah, The Maccabees, Hillel, And Jesus |date=2010 |publisher=T&T Clark |isbn=978-0-567-55248-8 |location=Edinburgh |page=78 |quote=It was the total defeat and the massive destruction of the 132–35 war which put paid to any hopes of a revived Jewish state for another 1800 years.}}</ref> Similar upheavals impacted the Jewish communities in the empire's eastern provinces during the [[Diaspora Revolt]] (115–117 CE), leading to the near-total destruction of Jewish diaspora communities in [[Roman Libya|Libya]], [[Roman Cyprus|Cyprus]] and [[Roman Egypt|Egypt]],<ref name="Kerkeslager-2006">{{cite book |last1=Kerkeslager |first1=Allen |last2=Setzer |first2=Claudia |last3=Trebilco |first3=Paul |last4=Goodblatt |first4=David |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism |chapter=The Diaspora from 66 to c. 235ce |date=2006 |pages=53–92 |doi=10.1017/chol9780521772488.004 |isbn=978-1-139-05513-0 }}</ref><ref name="Zeev-2006">{{cite book |last1=Zeev |first1=Miriam Pucci Ben |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism |chapter=The uprisings in the Jewish Diaspora, 116–117 |date=2006 |pages=93–104 |doi=10.1017/chol9780521772488.005 |isbn=978-1-139-05513-0 }}</ref> including the highly influential community in [[Alexandria]].<ref name="AHJ-GM" /><ref name="Kerkeslager-2006" />[[File:Iudaea_capta_reverse_of_Vespasian_sestertius.jpg|thumb|A Roman coin inscribed ''[[Judaea Capta coinage|Ivdaea Capta]],'' or "captive Judea" (71 CE), representing Judea as a seated mourning woman (right), and a Jewish captive with hands tied (left)]]The destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE brought profound changes to Judaism. With the Temple's central place in Jewish worship gone, religious practices shifted towards [[Jewish prayer|prayer]], [[Torah study]] (including [[Oral Torah]]), and communal gatherings in [[synagogue]]s. Judaism also lost much of its [[sectarian]] nature.<ref name="Magness">{{cite book |author=Jodi Magness |title=Was 70 CE a Watershed in Jewish History?: On Jews and Judaism before and after the Destruction of the Second Temple |publisher=Brill |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-04-21744-7 |editor1=Daniel R. Schwartz |chapter=Sectarianism before and after 70 CE |editor2=Zeev Weiss |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VecxAQAAQBAJ&q=diaspora+70+ce&pg=PA189}}</ref>{{rp|69}} Two of the three main sects that flourished during the late Second Temple period, namely the [[Sadducees]] and [[Essenes]], eventually disappeared, while [[Pharisees|Pharisaic]] beliefs became the foundational, liturgical, and ritualistic basis of [[Rabbinic Judaism]], which emerged as the prevailing form of Judaism since late antiquity.<ref name="Karesh-2006">{{Cite book |last=Karesh |first=Sara E. |title=Encyclopedia of Judaism |year=2006 |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-1-78785-171-9 |oclc=1162305378 |quote=Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.}}</ref>

=== Babylon and Rome ===
{{Further|Rabbinic period|History of the Jews in the Roman Empire|Talmudic academies in Babylonia}}
[[File:Israel-2013-Aerial 21-Masada.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Masada]] fortress overlooking the [[Dead Sea]], the location of a [[Siege of Masada|1st-century Roman siege]]]]

The [[Jewish diaspora]] existed well before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE and had been ongoing for centuries, with the dispersal driven by both forced expulsions and voluntary migrations.<ref>[[Erich S. Gruen]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=t1IR4WtFjGUC&pg=PA3 Diaspora: Jews Amidst Greeks and Romans] [[Harvard University Press]], 2009 pp. 3–4, 233–34: 'Compulsory dislocation, ....cannot have accounted for more than a fraction of the diaspora. ... The vast bulk of Jews who dwelled abroad in the Second Temple Period did so voluntarily.' (2)' .Diaspora did not await the fall of Jerusalem to Roman power and destructiveness. The scattering of Jews had begun long before-occasionally through forced expulsion, much more frequently through voluntary migration.'</ref><ref name="AHJ-GM"/> In Mesopotamia, a testimony to the beginnings of the Jewish community can be found in [[Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets|Joachin's ration tablets]], listing provisions allotted to the exiled Judean king and his family by [[Nebuchadnezzar II|Nebuchadnezzar II]], and further evidence are the [[Al-Yahudu Tablets|Al-Yahudu tablets]], dated to the 6th–5th centuries BCE and related to the exiles from Judea arriving after the destruction of the [[Solomon's Temple|First Temple]],<ref name="us-israel-archaeology" /> though there is ample evidence for the presence of Jews in Babylonia even from 626 BCE.<ref>Zadok R. Judeans in Babylonia–Updating the Dossier. in U.Gabbay and Sh.Secunda. (eds.). ''Encounters by the Rivers of Babylon: Scholarly Conversations between Jews, Iranians and Babylonians in Antiquity'', Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 160. Tübingen: MohrSiebeck. pp. 109–110.</ref> In Egypt, the [[Elephantine papyri and ostraca|documents from Elephantine]] reveal the trials of a community founded by a Persian Jewish garrison at two fortresses on the frontier during the 5th–4th centuries BCE, and according to [[Josephus]] the Jewish community in Alexandria existed since the founding of the city in the 4th century BCE by [[Alexander the Great]].<ref>Josephus Flavius, ''Against Appion''. 4.II</ref> By 200 BCE, there were well established Jewish communities both in [[Egypt]] and [[Mesopotamia]] ("[[History of the Jews in Iraq|Babylonia]]" in Jewish sources) and in the two centuries that followed, Jewish populations were also present in [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]], [[Greece]], [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]], [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]], and, beginning in the middle of the first century BCE, in the city of [[Rome]].<ref name="Smallwood">{{cite book |author=E. Mary Smallwood |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism: The early Roman period, Volume 3 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-521-24377-3 |editor1=William David Davies |chapter=The Diaspora in the Roman period before AD 70 |editor2=Louis Finkelstein |editor3=William Horbury |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AW2BuWcalXIC&q=Diaspora+before+70&pg=PA168}}</ref><ref name="AHJ-GM"/> Later, in the first centuries CE, as a result of the [[Jewish–Roman wars|Jewish-Roman Wars]], a large number of Jews were taken as captives, sold into slavery, or compelled to flee from the regions affected by the wars, contributing to the formation and expansion of Jewish communities across the [[Roman Empire]] as well as in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bowersock |first=G. W. |author-link=G. W. Bowersock |title=The Crucible of Islam |date=2017 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-23772-8 |edition= |page=102}}</ref> and Mesopotamia.

After the Bar Kokhba revolt, the Jewish population in Judaea—now significantly reduced— made efforts to recover from the revolt's devastating effects, but never fully regained its former strength.<ref name="Ehrlich-2022">{{Cite book |last=Ehrlich |first=Michael |title=The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634–1800 |publisher=Arc Humanities Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-64189-222-3 |location=Leeds, UK |pages=3–4 |oclc=1302180905 |quote=The Jewish community strove to recover from the catastrophic results of the Bar Kokhva revolt (132–135 CE). Although some of these attempts were relatively successful, the Jews never fully recovered. During the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, many Jews emigrated to thriving centres in the diaspora, especially Iraq, whereas some converted to Christianity and others continued to live in the Holy Land, especially in Galilee and the coastal plain. During the Byzantine period, the three provinces of Palestine included more than thirty cities, namely, settlements with a bishop see. After the Muslim conquest in the 630s, most of these cities declined and eventually disappeared. As a result, in many cases the local ecclesiastical administration weakened, while in others it simply ceased to exist. Consequently, many local Christians converted to Islam. Thus, almost twelve centuries later, when the army led by Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in the Holy Land, most of the local population was Muslim.}}</ref><ref>Oppenheimer, A'haron and Oppenheimer, Nili. ''Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society''. Mohr Siebeck, 2005, p. 2.</ref> Between the second and fourth centuries CE, the region of Galilee emerged as the primary center of Jewish life in Syria Palaestina, experiencing both demographic growth and cultural development. It was during this period that two central rabbinic texts, the ''[[Mishnah]]'' and the ''[[Jerusalem Talmud]]'', were composed.<ref name="Leibner-2009">{{Cite book |last=Leibner |first=Uzi |url=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/43969 |title=Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee |date=2009 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |isbn=978-3-16-151460-9 |pages=321–324; 362–371; 396–400; 414–416 |language=English |hdl=20.500.12657/43969}}</ref> The Romans recognized the patriarchs—rabbinic sages such as [[Judah ha-Nasi]]—as representatives of the Jewish people, granting them a certain degree of autonomy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=DeSilva |first=David A. |title=Judea under Greek and Roman rule |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-026328-7 |series=Essentials of biblical studies |location=New York, NY |pages=179–181}}</ref> However, as the Roman Empire gave way to the [[Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire|Christianized]] Byzantine Empire under [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]], Jews began to face persecution by both the Church and imperial authorities, Jews came to be persecuted by the church and the authorities, and many immigrated to communities in the diaspora. By the fourth century CE, Jews are believed to have lost their demographic majority in Syria Palaestina.<ref name="Kessler20102">{{cite book |author=Edward Kessler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87Woe7kkPM4C&pg=PA72 |title=An Introduction to Jewish-Christian Relations |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-70562-2 |page=72 |quote=Jews probably remained in the majority in Palestine until some time after the conversion of Constantine in the fourth century. [...] In Babylonia, there had been for many centuries a Jewish community which would have been further strengthened by those fleeing the aftermath of the Roman revolts.}}</ref><ref name="Ehrlich-2022" />

The long-established Jewish community of Mesopotamia, which had been living under [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] and later [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] rule, beyond the confines of the Roman Empire, became an important center of [[Jewish studies|Jewish study]] as Judea's Jewish population declined.<ref name="Kessler20102" /><ref name="Ehrlich-2022" /> Estimates often place the Babylonian Jewish community of the 3rd to 7th centuries at around one million, making it the largest Jewish diaspora community of that period.<ref name="Gafni-2006">{{cite book |last1=Gafni |first1=Isaiah M. |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism |chapter=The Political, Social, and Economic History of Babylonian Jewry, 224–638 CE |date=2006 |pages=792–820 |doi=10.1017/chol9780521772488.033 |isbn=978-1-139-05513-0 }}</ref> Under the political leadership of the [[exilarch]], who was regarded as a royal heir of the House of David, this community had an autonomous status and served as a place of refuge for the Jews of [[Syria Palaestina]]. A number of significant [[Talmudic academies in Babylonia|Talmudic academies]], such as the [[Nehardea Academy|Nehardea]], [[Pumbedita Academy|Pumbedita]], and [[Sura Academy|Sura]] academies, were established in Mesopotamia, and many important ''[[Amoraim]]'' were active there. The [[Babylonian Talmud]], a centerpiece of Jewish religious law, was compiled in Babylonia in the 3rd to 6th centuries.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title=Talmud and Midrash (Judaism) :: The making of the Talmuds: 3rd–6th century |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/581644/Talmud-and-Midrash/34869/The-making-of-the-Talmuds-3rd-6th-century#ref=ref24372 |access-date=28 October 2013}}</ref>

=== Middle Ages ===
{{Further|History of European Jews in the Middle Ages|Mizrahi Jews|Sephardi Jews}}

Jewish diaspora communities are generally described to have [[Coalescent theory|coalesced]] into three major [[Jewish ethnic divisions|ethnic subdivisions]] according to where their ancestors settled: the ''[[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazim]]'' (initially in the Rhineland and France), the ''[[Sephardi Jews|Sephardim]]'' (initially in the [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews|Iberian Peninsula]]), and the ''[[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahim]]'' ([[History of the Jews under Muslim rule|Middle East]] and [[North Africa]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel |title=Jewish society through the ages |publisher=Schocken Books |year=1972 |editor=Ettinger, Samuel |oclc=581911264 |orig-date=1969}}</ref> [[Romaniote Jews]], [[Tunisian Jews]], [[Yemenite Jews]], [[Egyptian Jews]], [[Ethiopian Jews]], [[Bukharan Jews]], [[Mountain Jews]], and other groups also predated the arrival of the Sephardic diaspora.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times |date=2002 |publisher=Columbia University Press |jstor=10.7312/simo10796 }}</ref>

During the same period, Jewish communities in the Middle East thrived under Islamic rule, especially in cities like [[Baghdad]], [[Cairo]], and [[Damascus]]. In Babylonia, from the 7th to 11th centuries the [[Pumbedita Academy|Pumbedita]] and [[Sura Academy|Sura]] academies led the Arab and to an extent the entire Jewish world. The deans and students of said academies defined the [[Geonim|Geonic period]] in Jewish history.<ref>{{cite web |title=GAON |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6511-gaon |website=JewishEncyclopedia.com }}</ref> Following this period were the [[Rishonim]] who lived from the 11th to 15th centuries. Like their European counterparts, Jews in the Middle East and North Africa also faced periods of persecution and discriminatory policies, with the [[Almohad Caliphate]] in [[North Africa]] and [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]] issuing forced conversion decrees, causing Jews such as [[Maimonides]] to seek safety in other regions.

Despite experiencing repeated waves of persecution, Ashkenazi Jews in Western Europe worked in a variety of fields, making an impact on their communities' economy and societies. In [[Francia]], for example, figures like [[Isaac the Jew|Isaac Judaeus]] and [[Armentarius (moneylender)|Armentarius]] occupied prominent social and economic positions. Francia also witnessed the development of a sophisticated tradition of biblical commentary, as exemplified by [[Rashi]] and the [[Tosafot|''tosafists'']]. In 1144, the [[William of Norwich|first documented blood libel]] occurred in [[Norwich]], England, marking an escalation in the pattern of discrimination and violence that Jews had already been subjected to throughout medieval Europe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge history of Judaism|publisher=Cambridge university press|date=2018|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-51724-9|first=Robert|last=Chazan|page=221}}</ref> During the 12th and 13th centuries, Jews faced frequent antisemitic legislation - including laws prescribing distinctive dress - alongside segregation, repeated [[Blood libel|blood libels]], [[Pogrom|pogroms]], and massacres such as the [[Rhineland massacres|Rhineland Massacres]] (1066). The Jews of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] were designated [[Servi camerae regis]] (“servants of the imperial chamber”) by [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]], a status that afforded limited protection while simultaneously entangling them in the political struggles between the emperor and the German principalities and cities. [[Persecution of Jews during the Black Death|Persecution]] intensified during the [[Black Death]] in the mid-14th century, when Jews were accused of poisoning wells and many communities were destroyed.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The synagogue|publisher=Steinmatzky|date=1978|location=Jerusalem|isbn=978-0-297-77527-0|first1=Brian|last1=De Breffny|first2=George|last2=Mott|pages=59–69}}</ref> These pressures, combined with major expulsions such as that from [[Edict of Expulsion|England in 1290]], gradually pushed Ashkenazi Jewish populations eastward into Poland, Lithuania, and Russia.<ref>Harshav, Benjamin (1999). ''The Meaning of Yiddish''. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 6. "From the fourteenth and certainly by the sixteenth century, the center of European Jewry had shifted to Poland, then ... comprising the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (including today's Byelorussia), Crown Poland, Galicia, the Ukraine and stretching, at times, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, from the approaches to Berlin to a short distance from Moscow."</ref>

[[File:Synagogue of Cordoba, 1315 (6) (29757615901).jpg|thumb|Hebrew inscription in the [[Córdoba Synagogue]], [[Spain]] (1315)]]

One of the largest Jewish communities of the Middle Ages was in the [[Iberian Peninsula]], which for a time contained the largest Jewish population in Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roth |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Roth |title=Conversos, Inquisition, and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-299-14234-6 |edition=2nd |location=Madison, Wisconsin |page=ix}}</ref> Iberian Jewry endured discrimination under the [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visigoths]] but saw its fortunes improve under [[Umayyad state of Córdoba|Umayyad rule]] and later the [[Taifa|Taifa kingdoms]]. During this period, the Jews of [[Al-Andalus|Muslim Spain]] entered a "[[Golden Age of Jewish culture in Spain|Golden Age]]" marked by achievements in [[Jewish poetry from al-Andalus|Hebrew poetry]] and literature, religious scholarship, grammar, medicine and science, with leading figures including [[Hasdai ibn Shaprut]], [[Judah Halevi]], [[Moses ibn Ezra]] and [[Solomon ibn Gabirol]].<ref name="Gerber-2021">{{Citation |last=Gerber |first=Jane S. |title=The Jews of Muslim Spain |date=2021 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 5: Jews in the Medieval Islamic World |volume=5 |pages=164–165, 168–169, 180, 185–197 |editor-last=Lieberman |editor-first=Phillip I. |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51717-1 |doi=10.1017/9781139048873 }}</ref> Jews also rose to high office, most notably [[Samuel ibn Naghrillah]], a scholar and poet who served as grand vizier and military commander of [[Granada]].<ref name="Gerber-2021" /> The Golden Age ended with the rise of the radical [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid]] and [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]] dynasties, whose persecutions drove many Jews from Iberia (including [[Maimonides]]),<ref name="Gerber-2021" /> together with the advancing [[Reconquista]]. In 1391, [[Massacre of 1391|widespread pogroms]] swept across Spain, leaving thousands dead and forcing mass conversions.<ref name="Tov Assis-2018">{{cite book |last1=Tov Assis |first1=Yom |last2=Meyerson |first2=Mark |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism |chapter=The Iberian Peninsula |date=2018 |pages=129–184 |doi=10.1017/9781139048880.007 |isbn=978-1-139-04888-0 }}</ref> The [[Spanish Inquisition]] was later established to pursue, torture and execute ''[[Converso|conversos]]'' who continued to practice Judaism in secret, while public disputations were staged to discredit Judaism.<ref name="Tov Assis-2018" /> In 1492, after the Reconquista, [[Isabella I of Castile|Isabella I]] of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand II]] of [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]] decreed the [[Expulsion of Jews from Spain|expulsion of all Jews]] who refused conversion, sending an estimated 200,000 into exile in [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]], Italy, [[Maghreb|North Africa]], and the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name="Beinart-2001">{{cite book |last=Beinart |first=Haim |author-link=Haim Beinart |title=The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain |publisher=The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization in association with Liverpool University Press |year=2001 |series=Littman Library of Jewish Civilization |volume=1 |location=Oxford |page=290 |translator=Jeffrey M. Green}}</ref> In 1497, [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]'s Jews, about 30,000, were formally ordered expelled but instead were forcibly converted to retain their economic role.<ref name="Tov Assis-2018" /> In 1498, some 3,500 Jews were expelled from [[Navarre]].<ref name="Tov Assis-2018" /> Many converts outwardly adopted Christianity while secretly preserving Jewish practices, becoming [[Crypto-Judaism|crypto-Jews]] (also known as [[Marrano|''marranos'']] or ''[[anusim]]''), who remained targets of the various Inquisitions for centuries.<ref>{{Citation |last=Graizbord |first=David |title=Iberia and Beyond: Judeoconversos and the Iberian Inquisitions |date=2017 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 7: The Early Modern World, 1500–1815 |volume=7 |pages=219–225 |editor-last=Sutcliffe |editor-first=Adam |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88904-9 |editor2-last=Karp |editor2-first=Jonathan |doi=10.1017/9781139017169 }}</ref>

=== Early modern period ===
{{Further|Ottoman Jewry|Hasidic Judaism|Misnagdim|Haskalah}}

Following the expulsions from Spain and Portugal in the 1490s, Jewish exiles dispersed across the Mediterranean, Europe, and North Africa. Many settled in the [[Ottoman Empire]]—which, replacing the Iberian Peninsula, became home to the world's largest Jewish population—where new communities developed in [[Anatolia]], the [[Balkans]], and the Land of Israel.<ref name="Hacker-2017">{{Citation |last=Hacker |first=Joseph R. |title=The Rise of Ottoman Jewry |date=2017 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 7: The Early Modern World, 1500–1815 |volume=7 |pages=79–80, 110 |editor-last=Sutcliffe |editor-first=Adam |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88904-9 |editor2-last=Karp |editor2-first=Jonathan |doi=10.1017/9781139017169 }}</ref> Cities such as [[Istanbul]] and [[Thessaloniki]] grew into major Jewish centers, while in 16th-century [[Safed]] a flourishing spiritual life took shape.<ref name="Hacker-2017" /> There, [[Solomon Alkabetz]], [[Moses Cordovero]], and [[Isaac Luria]] developed influential new schools of [[Kabbalah]], giving powerful impetus to Jewish mysticism, and [[Joseph Karo]] composed the ''[[Shulchan Aruch]]'', which became a cornerstone of Jewish law.<ref name="Hacker-2017" /> In the 17th century, Portuguese ''conversos'' who returned to Judaism and engaged in trade and banking helped establish [[History of the Jews in Amsterdam|Amsterdam]] as a prosperous Jewish center,<ref>{{Citation |last=Trivellato |first=Francesca |title=Jews and the Early Modern Economy |date=2017 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 7: The Early Modern World, 1500–1815 |volume=7 |pages=147, 152, 153 |editor-last=Sutcliffe |editor-first=Adam |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88904-9 |editor2-last=Karp |editor2-first=Jonathan |doi=10.1017/9781139017169 }}</ref> while also forming communities in cities such as [[Antwerp]] and [[London]].<ref name="Endelman-2017">{{Citation |last=Endelman |first=Todd M. |title=The Jews of Great Britain (1650–1815) |date=2017 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 7: The Early Modern World, 1500–1815 |volume=7 |pages=949–951 |editor-last=Sutcliffe |editor-first=Adam |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88904-9 |editor2-last=Karp |editor2-first=Jonathan |doi=10.1017/9781139017169 }}</ref> This period also witnessed waves of messianic fervor, most notably the rise of the [[Sabbateans|Sabbatean movement]] in the 1660s, led by [[Sabbatai Zevi|Sabbatai Zvi]] of [[İzmir]], which reverberated throughout the Jewish world.<ref>{{Citation |last=Goldish |first=Matt |title=Sabbatai Zevi and the Sabbatean Movement |date=2017 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 7: The Early Modern World, 1500–1815 |volume=7 |pages=491, 500–501 |editor-last=Sutcliffe |editor-first=Adam |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88904-9 |editor2-last=Karp |editor2-first=Jonathan |doi=10.1017/9781139017169 }}</ref>

[[File:Interieur van de Portugese synagoge te Amsterdam, SK-A-3738.jpg|thumb|281x281px|Interior of the [[Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)|Portuguese Synagogue]] in [[Amsterdam]], painted by [[Emanuel de Witte]], c. 1680, Rijksmuseum]]

In Eastern Europe, [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland–Lithuania]] became the principal center of Ashkenazi Jewry, eventually becoming home to the largest Jewish population in the world. Jewish life flourished there from in the early modern era, supported by relative stability, economic opportunity, and strong communal institutions.<ref name="Guesnet-2017">{{Citation |last=Guesnet |first=François |title=The Jews of Poland–Lithuania (1650–1815) |date=2017 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 7: The Early Modern World, 1500–1815 |volume=7 |pages=229–230 |editor-last=Sutcliffe |editor-first=Adam |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88904-9 |editor2-last=Karp |editor2-first=Jonathan |doi=10.1017/9781139017169 }}</ref> The mid-17th century brought devastation with the [[Cossack uprisings]] in Ukraine, which reversed migration flows and sent refugees westward, yet Poland–Lithuania remained the demographic and cultural heartland of Ashkenazic Jewry.<ref name="Guesnet-2017" /> Following the [[partitions of Poland]], most of its Jews came under Russian rule and were confined to the "[[Pale of Settlement]]."<ref>{{Citation |last=Guesnet |first=François |title=The Jews of Poland–Lithuania (1650–1815) |date=2017 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 7: The Early Modern World, 1500–1815 |volume=7 |page=801 |editor-last=Sutcliffe |editor-first=Adam |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88904-9 |editor2-last=Karp |editor2-first=Jonathan |doi=10.1017/9781139017169 }}</ref> The 18th century also witnessed new religious and intellectual currents. [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidism]], founded by [[Baal Shem Tov]], emphasized mysticism and piety,<ref name="Dynner-2017">{{Citation |last=Dynner |first=Glenn |title=Jewish Piety and Devotion in Early Modern Eastern Europe |date=2017 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 7: The Early Modern World, 1500–1815 |volume=7 |pages=619–621 |editor-last=Sutcliffe |editor-first=Adam |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88904-9 |editor2-last=Karp |editor2-first=Jonathan |doi=10.1017/9781139017169 }}</ref> while its opponents, the [[Misnagdim]] ("opponents") led by the [[Vilna Gaon]], defended rabbinic scholarship and tradition.<ref name="Dynner-2017" />

In Western Europe, during the 1760s and 1770s, the [[Haskalah]] (Jewish [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]) emerged in German-speaking lands, where figures such as [[Moses Mendelssohn]] promoted secular learning, vernacular literacy, and integration into European society.<ref>{{Citation |last=Breuer |first=Edward |title=Enlightenment and Haskalah |date=2017 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 7: The Early Modern World, 1500–1815 |volume=7 |page=652 |editor-last=Sutcliffe |editor-first=Adam |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88904-9 |editor2-last=Karp |editor2-first=Jonathan |doi=10.1017/9781139017169 }}</ref> Elsewhere, Jews began to be re-admitted to Western Europe, including England, where [[Menasseh Ben Israel|Menasseh ben Israel]] petitioned [[Oliver Cromwell]] for their return.<ref name="Endelman-2017" />

In the Americas, Jews of Sephardic descent first arrived as ''conversos'' in Spanish and Portuguese colonies, where many faced trial by [[Inquisition]] tribunals for "judaizing."<ref name="Klooster-2017">{{cite book |last1=Klooster |first1=Wim |title=The Cambridge History of Judaism |chapter=The Jews in the Early Modern Caribbean and the Atlantic World |date=2017 |pages=972–996 |doi=10.1017/9781139017169.038 |isbn=978-1-139-01716-9 }}</ref> A more durable presence began in [[Dutch Brazil]], where Jews openly practiced their religion and established the first synagogues in the [[New World]], before the Portuguese reconquest forced their dispersal to Amsterdam, the [[Caribbean]], and [[North America]].<ref name="Klooster-2017" /> Sephardic communities took root in [[Curaçao]], [[Suriname]], [[Jamaica]], and [[Barbados]], later joined by Ashkenazi migrants.<ref name="Klooster-2017" /> In North America, Jews were present from the mid-17th century, with [[New Amsterdam]] hosting the first organized congregation in 1654.<ref name="Pencak-2017">{{Citation |last=Pencak |first=William |title=The Jews in Early North America: Agents of Empire, Champions of Liberty |date=2017 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 7: The Early Modern World, 1500–1815 |volume=7 |pages=997–1021 |editor-last=Sutcliffe |editor-first=Adam |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88904-9 |editor2-last=Karp |editor2-first=Jonathan |doi=10.1017/9781139017169 }}</ref> By the time of the [[American Revolution]], small communities in [[New York City|New York]], [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]], and [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] played an active role in the struggle for independence.<ref name="Pencak-2017" />

=== Modern period and the State of Israel ===
{{Further|Jewish emancipation|Zionism|The Holocaust|History of Israel (1948–present)}}

In the late 19th century, Jews in Western Europe gradually achieved legal [[Jewish emancipation|emancipation]], though social acceptance remained limited by persistent antisemitism and rising nationalism. In Eastern Europe, particularly within the Russian Empire's Pale of Settlement, Jews faced mounting legal restrictions and recurring [[Pogrom|pogroms]]. From this environment emerged [[Zionism]], a national revival movement originating in Central and Eastern Europe that sought to re-establish a Jewish polity in the Land of Israel as a means of returning the Jewish people to their ancestral homeland and ending centuries of exile and persecution. This led to waves of Jewish migration to [[Ottoman Syria|Ottoman-controlled Palestine]]. [[Theodor Herzl]], who is considered the father of [[Types of Zionism#Political Zionism|political Zionism]],<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Kornberg|1993}} "How did Theodor Herzl, an assimilated German nationalist in the 1880s, suddenly in the 1890s become the founder of Zionism?"</ref> offered his vision of a future Jewish state in his 1896 book ''[[Der Judenstaat]]'' (''The Jewish State''); a year later, he presided over the [[First Zionist Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |date=21 July 2005 |title=Chapter One |url=http://www.jewishagency.org/israel/content/23396 |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=The Jewish Agency for Israel1 |archive-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210124104/http://www.jewishagency.org/israel/content/23396 }}</ref>

The antisemitism that inflicted Jewish communities in Europe also triggered a mass exodus of 2.8 million Jews to the [[United States]] between 1881 and 1924.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lewin |first=Rhoda G. |date=1979 |title=Stereotype and reality in the Jewish immigrant experience in Minneapolis |url=http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/46/v46i07p258-273.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Minnesota History |volume=46 |issue=7 |page=259 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721002023/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/46/v46i07p258-273.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2020 |access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref> Despite this, some Jews of Europe and the United States were able to make great achievements in various fields of science and culture. Among the most influential from this period are [[Albert Einstein]] in physics, [[Sigmund Freud]] in psychology, [[Franz Kafka]] in literature, and [[Irving Berlin]] in music. Many [[Nobel Prize]] winners at this time were Jewish, as is still the case.<ref name="Jewish Nobel Prize Winners">{{cite web |title=Jewish Nobel Prize Winners |url=http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211039/http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html |archive-date=24 December 2018 |access-date=7 October 2011 |publisher=jinfo.org}}</ref>

[[File:Jewish people around the world.svg|thumb|301x301px|Map of the Jewish diaspora: 
{{Legend|#000000|Israel}}
{{Legend|#00216bff|+ 1,000,000}}
{{Legend|#0038b8ff|+ 100,000}}
{{Legend|#578bffff|+ 10,000}}
{{Legend|#b3cbffff|+ 1,000}}]]

When [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazi Party]] came to power in [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] in 1933, the situation for Jews deteriorated rapidly as a direct result of Nazi policies. Many Jews fled from Europe to [[Mandatory Palestine]], the United States, and the [[Soviet Union]] as a result of racial [[Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany|anti-Semitic laws]], economic difficulties, and the fear of an impending war. [[World War II]] started in 1939, and by 1941, Hitler occupied almost all of Europe. Following the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion of the Soviet Union]] in 1941, the [[Final Solution]]—an extensive, organized effort with an unprecedented scope intended to [[Genocide|annihilate]] the Jewish people—began, and resulted in the persecution and murder of Jews in Europe and [[North Africa]]. In Poland, three million were murdered in [[gas chambers]] in all concentration camps combined, with one million at the [[Auschwitz]] camp complex alone. The [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] is the name given to this [[genocide]], in which six million Jews in total were systematically murdered.

Before and during the Holocaust, enormous numbers of Jews immigrated to Mandatory Palestine. In 1944, the [[Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine]] began with the aim of gaining full independence from the [[United Kingdom]]. On 14 May 1948, upon the termination of the mandate, [[David Ben-Gurion]] declared the creation of the [[Israel|State of Israel]], a [[Jewish and democratic state]]. Immediately afterwards, all neighboring Arab states [[1948 Arab-Israeli War|invaded]], and were resisted by the newly formed [[Israel Defense Forces]]. In 1949, the war ended and Israel started building its state and absorbing waves of ''[[Aliyah]]'', granting [[Israelis|citizenship]] to Jews all over the world via the [[Law of Return]] passed in 1950. However, both the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] and wider [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] continue to this day.

== Culture ==
{{Main|Jewish culture}}

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Judaism}}
{{See also|Jewish atheism|Jewish secularism}}

The Jewish [[Jewish peoplehood|people]] and the religion of [[Judaism]] are strongly interrelated. [[Conversion to Judaism|Converts to Judaism]] have a status within the Jewish people equal to those born into it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/beliefs/conversion.shtml |title=BBC Religions/Converting to Judaism: "A person who converts to Judaism becomes a Jew in every sense of the word, and is just as Jewish as someone born into Judaism." |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |access-date=2 October 2013}}</ref> However, converts who go on to practice no Judaism are likely to be viewed with skepticism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interfaithfamily.com/spirituality/conversion/Are_Converts_Treated_as_Second_Class.shtml |title=Are Converts Treated as Second Class? |work=InterfaithFamily |date=2 May 2011 |access-date=29 August 2016 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808163226/http://www.interfaithfamily.com/spirituality/conversion/Are_Converts_Treated_as_Second_Class.shtml }}</ref> Mainstream Judaism does not [[Proselytism|proselytize]], and conversion is considered a difficult task. A significant portion of conversions are undertaken by children of mixed marriages, or would-be or current spouses of Jews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/paul-golin/the-complicated-relations_b_842806.html |title=Paul Golin: The Complicated Relationship Between Intermarriage and Jewish Conversion |date=31 March 2011 |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |access-date=2 October 2013}}</ref>

The [[Hebrew Bible]], a religious interpretation of the traditions and early history of the Jews, established the first of the [[Abrahamic religions]], which are now practiced by 54 percent of the world. Judaism guides its adherents in both practice and belief, and has been called not only a religion, but also a "way of life,"<ref>Neusner (1991) p. 64</ref> which has made drawing a clear distinction between Judaism, [[Jewish culture]], and [[Jewish identity]] rather difficult. Throughout history, in eras and places as diverse as the ancient [[Ancient Greece|Hellenic]] world,<ref>{{cite book|last=Patai|first=Raphael|author-link=Raphael Patai|title=[[The Jewish Mind]]|year=1996|orig-date=1977|publisher=Wayne State University Press|location=Detroit|isbn=0-8143-2651-X|page=7}}</ref> in Europe before and after [[The Age of Enlightenment]] (see [[Haskalah]]),<ref>{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Lonnie R.|title=Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-510071-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195100716/page/145 145]|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195100716/page/145}}</ref> in [[Al-Andalus|Islamic Spain and Portugal]],<ref name=Sharot2930>Sharot (1997), pp. 29–30.</ref> in [[North Africa]] and the [[Middle East]],<ref name=Sharot2930 /> [[Indian Jews|India]],<ref>Sharot (1997), pp. 42–43.</ref> [[History of the Jews in China|China]],<ref>Sharot (1997), p. 42.</ref> or the contemporary [[American Jews|United States]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Fishman|first=Sylvia Barack|title=Jewish Life and American Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/jewishlifeameric0000fish|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany, N.Y.|isbn=0-7914-4546-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/jewishlifeameric0000fish/page/38 38]}}</ref> and [[Israel]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Kimmerling|first=Baruch|title=The Israeli State and Society: Boundaries and Frontiers|url=https://archive.org/details/israelistatesoci00kimm|url-access=limited|year=1996|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany, N.Y.|isbn=0-88706-849-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/israelistatesoci00kimm/page/n178 169]}}</ref> cultural phenomena have developed that are in some sense characteristically Jewish without being at all specifically religious. Some factors in this come from within Judaism, others from the interaction of Jews or specific communities of Jews with their surroundings, and still others from the inner social and cultural dynamics of the community, as opposed to from the religion itself. This phenomenon has led to considerably different [[Jewish culture]]s unique to their own communities.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lowenstein|first=Steven M.|title=The Jewish Cultural Tapestry: International Jewish Folk Traditions|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-513425-7|page=228}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Main|Jewish languages}}

[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] is the [[liturgical language]] of Judaism (termed ''lashon ha-kodesh'', "the holy tongue"), the language in which most of the Hebrew scriptures ([[Tanakh]]) were composed, and the daily speech of the Jewish people for centuries. By the 5th century BCE, [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]], a closely related tongue, joined Hebrew as the spoken language in [[Judea]].<ref name=Grintz>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/3264497|title=Hebrew as the Spoken and Written Language in the Last Days of the Second Temple|first=Jehoshua M.|last=Grintz|journal=Journal of Biblical Literature|volume=79|issue=1|date=March 1960|pages=32–47|publisher=The Society of Biblical Literature|jstor=3264497}}</ref> By the 3rd century BCE, some Jews of the diaspora were speaking [[Koine Greek|Greek]].<ref>Feldman (2006), p. 54.</ref> Others, such as in the Jewish communities of [[Asoristan]], known to Jews as Babylonia, were speaking Hebrew and [[Jewish Babylonian Aramaic|Aramaic]], the languages of the [[Babylonian Talmud]]. Dialects of these same languages were also used by the Jews of [[Syria Palaestina]] at that time.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}}

For centuries, Jews worldwide have spoken the local or dominant languages of the regions they migrated to, often developing distinctive [[dialect]]al forms or branches that became independent languages. [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] is the Judaeo-German language developed by [[Ashkenazi Jews]] who migrated to [[Central Europe]]. [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]] is the Judaeo-Spanish language developed by [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic]] Jews who migrated to the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. Due to many factors, including the impact of [[the Holocaust]] on European Jewry, the [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries]], and widespread emigration from other Jewish communities around the world, ancient and distinct [[Jewish languages]] of several communities, including [[Judaeo-Georgian]], [[Judeo-Arabic languages|Judaeo-Arabic]], [[Judeo-Berber language|Judaeo-Berber]], [[Krymchak language|Krymchak]], [[Judaeo-Malayalam]] and many others, have largely fallen out of use.<ref name=Languages />

For over sixteen centuries Hebrew was used almost exclusively as a liturgical language, and as the language in which most books had been written on Judaism, with a few speaking only Hebrew on the [[Shabbat|Sabbath]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parfitt |first1=T. V. |title=The Use Of Hebrew In Palestine 1800–1822 |journal=Journal of Semitic Studies |date=1972 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=237–252 |doi=10.1093/jss/17.2.237 }}</ref> Hebrew was revived as a spoken language by [[Eliezer ben Yehuda]], who arrived in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] in 1881. It had not been used as a [[mother tongue]] since [[Tannaim|Tannaic]] times.<ref name=Grintz /> [[Modern Hebrew]] is designated as the "State language" of Israel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Basic Law: Israel – The Nation State Of The Jewish People |url=https://knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/BasicLawNationState.pdf |website=The Knesset |publisher=[[Knesset]] of the State of Israel |access-date=3 September 2020 |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410191721/http://knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basiclawnationstate.pdf }}</ref>

Despite efforts to revive Hebrew as the national language of the Jewish people, knowledge of the language is not commonly possessed by Jews worldwide and [[English language|English]] has emerged as the [[lingua franca]] of the Jewish diaspora.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VnB2Jq3fW4C&pg=PA428|title=International Handbook of Jewish Education|author=Nava Nevo|publisher=Springer|year=2001|page=428|quote=In contrast to other peoples who are masters of their national languages, Hebrew is not the 'common possession' of all Jewish people, and it mainly—if not exclusively—lives and breathes in Israel.... Although there are oases of Hebrew in certain schools, it has not become the Jewish lingua franca and English is rapidly taking its place as the Jewish people's language of communication. Even Hebrew-speaking Israeli representatives tend to use English in their public appearances at international Jewish conventions. |isbn=978-94-007-0354-4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEHCW7KnuG8C&pg=PA121|title=Prophets and Profits: Managerialism and the Restructuring of Jewish Schools in South Africa|author=Chaya Herman|publisher=HSRC Press|year=2006|page=121|quote=It is English rather than Hebrew that emerged as the ''lingua franca'' of the Jews towards the late 20th century.... This phenomenon occurred despite efforts to make Hebrew a language of communication, and despite the fact that the teaching of Hebrew was considered the ''raison d'être'' of the Jewish day schools and the 'nerve center' of Jewish learning.|isbn=978-0-7969-2114-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bWmMAgAAQBAJ&q=%22english+as+a+lingua+franca+for+jews+worldwide%22&pg=PA185|title=Negotiating Language Policy in Schools: Educators as Policymakers|author=Elana Shohamy|publisher=Routledge|year=2010|page=185|quote=This priority given to English is related to the special relationship between Israel and the United States, and the current status of English as a ''lingua franca'' for Jews worldwide.|isbn=978-1-135-14621-4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUpFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA214|title=Dynamic Belonging: Contemporary Jewish Collective Identities|author=Elan Ezrachi|publisher=Bergahn Books|year=2012|page=214|quote=As Stephen P. Cohen observes: 'English is the language of Jewish universal discourse.'|isbn=978-0-85745-258-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jafi.org.il/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Worldwide+Community/Connecting+to+Community/Jewish+Languages.htm |title=Jewish Languages – How Do We Talk To Each Other? |date=3 December 2006 |publisher=[[Jewish Agency]] |access-date=5 April 2014 |quote=Only a minority of the Jewish people today can actually speak Hebrew. In order for a Jew from one country to talk to another who speaks a different language, it is more common to use English than Hebrew. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307172019/http://www.jafi.org.il/JewishAgency/English/Jewish%2BEducation/Compelling%2BContent/Worldwide%2BCommunity/Connecting%2Bto%2BCommunity/Jewish%2BLanguages.htm |archive-date=7 March 2014}}</ref> Although many Jews once had sufficient knowledge of Hebrew to study the classic literature, and [[Jewish languages]] like [[Yiddish]] and [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]] were commonly used as recently as the early 20th century, most Jews lack such knowledge today and English has by and large superseded most Jewish vernaculars.
The three most commonly spoken languages among Jews today are Hebrew, English, and [[Russian language|Russian]]. Some [[Romance languages]], particularly [[French language|French]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]], are also widely used.<ref name=Languages /> Yiddish has been spoken by more Jews in history than any other language,<ref>Hebrew, Aramaic and the rise of Yiddish. D. Katz. (1985) ''Readings in the sociology of Jewish languages''</ref> but it is far less used today following [[the Holocaust]] and the adoption of [[Modern Hebrew]] by the [[Zionism|Zionist movement]] and the [[Israel|State of Israel]]. In some places, the mother language of the Jewish community differs from that of the general population or the dominant group. For example, in [[Quebec]], the Ashkenazic majority has adopted English, while the Sephardic minority uses French as its primary language.<ref name="forward">{{cite web|url=http://forward.com/articles/5434/quebec-sephardim-make-breakthroughs/|title=Quebec Sephardim Make Breakthroughs |date=2 April 2004 |publisher=forward.com|access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYyiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR22|title=Contemporary Sephardic Identity in the Americas: An Interdisciplinary Approach|author=Edna Aizenberg|year=2012|page=xxii|publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0-8156-5165-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fIZ6wftL3oQC&pg=PA449|title=Canada's Jews: A People's Journey|author=Gerald Tulchinsky|pages=447–49|isbn=978-0-8020-9386-8|year=2008|publisher=University of Toronto Press }}</ref> Similarly, [[History of the Jews in South Africa|South African Jews]] adopted English rather than [[Afrikaans]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbTFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|title=Institutions, Ethnicity, and Political Mobilization in South Africa|author=Jessica Piombo|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=51|isbn=978-0-230-62382-8|year= 2009}}</ref> Due to both Czarist and Soviet policies,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TIMoQbjAmhgC&pg=PA31|title=World War I and the Remaking of Jewish Vilna, 1914–1918|author=Andrew Noble Koss (dissertation)|publisher=Stanford University|year=2010|pages=30–31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ic5Kth7aiusC&pg=PA781|title=Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish Languages"|author=Paul Wexler|chapter=Chapter 38: Evaluating Soviet Yiddish Language Policy Between 1917–1950|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|year=2006|page=780|isbn=978-3-447-05404-1}}</ref> Russian has superseded Yiddish as the language of [[History of the Jews in Russia|Russian Jews]], but these policies have also affected neighboring communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewish-languages.org/jewish-russian.html|title=Jewish Russian|author=Anna Verschik|publisher=Jewish Languages Research Website|date=25 May 2007|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-date=16 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016171323/http://www.jewish-languages.org/jewish-russian.html}}</ref> Today, Russian is the first language for many Jewish communities in a number of [[Post-Soviet states]], such as [[Ukraine]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NoPZu79hqaEC&pg=PA1007|title=Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1|page=1007|isbn=978-1-85109-873-6|last1=Ehrlich|first1=Mark Avrum|year=2009|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref><ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Ukraine: A History, 4th Edition|author=Subtelny, O.|date=2009|publisher=University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division|isbn=978-1-4426-9728-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ktyM07I9HXwC|access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Multicultural Perspectives in Working with Families|author1=Congress, E.P.|author2=Gonzalez, M.J.|date=2005|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-8261-3146-1|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780826131454|url-access=registration|access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/weekend/jerusalem-babylon/.premium-1.579733 |title=The Jews who said 'no' to Putin |author=Anshel Pfeffer |newspaper=Haaretz |date=14 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326082731/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/jerusalem-babylon/.premium-1.579733 |archive-date=26 March 2014}}</ref> and [[Uzbekistan]],<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary2">{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Bukharan_Jews.html|title=Bukharan Jews | Jewish Virtual Library|publisher=jewishvirtuallibrary.org|access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}} as well as for Ashkenazic Jews in [[Azerbaijan]],<ref name="Maoz">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_AR3BksrUcC&pg=PA135|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704020626/http://books.google.com/books?id=W_AR3BksrUcC&pg=PA135|archive-date=4 July 2014|title=Muslim Attitudes towards Jews and Israel|author=Moshe Ma'oz|pages=135, 160|isbn=978-1-84519-527-4|year=2011| publisher=Sussex Academic Press }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/AZ |title=Azerbaijan |quote=Like many immigrant communities of the Czarist and Soviet eras in Azerbaijan, Ashkenazi Jews appear to be linguistically Russified. Most Ashkenazi Jews speak Russian as their first language with Azeri being spoken as the second.}}</ref> Georgia,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UNczHm67tjIC&pg=PA72|title=DNA & Tradition: The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews|author=Yaakov Kleiman|publisher=Devora Publishing|year=2004|page=72|quote=The community is divided between 'native' Georgian Jews and Russian-speaking Ashkenazim who began migrating there at the beginning of the 19th century, and especially during World War II.|isbn=978-1-930143-89-0}}</ref> and [[Tajikistan]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AgkVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA165|title=Readings in the Sociology of Jewish Languages|author=Joshua A. Fishman|year=1985|pages=165, 169–74|publisher=Brill Archive |quote=Jews in [[Tadzhikistan]] have adopted [[Tajik language|Tadzhik]] as their first language. The number of Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazic Jews in that region is comparatively low (cf. 2,905 in 1979). Both Ashkenazic and Oriental Jews have assimilated to Russian, the number of Jews speaking Russian as their first language amounting to a total of 6,564. It is reasonable to assume that the percentage of assimilated Ashkenazim is much higher than the portion of Oriental Jews.|isbn=90-04-07237-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idAfAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72|title=Language in Ethnicity: A View of Basic Ecological Relations|author=Harald Haarmann|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1986|pages=70–73, 79–82|isbn=978-3-11-086280-5}}</ref> Although communities in [[North Africa]] today are small and dwindling, Jews there had shifted from a multilingual group to a monolingual one (or nearly so), speaking French in [[Algeria]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4Mp4qy8lbUC&pg=PA234|title=Transnational Spaces and Identities in the Francophone World|page=234|isbn=978-0-8032-2465-0|last1=Gafaiti|first1=Hafid|year=2009|publisher=U of Nebraska Press }}</ref> [[Morocco]],<ref name="Maoz" /> and the city of [[Tunis]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45exFa6wDIIC&pg=PA258|title=Jewish Culture and Society in North Africa|pages=258, 270|isbn=978-0-253-00146-7|last1=Gottreich|first1=Emily Benichou|last2=Schroeter|first2=Daniel J|year= 2011|publisher=Indiana University Press }}</ref><ref name="jdc">{{cite web|url=http://www.jdc.org/where-we-work/africa/tunisia.html|title=Tunisia|work=Joint Distribution Committee |publisher=jdc.org|access-date=12 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016211752/http://www.jdc.org/where-we-work/africa/tunisia.html|archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref> while most North Africans continue to use [[Arabic]] or Berber as their mother tongue.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}}

=== Leadership ===
{{Main|Jewish leadership}}

There is no single governing body for the Jewish community, nor a single authority with responsibility for religious doctrine.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eisenstadt|first=S.N.|title=Explorations in Jewish Historical Experience: The Civilizational Dimension|url=https://archive.org/details/explorationsjewi00eise|url-access=limited|year=2004|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden, The Netherlands|isbn=90-04-13693-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/explorationsjewi00eise/page/n89 75]}}</ref> Instead, a variety of secular and religious institutions at the local, national, and international levels lead various parts of the Jewish community on a variety of issues.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Hal M.|title=From Sanctuary to Boardroom: A Jewish Approach to Leadership|year=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=0-7425-5229-2|page=1}}</ref> Today, many countries have a [[Chief Rabbi]] who serves as a representative of that country's Jewry. Although many [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic Jews]] follow a certain hereditary [[List of Hasidic dynasties|Hasidic dynasty]], there is no one commonly accepted leader of all Hasidic Jews. Many Jews believe that the [[Messiah in Judaism|Messiah]] will act a unifying leader for Jews and the entire world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Messiah – Key beliefs in Judaism – GCSE Religious Studies Revision – Eduqas|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zjbyb82/revision/5|access-date=20 August 2022|website=BBC Bitesize|language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Theories on ancient Jewish national identity===
[[File:Hebrew Bible MET DP-15507-001.jpg|thumb|Bible manuscript in Hebrew, 14th century. Hebrew language and alphabet were the cornerstones of the Jewish national identity in antiquity.]]

A number of modern scholars of nationalism support the existence of Jewish national identity in antiquity. One of them is David Goodblatt,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history.ucsd.edu/people/faculty/goodblatt.html|title=David Goodblatt|website=history.ucsd.edu}}</ref> who generally believes in the existence of nationalism before the modern period. In his view, the Bible, the parabiblical literature and the Jewish national history provide the base for a Jewish collective identity. Although many of the ancient Jews were illiterate (as were their neighbors), their national narrative was reinforced through public readings. The Hebrew language also constructed and preserved national identity. Although it was not widely spoken after the 5th century BCE, Goodblatt states:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodblatt |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afEhCsbbFlgC |title=Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-46057-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bakhos |first=Carol |date=2007 |title=Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism |url=https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2007/2007.10.56/ |journal=Bryn Mawr Classical Review}}</ref><ref>Adam L. Porter, [http://www.jhsonline.org/reviews/reviews_new/review357.htm Review of Goodblatt, David M., Elements of ancient Jewish nationalism, 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209082632/http://jhsonline.org/reviews/reviews_new/review357.htm|date=9 February 2020}}, in Journal of Hebrew Scriptures – Volume 9 (2009)</ref>

{{Blockquote|the mere presence of the language in spoken or written form could invoke the concept of a Jewish national identity. Even if one knew no Hebrew or was illiterate, one could recognize that a group of signs was in Hebrew script. ... It was the language of the Israelite ancestors, the national literature, and the national religion. As such it was inseparable from the national identity. Indeed its mere presence in visual or aural medium could invoke that identity.}}

[[Anthony D. Smith]], an historical sociologist considered one of the founders of the field of [[nationalism studies]], wrote that the Jews of the late Second Temple period provide "a closer approximation to the ideal type of the [[nation]] [...] than perhaps anywhere else in the ancient world." He adds that this observation "must make us wary of pronouncing too readily against the possibility of the nation, and even a form of [[religious nationalism]], before the onset of modernity."<ref name="Smith-1993"/> Agreeing with Smith, Goodblatt suggests omitting the qualifier "religious" from Smith's definition of ancient Jewish nationalism, noting that, according to Smith, a religious component in national memories and culture is common even in the modern era.<ref name="Goodblatt-2006"/> This view is echoed by political scientist [[Tom Garvin]], who writes that "something strangely like modern nationalism is documented for many peoples in medieval times and in classical times as well," citing the ancient Jews as one of several "obvious examples", alongside the [[Classical Greece|classical Greeks]] and the [[Gauls|Gaulish]] and [[Celtic Britons|British Celts]].<ref name="auto"/>

[[Fergus Millar]] suggests that the sources of Jewish national identity and their early nationalist movements in the first and second centuries CE included several key elements: the Bible as both a national history and legal source, the Hebrew language as a national language, a system of law, and social institutions such as schools, synagogues, and Sabbath worship.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Millar |first=Fergus |date=1987 |title=Empire, Community and Culture in the Roman near East: Greeks, Syrians, Jews and Arabs |journal=Journal of Jewish Studies |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=147–148|doi=10.18647/1337/JJS-1987 }}</ref> [[Adrian Hastings]] argued that Jews are the "true proto-nation", that through the model of ancient Israel found in the Hebrew Bible, provided the world with the original concept of nationhood which later influenced Christian nations. However, following [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|Jerusalem's destruction]] in the first century CE, Jews ceased to be a political entity and did not resemble a traditional nation-state for almost two millennia. Despite this, they maintained their national identity through collective memory, religion and sacred texts, even without land or political power, and remained a nation rather than just an ethnic group, eventually leading to the rise of [[Zionism]] and the establishment of Israel.<ref name="Hastings-1997"/>

[[Steven Weitzman (scholar)|Steven Weitzman]] suggests that Jewish nationalist sentiment in antiquity was encouraged because under foreign rule (Persians, Greeks, Romans) Jews were able to claim that they were an ancient nation. This claim was based on the preservation and reverence of their scriptures, the Hebrew language, the Temple and priesthood, and other traditions of their ancestors.<ref>{{cite journal|author-link1=Steven P. Weitzman | last1 = Weitzman | first1 = Steven | year = 2008| title = On the Political Relevance of Antiquity: A Response to David Goodblatt's Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism | journal = Jewish Social Studies | volume = 14 | issue = 3| page = 168 | jstor = 40207028 }}</ref> [[Doron Mendels]] further observes that the Hasmonean kingdom, one of the few examples of indigenous statehood at its time, significantly reinforced Jewish national consciousness. The memory of this period of independence contributed to the persistent efforts to revive Jewish sovereignty in Judea, leading to the major revolts against Roman rule in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mendels |first=Doron |title=The rise and fall of Jewish nationalism |date=1992 |publisher=Doubleday |isbn=978-0-385-26126-5 |series=The Anchor Bible reference library |location=New York |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-PhEHmE9BsC&pg=PA26 |quote=The Jews, [...] were the only examples of an indigenous population successfully creating a national state. [...] This short-lived independent Jewish state sowed the seeds for a stronger nationalistic awareness, which was to come to the fore after 63 BCE. But at the same time it led to the catastrophes of the two subsequent centuries, when certain groups of Jews persistently sought to reestablish this independent state.}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Further|Jewish population by country}}

=== Ethnic divisions ===
{{Main|Jewish ethnic divisions}}

Within the world's [[Jewish population]] there are distinct ethnic divisions, most of which are primarily the result of geographic branching from an originating [[Israelite]] population, and subsequent independent evolutions. An array of Jewish communities was established by Jewish settlers in various places around the [[Old World]], often at great distances from one another, resulting in effective and often long-term isolation. During the [[millennia]] of the [[Jewish diaspora]] the communities would develop under the influence of their local environments: [[politics|political]], [[culture|cultural]], [[nature|natural]], and populational. Today, manifestations of these differences among the Jews can be observed in [[Jewish culture|Jewish cultural expressions]] of each community, including [[Jewish languages|Jewish linguistic diversity]], culinary preferences, liturgical practices, religious interpretations, as well as degrees and sources of [[genetic admixture]].<ref>Dosick (2007), p. 60.</ref>
[[File:Fête juive à Tétouan, Alfred Dehodencq, 1865.jpg|thumb|Sephardic Jewish festival in [[Tétouan]], Morocco, [[Alfred Dehodencq]], 1865, [[Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme|Paris Museum of Jewish Art and History]]]]
Jews are often identified as belonging to one of two major groups: the ''[[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazim]]'' and the ''[[Sephardi Jews|Sephardim]]''. Ashkenazim are so named in reference to their geographical origins (their ancestors' culture coalesced in the [[Ashkenazi Jews#etymology|Rhineland]], an area historically referred to by Jews as [[Ashkenaz]]). Similarly, Sephardim ([[Sefarad]] meaning "[[Spain]]" in Hebrew) are named in reference their origins in [[Iberian peninsula|Iberia]]. The diverse groups of Jews of the Middle East and North Africa are often collectively referred to as ''Sephardim'' together with Sephardim proper for liturgical reasons having to do with their [[Nusach (Jewish custom)|prayer rites]]. A common term for many of these non-Spanish Jews who are sometimes still broadly grouped as Sephardim is ''[[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahim]]'' ({{lit|easterners}} in Hebrew). Nevertheless, Mizrahis and Sepharadim are usually ethnically distinct.<ref>Dosick (2007), p. 59.</ref>

Smaller groups include, but are not restricted to, [[Jews in India|Indian Jews]] such as the [[Bene Israel]], [[Bnei Menashe]], [[Cochin Jews]], and [[Bene Ephraim]]; the [[Romaniote Jews|Romaniotes]] of Greece; the [[Italian rite Jews|Italian Jews]] ("Italkim" or "Bené Roma"); the [[Teimanim]] from [[Yemen]]; various [[Jews and Judaism in Africa|African Jews]], including most numerously the [[Beta Israel]] of [[Ethiopia]]; and [[History of the Jews in China|Chinese Jews]], most notably the [[Kaifeng Jews]], as well as various other distinct but now almost extinct communities.<ref name=EJ571>{{cite EJ|last=Schmelz|first=Usiel Oscar |first2=Sergio|last2=Della Pergola|title=Demography|volume=5|page=571–572}}</ref>

The divisions between all these groups are approximate and their boundaries are not always clear. The Mizrahim for example, are a heterogeneous collection of [[North Africa]]n, [[Central Asia]]n, [[Caucasus (geographic region)|Caucasian]], and Middle Eastern Jewish communities that are no closer related to each other than they are to any of the earlier mentioned Jewish groups. In modern usage, however, the Mizrahim are sometimes termed ''Sephardi'' due to similar styles of liturgy, despite independent development from Sephardim proper. Thus, among Mizrahim there are [[Egyptian Jews]], [[Iraqi Jews]], [[Lebanese Jews]], [[Kurdish Jews]], [[Moroccan Jews]], [[Libyan Jews]], [[Syrian Jews]], [[Bukharian Jews]], [[Mountain Jews]], [[Georgian Jews]], [[Iranian Jews]], [[Afghan Jews]], and various others. The [[Teimanim]] from [[Yemen]] are sometimes included, although their style of liturgy is unique and they differ in respect to the admixture found among them to that found in Mizrahim. In addition, there is a differentiation made between Sephardi migrants who established themselves in the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]] after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal in the 1490s and the pre-existing Jewish communities in those regions.<ref name=EJ571 />

Ashkenazi Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry, with at least 70 percent of Jews worldwide (and up to 90 percent prior to [[World War II|World War II]] and [[the Holocaust]]). As a result of their [[emigration]] from [[Europe]], Ashkenazim also represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the [[New World]] continents, in countries such as the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], and [[Brazil]]. In [[France]], the immigration of Jews from [[Algeria]] (Sephardim) has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim.{{r|EJ571}} Only in [[Israel]] is the Jewish population representative of all groups, a [[melting pot]] independent of each group's proportion within the overall world Jewish population.<ref>Dosick (2007), p. 61.</ref>

=== Genetic studies ===
{{Main|Genetic studies on Jews}}

[[Y chromosome|Y DNA]] studies tend to imply a small number of founders in an old population whose members parted and followed different migration paths.<ref name="hammer2000">{{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=M. F. |last2=Redd |first2=A. J. |last3=Wood |first3=E. T. |last4=Bonner |first4=M. R. |last5=Jarjanazi |first5=H. |last6=Karafet |first6=T. |last7=Santachiara-Benerecetti |first7=S. |last8=Oppenheim |first8=A. |last9=Jobling |first9=M. A. |last10=Jenkins |first10=T. |last11=Ostrer |first11=H. |last12=Bonne-Tamir |first12=B. |title=Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=6 June 2000 |volume=97 |issue=12 |pages=6769–6774 |doi=10.1073/pnas.100115997 |pmid=10801975 |pmc=18733 |bibcode=2000PNAS...97.6769H |doi-access=free }}</ref> In most Jewish populations, these male line ancestors appear to have been mainly [[Middle East]]ern. For example, [[Ashkenazi Jews]] share more common paternal lineages with other Jewish and Middle Eastern groups than with non-Jewish populations in areas where Jews lived in [[Eastern Europe]], [[Germany]], and the French [[Rhine|Rhine Valley]]. This is consistent with Jewish traditions in placing most Jewish paternal origins in the region of the Middle East.<ref name="Nebel 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Nebel |first1=Almut |last2=Filon |first2=Dvora |last3=Brinkmann |first3=Bernd |last4=Majumder |first4=Partha P. |last5=Faerman |first5=Marina |last6=Oppenheim |first6=Ariella |title=The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=November 2001 |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=1095–1112 |doi=10.1086/324070 |pmid=11573163 |pmc=1274378 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Frudakis |first1=Tony |chapter=Ashkezani Jews |page=383 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vXeydpj7VkC&pg=PA383 |title=Molecular Photofitting: Predicting Ancestry and Phenotype Using DNA |date=19 July 2010 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-055137-1 }}</ref>

Conversely, the maternal lineages of Jewish populations, studied by looking at [[mitochondrial DNA]], are generally more heterogeneous.<ref name="Behar2008b">{{cite journal |last1=Behar |first1=Doron M. |last2=Metspalu |first2=Ene |last3=Kivisild |first3=Toomas |last4=Rosset |first4=Saharon |last5=Tzur |first5=Shay |last6=Hadid |first6=Yarin |last7=Yudkovsky |first7=Guennady |last8=Rosengarten |first8=Dror |last9=Pereira |first9=Luisa |last10=Amorim |first10=Antonio |last11=Kutuev |first11=Ildus |last12=Gurwitz |first12=David |last13=Bonne-Tamir |first13=Batsheva |last14=Villems |first14=Richard |last15=Skorecki |first15=Karl |title=Counting the Founders: The Matrilineal Genetic Ancestry of the Jewish Diaspora |journal=PLOS ONE |date=30 April 2008 |volume=3 |issue=4 |article-number=e2062 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002062 |pmid=18446216 |pmc=2323359 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2062B |doi-access=free }}</ref> Scholars such as [[Harry Ostrer]] and Raphael Falk believe this indicates that many Jewish males found new mates from European and other communities in the places where they migrated in the diaspora after fleeing ancient Israel.<ref name="Lewontin">{{Cite journal |last=Lewontin |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Lewontin |date=6 December 2012 |title=Is There a Jewish Gene? |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2012/12/06/is-there-a-jewish-gene/ |journal=New York Review of Books|volume=59 |issue=19 }}</ref> In contrast, Behar has found evidence that about 40 percent of Ashkenazi Jews originate maternally from just four female founders, who were of Middle Eastern origin. The populations of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jewish communities "showed no evidence for a narrow founder effect."<ref name="Behar2008b" /> Subsequent studies carried out by Feder et al. confirmed the large portion of non-local maternal origin among Ashkenazi Jews. Reflecting on their findings related to the maternal origin of Ashkenazi Jews, the authors conclude "Clearly, the differences between Jews and non-Jews are far larger than those observed among the Jewish communities. Hence, differences between the Jewish communities can be overlooked when non-Jews are included in the comparisons."<ref name="Abraham 2010"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Feder |first1=Jeanette |last2=Ovadia |first2=Ofer |last3=Glaser |first3=Benjamin |last4=Mishmar |first4=Dan |title=Ashkenazi Jewish mtDNA haplogroup distribution varies among distinct subpopulations: lessons of population substructure in a closed group |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |date=April 2007 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=498–500 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201764 |pmid=17245410 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Ostrer-2013">{{cite journal |last1=Ostrer |first1=Harry |last2=Skorecki |first2=Karl |title=The population genetics of the Jewish people |journal=Human Genetics |date=February 2013 |volume=132 |issue=2 |pages=119–127 |doi=10.1007/s00439-012-1235-6 |pmid=23052947 |pmc=3543766 }}</ref> However, a 2025 genetic study on the Ashkenazi Jewish founder population supports the presence of a substantial Near Eastern component in the maternal lineages. Analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicate that the core founder lineages, estimated at around 54, likely originated from the Near East, with these founder signatures appearing in multiple copies across the population. While later admixture introduced additional mtDNA lineages, these absorbed lineages are distinguishable from the original founders. The findings are consistent with genome-wide Identity-by-Descent and Lineage Extinction analyses, reinforcing the Near Eastern origin of the Ashkenazi maternal founders.<ref name="Livni-2025">{{cite journal |last1=Livni |first1=Joseph |last2=Skorecki |first2=Karl |title=Distinguishing between founder and host population mtDNA lineages in the Ashkenazi population |journal=Human Gene |date=September 2025 |volume=45 |article-number=201445 |doi=10.1016/j.humgen.2025.201445 }}</ref> A study showed that 7% of Ashkenazi Jews have the haplogroup G2c, which is mainly found in [[Pashtuns]] and on lower scales all major Jewish groups, Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sign In | website=Family Tree DNA | url=https://www.familytreedna.com/sign-in?ReturnUrl=%2Fpdf%2FBehar_contrasting.pdf | access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=Michael F. |last2=Behar |first2=Doron M. |last3=Karafet |first3=Tatiana M. |last4=Mendez |first4=Fernando L. |last5=Hallmark |first5=Brian |last6=Erez |first6=Tamar |last7=Zhivotovsky |first7=Lev A. |last8=Rosset |first8=Saharon |last9=Skorecki |first9=Karl |title=Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood |journal=Human Genetics |date=8 August 2009 |volume=126 |issue=5 |pages=707–17 |doi=10.1007/s00439-009-0727-5 |pmid=19669163 |pmc=2771134 }}</ref>

Studies of [[Autosome|autosomal DNA]], which look at the entire DNA mixture, have become increasingly important as the technology develops. They show that Jewish populations have tended to form relatively closely related groups in independent communities, with most in a community sharing significant ancestry in common.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katsnelson |first1=Alla |title=Jews worldwide share genetic ties |journal=Nature |date=3 June 2010 |article-number=news.2010.277 |doi=10.1038/news.2010.277 }}</ref> For Jewish populations of the diaspora, the genetic composition of [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]], [[Sephardic Jews|Sephardic]], and [[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahi]] Jewish populations show a predominant amount of shared Middle Eastern ancestry. According to Behar, the most parsimonious explanation for this shared Middle Eastern ancestry is that it is "consistent with the historical formulation of the Jewish people as descending from ancient [[Hebrews|Hebrew]] and [[Israelites|Israelite]] residents of the [[Levant]]" and "the dispersion of the people of ancient Israel throughout the [[Old World]]".<ref name="discovermagazine">{{cite journal |last1=Behar |first1=Doron M. |last2=Yunusbayev |first2=Bayazit |last3=Metspalu |first3=Mait |last4=Metspalu |first4=Ene |last5=Rosset |first5=Saharon |last6=Parik |first6=Jüri |last7=Rootsi |first7=Siiri |last8=Chaubey |first8=Gyaneshwer |last9=Kutuev |first9=Ildus |last10=Yudkovsky |first10=Guennady |last11=Khusnutdinova |first11=Elza K. |last12=Balanovsky |first12=Oleg |last13=Semino |first13=Ornella |last14=Pereira |first14=Luisa |last15=Comas |first15=David |last16=Gurwitz |first16=David |last17=Bonne-Tamir |first17=Batsheva |last18=Parfitt |first18=Tudor |last19=Hammer |first19=Michael F. |last20=Skorecki |first20=Karl |last21=Villems |first21=Richard |title=The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people |journal=Nature |date=July 2010 |volume=466 |issue=7303 |pages=238–242 |doi=10.1038/nature09103 |pmid=20531471 |bibcode=2010Natur.466..238B }}</ref> [[North Africa]]n, [[Italian Peninsula|Italian]] and others of [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] origin show variable frequencies of admixture with non-Jewish historical host populations among the maternal lines. In the case of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews (in particular [[Moroccan Jews]]), who are closely related, the source of non-Jewish admixture is mainly [[Southern Europe]]an, while Mizrahi Jews show evidence of admixture with other Middle Eastern populations. Behar ''et al.'' have remarked on a close relationship between Ashkenazi Jews and modern [[Italians]].<ref name="discovermagazine"/><ref name=zooss>{{cite journal |last1=Zoossmann-Diskin |first1=Avshalom |title=The origin of Eastern European Jews revealed by autosomal, sex chromosomal and mtDNA polymorphisms |journal=Biology Direct |date=2010 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=57 |doi=10.1186/1745-6150-5-57 |pmid=20925954 |pmc=2964539 |bibcode=2010Sci...328.1342B |doi-access=free }}</ref> A 2001 study found that Jews were more closely related to groups of the Fertile Crescent (Kurds, Turks, and Armenians) than to their Arab neighbors, whose genetic signature was found in geographic patterns reflective of Islamic conquests.<ref name="Nebel 2001"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haber |first1=Marc |last2=Gauguier |first2=Dominique |last3=Youhanna |first3=Sonia |last4=Patterson |first4=Nick |last5=Moorjani |first5=Priya |last6=Botigué |first6=Laura R. |last7=Platt |first7=Daniel E. |last8=Matisoo-Smith |first8=Elizabeth |last9=Soria-Hernanz |first9=David F. |last10=Wells |first10=R. Spencer |last11=Bertranpetit |first11=Jaume |last12=Tyler-Smith |first12=Chris |last13=Comas |first13=David |last14=Zalloua |first14=Pierre A. |title=Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture |journal=PLOS Genetics |date=28 February 2013 |volume=9 |issue=2 |article-number=e1003316 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316 |pmid=23468648 |pmc=3585000 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The studies also show that [[Sephardic Bnei Anusim]] (descendants of the "[[anusim]]" who were [[Forced conversion|forced to convert]] to [[Catholicism]]), which comprise up to 19.8 percent of the population of today's [[Iberia]] ([[Spain]] and [[Portugal]]) and at least 10 percent of the population of [[Ibero-America]] ([[Hispanic America]] and [[Brazil]]), have Sephardic Jewish ancestry within the last few centuries. The [[Bene Israel]] and [[Cochin Jews]] of [[India]], [[Beta Israel]] of [[Ethiopia]], and a portion of the [[Lemba people]] of [[Southern Africa]], despite more closely resembling the local populations of their native countries, have also been thought to have some more remote ancient Jewish ancestry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forward.com/articles/155742/jews-are-a-race-genes-reveal/?p=all |title=Jews Are a 'Race,' Genes Reveal |date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Forward.com |access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=discovermagazine/><ref name="in.reuters.com">{{cite news |last1=Begley |first1=Sharon |title=Genetic study offers clues to history of North Africa's Jews |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/us-science-genetics-jews/genetic-study-offers-clues-to-history-of-north-africas-jews-idINBRE8751EI20120806 |work=Reuters |date=6 August 2012 |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118100801/http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/08/06/us-science-genetics-jews-idINBRE8751EI20120806 }}</ref><ref name="Ostrer-2013"/> Views on the Lemba have changed and genetic [[Y-DNA]] analyses in the 2000s have established a partially Middle-Eastern origin for a portion of the male Lemba population but have been unable to narrow this down further.<ref name="SpurdleJenkins">{{Citation | title = The origins of the Lemba "Black Jews" of southern Africa: evidence from p12F2 and other Y-chromosome markers. | pmid = 8900243 | pmc=1914832 | volume=59 | issue = 5 | date=November 1996 | journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. | pages=1126–33 | last1 = Spurdle | first1 = AB | last2 = Jenkins | first2 = T}}</ref><ref name="Soodyall">{{cite book|author1=Himla Soodyall|author2=Jennifer G. R Kromberg|editor1-last=Kumar|editor1-first=Dhavendra|editor2-last=Chadwick|editor2-first=Ruth|title=Genomics and Society: Ethical, Legal, Cultural and Socioeconomic Implications|publisher=Academic Press/Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-420195-8|page=316|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E9icBAAAQBAJ&q=Cohen+Modal+Haplotype+Lemba&pg=PA309|chapter=Human Genetics and Genomics and Sociocultural Beliefs and Practices in South Africa|date=29 October 2015}}</ref>

=== Population centers ===
{{main list|Jewish population by city
}}
[[File:Purim 2012 Williamsburg Brooklyn 01.jpg|thumb|[[New York City]] is home to 960,000 Jews, making it the [[Jews in New York City|largest Jewish community]] outside of Israel.]]
Although historically, Jews have been found all over the world, in the decades since World War II and the establishment of Israel, they have increasingly concentrated in a small number of countries.<ref>Johnson (1987), pp. 529, 560–62.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-jew/|title=Jews|date=18 December 2012}}</ref> In 2021, [[Israel]] and the [[United States]] together accounted for over 85 percent of the global Jewish population, with approximately 45.3% and 39.6% of the world's Jews, respectively.<ref name="JDB" /> More than half (51.2%) of world Jewry resides in just ten metropolitan areas. As of 2021, these ten areas were [[Gush Dan|Tel Aviv]], [[New York metropolitan area|New York]], [[Greater Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], [[Haifa metropolitan area|Haifa]], [[Greater Los Angeles|Los Angeles]], [[Miami metropolitan area|Miami]], [[Delaware Valley|Philadelphia]], [[Paris metropolitan area|Paris]], [[Washington metropolitan area|Washington]], and [[Chicago metropolitan area|Chicago]]. The Tel Aviv metro area has the highest percent of Jews among the total population (94.8%), followed by Jerusalem (72.3%), Haifa (73.1%), and Beersheba (60.4%), the balance mostly being Israeli Arabs. Outside Israel, the highest percent of Jews in a metropolitan area was in New York (10.8%), followed by Miami (8.7%), Philadelphia (6.8%), San Francisco (5.1%), Washington (4.7%), Los Angeles (4.7%), Toronto (4.5%), and Baltimore (4.1%).<ref name="JDB" />

As of 2010, there were nearly 14 million Jews around the world, roughly 0.2% of the world's population at the time.<ref name="Pew-2015" /> According to the 2007 estimates of [[The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute]], the world's Jewish population is 13.2 million.<ref name="haaretz.com">{{cite news|title=Percent of world Jewry living in Israel climbed to 41% in 2007|first=Anshel|last=Pfeffer|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/percent-of-world-jewry-living-in-israel-climbed-to-41-in-2007-1.236675|newspaper=Haaretz|date=6 January 2008|access-date=10 October 2012}}</ref> This statistic incorporates both practicing Jews affiliated with [[synagogue]]s and the Jewish community, and approximately 4.5 million unaffiliated and [[Jewish secularism|secular Jews]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}}

According to [[Sergio Della Pergola]], a demographer of the [[Jewish population]], in 2021 there were about 6.8 million Jews in Israel, 6 million in the United States, and 2.3 million in the rest of the world.<ref name="JDB" />

==== Israel ====
{{Main|Israeli Jews}}
[[File:Mahane Yehuda Market P1020256.JPG|thumb|Jewish people in [[Jerusalem]], Israel]]

[[Israel]], the Jewish nation-state, is the only country in which Jews make up a majority of the citizens.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/IranianThreat/News/Article.aspx?id=257112|title=Iran must attack Israel by 2014|date=9 February 2012|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|access-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> Israel was established as an independent [[Parliamentary democracy|democratic]] and Jewish state on 14 May 1948.<ref name="cia">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104141903/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2021|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|work=The World Factbook|access-date=20 July 2007|date=19 June 2007|title=Israel}}</ref> Of the 120 members in its parliament, the [[Knesset]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/description/eng/eng_mimshal_beh.htm|publisher=The Knesset|access-date=8 August 2007|title=The Electoral System in Israel}}</ref> {{as of|2016|lc=y}}, 14 members of the Knesset are [[Arab citizens of Israel]] (not including the Druze), most representing Arab political parties. One of Israel's [[Supreme Court of Israel|Supreme Court]] judges is also an Arab citizen of Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2009/israel|title=Israel|work=Freedom in the World|publisher=Freedom House|year=2009|access-date=5 April 2012|archive-date=19 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819061301/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2009/israel}}</ref>

Between 1948 and 1958, the Jewish population rose from 800,000 to two million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_01&CYear=2006 |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |access-date=7 August 2007 |year=2006 |title=Population, by Religion and Population Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033403/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_01&CYear=2006 |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> Currently, Jews account for 75.4 percent of the Israeli population, or 6 million people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4280028,00.html |title=Jewish New Year: Israel's population nears 8M mark |newspaper=Ynetnews |date=20 June 1995 |access-date=12 April 2013|last1=Drukman |first1=Yaron }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Harriet Sherwood in Jerusalem |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/01/israel-jewish-population-six-million |title=Israel's Jewish population passes 6 million mark |work=Guardian |date=1 January 2013 |access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref> The early years of the State of Israel were marked by the [[Aliyah|mass immigration]] of [[Holocaust survivors]] in the [[aftermath of the Holocaust]] and Jews [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries|fleeing Arab lands]].<ref name="persecution">{{harvnb|Dekmejian|1975|p=247}}. "And most [Oriental-Sephardic Jews] came... because of Arab persecution resulting from the very attempt to establish a Jewish state in Palestine."</ref> Israel also has a large population of [[Ethiopian Jews]], many of whom were airlifted to Israel in the late 1980s and early 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|title=airlifted tens of thousands of Ethiopian Jews|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/ejhist.html#operation1/|access-date=7 July 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/ethiopian-israelis-decry-separation-from-relatives-as-discriminatory/ |title=Ethiopian-Israelis decry separation from relatives as discriminatory |newspaper=Times of Israel |date=10 March 2018 |access-date=20 February 2024 |last1=Goldenberg |first1=Tia }}</ref> Between 1974 and 1979 nearly 227,258 immigrants arrived in Israel, about half being from the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.memo.ru/history/diss/books/alexeewa/|script-title=ru:История инакомыслия в СССР|first=Lyudmila|last=Alexeyeva|author-link=Lyudmila Alexeyeva|location=Vilnius|year=1983|language=ru|trans-title=History of Dissident Movement in the USSR|access-date=5 April 2012|archive-date=9 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309152800/http://www.memo.ru/history/diss/books/alexeewa/}}</ref> This period also saw an increase in [[Aliyah|immigration to Israel]] from [[Western Europe]], [[Latin America]], and [[North America]].<ref>Goldstein (1995) p. 24</ref>

A trickle of immigrants from other communities has also arrived, including [[Indian Jews]] and others, as well as some descendants of [[Ashkenazi]] Holocaust survivors who had settled in countries such as the [[United States]], [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Chile]], and [[South Africa]]. Some Jews have emigrated from Israel elsewhere, because of economic problems or disillusionment with political conditions and the continuing [[Arab–Israeli conflict]]. Jewish Israeli emigrants are known as [[Yerida|yordim]].<ref name="Dosick 2007, p. 340">Dosick (2007), p. 340.</ref>

==== Diaspora (outside Israel) ====
{{Main|Jewish diaspora}}
[[File:Happynewyearcard.jpg|thumb|upright|In this [[Rosh Hashana]] greeting card from the early 1900s, Russian Jews, packs in hand, gaze at the American relatives beckoning them to the United States. Over two million Jews fled the [[pogroms]] of the [[Russian Empire]] to the safety of the U.S. between 1881 and 1924.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gurock|first=Jeffrey S.|title=East European Jews in America, 1880–1920: Immigration and Adaptation|year=1998|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=0-415-91924-X|page=54}}</ref>]]

[[File:Birobidjan mainsquare.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Menorah (Temple)|menorah]] dominating the main square in [[Birobidzhan]]. An estimated 70,000 [[History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union|Jews]] live in [[Siberia]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=136974 |title= Planting Jewish roots in Siberia |publisher= Fjc.ru |date= 24 May 2004 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090827113526/http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=136974 |archive-date= 27 August 2009 }}</ref>]]
The waves of [[immigration to the United States]] and elsewhere at the turn of the 19th century, the founding of [[Zionism]] and later events, including [[pogroms]] in Imperial Russia (mostly within the [[Pale of Settlement]] in present-day Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus and eastern Poland), the massacre of European Jewry during [[the Holocaust]], and the founding of the [[state of Israel]], with the subsequent [[Jewish exodus from Arab lands]], all resulted in substantial shifts in the population centers of world Jewry by the end of the 20th century.<ref>Gartner (2001), p. 213.</ref>

More than half of the Jews live in the Diaspora (see Population table). Currently, the largest Jewish community outside Israel, and either the largest or second-largest Jewish community in the world, is located in the United States, with 6 million to 7.5 million Jews by various estimates. Elsewhere in the Americas, there are also large Jewish populations in [[Canada]] (315,000), [[Argentina]] (180,000–300,000), and [[Brazil]] (196,000–600,000), and smaller populations in [[Mexico]], [[Uruguay]], [[Venezuela]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]] and several other countries (see [[History of the Jews in Latin America]]).<ref name="JPPI2007">{{cite web|title=Annual Assessment|url=http://jppi.org.il/uploads/Annual%20Assessment%202007.pdf|year=2007|publisher=Jewish People Policy Planning Institute ([[Jewish Agency for Israel]])|page=15}}, based on {{cite book|title=Annual Assessment 2007|publisher=[[American Jewish Committee]]|url=http://www.ajcarchives.org/main.php?GroupingId=10142|volume=106|year=2006}}</ref> According to a 2010 [[Pew Research Center]] study, about 470,000 people of Jewish heritage live in [[Latin America]] and the [[Caribbean]].<ref name="Pew-2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/jews/ |title= Jews – Pew Research Center|website= Pew Research Center|date= 2 April 2015|access-date= 28 March 2018}}</ref> Demographers disagree on whether the United States has a larger Jewish population than Israel, with many maintaining that Israel surpassed the United States in Jewish population during the 2000s, while others maintain that the United States still has the largest Jewish population in the world. Currently, a major national Jewish population survey is planned to ascertain whether or not Israel has overtaken the United States in Jewish population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/demographic_duo/item/israel_may_be_main_topic_in_next_national_jewish_population_survey_of_the_u |title=Israel May Be Main Topic In Next National Jewish Population Survey of the U.S. |publisher=Jewish Journal |date=14 March 2013 |access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref>

[[File:DAVID BEN GURION WITH MEMBERS OF JEWISH ZIONIST YOUTH MOVEMENT IN TALLIN IN ESTONIA. דוד בן גוריון וחברי תנועת הנוער הציונית, בטאלין, אסטוניה.D683-119.jpg|thumb|upright|The Jewish [[Zionism|Zionist]] Youth Movement in [[Tallinn]], Estonia, on 1 September 1933]]

[[Western Europe]]'s largest Jewish community, and the third-largest Jewish community in the world, can be found in [[France]], home to between 483,000 and 500,000 Jews, the majority of whom are immigrants or refugees from North African countries such as [[Algeria]], [[Morocco]], and [[Tunisia]] (or their descendants).<ref>Gartner (2001), pp. 410–10.</ref> The [[United Kingdom]] has a Jewish community of 292,000. In [[East Europe|Eastern Europe]], the exact figures are difficult to establish. The number of Jews in Russia varies widely according to whether a source uses census data (which requires a person to choose a single nationality among choices that include "Russian" and "Jewish") or eligibility for immigration to Israel (which requires that a person have one or more Jewish grandparents). According to the latter criteria, the heads of the Russian Jewish community assert that up to 1.5 million Russians are eligible for [[aliyah]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mskagency.ru/materials/2716461 |title=Исследование: Около 1,5 млн людей с еврейскими корнями проживают в России |trans-title=Study: About 1.5 Million People with Jewish Roots Live in Russia |date=20 October 2017 |publisher=Moscow Urban News Agency |access-date=28 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&div=57988 |title=В России проживает около миллиона иудеев |trans-title=In Russia, There Are About a Million Jews |date=26 February 2015 |publisher=[[Interfax]] |access-date=28 October 2017}}</ref> In [[Germany]], the 102,000 Jews registered with the Jewish community are a slowly declining population,<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 December 2013|title=Mitgliederstatistik der jüdischen Gemeinden und Landesverbände: Zu und Abgänge 2012|url=http://www.zwst.org/cms/documents/178/de_DE/ZWST-Mitgliederstatistik-2012-web.pdf|access-date=20 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204213637/http://www.zwst.org/cms/documents/178/de_DE/ZWST-Mitgliederstatistik-2012-web.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref> despite the immigration of tens of thousands of Jews from the former [[Soviet Union]] since the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jppi.org.il/uploads/Annual%20Assessment%202007.pdf|title=Annual Assessment 2007|access-date=3 July 2008|last=Waxman|first=Chaim I.|year=2007|publisher=Jewish People Policy Planning Institute ([[Jewish Agency for Israel]])|pages=40–42}}</ref> Thousands of [[Israelis]] also live in Germany, either permanently or temporarily, for economic reasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jg-berlin.org/en/service/israelis-in-berlin.html|title=Israelis in Berlin|publisher=Jewish Community of Berlin|access-date=11 October 2012}}</ref>

Prior to 1948, approximately 800,000 Jews were living in lands which now make up the [[Arab world]] (excluding Israel). Of these, just under two-thirds lived in the French-controlled [[Maghreb]] region, 15 to 20 percent in the [[Kingdom of Iraq]], approximately 10 percent in the [[Kingdom of Egypt]] and approximately 7 percent in the [[Kingdom of Yemen]]. A further 200,000 lived in [[Pahlavi Iran]] and the [[Republic of Turkey]]. Today, around 26,000 Jews live in Muslim-majority countries,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rosenberg|first=Jerry M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdAdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|title=The Rebirth of the Middle East|date=28 September 2009|publisher=Hamilton Books|isbn=978-0-7618-4846-2|language=en}}</ref> mainly in [[Turkey]] (14,200)<ref>{{cite book|title=Kinship and Consent: Jewish Political Tradition and Its Contemporary Uses| first1=Daniel|last1= L. Elazar |year= 2020| isbn= 978-1-000-67778-2| page =|publisher=Routledge|quote=Today Turkish Jewry remains the largest Jewish community in the Muslim world.}}</ref> and [[Iran]] (9,100), while [[Morocco]] (2,000), [[Tunisia]] (1,000), and the [[United Arab Emirates]] (500) host the largest communities in the Arab world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jewish Population Rises to 15.7 Million Worldwide in 2023|url=https://www.jewishagency.org/jewish-population-rises-to-15-7-million-worldwide-in-2023/?|publisher=Jewish Agency|date=15 September 2023}}</ref> A small-scale exodus had begun in many countries in the early decades of the 20th century, although the only substantial [[aliyah]] came from [[Yemen]] and [[Syria]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Simon |editor1-first=Reeva Spector |editor2-last=Laskier |editor2-first=Michael Menachem |editor3-last=Reguer |editor3-first=Sara |year=2003 |title=The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50759-2 |page=327 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxEJrEY22egC&pg=PA327 |quote=Before the 1940s only two communities, Yemen and Syria, made substantial aliyah. }}</ref> The [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries|exodus from Arab and Muslim countries]] took place primarily from 1948. The first large-scale exoduses took place in the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily in [[Iraq]], Yemen and [[Libya]], with up to 90 percent of these communities leaving within a few years. The peak of the exodus from [[Egypt]] occurred in 1956. The exodus in the Maghreb countries peaked in the 1960s. [[Lebanon]] was the only Arab country to see a temporary increase in its Jewish population during this period, due to an influx of refugees from other Arab countries, although by the mid-1970s the Jewish community of Lebanon had also dwindled. In the aftermath of the exodus wave from Arab states, an additional migration of [[Iranian Jews]] peaked in the 1980s when around 80 percent of Iranian Jews left the country.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}}

Outside [[Europe]], the [[Americas]], the [[Middle East]], and the rest of [[Asia]], there are significant Jewish populations in [[Australia]] (112,500) and [[Jewish population of South Africa|South Africa]] (70,000).<ref name="JVIL2010" /> There is also a 6,800-strong community in [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Congress|first=World Jewish|title=World Jewish Congress|url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/NZ|access-date=20 August 2022|website=World Jewish Congress|language=EN}}</ref>

=== Demographic changes ===
{{Main|Historical Jewish population comparisons}}

==== Assimilation ====
{{Main|Jewish assimilation|Interfaith marriage in Judaism}}

Since at least the time of the [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greeks]], a proportion of Jews have assimilated into the wider non-Jewish society around them, by either choice or force, ceasing to practice Judaism and losing their [[Jewish identity]].<ref name=Johnson171>Johnson (1987), p. 171.</ref> Assimilation took place in all areas, and during all time periods,<ref name=Johnson171 /> with some Jewish communities, for example the [[Kaifeng Jews]] of [[China]], disappearing entirely.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shavei.org/communities/kaifeng_jews/articles-kaifeng_jews/chinese-jews-reverence-for-ancestors/ |title=Chinese Jews: Reverence for Ancestors |last=Edinger |first=Bernard |date=15 December 2005 |publisher=Shavei Israel |access-date=2 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003094552/http://www.shavei.org/communities/kaifeng_jews/articles-kaifeng_jews/chinese-jews-reverence-for-ancestors/ |archive-date=3 October 2012}}</ref> The advent of the Jewish Enlightenment of the 18th century (see [[Haskalah]]) and the subsequent [[Jewish emancipation|emancipation of the Jewish populations]] of Europe and America in the 19th century, accelerated the situation, encouraging Jews to increasingly participate in, and become part of, [[Secularism|secular society]]. The result has been a growing trend of assimilation, as Jews marry non-Jewish spouses and stop participating in the Jewish community.<ref>Elazar (2003), p. 434.</ref>

Rates of [[Interfaith marriage|interreligious marriage]] vary widely: In the United States, it is just under 50 percent;<ref>{{cite web|title=NJPS: Defining and Calculating Intermarriage |url=http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=46252 |website=The Jewish Federations of North America |access-date=2 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812024158/http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=46252 |archive-date=12 August 2011}}</ref> in the United Kingdom, around 53 percent; in France, around 30 percent;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-prod.akadem.org/medias/documents/Rapport-Erik-Cohen.pdf |title=Les juifs de France: La lente progression des mariages mixtes |trans-title=The Jews of France: The slow progression of mixed marriages |last=Cohen |first=Erik H. |date=November 2002 |publisher=Akadem |language=fr |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416230622/http://www-prod.akadem.org/medias/documents/Rapport-Erik-Cohen.pdf }}</ref> and in Australia and Mexico, as low as 10 percent.<ref>{{cite web|title=Australia|url=http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/communities/show/id/2|publisher=World Jewish Congress|access-date=2 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521082932/http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/communities/show/id/2|archive-date=21 May 2012}}</ref> In the United States, only about a third of children from intermarriages affiliate with Jewish religious practice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jppi.org.il/uploads/Annual%20Assessment%202007.pdf|title=Annual Assessment 2007|access-date=3 July 2008|last=Waxman|first=Chaim I.|year=2007|publisher=Jewish People Policy Planning Institute ([[Jewish Agency for Israel]])|page=61}}</ref> The result is that most countries in the [[Jewish diaspora|Diaspora]] have steady or slightly declining religiously Jewish populations as Jews continue to assimilate into the countries in which they live.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}}

==== War and persecution ====
{{Further|Persecution of Jews|Antisemitism|Jewish military history}}
[[File:The Emperor sends Vespasian with an army to destroy the Jews (f. 177v) Cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|The Roman Emperor [[Nero]] sends [[Vespasian]] with an army to destroy the Jews, 69 CE.]]

The Jewish people and [[Judaism]] have experienced various [[persecution]]s throughout [[Jewish history|their history]]. During [[Late Antiquity]] and the [[Early Middle Ages]], the [[Roman Empire]] (in its later phases known as the [[Byzantine Empire]]) repeatedly repressed the [[History of the Jews in the Roman Empire|Jewish population]], first by ejecting them from their homelands during the pagan [[Roman era]] and later by officially establishing them as [[Justinian I#Suppression of religions|second-class citizens]] during the Christian Roman era.<ref>Goldenberg (2007), pp. 131, 135–36.</ref><ref>Johnson (1987), pp. 164–65.</ref>

According to [[James P. Carroll|James Carroll]], "Jews accounted for 10% of the total population of the [[Roman Empire]]. By that ratio, if other factors had not intervened, there would be 200 million Jews in the world today, instead of something like 13 million."<ref>Carroll, James. ''[[Constantine's Sword]]'' (Houghton Mifflin, 2001) {{ISBN|0-395-77927-8}} p. 26</ref>

Later in [[Middle Ages|medieval]] Western Europe, further persecutions of Jews by Christians occurred, notably during the [[Crusades]]—when Jews all over Germany [[Rhineland massacres|were massacred]]—and in a series of expulsions from the [[Edict of Expulsion|Kingdom of England]], Germany, and France. Then there occurred the [[Alhambra Decree|largest expulsion of all]], when Spain and Portugal, after the [[Reconquista]] (the Catholic Reconquest of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]), expelled both unbaptized Sephardic Jews and the ruling Muslim [[Moors]].<ref name="Johnson207-208" /><ref name="Johnson213plus" />

In the [[Papal States]], which existed until 1870, Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called [[ghetto]]s.<ref>Johnson (1987), pp. 243–44.</ref>

[[File:The Jews the world over love liberty poster.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[World War I|World War I]] poster showing a soldier cutting the bonds from a Jewish man, who says, "You have cut my bonds and set me free—now let me help you set others free!"]]

[[Islam and Judaism]] have a complex relationship. Traditionally Jews and Christians living in Muslim lands, known as [[dhimmis]], were allowed to practice their religions and administer their internal affairs, but they were subject to certain conditions.<ref name="Bernard1020">Lewis (1984), pp. 10, 20</ref> They had to pay the [[jizya]] (a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males) to the Islamic state.<ref name="Bernard1020" /> Dhimmis had an inferior status under Islamic rule. They had several social and legal [[Disabilities (Jewish)|disabilities]] such as prohibitions against bearing arms or giving testimony in courts in cases involving Muslims.<ref>Lewis (1987), pp. 9, 27</ref> Many of the disabilities were highly symbolic. The one described by [[Bernard Lewis]] as "most degrading"<ref name=Lewis131 /> was the requirement of [[Yellow badge|distinctive clothing]], not found in the [[Quran]] or [[hadith]] but invented in [[Early Middle Ages|early medieval]] Baghdad; its enforcement was highly erratic.<ref name=Lewis131>Lewis (1999), p.131</ref> On the other hand, Jews rarely faced martyrdom or exile, or forced compulsion to change their religion, and they were mostly free in their choice of residence and profession.<ref>Lewis (1999), p. 131; (1984), pp. 8, 62</ref>

Notable exceptions include the massacre of Jews and forcible conversion of some Jews by the rulers of the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]] dynasty in [[Al-Andalus]] in the 12th century,<ref>Lewis (1984), p. 52; Stillman (1979), p. 77</ref> as well as in [[Islamic conquest of Persia|Islamic Persia]],<ref>Lewis (1984), pp. 17–18, 94–95; Stillman (1979), p. 27</ref> and the forced confinement of Moroccan Jews to walled quarters known as [[mellah]]s beginning from the 15th century and especially in the early 19th century.<ref>Lewis (1984), p. 28.</ref> In modern times, it has become commonplace for standard [[Anti-Zionism and antisemitism|antisemitic themes to be conflated with anti-Zionist]] publications and pronouncements of Islamic movements such as [[Hezbollah]] and [[Hamas]], in the pronouncements of various agencies of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]], and even in the newspapers and other publications of Turkish [[Refah Partisi]]."<ref name=Lewis_MEQ>{{cite journal|url=http://www.meforum.org/396/muslim-anti-semitism|title=Muslim Anti-Semitism|first=Bernard|last=Lewis|author-link=Bernard Lewis|journal=Middle East Quarterly|publisher=Middle East Forum|date=June 1998}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}}

Throughout history, many rulers, empires and nations have oppressed their Jewish populations or sought to eliminate them entirely. Methods employed ranged from [[Deportation|expulsion]] to outright [[genocide]]; within nations, often the threat of these extreme methods was sufficient to silence dissent. The [[history of antisemitism]] includes the [[First Crusade]] which resulted in the massacre of Jews;<ref name="Johnson207-208">Johnson (1987), pp. 207–08.</ref> the [[Spanish Inquisition]] (led by [[Tomás de Torquemada]]) and the [[Portuguese Inquisition]], with their persecution and ''[[Auto-da-fé|autos-da-fé]]'' against the [[New Christians]] and [[Marrano]] Jews;<ref>Johnson (1987), pp. 226–29.</ref> the [[Bohdan Chmielnicki]] Cossack massacres in [[Ukraine]];<ref>Johnson (1987), pp. 259–60.</ref> the [[Pogrom]]s backed by the Russian [[List of Russian rulers|Tsars]];<ref name="Johnson 1987, pp. 364–365">Johnson (1987), pp. 364–65.</ref> as well as expulsions from Spain, Portugal, England, France, Germany, and other countries in which the Jews had settled.<ref name="Johnson213plus">Johnson (1987), pp. 213, 229–31.</ref> According to a 2008 study published in the ''[[American Journal of Human Genetics]]'', 19.8 percent of the modern [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry,<ref name="Adams2008">{{cite journal|last=Adams|first=Susan M.|year=2008|title=The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=83|issue=6|pages=725–36|issn=0002-9297|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007|pmid=19061982|pmc=2668061}}</ref> indicating that the number of [[converso]]s may have been much higher than originally thought.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/04/world/europe/04iht-gene.4.18411385.html|title=DNA study shows 20 percent of Iberian population has Jewish ancestry|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Susan M. |last2=Bosch |first2=Elena |last3=Balaresque |first3=Patricia L. |last4=Ballereau |first4=Stéphane J. |last5=Lee |first5=Andrew C. |last6=Arroyo |first6=Eduardo |last7=López-Parra |first7=Ana M. |last8=Aler |first8=Mercedes |last9=Grifo |first9=Marina S. Gisbert |last10=Brion |first10=Maria |last11=Carracedo |first11=Angel |last12=Lavinha |first12=João |last13=Martínez-Jarreta |first13=Begoña |last14=Quintana-Murci |first14=Lluis |last15=Picornell |first15=Antònia |last16=Ramon |first16=Misericordia |last17=Skorecki |first17=Karl |last18=Behar |first18=Doron M. |last19=Calafell |first19=Francesc |last20=Jobling |first20=Mark A. |title=The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=December 2008 |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=725–736 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007 |pmid=19061982 |pmc=2668061 }}</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv N 1576 Bild-006, Minsk, Juden.jpg|thumb|Jews in [[Minsk]], 1941. Before World War II, some 40 percent of the population was Jewish. By the time the Red Army retook the city on 3 July 1944, there were only a few Jewish survivors.]]

The persecution reached a peak in [[Nazi Germany]]'s [[Final Solution]], which led to [[the Holocaust]] and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews.<ref>Johnson (1987), p. 512.</ref> Of the world's 16 million Jews in 1939, almost 40% were murdered in the Holocaust.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2015 |title=The continuing decline of Europe's Jewish population |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/02/09/europes-jewish-population/ |archive-date=1 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401012738/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/02/09/europes-jewish-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Holocaust—the state-led systematic [[persecution]] and [[genocide]] of European Jews (and certain communities of North African Jews in [[History of North Africa#European colonization|European controlled North Africa]]) and other [[minority group]]s of Europe during [[World War II|World War II]] by Germany and its [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|collaborators]]—remains the most notable modern-day persecution of Jews.<ref>Donald L Niewyk, ''The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust'', [[Columbia University Press]], 2000, p. 45: "The Holocaust is commonly defined as the murder of more than 5,000,000 Jews by the Germans in World War II." However, the Holocaust usually includes all of the different victims who were systematically murdered.</ref> The persecution and [[genocide]] were accomplished in stages. [[Nuremberg Laws|Legislation to remove the Jews from civil society]] was enacted years before the outbreak of World War II.<ref>Johnson (1987), pp. 484–88.</ref> [[Nazi concentration camps|Concentration camps]] were established in which inmates were used as [[Slavery|slave labour]] until they died of exhaustion or disease.<ref>Johnson (1987), pp. 490–92.</ref> Where the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]] conquered new territory in [[Eastern Europe]], specialized units called [[Einsatzgruppen]] murdered Jews and political opponents in mass shootings.<ref name="BBC-Grave">{{cite news|title=Ukrainian mass Jewish grave found|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6724481.stm|newspaper=BBC News Online|date=5 June 2007|access-date=10 October 2012}}</ref> Jews and [[Romani people|Roma]] were crammed into [[Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe|ghettos]] before being transported hundreds of kilometres by freight train to [[extermination camp]]s where, if they survived the journey, the majority of them were murdered in gas chambers.<ref>Johnson (1987), pp. 493–98.</ref> Virtually every arm of Germany's bureaucracy was involved in the logistics of the mass murder, turning the country into what one Holocaust scholar has called "a genocidal nation."<ref name=Berenbaum103>Berenbaum, Michael. ''The World Must Know," United States Holocaust Museum'', 2006, p. 103.</ref>

==== Migrations ====
{{Further|Expulsions of Jews}}
[[File:Expulsion judios-en.svg|thumb|left|Expulsions of Jews in Europe from 1100 to 1600]]

Throughout Jewish history, Jews have repeatedly been directly or indirectly expelled from both their original homeland, the [[Land of Israel]], and many of the areas in which they have settled. This experience as [[Jewish refugees|refugees]] has shaped [[Jewish identity]] and religious practice in many ways, and is thus a major element of Jewish history.<ref>de Lange (2002), pp. 41–43.</ref> In summary, the [[pogrom]]s in Eastern Europe,<ref name="Johnson 1987, pp. 364–365"/> the rise of modern [[antisemitism]],<ref name="Gartner 2001, pp. 213–5">Gartner (2001), pp. 213–15.</ref> the Holocaust,<ref>Gartner (2001), pp. 357–70.</ref> as well as the rise of [[Arab nationalism]],<ref>Johnson (1987), pp. 529–30.</ref> all served to fuel the movements and migrations of huge segments of Jewry from land to land and continent to continent until they arrived back in large numbers at their original historical homeland in Israel.<ref name="Gartner431" />

In the Bible, the patriarch [[Abraham]] is described as a migrant to the land of [[Canaan]] from [[Ur of the Chaldees]].<ref>Johnson (1987), p. 10.</ref> His descendants, the [[Israelites|Children of Israel]], undertook [[the Exodus]] (meaning "departure" or "exit" in Greek) from [[ancient Egypt]], as described in the [[Book of Exodus]].<ref>Johnson (1987), p. 30.</ref>

[[File:Judaean people are being deported into exile after the capture of Lachish.jpg|thumb|Residents of [[Tel Lachish|Lachish]], [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]], being deported into exile following the [[Siege of Lachish|conquest of the city]] by the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyrians]], c. 701 BCE]]

The first movement documented in the historical record occurred with the [[resettlement policy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire]], which mandated the deportation of conquered peoples, and it is estimated some 4,500,000 among its captive populations suffered this dislocation over three centuries of Assyrian rule.<ref name="Smith-Christopher" /> With regard to Israel, [[Tiglath-Pileser III|Tiglath-Pileser III]] claims he deported 80% of the population of [[Lower Galilee]], some 13,520 people.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hc1Yp0VcjoC|title=The Study of the Ancient Near East in the Twenty-first Century|year=1996 |isbn=978-0-931464-96-6 |last1=Cooper |first1=Jerrold S. |last2=Schwartz |first2=Glenn M. |publisher=Eisenbrauns }}</ref> Some 27,000 Israelites, 20 to 25% of the population of the [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]], were described as being deported by [[Sargon II|Sargon II]], and were replaced by other deported populations and sent into permanent exile by Assyria, initially to the Upper Mesopotamian provinces of the Assyrian Empire.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qjkz_8EMoaUC|title=Biblical History and Israel S Past|isbn=978-0-8028-6260-0 |last1=Moore |first1=Megan Bishop |last2=Kelle |first2=Brad E. |date=17 May 2011 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPoQkBwjnVcC|title=Mixing Metaphors|isbn=978-0-8264-6969-4 |last1=Dille |first1=Sarah J. |date=July 2004 |publisher=A&C Black }}</ref> Between 10,000 and 80,000 people from the [[Kingdom of Judah]] were similarly [[Babylonian captivity|exiled by Babylonia]],<ref name="Smith-Christopher">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YhMAwAAQBAJ|title=The Religion of the Landless|isbn=978-1-60899-478-6 |last1=Smith-Christopher |first1=Daniel L. |date=14 January 2015 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers }}</ref> but these people were then returned to [[Judea]] by [[Cyrus the Great]] of the Persian [[Achaemenid Empire]].<ref>Johnson (1987), pp. 85–86.</ref>

Many Jews were exiled again by the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>Johnson (1987), p. 147.</ref> The 2,000 year dispersion of the [[Jewish diaspora]] beginning under the Roman Empire,<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2005 |title=The Post-Second Temple Period |url=https://archive.jewishagency.org/israel-diaspora-relations/content/23757 |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=The Jewish Agency |language=en |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210134548/https://archive.jewishagency.org/israel-diaspora-relations/content/23757/ }}</ref> as Jews were spread throughout the Roman world and, driven from land to land,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Next Year in Jerusalem: Exile and Return in Jewish History |date=2019 |publisher=Purdue University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctvh9w1wk |jstor=j.ctvh9w1wk |isbn=978-1-55753-875-8 }}</ref> settled wherever they could live freely enough to practice their religion. Over the course of the diaspora the center of Jewish life moved from [[History of the Jews in Iraq|Babylonia]]<ref>Johnson (1987), p. 163.</ref> to the [[Golden age of Jewish culture in the Iberian Peninsula|Iberian Peninsula]]<ref>Johnson (1987), p. 177.</ref> to [[History of the Jews in Poland|Poland]]<ref>Johnson (1987), p. 231.</ref> to the [[Jewish American|United States]]<ref>Johnson (1987), p. 460.</ref> and, as a result of [[Zionism]], back to [[Israel]].<ref name="Gartner431">Gartner (2001), p. 431.</ref>

[[File:Vertreibung der Juden 1614.jpg|thumb|upright|Etching of the [[Frankfurter Judengasse#The Fettmilch Uprising|expulsion of the Jews from Frankfurt]] in [[Timeline of antisemitism|1614]]. The text says: "1380 persons old and young were counted at the exit of the gate".]]

There were also many expulsions of Jews during the Middle Ages and Enlightenment in Europe, including: 1290, 16,000 Jews were expelled from England, (see the [[Statute of Jewry]]); in 1396, 100,000 from France; in 1421, thousands were expelled from Austria. Many of these Jews settled in [[East-Central Europe]], especially Poland.<ref name="Gartner 11-12">Gartner (2001), pp. 11–12.</ref> Following the [[Spanish Inquisition]] in 1492, the Spanish population of around 200,000 [[Sephardi]]c Jews were expelled by the Spanish crown and [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic church]], followed by expulsions in 1493 in Sicily (37,000 Jews) and Portugal in 1496. The expelled Jews fled mainly to the [[Ottoman Empire]], the Netherlands, and [[North Africa]], others migrating to [[Southern Europe]] and the Middle East.<ref name="Johnson229-231">Johnson (1987), pp. 229–31.</ref>

During the 19th century, France's policies of equal citizenship regardless of religion led to the immigration of Jews (especially from Eastern and Central Europe).<ref name="Johnson 1987, p. 306">Johnson (1987), p. 306.</ref> This contributed to the arrival of millions of Jews in the [[New World]]. Over two million Eastern European Jews arrived in the United States from 1880 to 1925.<ref>Johnson (1987), p. 370.</ref>[[File:Jewish refugees Liverpool 1882.jpg|thumb|Jews fleeing pogroms, 1882]]In the latest phase of migrations, the [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic Revolution of Iran]] caused many [[Iranian Jews]] to flee Iran. Most found refuge in the US (particularly [[Los Angeles, California]], and [[Long Island, New York]]) and Israel. Smaller communities of Persian Jews exist in Canada and Western Europe.<ref>{{cite EJ|last=Netzer|first=Amnon|title=Iran|volume=10|page=13}}</ref> Similarly, when the [[History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)#Dissolution of the USSR|Soviet Union collapsed]], many of the Jews in the affected territory (who had been [[refusenik]]s) were suddenly allowed to leave. This produced a wave of migration to Israel in the early 1990s.<ref name="Dosick 2007, p. 340" />

==== Growth ====
[[File:Western Wall, Jerusalem, (16037897867).jpg|thumb|Praying at the [[Western Wall]]]]

Israel is the only country with a Jewish population that is consistently growing through [[natural population growth]], although the Jewish populations of other countries, in Europe and North America, have recently increased through immigration. In the Diaspora, in almost every country the Jewish population in general is either declining or steady, but [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] and [[Haredi]] Jewish communities, whose members often shun [[birth control]] for religious reasons, have experienced rapid population growth.<ref>Gartner (2001), pp. 400–01.</ref>

Orthodox and [[Conservative Judaism]] discourage [[proselytism]] to non-Jews, but many Jewish groups have tried to reach out to the assimilated Jewish communities of the Diaspora in order for them to reconnect to their Jewish roots. Additionally, while in principle [[Reform Judaism]] favours seeking new members for the faith, this position has not translated into active proselytism, instead taking the form of an effort to reach out to non-Jewish spouses of intermarried couples.<ref>Kaplan (2003), p. 301.</ref>

There is also a trend of Orthodox movements reaching out to secular Jews in order to give them a stronger [[Jewish identity]] so there is less chance of intermarriage. As a result of the efforts by these and other Jewish groups over the past 25 years, there has been a trend (known as the [[Baal teshuva movement]]) for secular Jews to become more religiously observant, though the demographic implications of the trend are unknown.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9780470758014.ch27 |chapter=The 'Return' to Traditional Judaism at the End of the Twentieth Century: Cross-Cultural Comparisons |title=The Blackwell Companion to Judaism |year=2008 |last1=Danzger |first1=M. Herbert |pages=495–511 |isbn=978-0-470-75801-4 }}</ref> Additionally, there is also a growing rate of conversion to [[Jews by Choice]] of [[gentiles]] who make the decision to head in the direction of becoming Jews.<ref>de Lange (2002), p. 220.</ref>
{{Clear}}

== Contributions ==
{{See also|Lists of Jews}}

Jewish individuals have played a significant role in the development and growth of [[Western culture]],<ref name="Cambridge University Historical Series"/><ref name="britannica.com"/> advancing many fields of thought, [[Jewish culture#Science and technology|science and technology]],<ref name="Daly2013"/> both historically and in modern times,<ref>{{cite book|last=Schwartz|first=Richard H.|title=Judaism and Global Survival|year=2001|publisher=Lantern Books|location=New York|isbn=1-930051-87-5|page=153}}</ref> including through discrete trends in [[Jewish philosophy]], [[Jewish ethics]]<ref name="Sekine-2005"/> and [[Jewish literature]],<ref name="Daly2013"/> as well as specific trends in [[Jewish culture]], including in [[Jewish art]], [[Jewish music]], [[Jewish humor]], [[Jewish theatre]], [[Jewish cuisine]] and [[Jewish medicine]].<ref name="Rabin"/><ref name="Shatzmiller, Joseph 1995"/> Jews have established various [[Jewish political movements]],<ref name="Daly2013"/> [[Jewish religious movements|religious movements]], and, through the [[Authorship of the Bible|authorship of the Hebrew Bible]] and parts of the [[New Testament]],<ref name="Dimont2004">{{cite book|author=[[Max I. Dimont]]|title=Jews, God, and History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm5U0YSPmBUC&pg=PT102|year= 2004|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-101-14225-7|pages=102–}} "During the subsequent five hundred years, under Persian, Greek and Roman domination, the Jews wrote, revised, admitted and canonized all the books now comprising the Jewish Old Testament"</ref><ref name="Galambush2011">{{cite book|author=Julie Galambush|title=The Reluctant Parting: How the New Testament's Jewish Writers Created a Christian Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52nkWb8GNMAC&pg=PA3|year=2011|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-210475-5|pages=3–}}"The fact that Jesus and his followers who wrote the New Testament were first-century Jews, then, produces as many questions as it does answers concerning their experiences, beliefs, and practices"</ref> provided the foundation for [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]].<ref name="BarclaySweet1996"/><ref name="Paterson2009"/> More than 20 percent<ref>{{cite book|last=Shalev|first=Baruch|title=100 Years of Nobel Prizes|year=2005|page=57|quote=A striking fact... is the high number of Laureates of the Jewish faith—over 20% of the total Nobel Prizes (138); including: 17% in Chemistry, 26% in Medicine and Physics, 40% in Economics and 11% in Peace and Literature each. These numbers are especially startling in light of the fact that only some 14 million people (0.2% of the world's population) are Jewish.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/16556/as-the-nobel-prize-marks-centennial-jews-constitute-1-5-of-laureates/|title=As the Nobel Prize marks centennial, Jews constitute 1/5 of laureates|access-date=3 April 2012|last=Dobbs|first=Stephen Mark|date=12 October 2001|newspaper=[[J. The Jewish News of Northern California]]|quote=Throughout the 20th century, Jews, more so than any other minority, ethnic or cultural group, have been recipients of the Nobel Prize—perhaps the most distinguished award for human endeavor in the six fields for which it is given. Remarkably, Jews constitute almost one-fifth of all Nobel laureates. This, in a world in which Jews number just a fraction of 1 percent of the population.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishbiography.com/biographies/list-of-jews/jewish-nobel-prize-winners/index.html|title=Jewish Nobel Prize Winners|access-date=25 November 2011|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019170057/http://www.jewishbiography.com/biographies/list-of-jews/jewish-nobel-prize-winners/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Judaism for dummies|chapter=28|year=2001|quote=Similarly, because Jews make up less than a quarter of one percent of the world's population, it's surprising that over 20 percent of Nobel prizes have been awarded to Jews or people of Jewish descent.|author1=Ted Falcon |author2=David Blatner |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It|author=Lawrence E. Harrison|page=102|year=2008|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|quote=That achievement is symbolized by the fact that 15 to 20 percent of Nobel Prizes have been won by Jews, who represent two tenths of one percent of the world's population.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The History of the Jewish People: Ancient Israel to 1880s America|page=1|year=2006|publisher=Behrman House, Inc.|quote=These accomplishments account for 20 percent of the Nobel Prizes awarded since 1901. What a feat for a people who make up only .2 percent of the world's population!|author1=Jonathan B. Krasner |author2=Jonathan D. Sarna}}</ref> of the awarded [[Nobel Prize]] have gone to individuals of [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates|Jewish descent]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jewish Nobel Prize Winners|url=http://www.jinfo.org/Nobel_Prizes.html|website=Jinfo.org|access-date=16 March 2016|quote=At least 194 Jews and people of half- or three-quarters-Jewish ancestry have been awarded the Nobel Prize, accounting for 22% of all individual recipients worldwide between 1901 and 2015, and constituting 36% of all US recipients during the same period. In the scientific research fields of Chemistry, Economics, Physics, and Physiology/Medicine, the corresponding world and US percentages are 26% and 38%, respectively. Among women laureates in the four research fields, the Jewish percentages (world and US) are 33% and 50%, respectively. Of organizations awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, 22% were founded principally by Jews or by people of half-Jewish descent. Since the turn of the century (i.e., since the year 2000), Jews have been awarded 25% of all Nobel Prizes and 28% of those in the scientific research fields.}}</ref> Philanthropic giving is a widespread core function among Jewish organizations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nissim |first1=Hanna |last2=Rooney |first2=Patrick |date=July 2023 |title=American Jewish Philanthropy: Overview of Research between 2000 and 2020 |url=https://scholarworks.indianapolis.iu.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/fd5b1555-2d8e-42cf-9e33-3c72f93a9bcf/content |publisher=Lilly Family School of Philanthropy, Indiana University}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Jews-are-ethnoreligious-group">
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=V4qhTL61nXEC&dq=jew+ethnic+mandla&pg=PA43 Ethnic minorities in English law]. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved on 23 December 2010.
* {{cite journal|jstor=2573430|title=Jewish Ethno-Religious Involvement and Political Liberalism|author=Edgar Litt|journal=Social Forces|volume=39 |issue=4|year=1961|pages=328–32|doi=10.2307/2573430}}
* {{cite book|author=Craig R. Prentiss|title=Religion and the Creation of Race and Ethnicity: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ze30q1hm8uUC&pg=PA85|year=2003|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-6700-9|pages=85–}}
* {{cite book|author=The Avraham Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Eli Lederhendler Stephen S. Wise Professor of American Jewish History and Institutions|title=Studies in Contemporary Jewry: Volume XVII: Who Owns Judaism? Public Religion and Private Faith in America and Israel: Volume XVII: Who Owns Judaism? Public Religion and Private Faith in America and Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wvahJv83AgC&pg=PA101|year= 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-534896-5|pages=101–}}
* {{cite book|author1=Ernest Krausz|author2=Gitta Tulea|title=Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century; [... International Workshop at Bar-Ilan University on the 18th and 19th of March, 1997]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnxv-Mlz0JIC&pg=PA90|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-2689-1|pages=90–}}
* {{cite book|author=John A. Shoup III|title=Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GN5yv3-U6goC&pg=PA133|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-363-7|page=133}}
* {{cite book|author=Tet-Lim N. Yee|title=Jews, Gentiles and Ethnic Reconciliation: Paul's Jewish identity and Ephesians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4OwXhMOn5cC&pg=PA102|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-44411-8|pages=102–}}
</ref>
}}

===Sources===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Coogan|editor-first=Michael D.|title=The Oxford History of the Biblical World|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C|isbn=978-0-19-513937-2|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=15 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115173430/https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Dekmejian|first=R. Hrair|title=Patterns of Political Leadership: Egypt, Israel, Lebanon|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1975|isbn=0-87395-291-X}}
* {{cite book |last=Dever |first=William |title=Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From? |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WkbUkKeqcoC |isbn=978-0-8028-0975-9 |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-date=21 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421082836/https://books.google.com/books?id=8WkbUkKeqcoC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|title=The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts|last1=Finkelstein|first1=Israel|last2=Silberman|first2=Neil Asher|publisher=Simon and Schuster|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC|date=2002|isbn=978-0-7432-2338-6}}
* {{cite book|title=Theodor Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism|last=Kornberg|first=Jacques|isbn=978-0-253-33203-5|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1993}}
* {{cite book |title=A History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Judah |last=Lipiński |first=Edward |publisher=Peeters |year=2020 |isbn=978-90-429-4212-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGy6zQEACAAJ |series=Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta |volume=287}}
* {{cite book |last=McNutt |first=Paula |title=Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-664-22265-9 }}
* {{harvc |last=Stager |first=Lawrence |c=Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel |in=Coogan |year=1998}}
* {{cite book|chapter=The Tribes That Were Not Lost: The Samaritans|last=Tobolowsky|first=Andrew|year=2022|title=The Myth of the Twelve Tribes of Israel: New Identities Across Time and Space|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/myth-of-the-twelve-tribes-of-israel/tribes-that-were-not-lost/BAEE997B6F05C26B49864979B0705E9D|pages=69–70; 73–75|doi=10.1017/9781009091435.003|isbn=978-1-316-51494-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Tubb |first=Jonathan |title=Canaanites (Peoples of the Past) |edition=Hardback |year=1998 |place=London |publisher=British Museum Press |isbn=978-0-7141-2089-8}}
* {{cite book |title=The Myth of the Twelve Tribes of Israel |chapter=The Tribes That Were Not Lost |date=2022 |pages=66–106 |doi=10.1017/9781009091435.003 |isbn=978-1-009-09143-5 }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links |wikt=Jew |s=Portal:Judaism |v=Portal:Jewish Studies |d=Q7325}}
* [https://www.jewishdatabank.org/databank Official website] of the [[Berman Jewish DataBank]]
* [https://www.jewishagency.org/ Official website] of the [[Jewish Agency for Israel]]
* [https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/ Official website] of ''[[The Jewish Encyclopedia]]''
* [https://www.jta.org/ Official website] of the [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]
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Little Things (TV series)

2026-03-29T12:27:12Z

Sunil Tani: creating a details.

{{short description|Indian web TV series}}
{{About|the Indian web TV series|other uses|Little Things (disambiguation){{!}}Little Things}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Little Things Poster.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| based_on =
| runtime = 15-40 minutes
| creator = [[Dhruv Sehgal]]
| director = Ajay Bhuyan Ruchir Arun
| starring = [[Mithila Palkar]] Dhruv Sehgal
| writer =
| theme_music_composer = [[Prateek Kuhad]]
| composer = Neel Adhikari
| country = India
| language = Hindi English
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| cinematography = Aniruddha Patankar
| editor = Saumya Sharma
| network = {{Plainlist|
*Dice Media (Season 1)
*[[Netflix]] (Season 2-4)
}}
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2016|10|25|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|10|15|df=yes}}
| company = Dice Media
| executive_producer = Aditi Shrivastava Anirudh Pandita Ashwin Suresh
| producer =
| num_seasons = 4
| num_episodes = 29
| list_episodes =
| related =
}}

'''''Little Things''''' is an Indian [[romantic comedy]] television series, created by [[Dhruv Sehgal]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/The-little-things-of-life/article17013018.ece|title=The little things of life|last=Borah|first=Prabalika M.|date=2017-01-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> who also starred in the lead role along with [[Mithila Palkar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2018/oct/10/not-thought-of-dating-each-other-mithila-palkar-on-little-things-co-star-dhruv-sehgal-1883591.html|title=Not thought of dating each other: Mithila Palkar on 'Little Things' co-star Dhruv Sehgal|date=10 October 2018|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref><ref name="HinduMoreTo2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mithila-palkar-irrfan-khan-dulquer-salmaan-bollywood-girl-in-the-city/article19644420.ece|title=Mithila Palkar, the girl from Dadar|last=Panicker|first=Anahita|date=2017-09-08|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The series were directed by Ajay Bhuyan and Ruchir Arun and produced by Aditi Shrivastava, Anirudh Pandita and Ashwin Suresh of Dice Media. Its first season was premiered through the official YouTube channel of Dice Media, from 25 October 2016, to 22 November.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/aug/02/dhruv-sehgal---mithila-palkar-starrer-web-series-little-things-to-have-a-book-version-1637161.html|title=Dhruv Sehgal - Mithila Palkar starrer web series Little Things to have a book version|date=2 August 2017|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref> [[Netflix]] later purchased the franchise and its second season and third, was premiered on 5 October 2018 and 9 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/netflix-announces-little-things-season-3-with-dhruv-sehgal-and-mithila-palkar-watch-trailer-here/story-jW4lYlWOzoXa3bivCWzFYM.html|title=Netflix announces Little Things season 3 with Dhruv Sehgal and Mithila Palkar, watch trailer here|date=2019-10-09|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref> Its fourth and the final season was released on 15 October 2021.

==Premise==
The story revolves around Kavya Kulkarni (Palkar) and Dhruv Vats (Sehgal), a couple in a live-in relationship in Mumbai.<ref name="HTReview">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/little-things-2-review-netflix-takes-mithila-palkar-dhruv-sehgal-s-show-to-the-big-time/story-jpjRBKw8sYynHIr0n4dXHO.html|title=Little Things season 2 review: Netflix takes Mithila Palkar, Dhruv Sehgal's delightful show to the big time|website=Hindustan Times|first=Rohan|last=Naahar|date=5 October 2018|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref> The series progresses with everyday life explored through conversation between the couple. The language used is English, with a few sentences in Hindi (used mostly in slang).<ref name="QuintMaanvi2016">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/11/24/little-things-everyday-love-dice-media-mithila-palkar-dhruv-sehgal-web-series-youtube|title=Forget the Train Chases; 'Little Things' is About Everyday Love|last=Maanvi|date=2016-11-24|website=The Quint|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref>

==Cast==

=== Main ===
* [[Mithila Palkar]] as Kavya Kulkarni
* [[Dhruv Sehgal]] as Dhruv Vats<ref name="GQ2018" />

=== Recurring ===
* Abhishek Bhalerao<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajesh |first=Srividya |date=2019-10-14 |title=Abhishek Bhalerao in Dice Media's Little Things Season 3 |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/abhishek-bhalerao-dice-medias-little-things-season-3/2019/10/14 |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en-US}}</ref> as Murthy
*[[Navni Parihar]] as Ila Kulkarni, Kavya's mother
*Rishi Deshpande as Satish Kulkarni, Kavya's father
*Asheesh Kapur (Season 2 & 3)
*Vikram Kochhar as Dhruv's friend (Season 2 & 3)
*Lovleen Mishra as Dhruv's mother (Season 3)
*Aman Bhagat as Karan (Season 1)
*Veer Rajwant Singh as Akash (Season 1)
*Palvi Jaiswal as Sana (Season 1)
*Sanjay Gurbaxani as Kavya's boss (Season 1)
*Bharat Pahuja as visitor (Season 1)
*Paresh Pahuja as Raunak (Season 2)
*Kanak Raju as coaching teacher (Season 2)
*Priyanka Arya as Sushmita (Season 3)
*Ashish Bhatia as Amey (Season 3)
*Chandrakant as old watchman (Season 3)
*Shikha Chowdary as Anmol (Season 3)
*Dhruvin Doshi as Suraj (Season 3)
*Sainika Ghaises as Nupur (Season 3)
*Martin Jishil as Sandeep (Season 3)
*Aakash Khemchandani as Piyush (Season 3)
*Hitesh Shejpai as Shenoy (Season 3)
*Sarla Shah as Mrs. D'Mello (Season 3)
*[[Vivaan Shah]] (Season 3)
*[[Abhay Verma]] (Season 3)
*Ayush Sehgal as Omkar (Season 4)
*Tamara as Ishu (Season 4)
*Shiv Tandon as Sanket Lalwani (Season 3 & 4)
*Eisha Chopra as Nandini (Season 2 & 4)

==Episodes==
{{Series overview

| color1 = #FF9D24
| link1 = #Season 1 (2016)
| episodes1 = 5
| start1 = {{Start date|2016|10|25|df=yes}}
| end1 = {{End date|2016|11|22|df=yes}}
| network1 = Dice Media

| color2 = #EBDA7E
| link2 = #Season 2 (2018)
| episodes2 = 8
| released2 = {{Start date|2018|10|05|df=yes}}

| color3 = #B39339
| link3 = #Season 3
| episodes3 = 8
| released3 = {{Start date|2019|11|9|df=y}}
| network2 = [[Netflix]]

| color4 = #B0BF1A
| link4 = #Season 4 (2021)
| episodes4 = 8
| released4 = {{Start date|2021|10|15|df=yes}}
}}

===Season 1 (2016)===
{{Episode table |background=#FF9D24 |overall=5 |season=5 |title=22 |director=20 |directorR=<ref name="GQ2018" /> |writer=20 |writerR=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/meet-dhruv-sehgal-the-actor-best-known-for-playing-the-boyfriend/story-Scsk0SJg8Lo84IJ5pSljuJ.html|title=Meet Dhruv Sehgal, the actor best known for playing the boyfriend|date=2016-11-03|website=Hindustan Times|first=Manali|last=Shah|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref> |airdate=18 |airdateR= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = FOMO
|DirectedBy = Ajay Bhuyan
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|10|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Dhruv and Kavya are on course to have a lazy plain Sunday even though they try their best to make it exciting. The fear of missing out on all the fun that they see their friends are having on social media makes Kavya spice up their day.
|LineColor = #FF9D24
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Have a Nice Day
|DirectedBy = Ajay Bhuyan
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|11|01|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The morning rush to go to work leads to a tussle between Dhruv and Kavya, spoiling both their moods for the rest of the day. As the irony of relationships goes, however, they still have each other to help fix a bad day.
|LineColor = #FF9D24
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Good Night
|DirectedBy = Ajay Bhuyan
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|11|08|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = A sleepless night thanks to mosquitoes turns into a discovery that Kavya's ex-boyfriend is getting married, and a long conversation about exes follows.
|LineColor = #FF9D24
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Thank You!
|DirectedBy = Ajay Bhuyan
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|11|15|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = It is a weeknight and Dhruv and Kavya's plan to have a good dinner at an Iranian restaurant gets canned. Kavya convinces Dhruv to attend her friend Shifa's house party and in the end, they end up having a late night out at a nearby fair.
|LineColor = #FF9D24
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Here We Go!
|DirectedBy = Ajay Bhuyan
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|11|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Fresh air and wine do wonders for Dhruv and Kavya as they open up like never before. Nestled in the middle of a vineyard, Kavya speaks her heart out to Dhruv about how she doesn't know what she wants to do with her life.
|LineColor = #FF9D24
}}
}}

===Season 2 (2018)===
{{Episode table |background=#EBDA7E |overall=5 |season=5 |title=22 |director=20 |directorR=<ref name="HTMature2018" /> |writer=20 |writerR= |airdate=18 |airdateR= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Milk Cake
|DirectedBy = Ruchir Arun
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|10|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When an old friend comes to visit from Delhi, Dhruv is struck by how much has changed between them since their childhood.
|LineColor = #EBDA7E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Back Seat
|DirectedBy = Ruchir Arun
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|10|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = After Kavya gets a big work promotion and Dhruv makes a difficult professional decision, they attend the housewarming party of a well-to-do couple.
|LineColor = #EBDA7E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Cheeti Aur Haathi
|DirectedBy = Ruchir Arun
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|10|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Kavya gets busier at work while managing a big project. Feeling restless at home, Dhruv struggles to find ways to bring in some income.
|LineColor = #EBDA7E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Mumbai Darshan
|DirectedBy = Ruchir Arun
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|10|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When Kavya's mother comes to visit, Dhruv takes her out for the afternoon and learns more about the person behind the parent.
|LineColor = #EBDA7E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Leicester City F.C.
|DirectedBy = Ruchir Arun
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|10|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When Kavya hits it off with another man on a work trip, she begins questioning whether her relationship with Dhruv is good enough for the long haul.
|LineColor = #EBDA7E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Bed & Breakfast
|DirectedBy = Ruchir Arun
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|10|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = With Kavya feeling under the weather, weekend plans are cancelled in favour of a day at home, where she and Dhruv chill, chat and occasionally quarrel.
|LineColor = #EBDA7E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Baalti Aur Magga
|DirectedBy = Ruchir Arun
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|10|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = While attending a friend's wedding, a moment of intimacy between Kavya and Dhruv devolves into a full-blown argument about where they stand.
|LineColor = #EBDA7E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Where Are We?
|DirectedBy = Ruchir Arun
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|10|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Following their fight, Kavya and Dhruv return home from the wedding, stopping at a familiar place for a heart-to-heart talk.
|LineColor = #EBDA7E
}}
}}

===Season 3 (2019)===
{{Episode table |background=#B39339|overall=5 |season=5|title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=18 |airdateR=<ref name="TFC" /> |country=US |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Migration
|DirectedBy = [[Sumit Arora]]a
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|9|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = A research stint takes Dhruv to Bangalore. As Kavya helps him settle in, unease over their upcoming months apart affects their remaining hours together.
|LineColor = #B39339
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 15
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Today of all Days
|DirectedBy = Sumit Aroraa
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal, Garima Pura Patiyaalvi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|9|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Dhruv quickly takes to his new surroundings and makes instant friends. Kavya struggles with loneliness at home and vulnerability at work.
|LineColor = #B39339
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 16
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Rectangles
|DirectedBy = Ruchir Arun
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal, Abhinandan Sridhar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|9|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Dhruv and Kavya grow accustomed to their individual lives. As Dhruv's fellowship ends, an awkward conversation stirs unease about his return to Mumbai.
|LineColor = #B39339
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 17
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Senior Citizens
|DirectedBy = Sumit Aroraa
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal, Nupur Pai
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|9|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = While visiting her hometown in Nagpur, Kavya's interactions with her ageing parents and childhood friends spark both concern and nostalgia.
|LineColor = #B39339
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 18
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Vertical Housing
|DirectedBy = Ruchir Arun
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|9|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Dhruv visits Delhi to help his mother pack up his childhood home, but pressure to marry and family tensions have him feeling frustrated and detached.
|LineColor = #B39339
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 19
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Jet Lag
|DirectedBy = Sumit Aroraa
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|9|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = The couple is finally reunited, but life seems out of sync as Dhruv compares Mumbai to Bangalore and feels replaced by Kavya's new friendships.
|LineColor = #B39339
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 20
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = The Sum of our Past
|DirectedBy = Ruchir Arun
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal, Garima Pura Patiyaalvi, Abhinandan Sridhar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|9|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Flashbacks illuminate each of Dhruv's and Kavya's early encounters with relationships and marriage. In the present day, a wedding ring triggers tension.
|LineColor = #B39339
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 21
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Migration II
|DirectedBy = Ruchir Arun
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal, Nupur Pai
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|9|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Dhruv envies a friend's accomplishment. As sad news compels Kavya to consider transferring to Nagpur, the couple reflect on their evolving relationship.
|LineColor = #B39339
}}
}}

=== Season 4 (2021) ===
{{Episode table |background=#B0BF1A|overall=5 |season=5|title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate= |airdateR=<ref name="TFC">{{cite web |title=Little Things – Listings |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/little-things/listings/ |website=The Futon Critic |access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref> |country=US |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 22
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Circles
|DirectedBy = Sumit Aroraa
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|15|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Reunited after 14 months, Kavya and Dhruv reflect on their time apart, wondering if the physical distance created an emotional disconnection, too.
|LineColor = #B0BF1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 23
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Family Holiday
|DirectedBy = Sumit Aroraa
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal, Garima Pura Patiyaalvi
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|15|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = On their Kerala holiday, Kavya talks a reluctant Dhruv into taking a bus tour, but the day trip isn’t without a few bumps in the road.
|LineColor = #B0BF1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 24
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Fort Kavya
|DirectedBy = Ruchir Arun
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal, Abhinandan Sridhar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|15|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = When Dhruv is unable to get out of a work commitment on Kavya’s 30th birthday, she spends the occasion in her own company, exploring and soul-searching.
|LineColor = #B0BF1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 25
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Air Quality Index
|DirectedBy = Sumit Aroraa
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal, Nupur Pai |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|15|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Kavya makes a brave career move. A meetup with Dhruv’s friends from Finland sparks questions about the future and why Dhruv really moved back to India.
|LineColor = #B0BF1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 26
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Business Class
|DirectedBy = Ruchir Arun
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|15|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = While setting up their new home in Mumbai, Dhruv and Kavya discuss the pros and cons of marriage. An accident leads to a disappointing setback.
|LineColor = #B0BF1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 27
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Got Your Back
|DirectedBy = Sumit Aroraa
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|15|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = With Kavya listless at home and Dhruv struggling at work, three weeks pass before they realize the toll these things have taken on their relationship..
|LineColor = #B0BF1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 28
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = What's This Party For?
|DirectedBy = Ruchir Arun
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal, Garima Pura Patiyaalvi, Abhinandan Sridhar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|15|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = While both sets of parents are visiting, Kavya and Dhruv host a gathering at home with friends — but no one is quite sure what the occasion is.
|LineColor = #B0BF1A
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 29
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Full Circle
|DirectedBy = Ruchir Arun
|WrittenBy = Dhruv Sehgal, Nupur Pai
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|15|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = In a merry mood, the couple enjoys a late night out, taking a pause to celebrate the present moment as they stand on the cusp of big things to come.
|LineColor = #B0BF1A
}}
}}

==Production==
[[Dhruv Sehgal]], started writing for the new series in late 2015,<ref name="HTMature2018" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Suhani|date=6 October 2018|title=Whole Little Love|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20181015-whole-little-love-1356148-2018-10-06|access-date=2019-06-18|website=India Today}}</ref> featuring [[Mithila Palkar]] who have previously acted in short videos by Dice Media and Filter Copy,<ref name="QuintMaanvi2016" /> and have known each other since Palkar's time working at ''Thespo'' (Quasar Theatre Productions' annual theatre festival). Sehgal had asked her to audition for Filter Copy's new satire show on [[YouTube]] called ''News Darshan''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAJ-bZkLtNM|title=FilterCopy - News Darshan|date=18 September 2015 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/NUiMSgpxSOckv1kGw7XDzM/What-it-takes-to-be-an-online-star.html|title=What it takes to be an online star|last=Dutta Choudhury|first=Sonya|date=2018-02-25|website=LiveMint|access-date=2019-06-19|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012060223/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/NUiMSgpxSOckv1kGw7XDzM/What-it-takes-to-be-an-online-star.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The series' first season was directed by Ajay Bhuyan and had an episode runtime of 15 minutes each.<ref name="GQ2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/5-little-things-you-need-to-know-before-watching-little-things-season-2-on-netflix-watch-little-things-season-2-trailer|title=Little Things Season 2 Netflix: 5 little things to know before you watch Little Things Season 2|date=5 October 2018|website=GQ India|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref> The series is produced by Aditi Shrivastava, Anirudh Pandita and Ashwin Suresh. The second and third season was directed by Ruchir Arun, who is a [[National Award]] winner.<ref name="HTMature2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/dhruv-and-kavya-s-love-matures-in-the-second-season-of-netflix-s-little-things-watch-trailer/story-Ayc99E9pwq9kEKMREam2IM.html|title=Dhruv and Kavya's love matures in the second season of Netflix's Little Things. Watch trailer|date=2018-09-20|website=Hindustan Times|first=Priyanka|last=Sundar|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref>

== Themes ==
The series explores multiple themes, related to everyday life and the problems and challenges faced in it. Season 1 explored themes like a [[fear of missing out]] (FOMO) caused by [[social media]] and late-night cravings for food. Season 2 explored more serious themes like personal and professional crises. Dhruv is seen reconnecting with an old friend and realising that they have grown apart. He is later seen quitting his job due to a loss of interest. Dhruv is then seen as being "aimless" while Kavya has received a promotion and a pay hike, which leads to fights as they realise the differences between them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/897433/web-series-little-things-aims-big-with-season-2-but-works-better-in-its-smaller-moments|title=Web series 'Little Things' aims big with season 2 but works better in its smaller moments|last=Rao|first=Soumya|date=16 October 2018|website=Scroll.in-US|access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref> Other themes explored in the second season include Kavya getting attracted to a biker on an office trip, homophobia and the possibility of considering one's parents as friends.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/little-things-season-2-is-big-on-little-things/cid/1671315|title=Little Things season 2 is big on little things|website=Telegraph India|date=8 October 2018|last=Roy|first=Priyanka|access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref>

Season 3<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/little-things-3-review-dhruv-sehgal-mithila-palkars-show-slows-down-in-the-new-season-2385035.html|title=Little Things 3 Review: Dhruv Sehgal-Mithila Palkar's Show Slows Down in the New Season|date=2019-11-13|website=News18|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref> further explores Dhruv and Kavya's relationship (which had hit a rough patch at the end of Season 2) with them venturing into a [[long-distance relationship]].<ref name="IESeason3Trailer">{{Cite web|date=2019-10-09|title=Little Things Season 3 trailer: The Netflix series tackles the big things this time|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/little-things-season-3-trailer-netflix-6060906/|access-date=2019-10-09|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> They thus begin to face loneliness (due to staying apart from one another) and learn to deal with it. They eventually realize that they can also be happy with other people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/little-things-season-3-review-dhruv-sehgal-mithila-palkar-s-show-unites-millennials-and-boomers-in-their-loneliness/story-McNHFZbhMOCSQXHDYlGxKJ.html|title=Little Things season 3 review: Dhruv Sehgal, Mithila Palkar's show unites millennials and boomers in their loneliness|date=2019-11-09|website=Hindustan Times|first=Soumya|last=Srivastava|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref> The two of them also have additional responsibilities and pity themselves. They reconnect with childhood friends and Kavya faces the fear of losing a loved one, her neighbour's dog, Kaju.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/little-things-3-review-dhruv-sehgal-mithila-palkars-show-slows-down-in-the-new-season-2385035.html|title=Little Things 3 Review: Dhruv Sehgal-Mithila Palkar's Show Slows Down in the New Season|website=News18|date=13 November 2019|first=Vaishali|last=Jain|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref> They both discuss the possibility of marriage and their views on the topic are explored through an episode consisting of flashbacks. While visiting their parents, they realize that they are growing old. Additionally, the season explores the social structures of the big cities, commenting on how the urbanisation results in a loss of humanity.<ref name="NDTVMillennial19">{{Cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/reviews/little-things-season-3-review-episodes-trailer-cast-release-date-watch-online-imdb-netflix-2129410|title=In Season 3, Little Things Shines Outside Its Indian Millennial Focus|last=Arora|first=Akhil|date=8 November 2019|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music and background score is composed by Neel Adhikari, and the series features a theme song composed by [[Prateek Kuhad]] specially for it.<ref name="RedSparrow">{{Cite web|url=https://theredsparrow.in/film-reviews/little-things-an-extraordinary-peep-into-the-ordinary/|title=Little Things - An extraordinary peep into the ordinary|date=2018-10-13|first=Prakhya|last=Nair|website=The Red Sparrow|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref>

'''Season 1'''<ref>{{Citation|title=Dice Media's Little Things|date=24 April 2017|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/3kPyUlvqK0kxfTTNetJtZz|language=en|access-date=2021-01-27}}</ref>

* "Song for Survival" - Neel Adhikari, Mithila Palkar
* "Food for Thought" - Neel Adhikari
* "Hot or Cold Down There" - Neel Adhikari
* "Luca's Lullaby" - Neel Adhikari
* "Mountaintop Two" - Neel Adhikari
* "Pots N' Pans" - Neel Adhikari, Clovis Soo
* "RocknRolla" - Neel Adhikari

'''Season 2'''<ref>{{Citation|title=Dice Media's Little Things Season 2|date=13 December 2018|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/07UynBFoSJtPkucnYYkIpB|language=en|access-date=2021-01-27}}</ref>

* "Musalsal" - Neel Adhikari
* "I Forgive You" - Neel Adhikari
* "Surprise" - Neel Adhikari
* "Okay" - Neel Adhikari
* "Parchai" - Neel Adhikari

== Release ==
The first season of the series was premiered through Dice Media's [[YouTube]] channel, from 25 October 2016 to 22 November 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Mehrotra|first=Suchin|date=2019-11-06|title=Dhruv Sehgal On The Evolution Of Little Things, Moving To Netflix And His First Writers Room|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/dhruv-sehgal-on-the-evolution-of-little-things-moving-to-netflix-and-his-first-writers-room/|access-date=2021-01-27|website=Film Companion|language=en-US}}</ref> It became a thundering success, with the first episode, which premiered on 25 October, gained over 15 million views, upon its initial release.<ref name=":1" /> Later, Netflix collaborated with Dice Media, to acquire the rights for the second season,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inside the Little Indian Studio That Now Has a Show on Netflix|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/features/little-things-season-2-netflix-what-the-folks-adulting-pocket-aces-netflix-dice-media-1927294|access-date=2021-01-27|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=5 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> which was released on 5 October 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=5 September 2018|title=Watch: Netflix releases trailer of Little Things 2; series premieres on October 5|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/watch-netflix-releases-trailer-of-little-things-2-series-premieres-on-octorber-5-1332779-2018-09-05|access-date=2019-06-17|website=India Today}}</ref> Netflix announced that the show would be renewed for a third season, with a release date of 9 November 2019.<ref name="IESeason3Trailer" />

==Reception==
Rohan Naahar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave it a rating of 4/5 and went on to write "[The show] relies more heavily on performances than most others".<ref name="HTReview"/> Soumya Rao, writing for ''[[Scroll.in]]'', called the show "frequently charming, often relatable and never boring".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/897433/web-series-little-things-aims-big-with-season-2-but-works-better-in-its-smaller-moments|title=Web series 'Little Things' aims big with season 2 but works better in its smaller moments|last=Rao|first=Soumya|website=Scroll.in|date=16 October 2018|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref> Prakhya Nair of ''The Red Sparrow'' rated it 3.5 stars and recommended it to "anyone who wants to delve in a real relationship for a while".<ref name="RedSparrow" /> Anvita Singh, writing for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', opines that "[The show] would have worked better if it had four episodes of 15 minutes each, instead of the eight episodes, each over 22 minutes long" and also critiqued that the second season lacked the show's "sweet-natured relatability".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/little-things-season-2-review-mithila-palkar-5383305/|title=Little Things 2 review: Mithila Palkar's show is a messy, long-winded discussion on love and life|date=2018-10-05|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref>

== Other media ==
Season 1 of the series was published as a book by [[Penguin Random House]] in August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2017|title=Little Things, a web series, to be made into book|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/little-things-a-web-series-to-be-made-into-book/articleshow/59876166.cms|access-date=2019-06-18|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Penguin Random House India to publish Little Things, A Book Based On The Popular Web Series By Pocket Aces|url=https://penguin.co.in/news-and-press-releases/penguin-random-house-india-publish-little-things/|website=[[Penguin Random House]]}}</ref> A 20-episode prequel audio series ''Little Things: Jab Dhruv Met Kavya'' narrated by Sehgal and Palkar was released on [[Audible (service)|Audible]] in September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Little Things' is back with an Audible audio series! |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/listen/mithila-palkar-and-dhruv-sehgal-starrer-web-series-little-things-is-back-with-an-audible-original-audio-series-little-things-jab-dhruv-met-kavya/cid/1887801 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable
|-
!Award !!Category !!Recipient !!Result !!Ref
|-
|rowspan=4|MTV IWMBuzz Digital Awards 2019
|Most Popular Actress in a Web Series
|Mithila Palkar
|{{won}}
|rowspan=4|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/full-list-winners-mtv-iwmbuzz-digital-awards-2019/2019/11/13|title=Full List of Winners - MTV IWMBuzz Digital Awards 2019|date=2019-11-13|website=IWMBuzz|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref>
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Aniruddha Patankar
|{{won}}
|-
|Storyteller of The Year
|Dhruv Sehgal
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Youth Show
| Little Things 2
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=3|[[IReel Awards|IReel Awards 2019]]
|Best Actor in Comedy Series
|Dhruv Sehgal
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/i-reel-awards/list-of-nominees/|title=iReel Awards 2019: List of Nominees |website=News18 |access-date=2021-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/ireel-awards-2019-check-out-the-complete-list-of-winners-2320007.html|title=iReel Awards 2019: Check Out The Complete List Of Winners|date=2019-09-23|website=News18|access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress in Comedy Series
|Mithila Palkar
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Comedy Series
|Little Things 2
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=4|Critics Choice Shorts & Series Awards 2019 ||Best Writing Series (Comedy/ Romance) ||[[Dhruv Sehgal]] ||{{won}}
|rowspan=4|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/made-in-heaven-the-family-man-little-things-win-at-critics-choice-shorts-and-series-awards|title=Made in Heaven, The Family Man Win Big at Critics Choice Awards|date=2019-12-11|website=The Quint|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor in Comedy/ Romance
|Dhruv Sehgal (share with Vikrant Massey)
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actress in Comedy/ Romance
|[[Mithila Palkar]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Series (Comedy/ Romance)
|Little Things Season 2
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=4|[[2020 Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Comedy Series
|Little Things 3
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=4|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners of the Flyx Filmfare OTT Awards|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-45407.html|access-date=2020-12-20|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Flyx Filmfare OTT Awards 2020: Complete winners' list - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-2020-winners-so-far/articleshow/79812177.cms|access-date=2020-12-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor in Comedy Series
|[[Dhruv Sehgal]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress in Comedy Series
|[[Mithila Palkar]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Critics Best Actor in Comedy Series
|Dhruv Sehgal
|{{won}}
|-
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6522580|Little Things}}
* {{YouTube|p=PL4x7Of-X4XhgNBVfFpd1N4cSU_X1x96gU|Dice Media - Little Things, Season 1}}

{{Netflix original continuation series|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:English-language Indian television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix television dramas]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian television series distributed by Netflix]]

Vishnudevananda Saraswati

2026-03-28T08:26:55Z

Sunil Tani: Creating A Entry!

{{Short description|Indian guru (1927–1993)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Swami Vishnudevananda Portrait.jpg
| birth_name = Kuttan Nair
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1927|12|31}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1993|11|9|1927|12|31|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| occupation = Yoga guru, peace activist
}}
'''Vishnudevananda Saraswati''' (31 December 1927 – 9 November 1993, birth name '''Kuttan Nair''') was an Indian [[Modern yoga gurus|yoga guru]] known for his teaching of [[asana]]s, a disciple of [[Sivananda Saraswati]], and founder of the [[Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres|International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres and Ashrams]] (ISYVC). He established the Sivananda Yoga Teachers' Training Course, possibly the first yoga teacher training programs in the West. His books ''[[The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga]]'' (1960) and ''Meditation and Mantras'' (1978) established him as an authority on [[Hatha yoga|Hatha]] and [[Raja yoga]]. Vishnudevananda was a [[peace activist]] who rode in several "peace flights" over places of conflict, including the [[Berlin Wall]] prior to [[German reunification]].

In 2007, his long-serving assistant, Julie Salter, reported [[Sexual abuse by yoga gurus|sexual abuse against her by the guru]]; she published details of her experiences in 2019, leading at least 3 other women to report their experiences of similar abuse by Vishnudevananda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=David |first=Supriti |date=2021-06-17 |title=How a journalist devotee helped expose sexual abuse at Sivananda Yoga |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/06/17/how-a-journalist-devotee-helped-expose-sexual-abuse-at-sivananda-yoga |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaur |first=Ishleen |date=2021-06-22 |title=How I uncovered yoga’s #MeToo moment |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/uncovered-yogas-metoo-moment/ |access-date=2026-01-23 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

== Early life and training ==

[[File:Swami Sivananda Swami Vishnudevananda am Ganges.jpg|thumb|With [[Sivananda]] (seated on tiger skin) by the [[Ganges]], c. 1950]]

Vishnudevananda was born Kuttan Nair in [[Kerala]], [[South India]], on 31 December 1927.<ref name="DLS">{{cite web |title=His Holiness Sri Swami Vishnudevananda Saraswati Maharaj |url=http://www.dlshq.org/saints/vishnu.htm |publisher=[[Divine Life Society]] |access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref> During his short career in the [[Indian Army]] in 1944,{{sfn|Krishna|1995|p=xv}} he was inspired by a pamphlet, ''Sadhana Tattwa'', written by the yoga guru [[Sivananda Saraswati|Sivananda]], founder of the [[Divine Life Society]].<ref name="DLS"/> He entered the Sivananda [[Ashram]] by the [[River Ganges]] in [[Rishikesh]] in 1947 at the age of twenty.<ref name="DLS"/> He took ''[[sannyas]]'', becoming a monk, in February 1949,<ref name="DLS"/> and was appointed the first professor of [[hatha yoga]] at the Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Forest Academy.{{sfn|Krishna|1995|p=xv}} In this capacity, he trained many students in the Pacific Rim area in 1957,{{sfn|Krishna|1995|p=xv}} and became a recognised [[Modern yoga gurus|yoga guru]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Syman |first=Stefanie |title=The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America |title-link=The Subtle Body |year=2010 |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus, and Giroux]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-374-23676-2 |page=278}}</ref>

== Sivananda Yoga ==

=== A practice for the West ===

{{further|Sivananda Yoga}}

Vishnudevananda arrived in San Francisco in December 1957, and began to teach [[yoga]]; he moved to New York to teach hatha yoga in 1958.{{sfn|Krishna|1995|p=xv}} The practice he taught, which he named Sivananda Yoga after his guru, consisted largely of [[asana]]s, yoga postures, but rather than emphasising [[yoga as exercise]], he taught a combination of [[yoga philosophy]], the [[shatkarma]]s or purifications, the [[sattvic diet]], and [[pranayama]], breath control, alongside the postures.{{sfn|Vishnudevananda|1988|p=v}} He is credited as the asana pioneer within Sivananda Yoga.{{sfn|Singleton|2010|p=219}} He condensed the teachings of classical yoga into five principles: proper exercise, proper breathing, proper relaxation, proper diet ([[vegetarian]]), and [[meditation]] and positive thinking.{{sfn|Vishnudevananda|1988|p=x}} In the 1960s, he introduced [[The Beatles]] to yoga.<ref>{{cite news |last=Roth |first=Martin |title=Let's harness the revolutionary optimism of the 1960s to counter dark times |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/12/revolutionary-1960s-dark-times-technology |access-date=25 March 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 September 2016}}</ref>

=== ''The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga'' ===
[[File:Soorya_Namaskar_in_Complete_Illustrated_Guide_to_Yoga.jpg|thumb|Page layout of ''[[The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga]]'', 1960, showing Vishnudevananda demonstrating "[[Surya Namaskar|Soorya Namaskar]]" (salute to the sun) in large monochrome photographs{{sfn|Goldberg|2016|pp=329–331}}]]

{{main|The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga}}

He published his guide to hatha yoga, ''[[The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga]]'', in 1960. It was one of the first reference books on asanas;{{sfn|Jain|2015|p=69}} it was illustrated throughout with 146 large monochrome studio photographs of Vishnudevananda, wearing swimming shorts, demonstrating the poses. It has been translated into at least thirteen languages,<ref name="WorldCat">{{cite web |title=The complete illustrated book of yoga|publisher=WorldCat |oclc=368900 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=The+Complete+Illustrated+Book+of+Yoga&fq=dt%3Abks&dblist=638&fc=ln:_25&qt=show_more_ln%3A |access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref> and was said to have sold over a million copies by 1989.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga |journal=[[Yoga Journal]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-sDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10 |date=January 1989 |page=10}}</ref> The book took [[Surya Namaskar]], the salute to the sun, which Sivananda had promoted [[Yoga for therapeutic purposes|as a health cure]], and presented it as fitness exercise.{{sfn|Goldberg|2016|pp=329–331}}

=== Centres and ashrams ===

Vishnudevananda founded the first Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centre in [[Montreal, Quebec]], [[Canada]], in 1959.<ref>{{cite web |title=H.H. Swami. Sivananda Maharaj Ji |url=https://sivanandasevas.org/index.php/h-h-swami-sivananda-maharaj-ji/ |website=Sivananda Sevas |access-date=25 March 2019 |archive-date=25 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325160823/https://sivanandasevas.org/index.php/h-h-swami-sivananda-maharaj-ji/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Krishna|1995|p=15}} He set up the first yoga vacation in [[Val-Morin]], [[Quebec]], (on 11th Avenue) in 1961; this has since become a tradition in the [[Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres]] and Ashrams.{{sfn|Goldberg|2016|p=322}} In February 1962, Vishnudevananda saw the present site of the Yoga Camp in Val Morin, and chose to settle in the dense forest area near the [[Laurentian Mountains]]. The Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centre was opened there on 19 September 1962 by Marcia Moore, an American trained by Vishnudevananda a few years earlier.{{sfn|Goldberg|2016|p=322}} Vishnudevananda founded the Sivananda Ashram Yoga Retreat on Paradise Island in the [[Bahamas]] in 1967.{{sfn|Krishna|1995|p=xvi}} He established the ''Sivananda Ashram Yoga Farm'' in 1971 in [[Grass Valley, California|Grass Valley]], [[California]].{{sfn|Krishna|1995|p=xvi}} In 1974, Vishnudevananda inaugurated a fourth ashram, in [[Woodbourne, New York]], near the [[Catskill Mountains]],{{sfn|Krishna|1995|p=xvi}} and in February 1978, he inaugurated the ''Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Dhawanthari Ashram'' in Neyyar Dam, near [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in the foothills of the [[Western Ghats|Sahyadri Mountains]], Kerala.{{sfn|Krishna|1995|p=16}} A small Himalayan ashram, ''Sivananda Kutir'', was established in Netala, just outside [[Uttarkashi District|Uttar Kashi]] on the banks of the Ganges. As of 2021, the organisation founded by Vishnudevananda has 11 ashrams<ref>{{cite web |title=Sivananda Ashrams Worldwide |date=10 February 2019 |url=https://sivananda.org/locations/ashrams/ |publisher=Sivananda Yoga |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref> and 31 centres around the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Yoga Centres Worldwide |date=10 February 2019 |url=https://sivananda.org/locations/centres/ |publisher=Sivananda Yoga |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref> In addition, it has 33 affiliated centres.<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated Sivananda Yoga Centres |date=10 February 2019 |url=https://sivananda.org/locations/affiliated-centres/ |publisher=Sivananda Yoga}}</ref>

==Peace missions==

[[File:Swami Vishnudevananda - Der fliegende Swami.jpg|thumb|upright|As "The Flying Swami" in his [[Piper Apache]] ]]

In reaction to a vision of a world in peril, Vishnudevananda began his peace mission. The first act was to create the Sivananda Yoga Teacher Training Course in 1969;{{sfn|Krishna|1995|p=xvi}} this is said to be the first [[yoga teacher training|training programme for yoga teachers]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Yoga Teachers' Training Course |url=https://www.sivananda.eu/en/yoga-teacher-training.html |publisher=Sivananda Yoga Europe |access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref> Later he conducted peace flights over the world's trouble spots, earning himself the name "The Flying Swami".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kaminoff |first1=Leslie  |title=The Flying Swami: Vishnudevananda |url=https://www.yogaanatomy.org/the-flying-swami-vishnudevananda/ |website=Yoga Anatomy |access-date=27 April 2021 |date=6 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Photos |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/photos/single/107846 |publisher=Outlook Magazine |access-date=27 April 2021 |quote=Swami Vishnudevananda The Malayali, known as the ‘Flying Swami’ for piloting his small plane to peace missions around the world, founded the Sivananda Yoga Vedanta centres}}</ref>

On 30 August 1971, Vishnudevananda piloted his Peace Plane from [[Boston]] to [[Northern Ireland]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mullally |first1=Una |title=The Way We Were: Hippies with plans for Skerries |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/the-way-we-were-hippies-with-plans-for-skerries-1.3758949 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=26 January 2019}}</ref> a twin-engine [[Piper Apache]] plane painted by artist [[Peter Max]]. Upon landing, he was joined by actor [[Peter Sellers]].{{sfn|Krishna|1995|p=xii}} Later that same year, on 6 October, he took off with his co-pilot Bren Jacobson, who had been with him during the entire trip, from Tel Aviv to fly over the war-ridden [[Suez Canal]] and was buzzed by Israeli jets. The same thing happened with the Egyptian Air Force on the other side of the Canal. He continued eastward, "bombing" [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]] with flowers and peace leaflets.{{sfn|Krishna|1995|p=xvi}} On 15 September 1983 Vishnudevananda flew over the [[Berlin Wall]], from [[West Berlin|West]] to [[East Berlin]], in a highly publicized and dangerous mission to promote peace.<ref name="NYT 1983">{{cite news |title=Around the World: A Swami Flies Over The Berlin Wall |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/16/world/around-the-world-a-swami-flies-over-the-berlin-wall.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=16 September 1983}}</ref>{{sfn|Krishna|1995|p=xvii}}

In 1984, he and his students toured India in a double-decker bus, conducting programs to awaken the Indian people to their ancient tradition of yoga. In February he tried to mediate between the [[Hindu]] and [[Sikh]] factions in [[Amritsar]], entering the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] to speak to the Sikh leaders who had sought refuge there.{{sfn|Krishna|1995|p=xvii}} Over the years, Vishnudevananda met regularly with other spiritual and religious leaders to promote interfaith dialogue and understanding; among other things, [[Catholic]] students studied Yoga at the Sivananda centre in [[Larchmont]].<ref name="Heft 2011">{{cite book |last=Heft |first=James L. |title=Catholicism and Interreligious Dialogue |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNJoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 |date=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-982788-6 |page=113}}</ref> He organised yearly symposia on topics relating yoga to modern life.{{sfn|Krishna|1995|p=xvi}}

== Death ==

Vishnudevananda died on 9 November 1993. His body was then placed into the Ganges at the Sivananda Kutir, and the rite named ''jalasamadhi'' was performed, merging the abandoned body with the water.{{sfn|Krishna|1995|p=xviii}}

==Allegations of abuse==

{{further|Sexual abuse by yoga gurus}}

=== Allegations against Vishnudevananda ===

Julie Salter worked for 11 years as Vishnudevananda's personal assistant, until his death in 1993. In 2019 in a public Facebook post, Salter stated that she was continuously overworked and sleep-deprived, and that she became dependent and unable to leave. She stated that for three years [[Sexual abuse by yoga gurus|Vishnudevananda abused her sexually]].<ref name="Remski 2020">{{cite web |last=Remski |first=Matthew |author-link=Matthew Remski |title=How a #MeToo Facebook Post Toppled a Yoga Icon |url=https://gen.medium.com/how-a-metoo-facebook-post-toppled-a-yoga-icon-c25577185e40 |publisher=Medium |date=27 January 2020}} [[Matthew Remski]] is a noted yoga practitioner and author.</ref><ref name="Salter 2019">{{cite web |last=Salter |first=Julie |url=https://www.facebook.com/julie.salter.777/posts/10159225076324358 |title=Julie Salter |website=Facebook |date=10 December 2019}}Yes, Facebook: the posting is validated by its acceptance by the Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres, see below</ref> Her post sparked a controversy amongst some who followed Vishnudevananda and the Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres (ISYVC). Several former and current students criticised the ISYVC for continuous reverence of Vishnudevananda and demanded the organisation to remove his portraits from altars and yoga practice rooms.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Halser |first=Marlene |date=2020-06-11 |title=Sexuelle Übergriffe: Sein Konterfei wird weiter verehrt |url=https://www.zeit.de/arbeit/2020-05/sexuelle-uebergriffe-yoga-lehrer-metoo |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=[[Die Zeit]] |language=de}}</ref>

Salter's personal testimony, posted to Facebook in December 2019, detailed the long-term physical, mental, and sexual abuse she allegedly received from Vishnudevananda.<ref name="Salter 2019"/><ref name="BBC News"/> The testimony prompted two other women to publish their own testimonies about abuse by Vishnudevananda; Pamela Kyssa stated on Salter's thread that Vishnudevananda had raped her in 1974.<ref name="Salter 2019" /> The ISYVC Board of Directors published a statement expressing dismay at the allegations raised by Salter. Salter reported she had brought her complaint regarding sexual abuse committed against her by Vishnudevananda to The ISYVC, but they did not accept her allegations.<ref name="Salter 2019" /><ref name="Directors Statement 2019">{{cite web |date=16 December 2019 |title=Statement by the Board of Directors of The International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres |url=https://sivananda.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217211502/https://sivananda.org/ |archive-date=17 December 2019}} and [https://web.archive.org/web/20191217211512/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://sivananda.org/ archived screenshot, same date] </ref> Following the Board of Director's first statement, a second statement admitted Salter's earlier complaint and apologised for not believing her 2007 allegations.<ref name="Directors Statement 2019" /> The Board promised to run an independent investigation of the allegations made by Salter and others.<ref name="Directors Statement 2019" /> The investigator, Marianne Plamondon of Langlois in Montreal, declined to comment on whether the results of the investigation would be made public.<ref name="Remski 2020" /> In February 2020, the investigation was suspended, only hours before Salter and other women were scheduled to speak to the investigator. The organisation stated financial reasons for their decision.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-16 |title=Statement 7 - 16th June 2020 |url=https://sivananda.org/ebm-statements/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417090446/https://sivananda.org/ebm-statements/ |archive-date=2023-04-17 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Sivananda.org}}</ref>

Salter and 14 other women described their experiences, including alleged rape, to the [[BBC]] journalist and Sivananda [[yoga teacher]] Ishleen Kaur. Salter stated that when she told Vishnudevananda she did not understand his instruction to lie down next to him, he replied "Tantra yoga", implying some form of [[Neotantra|spiritual sexual activity]].<ref name="Kaur 2021">{{cite AV media |last=Kaur |first=Ishleen |series=Guru: Yoga – Power – Abuse |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09lgymt |access-date=21 June 2021 |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=15 June 2021 |type=Podcast |title=Guru: Living a lie}}</ref><ref name="BBC News">{{cite news |date=1 July 2021 |title='Coercion and rape': Investigating my yoga school |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57400014 |access-date=2 July 2021}}</ref>

=== The Project SATYA investigation ===

''Project SATYA'' was established by Angela Gollat, Antonia Abu Matar, and Jens Augspurger and primarily served as a discussion space and survivor support group on Facebook. The ''Project SATYA'' admins lamented the lack of clarity and transparency in the ISYVC approach, including their initial reluctance to provide information on the investigation process. The ISYVC later only investigated claims against the then director of the Canadian and Indian ashrams. The director was suspended as a reaction to the allegations, but the results of this investigation were never published.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-17 |title=Statements From EBM - Sivananda International |url=https://sivananda.org/ebm-statements/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417090446/https://sivananda.org/ebm-statements/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2023-04-17 |access-date=2024-06-12 }}</ref> In 2022 the organisation published a statement stating that the suspended director still used his organisation affiliation in India and ignored his suspension.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-17 |title=Statements From EBM - Sivananda International |url=https://sivananda.org/ebm-statements/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417090446/https://sivananda.org/ebm-statements/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2023-04-17 |access-date=2024-06-12 }}</ref> The incident caused a split between the ISYVC and its Indian division.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SivaInd-Admin |date=2023-01-31 |title=Statements from the Trustees and the Directors |url=https://sivananda.org.in/statements-from-the-trustees-and-the-directors/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Sivananda Yoga India}}</ref>

In February 2020, ''Project SATYA'' admins launched the project satya investigation. The ''Project SATYA'' admins commissioned Carol Merchasin and Josna Pankhania to investigate the allegations independently and with a survivor-centred approach that was meant to reduce the harm of the participants and informants. Those with allegations or information could contact the investigators via a confidential email address. The ''Project SATYA'' investigation was community funded, and ''Project SATYA'' launched a Gofund.me crowdfunding image. The investigators accepted a honorarium amounting to what the community was able to collect. The Gofundme page collected approximately 18,000 USD.<ref name="Report #3"/>

Over the course of the investigation from February 2020 to November 2020, the investigators received dozens of complaints and information and interviewed more than 60 people. The complaints that were investigated referred to a time frame from 1969 to 2001. During the investigation, the investigators provided three interim reports that were published by ''Project SATYA'' immediately.<ref name="Report #3"/>

The third report was published in November 2020 and included four allegations of sexual abuse against Vishnudevananda, as well as 31 allegations of sexual abuse and other types of abuse against the ISYVC and its staff, written in first-person narratives by the respective complainant. These statements were compiled by Josna Pankhania over the duration of the investigation. Pankhania also discussed the impact of institutional betrayal and abuse, the nature of an apology and wider implications of abuse in the third report. In respect to the four allegations against Vishnudevananda that were investigated and corroborated, the report concludes that the allegations are 'credible'.<ref name="Report #3">Carol Merchasin and Josna Pankhania. Project SATYA Investigation Interim Report #3. November 2020, p. 22 http://www.projectsatya.org/Investigation-Interim-Report-3-Project-SATYA.pdf</ref>

==Works==

* ''[[The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga]]'' ([[The Julian Press]], 1960 {{oclc|1006588041}}; [[Three Rivers Press]], 1988, {{isbn|978-0-51788-431-7}})
* ''Meditation and Mantras'' (Om Lotus Publications, 1978; Penguin Ananda, 2014, {{isbn|978-0-14342-223-5}})
* ''Yoga: the Hatha Yoga Pradipika'' ([[Motilal Banarsidass]], 1987; Om Lotus Publications, 1987, {{isbn|978-0-93154-602-0}})

==References==

{{reflist|26em}}

==Sources==

* {{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Elliott |author-link=Elliott Goldberg |title=The Path of Modern Yoga: The History of an Embodied Spiritual Practice |publisher=[[Inner Traditions – Bear & Company|Inner Traditions]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-62055-567-5 |oclc=926062252 }}
* {{cite book |last=Jain |first=Andrea |author-link=Andrea Jain |title=Selling Yoga: From Counterculture to Pop Culture |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-939024-3 |oclc=878953765 }}
* {{cite book |last=Krishna |first=Gopala |title=The Yogi: Portraits of Swami Vishnu-devananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8_s5a7rwv0C |year=1995 |publisher=Yes International Publishers |isbn=978-0-936663-12-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Singleton |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |title=Yoga Body : the origins of modern posture practice |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-539534-1 |oclc=318191988 |title-link=Yoga Body }}
* {{cite book |author=Vishnudevananda |title=[[Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga]] |publisher=[[Three Rivers Press]]/[[Random House]] |location=New York |year=1988 |orig-year=1960 |isbn=978-0-517-88431-7 |oclc=32442598 }}

==Further reading==

* {{cite web |last=Augspurger |first=Jens Uwe |title=International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centers |url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/stream/pdf/52387/1.0438183/2 |publisher=The Database of Religious History, The University of British Columbia |access-date=16 June 2025 |date=20 February 2023 |ref=none}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Vishnudevananda Saraswati}}
*[http://www.sivananda.org/teachings/teachers/swamiji/swamiji.html Vishnudevananda Saraswati] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911095609/http://sivananda.org/teachings/teachers/swamiji/swamiji.html |date=11 September 2007 }} at International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres
*[http://www.sivananda.eu/en/sivananda-yoga/the-yoga-masters.html Swami Sivananda (1887–1963)] at Sivananda Yoga Europe

{{Yoga as exercise}}
{{Yoga}}
{{Modern yoga gurus}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishnudevananda Saraswati}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:American male writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Modern yoga pioneers]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:Modern Indian yoga gurus]]
[[Category:American people of Malayali descent]]

Janaka Aithe Ganaka

2026-03-25T14:19:37Z

Sunil Tani: started a article!

{{short description|Indian romantic comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Janaka Aithe Ganaka.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sandeep Reddy Bandla
| producer = Harshith Reddy Hanshitha Reddy
| writer = Sandeep Reddy Bandla
| based_on =
| starring = {{ubl||[[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]]|Sangeerthana Vipin|[[Vennela Kishore]]|[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]|[[Murali Sharma]]|[[Goparaju Ramana]]}}
| music = [[Vijai Bulganin]]
| cinematography = Sai Sriram
| editing = Kodati Pavan Kalyan
| studio = Dil Raju Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|10|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = {{estimation}} ₹5.50 crore (9 days)<ref>{{cite web |title=జనక అయితే గనక 9 డేస్ టోటల్ కలెక్షన్స్….బానే కుమ్మిందిగా!! |url=https://t2blive.com/9days-janakaaitheganaka-ww-collections/ |website=T2BLive.com |language=en |date=21 October 2024 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Janaka Aithe Ganaka''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy drama]] film written and directed by Sandeep Reddy Bandla and produced by Harshith Reddy and Hanshitha Reddy, under Dil Raju Productions. It starred [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]] an [[ensemble cast]] of Sangeerthana Vipin, [[Vennela Kishore]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Murali Sharma]] and [[Goparaju Ramana]]. The music was composed by [[Vijai Bulganin]] and the cinematography was handled by Sai Sriram.

It was theatrically released on 12 October 2024 to mixed reviews from critics.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Nicodemus |first=Paul |date=14 October 2024 |title=Janaka Aithe Ganaka Movie Review : A Quirky Tale Undermined by Execution |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/janaka-aithe-ganaka/movie-review/114207793.cms |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=12 October 2024 |title='Janaka Aithe Ganaka' movie review: The courtroom drama is a missed opportunity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/janaka-aithe-ganaka-movie-review-an-earnest-suhas-cannot-salvage-this-messy-courtroom-drama/article68739289.ece |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and grossed over ₹5.50 crore at the box office in its first 9 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Raghu |date=21 October 2024 |title=జనక అయితే గనక 9 డేస్ టోటల్ కలెక్షన్స్….బానే కుమ్మిందిగా!! |url=https://t2blive.com/9days-janakaaitheganaka-ww-collections/ |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=T2BLive.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=March 2026}}
Prasad (Suhas) is a young man who feels trapped living a middle-class life due to a wrong financial decision made by his father (Goparaju Ramana). He works at a washing machine company and enjoys life with his wife (Sangeerthana), his friend, and a quirky lawyer named Pathi Kishore (Vennela Kishore). Due to their financial struggles, Prasad and his wife decide not to have children to avoid additional burdens. However, when his wife unexpectedly becomes pregnant, Prasad is shocked and files a lawsuit against a condom company, demanding compensation of one crore rupees.

== Cast ==

* [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]] as Prasad
* Sangeerthana Vipin as Prasad's wife
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Kishore, Prasad's friend
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Judge
* [[Murali Sharma]] as Opposition lawyer
* [[Goparaju Ramana]] as Prasad's father
* Tenali Shakuntala
*[[Rupa Lakshmi]]

== Music ==
The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Vijai Bulganin]].
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 11:25
| title1 = Naa Favourite Naa Pellam
| length1 = 4:01
| lyrics1 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra1 = [[Adithya RK]]
| title2 = Nuvve Naku Lokam
| length2 = 4:04
| lyrics2 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| title3 = Em Paapam Chesamo
| length3 = 3:20
| lyrics3 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra3 = Ritesh G Rao
| title4 = Santosham Ee Poota
| length4 = 3:13
| lyrics4 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra4 = Ritesh G Rao
| title5 = Jag Spl Promotional Song
| length5 = 2:49
| lyrics5 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra5 = Roll Rida
}}

== Release ==
''Janaka Aithe Ganaka'' was theatrically released on 12 October 2024.{{fact|date=February 2025}}

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a 3 out of 5 stating, "Janaka Aithe Ganaka had the potential to be a witty commentary on the societal pressures of parenthood but falls short of delivering on that promise. Performances by the cast, especially Suhas and Vennela Kishore, provide much-needed relief, saving the film from its underwhelming courtroom sequences. If you’re looking for light-hearted entertainment, the film does offer a few laughs, but it’s best to temper your expectations. While the concept is interesting, the execution leaves much to be desired.<ref name=":1" /> Srivathsan Nadadhur<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |title=Srivathsan Nadadhur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/profile/author/Srivathsan-Nadadhur/ |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> of ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave a mixed review stating, "If handled well, Janaka Aithe Ganaka could have been a conversation starter on several pertinent issues — the idea of not having children, the stigma around condom usage and misleading advertisements. For now, it is just another missed opportunity."<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=32843331|title=}}

[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijai Bulganin]]

Mir Mohammed Helal Uddin

2026-03-25T06:44:51Z

Sunil Tani: further enhanced lead to improve readability also and updated info

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mir Mohammed Helal Uddin
| native_name = {{nobold|মীর মোহাম্মদ হেলাল উদ্দিন}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = 2026-02-18 Mir Mohammad Helal Uddin at Bangladesh Secretariat (cropped).jpg
| caption = Helal in 2026
| office = [[Ministry of Land|Minister of State for Land]]
| primeminister = [[Tarique Rahman]]
| predecessor = [[Kayser Kamal]]
| successor =
| term_start = 12 March 2026
| term_end =
| office1 = [[Minister of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs|Minister of State for Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs]]
| primeminister1 = [[Tarique Rahman]]
| term_start1 = 17 February 2026
| predecessor1 = [[Kujendra Lal Tripura]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
| constituency2 = [[Chittagong-5]]
| term_start2 = 17 February 2026
| predecessor2 = [[Anisul Islam Mahmud]]
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|08|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hathazari]], [[Chittagong District|Chittagong]], Bangladesh
| nationality = Bangladeshi
| father = [[Mir Mohammad Nasiruddin]]
| mother = Dalia Nazneen Nasir
| spouse = Naushin Arjan Helal
| alma_mater = [[University of Wolverhampton]]
| occupation = Barrister, politician
| website = {{url|mirhelal.com}}
}}

'''Mir Mohammed Helal Uddin''' (born 12 August 1982)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gov.bd/members/list-of-members?view=current&searchBy=name&page=1&search=Helal+Uddin|title=Member details|publisher=Bangladesh Parliament|accessdate=2026-02-23}}</ref> is a barrister and [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] politician.<ref name=bio/> He is the incumbent [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member representing the [[Chittagong-5]] constituency and the incumbent [[Minister of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs|Minister of State for Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs]] since February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BNP wins unofficially in Ctg seats |url=https://www.bssnews.net/district/360834 |website=Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha |access-date=2026-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2026-02-18 |title=Gazette notification on allocation of portfolios to ministers, state ministers |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/government/nlsgfo6hl9 |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=Prothomalo |language=en}}</ref> Also, he was appointed as the Minister of State for [[Ministry of Land]] on 12 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=মুক্তিযুদ্ধমন্ত্রী আযম খান, ভূমি প্রতিমন্ত্রী মীর হেলাল |url=https://www.jugantor.com/job-seek/1076834 |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Jugantor |language=bn}}</ref>

==Background==
Mir Mohammed Helal Uddin is the only son of [[Mir Mohammad Nasiruddin]], a former [[Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism|State Minister of Civil Aviation and Tourism]] and [[Mayor of Chittagong]], and Dalia Nazneen Nasir.<ref name=bio>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-10 |title=About Barrister Mir Helal Politician & Social Activist |url=https://mirhelal.com/about-barrister-mir-helal/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==

By profession an Advocate of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh, a UK trained Barrister-at-Law, Member of the Honourable Society of Lincoln’s Inn, Uk, Barrister Mir Helal hails from a renowned family of Mir Bari, Mirer Khil Mirer Haat, Hathazari, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Barrister Mir Helal is serving as the Assistant Organising Secretary (Chittagong Division) of the National Executive Committee of Bangladesh Nationalist Party – BNP. He is also serving as Special Assistant to BNP Chairperson’s Foreign Afffairs Advisory Committee. Barrister Helal is also Member of the BNP Media Cell. He is Director of Ziaur Rahman Foundation and Convenor of Legal Research Cell, an organization found and headed by the Chairman of BNP Mr Tarique Rahman.

In March 2007, [[Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)|Anti-Corruption Commission]] filed a case at Gulshan Police Station against Nasiruddin and his family, including Uddin, for illegally accumulating wealth worth around Tk 28 crore and concealing the information.<ref name=prison>{{Cite news |title=BNP leader Mir Nasir sent to prison upon surrender in graft case|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/bnp-leader-mir-nasir-sent-prison-upon-surrender-graft-case-1991625 |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=The Daily Star |date=2020-11-08|language=en}}</ref> In July, an anti-graft tribunal sentenced Nasiruddin to 13 years' imprisonment and Uddin to 3 year's for abetting his father in those cases.<ref name=sc>{{Cite news |title=SC scraps Mir Nasir, son's acquittal |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sc-scraps-mir-nasir-sons-acquittal-31722 |access-date=2026-02-23 |date=2014-07-03|work=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref> After a series of challenging, acquittals and rehearings by [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh|Supreme Court]] and [[High Court Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh|High Court]], in October 2020, Uddin was sent to jail after his surrender.<ref>{{Cite news |title=HC upholds Mir Nasir’s, son’s jail terms in graft case |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/193796/hc-upholds-mir-nasir%E2%80%99s-son%E2%80%99s-jail-terms-in-graft |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=High Court confirms 13-year jail sentence for BNP leader Mir Nasir over hidden assets |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/high-court-confirms-13-year-jail-sentence-for-bnp-leader-mir-nasir-over-hidden-assets |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=bdnews24|date=2019-11-19|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-16 |title=Appellate Division stays sentences of BNP leader Mir Nasir, son Mir Helal |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/court/appellate-division-stays-sentences-bnp-leader-mir-nasir-son-mir-helal-1094061 |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SC stays graft case sentences against Mir Nasiruddin, Mir Helaluddin |url=https://www.bssnews.net/news-flash/255599 |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=BSS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Mir Mohammad Helal sent to jail in corruption case |url=https://thefinancetoday.net/article/politics/14004/Mir-Mohammad-Helal-sent-to-jail-in-corruption-case |date=2020-10-28|access-date=2026-02-23 |work=The Finance Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/119093/sc-rejects-pleas-of-mir-nasir-son-to-appeal-without-surrender|title=SC rejects pleas of Mir Nasir, son to appeal without surrender|date=2020-10-16|accessdate=2026-02-23|work=New Age BD}}</ref> In September 2025, the [[Appellate Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh|Appellate Division of the Supreme Court]] acquitted Uddin along with his father.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SC acquits BNP leaders Tuku, Mir Nasir and his son in graft cases|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/sc-acquits-bnp-leaders-tuku-mir-nasir-and-his-son-graft-cases |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

Uddin won the [[2026 Bangladeshi general election]] contesting at the [[Chittagong-5]] constituency securing 147,054 votes while his nearest opponent [[Bangladesh Khelafat Majlis]] candidate Nasiruddin Munir got 46,589 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BNP candidate Mir Mohammad Helal Uddin wins from Chattogram-5|url=https://www.bssnews.net/national-parlament-election-2026/360763 |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=BSS}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{commons}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uddin, Mir Mohammed Helal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:People from Hathazari Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Wolverhampton]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi barristers]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:13th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:State ministers of Chittagong Hill Tracts affairs]]

{{Bangladesh-politician-stub}}
{{BNP-politician-stub}}

2022 Tata Open Maharashtra

2026-03-24T20:49:37Z

Sunil Tani: Started the post w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox tennis event|2022|Tata Open Maharashtra|
|date=31 January–6 February 2022
|edition=26th
|draw=28S / 16D
|prize_money=
|surface=[[Hardcourt|Hard]] / outdoor
|location=[[Pune]], India
|venue=[[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex#Tennis Court|Mhalunge Balewadi Tennis Complex]]
|champs={{flagicon|POR}} [[João Sousa]]
|champd={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Bopanna]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]]
|after_year=2023
|before_year=2020
| main_name = Maharashtra Open {{!}} Maharashtra Open
}}

The '''2022 Tata Open Maharashtra<ref>{{cite web|last1=Khosla |first1=Varuni |title=Tata Motors to be title sponsor for tennis tournament Maharashtra Open|url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/tennis-news/tata-motors-to-be-title-sponsor-for-tennis-tournament-maharashtra-open-11643263334202.html|website=livemint.com |date=27 January 2022 }}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tata Open Maharashtra – South Asia's only ATP World Tour Tennis Tournament|url=http://www.maharashtraopen.com/|access-date=2022-02-02|website=www.maharashtraopen.com|archive-date=27 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227061914/http://www.maharashtraopen.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> was a [[2022 ATP Tour]] tennis tournament happening on outdoor [[hard court]]s. It was the 26th edition of the only ATP [[Maharashtra Open|tournament]] played in India and took place in [[Pune]], India, from 31 January through 6 February 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tata Open Maharashtra Overview|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/tournaments/pune/891/overview|website=atptour.com}}</ref> It was a [[ATP Tour 250|ATP 250]] championship and South Asia's only ATP Tour event.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tata Open 2022 Maharashtra All You Need to Know: ATP 250 Event in ...|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/tata-open-2022-maharashtra-all-you-need-to-know-atp-250-event-in-numbers-4716359.html|access-date=2022-02-02|website=[[Network18 Group|News18]]|date=31 January 2022 }}</ref>

This edition took place without crowds due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tata Open 2022 Maharashtra All You Need to Know: ATP 250 Event in Numbers|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/tata-open-2022-maharashtra-all-you-need-to-know-atp-250-event-in-numbers-4716359.html|access-date=2022-01-31|website=News18|date=31 January 2022 |archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131184739/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/tata-open-2022-maharashtra-all-you-need-to-know-atp-250-event-in-numbers-4716359.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Champions ==
=== Singles ===
{{main|2022 Tata Open Maharashtra – Singles}}
* {{flagicon|POR}} '''[[João Sousa]]''' def. {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Emil Ruusuvuori]], 7–6(11–9), 4–6, 6–1

This was Sousa's 4th ATP singles title.

=== Doubles ===
{{main|2022 Tata Open Maharashtra – Doubles}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Rohan Bopanna]]''' / {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Ramkumar Ramanathan]]''' def. {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Luke Saville]] / {{flagicon|AUS}} [[John-Patrick Smith]], 6–7(10–12), 6–3, [10–6]

== Point and prize money ==
=== Point distribution ===
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
| style="width:130px; background:#dfe2e9;"|'''Event'''
| style="width:80px; background:lime;"|'''W'''
| style="width:85px; background:thistle;"|F
| style="width:85px; background:#ff0;"|SF
| style="width:85px; background:#ffebcd;"|QF
| style="width:85px; background:#afeeee;"|Round of 16
| style="width:85px; background:#afeeee;"|Round of 32
|width=85 |Q
|width=85 |Q2
|width=85 |Q1
|-
! style="background:#ededed;"| Singles
|rowspan=2|250
|rowspan=2|150
|rowspan=2|90
|rowspan=2|45
|20
|0
|12
|6
|0
|-
! style="background:#ededed;"| Doubles
| 0
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|}

=== Prize money ===

{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
| style="width:130px; background:#dfe2e9;"|'''Event'''
| style="width:80px; background:lime;"|'''W'''
| style="width:85px; background:thistle;"|F
| style="width:85px; background:#ff0;"|SF
| style="width:85px; background:#ffebcd;"|QF
| style="width:85px; background:#afeeee;"|Round of 16
| style="width:85px; background:#afeeee;"|Round of 32
|width=85 |Q2
|width=85 |Q1
|-
| style="background:#ededed;"|'''Singles'''
|$46,175
|$32,320
|$21,410
|$14,275
|$9,235
|$5,035
|$2,520
|$1,260
|-
| style="background:#ededed;"|'''Doubles*'''
|$16,370
|$11,760
|$7,560
|$5,030
|$2,940
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|}
*per team

== Singles main-draw entrants ==

=== Seeds ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! width="70"| Country
! width="175"| Player
! Rank1
! Seed
|-
|{{flag|RUS}}
|[[Aslan Karatsev]]
|15
|1
|-
|{{flag|ITA}}
|[[Lorenzo Musetti]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra Open: Italian tennis sensation Musetti look to get his confidence back in Pune|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/tennis/maharashtra-open-italian-tennis-sensation-musetti-look-to-get-his-confidence-back-in-pune20220130190241/|website=aninews.in}}</ref>
|60
|2
|-
|{{flag|ITA}}
|[[Gianluca Mager]]
|65
|3
|-
|{{flag|CZE}}
|[[Jiří Veselý]]
|78
|4
|-
|{{flag|GER}}
|[[Daniel Altmaier]]
|87
|5
|-style="background:#fcc;"
|{{flag|FIN}}
|[[Emil Ruusuvuori]]
|90
|6
|-
|{{flag|LTU}}
|[[Ričardas Berankis]]
|93
|7
|-
|{{flag|ITA}}
|[[Stefano Travaglia]]
|98
|8
|}
* 1 Rankings are as of 17 January 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tata Open Maharashtra 2022: Top five players to watch out for in singles|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/tata-open-maharashtra-2022-atp-250-tour-top-five-players-to-watch-out-for-singles/article38275116.ece|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|date=15 January 2022 }}</ref>

=== Other entrants ===
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prajnesh Gunneswaran]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]]

The following player received entry using a protected ranking into the singles main draw:
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuki Bhambri]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Tata Open Maharashtra: India's Bhambri receives direct entry into single main draw|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/tennis/tata-open-maharashtra-india-s-bhambri-receives-direct-entry-into-single-main-draw-101641302251325.html|website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref>

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jay Clarke (tennis)|Jay Clarke]]
* {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Vít Kopřiva]]
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Gian Marco Moroni]]
* {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Elias Ymer]]

=== Withdrawals ===
;Before the tournament
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[James Duckworth (tennis)|James Duckworth]] → replaced by {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Grenier]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[John Millman]] → replaced by {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Quentin Halys]]

== Doubles main-draw entrants ==

=== Seeds ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! width="70"|Country
! width="175"|Player
! width="70"|Country
! width="175"|Player
! Rank1
! Seed
|-style="background:#fcc;"
|{{flag|AUS}}
|[[Luke Saville]]
|{{flag|AUS}}
|[[John-Patrick Smith]]
|91
|1
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|{{flag|IND}}
|[[Rohan Bopanna]]
|{{flag|IND}}
|[[Ramkumar Ramanathan]]
|156
|2
|-
|{{flag|POL}}
|[[Szymon Walków]]
|{{flag|POL}}
|[[Jan Zieliński]]
|183
|3
|-
|{{flag|AUS}}
|[[Marc Polmans]]
|{{flag|AUS}}
|[[Matt Reid (tennis)|Matt Reid]]
|184
|4
|}
* 1 Rankings are as of 17 January 2022.

=== Other entrants ===
The following players received wildcards into the doubles main draw:
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuki Bhambri]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Divij Sharan]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Purav Raja]]

=== Withdrawals ===
; Before the tournament
* {{flagicon|MLD}} [[Radu Albot]] / {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Ričardas Berankis]] → replaced by {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sriram Balaji]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Ebden]] / {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Max Purcell]] → replaced by {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mukund Sasikumar]]
* {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Erler]] / {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Lucas Miedler]] → replaced by {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Erler]] / {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jiří Veselý]]
* {{flagicon|PHI}} [[Treat Huey]] / {{flagicon|INA}} [[Christopher Rungkat]] → replaced by {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Gianluca Mager]] / {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Emil Ruusuvuori]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Evan King]] / {{flagicon|USA}} [[Alex Lawson]] → replaced by {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Grenier]] / {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Quentin Halys]]
* {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Ivan Sabanov]] / {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Matej Sabanov]] → replaced by {{flagicon|USA}} [[James Cerretani]] / {{flagicon|USA}} [[Nicholas Monroe]]

==Television broadcast==
Tata Open Maharashtra 2022 is live and exclusively running on [[STAR Sports Select HD1|Star sports select 1]] channel in India and live streams on [[Disney Plus Hotstar]] app.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2022-01-31|title=Star Sports to broadcast Tata Open Maharashtra 2022|url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/news/star-sports-to-broadcast-tata-open-maharashtra-2022-11643617199530.html|access-date=2022-02-01|website=mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Star sports to broadcast tata open Maharashtra.|url=http://www.maharashtraopen.com/press-release/star-sports-to-broadcast-tata-open-maharashtra-2022#:~:text=Fans%2520can%2520enjoy%2520the%2520LIVE,editions%2520of%2520Tata%2520Open%2520Maharashtra.&ved=2ahUKEwiH36Ca0uH1AhVoQ_UHHVj-COoQFnoECAQQBQ&usg=AOvVaw3yJcMAGJgn4eJwPab_3jPy|access-date=2022-02-02|website=[[Disney Plus Hotstar]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Tennis}}
*[http://www.maharashtraopen.com Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227061914/http://www.maharashtraopen.com/ |date=27 December 2017 }}

{{Chennai Open tournaments}}
{{2022 ATP Tour}}

[[Category:2022 Tata Open Maharashtra| ]]
[[Category:Maharashtra Open]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Pune]]
[[Category:2022 ATP Tour|Tata Open Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian tennis|Maharashtra]]
[[Category:January 2022 sports events in India|Tata Open Maharashtra]]
[[Category:February 2022 sports events in India|Tata Open Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Pune]]
[[Category:2020s in Maharashtra]]

Manam Kothi Paravai

2026-03-24T08:51:50Z

Sunil Tani: corrected content additionally and updated info

{{Short description|2012 Indian film by S. Ezhil}}
{{More plot|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Manam Kothi Paravai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. Ezhil]]
| writer = S. Ezhil
| producer = Ambeth Kumar Ranjeev Menon S. Ezhil
| starring = [[Sivakarthikeyan]] [[Athmiya Rajan|Athmeeya]]
| cinematography = Sooraj Nallusami
| editing = [[Gopi Krishna (film editor)|Gopi Krishna]]
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| studio = Olympia Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2012|6|1}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Manam Kothi Paravai''''' ({{translation|The heart's woodpecker}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[S. Ezhil]]. The film stars [[Sivakarthikeyan]] and [[Athmiya Rajan|Athmeeya]], while [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]], [[Ilavarasu]], [[Singampuli]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] and [[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]] play supporting roles. The music is composed by [[D. Imman]] with cinematography by Sooraj Nallusami and editing by [[Gopi Krishna (film editor)|Gopi Krishna]]. The film was released on 1 June 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=Manam Kothi Paravai to hit screens today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/manam-kothi-paravai-to-hit-screens-today/articleshow/13699083.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260321080355/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/manam-kothi-paravai-to-hit-screens-today/articleshow/13699083.cms |archive-date=21 March 2026 |access-date=21 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> It was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Anjada Gandu (2014 film)|Anjada Gandu]]'' (2014)<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Shyam Prasad |date=30 January 2014 |title=Movie review: Anjada Gandu |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/neenasam-satish-subhiksha-suman-chikkanna-raju-talikote-ts-nagabharana/articleshow/29618140.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215002439/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/neenasam-satish-subhiksha-suman-chikkanna-raju-talikote-ts-nagabharana/articleshow/29618140.cms |archive-date=15 December 2022 |access-date=21 March 2026 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> and in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Vinavayya Ramayya'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2014 |title=Krithika commences her next |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-11-06/Krithika-commences-her-next/114896 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260321080501/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-11-06/Krithika-commences-her-next/114896 |archive-date=21 March 2026 |access-date=21 March 2026 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Kannan is a carefree youth who assists his father Ramaiah in his construction business and spends time with his friends. He is in love with his neighbour Revathy, whose father and uncles are the most dreaded goons in the village. They are both childhood friends. Kannan gets a shocker when he decides to reveal his love to Revathy. Her family has arranged her a marriage with an influential man. To avoid the arranged marriage, Kannan's friends from Mumbai kidnap Revathy. However, in a complete twist, Revathy declares she has no romantic interest in Kannan and at first says he is just a friend, but she later reveals that she loves Kannan too, so much so that if others knew it, it would be a problem to him and prove to be a risk to his life. Meanwhile, the bride-to-be's family searches frantically to find their girl. They get hold of Kannan and his friends. Revathy and Kannan are separated. After two years, Kannan returns from Oman after having worked as a site engineer there, to meet his love. He meets her with avidity, and they talk for a while when she asks him to leave immediately for fear that her father would harm him. Kannan, still a passionate lover, asks Revathy if they could marry, now that she is not married to anybody else. Revathy's father barges in unexpectedly and asks Kannan to leave the house, but with Revathy.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivakarthikeyan]] as Kannan Ramaiah
*[[Athmiya Rajan|Athmeeya]] as Revathy
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Nair's grandfather
*[[Ilavarasu]] as Ramaiah
*[[Singampuli]] as Modu Mutti
*[[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Nalla Thambi
*[[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]] as Nair
*[[Chaams]] as Das, Kannan's friend
*M. R. Kishore Kumar as Radha, Kannan's friend
*[[Ravi Mariya]] as Natraj, Revathy's brother
*[[Aadukalam Naren]] as Revathy's father
*[[Sampath Ram]] as 'Mathoor' Narayanan, Revathy's proposed groom
*[[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Thirumathi Ramaiah
*Sugunthan as the landlord
*[[Supergood Subramani]] as the tea master
}}

==Production==
Ambeth Kumar and Ranjeev Menon are friends of director Ezhil. When they asked him how the filming of ''Manam Kothi Paravai'' was proceeding, he made them listen to the songs composed by [[D. Imman]]. Impressed, they decided to produce it.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=14 April 2012 |title=Manam Kothi Paravai |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3314731.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419211321/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3314731.ece |archive-date=19 April 2012 |access-date=24 February 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was primarily shot in Ezhil's native place Kayathur, and Sivakarthikeyan's native [[Thiruveezhimizhalai]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=15 May 2012 |title=Shot Cuts – Ajith's next |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/shot-cuts-ajiths-next/article3422165.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260321073405/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/shot-cuts-ajiths-next/article3422165.ece |archive-date=21 March 2026 |access-date=21 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music of ''Manam Kothi Paravai'' was composed by D. Imman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manam Kothi Paravai (Soundtrack Version) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/manam-kothi-paravai-soundtrack-version/1443411626 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260321080332/https://music.apple.com/in/album/manam-kothi-paravai-soundtrack-version/1443411626 |archive-date=21 March 2026 |access-date=21 March 2026 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en}}</ref> The lyrics for all the songs were written by [[Yugabharathi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=MANAM KOTHI PARAVAI – D. Imman Tamil Audio Cd (FACTORY SEALED PACK) |url=https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/manam-kothi-paravai-d-imman-tamil-audio-cd-factory-sealed-pack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010033956/https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/manam-kothi-paravai-d-imman-tamil-audio-cd-factory-sealed-pack/ |archive-date=10 October 2025 |access-date=21 March 2026 |work=Audio CDs World |language=en}}</ref> "Dang Dang" is the first film song by [[Maalavika Sundar]], previously a [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] singer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatramesh |first=Sidharthan |date=6 January 2018 |title=Today, youngsters can reach out to music directors by doing covers: Maalavika Sundar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/today-youngsters-can-reach-out-to-music-directors-by-doing-covers-maalavika-sundar/articleshow/62381773.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425002208/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/today-youngsters-can-reach-out-to-music-directors-by-doing-covers-maalavika-sundar/articleshow/62381773.cms |archive-date=25 April 2023 |access-date=24 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Imman chose her to sing the song after watching one of her performances on the reality series ''[[Super Singer (Tamil TV series)|Super Singer]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gowda |first=Dese |date=17 July 2023 |title=Ballads of fusion: Playback singer Maalavika Sundar speaks about need for carnatic fusion music |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/jul/17/ballads-of-fusion-playback-singer-maalavika-sundar-speaks-about-need-for-carnatic-fusion-music-2595537.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724135236/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/jul/17/ballads-of-fusion-playback-singer-maalavika-sundar-speaks-about-need-for-carnatic-fusion-music-2595537.html |archive-date=24 July 2025 |access-date=24 March 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

The soundtrack album was released on 11 April 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=12 April 2012 |title=Manam Kotthi Paravai audio unveiled |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/manam-kotthi-paravai-audio-unveiled-898 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413194022/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/manam-kotthi-paravai-audio-unveiled-898 |archive-date=13 April 2012 |access-date=14 April 2012 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Karthik Srinivasan|Karthik]] from ''[[Milliblog]]'' said "Manam Kothi Paravai's soundtrack surpasses anything that composer Imman has produced so far, including his most famous soundtrack, ''[[Mynaa]]''. The tunes and music he puts together here demonstrate a maturity not seen in the composer's work so far and makes for fantastic listen."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=16 April 2012 |title=Manam Kothi Paravai (Music review), Tamil – D.Imman |url=http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2012/04/16/manam-kothi-paravai-music-review-tamil-d-imman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602010706/http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2012/04/16/manam-kothi-paravai-music-review-tamil-d-imman |archive-date=2 June 2015 |access-date=18 August 2012 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Jal Jal Jal Osai
| extra1 = [[Aalap Raju]], [[Surmukhi Raman]]
| length1 = 04:47
| title2 = Po Po Po
| extra2 = [[Javed Ali]]
| length2 = 04:49
| title3 = Dang Dang
| extra3 = [[Saisharan]], [[Maalavika Sundar|S. Malavika]]
| length3 = 04:25
| title4 = Yenna Solla
| extra4 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length4 = 04:26
| title5 = Ooraana Oorukkulla
| extra5 = Santhosh Hariharan
| length5 = 04:18
| title6 = Po Po Po
| extra6 = –
| note6 = Karaoke
| length6 = 04:49
| title7 = Jal Jal Jal Oosai
| extra7 = –
| note7 = Karaoke
| length7 = 04:45
| title8 = Dang Dang
| extra8 = –
| note8 = Karaoke
| length8 = 04:22
| total_length = 36:41 
}}

==Critical reception==
Malathi Rangarajan from ''[[The Hindu]]'' said, "MKP is a comedy it turns serious and when you settle down for the drama, matters turn ludicrous. Consistency in treatment is a casualty".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2 June 2012 |title=Missing the bus |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3483092.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118024256/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3483092.ece |archive-date=18 November 2012 |access-date=3 June 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' said "On the whole the film fails to deliver".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2012 |title=Manam Kothi Paravai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/manam-kothi-paravai-review-tamil-pcmaytdcifchg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804015651/http://www.sify.com/movies/manam-kothi-paravai-review-tamil-pcmaytdcifchg.html |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 March 2026 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 and said "Ezhil seems to have tried to do a ''[[Kalavani]]'' here but those familiar with his repertoire will realize he is more comfortable with melodrama".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=4 June 2012 |title=Manam Kothi Paravai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Manam-Kothi-Paravai/movie-review/13865701.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502125808/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Manam-Kothi-Paravai/movie-review/13865701.cms |archive-date=2 May 2015 |access-date=21 March 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' said the film was "A romantic comedy low on humour".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=2 June 2012 |title=Manam Kothi Paravai (Tamil) |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/jun/02/manam-kothi-paravai-tamil-373724.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705160746/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2012/jun/02/manam-kothi-paravai-tamil-373724.html |archive-date=5 July 2023 |access-date=13 June 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Ezhil}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Ezhil]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

India's Best Cinestars Ki Khoj

2026-03-22T19:49:09Z

Sunil Tani: Enhanced content and organization

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = IBCKK.jpg
| caption =
| runtime = 70 Minutes
| creator =
| director =
| presenter = Season 1: [[Roshan Abbas]] [[Malaika Arora]] Season 2: [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] Season 3: [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]] [[Vishal Malhotra]] Season 4: [[Asha Negi]]
| judges = Season 1: [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] [[Satish Kaushik]] [[Ken Ghosh]] Season 2: [[Anupam Kher]] [[Pooja Bhatt]] [[Madhur Bhandarkar]] Season 3: [[Vijay Krishna Acharya]] [[Anurag Basu]] [[Sonali Bendre]]
| opentheme =
| country = India
| network = [[Zee TV]]
}}

'''''India's Best Cinestar Ki Khoj''''' is an Indian television series that premiered on [[Zee TV]] in 2004. The first season of the stage show was directed by [[Gajendra Singh (producer)|Gajendra Singh]]{{Cn|date=May 2024}} while the reality episodes were directed by [[Ramon Chibb]] and [[Siddharth Bahuguna]].{{Cn|date=May 2024}} The show in its first season had [[Sudhir Mishra]] and [[Vivek Vaswani]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/zee-announces-film-race-with-cinestar-ki-khoj-winners-041129 | title=Zee announces film 'Race' with 'Cinestar Ki Khoj' winners | date=29 November 2004 }}</ref> as mentors to the budding talent. It is a talent show for aspiring actors, and the first prize is the lead role in a film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/apr/apr170.htm|title=Zee launches star hunt 'India's Best Cinestars Ki Khoj'|work=Indiantelevision.com|date=21 April 2004|access-date=13 June 2011|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143520/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/apr/apr170.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Two winners, one male and one female, are crowned at the finale. The show returned for its second season in 2006 and a third one in 2014.

==Season 2==
The winners of the first season were [[Sarwar Ahuja]] and [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|align="center" {{yes| [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]]}}
|align="center"| Lucknow
|-
|align="center" {{yes| [[Sarwar Ahuja]]}}
|align="center"|Hyderabad
|-
|align="center"| [[Amruta Khanvilkar]]
|align="center"| Pune
|-
|align="center"| [[Yuvika Chaudhary]]
|align="center"| Delhi
|-
|align="center"| [[Nivaan Sen]]
|align="center"| Varanasi
|-
|align="center"| Abhinav Kohli
|align="center"| Bangalore
|-
|align="center"| [[Abhishek Avasthi]]
|align="center"| Kanpur
|-
|align="center"| Ashok Saharan
|align="center"| Jaipur
|-
|align="center"| Bhaumik Sampat
|align="center"| Rajkot
|-
|align="center"| [[Preeti Amin]]
|align="center"| Hyderabad
|-
|align="center"| [[Himanshu Malhotra]]
|align="center"| Varanasi
|-
|align="center"| [[Peyush Dixit]]
|align="center"| Jodhpur
|-
|align="center"| Sudeepa Singh
|align="center"| Ludhiana
|-
|align="center"| [[Vipul Roy]]
|align="center"| Bhopal
|-
|align="center"| [[Sharad Malhotra]]
|align="center"| Kolkata
|-
|align="center"| Manmeet Jaggi
|align="center"| Bhopal
|-
|align="center"| [[Ankita Lokhande]]
|align="center"| Indore
|-
|align="center"| Manas Satpathy
|align="center"| Bangalore
|-
|align="center"| Anjali Pandey
|align="center"| Delhi
|-
|align="center"| Vipul Kumar Sharma
|align="center"| Delhi
|-
|align="center"| Bharat Chawda
|align="center"| Indore
|-
|align="center"| Deepika Tiwari
|align="center"| Lucknow
|-
|align="center"| Simran Vaid
|align="center"| Jammu
|-
|align="center"| Sohan Master
|align="center"| Ahmedabad
|-
|align="center"| Pinky Sarkar
|align="center"| Jamshedpur
|-
|align="center"| [[Mohit Chadda]]
|align="center"| New Delhi
|-
|align="center"| Shreya Arora
|align="center"| Kanpur
|-
|align="center"| [[Abbas Khan (actor)|Abbas Khan]]
|align="center"| Lucknow
|-
|align="center"| Naziya Khan
|align="center"| Mumbai
|-
|align="center"| Rishiraj Singh
|align="center"| Jaipur
|-
|align="center"| Loveleen Walia
|align="center"| Singapore
|-
|align="center"| Shareen Pathak
|align="center"| Singapore
|-
|align="center"| [[Naman Shaw]]
|align="center"| Jamshedpur
|-
|align="center"| Suraj Joshi
|align="center"| Bangalore
|-
|align="center"| Gargi Sharma
|align="center"| Jaipur
|-
|align="center"| Ravish Sharma
|align="center"| Ludhiana
|-
|align="center"| [[Shraddha Arya]]
|align="center"| New Delhi
|-
|align="center" | [[Divyanka Tripathi|Divyanka Tripathi Dahiya]]
|align="center" | Bhopal
|}

==Season 3==
See [[Idea Zee Cinestars]]
Like season 1 & 2, season 3 also gave many stars to entertainment industry.
Winners of Zee Cinestars 2007
*Piyush Chopra --- Group B
*Sabina Sheema --- Group B
Runner-up Zee Cinestars 2007
*Gaurav Bajpai --- Group B
*Chandani Desai --- Group B

===Contestants===
; Group A
*Aadil Sharma
*Mamta Dutta
*Manav Sharma
*Pallavi Dutt
*Mrityunjay Nigam
*Piku Sharma
*Rahul Manchanda
*Rakhi Verma
*Rizwan Sikander
*Ritwika Ghoshal
*Sahil Arora
*Varsha Lodh
*[[Rati Pandey]]
*Varun Jaiswal

; Group B
*Aalesha Syed
*Ajay Chabria
*[[Ankita Lokhande]]
*Ashif
*Chandani Desai
*Gaurav Bajpai
*Kanchan More
*Hardik Soni
*Minal Gorpade
*Kartik Shetty
*Rachel Gurjar
*Prabhjot Dhillon
*Surod Rizvi
*Rohit Raghav
*Piyush Chopra
*Raj Saluja
*Ruchika Babbar
*Sabina Sheema
*Vinay Kamble

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2004 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Television series by Optimystix Entertainment]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Magnesium

2026-03-16T22:41:10Z

Sunil Tani: updated intro as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{About|the chemical element|the use of magnesium as a medication|Magnesium (medical use)}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[manganese]] ''(Mn)''}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox magnesium}}

'''Magnesium''' is a [[chemical element]]; it has [[Symbol (chemistry)|symbol]] '''Mg''' and [[atomic number]] 12. It is a shiny gray metal having a low density, low melting point, and high chemical reactivity. Like the other [[alkaline earth metal]]s (group 2 of the [[periodic table]]), it occurs naturally only in combination with other elements and almost always has an [[oxidation state]] of +2. It reacts readily with air to form a thin [[Passivation (chemistry)|passivation]] coating of [[magnesium oxide]] that inhibits further corrosion of the metal. The free metal burns with a brilliant-white light. The metal is obtained mainly by [[electrolysis]] of magnesium [[Salt (chemistry)|salts]] obtained from [[brine]]. It is less dense than [[aluminium]] and is used primarily as a component in strong and lightweight [[magnesium alloy|alloys]] that contain aluminium.

In the [[cosmos]], magnesium is produced in large, aging [[star]]s by the sequential addition of three [[Helium nucleus|helium nuclei]] to a [[carbon]] nucleus. When such stars explode as [[supernova]]s, much of the magnesium is expelled into the [[interstellar medium]], where it may recycle into new star systems. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the [[Earth's crust]]<ref name="Abundance" /> and the fourth most common element in the Earth (after [[iron]], [[oxygen]] and [[silicon]]), making up 13% of the planet's mass and a large fraction of the planet's [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]]. It is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater, after [[sodium]] and [[chlorine]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.seafriends.org.nz/oceano/seawater.htm#composition |title=The chemical composition of seawater |author=Anthoni, J. Floor |date=2006 |website=Seafriends}}</ref>

This element is the eleventh most abundant element by mass in the [[human body]] and is essential to all cells and some 300 [[enzymes]].<ref name="nih" /> Magnesium ions interact with [[polyphosphate]] compounds such as [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]], [[DNA]], and [[RNA]]. Hundreds of enzymes require magnesium ions to function. Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as common [[laxatives]] and [[antacids]] (such as [[milk of magnesia]]), and to stabilize abnormal nerve excitation or blood vessel spasm in such conditions as [[eclampsia]].<ref name="nih" />
{{toclimit}}

== Characteristics ==
=== Physical properties ===
Elemental magnesium is a gray-white lightweight metal, two-thirds the density of aluminium. Magnesium has the lowest melting ({{convert|923|K|°C}}) and the lowest boiling point ({{convert|1363|K|°C}}) of all the alkaline earth metals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=alkaline-earth metal – Physical and chemical behaviour |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/alkaline-earth-metal/Physical-and-chemical-behaviour |access-date=27 March 2022 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>

Pure polycrystalline magnesium is brittle and easily fractures along [[shear band]]s. It becomes much more [[ductility|malleable]] when alloyed with small amounts of other metals, such as 1% aluminium.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-10384-0 |pmid=28874798 |pmc=5585333 |title=A rare-earth free magnesium alloy with improved intrinsic ductility |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=10458 |year=2017 |last1=Sandlöbes |first1=S. |last2=Friák |first2=M. |last3=Korte-Kerzel |first3=S. |last4=Pei |first4=Z. |last5=Neugebauer |first5=J. |last6=Raabe |first6=D. |bibcode=2017NatSR...710458S}}</ref> The malleability of polycrystalline magnesium can also be significantly improved by reducing its grain size to about 1 [[micrometre|μm]] or less.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/s41467-017-01330-9 |pmid=29042555 |pmc=5715137 |title=Super-formable pure magnesium at room temperature |journal=Nature Communications |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=972 |year=2017 |last1=Zeng |first1=Zhuoran |last2=Nie |first2=Jian-Feng |last3=Xu |first3=Shi-Wei |last4=Davies |first4=Chris H. J. |last5=Birbilis |first5=Nick |bibcode=2017NatCo...8..972Z}}</ref>

=== Chemical properties ===
====Oxidation====
Magnesium is widely used as a [[reducing agent]].<ref name=":3">{{Citation |last=Sicius |first=Hermann |title=Alkaline Earth Metals: Elements of the Second Main Group |date=2024 |work=Handbook of the Chemical Elements |pages=77–139 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-68921-9_2 |access-date=2025-10-10 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-68921-9_2 |isbn=978-3-662-68920-2}}</ref> Although it oxidises in air, it does not need an [[inert atmosphere]] for storage; it forms a thin layer of [[magnesium oxide]] that protects the rest of the metal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=MMTA |title=Magnesium |url=https://mmta.co.uk/metals/mg/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=MMTA |language=en-US}}</ref>

Direct reaction of magnesium with air or oxygen at ambient pressure forms only the "normal" oxide MgO. However, this oxide may be combined with hydrogen peroxide to form [[magnesium peroxide]], MgO2, and at low temperature the peroxide may be further reacted with ozone to form magnesium superoxide Mg(O2)2.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vol'nov |first1=I. I. |last2=Tokareva |first2=S. A. |last3=Belevskii |first3=V. N. |last4=Latysheva |first4=E. I. |title=The formation of magnesium perperoxide Mg(O2)2 in the reaction of magnesium peroxide with ozone |journal=Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Division of Chemical Science |date=March 1970 |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=468–471 |doi=10.1007/bf00848959 }}</ref>

Magnesium reacts with nitrogen in the solid state if it is powdered and heated to just below the melting point, forming [[magnesium nitride]] Mg3N2.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zong|first1=Fujian|last2=Meng|first2=Chunzhan|last3=Guo|first3=Zhiming|last4=Ji|first4=Feng|last5=Xiao|first5=Hongdi|last6=Zhang|first6=Xijian|last7=Ma|first7=Jin|last8=Ma|first8=Honglei|title=Synthesis and characterization of magnesium nitride powder formed by Mg direct reaction with N2|journal=_Journal of Alloys and Compounds|year=2010 |volume=508|issue=1|pages=172–176|doi=10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.07.224}}</ref>

Magnesium reacts with water at room temperature, though it reacts much more slowly than calcium, a similar group 2 metal.<ref name=":0" /> When submerged in water, [[hydrogen]] bubbles form slowly on the surface of the metal; this reaction happens much more rapidly with powdered magnesium.<ref name=":0" /> The reaction also occurs faster with higher temperatures (see {{section link|#Safety precautions}}). Magnesium's reversible reaction with water can be harnessed to store energy and run a [[Magnesium injection cycle|magnesium-based engine]]. Magnesium also reacts exothermically with most acids such as [[hydrochloric acid]] (HCl), producing [[magnesium chloride]] and hydrogen gas, similar to the HCl reaction with aluminium, zinc, and many other metals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The rate of reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid |url=https://edu.rsc.org/experiments/the-rate-of-reaction-of-magnesium-with-hydrochloric-acid/1916.article |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=RSC Education |language=en}}</ref> Although it is difficult to ignite in mass or bulk, magnesium metal will ignite.

Magnesium may also be used as an igniter for [[thermite]], a mixture of aluminium and iron oxide powder that ignites only at a very high temperature.

==== Reaction with water ====
When finely powdered, magnesium reacts with water to produce magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas:
: Mg(s) + 2 H2O(l) → Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
However, this reaction is much less dramatic than the reactions of the alkali metals with water, because the magnesium hydroxide builds up on the surface of the magnesium metal and inhibits further reaction.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=3 October 2013 |title=Reactions of Group 2 Elements with Water |url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/Reactions_of_Group_2_Elements_with_Water |access-date=27 March 2022 |website=Chemistry LibreTexts |language=en}}</ref>

In addition, when reacting with steam it produces magnesium oxide and hydrogen:<ref name=":4" />

Mg(s) + H2O(g) → MgO(aq) + H2(g)

====Organic chemistry====
{{Further|Grignard reagent}}
Organomagnesium compounds are widespread in [[organic chemistry]]. They are commonly found as [[Grignard reagents]], formed by reaction of magnesium with [[haloalkane]]s or [[aryl halide]]s in [[diethyl ether]].<ref name=":3" /> Examples of Grignard reagents are [[phenylmagnesium bromide]] and [[ethylmagnesium bromide]]. The Grignard reagents function as a common [[nucleophile]], attacking the [[electrophilic]] group such as the carbon atom that is present within the polar bond of a [[carbonyl]] group.

A prominent organomagnesium reagent beyond Grignard reagents is [[magnesium anthracene]] or magnesocene, which is used as a source of highly active magnesium. First prepared in 1954 by independent groups, one led by [[Ernst Otto Fischer]], the other by Albert Wilkinson, magnesocene is a white to off-yellow [[Pyrophoricity|pyrophoric]] powder that violently [[Hydrolysis|hydrolyses]] in water.<ref name=":3" /> The related [[butadiene]]-magnesium adduct serves as a source for the butadiene dianion.

Complexes of dimagnesium(I) have been observed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rösch |first1=B. |last2=Gentner |first2=T. X. |last3=Eyselein |first3=J. |last4=Langer |first4=J. |last5=Elsen |first5=H. |last6=Harder |first6=S. |title=Strongly reducing magnesium(0) complexes |journal=Nature |date=29 April 2021 |volume=592 |issue=7856 |pages=717–721 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03401-w |pmid=33911274 |bibcode=2021Natur.592..717R |s2cid=233447380 }}</ref>

==== Detection in solution ====

The presence of magnesium ions can be detected by the addition of [[ammonium chloride]], [[ammonium hydroxide]] and [[monosodium phosphate]] to an aqueous or dilute HCl solution of the salt. The formation of a white precipitate indicates the presence of magnesium ions.

[[Azo violet]] dye can also be used, turning deep blue in the presence of an alkaline solution of magnesium salt. The color is due to the [[adsorption]] of azo violet by [[magnesium hydroxide|Mg(OH)2]].

== Forms ==
=== Alloys ===
{{Main|Magnesium alloy}}

[[File:Cold rolling of Mg and Mg-1Al-0.1Ca.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Magnesium is brittle, and fractures along [[shear band]]s when its thickness is reduced by only 10% by [[cold rolling]] (top). However, after alloying Mg with 1% Al and 0.1% Ca, its thickness could be reduced by 54% using the same process (bottom).]]
As of 2013, consumption of magnesium alloys was less than one million tonnes per year, compared with 50 million tonnes of [[aluminium alloy]]s. Their use has been historically limited by the tendency of Mg alloys to corrode,<ref name="makar13">{{cite journal |doi=10.1179/imr.1993.38.3.138|title=Corrosion of magnesium|year=1993|last1=Makar|first1=G. L.|last2=Kruger|first2=J.|journal=International Materials Reviews|volume=38|issue=3|pages=138–153|bibcode=1993IMRv...38..138M }}</ref> [[Creep (deformation)|creep]] at high temperatures, and combust.<ref name="giz" />

====Corrosion====
In magnesium alloys, the presence of [[iron]], [[nickel]], [[copper]], or [[cobalt]] strongly activates [[corrosion]]. In more than trace amounts, these metals precipitate as [[intermetallic compound]]s, and the precipitate locales function as active [[cathode|cathodic]] sites that reduce water, causing the loss of magnesium.<ref name="giz" /> Controlling the quantity of these metals improves corrosion resistance. Sufficient [[manganese]] overcomes the corrosive effects of iron. This requires precise control over composition, increasing costs.<ref name="giz" /> Adding a cathodic poison captures atomic hydrogen within the structure of a metal. This prevents the formation of free hydrogen gas, an essential factor of corrosive chemical processes. The addition of about one in three hundred parts [[arsenic]] reduces the corrosion rate of magnesium in a salt solution by a factor of nearly ten.<ref name="giz">{{cite web|url=http://www.gizmag.com/stainless-magnesium-corrosion-monash/28856 |title=Stainless magnesium breakthrough bodes well for manufacturing industries |publisher=Gizmag.com |date=29 August 2013|author=Dodson, Brian |access-date=29 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Birbilis | first1 = N. | last2 = Williams | first2 = G. | last3 = Gusieva | first3 = K. | last4 = Samaniego | first4 = A. | last5 = Gibson | first5 = M. A. | last6 = McMurray | first6 = H. N. | doi = 10.1016/j.elecom.2013.07.021 | title = Poisoning the corrosion of magnesium | journal = Electrochemistry Communications | volume = 34 | pages = 295–298 | year = 2013 | bibcode = 2013EleCo..34..295B }}</ref>

====High-temperature creep and flammability====
Magnesium's tendency to [[Creep (deformation)|creep]] (gradually deform) at high temperatures is greatly reduced by alloying with [[zinc]] and [[rare-earth elements]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choudhuri |first1=Deep |last2=Srinivasan |first2=Srivilliputhur G. |last3=Gibson |first3=Mark A. |last4=Zheng |first4=Yufeng |last5=Jaeger |first5=David L. |last6=Fraser |first6=Hamish L. |last7=Banerjee |first7=Rajarshi |title=Exceptional increase in the creep life of magnesium rare-earth alloys due to localized bond stiffening |journal=Nature Communications |date=8 December 2017 |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=2000 |doi=10.1038/s41467-017-02112-z |pmid=29222427 |pmc=5722870 |bibcode=2017NatCo...8.2000C }}</ref> Flammability is significantly reduced by a small amount of [[calcium]] in the alloy.<ref name="giz" /> By using rare-earth elements, it may be possible to manufacture magnesium alloys that are able to not catch fire at higher temperatures compared to magnesium's [[liquidus]] and in some cases potentially pushing it close to magnesium's boiling point.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Czerwinski |first1=Frank |title=Controlling the ignition and flammability of magnesium for aerospace applications |journal=Corrosion Science |date=September 2014 |volume=86 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1016/j.corsci.2014.04.047 |bibcode=2014Corro..86....1C }}</ref>

=== Compounds ===
{{Main|Magnesium compounds}}

Magnesium forms a variety of compounds important to industry and biology, including [[magnesium carbonate]], [[magnesium chloride]], [[magnesium citrate]], [[magnesium hydroxide]] (milk of magnesia), [[magnesium oxide]], [[magnesium sulfate]], and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate ([[Epsom salts]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2021 |title=8 Types of magnesium and their benefits |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/types-of-magnesium |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2013 |title=Chemistry of Magnesium (Z=12) |url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z012_Chemistry_of_Magnesium_(Z12) |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=Chemistry LibreTexts |language=en}}</ref>

As recently as 2020, [[magnesium hydride]] was under investigation as a way to store hydrogen.<ref name=ren14>{{cite journal |last1=Ren |first1=Chai |last2=Fang |first2=Z. Zak |last3=Zhou |first3=Chengshang |last4=Lu |first4=Jun |last5=Ren |first5=Yang |last6=Zhang |first6=Xiaoyi |title=Hydrogen Storage Properties of Magnesium Hydride with V-Based Additives |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry C |date=25 September 2014 |volume=118 |issue=38 |pages=21778–21784 |doi=10.1021/jp504766b }}</ref><ref name=baran20>{{cite journal |last1=Baran |first1=Agata |last2=Polański |first2=Marek |title=Magnesium-Based Materials for Hydrogen Storage—A Scope Review |journal=Materials |date=9 September 2020 |volume=13 |issue=18 |pages=3993 |doi=10.3390/ma13183993 |doi-access=free |pmid=32916910 |pmc=7559164 |bibcode=2020Mate...13.3993B }}</ref>

=== Isotopes ===
{{Main|Isotopes of magnesium}}

Magnesium has three stable [[isotope]]s: {{chem|24|Mg}}, {{chem|25|Mg}} and {{chem|26|Mg}}. All are present in significant amounts in nature (see table of isotopes above). About 79% of Mg is {{chem|24|Mg}}. The isotope {{chem|28|Mg}} is radioactive and in the 1950s to 1970s was produced by several nuclear power plants for use in scientific experiments. This isotope has a relatively short half-life (21 hours) and its use was limited by shipping times.

The nuclide {{chem|26|Mg}} has found application in [[isotope|isotopic]] [[geology]], similar to that of aluminium. {{chem|26|Mg}} is a [[radiogenic]] daughter product of [[aluminium-26|{{chem|26|Al}}]], which has a [[half-life]] of 717,000 years. Excessive quantities of stable {{chem|26|Mg}} have been observed in the [[Ca-Al-rich inclusions]] of some [[carbonaceous chondrite]] [[meteorite]]s. This anomalous abundance is attributed to the decay of its parent {{chem|26|Al}} in the inclusions, and researchers conclude that such meteorites were formed in the [[solar nebula]] before the {{chem|26|Al}} had decayed. These are among the oldest objects in the [[Solar System]] and contain preserved information about its early history.

It is conventional to plot {{chem|26|Mg}}/{{chem|24|Mg}} against an Al/Mg ratio. In an [[isochron dating]] plot, the Al/Mg ratio plotted is {{chem|27|Al}}/{{chem|24|Mg}}. The slope of the isochron has no age significance, but indicates the initial {{chem|26|Al}}/{{chem|27|Al}} ratio in the sample at the time when the systems were separated from a common reservoir.

== Production ==
{{See also|Magnesium production by country}}
[[File:Mg sheets and ingots.jpg|thumb|Magnesium sheets and ingots]]

=== Occurrence ===
{{Category see also|Magnesium minerals}}
{{See also|Boninite}}
Magnesium is the eighth-most-abundant element in the Earth's crust by mass and tied in seventh place with [[iron]] in [[molarity]].<ref name="Abundance">{{cite web|title=Abundance and form of the most abundant elements in Earth's continental crust|access-date=15 February 2008|url=http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/Fundamentals/ElementalAbundanceTableP.pdf|last=Railsback|first=L. Bruce|website=Some Fundamentals of Mineralogy and Geochemistry|archive-date=27 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927064201/http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/Fundamentals/ElementalAbundanceTableP.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is found in large deposits of [[magnesite]], [[Dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]], and other [[mineral]]s, and in mineral waters, where magnesium ion is soluble.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2013 |title=Magnesium EA65RS-T4 Alloy |url=https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8683 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=AZoM |language=en}}</ref>

Although magnesium is found in more than 60 [[mineral]]s, only dolomite, magnesite, [[brucite]], [[carnallite]], [[talc]], and [[olivine]] are of commercial importance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magnesium Statistics and Information {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/magnesium-statistics-and-information |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=www.usgs.gov}}</ref>

The {{chem|Mg|2+}} [[cation]] is the second-most-abundant cation in seawater (about {{frac|1|8}} the mass of sodium ions in a given sample), which makes seawater and sea salt attractive commercial sources for Mg.

===Production quantities===
World production was approximately 1,100 kt in 2017, with the bulk being produced in China (930 kt) and Russia (60 kt).<ref>Bray, E. Lee (February 2019) [https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/magnesium/mcs-2019-mgmet.pdf Magnesium Metal]. Mineral Commodity Summaries, U.S. Geological Survey</ref> The United States was in the 20th century the major world supplier of this metal, supplying 45% of world production even as recently as 1995. Since the Chinese mastery of the Pidgeon process the US market share is at 7%, with a single US producer left as of 2013: US Magnesium, a [[Renco Group]] company located on the shores of the [[Great Salt Lake#Oil and minerals|Great Salt Lake]].<ref name="vardi">{{Cite web|last=Vardi|first=Nathan|title=Man With Many Enemies |url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2002/0722/044.html |date=6 June 2013 |website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref>

In September 2021, China took steps to reduce production of magnesium as a result of a government initiative to reduce energy availability for manufacturing industries, leading to a significant price increase.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.cips.org/supply-management/analysis/2022/february/what-to-do-about-the-magnesium-shortage/ |title=What to do about the magnesium shortage |magazine=Supply Management|date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217211243/https://www.cips.org/supply-management/analysis/2022/february/what-to-do-about-the-magnesium-shortage/ |archive-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>

=== Pidgeon and Bolzano processes===
[[File:محتویات درون ریتورت.jpg|thumb|right|An Iranian worker tends to the Pidgeon process]]
The [[Pidgeon process]] and the [[Bolzano process]] are similar. In both, magnesium oxide is the precursor to magnesium metal. The magnesium oxide is produced as a solid solution with calcium oxide by calcining the mineral [[dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]], which is a solid solution of calcium and magnesium carbonates:
:{{chem2|CaCO3*MgCO3 -> MgO*CaO + 2 CO2}}
Reduction occurs at high temperatures with silicon. A ferrosilicon alloy is used rather than pure silicon as it is more economical. The iron component has no bearing on the reaction, having the simplified equation:{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
:{{chem2|MgO*CaO +Si -> 2 Mg + Ca2SiO4}}
The calcium oxide combines with silicon as the oxygen scavenger, yielding the very stable calcium silicate. The Mg/Ca ratio of the precursors can be adjusted by the addition of MgO or CaO.<ref name="AmundsenEtAll2003">{{cite book |doi=10.1002/14356007.a15_559 |chapter=Magnesium |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |date=2003|publisher=Wiley|location=Weinheim, Germany|display-authors=3 |last1=Amundsen |first1=Ketil |last2=Aune |first2=Terje Kr. |last3=Bakke |first3=Per |last4=Eklund |first4=Hans R. |last5=Haagensen |first5=Johanna Ö. |last6=Nicolas |first6=Carlos |last7=Rosenkilde |first7=Christian |last8=Van Den Bremt |first8=Sia |last9=Wallevik |first9=Oddmund |isbn=978-3-527-30385-4 }}</ref>

The Pidgeon and the Bolzano process differ in the details of the heating and the configuration of the reactor. Both generate gaseous Mg that is condensed and collected. The Pidgeon process dominates the worldwide production.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Magnesium Processing {{!}} Techniques & Methods {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/magnesium-processing |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The Pidgeon method is less technologically complex and because of distillation/vapour deposition conditions, a high purity product is easily achievable.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Magnesium and its alloys : technology and applications |date=2020 |vauthors=Bamberger M, Dobrzański LA, Totten GE|isbn=978-1-351-04547-6 |edition=First |location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=CRC Press, Inc. |oclc=1111577710}}</ref> China is almost completely reliant on the [[Silicothermic reaction|silicothermic]] Pidgeon process.

=== Dow process ===
{{anchor|Dow process}}
{{Redirect|Dow process (magnesium)|other Dow processes|Dow process (disambiguation)}}
Besides the Pidgeon process, the second most used process for magnesium production is [[electrolysis]]. This is a two step process. The first step is to prepare feedstock containing magnesium chloride and the second step is to dissociate the compound in [[electrolytic cell]]s as magnesium metal and [[Chlorine|chlorine gas]].<ref name=":2" />

To extract the magnesium, [[calcium hydroxide]] is added to the [[seawater]] to [[precipitate]] [[magnesium hydroxide]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Battaglia |first1=Giuseppe |last2=Domina |first2=Maria Alda |last3=Lo Brutto |first3=Rita |last4=Lopez Rodriguez |first4=Julio |last5=Fernandez de Labastida |first5=Marc |last6=Cortina |first6=Jose Luis |last7=Pettignano |first7=Alberto |last8=Cipollina |first8=Andrea |last9=Tamburini |first9=Alessandro |last10=Micale |first10=Giorgio |title=Evaluation of the Purity of Magnesium Hydroxide Recovered from Saltwork Bitterns |journal=Water |date=21 December 2022 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=29 |doi=10.3390/w15010029 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Water..15...29B |hdl=2117/384847 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
: {{chem|MgCl|2}} + {{chem|Ca(OH)|2}} → {{chem|Mg(OH)|2}} + {{chem|CaCl|2}}

Magnesium hydroxide ([[brucite]]) is poorly soluble in water and can be collected by filtration. It reacts with [[hydrochloric acid]] to [[magnesium chloride]].<ref name=":2"/>
: {{chem|Mg(OH)|2}} + 2 HCl → {{chem|MgCl|2}} + 2 {{chem|H|2|O}}
From magnesium chloride, [[electrolysis]] produces magnesium.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magnesium metal is produced by the electrolysis of molten magnesi... {{!}} Channels for Pearson+ |url=https://www.pearson.com/channels/general-chemistry/asset/95590f70/magnesium-metal-is-produced-by-the-electrolysis-of-molten-magnesium-chloride-usi |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=www.pearson.com |language=en}}</ref>

The basic reaction is as follows:
:{{chem2 | MgCl2 -> Mg(g) + Cl2(g) }}

The temperatures at which this reaction is operated is between 680 and 750 °C.<ref name=":2" />

The magnesium chloride can be obtained using the [[Dow process (magnesium)|Dow process]], a process that mixes sea water and dolomite in a flocculator or by dehydration of magnesium chloride brines. The electrolytic cells are partially submerged in a molten salt electrolyte to which the produced magnesium chloride is added in concentrations between 6–18%.<ref name=":2" /> This process does have its share of disadvantages including production of harmful [[chlorine gas]] and the overall reaction being very energy intensive, creating environmental risks.<ref name=lee21>{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Tae-Hyuk |last2=Okabe |first2=Toru H. |last3=Lee |first3=Jin-Young |last4=Kim |first4=Young Min |last5=Kang |first5=Jungshin |date=September 2021 |title=Development of a novel electrolytic process for producing high-purity magnesium metal from magnesium oxide using a liquid tin cathode |journal=Journal of Magnesium and Alloys |language=en |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=1644–1655 |doi=10.1016/j.jma.2021.01.004|s2cid=233930398 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Pidgeon process is more advantageous regarding its simplicity, shorter construction period, low power consumption and overall good magnesium quality compared to the electrolysis method.<ref name=":0" />

In the United States, magnesium was once obtained principally with the Dow process in [[Corpus Christi TX]], by [[electrolysis]] of fused magnesium chloride from [[brine]] and [[sea water]]. A saline solution containing {{chem|Mg|2+}} ions is first treated with [[Calcium oxide|lime]] (calcium oxide) and the precipitated [[magnesium hydroxide]] is collected:
:{{chem|Mg|2+}}(aq) + {{chem|CaO}}(s) + {{chem|H|2|O}}(l) → {{chem|Ca|2+}}(aq) + {{chem|Mg(OH)|2}}(s)

The hydroxide is then converted to [[magnesium chloride]] by treatment with [[hydrochloric acid]] and heating of the product to eliminate water:
:{{chem2|Mg(OH)2 + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + 2 H2O}}

The salt is then electrolyzed in the molten state. At the [[cathode]], the {{chem|Mg|2+}} ion is reduced by two [[electron]]s to magnesium metal:
:{{chem|Mg|2+}} + 2{{Subatomic particle|electron}} → Mg

At the [[anode]], each pair of {{chem|Cl|-}} ions is oxidized to [[chlorine]] gas, releasing two electrons to complete the circuit:
:2{{chem|Cl|-}} → {{chem|Cl|2}}(g) + 2{{Subatomic particle|electron}}

===Carbothermic process===
The [[Carbothermic reaction|carbothermic]] route to magnesium has been recognized as a low energy, yet high productivity path to magnesium extraction. The chemistry is as follows:
[[File:Rotary kiln Johannsen patent US1618204.png|thumb|The rotary kiln is used for calcination]]
{{chem2|C + MgO -> CO + Mg}}

A disadvantage of this method is that slow cooling the vapour can cause the reaction to quickly revert. To prevent this from happening, the magnesium can be dissolved directly in a suitable metal solvent before reversion starts happening. Rapid [[quenching]] of the vapour can also be performed to prevent reversion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brooks |first1=Geoffrey |last2=Trang |first2=Simon |last3=Witt |first3=Peter |last4=Khan |first4=M. N. H. |last5=Nagle |first5=Michael |date=May 2006 |title=The carbothermic route to magnesium |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-006-0024-x |journal=JOM |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=51–55 |doi=10.1007/s11837-006-0024-x |bibcode=2006JOM....58e..51B |s2cid=67763716 |issn=1047-4838|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== YSZ process ===
{{anchor|YSZ process}}
A newer process, solid oxide membrane technology, involves the electrolytic reduction of MgO. At the cathode, {{chem|Mg|2+}} ion is reduced by two [[electron]]s to magnesium metal. The electrolyte is [[yttria-stabilized zirconia]] (YSZ). The anode is a liquid metal. At the YSZ/liquid metal anode {{chem|O|2-}} is oxidized. A layer of graphite borders the liquid metal anode, and at this interface carbon and oxygen react to form carbon monoxide. When silver is used as the liquid metal anode, there is no reductant carbon or hydrogen needed, and only oxygen gas is evolved at the anode.<ref name="pal07">{{cite journal|last1=Pal|first1=Uday B. |last2=Powell|first2=Adam C.|title=The Use of Solid-Oxide-Membrane Technology for Electrometallurgy|date=2007|bibcode=2007JOM....59e..44P|volume=59|pages=44–49|journal=JOM|doi=10.1007/s11837-007-0064-x|issue=5|s2cid=97971162 }}</ref> It was reported in 2011 that this method provides a 40% reduction in cost per pound over the electrolytic reduction method.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/merit_review_2011/lightweight_materials/lm035_derezinski_2011_o.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113035743/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/merit_review_2011/lightweight_materials/lm035_derezinski_2011_o.pdf| url-status=dead| archive-date=13 November 2013|publisher=MOxST| title=Solid Oxide Membrane (SOM) Electrolysis of Magnesium: Scale-Up Research and Engineering for Light-Weight Vehicles |first=Steve| last=Derezinski |date=12 May 2011| access-date=27 May 2013}}</ref>

=== Rieke process ===
Rieke et al. developed a "general approach for preparing highly reactive metal powders by reducing metal salts in ethereal or hydrocarbon solvents using alkali metals as reducing agents" now known as the [[Rieke process]].<ref name="rieke16">{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9781118929124.ch4 |chapter=Magnesium |title=Chemical Synthesis Using Highly Reactive Metals |date=2017 |pages=161–208 |isbn=978-1-118-92911-7 }}</ref> Rieke finalized the identification of [[Rieke metals]] in 1989,<ref name="rieke95">{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9783527615179.ch01 |chapter=Rieke Metals: Highly Reactive Metal Powders Prepared by Alkali Metal Reduction of Metal Salts |title=Active Metals |date=1995 |last1=Rieke |first1=Reuben D. |last2=Sell |first2=Matthew S. |last3=Klein |first3=Walter R. |last4=Chen |first4=Tian-An |last5=Brown |first5=Jeffrey D. |last6=Hanson |first6=Mark V. |pages=1–59 |isbn=978-3-527-29207-3 }}</ref> one of which was Rieke-magnesium, first produced in 1974.<ref name="rieke74">{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/chin.197421315 |title=ChemInform Abstract: ACTIVATED METALS PART 4, PREPARATION AND REACTIONS OF HIGHLY REACTIVE MAGNESIUM METAL |date=1974 |last1=Rieke |first1=Reuben D. |last2=Bales |first2=Stephen E. |journal=Chemischer Informationsdienst |volume=5 |issue=21 |article-number=chin.197421315 }}</ref>

== History ==
The name magnesium originates from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] word for locations related to the tribe of the [[Magnetes]], either a district in [[Thessaly]] called [[Ancient Magnesia|Magnesia]]<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|page=108}}</ref> or [[Magnesia ad Sipylum]], now in Turkey.<ref name="LanguageHAt">{{cite web |last1=languagehat |title=Magnet |url=http://languagehat.com/magnet/ |website=languagehat.com |access-date=18 June 2020 |language=en |date=28 May 2005}}</ref> It is related to [[magnetite]] and [[manganese]], which also originated from this area, and required differentiation as separate substances. See the manganese article for this history.

In 1618, a farmer at Epsom in England attempted to give his cows water from a local well. The cows refused to drink because of the water's bitter taste, but the farmer noticed that the water seemed to heal scratches and rashes. The substance obtained by evaporating the water became known as [[Magnesium sulfate|Epsom salts]] and its fame spread.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ainsworth|first1=Steve|title=Epsom's deep bath|journal=Nurse Prescribing|date=1 June 2013|volume=11|issue=6|page=269|doi=10.12968/npre.2013.11.6.269}}</ref> It was eventually recognized as hydrated magnesium sulfate, {{chem|MgSO|4}}·7{{hsp}}{{chem|H|2|O}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PubChem |title=Magnesium Sulfate Heptahydrate |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/24843 |access-date=28 April 2024 |website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref>

The metal itself was first isolated by [[Humphry Davy|Sir Humphry Davy]] in England in 1808. He used electrolysis on a mixture of [[magnesia alba|magnesia]] and [[Mercury(II) oxide|mercuric oxide]].<ref name="Davy1808">{{cite journal| last = Davy | first = H. | date= 1808 | title = Electro-chemical researches on the decomposition of the earths; with observations on the metals obtained from the alkaline earths, and on the amalgam procured from ammonia | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London | volume = 98 | pages = 333–370|bibcode = 1808RSPT...98..333D | jstor=107302 | doi=10.1098/rstl.1808.0023| s2cid = 96364168 }}</ref> [[Antoine Bussy]] prepared it in coherent form in 1831. Davy's first suggestion for a name was 'magnium',<ref name="Davy1808" /> but the name magnesium is now used in most European languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magnesium (Mg) – Periodic Table |url=https://www.periodictable.one/element/12 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=www.periodictable.one |language=en}}</ref>

Further discoveries about magnesium were made by the father of [[physical chemistry]] in [[Imperial Russia]], [[Nikolai Beketov]] (1827–1911), who established that magnesium and zinc displaced other metals from their salts under high temperatures.

==Uses==

===Magnesium metal===

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-12062, Wasserreiter mit Magnesiumfackeln.jpg|thumb|An unusual application of magnesium as an [[Illumination (lighting)|illumination]] source while [[wakeskating]] in 1930]]

Magnesium is the third-most-commonly-used structural metal, following [[iron]] and aluminium.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9DskDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT256|title=Materials for the 21st Century|last=Segal|first=David|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0192526090}}</ref> The main applications of magnesium are, in order: aluminium alloys, [[die-casting]] (alloyed with [[zinc]]),<ref name="BakerM. M. Avedesian1999">{{cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Hugh D. R.|last2=Avedesian|first2=Michael|title=Magnesium and magnesium alloys|date=1999|publisher=Materials Information Society|location=Materials Park, OH|isbn=978-0871706577|page=4}}</ref> removing [[sulfur]] in the production of iron and steel, and the production of [[titanium]] in the [[Kroll process]].<ref name="AmundsenEtAll2003"/>

Magnesium is used in lightweight materials and alloys. For example, when infused with silicon carbide [[nanoparticle]]s, it has extremely high [[Specific strength|specific strength]].<ref name="ucla">{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/ucla-researchers-create-exceptionally-strong-and-lightweight-new-metal |title=UCLA researchers create super-strong magnesium metal |publisher=ucla.edu |first=Matthew |last=Chin |date=23 December 2015 }}</ref>

Historically, magnesium was one of the main aerospace construction metals and was used for German military aircraft as early as World War I and extensively for German aircraft in World War II. The Germans coined the name "[[Elektron (alloy)|Elektron]]" for magnesium alloy, a term which is still used today. In the commercial aerospace industry, magnesium was generally restricted to engine-related components, due to fire and corrosion hazards. Magnesium alloy use in aerospace is increasing in the 21st century, driven by the importance of fuel economy.<ref name="aghion00">{{cite journal |doi= 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.350-351.19 |title= Magnesium Alloys Development towards the 21st Century |date= 2000 |last1= Aghion |first1= E. |last2= Bronfin |first2= B. |journal= Materials Science Forum |volume= 350–351 |pages= 19–30|s2cid= 138429749 }}</ref> Magnesium alloys can act as replacements for aluminium and steel alloys in structural applications.<ref name=shu10>{{cite journal |last1=Shu |first1=Dong Wei |last2=Ahmad |first2=Iram Raza |title=Magnesium Alloys: An Alternative for Aluminium in Structural Applications |journal=Advanced Materials Research |date=December 2010 |volume=168–170 |pages=1631–1635 |doi=10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.1631 }}</ref><ref name=ma17>{{cite web | title=Magnesium alloy as a lighter alternative to aluminum alloy | website=Phys.org | date=29 November 2017 |url=https://phys.org/news/2017-11-magnesium-alloy-lighter-alternative-aluminum.html }}</ref>

====Aircraft====
* [[Wright Aeronautical]] used a magnesium [[crankcase]] in the WWII-era [[Wright R-3350 Duplex Cyclone]] aviation engine. This presented a serious problem for the earliest models of the [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress]] heavy bomber when an in-flight engine fire ignited the engine crankcase. The resulting combustion was as hot as 5,600 °F (3,100 °C) and could sever the wing spar from the [[fuselage]].<ref name="Dreizin, Edward L.; Berman, Charles H. and Vicenzi, Edward P. 2000 30"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBmynsBj2BUC&pg=PA40| pages=40–41 | title = Mission to Tokyo: The American Airmen Who Took the War to the Heart of Japan | isbn = 978-1610586634 | last1 = Dorr | first1 = Robert F. | date = 2012| publisher=Zenith Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEwpAQAAIAAJ | title=AAHS Journal |volume=44–45 | date=1999 |publisher=American Aviation Historical Society }}</ref>

====Automotive====
[[File:Bugatti Aérolithe AV.jpg|thumb|The [[Bugatti Type 57#1935 Bugatti Type 57 Aérolithe Chassis No. 57331 Prototype|Bugatti Type 57 Aérolithe]] featured a lightweight body made of [[Elektron (alloy)|Elektron]], a trademarked magnesium alloy.]]
* [[Mercedes-Benz]] used the alloy [[Elektron (alloy)|Elektron]] in the bodywork of an early model [[Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR]]; these cars competed in the [[1955 World Sportscar Championship]] including a win at the [[1955 Mille Miglia|Mille Miglia]], and at [[24 Hours of Le Mans|Le Mans]] where one was involved in the [[1955 Le Mans disaster]] when spectators were showered with burning fragments of Elektron.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Spurgeon |first1=Brad |title=On Auto Racing's Deadliest Day |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/12/sports/autoracing/on-auto-racings-deadliest-day.html |work=The New York Times |date=11 June 2015 }}</ref>
* [[Porsche]] used magnesium alloy frames in the [[Porsche 917|917/053]] that won Le Mans in 1971, and continues to use magnesium alloys for its engine blocks due to the weight advantage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perkins |first=Chris |date=1 July 2021 |title=The 1971 Porsche 917 KH Had a Chassis Made of Ultra-Flammable Magnesium |url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/a36902927/1971-porsche-917-kh-magnesium/ |access-date=7 May 2023 |website=Road & Track |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Volkswagen Group]] has used magnesium in its engine components for many years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 August 2020|title=1950: The metal is magnesium, the car is the Beetle|url=https://www.hydro.com/en-US/about-hydro/company-history/1946---1977/1950-the-metal-is-magnesium-the-car-is-the-beetle/|access-date=5 April 2021|website=hydro.com|language=en-us}}</ref>
* [[Mitsubishi Motors]] uses magnesium for its [[paddle shifters]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2006 |title=2007 Mitsubishi Outlander brings sport sedan dynamics to compact sport-utility vehicle segment; performance credentials include 220 Hp V-6, 6-speed Sportronic(R) transmission and aluminum roof |url=http://media.mitsubishicars.com/en-US/releases/2007-mitsubishi-outlander-brings-sport-sedan-dynamics-to-compact-sport-utility-vehicle-segment-performance-credentials-include-220-hp-v-6-6-speed-sportronicr-transmission-and-aluminum-roof |access-date=7 May 2023 |website=Mitsubishi Newsroom |language=en}}</ref>
* [[BMW]] used magnesium alloy blocks in their [[BMW N52|N52]] engine, including an aluminium alloy insert for the cylinder walls and cooling jackets surrounded by a high-temperature magnesium alloy [[AJ alloys|AJ62A]]. The engine was used worldwide between 2005 and 2011 in various 1, 3, 5, 6, and 7 series models; as well as the Z4, X1, X3, and X5.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Sachin |last1=Kumar |first2=Chuansong |last2=Wu |title=Review:Mg and Its Alloy——Scope, Future Perspectives and Recent Advancements in Welding and Processing |journal=Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology |date=2017 |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=1–37 |doi=10.11916/j.issn.1005-9113.17065 }}</ref>
* [[Chevrolet]] used the magnesium alloy AE44 in the 2006 Corvette [[Corvette C6|Z06]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Aragones |first1=Jonathon |last2=Goundan |first2=Kasi |last3=Kolp |first3=Scott |last4=Osborne |first4=Richard |last5=Ouimet |first5=Larry |last6=Pinch |first6=William |title=SAE Technical Paper Series |date=11 April 2005 |chapter=Development of the 2006 Corvette Z06 Structural Cast Magnesium Crossmember |volume=1 |article-number=2005-01-0340 |chapter-url=https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2005-01-0340/ |language=English |location=Warrendale, PA|doi=10.4271/2005-01-0340 }}</ref>
Both AJ62A and AE44 are recent developments in high-temperature low-[[Creep (deformation)|creep]] magnesium alloys. The general strategy for such alloys is to form [[intermetallic]] precipitates at the [[crystallite|grain boundaries]], for example by adding [[mischmetal]] or [[calcium]].<ref>{{cite report|title=Tensile and Compressive Creep of Magnesium-Aluminum-Calcium Based Alloys |date=2001 |author=Luo, Alan A. |author2=Powell, Bob R. |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Materials & Processes Laboratory, General Motors Research & Development Center |access-date=21 August 2007 |url=http://doc.tms.org/ezmerchant/prodtms.nsf/productlookupitemid/01-481x-137/%24FILE/01-481X-137F.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928023445/http://doc.tms.org/ezmerchant/prodtms.nsf/productlookupitemid/01-481x-137/%24FILE/01-481X-137F.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Electronics====
Because of low density and good mechanical and electrical properties, magnesium is used for manufacturing of mobile phones, laptop and [[tablet computers]], cameras, and other electronic components.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2020 |title=Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Magnesium [AZ91] Reinforced With Carbon Nanotubes And Sic/Al2O3 |url=https://www.ilkogretim-online.org/fulltext/218-1642679175.pdf |journal=Elementary Education Online |volume=19 |issue=4 |page=6907 |access-date=7 May 2023 |archive-date=7 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507094851/https://www.ilkogretim-online.org/fulltext/218-1642679175.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was used as a premium feature because of its light weight in some 2020 laptops.<ref name="bma">{{cite news |last1=Dignan |first1=Larry |title=Blue magnesium alloy laptops: Premium price, plastic feel, but lightweight |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/blue-magnesium-alloy-laptops-premium-price-plastic-feel-but-lightweight/ |publisher=ZDNet |date=2 January 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Magnesium-products.jpg|thumb|left|Products made of magnesium: firestarter and shavings, sharpener, magnesium ribbon]]

====Source of light====
{{anchor|Flammability}}Magnesium is flammable, burning at a temperature of approximately {{convert|3100|°C|K °F|abbr=on}},<ref name="Dreizin, Edward L.; Berman, Charles H. and Vicenzi, Edward P. 2000 30" /> and the [[autoignition temperature]] of magnesium ribbon is approximately {{convert|473|°C|K °F|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web| title=Magnesium (Powder)| work=International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)| publisher = IPCS INCHEM |date=April 2000 |url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0289.htm| access-date=21 December 2011}}</ref> Magnesium's high combustion temperature makes it a useful tool for starting emergency fires. When burning in air, magnesium produces a brilliant white light that includes strong ultraviolet wavelengths.

Magnesium powder ([[flash powder]]) was used for subject illumination in the early days of [[photography]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hannavy |first1=John |title=Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-87327-1 |page=84 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3E3AQAAMAAJ|title=Scientific American: Supplement|year=1899|publisher=Munn and Company|volume=48|page=20035}}</ref> Magnesium filament used in electrically ignited single-use photography [[Flash (photography)#Flashbulbs|flashbulbs]] replaced this usage eventually. Magnesium powder is used in [[fireworks]] and marine [[flare]]s where a brilliant light is required, and in trick self-relighting birthday candles. It was also used for various theatrical effects,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_gQkEAAAAMBAJ|title=Billboard|year=1974|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_gQkEAAAAMBAJ/page/n19 20]}}</ref> such as lightning,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Altman |first1=Rick |title=Silent Film Sound |date=2004 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-11663-3 |page=41 }}</ref> pistol flashes,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lindsay |first1=David |title=Madness in the Making: The Triumphant Rise and Untimely Fall of America's Show Inventors |date=2005 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-34766-7 |page=210 }}</ref> and supernatural appearances.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCormick |first1=John |last2=Pratasik |first2=Bennie |title=Popular Puppet Theatre in Europe, 1800-1914 |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-61615-7 |page=106 }}</ref>

Magnesium is often used to ignite thermite or other materials that require a high ignition temperature. Magnesium continues to be used as an [[Incendiary device|incendiary]] element in warfare.<ref>{{cite web| title=9N510 (ML-5) Submunition|url=https://cat-uxo.com/explosive-hazards/submunitions/9n510-ml-5-submunition|access-date=22 November 2022|publisher= Collective Awareness to UXO}}</ref>[[File:Magnesium Sparks.jpg|thumb|Magnesium firestarter (in left hand), used with a [[pocket knife]] and [[flint]] to create sparks that ignite the shavings]]

Flame temperatures of magnesium and magnesium alloys can reach {{convert|3100|C|F|abbr=on}},<ref name="Dreizin, Edward L.; Berman, Charles H. and Vicenzi, Edward P. 2000 30">{{cite journal|title=Condensed-phase modifications in magnesium particle combustion in air|author=Dreizin, Edward L.|author2=Berman, Charles H.|author3=Vicenzi, Edward P.|name-list-style=amp|journal=Scripta Materialia|volume=122|issue=1–2|doi=10.1016/S0010-2180(00)00101-2|date=2000|pages=30–42|bibcode=2000CoFl..122...30D |citeseerx=10.1.1.488.2456}}</ref> although flame height above the burning metal is usually less than {{convert|300|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="DOE">{{cite book |title=DOE Handbook – Primer on Spontaneous Heating and Pyrophoricity |publisher=[[United States Department of Energy]] |id=DOE-HDBK-1081-94 |date=December 1994 |page=20 |url=http://www.hss.doe.gov/nuclearsafety/techstds/docs/handbook/hbk1081c.html#ZZ22 |access-date = 21 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415172328/http://www.hss.doe.gov/nuclearsafety/techstds/docs/handbook/hbk1081c.html#ZZ22 |archive-date=15 April 2012 |url-status=dead
}}</ref> Once ignited, such fires are difficult to extinguish because they resist several substances commonly used to put out fires; combustion continues in [[nitrogen]] (forming [[magnesium nitride]]),<ref name="Brauer">{{cite book |last1=Ehrlich |first1=P. |editor1-last=Brauer |editor1-first=Georg |title=Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry 1 |date=1 December 1963 |publisher=Academic Press |location=New York, London |isbn=978-0121266011 |pages=916–917 |edition=Second |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/Handbook_of_Preparative_Inorganic_Chemistry_1_2_Brauer/page/n939/mode/2up |access-date=29 March 2025 |language=en |chapter=Section 17: Alkaline Earth Metals}}</ref> in [[carbon dioxide]] (forming [[magnesium oxide]] and [[carbon]]),<ref name=CO2/> and in water (forming magnesium oxide and hydrogen, which also combusts due to heat in the presence of additional oxygen).

====Chemical reagent====
In the form of turnings or ribbons, to prepare [[Grignard reagent]]s, which are useful in [[organic synthesis]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashenhurst |first=James |date=14 October 2011 |title=Grignard Reagents For Addition To Aldehydes and Ketones |url=https://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2011/10/14/reagent-friday-grignard-reagents/ |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=Master Organic Chemistry |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Other====
* In the production of [[Ductile iron|nodular graphite in cast iron]].<ref name=LANL_Mg>{{Cite web |title=Periodic Table of Elements: Los Alamos National Laboratory |url=https://periodic.lanl.gov/12.shtml |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=periodic.lanl.gov}}</ref>
* As an additive agent in conventional propellants.<ref name=LANL_Mg/>
* As a reducing agent to separate [[uranium]] and other metals from their [[Salt (chemistry)|salts]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ainscough |first1=J.B. |last2=Rigby |first2=F |title=Magnesium reduction of uranium oxide |journal=Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry |date=July 1974 |volume=36 |issue=7 |pages=1531–1534 |doi=10.1016/0022-1902(74)80618-4 }}</ref>
* As a [[Sacrificial anode|sacrificial (galvanic) anode]] to protect boats, underground tanks, pipelines, buried structures, and water heaters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2013 |title=Sacrificial Anode |url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Exemplars/Corrosion/Sacrificial_Anode |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=Chemistry LibreTexts |language=en}}</ref>
* Alloyed with zinc to produce the zinc sheet used in [[photoengraving]] plates in the printing industry, [[Dry cell|dry-cell battery]] walls, and [[Flashing (weatherproofing)|roofing]].<ref name="BakerM. M. Avedesian1999" />
* Alloyed with aluminium with aluminium-magnesium alloys being used mainly for [[beverage can]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Multiview |date=17 December 2019 |title=Strong and Ductile: Magnesium Adds Benefits to Aluminum Alloys |url=https://www.belmontmetals.com/strong-and-ductile-magnesium-added-to-aluminum-alloys-provides-amazing-benefits/ |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=Belmont Metals |language=en-US}}</ref> sports equipment such as golf clubs,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hirekogolf.com/clubheads-material-differences|title=Golf Clubheads: Material Differences|website=www.hirekogolf.com}}</ref> fishing reels,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purnell |first=Ross |title=How Aluminum Changed Fly Fishing Forever |url=https://www.flyfisherman.com/editorial/how-aluminum-changed-fly-fishing/152036 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=Fly Fisherman |language=en}}</ref> and [[archery|bows and arrows]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compound Bow – Facts and History of Modern Bows |url=http://www.historyofarchery.com/archery-history/compound-bow/ |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=www.historyofarchery.com}}</ref>
* Many car and aircraft manufacturers have made engine and body parts from magnesium.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Automotive Applications – International Magnesium Association |url=https://www.intlmag.org/page/app_automotive_ima |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=www.intlmag.org |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716151852/https://www.intlmag.org/page/app_automotive_ima |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Magnesium battery|Magnesium batteries]] have been commercialized as [[primary battery|primary batteries]], and are an active topic of research for [[Rechargeable battery|rechargeable batteries]], such as [[Magnesium sulfur battery|magnesium sulfur batteries]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leong |first1=Kee Wa |last2=Pan |first2=Wending |last3=Wang |first3=Yifei |title=Reversibility of a High-Voltage, Cl – Regulated, Aqueous Mg Metal Battery Enabled by a Water-in-Salt Electrolyte |journal=ACS Energy Lett. |date=21 July 2022 |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=2657–2666 |doi=10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01255 |bibcode=2022ACSEL...7.2657L |s2cid=250965568 |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01255 |access-date=25 June 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Fei |last2=Fan |first2=Xiulin |last3=Gao |first3=Tao |last4=Sun |first4=Wei |last5=Ma |first5=Zhaohui |last6=Yang |first6=Chongyin |last7=Han |first7=Fudong |last8=Xu |first8=Kang |last9=Wang |first9=Chunsheng |title=High-Voltage Aqueous Magnesium Ion Batteries |journal=ACS Central Science |date=25 October 2017 |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=1121–1128 |doi=10.1021/acscentsci.7b00361 |doi-access=free|pmid=29104929 |pmc=5658756 |bibcode=2017ACSCS...3.1121W }}</ref>

===Compounds===
Magnesium compounds, primarily [[magnesium oxide]] (MgO), are used as a [[refractory]] material in [[Metallurgical furnace|furnace]] linings for producing [[iron]], [[steel]], [[nonferrous metal]]s, [[glass]], and [[cement]]. Magnesium oxide and other magnesium compounds are also used in the agricultural, chemical, and construction industries. Magnesium oxide from [[calcination]] is used as an electrical insulator in [[Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable|fire-resistant cables]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Linsley|first=Trevor|title=Basic Electrical Installation Work|isbn=978-0080966281|page=362|date=2011|chapter=Properties of conductors and insulators|publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref>

Magnesium reacts with [[haloalkane]]s to give [[Grignard reagent]]s, which are used for a wide variety of [[organic reaction]]s forming [[carbon–carbon bond]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wade Jr. |first=L. G. |year=2012 |edition=8th |title=Organic Chemistry |publisher=Pearson |page=441 |isbn=978-0321768414}}</ref>

Magnesium salts are included in various [[food]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magnesium-Rich Food Information |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/15650-magnesium-rich-food |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}</ref> [[fertilizer]]s<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magnesium for crop production |url=https://extension.umn.edu/micro-and-secondary-macronutrients/magnesium-crop-production |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=extension.umn.edu |language=en}}</ref> (magnesium is a component of [[chlorophyll]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ishfaq |first1=Muhammad |last2=Wang |first2=Yongqi |last3=Yan |first3=Minwen |last4=Wang |first4=Zheng |last5=Wu |first5=Liangquan |last6=Li |first6=Chunjian |last7=Li |first7=Xuexian |title=Physiological Essence of Magnesium in Plants and Its Widespread Deficiency in the Farming System of China |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |date=25 April 2022 |volume=13 |article-number=802274 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.802274 |doi-access=free |pmid=35548291 |pmc=9085447 |bibcode=2022FrPS...1302274I }}</ref>), and [[culture medium|microbe culture media]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Christensen |first1=David G. |last2=Orr |first2=James S. |last3=Rao |first3=Christopher V. |last4=Wolfe |first4=Alan J. |title=Increasing Growth Yield and Decreasing Acetylation in Escherichia coli by Optimizing the Carbon-to-Magnesium Ratio in Peptide-Based Media |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |date=15 March 2017 |volume=83 |issue=6 |article-number=e03034-16 |doi=10.1128/AEM.03034-16 |pmid=28062462 |pmc=5335519 |bibcode=2017ApEnM..83E3034C }}</ref>

[[Magnesium sulfite]] is used in the manufacture of [[paper]] ([[sulfite process]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magnesium sulfite - Hazardous Agents {{!}} Haz-Map |url=https://haz-map.com/Agents/20720 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=haz-map.com}}</ref>

[[Magnesium phosphate]] is used to fireproof wood used in construction.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yan |first1=Long |last2=Xu |first2=Zhisheng |last3=Liu |first3=Dingli |title=Synthesis and application of novel magnesium phosphate ester flame retardants for transparent intumescent fire-retardant coatings applied on wood substrates |journal=Progress in Organic Coatings |date=April 2019 |volume=129 |pages=327–337 |doi=10.1016/j.porgcoat.2019.01.013 }}</ref>

Magnesium hexafluorosilicate is used for moth-proofing [[textile]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NCATS Inxight Drugs — MAGNESIUM HEXAFLUOROSILICATE |url=https://drugs.ncats.io/substance/H37V80D2JS |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=drugs.ncats.io |language=en}}</ref>

== Biological roles ==
{{Main|Magnesium in biology|Magnesium (medical use)}}

===Mechanism of action===
The important interaction between [[phosphate]] and magnesium ions makes magnesium essential to the basic [[nucleic acid]] chemistry of all cells of all known living organisms. More than 300 [[enzyme]]s require magnesium ions for their catalytic action, including all enzymes using or synthesizing [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] and those that use other [[nucleotides]] to synthesize [[DNA]] and [[RNA]]. The ATP molecule is normally found in a [[Chelation|chelate]] with a magnesium ion.<ref>
{{cite book
| first1=Andrea, M.P.
| last1=Romani
| chapter=Magnesium in Health and Disease
|editor=Astrid Sigel
|editor2=Helmut Sigel
|editor3=Roland K. O. Sigel
|title=Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases
|series=Metal Ions in Life Sciences
|volume=13
|date=2013
|publisher=Springer
|pages=49–79
|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_3
| pmid=24470089
| isbn=978-94-007-7499-5
}}
</ref>

=== Nutrition ===
Magnesium intake—especially from diet—may modestly lower [[blood pressure]] and reduce risks of [[stroke]] and [[Cardiac arrest|sudden cardiac death]], but evidence is mixed, effects are small, and more robust [[clinical trial]]s are needed to clarify its role in [[cardiovascular disease]] prevention.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Dietary Supplements – Magnesium |url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/ |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=ods.od.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref>

====Diet====
[[File:FoodSourcesOfMagnesium.jpg|thumb|alt=refer to caption; follow link for complete description|Examples of food sources of magnesium (clockwise from top left): bran muffins, pumpkin seeds, barley, buckwheat flour, low-fat vanilla yogurt, trail mix, halibut steaks, garbanzo beans, lima beans, soybeans, and spinach]]
Nuts, cereals, cocoa and vegetables are good sources of magnesium.<ref name="nih">{{cite web|url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/magnesium-HealthProfessional/|title = Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Magnesium| publisher = Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health|date=11 February 2016|access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref> Green leafy vegetables such as spinach are also rich in magnesium.<ref name="mlp">{{cite web |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002423.htm | title=Magnesium in diet | publisher=MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health | date=2 February 2016 | access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref>

====Dietary recommendations ====
In the [[United Kingdom|UK]], the recommended daily values by the [[Dietary Reference Intake]] for magnesium are {{val|300|u=mg}} for men and {{val|270|u=mg}} for women.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/vitamins-minerals/Pages/Other-vitamins-minerals.aspx |title=Vitamins and minerals – Others – NHS Choices |publisher=Nhs.uk |date=26 November 2012 |access-date=19 September 2013 |archive-date=7 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407015806/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/vitamins-minerals/Pages/Other-vitamins-minerals.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the U.S. the [[Recommended Dietary Allowances]] (RDAs) are {{val|400|u=mg}} for men ages 19–30 and {{val|420|u=mg}} for older; for women {{val|310|u=mg}} for ages 19–30 and {{val|320|u=mg}} for older.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK109816/ |chapter=6, Magnesium |pages=190–249 |title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride |publisher=National Academy Press |year=1997}}</ref>

====Supplementation====
Numerous [[Magnesium (pharmaceutical preparation)|pharmaceutical preparations of magnesium]] and [[dietary supplement]]s are available. Most people get enough magnesium through a [[healthy diet]], though supplements may help in specific conditions like magnesium deficiency, pregnancy complications, or certain chronic health issues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MD |first=Robert H. Shmerling |date=3 June 2025 |title=What can magnesium do for you and how much do you need? |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/what-can-magnesium-do-for-you-and-how-much-do-you-need-202506033100 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=Harvard Health |language=en}}</ref>

A 2014 [[literature review]] found limited evidence supporting oral magnesium supplementation for [[migraine]] prevention, suggesting that increasing dietary magnesium intake may be a more effective option for patients open to lifestyle changes.<ref name="migraine" />

===Metabolism===
An adult body contains {{val|22|–|26|u=grams}} of magnesium,<ref name="nih" /><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 10727669 | volume=294 | title=Magnesium. An update on physiological, clinical and analytical aspects | date=April 2000 | pages=1–26 |issue=1–2 |vauthors=Saris NE, Mervaala E, Karppanen H, Khawaja JA, Lewenstam A |journal=Clin Chim Acta| doi=10.1016/S0009-8981(99)00258-2 }}</ref> with 60% in the [[skeleton]], 39% intracellular (20% in skeletal muscle), and 1% extracellular.<ref name="nih" /> Serum levels are typically {{val|0.7|–|1.0|u=mmol/L}} or {{val|1.8|–|2.4|u= [[Equivalent (chemistry)|mEq]]/L}}. Serum magnesium levels may be normal even when intracellular magnesium is deficient. The mechanisms for maintaining the magnesium level in the serum are varying [[Gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal]] absorption and [[renal]] excretion. Intracellular magnesium is correlated with intracellular [[potassium]]. Increased magnesium lowers [[calcium]]<ref name="ummedu">{{cite web|url=http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/magnesium|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216071418/http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/magnesium|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2017|title=Magnesium |publisher= University of Maryland Medical Center |website=Umm.edu |date=7 May 2013 |access-date=19 September 2013}}</ref> and can either prevent hypercalcemia or cause hypocalcemia depending on the initial level.<ref name="ummedu" /> Both low and high protein intake conditions inhibit magnesium absorption, as does the amount of [[phosphate]], [[phytate]], and [[fat]] in the gut. Unabsorbed dietary magnesium is excreted in feces; absorbed magnesium is excreted in urine and sweat.<ref name="Wester1987">{{cite journal |author=Wester PO |title=Magnesium |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=45 |issue=5 Suppl |pages=1305–1312 |date=1987 |pmid=3578120|doi=10.1093/ajcn/45.5.1305 }}</ref>

=== Detection in serum and plasma ===
Magnesium status may be assessed by measuring serum and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations coupled with [[Urinary system|urinary]] and [[Feces|fecal]] magnesium content, but intravenous magnesium loading tests are more accurate and practical.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Arnaud MJ |title=Update on the assessment of magnesium status |journal=Br. J. Nutr. |volume=99 |pages=S24–S36 |date=2008|issue=Suppl 3 |pmid=18598586 |doi=10.1017/S000711450800682X |doi-access=free }}</ref> A retention of 20% or more of the injected amount indicates deficiency.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6|author=Rob PM|author2=Dick K|author3=Bley N|author4=Seyfert T|author5=Brinckmann C|author6=Höllriegel V|author7=Friedrich HJ|author8=Dibbelt L|author9=Seelig MS|title=Can one really measure magnesium deficiency using the short-term magnesium loading test? |journal=J. Intern. Med. |volume=246 |issue=4 |pages=373–378 |date=1999 |pmid=10583708 |doi= 10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00580.x |s2cid=6734801|doi-access=free}}</ref> As of 2004, no [[biomarker]] has been established for magnesium.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Franz KB |title=A functional biological marker is needed for diagnosing magnesium deficiency |journal=J Am Coll Nutr |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=738S–741S |date=2004|pmid=15637224 |doi=10.1080/07315724.2004.10719418|s2cid=37427458 }}</ref>

Magnesium concentrations in plasma or serum may be monitored for efficacy and safety in those receiving the drug [[Therapy|therapeutically]], to confirm the diagnosis in potential poisoning victims. The newborn children of mothers who received [[Parenteral nutrition|parenteral]] magnesium sulfate during labor may exhibit toxicity with normal serum magnesium levels.<ref>{{cite book |author=Baselt, R. |title=Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man |publisher=Biomedical Publications |edition=8th |year=2008 |isbn=978-0962652370 |pages=875–877 }}</ref>

===Deficiency===
Low plasma magnesium ([[hypomagnesemia]]) is common: it is found in 2.5–15% of the general population.<ref name="Ayuk">{{cite journal |author1=Ayuk J. |author2=Gittoes N.J. | date = Mar 2014 | title = Contemporary view of the clinical relevance of magnesium homeostasis | journal = Annals of Clinical Biochemistry | volume = 51 | issue = 2| pages = 179–188 | doi = 10.1177/0004563213517628 |pmid=24402002 |s2cid=21441840 | doi-access = free }}</ref> From 2005 to 2006, 48 percent of the United States population consumed less magnesium than recommended in the [[Dietary Reference Intake]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rosanoff |first1=Andrea |last2=Weaver |first2=Connie M |last3=Rude |first3=Robert K |title=Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States: are the health consequences underestimated? |journal=Nutrition Reviews |date=March 2012 |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=153–164 |doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00465.x |pmid=22364157 |url=http://www.nutritionalmagnesium.org/images/stories/pdf/Suboptimalmagnesium.pdf |archive-date=13 February 2021 |access-date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213220135/http://nutritionalmagnesium.org/images/stories/pdf/Suboptimalmagnesium.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other causes are increased renal or gastrointestinal loss, an increased intracellular shift, and proton-pump inhibitor antacid therapy. Most are asymptomatic, but symptoms referable to [[Neuromuscular medicine|neuromuscular]], [[Circulatory system|cardiovascular]], and metabolic dysfunction may occur.<ref name="Ayuk" /> [[Alcoholism]] is often associated with magnesium deficiency. Chronically low serum magnesium levels are associated with [[metabolic syndrome]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[fasciculation]], and hypertension.<ref name="Geiger2012">{{cite journal |author= Geiger H|author2= Wanner C |title= Magnesium in disease |journal= Clin Kidney J |volume=5 |issue= Suppl 1 |pages= i25–i38 |date=2012|doi= 10.1093/ndtplus/sfr165|pmid= 26069818 |pmc= 4455821 }}</ref>

===Therapy===
* Intravenous magnesium is recommended by the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death for patients with ventricular [[Heart arrhythmia|arrhythmia]] associated with [[torsades de pointes]] who present with [[long QT syndrome]]; and for the treatment of patients with digoxin induced arrhythmias.<ref name="Zipes2006">{{cite journal |author= Zipes DP|author2= Camm AJ|author3= Borggrefe M|display-authors= etal |title= ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society |journal= Circulation |volume=114 |pages= e385–e484|date=2012 |doi= 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.178233 |issue= 10 |pmid=16935995|doi-access= free }}</ref>
* Intravenous magnesium sulfate is used for the management of [[pre-eclampsia]] and [[eclampsia]].<ref name="James2010">{{cite journal |author= James MF |title= Magnesium in obstetrics |journal= Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol |volume=24 |pages=327–337|date=2010 |doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2009.11.004 |pmid= 20005782 |issue= 3}}</ref><ref name="Euser2009">{{Cite journal | last1 = Euser | first1 = A. G. | last2 = Cipolla | first2 = M. J. | doi = 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.527788 | title = Magnesium Sulfate for the Treatment of Eclampsia: A Brief Review | journal = Stroke | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 1169–1175 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19211496| pmc =2663594 }}</ref>
* Hypomagnesemia, including that caused by alcoholism, is reversible by oral or parenteral magnesium administration depending on the degree of deficiency.<ref>{{cite book|author=Giannini, A. J.|title=Drugs of Abuse|edition=Second|location=Los Angeles|publisher=Physicians Management Information Co.|date=1997|isbn=978-0874894998}}</ref>
* There is limited evidence that magnesium supplementation may play a role in the prevention and treatment of [[migraine]].<ref name="migraine">{{cite journal |vauthors=Teigen L, Boes CJ |title=An evidence-based review of oral magnesium supplementation in the preventive treatment of migraine |journal=Cephalalgia |volume= 35|issue= 10|pages= 912–922|year=2014 |pmid=25533715 |doi=10.1177/0333102414564891 |s2cid=25398410 |type=Review |quote=There is a strong body of evidence demonstrating a relationship between magnesium status and migraine. Magnesium likely plays a role in migraine development at a biochemical level, but the role of oral magnesium supplementation in migraine prophylaxis and treatment remains to be fully elucidated. The strength of evidence supporting oral magnesium supplementation is limited at this time. }}</ref>

====Other medical applications====

Sorted by type of magnesium salt, other therapeutic applications include:

* [[Magnesium sulfate]], as the [[hydrate|heptahydrate]], also known as [[epsom salts]] from its source mineral, is used as bath salts, a laxative, and a highly soluble fertilizer.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GP1caeWDUWkC&pg=PA224 | page=224 | title = The Fertilizer Encyclopedia | isbn = 978-0470431764 | last1 = Gowariker | first1 = Vasant | last2 = Krishnamurthy |first2=V. P. |first3=Sudha |last3=Gowariker |first4=Manik |last4=Dhanorkar |first5=Kalyani |last5=Paranjape | date = 8 April 2009| publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref>
* [[Magnesium hydroxide]], suspended in water, is used in [[milk of magnesia]] antacids and laxatives.
* [[Magnesium chloride]], [[magnesium oxide|oxide]], [[magnesium gluconate|gluconate]], [[magnesium malate|malate]], [[magnesium orotate|orotate]], [[Magnesium glycinate|glycinate]], [[magnesium ascorbate|ascorbate]] and [[magnesium citrate|citrate]] are all used as oral magnesium supplements.
* Magnesium [[borate]], [[magnesium salicylate|salicylate]], and [[magnesium sulfate|sulfate]] are used as [[antiseptic]]s.
* [[Magnesium stearate]] is a slightly flammable white powder with lubricating properties. In [[pharmacology|pharmaceutical]] technology, it is used in pharmacological manufacture to prevent [[Tablet (pharmacy)|tablets]] from sticking to the equipment while compressing the ingredients into tablet form.
* [[Magnesium carbonate]] powder is used by athletes such as gymnasts, weightlifters, and climbers to eliminate palm sweat, prevent sticking, and improve the grip on gymnastic apparatus, lifting bars, and climbing rocks.

===Overdose===
Overdose from dietary sources alone is unlikely because excess magnesium in the blood is promptly filtered by the [[kidney]]s. Overdose is more likely in the presence of impaired renal function.<ref name="Ayuk" /> Overdose is likely in cases of excessive intake of supplements. [[Megavitamin therapy]] has caused death in a child,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McGuire |first1=John K. |last2=Kulkarni |first2=Mona Shah |last3=Baden |first3=Harris P. |title=Fatal Hypermagnesemia in a Child Treated with Megavitamin/Megamineral Therapy |journal=Pediatrics |date=1 February 2000 |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=e18 |doi=10.1542/peds.105.2.e18 |pmid=10654978 }}</ref> and severe [[hypermagnesemia]] in a woman and a young girl who had healthy kidneys.<ref name="Kontani M, Hara A, Ohta S, Ikeda T 2005 448–452">{{cite journal |author=Kontani M|author2=Hara A|author3=Ohta S|author4= Ikeda T |title=Hypermagnesemia induced by massive cathartic ingestion in an elderly woman without pre-existing renal dysfunction |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=448–452 |date=2005 |pmid=15942092| doi = 10.2169/internalmedicine.44.448|doi-access=free |hdl=2297/16751 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kutsal|first1=Ebru|last2=Aydemir|first2=Cumhur|last3=Eldes|first3=Nilufer|last4=Demirel|first4=Fatma|last5=Polat|first5=Recep|last6=Taspınar|first6=Ozan|last7=Kulah|first7=Eyup|title=Severe Hypermagnesemia as a Result of Excessive Cathartic Ingestion in a Child Without Renal Failure|journal=Pediatrics|date=February 2000|volume=205|issue=2|pages=570–572|doi=10.1097/PEC.0b013e31812eef1c|pmid=17726419}}</ref> The most common symptoms of overdose are nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; other symptoms include [[hypotension]], confusion, slowed heart and [[Respiratory system|respiratory]] rates, deficiencies of other minerals, [[coma]], [[Cardiac arrhythmia/bradycardia|cardiac arrhythmia]], and death from [[cardiac arrest]].<ref name="ummedu" />

===Function in plants===
Plants require magnesium to synthesize [[chlorophyll]], essential for [[photosynthesis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magnesium |url=https://www.tfi.org/sites/default/files/tfi-magnesium.pdf |access-date=14 July 2023 |publisher=The Fertilizer Institute |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318010641/https://www.tfi.org/sites/default/files/tfi-magnesium.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Magnesium in the center of the [[porphyrin ring]] in chlorophyll functions in a manner similar to the iron in the center of the porphyrin ring in [[heme]]. [[Magnesium deficiency (plants)|Magnesium deficiency]] in plants causes late-season yellowing between leaf veins,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2023 |title=What Is the Connection between Chlorophyll and Magnesium? |url=http://www.allthingsnature.org/what-is-the-connection-between-chlorophyll-and-magnesium.htm |access-date=14 July 2023 |website=All Things Nature |language=en-US}}</ref> especially in older leaves, and can be corrected by either applying epsom salts (which is rapidly leached), or crushed dolomitic limestone, to the soil.

==Safety precautions==
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[[File:Burning Magnesium Block!.ogv|thumb|right|Magnesium block heated with blow torch to self-combustion, emitting intense white light|start=2:40|thumbtime=4:00]]

Magnesium metal and its alloys can be explosive hazards; they are highly flammable in their pure form when molten or in powder or ribbon form. Burning or molten magnesium reacts violently with water. When working with powdered magnesium, [[safety glasses]] with [[eye protection]] and UV filters (such as welders use) are employed because burning magnesium produces [[ultraviolet]] light that can permanently damage the [[retina]] of a human eye.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/docs/support/scisafe/chapter8.html |title=Science Safety: Chapter 8 |publisher=Government of Manitoba |access-date=21 August 2007}}</ref>

Magnesium is capable of reducing [[water (molecule)|water]] and releasing highly flammable [[hydrogen]] gas:<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd}}</ref>

:Mg(s) + 2 {{chem|H|2|O}}(l) → [[Magnesium hydroxide|{{chem|Mg(OH)|2}}]](s) + {{chem|H|2}}(g)

Therefore, water cannot extinguish magnesium fires. The hydrogen gas produced intensifies the fire. Dry sand is an effective smothering agent, but only on relatively level and flat surfaces.

Magnesium reacts with [[carbon dioxide]] exothermically to form [[magnesium oxide]] and [[carbon]]:<ref name=CO2>{{multiref|{{cite web |url=http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/demos/main_pages/9.8.html |title=The Reaction Between Magnesium and CO2|publisher=Purdue University|access-date=15 June 2016}}|{{cite video|first1=David|last1=Whisnant|first2=David|last2=Phillips|first3=Kelly|last3=Houston Jetzer|orig-date=6 March 2012|year=2022|title=Reaction of magnesium with carbon dioxide|url=https://www.chemedx.org/video/reaction-magnesium-carbon-dioxide|type=web video|publisher=American Chemical Society, Division of Chemical Education|via=ChemEdX}}}}</ref>

:2 Mg(s) + {{chem|CO|2}}(g) → 2 MgO(s) + C(s)

Hence, carbon dioxide fuels rather than extinguishes magnesium fires.

Burning magnesium can be quenched by using a [[Fire extinguisher#Class D dry powder and other agents for metal fires|Class D]] dry chemical fire extinguisher, or by covering the fire with [[sand]] or magnesium foundry flux to remove its air source.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cote |first=Arthur E. |date=2003 |title=Operation of Fire Protection Systems |publisher= Jones & Bartlett Learning |page=667 |isbn= 978-0877655848}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Chemistry}}
* [[List of countries by magnesium production]]
* [[Magnesium oil]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Cited sources==
*{{RubberBible99th}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/012.htm Magnesium] at ''[[The Periodic Table of Videos]]'' (University of Nottingham)
* [http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/element.asp Chemistry in its element podcast] (MP3) from the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]]'s [[Chemistry World]]: [http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_Magnesium_48kbps_tcm18-128524.mp3 Magnesium]
* {{cite journal |title=Magnesium – a versatile and often overlooked element: New perspectives with a focus on chronic kidney disease |journal=Clinical Kidney Journal |date=February 2012 |volume=5 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=NP |doi=10.1093/ndtplus/sfs035 |pmid=26069823 |pmc=4455823 }}
* [[usgs.gov]]: [https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025.pdf#page=112 Magnesium compounds and Magnesium Metal] (Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025, p112-115)

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[[Category:Magnesium| ]]
[[Category:Chemical elements]]
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[[Category:Dietary minerals]]
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U. G. Krishnamurti

2026-03-15T21:19:07Z

Sunil Tani: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Indian contemporary spirituality figure (1918–2007)}}
{{Distinguish|Jiddu Krishnamurti}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Primary sources|date=February 2022}}
{{Cleanup|reason=Needs a thorough copy-edit, better headings, general structure, rm of underlying promotional tone, additional citations|date=December 2025}}
}}

{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| name = U. G. Krishnamurti
| image = UGKrishnamurti.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1918|7|9}}
| birth_name = Uppaluri Gopala Krishnamurti
| birth_place = [[Machilipatnam]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2007|3|22|1918|7|9}}
| death_place = [[Vallecrosia, Italy]]
| education = [[University of Madras]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| occupation = Public speaker {{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|p=244}}
| title =
| spouse =
| parents =
| children = 4
| nationality =
}}

'''Uppaluri Gopala Krishnamurti''' (9 July 1918 – 22 March 2007) was an Indian "anti-guru"{{sfn|Braak|2016|p=49}}{{sfn|Mehrotra|2009}}{{sfn|Rao|2022}} who questioned the search for [[moksha|enlightenment]]. Having pursued a religious path in his youth and eventually rejecting it, U.G. clarified that he had experienced a devastating biological transformation on his 49th birthday, an event he referred to as "the calamity". He emphasized that this transformation back to "the natural state" is a rare, acausal, biological occurrence with no religious context. Because of this, he discouraged people from pursuing the "natural state" as a spiritual goal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ugkrishnamurti.net/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010603005855/http://www.ugkrishnamurti.net/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=3 June 2001 |title=Home |website=ugkrishnamurti.net}}</ref>

He rejected the basis of thought and in doing so negated all systems of thought and knowledge. Hence he explained his assertions were experiential and not speculative – "Tell them that there is ''nothing'' to understand."

He was unrelated to his contemporary [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]], although the two men had a number of meetings because of their association with the [[Theosophical Society]]<ref>[[wikisource:Mind is a Myth|Mind is a Myth]]</ref> and U.G. has, at times, referred to him as "[his] teacher" in spite of having ultimately rejected his teachings as well as the idea that anything could or should be taught in any spiritual context.

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
U.G. was born on 9 July 1918 in [[Machilipatnam]], a town in coastal [[Andhra Pradesh]], India, and raised in the nearby town of [[Gudivada]]. His mother died seven days after he was born, and he was brought up by his maternal grandfather, a wealthy [[Brahmin]] lawyer, who was also involved in the [[Theosophical Society]]. U.G. also became a member of the Theosophical Society during his teenage years and mentions having "inherited" his association with the Theosophical Society from his grandfather.<ref>Krishnamurti in ''[[wikisource:The Mystique of Enlightenment/Part One|Mystique of Enlightenment]]''</ref> South Indian actresses [[Gautami]] and [[Soumya Bollapragada]] are his very close relatives.

During the same period of his life, U.G. reportedly practised various [[Asceticism|austerities]] and sought ''[[moksha]]'' or liberation.

To that end, between the ages of 14 and 21, he undertook a variety of spiritual exercises, determined to find out whether moksha was possible. Wanting to achieve that state, he had also resolved to prove that if there were people who have thus "realized" themselves, they could not be [[hypocritical]].<ref group="note">U.G. carried on at some length – in practically every published work – about what he perceived as the hypocrisy of religious/spiritual people, his grandfather and other prominent Theosophists included.</ref> As part of this endeavour, he searched for a person who was an embodiment of such "realization".{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

He spent seven summers in the [[Himalayas]] with [[Swami Sivananda]] studying [[yoga]] and practising [[meditation]].<ref group=note>U.G. would later also dismiss this period with Sivananda as a useless exercise.</ref> During his 20s, U.G. began attending the [[University of Madras]], studying psychology, philosophy, mysticism, and the sciences. He dropped out of the Master's program with the idea that the answers of the West – to what he considered were essential questions – were no better than those of the East.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

=== Quest ===
In 1939, at age 21, U.G. met with known spiritual teacher [[Ramana Maharshi]]. U.G. related that he asked Ramana, "This thing called moksha, can you give it to me?" – to which Ramana Maharshi replied, "I can give it, but can you take it?". This answer completely altered U.G.'s perceptions of the "spiritual path" and its practitioners. Later, U.G. would say that Maharshi's answer – which he perceived as "arrogant" – put him "back on track".<ref>[http://www.inner-quest.org/UG_R.htm Biographical details at inner-quest]</ref>

In 1941, he began working for the Theosophical Society, in [[C.W. Leadbeater]]'s library.<ref group=note>Eventually, U.G. was elected Joint General Secretary of the Indian Section. His association with the Society lasted until the early-mid 1950s, see ''[[s:The Mystique of Enlightenment/Part One|Mystique of Enlightenment]]''.</ref> Shortly after, he began an international lecture tour on behalf of the Society, visiting Norway, Belgium, Germany and the United States. Returning to India, he married a Brahmin woman named Kusuma Kumari in 1943, at age 25.<ref>[http://www.sentientpublications.com/authors/ug.php UG biography at sentientpublications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806044605/http://www.sentientpublications.com/authors/ug.php |date=6 August 2007 }}</ref>

From 1947 to 1953, U.G. regularly attended talks given by Jiddu Krishnamurti in [[Madras]], India, beginning a direct dialogue with him in 1953.<ref name="Mystique2">{{cite book|last=Krishnamurti|first=U. G.|author2=Rodney Arms |edition=3rd|year=2001|title=Mystique of Enlightenment Part One|url=http://www.well.com/user/jct/mystiq.htm|access-date=5 September 2007}}</ref>{{efn-la|U. G. Krishnamurti described one of their meetings as follows: "We really didn't get along well. Whenever we met we locked horns over some issue or other. For instance, I never shared his concern for the world, or his belief that his teaching would profoundly affect the thoughts and actions of mankind for the next five hundred years – a fantasy of the Theosophist [[occultists]]. In one of our meetings I told Krishnamurti, "I am not called upon to save the world." He asked, "The house is on fire – what will you do?" "Pour more gasoline on it and maybe something will rise from the ashes", I remarked. Krishnamurti said, "You are absolutely impossible". Then I said, "You are still a Theosophist. You have never freed yourself from the [[World Teacher]] role. There is a story in the Avadhuta Gita which talks of the [[Avadhuta|avadhut]] who stopped at a wayside inn and was asked by the innkeeper, 'What is your teaching?' He replied, 'There is no teacher, no teaching and no one taught.' And then he walked away. You too repeat these phrases and yet you are so concerned with preserving your teaching for posterity in its pristine purity."{{sfn|Bhatt|1992}}<ref>[https://people.well.com/user/jct/ugbio/ugbio4.htm U.G. Krishnamurti: A life. 4. Locking of Horns]</ref>}} U.G. related that the two had almost daily discussions for a while, which he asserted were not providing satisfactory answers to his questions. Finally, their meetings came to a halt. He described part of the final discussion:

{{blockquote|And then, towards the end, I insisted, "Come on, is there anything behind the abstractions you are throwing at me?" And that chappie said, "You have no way of knowing it for yourself". Finish – that was the end of our relationship, you see – "If I have no way of knowing it, you have no way of communicating it. What the hell are we doing? I've wasted seven years. Goodbye, I don't want to see you again". Then I walked out.<ref name="Mystique2"/>}}

After the fallout with Jiddu Krishnamurti, U.G. continued travelling, still lecturing. At about the same time he states that he had been "puzzled" by the continuing appearance of certain [[psychic]] powers.<ref name="Mystique2"/> In 1955, U.G. and his family went to the United States to seek medical treatment for his eldest son, and stayed there for five years.<ref name=":0">{{harvtxt|Bhatt|1992|location=India|quote=1}}: Then U.G. gave her an ultimatum in Krishnamurti's presence, 'You have the choice to leave me and go on your own with the ninety thousand dollars or to go to the United States with me to get the treatment for the boy. In either case I am going to the US.' … U.G. was in America for over five years. 2) Need I say that when I burst forth into the world—the joy which overflows the heart is indeed bursting forth—I will be a new man? 3) 'Mahesh, actually, he bored me stiff with the same old stuff,' he told me. That was U.G.'s last visit with Krishnamurti.</ref>:1

===London period===
He separated from his family and went to live in London.<ref group=note>U.G. had earlier inherited a considerable – for the time – sum of money from his grandfather. While in the US for his son's treatments, he felt more clear and grounded into himself. See ''[[wikisource:The Mystique of Enlightenment/Part One|Mystique of Enlightenment]]''.</ref> While sitting one day in [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]], he was confronted by a police officer who threatened to lock him up if he didn't leave the park. Down to his last five [[pence]], he made his way to the [[Ramakrishna Mission]] of London where the residing [[Swami]] gave him money for a hotel room for the night. The following day, U.G. began working for the Ramakrishna Mission, an arrangement that lasted for three months. Before leaving the mission he left a letter for the residing ''Swamiji'' telling him that he had become a new man.<ref name=":0" />:2

About this time, Jiddu Krishnamurti was in London and the two Krishnamurtis renewed their acquaintance. Jiddu tried to advise U.G. on his recent marital troubles,<ref>{{harvnb|Bhatt|1992}}: "I don't trust anyone who has not raised his own children to educate them or to talk about how to raise or educate them. If you raised your own children, then you would understand."</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2025}} but U.G. declined his help. Jiddu eventually persuaded him to attend a few talks he was giving in London, which U.G. did, but found himself bored listening to him.<ref name=":0" />:3

In 1961, U.G. put an end to his relationship with his wife. Their marriage had been a unhappy affair, and by that time he described himself as being "detached" from his family, emotionally as well as physically. He then left London and spent three months living in Paris, using funds he had obtained by selling his unused return ticket to India, during which time he ate a different variety of cheese each day. Down to his last 150 [[francs]], he decided to go to Switzerland where he still had a small bank account. By mistake he went by train to Geneva, rather than Zurich, where the bank account was.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mystique of Enlightenment|last=Arms|first=Rodney|publisher=Sahasranama Prakashana|year=2001|location=Bangalore, India|quote=Finally.... I had had a bank account in Switzerland for years and years – I thought I still had some money there. The last resort was to go to Switzerland and take the money out and then see what happened. So I came out of the hotel and got into a taxi and said "Take me to the Gare de Lyon." But the trains from Paris to Zurich (where I had my account) go from the Gare de l'Est, so I don't know why I told him to take me to the Gare de Lyon. So, he dropped me at the Gare de Lyon, and I got into the train going to Geneva.}}</ref>

===Early Swiss period===
After two weeks in [[Geneva]], U.G. was unable to pay his hotel bill and sought refuge at the Indian Consulate. He was listless, without hope, and described himself as "finished" – he requested that he be sent back to India, which the consular authorities refused to do at the state's expense. A consulate employee in her 60s named Valentine de Kerven offered U.G. shelter. Valentine and U.G. became good friends, and she provided him with a home in Switzerland.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

For the next few years, the questions regarding the subject of enlightenment – or anything else – did not interest him, and he did nothing to further his enquiry. But by 1967, U.G. was again concerned with the subject of enlightenment, wanting to know what that state was, which sages such as [[Siddhārtha Gautama]] purportedly attained. Hearing that Jiddu Krishnamurti was giving a talk in [[Saanen]], U.G. decided to attend. During the talk, Jiddu was describing the state and U.G. thought that it referred to himself. He explained it as follows:

{{blockquote|When I Iistened to him, something funny happened to me – a peculiar kind of feeling that he was describing my state and not his state. Why did I want to know his state? He was describing something, some movements, some awareness, some silence – "In that silence there is no mind; there is action" – all kinds of things. So, I am in that state. What the hell have I been doing these 30 or 40 years, listening to all these people and struggling, wanting to understand his state or the state of somebody else, [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] or Jesus? I am in that state. Now I am in that state. So, then I walked out of the tent and never looked back.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishnamurti |first=U. G. |title=The mystique of enlightenment : conversations with U.G. Krishnamurti |date=2005 |publisher=Smriti Books |others=Rodney Arms, Sunita Pant Bansal |isbn=81-87967-09-9 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |pages= |oclc=61451800}}</ref>}}
He continues:
{{blockquote|Then – very strange – that question "What is that state?" transformed itself into another question "How do I know that I am in that state, the state of Buddha, the state I very much wanted and demanded from everybody? I am in that state, but how do I know?"<ref name="Mystique2"/>}}

=== The Calamity ===
The next day U.G. was again pondering the question "How do I know I am in that state?" with no answer forthcoming. He later recounted that on suddenly realising the question had no answer, there was an unexpected physical, as well as psychological, reaction. It seemed to him like "a sudden 'explosion' inside, blasting, as it were, every cell, every nerve and every gland in my body." Afterwards, he started experiencing what he called "the calamity", a series of bizarre [[physiological]] transformations that took place over the course of a week, affecting each one of his senses, and finally resulting in a deathlike experience. He described it this way:

{{blockquote|I call it "calamity" because from the point of view of one who thinks this is something fantastic, blissful and full of beatitude, love, or [[ecstasy (emotion)|ecstasy]], this is physical torture; this is a calamity from that point of view. Not a calamity to me but a calamity to those who have an image that something marvelous is going to happen.<ref name=Mystique2/>}}

Upon the eighth day:
{{blockquote|Then, on the eighth day I was sitting on the sofa and suddenly there was an outburst of tremendous energy – tremendous energy shaking the whole body, and along with the body, the sofa, the [[chalet]] and the whole universe, as it were – shaking, vibrating. You can't create that movement at all. It was sudden. Whether it was coming from outside or inside, from below or above, I don't know – I couldn't locate the spot; it was all-over. It lasted for hours and hours. I couldn't bear it but there was nothing I could do to stop it; there was a total helplessness. This went on and on, day after day, day after day.<ref name=Mystique2/>}}

{{blockquote|The energy that is operating there does not feel the limitations of the body; it is not interested; it has its own momentum. It is a very painful thing. It is not that ecstatic, blissful beatitude and all that rubbish – stuff and nonsense! – it is really a painful thing.<ref name=Mystique2/>}}

U.G. could not, and did not, explain the [[provenance]] of the calamity experiences. In response to questions, he maintained that it happened "in spite of" his pre-occupation with – and search for – enlightenment. He also maintained that the calamity had nothing to do with his life up to that point, or with his upbringing. Several times he described the calamity happening to him as a matter of [[Randomness|chance]], and he insisted that he could not possibly, in any way, impart that experience to anybody else.<ref name=Mystique2/><ref>In the introduction to ''Mind Is a Myth: Disquieting Conversations with the Man Called U.G.'', editor Terry Newland states that at age 35, U.G. started getting headaches and appearing younger, rather than older. According to that account, by the time of his 49th birthday, he appeared to be 17 or 18 years old, while after the calamity he started aging normally again, but continued to look far younger than his years. See [http://www.well.com/user/jct/intro.html ''Mind is a Myth'': Introduction, Section 4]</ref>

===Post-calamity===
According to U.G., his life-story can be separated into the pre- and post-calamity parts. Describing his post-calamity life, he stated that he was functioning permanently in what he called "the natural state": A state of spontaneous, purely physical, sensory existence, characterised by [[:wikt:discontinuity|discontinuity]] – though not absence – of thought. U.G. also maintained that upon finding himself in the "natural state", he had lost all acquired knowledge and memories, and had to re-learn everything, as if "...the slate had been wiped clean".<ref>''The Natural State, In the words of U.G. Krishnamurti]'', Smitri Books, 2005. {{ISBN|81-87967-77-3}}. Discussions with U.G., compiled by Peter Maverick.</ref>

After his calamity experience, U.G. often traveled to countries around the world, declining to hold formal discussions yet talking freely to visitors and those that sought him out. He gave his only formal post-calamity public talk in India, in 1972.<ref>[http://www.well.com/user/jct/Talk.htm Public talk] At the Indian Institute of World Culture, Bangalore.</ref>

{{blockquote|Nagaraj who was sitting quietly all this time said, "U.G., what exactly are you trying to put across?" U.G. replied, "Depends on you, not on me. This you don't seem to understand. You are the only medium through which I can express myself."<ref name="TheSageAndTheHousewife">{{cite book|last1=Kelker|first1=Shanta|title=The Sage and the Housewife|date=1990|publisher=Sowmya Publications|url=http://www.well.com/~jct/sage4.htm}}</ref> }}

===Death===
On 22 March 2007, U.G. died at [[Vallecrosia]] in Italy. He had slipped and injured himself and was bedridden for seven weeks before his death. Three friends, including long-time devotee [[Mahesh Bhatt]], were in the city with him when he died.<ref>
[https://web.archive.org/web/20080310222742/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/25/stories/2007032502741000.htm ''The Hindu'', March 25, 2007]</ref> Mahesh states in his biography of U.G., "''U.G. Krishnamurti, A Life''", that U.G. died alone after Mahesh and those present went out for a brief walk with the specific intention of allowing U.G. some moments of solitude to die in peace. In February 2007, he had dictated his final speech, "My Swan Song".<ref>U.G. Krishnamurti [http://www.well.com/user/jct/SWAN_SONG.htm "My Swan Song"]</ref>

U.G. had asked that no rituals or [[funeral rites]] be conducted upon his death; also, he did not leave instructions on how to dispose of his body. His body was cremated by Bhatt the next day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugkrishnamurti.org/ug/obi/index.html|title=Obituary|access-date=5 September 2007}}</ref> True to his own philosophy, U.G. did not want to be remembered after his death.<ref>[http://movies.monstersandcritics.com/indiancinema/news/article_1283263.php/Mahesh_Bhatt_mourns_U.G._Krishnamurtis_death Mahesh Bhatt mourns U.G.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115201446/http://movies.monstersandcritics.com/indiancinema/news/article_1283263.php/Mahesh_Bhatt_mourns_U.G._Krishnamurtis_death |date=15 November 2007 }}</ref>

==Health==
U.G. was known for his unusual health and diet preferences.<ref name="UGCookbook">[http://www.travelswithug.com/resources/UGCookbook.pdf U.G. And Food]. Retrieved 24 August 2012.</ref> Carrying with him a "portable kitchen" in a tiny suitcase throughout his travels, he consumed a great deal of salt and cream, and stated "no meal should take longer than a few minutes to prepare." After 1949, U.G. never saw a doctor or took medication, believing the body would take care of itself. Often complimented for good looks in his old age, U.G. would respond "that's because I don't eat healthy food, I don't take vitamins, and I don't exercise!"<ref name="UGCookbook"/>

==No teaching==
U.G. emphasised the impossibility and non-necessity of any human change, radical or mundane. These assertions, he stated, cannot be considered as a "teaching", that is, something intended to be used to bring about a change. He insisted that the body and its actions are already perfect, and he considered attempts to change or mould the body as violations of the peace and the harmony that is already there:<ref name="NoWayOut">{{cite book|last1=Noronha|first1=Frank|last2=Moorty|first2=J.S.R.L.Narayana|title=No Way Out|date=1991|publisher=Akshaya Publications|url=http://www.well.com/user/jct/nwo1.htm}}</ref>
{{blockquote|I have no teaching. There is nothing to preserve. Teaching implies something that can be used to bring about change. Sorry, there is no teaching here, just disjointed, disconnected sentences. What is there is only your interpretation, nothing else. For this reason there is not now nor will there ever be any kind of copyright for whatever I am saying. I have no claims.<ref name="MindIsAMyth">{{cite book|last1=Newland|first1=Terry|title=Mind Is A Myth|date=1988|publisher=Dinesh Publications}}</ref>}}

U.G. maintained that the reason people came to him (and to [[guru]]s) was to find solutions for their everyday real problems, and/or for solutions to a fabricated problem, namely, the search for spirituality and enlightenment. He insisted that this search is caused by the [[cultural environment]], which demands [[conformity]] of individuals as it simultaneously places within them the desire to be special – the achievement of enlightenment thus viewed as a crowning expression of an individual's "specialness" and uniqueness. Consequently, the desire for enlightenment is exploited by gurus, spiritual teachers, and other "sellers of shoddy goods", who pretend to offer various ways to reach that goal. According to U.G., all these facilitators never deliver, and cannot ever deliver, since the goal itself (i.e. enlightenment), is unreachable.<ref>[http://www.lifepositive.com/Spirit/new-age-catalysts/krishnamurti.asp An Interview with UG at lifepositive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116132922/http://www.lifepositive.com/Spirit/new-age-catalysts/krishnamurti.asp |date=16 November 2007 }} Also see [http://gatelessgate.wordpress.com/category/ugkrishnamurti/ Interview at GatelessGate online magazine].</ref>

The self, as he perceived, is an illusory entity projected by thought and sustained by the "demand" to bring about change in the world, in itself, or in both.<ref name="NoWayOut"/> According to U.G., the self-consciousness or "I" in human beings is born out of the need to give oneself continuity through the constant utilisation of thought.<ref name=Mystique2/> When this continuity is broken, even for a split second, its hold on the body is broken and the body falls into its natural rhythm. Thought also falls into its natural place – then it can no longer interfere or influence the working of the human body. In the absence of any continuity, the arising thoughts combust.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} According to U.G., "The so called self-realization is the discovery for yourself and by yourself that there is no self to discover. That will be a very shocking thing because it's going to blast every nerve, every cell, even the cells in the marrow of your bones."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ugkrishnamurti.org/ug/quotes_and_photos/album02/page01.html | title=Essential UG-- Album02 page01 }}</ref>

Likewise, U.G. rejected the notion of a knower by turning the epistemological cornerstone "Cogito, ergo sum" by Descartes on its head, postulating that there is no one thinking, there is just thinking. He went one step further in his statement: "What is there is about thought but not thought itself."<ref name="NoWayOut"/> Furthermore, human [[self-consciousness]] is not a thing, but a movement, one characterised by "perpetual malcontent" and a "fascist insistence" on its own importance and survival.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

While U.G. denied the existence of an individual mind he accepted the concept of a world mind, which according to him contained the accumulation of the totality of man's knowledge and experience.<ref>Newland, Terry. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070214001553/http://www.ugkrishnamurti.net/ugkrishnamurti-net/chapter3.html Mind is a myth]}}. Dinesh Publications, 1988, Ch. 1, "Our mind--".</ref> He also used "thought sphere" ([[Noosphere|atmosphere of thoughts]]) synonymously with the term "world mind". He stated that human beings inhabit this thought realm or thought sphere and that the human brain acts like an antenna, picking and choosing thoughts according to its needs.<ref>Newland, Terry. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070214001603/http://www.ugkrishnamurti.net/ugkrishnamurti-net/chapter4.html Mind is a myth]}}. Dinesh Publications, 1988, Ch. 4, "Mind is everywhere".</ref>

==Selected publications==
* ''[https://archive.org/details/UGKrishnamurtiTheCourageToStandAlone The Courage to Stand Alone: Conversations with U.G. Krishnamurti]'', 2001, Smriti Books. {{ISBN|81-87967-06-4}}
* ''[https://archive.org/details/TheMystiqueOfEnlightenmentU.G.Krishnamurti The Mystique of Enlightenment: The Radical Ideas of U.G. Krishnamurti]'', 2002, Sentient Publications. {{ISBN|0-9710786-1-0|81-87967-09-9}}
* ''Thought is Your Enemy: Conversations with U.G. Krishnamurti'', 2002, Smriti Books. {{ISBN|81-87967-11-0}}
* ''The Little Book of Questions'', 2003, Penguin Books. {{ISBN|0-14-029938-6}}
* ''[https://archive.org/details/MindIsAMythU.G.Krishnamurti Mind Is a Myth: Conversations with U.G. Krishnamurti]'', 2003, Smriti Books. {{ISBN|81-87967-10-2}}
* ''[https://archive.org/details/NoWayOutU.G.Krishnamurti No Way Out: Conversations with U.G. Krishnamurti]'', 2005, Smriti Books. {{ISBN|81-87967-08-0}}
* ''[https://archive.org/details/TheNaturalStateU.G.Krishnamurti The Natural State, In the words of U.G. Krishnamurti]'', 2005, Smriti Books. {{ISBN|81-87967-77-3}}

==Reception==
His unorthodox non-message philosophy and the uncompromising, direct style of its presentation, generated a measure of notoriety and sharply-divided opinions. At the extremes, some people considered him enlightened,<ref>{{cite book|last1=McKenna|first1=Jed|title=Spiritually Incorrect Enlightenment|date=2010|publisher=Wisefool Press|quote=... as well as to hold up the state of the realized being for observation ... U.G. Krishnamurti is challenging and entertaining.}}</ref> while others considered him nothing more than a [[charlatan]].<ref>[http://www.theabsolute.net/minefield/ug.html A Critique Of U.G. Krishnamurti] Opinion piece by David Quinn, from the "Thinking Man's Minefield" website.</ref> The clamour increased as books and articles about U.G. and his newly expounded philosophy continued appearing.<ref>[http://drvasu.wordpress.com/2007/10/29/u-g-krishnamurthi-the-global-vagabond/ The global vagabond] One of several informative blog entries by someone who knew U.G. personally, accompanied by a variety of comments.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Myth of Progress]]
* [[Nihilism]]
* [[Skepticism]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

* {{cite book | last =Bhatt | first =Mahesh | year =1992 | title =U.G. Krishnamurti, a Life | isbn=9780140126204|publisher =Viking }}
* {{cite book | last =Braak | first =Andre van de | year =2016 |title =Enlightenment Blues | publisher =Monkfish Book Publishing}}

* {{cite book | last1 =Jones | first1 =Constance A. | last2 =Ryan | first2 =James D. | year =2007 | title =Encyclopedia of Hinduism | publisher =Facts On File, Inc. | isbn =978-0-8160-5458-9 | url =https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhi0000jone/page/244/mode/1up?q=%22U.+G.+Krishnamurti%22}}

* {{cite book | last =Mehrotra | first =Rajiv | year =2009 | title =The Mind of the Guru | publisher =Hay House}}

* {{cite book | last =Rao | first =Mukunda | year =2022 | title =India's Greatest Minds: Spiritual Masters, Philosophers, Reformers | publisher =Hachette UK}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
;Talks
* Mukunda Rao, ''The Biology of Enlightenment: Unpublished Conversations of U.G. Krishnamurti After He Came into The Natural State'' (1967–71), 2011, HarperCollins India.
* ''The Penguin U.G. Krishnamurti Reader'', 2007, Penguin Books. {{ISBN|0-14-310102-1}}. (Mukunda Rao, Editor)
* ''Thought Is Dead: Moving Beyond Spiritual Materialism'', 2010, {{ISBN|978-1-4537-0937-5}}. (Includes partial transcript of dialogue with David Bohm)
* ''The Anti Guru: A Selection of His Greatest Talks'', 2010, {{ISBN|978-1-4610-1308-2}}.

;Biography
* Mahesh Bhatt, ''U.G. Krishnamurti: A Life'', 1992, Viking. {{ISBN|0-14-012620-1}}.
* Shanta Kelker, ''[https://archive.org/details/TheSageAndTheHousewifeU.G.Krishnamurti The Sage And the Housewife]'', 2005, Smriti Books. {{ISBN|81-87967-74-9}}.
* K. Chandrasekhar, J. S. R. L. Narayana Moorty, ''Stopped in Our Tracks: Stories of UG in India'', 2005, Smriti Books. {{ISBN|81-87967-76-5}}.
* Louis Brawley, ''No More Questions. The final travels of U.G. Krishnamurti'', 2011. Penguin Books. {{ISBN|9780143417347}}.
* Nicolas C. Grey, James Farley, ''This Dog Barking: The Strange Story of U.G. Krishnamurti'', 2017, Harper Element. Graphic Novel. {{ISBN|978-9352643776}}.

;Other
* Mukunda Rao, ''The Other Side of Belief: Interpreting U.G. Krishnamurti'', 2005, Penguin Books. {{ISBN|0-14-400035-0}}.

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
* [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/browse?type=lcsubc&key=Krishnamurti%2C%20U.%20G.%20(Uppaluri%20Gopala) Krishnamurti, U. G. (Uppaluri Gopala) Books and Interviews Online]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20010603005855/http://www.ugkrishnamurti.net/ U.G. Krishnamurti.net]}} Most of the published works by, and about, U.G. can be found here and read freely on- or offline in their entirety.

{{Authority control}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnamurti, U. G.}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:People from Machilipatnam]]
[[Category:Writers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Former Theosophists]]
[[Category:Critics of religions]]
[[Category:Telugu writers]]

Kingdom of Kottayam

2026-03-14T11:56:38Z

Sunil Tani: fixed issues

{{Short description|Feudal city-state in Malabar, India}}
{{For|the city at the centre of the kingdom|Kottayam-Malabar}}{{Distinguish|Kottayam}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
[[File:Veera Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja.jpg|thumbnail|Veera Kerala Varma [[Pazhassi Raja]]; painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]].]]
'''Kottayam (Cotiote)''' was a feudal city-state in [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]], present-day [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="Logan2000">{{cite book|author=William Logan|title=Malabar Manual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mR2QXrVEJIC&pg=PA1|year=2000|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0446-9|pages=1–}}</ref> Kottayam (Cotiote) is famed for [[Pazhassi Raja]], one of the principal leaders of the Wayanad Insurrection (Kottayam Pazhassi rebellion or [[Cotiote War|Kottayam War]]). Pazhassi Raja was a member of the western branch of the Kottayam royal clan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RE5rewAACAAJ|title=A Survey of Kerala History|date=2006|publisher=S. Viswanathan|isbn=978-81-87156-01-7|pages=172|language=en}}</ref> When [[Hyder Ali]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] [[Mysore invasion of Kerala|occupied Malabar]] in 1773, the Raja of Kottayam found political asylum in [[Travancore]]. In 1790, the British recognized Pazhassi Raja as the head of Kottayam instead of the original Raja who had taken refuge at Travancore.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC|title=Kerala History and its Makers|date=2011-03-04|publisher=D C Books|isbn=978-81-264-3782-5|pages=168|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The origin of the Kottayam royal family is lost in obscurity. By tradition Harischandara Perumal who built a fort at Puralimala and resided there is regarded as the founder of the Kottayam family. The rajas of Kottayam were therefore called Puralisas and were also known as Purannattu rajas, who ruled over the land of Purainad. Descendants of the Puraikizhar family and are referred to in the Tirunelveli copper plate of Bhaskara Ravi Varman. At times, the part of Kolathunad, the Kottayam principality gradually acquired independent control over the territories lying in the [[Thalassery|Tellichery]] taluk, shared the area with the Iruvazhinad Nambiars and also extended its jurisdiction up to the borders of [[Coorg Province|Coorg]]. The family came to have three branches: Eastern, Southern and Western. The first two had their seat at Kottayam and the last at Pazhassi.<ref name=":0" />

==Geography==
[[File:Wellington, soldier and statesman, and the revival of the military power of England (1904) (14593177119).jpg|left|thumbnail|India in 1804. [[Thalassery]], [[Kozhikode]], and [[Kochi]] are marked as cities in the present-day state of Kerala]]
The Kingdom of Kottayam covered what is today Talassery taluk, [[Iritty taluk]] (1000 km2) of [[Kannur District]] and [[Wayanad District]] (2000 km2). The headquarters of this kingdom were located in [[Kottayam-Malabar|Kottayam]], a small town not far from [[Tellicherry]]. The royal [[dynasty]] of the princely state of Kottayam was called Purannatt Swarupam. The Padinjare Kovilakam or Western Branch of this royal dynasty was located at Pazhassi and is famous for its heroic royal rebel, [[Pazhassi Raja]].

==Cradle of Kathakali==
The institution of [[Kathakali]] gained in progress and richness during the time of the Raja of Kottayam, between 1665 AD and 1725 AD. The then-raja of Kottayam was a brilliant actor-dancer who structured several compositions to complete the transition of Kathakali from its earlier form, [[Ramanattam]], developed by Kottarakkara Thampuran. The Kottayam family produced two distinguished scholars, [[Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran|Kerala Varma Thampuran]], the author of ''Valmiki Ramayanam Kilippattu'' and Vidwan Thampuran, the great patron of Kathakali and composer of [[Aattakatha (performance)|Attakathas]].<ref name=":0" /> Many dedicated artists like Chathu Panicker also endeavoured to lay the foundations for what is known as Kathakali now. Their efforts were concentrated on the rituals, classical details, and scriptural perfection. Even now the basic details of Kathakali have not changed considerably from this format. Bakavadham, Kirmeeravadham, Kalyana Saugandhikam, and Nivathakayacha Kalakeyavadham are the four perfect Kottayam works. After this, the most important changes in Kathakali were brought about through the efforts of a single person, namely [[Kaplingad Narayanan Nambudiri]]. After basic instruction in various faculties of the art in Vettathu Kalari of [[North Malabar]], he shifted to Travancore and there in its capital and many other centres he found many willing to co-operate with him in bringing about these reforms.

==See also==
* [[Kottayam-Malabar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101106011523/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2006/05/21/stories/2006052100310400.htm The Royal 'Rebel']
* [http://www.shreevarma.homestead.com/books2.html Pazhassi Raja: The Royal Rebel] by Shreekumar Varma (Macmillan, 1997)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070717153127/http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/peasantprotests.htm Peasant Protests in Kerala]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110304173935/http://www.library.mq.edu.au/digital/lema/1797/1797may.html Eye witness account from Lachlan Macquarie who participated in one of the battle against Pazhassi Raja ]

{{Feudal states of Kerala}}
{{Coord|11.828|75.55|display=title}}
{{Malabar}}

[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Kerala]]
[[Category:History of Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Kottayam]]

Ghazipur landfill

2026-03-14T02:00:20Z

Sunil Tani: made a info.

{{short description|Landfill in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}{{CS1 config|mode=cs2}}
[[File:Workers on top of Ghazipur landfill 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Waste picker]]s on top of Ghazipur landfill in 2013]]
The '''Ghazipur landfill ''' is a [[landfill]] established in 1984. It is located in [[Ghazipur, Delhi|Ghazipur]], a village in the [[East Delhi district|eastern district]] of [[Delhi]], [[India]].<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Frayer, L.)) | website=NPR | date=6 July 2019 | title=A Day's Work On Delhi's Mountain Of Trash | url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/07/06/738965440/a-days-work-on-delhi-s-mountain-of-trash | access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>

The landfill covers an area of approximately {{convert|70|acres|ha}}<ref>{{Citation |title=Ghazipur garbage dump almost as tall as Qutub Minar: Story behind Delhi's largest landfill site |date=1 September 2018 |website=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/ghazipur-garbage-dump-delhi-largest-landfill-site-1329240-2018-09-01 |access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>, and according to the last count in 2019, is 65 metres (213 feet) in height<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-26 |title=Explained: How Ghazipur landfill’s height was reduced and if it can be permanently cleared |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/ghazipr-landfill-height-reduced-permanently-cleared-6522978/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>. Ghazipur has become one of the largest landfills in Delhi. The landfill reached its maximum capacity in 2002; however, it continues to receive solid waste from the city of Delhi.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Khan, M.)) | date=1 May 2023 | website=The Hindu | title=Waste processing at Ghazipur landfill yet to pick up pace | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/waste-processing-at-ghazipur-landfill-yet-to-pick-up-pace/article66785760.ece | access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>

Despite efforts to mitigate problems, long-term mismanagement at the landfill has created significant ongoing environmental, fire, and human health hazards, with the site emitting toxic gases, polluting groundwater, and creating an extreme fire hazard.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Matharu, S.)) | date=9 January 2023 | title=Machines are digging, dragging, tearing into Delhi garbage mountains. Time's running out | website=The Print India | url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/machines-are-digging-dragging-tearing-into-delhi-garbage-mountains-times-running-out/1809842/ | access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Dhillon, A.)) | date=29 March 2022 | website=The Guardian | title=Toxic fumes fill Delhi's skies after vast landfill site catches fire | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/29/delhi-landfill-fire-toxic-fumes | access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>

A major fire broke out at the landfill site on 21 April 2024; the fire rapidly spread, engulfing several areas of the landfill.<ref>{{Citation | date=22 April 2024 | title=Major fire erupts at Delhi's Ghazipur landfill site, smoke engulfs area | website=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/major-fire-erupts-at-delhis-ghazipur-landfill-site-fire-tenders-rush-to-spot-101713707438059.html | access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref> Toxic smoke from the fire has caused significant health and breathing problems.<ref>{{Citation | date=22 April 2024 | title=As Ghazipur residents complain of throat and breathing irritation, we ask experts about health risks associated with landfill fire smoke | website=The Indian Express | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/ghazipur-landfill-fire-smoke-breathing-inhalation-toxic-9284285/ | access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref> The cause of the fire is undetermined.<ref>{{Citation | website=Times of India | date=22 April 2024 | title=Striking images of Delhi's Ghazipur landfill fire: Horrid past and present | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/striking-images-of-delhis-ghazipur-landfill-fire-horrid-past-and-present/photostory/109490385.cms | access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | website=India Times | date=22 April 2024 | title=Ghazipur landfill fire: Govt investigating why it happened, says AAP leader Atishi | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ghazipur-landfill-fire-govt-investigating-why-it-happened-says-aap-leader-atishi/articleshow/109493397.cms | access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref> The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has requested a reply from the relevant authorities, such as the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD), regarding the recent fire incident at the Ghazipur landfill site within a period of five weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-05-06 |title=NGT seeks authorities' reply on Ghazipur landfill blaze |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2024/May/06/ngt-seeks-authorities-reply-on-ghazipur-landfill-blaze |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In response to the environmental and public health concerns, the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] (MCD), under the supervision of the [[National Green Tribunal]] (NGT), has increased remediation work at the Ghazipur landfill.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-09-20 |title=MCD seeks proposals for reuse of reclaimed landfill sites |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/mcd-seeks-proposals-for-reuse-of-reclaimed-landfill-sites/articleshow/124005182.cms |access-date=2026-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-11 |title=MCD updates NGT on Ghazipur landfill clean-up; Targets full reclamation by 2028 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/mcd-updates-ngt-on-ghazipur-landfill-clean-up-targets-full-reclamation-by-2028/articleshow/122389838.cms |access-date=2026-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In July 2025, the MCD submitted a detailed compliance report to the NGT outlining measures to control pollution, manage [[leachate]], and address structural risks, including repairing surface cracks and installing perforated pipes to safely vent [[Methane|methane gas]].<ref name=":1" /> The report stated that approximately 85 lakh metric tonnes of waste remained at the site as of March 2025 and that full clearance was targeted for 2028.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> [[Biomining]] operations at Ghazipur have progressed into its second phase, with authorities reporting that substantial quantities of legacy waste have already been processed and additional waste-processing facilities are being planned to accelerate reclamation and reduce the height of the landfill mound.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Anup |date=2025-11-05 |title=Ghazipur landfill site to be fully cleared by 2027, MCD to set up 4 processing facilities: Panel chief |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Nov/05/ghazipur-landfill-site-to-be-fully-cleared-by-2027-mcd-to-set-up-4-processing-facilities-panel-chief |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> As part of the longer-term redevelopment plans, the MCD has issued tenders for a new [[waste-to-energy plant]] at Ghazipur under a [[public–private partnership]] model to reduce reliance on open air dumping and convert a portion of municipal waste into energy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-07-12 |title=Tenders out for waste-to-energy unit in Ghazipur |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Jul/12/tenders-out-for-waste-to-energy-unit-in-ghazipur |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Alongside waste removal, municipal authorities have stated that reclaimed landfill land is intended to be converted into green or forested zones through plantation drives, with similar initiatives at other Delhi dumpsites involving the planting of [[bamboo]] and other vegetation to stabilise soil conditions and improve environmental conditions.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-04 |title=54,000 Trees To Come Up On Reclaimed Part Of Landfill |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/54000-trees-to-come-up-on-reclaimed-part-of-landfill/articleshow/118716398.cms |access-date=2026-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bhalswa landfill]]
* [[Mavallipura]]
* [[Waste management in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | title=Circular Economy in Municipal Solid Waste Landfilling: Biomining & Leachate Treatment | url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-07785-2 | author=Kumar, S. | series=Radionuclides and Heavy Metals in the Environment | date=2023 | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-3-031-07785-2 |pages=55–57 | doi=10.1007/978-3-031-07785-2 }}

==External links==
* {{Citation | website=Reuters | date=22 April 2024 | title=In pictures: Delhi residents choke on landfill fire fumes | url=https://www.reuters.com/pictures/pictures-delhi-residents-choke-landfill-fire-fumes-2024-04-22/ | access-date=22 April 2024}}

{{Landfills in india}}
{{Pollution}}
{{India topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|28.6247|N|77.3277|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:frwiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghazipur landfill}}
[[Category:East Delhi district]]
[[Category:Environmental issues in India]]
[[Category:Waste management in India]]
[[Category:Landfills in India]]

Daitari Naik

2026-03-08T01:26:24Z

Sunil Tani: made a data

{{Short description|Indian social worker}}
{{Infobox person
|pre-nominals =
|image =
|caption =
|alt =
|birth_name = Daitari Naik
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[Odisha]]
|death_place =
|other_names =
|known_for =
|education =
|alma_mater =
|spouse =
|relatives =
|children =
|awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2019)
|signature =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Daitari Naik''' also known as '''Canal Man of Odisha''' is an Indian agriculturalist. In 2019, he has been awarded [[Padma Shri]] by the Indian Government for his contribution in agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Shri has become a curse for me: 'Canal Man Of Odisha' Daitari Naik |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/padma-shri-has-become-a-curse-for-me-canal-man-of-odisha-daitari-naik-2214237.html |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-24 |title='Canal Man' Of Odisha Returns Padma Shri; Find Out Why |url=https://odishabytes.com/canal-man-of-odisha-returns-padma-shri-find-out-why/ |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=odishabytes |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life==
Naik hails from Talabaitarani village in Kenojhar district in [[Odisha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Elsa |first=Evangeline |title=Once a Padma Shri winner, now forced to eat ant eggs to survive |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/once-a-padma-shri-winner-now-forced-to-eat-ant-eggs-to-survive-1.64835228 |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Naik was awarded Padma Shri for digging out a 3-km tunnel through the Gonasika mountains in [[Odisha]], between 2010 and 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Canal Man" Of Odisha Daitari Naik Denies Returning Padma Shri Award |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/canal-man-of-odisha-daitari-naik-denies-returning-padma-shri-award-2061304 |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=KalingaTV |date=2019-02-04 |title=Padma Shri Daitari Naik: The ‘Canal Man’ of Odisha |url=https://kalingatv.com/features/padma-shri-daitari-naik-the-canal-man-of-odisha/ |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=KalingaTV |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Awards==
*Padma Shri in 2019<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-25 |title='Won't Get Any Work from Us': Why Odisha’s ‘Mountain Man’ Wants to Return His Padma Shri |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/wont-get-any-work-from-us-why-odishas-mountain-man-wants-to-return-his-padma-shri-2202393.html |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Daitari}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Indian agriculturalists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ram Teri Ganga Maili

2026-03-04T00:01:17Z

Sunil Tani: cleaned up citations and fixed typos for clarity

{{short description|1985 Indian film directed by Raj Kapoor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ram Teri Ganga Maili
| image = Ram Teri Ganga Maili.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Raj Kapoor]]
| producer = [[Randhir Kapoor]]
| writer = Raj Kapoor V. P. Sathe K. K. Singh Jyoti Swaroop
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Rajiv Kapoor]] [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Ravindra Jain]]
| cinematography = Radhu Karmakar
| editing = [[Raj Kapoor]]
| studio =
| distributor = [[R. K. Films]]
| released = {{film date|1985|08|16|df=yes}}
| runtime = 178 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|1.44 [[crore]]|link=yes}}
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|19 crore}}
}}

'''''Ram Teri Ganga Maili''''' ({{translation|Ram, your Ganga is tainted}}) is a 1985 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Raj Kapoor]]. The film stars [[Rajiv Kapoor]] and [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]]. The music was composed by [[Ravindra Jain]]. It was the last film directed by Kapoor.

''Ram Teri Ganga Maili'' was released on 16 August 1985. The film was the [[List of Bollywood films of 1985|highest-grossing Indian film of the year]], which ''[[Box Office India]]'' classified as an "All-Time Blockbuster".<ref name=BO/> It was also one of the highest-grossing Indian films of the 1980s, alongside ''[[Kranti]]'' (1981) and ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya]]'' (1989).

The film won five [[Filmfare Awards]]. The film generated controversy because of Mandakini's scenes of [[breastfeeding]] and [[Wet sari scene|bathing in a translucent saree]]. The film still received a U (Universal) certificate from the [[Indian Film Censor Board|Indian Film Certification Board]], which was later amended to U/A.

==Plot==
Narendra Sahay a.k.a. "Naren" is the son of Jeeva Sahay, a rich politician in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. Naren visits [[Gangotri]] to study the source of the [[holy river]] [[Ganges|Ganga]], and to get some holy water for his wheelchair-using paternal grandmother. There, he meets a very pretty girl named Ganga Singh. Ganga lives near Gangotri with her brother, Karam. Naren sees Ganga bathing in a white saree under the waterfall and she later helps him to collect the holy water. Soon, they fall in love, decide to marry and sleep together. They are happily married but Naren has to return to Calcutta as he wanted to convince his parents about accepting Ganga as their daughter-in-law. He promises Ganga that he will soon return to her.

Ganga is pregnant with Naren's child and she gives birth to a son. She faces many problems because of her child as well as her beauty. Her brother Karam is killed and Ganga finds herself alone. Finally deciding to go to her husband, Ganga travels from Gangotri to Calcutta. However, the journey is fraught with hardship and misadventures. She makes it as far as [[Varanasi|Benaras]], and is helped by police with a ticket to Calcutta. However, she falls into the clutches of a man who lures her to a brothel.

Bhagwat Choudhary, a rich politician, buys Ganga and brings her to his "bagan bari" (house near a garden) as a concubine. Bhagwat has arranged for his daughter, Radha to wed to Naren, who was informed that Ganga is dead. However, Naren's maternal uncle, Kunj Bihari, finds Ganga in Bhagwat's bagan bari and learns her story. He asks her to appear at her husband's wedding to test if her husband can recognize her or not.

Naren recognizes Ganga at the ceremony. However, his father refuses to accept Ganga as his daughter-in-law. Naren also finds out about his son and the three try to leave. However, Bhagwat Choudhary shoots Ganga in a fit of rage, causing Naren to thrash Bhagwat Choudhary. Radha then informs him that Ganga has survived and Naren leaves with Ganga and their son to live by the river Ganga.

==Cast==
* [[Rajiv Kapoor]] as Narendra "Naren" Sahay, Ganga's husband, Radha's love interest
* [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]] as Ganga Sahay, Naren's wife
* [[Divya Rana]] as Radha B. Choudhary, Naren's fiancee
* [[Sushma Seth]] as Dadi Maa
* [[Saeed Jaffrey]] as Kunj Bihari
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Jeeva Sahay
* [[Raza Murad]] as Bhagwat Choudhary
* [[Geeta Siddharth]] as Mrs. Sahay
* [[Trilok Kapoor]] as Professor
* [[Krishan Dhawan]] as Manilal
* [[Vishwa Mehra]] as Postbabu
* [[Urmila Bhatt]] as Tajeshwari Bai
* [[A. K. Hangal]] as Brij Kishore
* [[Gautam Sarin]] as Naren's classmate
* [[Monty Nath]] as Naren's classmate who lost his watch
* [[Kamaldeep]] as Chamanlal
* [[Tom Alter]] as Karam Singh, Ganga's elder brother
* [[Javed Khan Amrohi]] as Manglu, Ganga's fiancé

== Production ==
According to [[Padmini Kolhapure]], she was the initial choice for the female lead role but declined because the script had a kissing scene.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-28 |title=Padmini Kolhapure rejected Ram Teri Ganga Maili because of one scene, says Raj Kapoor wanted to replace Mandakini |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/padmini-kohlapure-rejected-ram-teri-ganga-maili-because-of-one-scene-says-raj-kapoor-wanted-to-replace-mandakini-101616915224143.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425091754/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/padmini-kohlapure-rejected-ram-teri-ganga-maili-because-of-one-scene-says-raj-kapoor-wanted-to-replace-mandakini-101616915224143.html |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Mandakini, who ultimately played the role, disputed Kolhapure's claims. She said Raj Kapoor wanted only a new face, rather than an established actress, as he believed he could not "make someone pure Ganga if they have an established image". Mandakini also stated that she did not breastfeed despite popular belief, but the scene was shot in a way to suggest that.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=Mandakini on her breastfeeding scene in Ram Teri Ganga Maili: 'It was nothing compared to what happens today' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mandakini-explains-her-breastfeeding-scene-in-ram-teri-ganga-maili-101661318804548.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824110202/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mandakini-explains-her-breastfeeding-scene-in-ram-teri-ganga-maili-101661318804548.html |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> in 2025, [[Khushbu Sundar|Khusboo]] revealed that she was first choice for playing Ganga.<ref>{{cite news |title=Khushbu Sundar reveals she was Raj Kapoor's first choice for Ram Teri Ganga Maili, but was dropped for being too young: 'I wasn't even 14' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/khushbu-sundar-was-raj-kapoor-first-choice-ram-teri-ganga-maili-dropped-for-being-too-young-9754888/ |work=The Indian Express |date=2 January 2025 |language=en-in}}</ref>

The inspiration for this movie is the song 'Ek Radha, Ek Meera', about the differing kinds of love for Krishna from Radha and Meera. The song had been written and composed by then new music director [[Ravindra Jain]]. Upon hearing the song (being sung on the stage by Ravindra Jain himself) at a wedding, Raj Kapoor was struck by the song. He later invited the singer to sing the same song to him again. Thus was born a movie, from the love of a song. The entire movie was conceived from that one song. This incident was narrated by [[Randhir Kapoor]], who had accompanied his father to that wedding.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-23 | title=How Raj Kapoor Conceived The Idea For His Cult Film Ram Teri Ganga Maili|url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/bollywood/how-raj-kapoor-conceived-the-idea-for-his-cult-film-ram-teri-ganga-maili-7672609.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506190602/www.news18.com/entertainment/bollywood/how-raj-kapoor-conceived-the-idea-for-his-cult-film-ram-teri-ganga-maili-7672609.html|archive-date=6 May 2023|access-date=2024-12-15|website=[[News18]]}} </ref>

==Cultural allusions==
According to [[Philip Lutgendorf]], the movie is an allegory that "synthesizes classical and mythic narrative, soft-core political and social commentary (here condemning the corruption of politicians and capitalists and championing the nascent environmental initiatives of Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]]). The narrative recapitulates the ''[[Abhijñānaśākuntalam]]'' story that first appeared in the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and then was reworked, some six hundred years later, by the poet [[Kalidasa]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/RamTeriGM.html |title=Ram teri Ganga Maili |publisher=University of Iowa, South Asian Studies Program |author=Philip Lutgendorf |access-date=19 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228010453/http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/RamTeriGM.html |archive-date=28 December 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Reception==
''Ram Teri Ganga Maili'' performed well at the box office, becoming the [[List of Bollywood films of 1985|highest-grossing Indian film of the year]], which ''[[Box Office India]]'' classified as an "All-Time Blockbuster". It collected a nett amount of ₹9.5 crore.<ref name=BO>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-14|title=Boxofficeindia.com|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=125&catName=MTk4MC0xOTg5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014093336/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=125&catName=MTk4MC0xOTg5|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-10-14|access-date=2020-08-07}}</ref>

The film also caused a stir because of two scenes: one in which Mandakini bathes under a waterfall wearing only a flimsy white [[saree]] through which her breasts are partially visible and another in which she is shown breast-feeding a child. Some critics claimed that the scenes were vulgar and exploitative, and were used to get around the Censor Board's stringent rules against [[nudity]]. Kapoor defended the inclusion of the scenes stating that they were tasteful.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

==Awards==

; [[33rd Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>

;Won

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – [[Randhir Kapoor]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – [[Raj Kapoor]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[Ravindra Jain]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]] – Suresh J. Sawant
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] – Raj Kapoor

;Nominated<ref>{{cite web |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=Filmfare Awards |access-date=14 September 2008 |page=71 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Saeed Jaffrey]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – [[Hasrat Jaipuri]] for "Sun Sahiba Sun"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[Suresh Wadkar]] for "Main Hi Main Hoon"
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]] – Raj Kapoor

==Songs==
Music of this movie was given by late [[Ravindra Jain]], who won Fimfare Award for Best Music Director for this.
# "Ek Dukhiyari Kahe" – [[Lata Mangeshkar]] Lyrics-[[Ravindra Jain]]
# "Ek Radha Ek Meera" – Lata Mangeshkar, Lyrics-[[Ravindra Jain]], Raga [[Kirwani]]
# "Husn Pahadon Ka" – Lata Mangeshkar, [[Suresh Wadkar]], Lyrics-[[Ravindra Jain]], Raga Pahadi
# "Ram Teri Ganga Maili Ho Gayee" – Part 1 – Suresh Wadkar Lyrics-[[Ravindra Jain]], Raga [[Ahir Bhairav]]
# "Sun Sahiba Sun Pyaar Ki Dhun Maine Tujhe Chun Liya" – Lata Mangeshkar & chorus; Lyrics – [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
# "Tujhe Bulayen Yeh Meri Bahen" – Lata Mangeshkar Lyrics-[[Ravindra Jain]]
# "Yaara O Yaara" – Lata Mangeshkar, Suresh Wadkar Lyrics-[[Ravindra Jain]]
# "Ram Teri Ganga Maili Ho Gayee" – Part 2 – Suresh Wadkar & Chorus Lyrics-[[Ravindra Jain]], Raga [[Ahir Bhairav]]
# "Main Hi Main Hoon -Suresh Wadkar; Lyrics – Amir Qazalbash

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0152139}}

{{FilmfareAwardBestFilm 1971–1990}}
{{Raj Kapoor}}

[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1985 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raj Kapoor]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:R. K. Films films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic drama films]]
[[Category:1980s erotic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ravindra Jain]]
[[Category:1985 drama films]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Wai, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1985 controversies]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films about sexual abuse]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romance films]]

Ullam Kollai Poguthae

2026-03-03T04:34:28Z

Sunil Tani: slightly adjusted formatting also and cleaned formatting

{{short description|2001 film by Sundar C.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ullam Kollai Poguthae.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Sundar C]]
| writer = A. C. Mugil (dialogues)
| screenplay = Sundar C
| story = A. C. Mugil
| producer = K. Muralitharan V. Swaminathan G. Venugopal
| starring = [[Prabhu Deva]] [[Anjala Zaveri]]
| cinematography = [[U. K. Senthil Kumar]]
| editing = [[P. Sai Suresh]]
| music = [[Karthik Raja]]
| studio = [[Lakshmi Movie Makers]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|2001|2|9}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Ullam Kollai Poguthae''''' ({{Translation|The heart is going to be looted}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Sundar C]], who wrote the screenplay as well. This film stars [[Prabhu Deva]] and [[Anjala Zaveri]], with [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] in a guest appearance. [[Deepa Venkat]] and [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] play other supporting roles. The film was released on 9 February 2001.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

== Plot ==

Anbu is a small-time mimicry artist living with his only sister Bharathi. Anbu falls in love with Bharathi's close friend Jyothi, who hails from a rich family. Jyothi visits Bharathi's home frequently, but Anbu does not have the courage to propose to Jyothi. When Anbu makes up his mind to propose to Jyothi, suddenly there comes Gautham from the US, who happens to be Jyothi's family friend. Anbu understands that Gautham and Jyothi are in a relationship and that their families plan for their wedding. A heartbroken Anbu decides to keep his love within himself.

One day, when Gautham and Jyothi are out for shopping, they meet with an accident where Gautham passes away and Jyothi loses her vision. As per the doctor's advice, Jyothi's parents decide to hide the truth about Gautham's death to Jyothi as that would put her into mental trauma. When Jyothi asks for Gautham, suddenly Anbu steps in and speaks in Gautham's voice to make her believe that Gautham is fine after the accident. Jyothi undergoes treatment, and a surgery is planned after a few weeks, following which she could get back her vision.

In the meantime, Anbu acts as Gautham to Jyothi until she gets her vision back. Anbu gets an offer to perform mimicry in a show in Australia, but he turns it down as he wishes to be with Jyothi. At the same time, Anbu feels guilty that he has missed an opportunity to perform in the Australian show, which could have helped him earn some money for Bharathi's wedding plans. Jyothi undergoes surgery and gets back her vision and she asks for Gautham. However, her parents convince her, saying that Gautham has gone to the US for some urgent work.

Anbu, unable to bear his love failure as well as his inability to earn money for Bharathi's wedding, decides to commit suicide as Bharathi would receive some relief fund from mimicry association which could be used for her wedding. Anbu writes a letter and leaves his home with poison. Bharathi finds out about Anbu's decision and searches him. Meanwhile, Jyothi watches her friend's wedding video which she attended when she was blind along with Anbu and understands that it was Anbu who was in place of Gautham. Jyothi cries upon knowing about the fate of Gautham. Bharathi comes to Jyothi's house in search of Anbu and informs her about Anbu's love and his sacrifice. Anbu goes to a stage show to meet his friends before committing suicide. Jyothi and Bharathi also reach the show where Jyothi speaks on stage thanking Anbu, hoping that he might see it from somewhere. Jyothi also proposes to marry Anbu. Anbu hears this and feels happy. Finally, Anbu and Jyothi are united.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Prabhu Deva]] as Anbu
* [[Anjala Zaveri]] as Jyothi
* [[Deepa Venkat]] as Bharathi
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Arivu
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Jyothi's father
* [[Jyothi (actress)|Jyothi]] as Saradha, Jyothi's mother
* [[Dhamu]] as Thamizharasan, Anbu's friend
* [[Mayilswamy]] as Anbu's friend
* [[Santhana Bharathi]] as Santhanam
* [[Yuvarani]] as Lavanya
* [[Kumarimuthu]] as Annachi
* [[Singamuthu]] as Computer astrologer
* [[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]] as Jobless man
* Bayilvan Ranganathan as Ranganathan
* [[Chelladurai]] as MLA Sarangan
* Kottai Perumal as Inspector Ekambaram
* Vasuki as Sivagami
* [[K. S. Jayalakshmi]] as Santhanam's wife
* [[Omakuchi Narasimhan]] as customer visiting gemologist
* [[Periya Karuppu Thevar]] as Illicit liquor smuggler
* [[Kullamani]] as Illicit liquor smuggler
* [[Idichapuli Selvaraj]] as Police inspector
* Vijay Ganesh as Tea master
* [[Kottachi]] as man sleeping under a tree
* Kumaresan as man with an umbrella
* [[Thalapathy Dinesh]] as Rowdy
* [[Vichu Viswanath]] as Rowdy
* [[Stunt Silva]] as Rowdy
* V. Swaminathan as Orphanage director
* A. C. Mugil as Lavanya's husband
* [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Gautham (guest appearance)
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Illicit liquor smuggler (uncredited role)
* [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarath Kumar]] as himself (cameo appearance)
* [[Senthil]] as himself (cameo appearance)
* [[Gangai Amaran]] as himself (cameo appearance)
* [[Sundar C]] as Doctor (cameo appearance)
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Karthik Raja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ullam Kollai Poguthey -Tamil " Music : Karthikraja " |url=https://avdigital.in/products/ullam-kollai-poguthey-tamil-music-karthikraja |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907080725/https://avdigital.in/products/ullam-kollai-poguthey-tamil-music-karthikraja |archive-date=7 September 2023 |access-date=7 September 2023 |website=AVDigital}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Uyirae Enuyirae" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] || rowspan=3|[[Pa. Vijay]]
|-
| "Puyale Puyale" || [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| "Oru Palaivanathai" || Hariharan
|-
| *"Kinguda Kinguda" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Prabhudeva]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || rowspan=2|Kalaikumar
|-
| "Anjala Anjala" || [[Devan Ekambaram]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
| "Kavithaigal Sollava" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || rowspan=5|Pa. Vijay
|-
| "Kavthaigal Sollava" II || Hariharan
|-
| "Kathavai Naan" || [[Karthik Raja]], Hariharan
|-
| "Anbe Anbe" || [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
|-
| "Adadaa Adadaa" || Karthik Raja
|}

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' called it "a sensitively crafted film, the scenes flowing smoothly, and remains a clean wholesome family entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Film: Ullam Kollai Poguthe |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov102.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050324062535/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov102.asp |archive-date=24 March 2005 |access-date=19 April 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Krishna Chidambaram of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote Deepa Venkat's simple acting is the only thing that will be remembered after watching the film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சிதம்பரம் |first=கிருஷ்ணா |date=4 March 2001 |title=உள்ளம் கொள்ளை போகுதே |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2001-03-04/page/n81/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230720185052/https://archive.org/details/kalki2001-03-04/page/n81/mode/2up |archive-date=20 July 2023 |access-date=20 July 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=80 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote "The first half of the film is very beautiful. The scenes have been chiseled well like poems. The small songs appeal very much to the hearts. The comedy of Vivek is classic. With all these pulses, Sunder.C blows up the chance of making the sreeenplay a grand success in the second half".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ullam Kollai Poguthe |url=http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/ullam.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010624165741/http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/ullam.shtml |archive-date=24 June 2001 |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The screenplay and direction are by Sundar. C, who begins well but seems to have lost his grip towards the end".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=15 February 2001 |title=Film Review: Ullam Kollai Pogudhae |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-ullam-kollai-pogudhae/article27916962.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230907075657/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-ullam-kollai-pogudhae/article27916962.ece |archive-date=7 September 2023 |access-date=2 May 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Indiainfo'' wrote "Even though many directors promised to show a ` different' Prabhu Deva and failed, the credit goes to C Sundar for making Prabhu Deva act and not just be the dancing acrobat and an urchin doing mimic acts in film after film.In an otherwise simple storyline the director has woven a fine screenplay to bring about sentiments that tug at your heart".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ullam Kollai Poguthe:Comic Entertainer |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/ullam.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021210201147/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/ullam.html |archive-date=10 December 2002 |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=Indiainfo}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Sundar C.}}

[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:2001 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sundar C]]
[[Category:Films scored by Karthik Raja]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Mohanlal Pandya

2026-03-01T15:06:25Z

Sunil Tani: fix lead per sources and improved wording for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian Freedom Fighter}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
'''Mohanlal Pandya''' was an [[Freedom fighters of India|Indian freedom fighter]], social reformer and one of the earliest followers of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Along with fellow Gandhians like [[Narhari Parikh]] and [[Ravi Shankar Vyas]], Pandya was a key organizer of nationalist revolts in [[Gujarat]], and a leading figure in the fight against alcoholism, illiteracy, [[untouchability]], and a major proponent of women's freedoms and Gandhian values.{{Citation needed|date= April 2018}}

In 1909, Pandya threw a bomb on [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Viceroy Minto]] and his wife, in Ahmedabad. The Mintos escaped unhurt.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-24|title=The city that Ahmed built: Which version of Ahmedabad are we prepared to preserve?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/destination-of-the-week/the-city-that-ahmed-built-which-version-of-ahmedabad-are-we-prepared-to-preserve-4761394/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

Pandya was a close associate of both Gandhi and [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] during the [[Indian Independence Movement]].{{Citation needed|date= April 2018}}

Mohanlal Pandya was nicknamed as "Onion Thief" ("Dungli Chor") by Gandhi because he had harvested onion from the land which was taken away by the British Government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Onion Thief {{!}} Gandhi Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth|url=https://www.mkgandhi.org/autobio/chap148.htm|access-date=2021-06-30|website=www.mkgandhi.org}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bardoli Satyagraha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Gandhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandya, Mohanlal}}
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

Manikrao Gaunekar

2026-02-22T12:51:26Z

Sunil Tani: creating bio.

{{Short description|Indian writer and translator (c.1929–2025)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manikrao Gaunekar
| image = Manikrao Gaunekar.jpg
| caption = Gaunekar in his later years
| birth_name = Manikrao Ram Nayak Gaunekar
| birth_date = {{circa|1929}}
| death_date = 2025 (aged 96)
| death_place = [[Goa]], India
| occupation = Writer, translator, educator
| notable_works = ''Shri Ram Krishna Amrutvani'' (translation)
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] (2022)
}}
'''Manikrao Ram Nayak Gaunekar''' ({{circa|1929}} – 2025) was an Indian writer, translator, and educator from [[Goa]]. He was known for his extensive contributions to [[Konkani literature]], particularly for his translations of spiritual and philosophical works into the [[Konkani language]]. In 2022, he received the [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] for his book ''Shri Ram Krishna Amrutvani'', a translation of the works of [[Ramakrishna Paramahansa]].

== Career ==
Gaunekar had a long and distinguished career in the field of education and literature. He was an active member of the [[Konkani Bhasha Mandal]], Goa, and the Akhil Bharatiya Konkani Parishad.<ref name="BhangarbuinObit">{{cite news |title=Manikrao Gaunekar Sansarak Antarle |date=23 December 2025 |trans-title=Manikrao Gaunekar Is No More |work=Bhangarbuin |language=mr |page={{page needed|date=January 2026}}}}</ref>

His literary work primarily focused on translating significant Indian philosophical texts into Konkani. He translated 1,600 verses of the ''[[Valmiki Ramayana]]'' into Konkani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=92 YEAR OLD MANIKRAO GAUNEKAR TRANSLATES RAMAYANA TO KONKANI; WATCH |url=https://www.prudentmedia.in/culture/92-year-old-manikrao-gaunekar-translates-ramayana-to-konkani-watch/18181.html |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=www.prudentmedia.in |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, he received the [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] for his book ''Shri Ram Krishna Amrutvani'', a translation of the works of [[Ramakrishna Paramahansa]]. Additionally, he authored works based on the teachings of [[Swami Vivekananda]], including ''Bhakti Yoga'' and ''Karmayoga''.<ref name="BhangarbuinObit" />

Beyond his literary pursuits, Gaunekar was a teacher by profession and was involved in various social and educational organizations. He was recognized for his lifetime service to the Konkani language and was a recipient of the Konkani Bhasha Mandal's Seva Puraskar.<ref name="BhangarbuinObit" />

==Awards and accolades==
The Dnyanpeeth [[Ravindra Kelekar]] Konkani Bhasha Puraskar was awarded to Gaunekar for 2022–23.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 31, 2025 |title=CM urges youth to help make Goa... |url=https://epaper.navhindtimes.in/PageImages/pdf/2025/05/31/3105025-md-ga-09.pdf |access-date=24 December 2025 |work=Navhind Times |pages=9}}</ref> Also in 2022, he received the [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] for his book ''Shri Ram Krishna Amrutvani'', a translation of the works of [[Ramakrishna Paramahansa]].<ref name="BhangarbuinObit" />

== Death ==
Gaunekar died in 2025 at the age of 96. His passing was mourned by the literary community in Goa, with tributes paid by the Konkani Bhasha Mandal and the Akhil Bharatiya Konkani Parishad.<ref name="BhangarbuinObit" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaunekar, Manikrao}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Writers from Goa]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation into Konkani]]

Bhikhiwind

2026-02-22T11:12:46Z

Sunil Tani:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhikhiwind
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = Punjabi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31|20|43|N|74|41|29|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Majha]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10269
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bhikhiwind''' is a [[town]] and a [[nagar panchayat]], just about 33 km from [[Tarn Taran Sahib]] in [[Tarn Taran district]] in the [[Majha]] region of state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/tarantaran.pdf | format = PDF | title = Border Area Development Programme | publisher = Department of Planning, Government of Punjab | date = 2006-12-31 | accessdate = 2009-03-12}}</ref> The town is located along the India-Pakistan border, and is some 280 km from [[Chandigarh]].<ref name=TOI_address>{{cite news|title=Sarabjit's family meets Krishna|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sarabjits-family-meets-Krishna/articleshow/14459506.cms|accessdate=28 June 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|date=28 June 2012}}</ref>

==Geography==
Bhikhiwind is located at {{Coord|31.34|N|74.70|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://maps.yahoo.com/#mvt=m&lat=31.34492&lon=74.69657&zoom=14&q1=Bhikhiwind%252C%2520Punjab%252C%2520India
|title = Yahoo maps location of Bhikhiwind
|publisher = Yahoo maps
|accessdate = 2009-03-12
}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} [[Census of India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|work= |publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Bhikhiwind had a population of 10,269. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Bhikhiwind has an average literacy rate of 66%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with the male literacy rate of 71% and female literacy rate of 60%. 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

The table below shows the population of different religious groups in Bhikhiwind town and their [[sex ratio|gender ratio]], as of 2011 census.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Population by religious groups in Bhikhiwind town, 2011 census<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11389, India - C-01: Population by religious community, Punjab - 2011, Bhikhiwind (CT)</ref>
!Religion!!Total!!Female!!Male!!Gender ratio
|-
|Sikh||14,609||6,958||7,651||909
|-
|Hindu||5,507||2,351||3,156||744
|-
|Christian||259||113||146||773
|-
|Muslim||120||49||71||690
|-
|Buddhist||2||1||1||1000
|-
|Not stated||29||16||13||1230
|-
|Total||20,526||9,488||11,038||859
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tarn Taran district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tarn Taran district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Sunil Gangopadhyay

2026-02-10T14:34:00Z

Sunil Tani:

{{Short description|Indian poet and author (1934–2012)}}
{{redirect|Sunil Ganguly|the guitarist|Sunil Ganguly (musician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Sunil Gangopadhyay
| image = Sunil Gangopadhyay 2010.JPG
| alt = Sunil Gangopadhyay image
| caption = Gangopadhyay in 2010
| pseudonym = ''Nil Lohit'', ''Sanatan Pathak'', and ''Nil Upadhyay''<ref name="Bengali writer Sunil Gangopadhyay dies of a heart attack at 78" />
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1934|09|07}}
| birth_place = [[Madaripur District|Madaripur subdivision]], [[Faridpur district]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Bangladesh]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2012|10|23|1934|09|07|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Poet|novelist|short story writer|historian|journalist}}
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| period = 1953–2012
| genre =
| subject =
| movement = [[Krittibas (magazine)|Krittibas ]] [[Confessional poetry]]
| notableworks = {{plainlist}}
* ''[[Aranyer Din Ratri (novel)]]'' (''Days and Nights in Forest'')
* ''[[First Light (Sunil Ganguly)|First Light]]'' (''Prathama Alo'')
* ''[[Those Days (novel)|Those Days]]'' (''Sei Somoy'')
* ''[[Kakababu]]''
{{endplainlist}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Swati Bandopadhyay|1967}}<ref name="Spouse and children of Gangopadhyay">{{cite web|title=Spouse and children of Gangopadhyay|publisher=Sunil Gangopadhyay website}}</ref>
| partner =
| children = Souvik Gangopadhyay (b. 1967)<ref name="Spouse and children of Gangopadhyay" />
| relatives =
| awards = [[Ananda Puraskar]] (1972, 1989) [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1985)
| signature = Sunil Gangopadhyay signature.jpg
| signature_alt = Sunil Gangopadhyay signature in Bengali
| website =
| portaldisp =
| native_name = সুনীল গঙ্গোপাধ্যায়
| native_name_lang = bn
}}

'''Sunil Gangopadhyay''' or '''Sunil Ganguly<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature |publisher=Sahitya Akademi Publications |year=2006 |isbn=9788126011940 |pages=1367–1368}}</ref>''' (September 7, 1934 – October 23, 2012)<ref name="Bengali writer Sunil Gangopadhyay dies of a heart attack at 78" /> was an Indian poet, novelist, short story writer, and critic.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=October 26, 2012 |title=শ্রী সুনীল গঙ্গোপাধ্যায় |url=https://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1121026/26edit4.html |access-date=January 27, 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref><ref name="Sunil Gangopadhyay LOC">{{cite web|title=Sunil Gangopadhyay|url=https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/sunilgangopadhyay.html|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref> He played a key role in modernizing [[Bengali poetry]] and co-founded the 1953 [[avant-garde]] poetry magazine ''[[Krittibas (magazine)|Krittibas]]''.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Kunal |title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis |last2=Chakrabarti |first2=Shubhra |date=2013 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-5334-8 |series=Historical Dictionaries of Peoples and Cultures |location=Lanham |pages=194–195}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Widely regarded as one of the most prolific Bengali writers since [[Rabindranath Tagore]], he has been called "the man who carried the modern consciousness of Bengal."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-10-23 |title=The man who "carried the modern consciousness of Bengal" |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/the-man-who-carried-the-modern-consciousness-of-bengal/article4026398.ece |access-date=2025-04-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Datta |first=Tanmay |date=2013 |title=Sunil Gangopadhyay: A Writer and a Star |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23528749 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=48 |issue=35 |pages=23–26 |jstor=23528749 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 October 2012 |title=The man who "carried the modern consciousness of Bengal" - The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/the-man-who-carried-the-modern-consciousness-of-bengal/article4026398.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

His [[debut novel]], ''[[Atmaprakash (novel)|Atmaprakash]]'' (1964), established him as a novelist and was followed by ''[[Aranyer Din Ratri (novel)|Aranyer Din Ratri]].'' Both were fictionalized account of real-life events. [[Those Days (novel)|''Sei Somoy'']], a work of [[historical fiction]], marked a major departure from his earlier [[semi-autobiographical]] style and was later followed by its sequel, ''[[First Light (Ganguly novel)|Pratham Alo]]'' (1996).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gangopadhyay |first1=Sunil |last2=Bhadra |first2=Subhajit |date=2010 |title=Sunil Gangopadhyay |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23348220 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=54 |issue=5 (259) |pages=98–111 |jstor=23348220 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref> His [[magnum opus]], ''[[Purba Paschim (novel)|Purba Paschim]],'' dealt with the partition of Bengal''.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=সুনীল, আজও চমৎকার |url=https://aaroananda.com/social/article/5590936 |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=aaroananda.com}}</ref> Among his other notable works are the travelogue ''[[Payer Tolay Sorshe]],'' published in two volumes, and the poetry collections ''[[Eka ebong Koekjon]]'' (1958), ''[[Ami Ki Rokom Vabe Beche Achi (book)|Ami Ki Rokom Vabe Beche Achi]]'' (1966), and ''[[Hathat Nirar Janya (book)|Hathat Nirar Janya]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mazumdar |first=Anurag |date=October 24, 2012 |title=Aranyer Din Ratri to Kakababu: Sunil Gangopadhyay's gifts to Bengal |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/aranyer-din-ratri-to-kakababu-sunil-gangopadhyays-gifts-to-bengal-499674.html/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915155657/https://www.firstpost.com/living/aranyer-din-ratri-to-kakababu-sunil-gangopadhyays-gifts-to-bengal-499674.html/amp |archive-date=September 15, 2020 |access-date=January 27, 2024 |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> The last title refers to his fictional lover, Nira.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-10-23 |title=Bengal mourns poet-novelist Sunil Gangopadhyay |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-20038987 |access-date=2025-03-27 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> For children, he created [[Kakababu]], writing 36 novels in the series. He also wrote extensively for ''[[Desh (magazine)|Desh]]'' magazine and claimed to have written more prose for it than any other writer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gangopadhya |first=Sunil |title=Ardhek Jibon |date=2002 |publisher=আনন্দ |isbn=978-81-77562-34-7 |language=bn}}</ref>

Among others awards, he received the 1985 ''[[Sahitya Akademi Award]]'' for ''[[Those Days (novel)|Those Days]]'' (''Sei Somoy'').<ref name="VanitaKidwai200122">{{cite book |author1=Ruth Vanita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVlhw1u8dSwC&pg=PA336 |title=Same-Sex Love in India: Readings from Literature and History |author2=Saleem Kidwai |date=22 September 2001 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-312-29324-6 |pages=336– |access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunil Gangopadhyay (1934-2012) |url=https://www.parabaas.com/translation/database/authors/texts/sunilgangopadhyay.html |access-date=January 28, 2024 |website=www.parabaas.com}}</ref> Among the films adapted from Sunil's works are, ''[[Aranyer Din Ratri]]'' and ''[[Pratidwandi]]'' (both 1970),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-10 |title=Sunil Gangopadhyay's novel 'Aranyer Dinratri' will be again adapted into a Bengali film after Satyajit Ray created magic 50 yrs ago |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sunil-gangopadhyays-classic-novel-aranyer-dinratri-will-be-adapted-into-a-bengali-film/articleshow/94117218.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> [[Sabuj Dwiper Raja]] (1979), [[Ek Tukro Chand]] (2001), [[Mishawr Rawhoshyo]] (2013), [[Yeti Obhijaan]] (2017), and [[Kakababur Protyaborton]] (2022). In 2008, he was elected president of [[Sahitya Akademi]], narrowly defeating the Malayalam writer [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair|M.T. Vasudevan Nair]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Satchidanandan |first=K. |date=2012 |title=Sunil Da: Mine and Yours |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43856622 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=56 |issue=6 (272) |pages=50–55 |jstor=43856622 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

His simple, clear and conversational approach to prose with dry humor has inspired writers in Bengal and beyond.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goswami |first=Bhaskar Jyoti |date=2012 |title=Sunil Gangopadhyay: A Tribute |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43856623 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=56 |issue=6 (272) |pages=56–60 |jstor=43856623 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref> [[Shankha Ghosh]] noted that Sunil’s use of contemporary language let readers see parts of themselves they may have not seen," or "perhaps did not want to see." By doing so, he transformed personal confessions into shared experiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Sankha |date=October 26, 2012 |title=কী রকম ভাবে বেঁচে ছিলেন |url=https://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1121026/26edit3.html |access-date=January 27, 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> According to [[Sitanshu Yashaschandra]], Sunil never abandoned the personal for the regional, nor did he forsake his "Bengaliness" to seek a broader identity. "He is a writer of international stature, simply because he is a writer, such a good writer," he wrote. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yashaschandra |first1=Sitanshu |last2=Yashashchandra |first2=Sitanshu |date=2012 |title=In Step with Sunil Gangopadhyay, Across Boundaries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43856626 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=56 |issue=6 (272) |pages=69–73 |jstor=43856626 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born in [[Faridpur District|Madaripur]] in a [[Bengali Hindus|Bengali Hindu]] family which is now in [[Bangladesh]]. At an early age, he moved to [[Kolkata]] from his ancestral town, which became part of [[East Pakistan]] after the [[Partition of India|1947 Partition of India]]. He studied at the [[Surendranath College]], [[Dum Dum Motijheel College]], [[City College, Kolkata]] – all affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]]. Thereafter, he obtained his master's degree in [[Bengali literature|Bengali]] from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1954.<ref name="Spouse and children of Gangopadhyay" />

He married Swati Banerjee on 26 February 1967. Their only son, Souvik, who stays in Boston, was born on 20 November 1967.<ref name="Spouse and children of Gangopadhyay" />

==Literary career==

===Krittibas===
{{Main|Krittibas (magazine)}}
[[File:Sunil Gangopadhyay at Krittibas stall in Nandan.jpg|thumb|right|Sunil at the [[Krittibas (magazine)|Krittibas]] stall in [[Nandan (Kolkata)|Nandan]]]]
In 1953, he co-founded the influential avant-grade Bengali magazine ''Krittibas'' with Deepak Majumder and Ananda Bagchi. As its editor, he transformed the magazine into a platform for a new generation of poets who experimented with innovative themes, rhythms, and language.<ref name="Bengali writer Sunil Gangopadhyay dies of a heart attack at 78" /><ref name="Bengal's literary chameleon" />

===Other works===
Later, he started writing for various publications of the [[Ananda Bazar Patrika|Ananda Bazar group]], a major publishing house in [[Kolkata]] and has been continuing it for many years.<ref name="Bengali writer Sunil Gangopadhyay dies of a heart attack at 78" /> He became a friend of the beat poet [[Allen Ginsberg]] while he was travelling in India. Ginsberg mentioned Gangopadhyay most notedly in his poem "[[September on Jessore Road]]." Gangopadhyay in return mentioned Ginsberg in some of his prose work. After serving five years as the Vice President, he was elected the President of the [[Sahitya Akademi]] on 20 February 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/21/stories/2008022159901400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304173336/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/21/stories/2008022159901400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2008|title=Gangopadhyay elected Sahitya Akademi president|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 February 2008|access-date=4 April 2009}}</ref>

Sunil, along with Tarun Sanyal, [[Jyotirmoy Datta]] and Satrajit Dutta had volunteered to be defence witnesses in the famous trial of [[Hungry generation]] movement poet [[Malay Roy Choudhury]].<ref name="Indian and Foreign Review">{{cite book|title=Indian and Foreign Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kNnAAAAMAAJ|access-date=26 October 2012|year=1969|publisher=Publications Division of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|page=271}}</ref>

==Works==
[[File:Sunil_Gangopadhyay_taken_by_Ragib.jpg|thumb|left|Gangopadhyay in 2006]]
Author of well over 200 books,<ref name="Bengali writer Sunil Gangopadhyay dies of a heart attack at 78" /> Sunil was a prolific writer who has excelled in different genres but declares poetry to be his "first love".<ref name="Bengal's literary chameleon">{{cite news|title=Bengal's literary chameleon|url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/obituaries/bengals-literary-chameleon-20121031-28kqs.html|access-date=31 October 2012|newspaper=The Age|date=1 November 2012}}</ref> His ''Nikhilesh'' and ''Neera'' series of poems (some of which have been translated as ''For You, Neera'' and ''Murmur in the Woods'') have been extremely popular.

As in poetry, Sunil was known for his unique style in prose. His first novel was ''[[Atmaprakash (novel)|"Atmaprakash"]]'' and it was also the first writing from a newcomer in literature published in the prestigious magazine – ''[[Desh (magazine)|Desh]]'' (1965).<ref name="Sunil Gangopadhyay dies BD News" /> It was critically acclaimed but some controversy arose for its aggressive and 'obscene' style. Sunil said that he was afraid of this novel and went away from [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] for a few days.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}}. In an interview session with acclaimed film director Rituparno Ghosh, Sunil Gangopadhyay said that before his marriage, his brother in law after reading the novel 'Atmaprakash' was shocked and thought that Sunil Gangopadhyay was not a good match for his sister. [[Satyajit Ray]] thought to make a film on it but it wasn't possible for reasons. The central character of ''Atmaprakash'' is a young man of core-calcutta'- Sunil, who leads a bohemian life-style. The novel had inspiration from "[[On the Road|On the road]]" by [[Jack Kerouac]], the beat generation writer. His historical fiction ''[[Sei Somoy]]'' (translated into English by Aruna Chakravorty as ''[[Those Days (novel)|Those Days]]'') received the Indian [[Sahitya Akademi]] award in 1985. ''Sei Somoy'' continues to be a best seller more than two decades after its first publication.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} The same is true for ''[[First Light (Sunil Ganguly)|Prothom Alo]]'' (also translated recently by Aruna Chakravorty as ''First Light''), another best selling historical fiction and ''Poorba-Pashchim'', a raw depiction of the [[Partition of India|partition]] and its aftermath seen through the eyes of three generations of Bengalis in West Bengal, Bangladesh and elsewhere. He is also the winner of the [[Bankim Puraskar]] (1982), and the [[Ananda Puraskar]] (twice, in 1972 and 1989).
[[File:Sunil Gangopadhyay giving autographs to his fans in Kolkata Book Fair 2010 by Piyal Kundu.JPG|thumb|Sunil Gangopadhyay giving autographs to his fans in Kolkata Book Fair 2010]]
Sunil wrote in many other genres including travelogues, children's fiction, short stories, features, and essays. Among his pen-names are: Nil Lohit, Sanatan Pathak, and Nil Upadhyay.<ref name="Bengali writer Sunil Gangopadhyay dies of a heart attack at 78" />

Though he wrote all types of children's fiction, one character created by him that stands out above the rest, was [[Kakababu]], the crippled adventurist, accompanied by his [[Young adult (psychology)|young adult]] nephew Santu, and his friend Jojo. Since 1974, Sunil Gangopadhyay wrote over 35 novels of this popular series, most of which appeared in [[Anandamela]] magazine.

===Adaptations of his literary works===
* [[Satyajit Ray]] made two films ''[[Pratidwandi]]'' and ''[[Aranyer Din Ratri]]'' based on the works of Ganguly.<ref name="Bengali writer Sunil Gangopadhyay dies of a heart attack at 78" />
* One of Sunil Gangopadhyay's cult poems, ''Smritir Shohor'' has been turned into a song for the film ''[[Iti Mrinalini]]'' (2011) directed by [[Aparna Sen]].
* Seven of his ''Kakababu'' series novels have been adapted into big screen—
** ''[[Sabuj Dwiper Raja]]'' (1979) directed by [[Tapan Sinha]]
** ''[[Kakababu Here Gelen?]]'' (1996) directed by [[Pinaki Chaudhuri]]
** ''[[Ek Tukro Chand]]'' (2001) directed by [[Pinaki Chaudhuri]]
** ''[[Mishor Rahasya]]'' (2013) directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]]
** ''[[Yeti Obhijaan]]'' (2017) directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]]
** ''[[Kakababur Protyaborton]]'' (2021) directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]]
** ''[[Vijaynagar'er Hirey]]'' (2026) directed by Chandrasish Ray
* [[Shyamaprasad]] adapted his novel 'Hirek Deepti' as Malayalam feature ''[[Ore Kadal]]'' in 2007, and his novel 'Megh Brishti Alo' short story into the 2012 Malayalam film ''[[Arike (film)|Arike]]''
*The movie [[Hotath Neerar Jonnyo]] (2004), is based on Sunil's short story ''Rani O Abinash''.
*The movie ''[[Moner Manush]]'' (2010), directed by Goutam Ghose a film based on Sunil's novel by the same name which depicts the life of Lalon Fakir, a famous Bengali philosopher and a Baul saint.
*The movie ''[[Aparajita Tumi]]'' (2012), directed by Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury, is based on Sunil's novel ''Dui Nari Hate Tarbari''.
*''[[Vara: A Blessing]]'' (2013), English film directed by [[Khyentse Norbu]], is based on his short story ''Rakta Aar Kanna'' (Blood and Tears).<ref>{{cite web| title = Vara: A Blessing: Busan Review|work=The Hollywood Reporter| url = http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/vara-a-blessing-busan-review-642461|date= 3 October 2013| access-date = 15 October 2013| first = Clarence| last = Tsui}}</ref>
*''Yugantar'', an Indian television series that aired on [[DD National]] in the 80s was based on Gangopadhyay's novel ''[[Sei Somoy]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yugantar (Old Doordarshan TV Serial)|url=https://www.freeonlineindia.in/yugantar-old-doordarshan-tv-serial/|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Free Online India|date=4 October 2016|language=en-US|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127211840/https://www.freeonlineindia.in/yugantar-old-doordarshan-tv-serial/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Death==
Sunil Gangopadhyay died at 2:05 a.m.{{cn|date=April 2025}}  on 23 October 2012 at his South Kolkata residence, following a major [[cardiac arrest]].<ref name="Bengali writer Sunil Gangopadhyay dies of a heart attack at 78">{{cite news|title=Bengali writer Sunil Gangopadhyay dies of a heart attack at 78|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bengali-writer-sunil-gangopadhyay-dies-of-a-heart-attack-at-78/301744-40-103.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023225503/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bengali-writer-sunil-gangopadhyay-dies-of-a-heart-attack-at-78/301744-40-103.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2012|access-date=23 October 2012|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=23 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-10-23 |title=Bengali writer Sunil Gangopadhyay dies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20038384 |access-date=2025-04-03 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="Eminent litterateur Sunil Gangopadhyay passes away at his Kolkata residence">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-23/india/34679694_1_president-condoles-sahitya-akademi-sunil-gangopadhyay|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103105502/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-23/india/34679694_1_president-condoles-sahitya-akademi-sunil-gangopadhyay|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title= Eminent litterateur Sunil Gangopadhyay passes away at his Kolkata residence|access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengali writer Sunil Gangopadhyay dies |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kolkata-news/bengali-writer-sunil-gangopadhyay-dies-502628 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> He was suffering from prostate cancer for some time and went to Mumbai for treatment. He returned to Kolkata on the day of ''Mahalaya''.<ref name="Amaratwa ke tachhilya korte chaiten tini">{{cite news|title=Amaratwa ke tachhilya korte chaiten tini|newspaper=Anandabazar Patrika|date=26 October 2012}}</ref> Although he was a communist and an atheist, controversially, Gangopadhyay's body was cremated following Hindu custom on 25 October at [[Keoratola crematorium]] with several dignitaries and numerous fans paying their last tributes. Ganguly was not a Hindu or Muslim but a committed atheist.<ref name="The discovery of utility in death">{{cite news|title=The discovery of utility in death|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/discovery-utility-death-204205043.html|access-date=26 October 2012|newspaper=Yahoo News|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018184407/http://in.news.yahoo.com/discovery-utility-death-204205043.html|archive-date=18 October 2013}}</ref>

[[Pranab Mukherjee]], the then-[[President of India]], condoled the death of Gangopadhyay saying:<ref name="Eminent litterateur Sunil Gangopadhyay passes away at his Kolkata residence" />
<blockquote>Gangopadhyay had enriched Bengali literature through his unique style. He was one of the best intellectuals among his contemporaries. The vacuum created by his death cannot be filled.</blockquote>

== Controversies ==

* In 1970, Satyajit Ray's film ''[[Pratidwandi]],'' based on the novel of same name by Gangopadhyay, depicted how a poor nurse used to entertain men for some ''moolah''. This arose controversy and nurses across the city of Kolkata protested against such depiction.<ref name="The freedom song">{{cite news|title=The freedom song|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/calcutta-times/The-freedom-song/articleshow/1661050.cms|access-date=26 October 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 June 2006}}</ref>
* In 2006 novel ''Ardhek Jibon'', he expressed his carnal desire for [[Hindu]] goddess [[Saraswati]] created some controversies. A retired IPS officer lodged a case against Gangopadhyay in the Calcutta High Court. Against this controversy Gangpadhyay felt– he had no freedom to express what he felt. Another Bengali writer [[Buddhadeb Guha]] found this a cheap gimmick and he told– "I don't support such cheap gimmicks. An author should set an example for the younger generations. If an author thinks it's cool to say that he loves to booze and enjoys going to Sonagachhi, then this only speaks poorly of him."<ref name="The freedom song" />
* In September 2012, Bangladeshi author [[Taslima Nasreen]] accused Sunil Gangopadhyay of sexually harassing her and other women. She also alleged that Gangopadhyay was involved in banning her novel ''[[Dwikhandito]]'' and her "banishment" from West Bengal.<ref name="Taslima Nasreen accuses author Sunil Gangopadhyay of sexual harassment">{{cite news|title=Taslima Nasreen accuses author Sunil Gangopadhyay of sexual harassment|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/taslima-nasreen-accuses-author-sunil-gangopadhyay-of-sexual-harassment/288344-40-103.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126133258/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/taslima-nasreen-accuses-author-sunil-gangopadhyay-of-sexual-harassment/288344-40-103.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|access-date=26 October 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|date=4 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="Taslima tweets: Sunil molested me">{{cite web|title=Taslima tweets: Sunil molested me|url=http://www.bdnews24.com/details.php?id=231529&cid=2|publisher=BDNews|access-date=27 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907052458/http://www.bdnews24.com/details.php?id=231529&cid=2|archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref> Sunil denied the allegation and joked to [[Subodh Sarkar]] on his last birthday, "Look, Sunil is ''dwikhandito'' (cut in two)." His wife, Swati, backed him as well.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Subodh |date=2012 |title=He Never Ran out of Creativity |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43856620 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=56 |issue=6 (272) |pages=36–43 |jstor=43856620 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

==List of major works==

===Poetry or Poems===
* ''Hathat Nirar Janya''<ref name="Sunil Gangopadhyay dies BD News">{{cite news|title=Sunil Gangopadhyay dies|url=https://bdnews24.com/world/sunil-gangopadhyay-dies|access-date=26 October 2012|newspaper=bdnews24.com|date=23 October 2012}}</ref>
* ''Bhorbelar Upohar''
* ''Sada Prishtha tomar sange''
* ''Sei Muhurte Nira''
* ''Kaydata Shikhe Nebe''
* ''Jodi Nirbason Dao''
*''Pagol Kota''

=== Novels ===
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Atmaprakash '' (1964)<ref name="Sunil Gangopadhyay dies BD News" />
* ''Sonali Dukkho ''
* ''Chaya Darshon ''
* ''Anno Jiboner Shad''
* ''Shopno Somvob ''
* ''Suniler Satdin''
* ''Rani O Obinash''
* ''Kothay Alo''
* ''Sudur Jhornar Jole''
* ''Jol Jongoler Kabbo''
* ''Ekti Rat Tinti Jibon''
* ''Jomoj Kahini ''
* ''Madhu Kahini''
* ''Otyagsahan''
* ''Gonesh Diye Shuru''
* ''Unmochoner Muhurte''
* ''Adhar Raater Atithi''
* ''Aakash Paatal''
* ''Asroy''
* ''Alpona Aar Shikha''
* ''Achena Manush''
* ''Aamar Swapna''
* ''Nadir pare khela''
* ''Satyer Aral''
* ''Eka Ebong Koyekjon''
* ''[[Sei Somoy]]''
* ''Pratham Alo''
* ''Poorba-Pashchim''
* ''Hirok Deepthi''
* ''Nihsanga Samrat'' (2005)
* ''Moner Manus'' (2008)
* ''Bosudha o tar meye'' (2010)
* ''Saraswati-r pa-er kacche'' (2012)
* ''Radha Krishna'' (2015)
* ''Jibon J Rokom''
* ''Payer Tolay Sorshe''
{{div col end}}

=== Autobiography ===
* '' Ardhek Jibon''
* ''Chabir Deshe, Kabitar Deshe''

=== Travelogue ===
* "Bijone Nijer Sathe"
* "Amader Choto Nadee"
* "Tin Samudro Satash Nadee"

===="Kakababu" series====
{{Main|Kakababu}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
* ''Sabuj Dwiper Raja''
* ''Kakababu O Sindukrahasya''
* ''Kakababu O Bajralama''
* ''Santu Kothay, Kakababu Kothay''
* ''Vijaynagarer Hire''
* ''Jangaler Modhe Ek Hotel''
* ''Bhayankar Sundoor''
* ''Santu O Ak Tukro Chand''
* ''Kakababu Herey Gelen?''
* ''Kolkatar Jongole''
* ''Bhopal Rahashya''
* ''Pahar Churae Atanka''
* ''Khali Jahajer Rohosyo''
* ''Agun Pakhir Rohoshyo''
* ''Kakababu Bonam Chorashikari''
* "Sadhubabar haat(Short Story)"
* ''Ulka Rahoshsho''
* ''Kakababu O Ek Chhodmobeshi''
* ''Ebar Kakababur Protishodh''
* ''Mishor Rohoshsho''(Mystery in Egypt)
* ''Kakababu O Ashchorjo Dweep''
* ''Agneyogirir peter madhye''
* ''Kakababu O Jaladashu''
* ''Golokdhandhay Kakababu''
* ''Kakababu Samagra (1–6)''
* ''Kakababu O Chadan Dossu''
}}

===Translated books===
* ''[[First Light (Sunil Ganguly)|First Light]]''<ref name="Translated Books of Sunil Gangopadhyay">{{cite web|title=Translated Books of Sunil Gangopadhyay|url=http://www.sunilgangopadhyay.org/book.html|publisher=Sunil Gangopadhyay's website|access-date=23 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025163456/http://www.sunilgangopadhyay.org/book.html|archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> {{ISBN|978-0-14-100430-3}}
* ''[[Those Days (novel)|Those days]]''<ref name="Translated Books of Sunil Gangopadhyay" /> {{ISBN|0140268529}}
* ''East-West''<ref name="Translated Books of Sunil Gangopadhyay" /> Penguin Books India
* ''The Lovers and other stories''<ref name="Translated Books of Sunil Gangopadhyay" /> {{ISBN|81-7189-838-6}}
* ''Pratidwandi''<ref name="Translated Books of Sunil Gangopadhyay" /> {{ISBN|81-250-1902-2}}
* ''Murmur in the Woods''<ref name="Translated Books of Sunil Gangopadhyay" /> {{ISBN|81-220-0568-3}}
* ''The Youth''<ref name="Translated Books of Sunil Gangopadhyay" /> {{ISBN|81-291-0125-4}}
* ''Ranu O Bhanu''<ref name="Translated Books of Sunil Gangopadhyay" /> Translated by Sheila Sengupta
* ''The Lonely Monarch''<ref name="Translated Books of Sunil Gangopadhyay" /> Translated by Swapna Dutta, {{ISBN|978-93-5009-628-4}}
*''Blood''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Datta|first=Sudipta|date=2020-05-23|title=Moving out, moving on: Review of 'Blood' by Sunil Gangopadhyay, trs Debali Mookerjea-Leonard|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/moving-out-moving-on-review-of-blood-by-sunil-gangopadhyay-trs-debali-mookerjea-leonard/article31647447.ece|access-date=2020-12-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Translated by Debali Mookerjea-Leonard

==Awards and honours==

===Awards===
* 1972: [[Ananda Puraskar]] in general category<ref name="Sunil Gangopadhyay awards" />
* 1979: "National poet" honour was given by ''Akashbani'' Kolkata<ref name="Sunil Gangopadhyay awards" />
* 1983: [[Bankim Puraskar]] for the book ''Sei Somoy''<ref name="Sunil Gangopadhyay awards">{{cite web|title=Sunil Gangopadhyay awards|url=http://www.sunilgangopadhyay.org/awards1.html|access-date=23 October 2012|publisher=Sunil Gangopadhyay website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831234821/http://www.sunilgangopadhyay.org/awards1.html|archive-date=31 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="Eminent Litterateur Sunil Gangopadhyay Dead OLI">{{cite web|title=Eminent Litterateur Sunil Gangopadhyay Dead|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=778862|publisher=Outlook India|access-date=26 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023093712/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=778862|archive-date=23 October 2012}}</ref>
* 1984: [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for the book ''Sei Somoy''<ref name="Eminent Bengali writer Sunil Gangopadhyay passes away">{{cite web |date=20 February 2008 |title=Eminent Bengali writer Sunil Gangopadhyay passes away |url=http://www.bengalnewz.com/west_bengal/kolkata/102334342.html |access-date=23 October 2012 |publisher=Bengal Newz}}</ref><ref name="Sunil Gangopadhyay awards" />
* 1989: [[Ananda Puraskar]] for the book ''Poorba-Pashchim''<ref name="Eminent Bengali writer Sunil Gangopadhyay passes away" /><ref name="Sunil Gangopadhyay awards" /><ref name="Eminent Litterateur Sunil Gangopadhyay Dead OLI" />
* 1989: ''Sahitya Setu puroskar''<ref name="Sunil Gangopadhyay awards" />
* 1999: ''Annada-Snowcem puroska'' for the story ''Nil Lohiter Golpo''<ref name="Sunil Gangopadhyay awards" />
* 2003: ''Annadashankar puroskar''<ref name="Sunil Gangopadhyay awards" />
* 2004: [[Saraswati Samman]] for ''Prothom Alo''<ref name="Sunil Gangopadhyay awards" />
* 2011: [[The Hindu Literary Prize]], shortlist, ''The Fakir''<ref name="Eminent Bengali writer Sunil Gangopadhyay passes away" /><ref name="Sunil Gangopadhyay awards" />
* 2012: Sera Bangali Lifetime Achievement Award by [[Star Ananda]]<ref name="Sunil Gangopadhyay awards" />

===Honors===
* 2002: Sheriff of [[Kolkata]].<ref name="Eminent Litterateur Sunil Gangopadhyay Dead OLI" />
* Honorary D.Litt. from the [[University of Burdwan]]

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Poetry|Children's literature}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* {{IMDb name|0304355}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190707180837/https://penguin.co.in/author/sunil-gangopadhyay/ Sunil Gangopadhyay] at [[Penguin India]]
* [https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=18000000590 Sunil Gangopadhyay] at the [[Munzinger-Archiv]]
* [https://www.poetryinternational.org/pi/poet/21074 Sunil Gangopadhyay] at [[Poetry International Web|Poetry International]]
* [https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/sunilgangopadhyay.html Sunil Gangopadhyay] at The South Asian Literary Recordings Project, Library of Congress; New Delhi Office, India

{{Saraswati Samman}}
{{Kakababu}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Poetry|History|Books}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gangopadhyay, Sunil}}
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers of historical romances]]
[[Category:Surendranath College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Saraswati Samman Award]]
[[Category:Sheriffs of Kolkata]]
[[Category:City College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali-language science fiction writers]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Madaripur District]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:International Writing Program alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Baby (director)

2026-02-06T05:54:35Z

Sunil Tani: Started a article v1

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = A. G. Baby
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Swamynathan Pillai
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Film director
| years_active = 1973 – 1991
| parents =
}}

'''Baby''', also known as '''A. G. Baby''' is an [[Indian film]] director, producer, actor and scriptwriter who works in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.malayalamcinema.com/userreview_veendum-lisa-.htm |title=Veendum Lisa Malayalam movie, Veendum Lisa Moivie stills, Veendum Lisa Photo Gallery |access-date=10 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195746/http://www.malayalamcinema.com/userreview_veendum-lisa-.htm |archive-date=10 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/nationalawards.htm |title=National Awards |access-date=10 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708222648/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/nationalawards.htm |archive-date=8 July 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=1837|title = Baby}}</ref> He has directed more than 50 Malayalam movies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.msidb.org/movies.php?tag=Search&director=Baby&limit=32&page_num=1|title=List of Malayalam Movies by Director Baby}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/baby/filmography.html|title = Check out lists of Movies by #Baby #Filmography}}</ref> Among the popular movies he directed are [[Lisa (1978 film)|''Lisa (1978)'']], ''Pappu'' ''(1980)'', ''Abhinayam'' ''(1981)'' and ''Veendum Lisa'' ''(1987).''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kerals.com/malayalammovie/week5165/Awardfilims/ |title=Untitled Document |access-date=10 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910200546/http://www.kerals.com/malayalammovie/week5165/Awardfilims/ |archive-date=10 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Direction===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[Manushyaputhran]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Sapthaswaragal]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Sankhupushpam]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Sooryakanthi]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Lisa (1978 film)|Lisa]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Kaathirunna Nimisham]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Avano Atho Avalo]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Prabhu (film)|Prabhu]]'' (1979)
* ''Pambaram'' (1979)
* ''[[Anupallavi (film)|Anupallavi]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Tharangam (1979 film)|Tharangam]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Sarpam|Sarppam]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Love in Singapore (1980 Malayalam film)|Love in Singapore]]'' (1980)
* ''Chandrahaasam'' (1980)
* ''[[Pappu (film)|Pappu]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Manushya Mrugam (1980 film)|Manushya Mrugam]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Nizhal Yudham]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Abhinayam]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Karimpoocha]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Saravarsham]]'' (1982)
* ''Amrutha Geetham'' (1982)
* ''[[Samrambham]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Mortuary (1983 Malayalam film)|Mortuary]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Gurudakshina (film)|Gurudakshina]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Kurishuyudham]]'' (1984)
* ''[[NH 47 (film)|NH 47]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Oru Sumangaliyude Katha|Oru Sumangaliyude Kadha]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Onnam Prathi Olivil|Onnaamprathi Olivil]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Bhagavan (1986 film)|Bhagavaan]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Ithu Oru Thudakkam Maathram]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Veendum Lisa]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Pathimoonam Number Veedu]]'' (1990; Tamil)
*''Raktha Jwala'' (1990; Telugu)
* ''[[House No. 13]]'' (1991)
* ''Manmadha Sarangal'' (1991)
{{div col end}}

===Screenplay===
* ''[[Sapthaswaragal]]'' (1974)
* ''Lisa'' (1978)
* ''[[Avano Atho Avalo]]'' (1979)
* ''Prabhu'' (1979)
* ''[[Anupallavi (film)|Anupallavi]]'' (1979)
* ''Pappu'' (1980)
* ''[[Love in Singapore (1980 Malayalam film)|Love in Singapore]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Abhinayam]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Karimpoocha]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Saravarsham]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Veendum Lisa]]'' (1987)

===Production===
* ''Chirikkudukka'' (1976)
* ''Nirakudam'' (1977)
* ''Lillyppookkal'' (1979)
* ''Veendum Lisa'' (1987)

===Acting===
* ''Chithramela'' (1967)
* ''Cochin Express'' (1967)
* ''Yogamullaval'' (1971)
* ''Brahmachaari'' (1972)
* ''Rakshassu'' (1984)

===Story===
* ''[[Sarpam|Sarppam]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Abhinayam]]'' (1981)
* ''Veendum Lisa'' (1987)

===Editing===
* ''Swargaraajyam'' (1962)

===Camera===
* ''Swargaraajyam'' (1962)

===Dialogue===
* ''[[Abhinayam]]'' (1981)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0045116}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baby}}
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Film producers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]

Malabar Medical College, Kozhikode

2026-02-04T21:11:59Z

Sunil Tani: creating info.

{{Short description|Medical school in Kerala, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Malabar Medical College Hospital and Research Centre
| motto = ''Discover a new life''
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[Medical College]]
| image = Malabar Medical College.jpg
| established = 2010
| students =
| principal = Dr. P. V. Narayanan
| affiliations = [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]
| accreditation = [[National Medical Commission]]
| chairman = Anil Kumar
| city = [[Kozhikode]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 673323

| campus = 32 acres
| undergrad = 200 Per Year ([[M.B.B.S]])
| postgrad = 28 Per Year
| doctoral =
| faculty =
| language = English, Malayalam
| website ={{ubl|{{URL|https://academy.mmchospital.in/}}|{{URL|https://mmchospital.in/}} }}
}}

'''Malabar Medical College Hospital and Research Centre''' is a School of Medicine located in Modakkalur, [[Ulliyeri]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0002851 |work=World Directory of Medical Schools |title=School Detail |language=en |access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref> The medical school shares a campus with the '''Malabar Medical College Hospital, Kozhikode''' (MMC Hospital, Kozhikode). It is by the State Highway connecting [[Kozhikode]] and [[Kuttiady]], about 20 km from Kozhikode city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thatsmalayalam.oneindia.in/news/2001/08/04/ker-malabarmc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717135520/http://thatsmalayalam.oneindia.in/news/2001/08/04/ker-malabarmc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2011|title=പ്രവാസി സഹായത്തോടെ മലബാര്‍ മെഡി. കോളേജ്|date=4 August 2001|work=Oneindia Malayalam|trans-title=Malabar Medical College to constitute in Panakkad|language=Malayalam|access-date=6 February 2010}}</ref> The MMC Hospital provides health care to a major area of [[North Malabar]] region consisting of [[Calicut]], [[Kannur]], and [[Wayanad]] districts. The teaching hospital has 890 beds.<ref name="MMC hosp">{{citation |publisher=MMC Hospital |language=en |access-date=15 September 2022 |url=https://academy.mmchospital.in/storage/cms_files/PROFORMA.pdf |title=Information of College as per NMC Circular}}</ref> The college is affiliated to the [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]] (KUHS) and is associated with Sree Anjaneya Medical Trust.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mmchospital.in/storage/cms_files/Affiliation%20UG.pdf|date=|work=MMC Hospital|title=KUHS Abstract|language=English|access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref>

Malabar Medical College Hospital and Research Centre was established in the year 2010 as the first private medical college in Kerala to have 150 M.B.B.S seats at inception.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://mmccalicut.org/img/pdf/UPR2010.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828111919/http://mmccalicut.org/img/pdf/UPR2010.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 August 2019|date=|work=MMC Hospital Academy|title=MCI Recognition|language=English|access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref> The medical college annually accepts 200 students from the academic year 2022-23 for [[M.B.B.S]] [[undergraduate]] course based on performance in the national medical entrance exam [[NEET (UG)]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mmchospital.in/news-and-events/events/moment-of-pride-1/1|date=|work=MMC Hospital|title=Moment of Pride|language=English|access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref> The undergraduate course consists of four and a half years of academic training, followed by one year of internship as a [[ Foundation house officer|House Surgeon]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/UG-Curriculum-Vol-III.pdf|date=|work=National Medical Council|title=M.B.B.S Curriculum|language=English|access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref>

The Medical College accepts postgraduate trainees in a number of specialties. Currently, 28 postgraduate training seats are offered in the specialties of MD [[General Medicine]] (4 seats), MS [[General Surgery]] (2 seats), MD [[Paediatrics]] (4 seats), MS [[Orthopaedics]] (4 seats), MS [[Ophthalmology]] (3 seats), MS [[Otorhinolaryngology|ENT]] (2 seats), MD [[Anesthesiology]] (2 seats), MD [[Psychiatry]] (2 seats), MD [[Dermatology]] (3 seats), MD [[Community Medicine]] (2 seats).<ref name="MMC hosp"/>

The Medical College also made its niche in the sports arena and was given the University Sports Championship continuously for three years (2014–2015, 2015–2016, and 2016–2017).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2016/nov/30/kuhs-athletics-megha-divakaran-emerges-fastest-woman-1544029.html|date=30 November 2016|work=The New Indian Express|title=KUHS athletics: Megha Divakaran emerges fastest woman|language=English|access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref>

==Academic Divisions==

*Malabar Medical College & Research Centre
*Malabar Medical College Hospital
*Sree Anjaneya Institute of Dental Science
*Sree Anjaneya College of Nursing
*Sree Anjaneya College of Paramedical Science

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|https://mmccalicut.org/}}

{{Health in Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{Educational Institutes in Kozhikode}}
{{Education in Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated with the Kerala University of Health Sciences|Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Private medical colleges in India]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2010]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2008]]

Purvas

2026-02-03T07:16:00Z

Sunil Tani: started data

{{Short description|Large body of Jain scriptures}}
{{Jainism}}
{{redirect|Purva|the direction|Guardians of the directions#Directions_in_Hindu_tradition|the village in Iran|Purva, Iran}}
The Fourteen '''Purvas''' (meaning ancient or prior knowledge) are a large body of [[Jain texts|Jain scriptures]] that was preached by all [[Tirthankara]]s (omniscient teachers) of [[Jainism]] encompassing the entire gamut of knowledge available in this universe. The persons having the knowledge of purvas were given an exalted status of ''Shrutakevali'' or "scripturally omniscient persons". Both the [[Jain]] traditions, [[Śvetāmbara]] and [[Digambara]] hold that all the fourteen purvas have been lost.<ref name=Jaini>Jaini, Padmanabh (1998). ''The Jaina Path of Purification''. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. {{ISBN|81-208-1578-5}}.</ref> According to tradition, the Purvas were part of [[Jain Agamas|canonical literature]] and deposited in the third section of [[Drstivada]] (the twelfth and last canon). Knowledge of Purvas became fairly vulnerable after [[Mahavira]]'s [[nirvana]] (liberation) and on account of effects of famine, such that, eventually only one person—[[Acharya Bhadrabahu|Bhadrabahu Svami]] had a command over it. In accordance with the prophecy of Mahavira, the knowledge of Purvas died within 1,000 years of his nirvana and eventually, the whole of [[Drstivada]] disappeared as well.([[Vyakhyaprajnapti|Bhagvati Sutra]] 20.8)<ref>Dundas, Paul; John Hinnels ed. (2002). ''The Jains''. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-26606-8}}. p. 68.</ref> However, a detailed table of contents of the Drstivada and the Purvas has survived in the fourth Anga, [[Samavayanga Sutra|Samavāyānga]] and Nandīsūtra. Furthermore, certain portions of Drstivada and Purvas is said to have survived in [[Satkhandagama|Satkhandāgama]] and Kasāyaprabhrta, especially the doctrine of [[Karma in Jainism|Karma]].

==The Fourteen Purvas==
Below is a list of the fourteen Purvas, containing various descriptions and details:

# '''Utpaad Pūrva''': Living (Jiv), non-living (Ajiv), and its modes (Paryāya)
# '''Agrayaniya Purva''': Nine realities ([[Tattva (Jainism)|Navtattva]]), six substances ([[Dravya (Jainism)|Shad-dravya]]), etc.
# '''Viryapravada Purva''': Relating to energy of soul, non-living, etc.
# '''Asti Nasti Pravada Purva''': Multiplicity of views ([[Anekantavada|Anekāntvād]]), Saptabhangi, etc.
# '''Jnana Prāvada Pūrva''': Five types of knowledge and three types of ignorance, etc.
# '''Satya Pravada Purva''': Relating to truth, restraint, silence (Maun), speech, etc.
# '''Atma pavada Purva''': Analysis of soul from different view points (naya)
# '''Karma Pravada Pūrva''': Theory of [[Karma in Jainism|karma]], its bondage, influx, its nature, fruition, shedding
# '''Pratyakhyana Purva''': Giving up (Pachchhakhān), restraint, vows, detachment, etc.
# '''Vidyā Pravāda Purva''': Expertise (vidyā), exceptional abilities, practice
# '''Kalyana Pravada Purva''': Spiritual alertness (Apramād) and laziness (Pramād)
# '''Prana Pravada Purva''': Ten types of life substances or vitalities (Prān), life span, etc.
# '''Kriyā Visala Purva''': Skills, 64 arts of women, 84 arts of men, etc.
# '''Lokbindusā Purva''': Three parts of universe including heavens and hells, mathematics, etc.

The contents of the Purvas was so vast, that the tradition holds that, the first one is written by the volume of the ink that is equivalent to the size of one elephant. Second one is two times larger, and third one is two times larger than second one and so on. It was said that, all efforts to describe the knowledge of Purva in words were in vain. It provided detailed information about six kinds of reals or substances, all kinds of living creatures, the things which were to exist for eternal time, those which were to come into existence for a transient time and their time of extinction, five kinds of knowledge, truth, soul, karma, mantra, benefits of austerities, the lifestyle of ascetics and householders, birth, death and a detailed description of the whole universe. It also contained various knowledge on attainment of exceptional abilities including attainment of various magical powers.{{cn|date=October 2016}}

==The Srutakevalis==
The persons having the knowledge of purvas were known as ''Srutakevali'' or "scripturally omniscient persons".<ref name=Jaini/> They were one step away from attaining enlightened or [[Kevala Jnana]]. The following persons had the knowledge of Purvas after [[Mahavira]]:

# [[Ganadhara]] [[Gautam Swami]]
# [[Ganadhara]] [[Sudharma Swami]]
# [[Jambuswami]]

These three persons also attained [[Kevala Jnana]] or enlightenment and were subsequently liberated. After Jambu Svami, the following Heads of the Jaina Order who were his successors had knowledge of the entire 14 Purvas:

# Prabhava
# Sayyambhava
# Yashobhadra
# Sambhutavijaya
# [[Acharya Bhadrabahu|Bhadrabahu]]
# Sthulabhadra: Although he is said to have had knowledge of all 14 purvas, the meaning of the last four purvas was not revealed to him.<ref>[[Hemachandra|Hemacandra]]. H. Jacobi, ed. (1891). ''Parishishtaparvam'', 2nd ed. Calcutta. Verse IX, pp. 55–76.</ref>

==Loss of the Purvas==
The Indologist [[Hermann Jacobi]] is of the opinion that there is an element of truth in the existence of Purvas or ancient knowledge; however, he held a view that Dristivada contained an abstract of the Purvas, rather than the entire text of the Purvas itself. According to him, it is no coincidence that the knowledge of Purvas started fading away simultaneously with the redaction of the new canon. He is of the opinion that the Drstivada containing a disputation of the views of heretical traditions may no longer have served a purpose, once the rival traditions became extinct.<ref>{{cite book | last =Jacobi | first =Hermann | title =Ācāranga Sūtra, Jain Sutras Part I, Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 22. | year =1884 | url =http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/index.htm}}</ref>

On the other hand, [[Acharya Hemachandra|Acarya Hemachandra's]] [[Parishishtaparva]], also known as [[Sthaviravali]] (stories on the lives of elders or Jain patriarchs), contains detailed information as to how the knowledge of the Purvas was lost. Bhadrabahu Svami was the last person to have the knowledge of the entire 14 Purvas. He refused to teach the last four Purvas to his chief disciple [[Sthulibhadra]], who had used his knowledge of the Purvas to display magical powers. Bhadrabahu, foreseeing the loss of the Purvas and a decline of morality and conduct, ultimately agreed to teach Sthulabhadra the rest of the Purvas, on the condition that he should not hand down the last four Purvas to anybody else. Hence, Sthulabhadra, in turn, taught his disciples Mahagiri and Suhastin only ten Purvas, for he was forbidden to teach the last four Purvas to anybody. Gradually, with the growth of schisms and the inability of monks to commit the scriptures to memory, the knowledge of the Purvas and of the Dristivada became extinct.<ref>Roy, Ashim Kumar (1984). ''A History of the Jains New Delhi''. Gitanjali Publishing House.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jainism topics}}
{{Jain Agamas}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Jain texts]]
[[Category:Lost religious texts]]

Nazar (TV series)

2026-01-24T23:24:30Z

Sunil Tani: revise

{{short description|Indian supernatural television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = The Evil Eye
| image = Nazar (TV series) poster.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Supernatural]]|[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]|[[Drama]]|[[Romance film|Romance]]}}
| creator = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]|[[Mrinal Jha]]}}
| based_on = [[Dayan (witch)]]
| story = {{Unbulleted list|[[Mrinal Jha]]|'''Dialogues:''' Divy Nidhi Sharma Aparajita Sharma}}
| director = Atif Khan
| editor = Shashank H. Singh
| theme_music_composer = [[Tapas Relia]]
| starring = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Antara Biswas|Monalisa]]|[[Niyati Fatnani]]|[[Harsh Rajput]]|[[Shruti Sharma]]|[[Sheezan Khan]]}}
| composer = Sanjeev Srivastava
| opentheme = {{Plainlist|
* "Saajna" (season 1)
* "Janiya" (season 2)
}}
| endtheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 432
| list_episodes =
| producer = {{Unbulleted_list|Gul Khan|Karishma Jain}}
| camera = [[Multi camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[4 Lions Films]]
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2018|07|30}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2020|03|20}}
| related = ''[[Nojor]]''
}}

'''''Nazar''''' ({{translation|''Evil Eye''}}) is an Indian [[supernatural fiction|supernatural]] [[thriller (genre)|thriller]] series produced by [[4 Lions Films]] and directed by Atif Khan that airs on [[StarPlus]] and streams digitally on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/nazar-to-hum-2-new-shows-are-all-set-to-hit-your-screens-today-1300379-2018-07-30|title=Nazar to Hum: 2 new shows are all set to hit your screens today|publisher=India Today|author=Shweta Keshri|date=30 July 2018|access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref>

Season 1 of the franchise aired from 30 July 2018 to 18 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/niyati-fatnani-opposite-harsh-rajput-in-the-supernatural-show-nazar-/articleshow/64018781.cms|title=Niyati Fatnani opposite Harsh Rajput in the supernatural show 'Nazar'|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-08-28}}</ref> It starred [[Antara Biswas|Monalisa]], [[Niyati Fatnani]], and [[Harsh Rajput]] and performed well in TRP charts apart from gaining popularity.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gul-khan-pens-heartfelt-note-for-niyati-and-harsh-as-nazar-season-1-wraps-up-show-begins-its-second-season/articleshow/73903921.cms|title=Gul Khan pens heartfelt note for Niyati and Harsh as Nazar season 1 wraps up; show begins its second season|website=The Times of India|date=3 February 2020 }}</ref>

Season 2 of the franchise, which replaced Season 1, premiered on 19 February 2020 and starred Monalisa and [[Shruti Sharma (actress)|Shruti Sharma]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gathbandhan-actress-shruti-sharma-bags-nazar-2/articleshow/74012499.cms|title='Gathbandhan' actress Shruti Sharma bags 'Nazar 2'|website=The Times of India|date=8 February 2020 }}</ref> Despite having good ratings, the second season of ''Nazar'' went off-air due to the pandemic situation of [[COVID-19]] and its high production demand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/tv-show/sbs/nazar-2-producer-confirms-show-going-off-air-hot-news-full-1231800|title=Nazar 2 producer confirms show going off-air | Hot News Full|date=10 May 2020|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>

A telefilm of ''Nazar'' premiered on [[Star Plus]] on 10 October 2021 under the name ''Ankahee Dastaan – Nazar''.

==Seasons==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes
! colspan="2" | Originally broadcast ([[India]])
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last aired
|-
| 1
| 409
| 30 July 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/star-plus-nazar-set-to-return-with-season-2/|title=Star Plus' Nazar Set To Return With Season 2|website=Eastern Eye|date=3 February 2020}}</ref>
| 18 February 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nazar-season-1-comes-to-an-end-niyati-fatnani-and-harsh-rajput-give-their-last-shot-see-video/articleshow/74189611.cms|title=Nazar season 1 comes to an end, Niyati Fatnani and Harsh Rajput give their last shot; see video|website=The Times of India|date=18 February 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 2
| 23
| 19 February 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nazar-all-set-for-second-season-monalisa-writes-an-emotional-note-for-niyati-fatnani/articleshow/74116314.cms|title=Nazar all set for second season, Monalisa writes an emotional note for Niyati Fatnani|website=The Times of India|date=13 February 2020 }}</ref>
| 20 March 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=In the post-Covid world, it will be difficult to keep expensive TV shows going: Gul Khan|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/coronavirus/news/in-the-post-covid-world-it-will-be-difficult-to-keep-expensive-tv-shows-going-producer-gul-khan/articleshow/75682753.cms|website=[[Mumbai Mirror]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Plot ==
===Season 1===

In the year 2000, Mohana, a 250
-year-old [[Dayan (witch)|daayan]] who has managed to extend her parasitic existence by sapping the [[Prana|life-force]] of her victims. Residing in Bhandap, she bewitches businessman Mridul Rathod and eventually ties the knot with him. Together, they have two children, Ansh and Kajal. As Mohana aids her husband in accumulating immense wealth through the use of [[Black magic|dark sorcery]], she gradually takes away his [[vitality]], ultimately leading to his untimely death.

This unfortunate turn of events prompts Vedashree Rathod, Mridul Rathod's sister-in-law, to grow concerned. She seeks assistance from her friend Divya Sharma, a [[psychic]] [[Magic (supernatural)|wizardess]] and a member of the reevaavanshi, a clan of evil hunters, known for their ability to ward off [[evil eye]]. Divya thwarts Mohana's malevolent influence by severing her plait, rendering Mohana powerless. Mohana then escapes into the woods, but they pursue her along with a mob of villagers holding [[torch]]es. Once cornered, Mohana was set on fire which turns her into stone. Divya seals Mohana in a coffin within a temple, safeguarded by powerful mantras. Not long after these events, Divya mysteriously disappears. Vedashree and her husband, Shekhar Rathod, adopt Ansh and Kajal. Yet Mohana's nazar still lurks on the family as she is a unique and very powerful Daayan called the Ekaayan.

=== Season 2 ===
Palak, a compassionate woman living with a hole in her heart, finds herself compelled to enter a marriage of convenience with Apurv, a man afflicted by severe mental instability and an intellectual age equivalent to that of a five-year-old. She makes this difficult choice to secure the money required to cover her sister Naina's hospital bills. As time passes, an unexpected and genuine love blossoms between them. Meanwhile, Apurv's sinister sister, Madhulika, a daayan, harbors sinister intentions to sacrifice Apurv during the upcoming Purnima night, aiming to attain an Ekayan status. She has killed everyone who found out the truth about her. She has repeatedly stopped Apurv's marriage attempts, but her plans fail when she encounters Palak's divine powers that disrupt her malevolent pursuits. Frustrated by her repeated failures, Madhulika dispatches Girgit Behrupi in an attempt to kill Palak. However, Palak's newfound awareness of her daivik powers allows her to triumph over Behrupi. The story concludes on a cliffhanger.

==Cast==
===Season 1===
====Main====
*[[Antara Biswas|Monalisa]] as Mohana Rathod; An Ekaayan [[Dayan (witch)|Dayaan]]; Pratimaayan's daughter; (2018-2020)
*[[Niyati Fatnani]] as Piya Rathod ([[Birth name|née]] Sharma): An Daivik; Nishant and Divya's daughter; (2018-2020)
*[[Harsh Rajput]] in [[Dual role|dual role]] as
**Ansh Rathod: An Daavansh; Mridul and Mohana's son; (2018-2020)
**Karan Rathod: An Daavansh; Mridul and Mohana's son; (2019)
====Recurring====
* [[Ritu Chaudhary]] as
** Vedashree Rathod: Pratima's daughter; (2018–2020)
** Kalashree: Pratima's daughter; (2019)
* [[Sumit Kaul]] as Prof. Nishant Sharma: An Reevavanshi; Trishila's brother; (2018–2020)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/chakravartin-ashok-samrat-actor-sumit-kaul-back-on-tv-with-supernatural-show-nazar/articleshow/65054161.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013190907/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/chakravartin-ashok-samrat-actor-sumit-kaul-back-on-tv-with-supernatural-show-nazar/articleshow/65054161.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2018|title=Chakravartin Ashok Samrat actor Sumit Kaul back on TV with supernatural show Nazar|date=19 July 2018|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref>
* [[Smita Bansal]] as Divya Sharma: a [[shape-shifting]] [[Snake|serpent]]; Vedashree's friend; (2018-2019)
* Amit Kaushik as Shekhar Rathod: Mridul, Jaya and Avinash's brother; (2018–2020)
* [[Ashita Dhawan]] as Chaitali Rathod: Avinash's wife; (2018–2020)
* Kapil Soni as ACP Avinash Rathod: Shekhar, Mridul and Jaya's brother; (2018–2020)
* Aamir S Khan as Naman Kabra: Gurumaa's son; Piya's ex-fiancé; (2018–2020)
* [[Sreejita De]] as
**Dilruba: [[Churel|Chudail]] (2018–2020)
**Sanam: Mayank's ex-fiancé; Naman's wife; (2019)
* Simran Budharup as Saavi Sharma: Divya and Nishant's daughter; (2018–2020)
* [[Sumit Bhardwaj]] as Mayank: Asuransh; Panna's adopted son; (2019)
* [[Jigyasa Singh]] as Tara Khanna: Jaya's daughter; (2019)
* Sonyaa Ayodhya as Ruby: a Chalayaan; Bhaisasur's daughter; (2018–2019)
* Diaan Talaviya as Aditya Rathod: Daivik and Daavansh; Piya and Ansh's son; (2019–2020)
** Kiara Bhanushali as Baby Aditya "Munna" Rathod (2019)
* Kisha Arora as Pari Rathod: a Daayan; Piya and Ansh's daughter; (2019–2020)
* Jatin Bhardwaj as Rishi Rathod: Chaitali and Avinash's son; (2018–2019)
* Resham Prashant as Neha Rathod: Chaitali and Avinash's daughter; (2018–2019)
* Pallavi Gupta as Kajal Rathod: Mohana and Mridul's daughter; (2018–2019)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/monalisa-turns-choreographer-for-nazar/articleshow/65821416.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915174127/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/monalisa-turns-choreographer-for-nazar/articleshow/65821416.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2018|title=Monalisa turns choreographer for 'Nazar'|date=15 September 2018|work=The Times of India|access-date=17 September 2018}}</ref>
* [[Amardeep Jha]] as Veena Devi "Gurumaa": Priestess; Naman's mother (2018–2019)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/amardeep-jha-joins-the-cast-of-nazar/articleshow/65226686.cms|title=Amardeep Jha joins the cast of 'Nazar'|last=Maheshwri|first=Neha|date=1 August 2018|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref>
* Priya Malik as Dola: a Dukayaan Daayan; Pratima's daughter; Mohana's sister; Vedashree and Kalashree's sister; Ruby's adoptive mother (2019)
* [[Malhar Pandya]] as Angad: a Singha; Mohana's fiancée (2019)
* Stavan Shinde as Dev: a Daivik (2019)
* [[Salina Prakash (actress)|Salina Prakash]] as Pratima / Pratimaayan: World's First Ekaayan; Mohana, Vedashree, Kalashree and Dola's mother (2019)
* [[Sana Amin Sheikh]] as Urvashi / Bhasmika (2019)
* [[Garima Vikrant Singh]] as Panna: Rakshasa; Tamra and Neelam's mother; Mayank's adoptive mother (2019)
* Isha Sharma as Trishila Sharma: Reevavanshi; Nishant's sister, who has powers to bring the dead alive (2019)
* Sabina Jat as Tamra: Panna's daughter; Neelam's sister; Mayank's adoptive sister; Saavi's colleague (2019)
* [[Shalini Arora]] as Jaya Rathod Khanna: Shekhar, Mridul and Avinash's sister; Tara and Koyal's mother (2019)
* Gouri Agarwal as Koyal Khanna: Jaya's daughter, Tara's sister (2019)
* [[Narayani Shastri]] as Devika (2019)
* [[Sikandar Kharbanda]] as Rudra Pratap Singh: [[Military officer]] (2019)
* Vishnu Sharma as Tej Singh: Rathod family's priest; an acquaintance of Nishant and Gurumaa (2018–2020)
* Kushagre Dua as [[Snake]] Survansh (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kushagre-dua-to-play-a-half-human-half-snake-on-nazar/articleshow/67611035.cms|title=Kushagre Dua to play a half-human-half-snake on 'Nazar' |website=The Times of India|date=21 January 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Ritu Shivpuri]] as Shalaka: Shardul and Rahul's mother (2019)
* Kingkini Bhattacharya as Mansi Rathod: Daayan; Karan's wife; Krish's mother; Mohana's helper (2019)
* Moni Rai as Abhiraj: Mohana's victim (2018)
* [[Ankur Nayyar]] as Mridul Rathod: Shekhar, Jaya and Avinash's brother; Mohana's husband; Ansh, Karan and Kajal's father (2018)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ankur-nayyar-joins-cast-of-nazar/articleshow/64962980.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819105434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ankur-nayyar-joins-cast-of-nazar/articleshow/64962980.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2018|title=Ankur Nayyar joins cast of 'Nazar'|date=12 July 2018|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref>

===Season 2===
====Main====
* [[Antara Biswas|Monalisa]] as Madhulika Chaudhary: Daayan; Mohana's reincarnation; Urvashi and Dev's daughter; Apurv, Hema and Malini's sister (2020)
* [[Shruti Sharma (actress)|Shruti Sharma]] as Palak Verma Chaudhary: Daivik; Naina's sister; Apurv's wife (2020)
* [[Sheezan Khan]] as Apurv Singh Chaudhary: Daavansh; Urvashi and Dev's son; Madhulika, Hema and Malini's brother; Palak's husband (2020)

====Recurring====
* [[Nisha Nagpal]] as Vishala: Daayan; Madhulika's sworn enemy (2020)
* Anjali Gupta as Urvashi Chaudhary: Dev's wife; Madhulika, Hema, Malini and Apurv's mother (2020)
* Monal Jagtani as Hema Chaudhary: Urvashi and Dev's daughter; Madhulika, Malini and Apurv's sister (2020)
* [[Reema Vohra]] as Malini Chaudhary: Urvashi and Dev's daughter; Madhulika, Hema and Apurv's sister (2020)
* Gargi Patel / [[Alka Kaushal]] as Narmada Chaudhary: Dev's mother; Madhulika, Apurv, Hema and Malini's grandmother (2020)
* Abhayshankar Jha as Borath Nath: Chaudhary family's priest (2020)
* Vishnu Sharma as Gurudev (2020)
* Bhakti Narula as Sarita Parekh: Chaudhary family's maid; Randeep's wife (2020)
* [[Raju Shrestha]] as Randeep Parekh: Palak and Naina's mother's brother; Sarita's husband (2020)
* Tammana Mannan as Naina Verma: Palak's sister (2020)
* Nikhil Mehta as [[Chameleon]] Girgit Behrupi (2020)

==Production==
This series was originally planned for 100 episodes, but the positive response to the series extended its run.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/whoa-nazar-gets-an-extension/articleshow/65721389.cms|title=Whoa! 'Nazar' and Yehh Jadu hai Jin ka gets an extension|website=The Times of India|date=7 September 2018 }}</ref> In August 2019, the storyline of the series took a leap of six years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nazar takes 6-year leap; Ansh and Pia to sacrifice their super powers?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nazar-takes-6-year-leap-ansh-and-pia-to-sacrifice-their-super-powers/articleshow/70486116.cms|website=The Times of India|date=August 2019 }}</ref>

In the first week of February 2020, producer [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]] confirmed the end of season 1 and production of season 2 of the series.<ref name=":1"/> On 14 February 2020, the teaser of season 2 was released featuring [[Antara Biswas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nazar-2-monalisa-returns-in-a-fiery-avatar-watch-new-promo/articleshow/74097652.cms|title=Nazar 2: Monalisa returns in a fiery avatar; watch new promo|website=The Times of India|date=12 February 2020 }}</ref> Later, the promo featuring [[Antara Biswas]] and [[Sheezan Khan]] was released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/shes-back-monalisa-shares-nazar-2-promo-fans-cant-keep-calm-2264511.html|title=She's back! Monalisa shares Nazar 2 promo, fans can't keep calm|website=[[Zee News]]|date=16 February 2020}}</ref>

Due to [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] outbreak, on 19 March 2020 the shootings were stalled until 31 March 2020 before lockdown was announced.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19: If Shooting Stops for 13 Days, What Happens to Bollywood's Lower-rung Workers?|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/covid-19-if-shooting-stops-for-13-days-what-happens-to-bollywoods-lower-rung-workers-2540563.html|website=News 18 (India)|date=18 March 2020}}</ref> However, on 25 March 2020 lockdown was announced for 21 days then was extended till 3 May and again extended and the shootings could not resume after it.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Coronavirus: India enters 'total lockdown' after spike in cases|work=BBC News|date=25 March 2020|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52024239}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus lockdown extended in India: Full list of new rules, guidelines and restrictions|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lockdown-2-0-rules-what-open-what-banned-full-list-of-new-guidelines-1667153-2020-04-15|website=India Today|date=15 April 2020 }}</ref> On 20 March 2020, the series was halted airing and was supposed to return after lockdown. But, as the lockdown was extended longer than expected and shootings were stalled indefinitely. In May 2020 the series' cancellation was confirmed. It was due to the high budget of the series causing losses. On 10 October 2021, The series came back as a telefilm with a new plot and twists under the title ''Ankahee Daastaan-Nazar'' which was telecasted on 10 October 2021.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Reception==

===Critical response===

[[India Today]] stated, "Although there is no dearth of chudails, dayans and shaitans in Indian TV, Gul's dayan stands apart. The character is loud and over the top, but is well-written and has a fascinating back story. Mona Lisa as Mohona is impressive, and the show is able to hold the interest of the viewer despite being a daily."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/nazar-tv-review-mona-lisa-aces-the-dayan-act-in-this-over-the-top-supernatural-drama-1306848-2018-08-06|title=Nazar TV review: Monalisa aces the dayan act in this over-the-top supernatural drama|website=India Today|date=6 August 2018 }}</ref>

After its premiere, it received negative criticism from [[The Times of India]] which stated, "Right from the beginning to the end, the show fails to hold you as it is highly dramatic, and the background music adds to the woes. The railway station, the forest and the havelis are typical elements used in a supernatural thriller. They bring no novelty. The plot is incoherent as the background of the characters is not explained well. The show is painfully slow, the story is patchy and so are the scenes. Dialogues are retro and filmy. The list can go on. Monalisa and Harsh Rajput disappoint as actors. They play their parts with zero efficiency. The supporting cast is again average at its best."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nazar-review-dayan-monalisa-wants-to-stay-young-forever-what-worse-could-fall-on-us/articleshow/65211752.cms|title=Nazar review: 'dayan' Monalisa wants to stay young forever, what worse could fall on us?!|website=The Times of India|date=31 July 2018 }}</ref>

However, speaking about the success of the series, The Times of India stated, "The majority of the scenes are shot using chroma and the makers add special effects that add to the quality of the episodes. The makers have made a make-believe world with Mohana's story and it's quite an enchanting and exciting one just like your dadima's childhood 'evil vs good' stories".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yehh-jadu-hai-jinn-ka-to-naagin-these-supernatural-shows-are-ruling-hearts-and-the-trp-charts/etphotostory/72422976.cms|title=Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka To Naagin: These Supernatural Shows Are Ruling Hearts And The TRP Charts|website=Times Of India|date=8 December 2019}}</ref>

===Ratings===
The first season opened to a [[Audience measurement|TRP]] of 1.8 and 4.2 million impressions featuring in top 20 shows.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/monalisa-s-dayan-show-nazar-rakes-in-ratings-naagin-continues-to-rule-the-roost-1310645-2018-08-10|title=Monalisa's dayan show Nazar rakes in ratings; Naagin continues to rule the roost|website=India Today|date=10 August 2018 }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Nazar Original Sound Track
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Sanjeev Srivastava
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 17 August 2018
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Romance (music)|Romance]] [[Soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Star India]]
| producer = [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Nazar's soundtrack is written by Divy Nidhi Sharma and composed by Sanjeev Srivastava. [[Tapas Relia]] composed the background score for the show. "Saajna", the theme song of the first season was performed by Bhaven Dhanak and [[Pamela Jain]]. "Janiya" was also sung by Bhaven Dhanak and [[Pamela Jain]], and was used for the second season.

{{track listing
| extra_column = Artist
| headline = Nazar: Tracklisting
|title1 = Saajna
|note1 = Male
|extra1 = Bhaven Dhanak
|length1 = 3:38
| title2 = Saajna
| note2 = Female
| extra2 = [[Pamela Jain]]
| length2 = 5:32
| title3 = Saajna
| note3 = Duet
| extra3 = Bhaven Dhanak [[Pamela Jain]]
| length3 = 5:26
|title4 = Janiya
|note4 = Male Version
|extra4 = Bhaven Dhanak
|length4 = 3:32
|title5 = Janiya
|note5 = Female
|extra5 = [[Pamela Jain]]
|length5 = 2:53
||title6 = Janiya
|note6 = Duet
|extra6 = Bhaven Dhanak [[Pamela Jain]]
|length6 = 5:00
|
}}

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Notes
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''[[Nojor]]'' নজর
|18 March 2019
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|3 November 2019
|Remake
|}

== Crossover ==
In 2019, Nazar and ''[[Divya Drishti]]'' had a collaboration where [[Antara Biswas]] (Mohana) entered ''Divya Drishti'' and partnered with [[Sangita Ghosh]] (Pishachini).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/get-ready-to-watch-merger-episode-of-serial-divya-drishti-and-nazar-946210|title=Get ready to watch merger episode of serial Divya Drishti and Nazar|website=ABP News|date=20 March 2019 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Hindi supernatural shows]]
* [[List of programmes broadcast by StarPlus]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{TV Guide|1219227}}
* {{IMDb title|8706902}}

{{Star Plus Shows}}
{{4 Lions Films}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Urdu
-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Television series by 4 Lions Films]]
[[Category:Indian horror fiction television series]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural television series]]

Anupam Basu

2026-01-23T09:02:42Z

Sunil Tani: Started new post added tags

{{Short description|Indian academic and researcher}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Prof.
| name = Anupam Basu
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Academic, Professor
| title =
| employer =
| education = Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur
| years_active =
| known_for =
}}

'''Anupam Basu''' is an Indian academic and researcher specializing in computer science and engineering.

== Education and Early Career ==

Basu earned his Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering in 1980 and his Master of Engineering in Computer Engineering in 1982, both from [[Jadavpur University]]. He completed his Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur in 1988.<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculty at School of Engineering - Biography |url=https://snu.edu.in/faculty/anupam-basu | website= SNU |access-date=August 18, 2025}}</ref>

== Academic Positions ==

Basu worked as a professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering and later as the Chairman and Head of the Centre for Educational Technology at [[IIT Kharagpur]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Faculty Profile. |url=https://iitkgp.irins.org/profile/2200 | website= IIT Kharagpur |access-date=August 18, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. Anupam Basu |url=https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/expertsdatabase/prof-anupam-basu-0| website= India Science and Technology Government of India | access-date=August 18, 2025}}</ref> He served as the Director at the [[National Institute of Technology, Durgapur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Government appoints directors to 11 NITs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/government-appoints-directors-to-11-nits-national-institutes-of-technology-4895556| website= Indian Express Newspaper |access-date=August 18, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Faculty Profile |url=https://nitdgp.irins.org/profile/103007 | website= National Institute of Technology Durgapur |access-date=August 18, 2025}}</ref> Additionally, he has been an Honorary Professor at the School of Engineering, [[Shiv Nadar University]] since June 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculty at School of Engineering - Biography |url=https://snu.edu.in/faculty/anupam-basu | website= SNU |access-date=August 18, 2025}}</ref> He is also a Raja Ramanna Chair professor at Jadavpur University.<ref>{{cite web |title=INAE Webinar Series |url=https://www.inae.in/publications/inae-webinar-series/| website= INAE |access-date=August 19, 2025}}</ref> He was a visiting professor at the [[University of California, Irvine]], and the [[University of Guelph]], Ontario, Canada. He has also acted as the Chairperson of the AICTE Curriculum Revision Committee for Computer Science & Engineering and has been a member of several committees of the Government of India and the State of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Professor Anupam Basu |url=https://ncert.nic.in/pdf/assistech-speaker/anupam-basu.pdf| website= NCERT |access-date=August 18, 2025}}</ref>

== Research ==

Basu's research interests include cognitive and intelligent systems, artificial intelligence, [[assistive technologies]], embedded systems, and language processing. He has led projects focused on technology-enabled education, and initiatives assisting people with physical disabilities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Author's Profile |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37288274000 | website= IEEE |access-date=August 18, 2025}}</ref> He has been involved in the development of embedded system-based tools designed to empower the physically challenged and has led several national projects in this domain.<ref>{{cite web |title=IIT-Kgp software to convert Indian languages into Braille|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/iit-kgp-software-to-convert-indian-languages-into-braille-260911-2015-09-02 | website= India Today |access-date=August 18, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A technology designed to touch many lives |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/report/a-technology-designed-to-touch-many-lives/20150922.htm| website= Rediff |access-date=August 18, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jadavpur University Installs 'Sparsh' for Visually Challenged Students |url=https://apacnewsnetwork.com/2025/04/jadavpur-university-installs-sparsh-for-visually-challenged-students | website= Apac News |access-date=August 18, 2025}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==

Basu has received several awards recognizing his contributions to technology and assistive devices:

* Young Scientist Award (1992) from the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, for contributions to the R&D of technologies for the visually handicapped.<ref>{{cite web|title= National Institute of Technology Durgapur. |url= https://nitdgp.ac.in/uploads/91e5f477dac034d64eb5e237140d3ff1.pdf | website= Nitdgp |access-date=August 18, 2025}}</ref>
* Jaycee Award for Outstanding Persons (1996) from the Calcutta Chamber of Commerce, for research on assistive devices for the physically handicapped.
* [[Humboldt Fellowship]] (1997) from the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung, Germany, for work in embedded systems.<ref>{{cite web |title= Prof. Dr. Anupam Basuu Profile|url=https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/en/connect/explore-the-humboldt-network/singleview/1037146/prof-dr-anupam-basu| website= .humboldt-foundation |access-date=August 18, 2025}}</ref>
* Fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] (FNAE)<ref>{{cite web |title= The Indian National Academy of Engineering |url=https://www.inae.in/about-us/inae-kolkata-chapter/ | website= INAE | access-date=August 18, 2025}}</ref>
* Fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (FNASc)<ref>{{cite web |title= - National Academy of Science of India |url=https://nasi.org.in/fellowship/fellows/fellowData | website= NASI | access-date=August 18, 2025}}</ref>
* Da Vinci Award (2004) from the Engineering Society of Detroit and Multiple Sclerosis Society of Michigan, for technology aiding communication by the speech impaired and people with cerebral palsy.
* National Award for Technology Development for Empowering Persons with Disability (2007) from the Ministry of Social Justice and Youth Empowerment, India
* Mphasis Universal Design Award (2011) from the National Council for Promotion of Employment of Disabled Persons, India, for contributions in design for the disabled.<ref>{{cite web |title=Professor Anupam Basu |url=https://ncert.nic.in/pdf/assistech-speaker/anupam-basu.pdf| website= NCERT |access-date=August 18, 2025}}</ref>
* State Award for the Best Contribution to the Cause of Empowerment of the Disabled (2014).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=AMidPUMAAAAJ Google Scholar Profile]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKpLxod8u2M Anupam Basu (IIT KGP) Interview, NDL India]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, Anupam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Local Utpaat

2025-12-29T02:55:50Z

Sunil Tani: creating data

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Local Utpaat
| image = Local Utpaat.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Kenny Deori Basumatary]]
| producer = Kenny Deori Basumatary, Anupam Baishya.
| writer = Kenny Deori Basumatary
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Kenny Deori Basumatary]]
* Poonam Gurung
}}
| music = {{Plain list|
* Tonay Borah
* Jyoti Chetia
}}
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Kenny DB Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|05|13}} <ref name="a">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/assamese/movie-details/local-utpaat/movieshow/91515250.cms | title=Local Utpaat Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
| runtime = 115 minutes <ref name="a" />
| country = India
| language = Assamese
| budget = [[Indian rupee|INR]] 30 Lakhs ([[USD]] ~{{To USD round| 3000000 | IND | year=2022 | sf=2}})<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/local-utpaat-filmmaker-kenny-deori-basumatary-shares-blueprint-films-success-421259-2022-07-05 | title='Local Utpaat': Filmmaker Kenny Deori Basumatary shares blueprint of film's success | date=5 July 2022 }}</ref>
| gross = [[Indian rupee|INR]] 1.1 Crore ([[USD]] ~{{To USD round| 10000000 | IND | year=2022 | sf=3}})<ref name="1crore">{{cite web | url=https://pragnews.com/entertainment/assamese-film-local-utpaat-grosses-1-crore-at-the-box-office | title=Assamese film Local Utpaat grosses 1 crore at the box office }}</ref>
}}
'''''Local Utpaat''''' is an Indian [[Assamese language|Assamese]]-language [[kung fu comedy film]] directed by [[Kenny Deori Basumatary]].

==Plot==
Amit and Maya have been in a relationship for three years. Amit, struggling to find work, is living with his friends, Johnny and Montu, in a rented house in Guwahati. Meanwhile, Maya’s ex-boyfriend, Donnie, still harbouring feelings for her, seeks the help of a relationship consultant known as “BUG Da” to separate the couple.
Maya’s elder sister, Moni, is pressuring her to introduce her boyfriend’s family at a family gathering. Amit’s elder brother, Robin, arrives at Amit’s home but suffers a mild concussion, resulting in short-term memory loss. This leads to repeated introductions and bonding sessions between Robin and Maya over their shared interest in martial arts. Amit reveals to Robin that Maya’s father expects him to secure a stable job.

During a family meeting arranged by Maya’s father, Amit and Robin face awkward interactions. Determined to find employment, Amit and his friends makes persistent efforts, however BUG Da, who has been secretly monitoring their activities, sabotages their attempts.
Maya and Amit decide to get married secretly in court. When Donnie learns of their plans, he plan to resorts to violence and hires thugs to disrupt their union. Maya, suspecting surveillance, devises a trap involving a significant amount of cash. However, BUG Da drugs their food, rendering Amit and his friends incapacitated. Donnie and his thugs beat them up, while Bug Da strip Montu for "Money". Maya arrive and join the fight, but when the thugs attack Maya, Donnie has a change of heart. Maya’s father intervenes, chasing away the thugs and ultimately consenting to the marriage. Donnie relent for his misdeeds. Maya and Amit finally get married in a court ceremony attended by their loved ones.

== Cast ==
* [[Kenny Basumatary]] as Robin
* Poonam Gurung as Maya
* Bonny Deori as Amit
* Johnny Deori as Jhonny
* Montu Deori as Montu
* Bibhash Singha as Deben
* Tony Deori Basumatary as BUG Da
* Yatharth Agnihotri
* Sarmistha Chakravorty
* Mrigendra Narayan Konwar

== Release ==
Bollywood actor and martial artist [[Vidyut Jammwal]] gave financial support to the film.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/05/13/vidyut-jammwal-sponsors-an-assamese-film-local-utpaat | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526203422/https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/05/13/vidyut-jammwal-sponsors-an-assamese-film-local-utpaat | url-status=dead | archive-date=26 May 2022 | title=Vidyut Jammwal sponsors an Assamese film 'Local Utpaat' | website=[[DT Next]] }}</ref> The film was planned to be dubbed in [[Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vishwadha.news/entertainment/dubbed-version-of-local-utpaat-may-be-made-available-on-ott/|title=Dubbed version of 'Local Utpaat' may be made available on OTT|date=23 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704064450/https://www.vishwadha.news/entertainment/dubbed-version-of-local-utpaat-may-be-made-available-on-ott/|archive-date=4 July 2022|work=Vishwadha News}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Kalpa Jyoti Bhuyan of ''The News Mill'' opined that "''Local Utpaat'' is not just about ‘utpaat’ in it. It is also about our local dreams, our local love stories and our very own personal successes and failures".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thenewsmill.com/local-utpaat-a-bone-crunching-martial-arts-action-bonanza/ | title=Film Review – 'Local Utpaat': A bone-crunching martial arts action bonanza | date=13 May 2022 }}</ref> A critic from ''Northeast Today'' wrote that "To write such a compact screenplay and blend it with the right amount of pure action and comedy needs mastery. Despite having some loose moments, the film will not disappoint its audience in general and particularly those who have been following Local Kung fu and Utpaat genre in Assam".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/05/22/local-utpaat-fun-action-packed-and-true-to-the-land/ | title=Local Utpaat : Fun, action-packed and true to the land | date=22 May 2022 }}</ref> An independent critic rated the film 3.5 out of 5.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://streamingdue.com/local-utpaat-review-a-brilliant-film/ | title=Local Utpaat Review: A Brilliant Film | date=6 June 2022 }}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film collected 40 [[lakh]] Indian rupees in its first week.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/local-utpaat-hits-record/|title=Local Utpaat hits record collections, pockets 40 lakhs|work=Northeast Live|date=21 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521034506/https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/local-utpaat-hits-record/|archive-date=21 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/assam-s-box-office-comedy-hit-local-utpaat-wants-to-wow-audiences-in-other-cities-171636 | title=Assam's box office comedy hit Local Utpaat, wants to wow audiences in other cities | date=21 May 2022 }}</ref> The film grossed 1 crore Indian rupees by its 7th week.<ref name="1crore" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2020s Assamese-language films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Assam]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian martial arts films]]
[[Category:Kung fu films]]

{{Assamese-film-stub}}

MediaOne TV

2025-12-22T02:57:08Z

Sunil Tani: fixed article further and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian television news channel}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = MediaOne TV
| logo = Media One Logo.png
| logo_size = 190px
| logo_alt = On a blue background, up top, five white boxes with the letters M, E, D, I, and A in a sans serif. Below are the letters o, n, and e in a rounded sans serif in lowercase. A line through the O creates the number 1 in part of the logo.
| launch_date = {{start date|2013|02|10|df=yes}}
| closed_date =
| owner = Madhyamam Broadcasting Limited
| key_people = [[O. Abdurahman]], Group Editor (Madhyamam - MediaOne)
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| headquarters = [[Kozhikode, Kerala]], India
| webcast = {{URL|mediaoneonline.com/live-tv}}
| website = {{URL|mediaonetv.in}}
}}
'''MediaOne TV''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[television station|television channel]] operated by Madhyamam Broadcasting Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MADHYAMAM BROADCASTING LIMITED|url=https://www.tofler.in/madhyamam-broadcasting-limited/company/U92130KL2010PLC025786/1059475/|access-date=19 November 2021|website=www.tofler.in/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jamaat-e-Islami Hind spreads its wings to film production |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/jamaateislami-hind-spreads-its-wings-to-film-production/1059475/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924074513/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/jamaateislami-hind-spreads-its-wings-to-film-production/1059475 |archive-date=24 September 2016 |access-date=23 June 2021 |work = Indian Express}}</ref> The channel was licensed in September 2011 and was officially launched on 10 February 2013.<ref name="jih">{{cite news|url=http://www.jihkerala.org/english/EngNewsdetails.php?nid=3406|title=MediaOne TV channel launched|work=Jamaat-e-Islami Hind, Kerala|date=11 February 2013|access-date=7 July 2020|archive-date=15 April 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415050307/http://www.jihkerala.org/english/EngNewsdetails.php?nid=3406|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Madh120617">{{cite web |url=http://www.madhyamam.com/en/node/2423 |title=Mediaone TV logo unveiled |date=17 June 2012 |publisher=madhyamam.com |access-date=17 June 2012 |archive-date=14 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214204100/http://www.madhyamam.com/en/node/2423 |url-status=live }}</ref> The main studio is located at Velliparamba, [[Kozhikode, Kerala]].

Since its launch, MediaOne TV has been scrutinized for its connections to [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]], an Islamic organization; few TV news channels in India are operated by such groups.{{r|leaflet |quote=MediaOne TV, a channel of Madhyamam Broadcasting Limited, is owned by Jamaat-e-Islami Hind, which makes it one of the few Indian news channels whose ownership lies with an Islamic organization.}} Broadcasting of the channel was halted by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] (I&B) in February 2022 after MediaOne's license to distribute the channel was revoked claiming national security issues.<ref name="W.P.(C) Nos.3265, 3663 and 3670 of 2022">{{cite court |litigants=MADHYAMAM BROADCASTING LIMITED MEDIA ONE HEADQUARTERS v. UNION OF INDIA AND OTHERS |vol=18 |reporter=LiveLaw |opinion=1 |pinpoint=p.1 |court=HIGH COURT OF KERALA, India |date=8th day of February 2022 |url=https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/68-madhyamam-broadcasting-ltd-media-one-v-union-of-india-8-feb-2022docx-409301.pdf |format=PDF |quote=W.P.(C) No.3265/2022 has been filed by a Company that owns Media One TV Channel. The petitioner- Company seeks to call for the records leading to Ext.P4 order whereby the permission granted to the petitioner- Company to uplink and downlink a News and Current Affairs TV Channel, namely Media One, is revoked with immediate effect. The petitioner seeks to direct respondents 1 and 2 to afford an opportunity of hearing to the petitioner before passing an order revoking the permission. }}</ref> Some criticized the ban, which was upheld by a [[division bench]] of the [[Kerala High Court]],{{r|HIGHCOURTOFKERALA 20220302}} as being based on undisclosed sealed information. Even though it did not broadcast to television providers,<ref name="indianexpressfeb9">{{cite news |last=Philip |first=Shaju |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/kerala-high-court-verdict-media-one-licence-7761959/ |title=Kerala HC dismisses plea by Media One against order barring transmission, channel goes off air |work=indianexpress |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=indianexpres |date=9 February 2022 |archivedate=8 February 2022 |accessdate=27 February 2022 |quote=The channel subsequently went off air. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208172140/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/kerala-high-court-verdict-media-one-licence-7761959/ |url-status=live }}</ref> MediaOne continued to distribute its programming online and via social media. On 15 March 2022, the [[Supreme Court of India]] issued an interim order staying the ban on MediaOne and allowing it to resume broadcast operations,<ref name="Hindu220315">{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2022-03-15 |title=Supreme Court stays ban on Media One channel |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-stays-ban-on-media-one-channel/article65227575.ece |access-date=2022-03-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> followed by a judgement in April 2023 that permanently set aside the I&B order.<ref name="TIE230406">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/malayalam-news-channel-media-one-ban-supreme-court-kerala-high-court-8539227/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|title=SC quashes ban on Media One: 'Chilling effect' on free press|first=Ananthakrishnan|last=G|date=6 April 2023|access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="SCO230405">{{Cite web |title=Judgement Pronouncement: MediaOne Broadcast Ban |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/judgement-pronouncement-mediaone-broadcast-ban/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:MediaOneTv Inauguration Oommen Chandy.jpg|thumb|Chief Minister [[Oommen Chandy]] was the guest of honor at the foundation stone-laying ceremony for MediaOne's facilities.|alt=Refer to caption]]
[[File:MediaOne TV Headquarters And Studio.jpg|thumb|MediaOne TV headquarters and studio|alt=A three-story modernist building]]

===Foundation===
On 16 June 2012, then-Kerala Chief Minister [[Oommen Chandy]] presided over a foundation stone–laying ceremony for the MediaOne headquarters and studio complex at Velliparambu near [[Kozhikode]], and former Union Cabinet Minister of Overseas Indian Affairs [[Vayalar Ravi]] unveiled the MediaOne logo at an event in Kochi.{{r|Madh120617}} The channel was officially launched on 10 February 2013 at an event attended by the former defence minister [[A. K. Antony]].{{r|jih}}

=== Security issues and ban ===
Madhyamam Broadcasting Limited, owners of MediaOne TV and connected to Islamic organization [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]], first experienced a dispute with regulators in 2015. At that time, Madhyamam proposed a second MediaOne channel, to be known as MediaOne Life. However, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (MHA) denied the security clearance that was necessary to start the new service. Even though the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] (I&B) had approved the technical aspects of its application, this was dropped in 2019 due to the MHA's denial.<ref name="Livelaw">{{cite court |pinpoint=p.3 |url=https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/68-madhyamam-broadcasting-ltd-media-one-v-union-of-india-8-feb-2022docx-409301.pdf |format=PDF |quote=Based on the Ministry of Home Affairs' clearance earlier received on 07.02.2011, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting granted permission to M/s. Madhyamam Broadcasting Limited for a TV Channel, namely "Media One Life", on 26.08.2015, as per Annexure-R1(d). The MHA denied security clearance to the new proposals for additional TV Channels and appointment of Directors. Consequently, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting issued Annexure-R1(e) show-cause notice to the petitioner- Company to clarify as to why the permission granted to the petitioner should not be revoked. The Company submitted reply which was examined by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. However, in view of the denial of the Security Clearance, the permission granted for uplinking and downlinking of TV Channel, namely "Media One Life", was cancelled on 11.09.2019. }}</ref>

In March 2020, I&B prohibited the transmission or re-transmission of MediaOne TV, along with [[Asianet News|Asianet News TV]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Centre slaps 48-hour ban on two Malayalam news channels|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-slaps-48-hour-ban-on-two-malayalam-news-channels/article31004531.ece|access-date=3 July 2020|website=The Hindu|date=7 March 2020|language=en|archive-date=10 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210060847/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-slaps-48-hour-ban-on-two-malayalam-news-channels/article31004531.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> for 48 hours for what it called for "biased" reporting of the [[North East Delhi riots]], stating that the channel was "airing attacks on religions or communities, promoting communal attitudes" and "inciting violence against law and order maintenance and promoting anti-national attitudes".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre suspends Malayalam news channel MediaOne; Kerala HC stays the order|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/kerala/article/centre-bans-malayalam-news-channel-mediaone-over-security-concerns/854502|access-date=2 February 2022|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en|archive-date=2 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202090742/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/kerala/article/centre-bans-malayalam-news-channel-mediaone-over-security-concerns/854502|url-status=live}}</ref> In its ruling, I&B noted that the "channel's reporting on Delhi violence seems to be biased as it is deliberately focusing on the vandalism of CAA supporters [...] questions RSS and alleges Delhi Police inaction [... and] seems to be critical towards Delhi Police and RSS".<ref name="mediaban">{{cite news|title=Malayalam TV channels Asianet News, Media One blocked for 48 hours over coverage of Delhi riots|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/mar/06/malayalam-tv-channels-asianet-news-media-one-blocked-for-48-hours-over-coverage-of-delhi-riots-2113281.html|access-date=7 March 2020|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=6 March 2020|archive-date=8 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308170405/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/mar/06/malayalam-tv-channels-asianet-news-media-one-blocked-for-48-hours-over-coverage-of-delhi-riots-2113281.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 31 January 2022, MediaOne TV ceased broadcasts at noon after the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting refused to renew the channel's licence to operate in the wake of the MHA's revocation of the security clearance for Madhyamam Broadcasting Limited.<ref>{{Cite news|title=HC defers Centre's ban order on MediaOne TV channel|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hc-defers-centres-ban-order-on-tv-channel/article38353834.ece|access-date=2 February 2022|newspaper=The Hindu|date=31 January 2022|last1=Gopakumar|first1=K. c.|archive-date=2 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202165644/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hc-defers-centres-ban-order-on-tv-channel/article38353834.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="leaflet">{{Cite web |date=2 February 2022 |title=Why the ban on the MediaOne TV is of concern, despite the Kerala HC's stay on it |url=https://www.theleaflet.in/why-the-ban-on-the-mediaone-tv-is-of-concern-despite-the-kerala-hcs-stay-on-it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202160916/https://www.theleaflet.in/why-the-ban-on-the-mediaone-tv-is-of-concern-despite-the-kerala-hcs-stay-on-it/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=why-the-ban-on-the-mediaone-tv-is-of-concern-despite-the-kerala-hcs-stay-on-it |archive-date=2 February 2022 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=theleaflet |language=en}}</ref> The company filed a writ petition to challenge the I&B order, which the [[Kerala High Court]] dismissed on 8 February.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/kerala-high-court-verdict-media-one-licence-7761959/|title=Kerala HC dismisses plea by Media One against order barring transmission, channel goes off air|date=9 February 2022|access-date=8 February 2022|archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208172140/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/kerala-high-court-verdict-media-one-licence-7761959/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/feb/08/kerala-hc-upholds-ib-ministry-order-revoking-media-one-tv-channel-license-2416809.html|title=Kerala HC upholds I&B Ministry order revoking Media One TV channel license|access-date=8 February 2022|archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208093859/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/feb/08/kerala-hc-upholds-ib-ministry-order-revoking-media-one-tv-channel-license-2416809.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Justice [[N. Nagaresh]] held that the files from the Ministry of Home Affairs contained intelligence inputs that justified the denial of security clearance to the channel:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Varghese|first=Hannah M.|date=8 February 2022|title='Inputs Justify Denial Of Security Clearance' : Kerala High Court Upholds Ban On MediaOne Channel|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/kerala-high-court-revokesupholds-telecast-ban-on-mediaone-191397|access-date=8 February 2022|website=www.livelaw.in|language=en|archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208060506/https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/kerala-high-court-revokesupholds-telecast-ban-on-mediaone-191397|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="livelaw.in">{{cite court |litigants=MADHYAMAM BROADCASTING LIMITED MEDIA ONE HEADQUARTERS v. UNION OF INDIA AND OTHERS |vol=18 |reporter=37 |opinion=37 |pinpoint=p.17 |court=THE HIGH COURT OF KERALA |date=February 2022 |url=https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/68-madhyamam-broadcasting-ltd-media-one-v-union-of-india-8-feb-2022docx-409301.pdf |format=PDF |quote=From the files produced before this Court, it is discernible that the Committee of Officers took note of the inputs given by the intelligence agencies as regards the petitioner-Company, and found that the inputs are of a serious nature and falls under the security rating parameters. In the circumstances, the Committee of Officers advised not to renew the licence. This Court finds that the recommendations of the Committee of Officers as finally accepted by the MHA, are justified by supporting materials. }}</ref>

{{blockquote|Going through the files, I find that the Ministry has called for intelligence inputs. Based on the intelligence inputs, the committee of officers has found that security clearance should not be given. The Ministry has decided to accept the finding of the Committee of Officers. There are inputs justifying the denial of security clearance. Therefore I am dismissing the writ petition.}}

An editorial in ''[[The Hindu]]'' criticized the ban for being based on sealed, classified information, without MediaOne being made aware of its contents,<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2022|title=Wrong signal: On MediaOne|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/wrong-signal-the-hindu-editorial-on-kerala-high-courts-mediaone-judgment/article38409548.ece|access-date=12 February 2022|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=12 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212150415/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/wrong-signal-the-hindu-editorial-on-kerala-high-courts-mediaone-judgment/article38409548.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> as did another in ''[[The Indian Express]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2022|title=By upholding ban on Media One, on basis of material in sealed envelope, Kerala HC has gone against Supreme Court verdicts|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/kerala-high-court-verdict-media-one-tvs-petition-7764896/|access-date=12 February 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=12 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212151346/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/kerala-high-court-verdict-media-one-tvs-petition-7764896/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 2 March 2022, the division bench of Kerala High Court upheld the earlier order. It noted that "there are certain serious adverse reports by the Intelligence Bureau against Madhyamam Broadcasting Ltd and its managing director", and though the files did not provide much information as to the dimensions of the issue, the bench indicated that "there are clear and significant indications impacting the public order and security of the state".{{r|theweek20220302}}{{r|HIGHCOURTOFKERALA 20220302}} MediaOne appealed its decision to the [[Supreme Court of India]],<ref name="theweek20220302">{{Cite news |date=2 March 2022 |title=MediaOne moves SC as Kerala HC upholds ban on channel |language=en |work=The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/03/02/mediaone-moves-sc-as-kerala-hc-upholds-ban-on-channel.html |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302180835/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/03/02/mediaone-moves-sc-as-kerala-hc-upholds-ban-on-channel.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HIGHCOURTOFKERALA 20220302">{{cite court |litigants=MADHYAMAM BROADCASTING LIMITED, MEDIA ONE HEADQUARTERS v UNION OF INDIA |vol=55 |reporter=55 |opinion=55 |pinpoint=p.15 |court=Kerala High Court - Hon. MANIKUMAR (C.J.) & SHAJI P.CHALY, J. |date=2022-03-02 |url=https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/104-madhyamam-broadcasting-ltd-v-union-of-india-2-march-2022-410983.pdf |format=PDF |quote= Likewise, the application filed seeking permission for the renewal of the uplinking and downlinking of "Media one TV" was considered in the year 2021 and wherein also, we find that there are certain serious adverse reports by the Intelligence Bureau against M/s. Madhyamam Broadcasting Limited and its Managing Director. It is true that the nature, impact, gravity and depth of the issue is not discernible from the files. But, at the same time, there are clear and significant indications impacting the public order and security of the State. Since it is a confidential and sensitive file maintained by the Ministry of Home Affairs, Union of India, we are not expressing anything further in the interest of national security, public order and other aspects concerning the administration of the nation. }}</ref> alleging that the guidelines for uplinking and downlinking television channels did not require MHA permission at renewal but only upon application for new service.{{r|Hindu220315}}

The Supreme Court stayed the ban and permitted MediaOne to resume operations under an interim order on 15 March 2022, at which time its management announced it would continue broadcasting as it had before the ban was imposed. The three-judge bench's ruling noted that the company was "surely entitled" to know the reasons for the decision; the central government was ordered to file a counter-affidavit by 26 March.{{r|Hindu220315}} On 3 November, the Supreme Court reserved judgment in the case after two days of hearings.<ref name="SCO-2022-11-3">{{cite news |last=Narendran |first=Thyagarajan |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/mediaone-ban-sc-to-decide-if-the-government-can-refuse-revealing-reasons-for-ban-on-national-security-grounds/ |title=MediaOne Ban: SC To Decide If the Government Can Refuse Revealing Reasons For Ban On National Security Grounds |work=The Supreme Court Observer |location=New Delhi |date=2022-11-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105045016/https://www.scobserver.in/journal/mediaone-ban-sc-to-decide-if-the-government-can-refuse-revealing-reasons-for-ban-on-national-security-grounds/ |archive-date=2022-11-05 |access-date=2022-11-11 |quote=On November 3rd, 2022, Justices D.Y. Chandrachud and Hima Kohli reserved Judgment in the Union Government's broadcast ban of Kerala based TV channel MediaOne. }}</ref> A bench judgement, led by Chief Justice of India [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]], was issued in April; the court found that the government had used national security in a "cavalier manner" to refuse MediaOne the licence and noted that its action to deny broadcasting rights to a news channel had "a chilling effect on free speech and particularly on press freedom". It also chided the High Court for the limited information it gave the defendants in their case, noting that it had left MediaOne "attempting strenuously to fight in the dark".{{r|TIE230406|SCO230405}}

=== Withdrawal from BARC ===
In October 2025, MediaOne announced their withdrawal from the audience measurement system of [[Broadcast Audience Research Council]] (BARC) India, citing a loss of trust in the ratings process and alleging that the sample size and meter placement were unscientific. MediaOne TV stated that despite holding a leading position in digital viewership metrics (including YouTube), its absence from BARC's published ratings raised questions about fairness and transparency. According to the channel, the BARC sample comprised fewer than 1,500 meters out of 8.6 million television households in Kerala, and the meter placements did not proportionally represent all regions and demographic groups. MediaOne thus became the second television channel in India to withdraw from BARC after [[NDTV]].<ref>{{cite web|title=വിശ്വാസ്യത നഷ്ടപ്പെട്ടു; ബാർക്കുമായി ബന്ധം വിച്ഛേദിച്ച് മീഡിയവൺ|url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/kerala/mediaone-exit-from-barc-304582|website=MediaOne Online|date=29 October 2025|access-date=30 October 2025|language=ml|trans-title=MediaOne cuts ties with BARC after losing credibility}}</ref>

== Criticism and controversies ==
In February–March 2014, [[Gail Tredwell]], a former disciple and closest personal attendant of [[Mata Amritanandamayi]], released an autobiography titled ''Holy Hell: A Memoir of Faith, Devotion, and Pure Madness''.<ref name="gailTredwellBook">{{cite book |last=Tredwell |first=Gail |author-link=Gail Tredwell |year=2013 |title=Holy Hell: A Memoir of Faith, Devotion and Pure Madness |publisher=Wattle Tree Press |isbn=978-0-9896794-0-4}}</ref> She alleged that a senior follower of Amritanandamayi's ashram, Balu, had sexual relationships with her and Amritanandamayi for many years and that Amritanandamayi was abusive toward her.<ref name="gailTredwellBook" /> The mainstream media of Kerala was reluctant to report about the allegations made in the book. In accordance with an order from [[Ernakulam]] judicial first magistrate court, on 11 March 2014, [[Kerala Police]] registered a case against five media organizations—Indiavision, Reporter, MediaOne, and newspapers ''Thejas'' and ''[[Madhyamam]]''—in response to a petition that accused these organizations of airing unverified statements.<ref>{{cite news|title=Book on Amma: Petition against media organizations, others|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/book-on-amma-petition-against-media-organizations-others/article5752592.ece|access-date=5 March 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 March 2014|archive-date=6 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306175612/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/book-on-amma-petition-against-media-organizations-others/article5752592.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hindu1">{{cite news|title=Call to bring out truth about charges against Math|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/call-to-bring-out-truth-about-charges-against-math/article5768794.ece|access-date=10 March 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 March 2014|archive-date=29 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329214848/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/call-to-bring-out-truth-about-charges-against-math/article5768794.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday">{{cite news|title=Amritanandamayi mutt row: Gail Tredwell, five news organisations booked|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/amritanandamayi-mutt-row-gail-tredwell-five-news-organisations-booked-184640-2014-03-12|access-date=12 March 2014|newspaper=India Today|date=12 March 2014|archive-date=12 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312224530/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/amritanandamayi-mutt-row-gail-tredwell-five-news-organisations-booked/1/347997.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 7 November 2022, Kerala governor [[Arif Mohammed Khan]] barred MediaOne TV and [[Kairali TV|Kairali News]] from covering his press meeting in Kochi, accusing their representatives of being "political persons" who "masquerade as media".<ref name="HT-2022-11-07">{{cite news |last=Sabarwal |first=Harshit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-governor-bars-2-channels-from-covering-press-meet-cong-cpi-m-hit-out-101667819973437.html |title=Kerala governor bars 2 channels from covering press meet; Cong, CPI (M) hit out |work=The Hindustan Times |date=2022-11-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108131002/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-governor-bars-2-channels-from-covering-press-meet-cong-cpi-m-hit-out-101667819973437.html |archive-date=2022-11-08 |accessdate=2022-11-11 |quote=Kerala governor Arif Mohammed Khan on Monday barred two Malayalam news channels - Kairali News and Media One - from covering his press meeting in Kochi. }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Media One TV}}
*{{official website|url=https://www.mediaonetv.in|name=Official website}}

{{Television news in India}}
{{Malayalam journalism}}

[[Category:Malayalam-language television channels]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Television stations in Kerala]]

Pushpa Girimaji

2025-11-29T12:28:02Z

Sunil Tani: started stub

{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
'''Pushpa Girimaji''' is an author, journalist, consumer rights columnist and consumer safety advocate. She is the only Indian journalist to have written a weekly consumer column continuously for over three decades.
[[File:Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Nari Shakti Puruskar for the year 2017 to Ms. Pushpa Girimaji, Gurugram, Haryana, at a function, on the occasion of the International Women’s Day, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=An image of Pushpa Girimaji|Pushpa Girimaji, accepting [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] from the president [[Ram Nath Kovind]] (2017)]]

== Career ==
Girimaji began her career in Journalism in 1976 with City Tab, a [[community paper]] published from [[Bangalore]]. After City Tab, she worked for ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' in Bangalore before moving on to ''[[The Indian Express]]'' out of [[Delhi]] in 1982. In 1983, she started her consumer column and its syndication which was published in variety of papers: ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[Divya Bhaskar]]'' out of [[Gujarat]], ''[[Amar Ujala]]'', ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'', ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'', and ''[[Samyukta Karnataka]]'' and ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'', both from [[Kannada]].

She was a member of the first advisory committee of the [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority]] (IRDA) from 2000 to 2003 and was involved fully in the drafting of a number of regulations, particularly the regulation on the protection of policy holders interests. She played an important role in the [[Consumer Protection Act, 1986|Consumer Protection Act of 1986]] and in the numerous amendments to the law.<ref name="business-standard">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/23-member-irda-advisory-panel-appointed-100052601027_1.html|title=23-Member Irda Advisory Panel Appointed | Business Standard News|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=26 May 2000 |publisher=business-standard.com|access-date=2014-08-04}}</ref>

In recognition of her work in the area of consumer safety, the [[UL (safety organization)|Underwriters Laboratory]], USA, has made her a member of its Consumer Advisory council.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Pharma-vigilance-system-vital/articleshow/34889613.cms|title=Pharma vigilance system vital - The Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 January 2003 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2014-08-04}}</ref>

She has also been the recipient of numerous awards for her professional work, including the [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Karnataka Rajyotsava Award]], The Sanskriti Award, M.R, Pai Award and the Chamelidevi Jain Award.<ref name="arc">{{cite web|url=http://arc.gov.in/arc_12th_report/arc_12th_Report.pdf|date=6 March 2009|title=GOVERNMENT OF INDIA | SECOND ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS COMMISSION | TWELFTH REPORT|access-date=2014-08-04}}</ref>

Currently, she writes two exclusive columns every week - one for the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' and the other for ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]''.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

== Committee involvement ==
* Committee constituted by the Union ministry of consumer affairs to review/amend the Consumer Protection Act <ref name="consumeraffairs">{{cite web|url=http://consumeraffairs.nic.in/consumer/?q=node/396|title=CONSUMER PROTECTION UNIT | Department of Consumer Affairs|publisher=consumeraffairs.nic.in|access-date=2014-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805224916/http://consumeraffairs.nic.in/consumer/?q=node%2F396|archive-date=5 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Inter-ministerial Committee constituted by the Union Ministry of Consumer Affairs on Misleading Advertisements.
* Empowered Committee, Union Ministry of Consumer Affairs.
* Consumer Advisory Council, Underwriters Laboratories, United States.
* Committee constituted by the Union Ministry of Consumer Affairs to draft the Consumer Protection Policy.
* Former member: First Advisory Committee, Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDA) 2000–2003.<ref name="business-standard"/>
* Former member: Executive Committee of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) 1998–2003 <ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/story_print.php?storyId=46654|title=MRTPC Notices TO 25 Jewellers Across Nation - Express India|publisher=expressindia.indianexpress.com|access-date=2014-08-04}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* M.R.Pai Memorial award for pioneering journalistic work in the area of consumer protection, July 2005.
* Karnataka State Government Award (Karnataka Rajyotsava Award) in 2001 for public service through journalism’.
* [[Chameli Devi Jain Award for Outstanding Women Mediaperson]] in 1991 for "Journalistic work dedicated to the cause of consumer awareness and protection".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltoaVsL8f8cC&q=Pushpa+girimaji|title=Development Digression Diary Of India: 3d Companion Volume To Information India 1991-92|page= 22|last1=Agrawal |first1=S. P. |date=1 Jan 1993|publisher= Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788170223054|access-date=12 December 2014 }}</ref>
* Media India Award in 1991 for "consistent writing on consumer issues"
* American Society of Newspaper Editors Fellowship in 1988, for the work in the area of consumer rights.
* Sanskriti Award in 1985 for "Notable contribution in the field of Journalism"

== Bibliography ==
* ''Consumer Rights for Everyone, Volume 1'' (1999), {{ISBN|9780140265323}}
* ''Misleading advertisements and the Consumer'', a monograph on the ineffectiveness of various laws meant to curb false and misleading advertisements

==Literary contributions==
* "What ails consumer redressal mechanism?" in ''Emerging perspectives in consumer welfare''
* "A Consuming Cause" in ''Making News, Breaking News, Her own Way'', a collection of articles by the winners of The Chameli Devi Jain Award

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Girimaji, Pushpa}}
[[Category:Journalists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Writers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Women writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian women columnists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Chameli Devi Jain Award for Outstanding Women Mediapersons winners]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]

Sonia Baishya

2025-10-17T09:25:08Z

Sunil Tani: Creating Data

{{Short description|Indian athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}

'''Sonia Baishya''' (born 31 December 1995) is an [[Athletics in India|Indian athlete]] from West Bengal. She competes in 400m event. She was selected for the Indian team in the 4x400 mixed relay event for the 2022 [[Asian Games]] at [[Hangzhou]], [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-26 |title=Full list of Indian athletes for Asian Games 2023 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/asian-games-2023-full-list-of-634-indian-athletes-who-will-take-part-in-hangzhou-event-13042652.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
She hails from Raiganj district of West Bengal.

== Career ==

* 2023: She won the gold in the Sri Lanka Athletics National Championships in Sugathadasa Stadium, Colombo in July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-29 |title=Sonia Baishya wins 400m gold, Jisna Mathew bags silver in Sri Lankan Athletics C'ships |url=https://thebridge.in/athletics/sonia-baishya-womens-400m-gold-jisna-mathew-silver-sri-lanka-athletics-national-championships-2023-day-2-results-43202 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=thebridge.in }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sprinter Sonia Baishya bags gold medal at women's 4x400 metres women's relay race in Colombo |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/sprinter-sonia-baishya-bags-gold-medal-at-womens-4x400-metres-womens-relay-race-in-colombo/cid/1956857 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=telegraphindia.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-29 |title=Soniya Baishya, Jisna Mathew win gold and silver in Sri Lankan Nationals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/soniya-baishya-jisna-mathew-win-gold-and-silver-in-sri-lankan-nationals/article67135657.ece |access-date=2023-10-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 2019: In May, she represented India in the {{nowrap|4 × 400 m}} World Relay Championships at Yokohama, Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonia Baishya (Athletics) : Prize list and results |url=https://www.the-sports.org/sonia-baishya-athletics-spf537189.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www.the-sports.org}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{World Athletics|14717114}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baishya, Soniya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Indian women sprinters]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:Athletes from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from West Bengal]]

Hadapsar Gliding Centre

2025-09-12T21:36:20Z

Sunil Tani: started a pg!

{{Short description|Glider airport in Maharashtra, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Hadapsar Gliding Centre
| nativename-a =
| type = Private
| owner = [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)]]
| operator = Gliding Centre
| location = [[Pune, Maharashtra|Pune]], [[India]]
| Position =
| elevation-f = 1885
| elevation-m = 574.5
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| coordinates = {{coord|18|29|33|N|073|56|27|E |region:IN-AP_type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| r1-number = 09/27
| r1-length-f = 3568
| r1-length-m = 1087
| r1-surface = Un-Paved
| r2-number =
| r2-length-f =
| r2-length-m =
| r2-surface =
| footnotes = Frequency 136.0, flight plan zzzz Radial 165 PPN 5NM. Contact Pune ATS for further details.
}}

'''Hadapsar Gliding Centre''', also known as '''Gliding Centre Pune''',<ref>{{cite news|title=Gliding Centre Pune hanging on ropes old and broken |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/gliding-centre-pune-hanging-on-ropes-old-and-broken/ |date=16 May 2013 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=14 July 2024 }}</ref> is a gliderdrome<ref name="TOI2">{{cite news|title=Pune's Hadapsar gliding centre upgrade a waste: Experts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Punes-Hadapsar-gliding-centre-upgrade-a-waste-Experts/articleshow/55022005.cms |date=24 October 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref> situated at [[Hadapsar]] in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]. It is owned by the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] (DGCA)<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news|title=DGCA plans to open heliport at Hadapsar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/DGCA-plans-to-open-heliport-at-Hadapsar/articleshow/3438548.cms |date=3 September 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref> and used by the Gliding Centre of the DGCA.
The gliderdrome is spread over 230 acres<ref name="IE1">{{cite news|title=Heliport won't clip Gliding centre wings, says DGCA |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/heliport-wont-clip-gliding-centre-wings-says-dgca/ |date=17 April 2011 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref>
It consists of a one-km-long unpaved airstrip, a couple of hangars housing the [[Glider (sailplane)|glider]]s used for daily flying exercises and an administrative block.<ref name="TOI1"/>

==History==
In 2011, Government-owned helicopter service company [[Pawan Hans]] (PHL) was assigned the task to develop a Helicopter Training Academy cum [[heliport]] at Hadapsar. The project was approved by the Ministry of Civil Aviation and the DGCA released Rs.10 crore for the purpose. A [[memorandum of understanding]] (MoU) was also signed with the DGCA for the utilisation of land and other infrastructural facilities. However, in 2017, the [[Government of India]] approved the privatization of Pawan Hans<ref name="FE1">{{cite news|title=Government to sell 51% stake in Pawan Hans, seeks bids to appoint merchant bankers |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/government-to-sell-51-stake-in-pawan-hans-seeks-bids-to-appoint-merchant-bankers/505549/ |date=12 January 2017 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref> following which PHL formally backed out of the project in 2019, stating that it does not want to continue any business association with respect to such facility.<ref name="PHL1">{{cite news |title=PIM for inviting EoI for Strategic Disinvestment of PHL by GoI |url=https://www.civilaviation.gov.in/sites/default/files/Pawan_Hans_Ltd_Preliminary_Information_Memorandum.pdf |date=17 April 2011 |work=[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)]] |access-date=18 May 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002145747/https://www.civilaviation.gov.in/sites/default/files/Pawan_Hans_Ltd_Preliminary_Information_Memorandum.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Gliding Centre was a brainchild of former Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<ref name="IE1"/> to train youngsters for glider pilot licenses. It is the country's only operational facility of its kind under the DGCA.<ref name="TOI1"/>
The centre carries out about 3,000 flights a year, the majority of them on Sundays when the club is open to enthusiasts from the city.<ref name="IE1"/>
The Gliding Centre operates a fleet of [[LET L-23|LET L-23 Super Blanik]] [[Sailplanes]]. The flying season starts from October and continues up to May or early June. The airfield is not operational during the monsoon.<ref name="flyhigh">{{cite news|title=Fly high for just Rs187 in Pune |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-fly-high-for-just-rs187-in-pune-1501342 |first=Divya |last=Mangwani |date=31 January 2011 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=6 July 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Portal|India}}
{{reflist}}

{{Pune topics}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Transport in Pune]]
[[Category:Airports in Pune district]]
[[Category:Gliderports]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

Sainthwar

2025-09-05T12:26:39Z

Sunil Tani: improve references and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian caste}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
The '''Sainthwar''', or '''Mall''',<ref>{{cite book |author=Subodh Kapoor |title=Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8897ridkczoC&pg=PA413%7CYEAR%3D2002%7CPUBLISHER%3DCOSMO+PUBLICATIONS%7CISBN%3D978-81-7755-299-7%7CPAGES%3D413%E2%80%93%7D%7D%3C%2FREF%3E |year=2002 |publisher=Cosmo |isbn=978-81-7755-299-7 |page=413 }}</ref> is an [[Indian caste]] of peasants<ref name="Shahid_1995">{{cite book |author=Shahid Amin |title=Event, Metaphor, Memory: Chauri Chaura, 1922-1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbYwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |year=1995 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-08780-4 |page=33 |quote=Sainthwar: a middle-ranking caste of 'industrious' peasants, closely related to the Kurmi}}</ref> native to the [[Uttar Pradesh]] state.<ref name="KSS_OUP_1998">{{cite book |editor=Kumar Suresh Singh |title=India's Communities |volume=A-G |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |page=2163 }}</ref> Under the Indian governments system of positive discrimination, the Sainthwars are classified as a "Backward" or [[Other backward class]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Commission for Backward Classes |url=https://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvxbegUDuc3MN4eB5E3Ecc1drRPAf1qXQ%2bl0IqIfhjN1xHrf4i2h5g0 |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=www.ncbc.nic.in}}</ref>

The Sainthwars are closely related to the [[Kurmi]]s,<ref name="Shahid_1995"/> and are sometimes described as a division of the Kurmi caste.<ref name="Paul_1987">{{cite book |editor1=Paul R. Brass |editor2=Francis Robinson |title=The Indian National Congress and Indian society, 1885-1985: ideology, social structure, and political dominance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BJuAAAAMAAJ |year=1987 |publisher=Chanakya |isbn=9788170010265 }}</ref> Though Sainthwars deny the claim but in Census of 1881 Sainthwars were mentioned along with Kurmi in Oudh and Benaras.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blunt |first=Sir Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NenzO2grTOMC&q=Sainthwar |title=The Caste System of Northern India |date=2010 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8205-495-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Jogendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlpLAAAAMAAJ&q=Jogendra+Nath+Bhattacharya+saithwar |title=Hindu Castes and Sects: An Exposition of the Origin of the Hindu Caste System and the Bearing of the Sects Towards Each Other and Towards Other Religious Systems |date=1896 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |language=en}}</ref> Sainthwar was earlier a Kurmi sub-caste. But due to the rise of the leading family (princely family of Padruna) it was classified as a separate caste in 1911.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blunt |first=Sir Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NenzO2grTOMC&q=editions:4DMMl3vnlrcC |title=The Caste System of Northern India |date=2010 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8205-495-0 |language=en}}</ref> The Sainthwars are known as "Mall" ("prosperous") as opposed to the Kurmis.<ref name="KSS_OUP_1998"/> They are the dominant landholding caste in some districts of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Paul_1987"/>

The oral tradition of the Sainthwars traces their ancestry to Chandraketu, a son of the legendary hero [[Lakshmana]].<ref name="KSS_OUP_1998"/>

[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] politician [[Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh|RPN Singh]] belongs to the Saithwar community and is a prominent leader from Eastern Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How RPN Singh fits into BJP's OBC plan in UP - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rpns-congress-exit-a-move-in-bjps-obc-plan/articleshow/89139720.cms|access-date=2022-01-28|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/who-is-rpn-singh-the-congress-leader-who-is-likely-to-join-bjp-ahead-of-up-assembly-polls |title=Who is RPN Singh? Know all about Congress heavyweight who joined BJP ahead of UP polls |newspaper=The Fress Press Journal |date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2022-08-10 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Agricultural castes]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]

Chet Singh Wala

2025-08-17T03:48:01Z

Sunil Tani: made new bio.

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chet Singh Wala
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.661|74.6596|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 1212
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 151212
| registration_plate = PB
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Faridkot
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Chet Singh Wala''' is a village located in [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab]], India. The Village has a population of 1212 of which 630 are males while 582 are females as per the population census of 2011,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chet Singhwala Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35489-chet-singhwala-punjab.html |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> which raised to 1305 in the year 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chet Singhwala {{!}} Village {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Chet-Singhwala/53CZOQO7V4 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=geoiq.io}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151212.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PinCodeArea |title=Postal Code: CHET SINGHWALA, Post Machaki Kalan BO (Faridkot, Punjab) |url=https://pincodearea.in/CHET-SINGHWALA-Pincode-PO-Machaki-Kalan-BO |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=PinCodeArea |language=en}}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is about 407 hectares.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 |publisher=DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS PUNJAB |year=2011 |pages=61 |language=English}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Jana Sena Party

2025-08-09T16:13:48Z

Sunil Tani: enhance intro for accuracy

#REDIRECT [[Janasena Party]]

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