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Kapil Dev

2023-10-02T15:26:03Z

SumanPatil: Unconstructive edit

{{Short description|Former Indian cricketer}}
{{About||the Indian volleyball player|K. J. Kapil Dev}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Kapil Dev
| caption = Dev in 2013
| image = Kapil Dev at Equation sports auction (cropped).jpg
| fullname = Kapil Dev Ramlal Nikhanj
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |1959|01|06|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India
| height = 183 cm
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right arm [[fast-medium]]
| role = [[All-rounder]]
| nickname = The Haryana Hurricane, Kapil Paaji, Kaps<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.insidesport.co/kapil-dev-health-update-haryana-hurricane-flashes-double-thumbs-up-to-say-i-am-doing-well/|title=Kapil Dev Health Update : Haryana Hurricane flashes double thumbs up to say 'I am doing well'|work=[[Inside Sports]]|date=24 October 2020|access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/get-well-soon-paaji-cricket-fraternity-wishes-kapil-dev-speedy-recovery/articleshow/78828181.cms|title=Get well soon paaji': Cricket fraternity wishes Kapil Dev speedy recovery|work =[[Times of India]]|date=23 October 2020|access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=27 December 2021|title=1983 World Cup: What Syed Kirmani told Kapil Dev when India were down and out versus Zimbabwe|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/1983-world-cup-what-syed-kirmani-told-kapil-dev-india-versus-zimbabwe-7685891/|access-date=31 December 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
| international = true
| country = India
| internationalspan = 1978–1994
| testdebutdate = 16 October
| testdebutyear = 1978
| testdebutagainst = Pakistan
| testcap = 141
| lasttestdate = 19 March
| lasttestyear = 1994
| lasttestagainst = New Zealand
| odidebutdate = 1 October
| odidebutyear = 1978
| odidebutagainst = Pakistan
| odicap = 25
| lastodidate = 17 October
| lastodiyear = 1994
| lastodiagainst = West Indies
| club1 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1975–1992}}
| club2 = [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]]
| year2 = 1981–1983
| club3 = [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]]
| year3 = 1984–1985
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches1 = 131
| matches2 = 225
| matches3 = 275
| matches4 = 309
| runs1 = 5,248
| runs2 = 3,783
| runs3 = 11,356
| runs4 = 5,461
| bat avg1 = 31.05
| bat avg2 = 23.79
| bat avg3 = 32.91
| bat avg4 = 24.59
| 100s/50s1 = 8/27
| 100s/50s2 = 1/14
| 100s/50s3 = 18/56
| 100s/50s4 = 2/23
| top score1 = 163
| top score2 = 175[[not out|*]]
| top score3 = 193
| top score4 = 175[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 27,740
| deliveries2 = 11,202
| deliveries3 = 48,853
| deliveries4 = 14,947
| wickets1 = 434
| wickets2 = 253
| wickets3 = 835
| wickets4 = 335
| bowl avg1 = 29.64
| bowl avg2 = 27.45
| bowl avg3 = 27.09
| bowl avg4 = 27.34
| fivefor1 = 23
| fivefor2 = 1
| fivefor3 = 39
| fivefor4 = 2
| tenfor1 = 2
| tenfor2 = 0
| tenfor3 = 3
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling1 = 9/83
| best bowling2 = 5/43
| best bowling3 = 9/83
| best bowling4 = 5/43
| catches/stumpings1 = 64/–
| catches/stumpings2 = 71/–
| catches/stumpings3 = 192/–
| catches/stumpings4 = 99/–
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/kapil-dev-30028 CricInfo
| date = 24 January
| year = 2008
}}
'''Kapil Dev Ramlal Nikhanj''' (Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu|[kəpiːl deːʋ]]] born 6 January 1959) is an Indian former [[cricket]]er. One of the greatest [[all-rounder]]s in the history of cricket, he was a [[Fast bowling|fast-medium bowler]] and a hard-hitting [[Batting order (cricket)|middle-order batsman]]. Dev is the only player in the history of cricket to have taken more than 400 wickets (434 wickets) and scored more than 5,000 runs in Test.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cricket.yahoo.com/photos/kapil-dev-the-master-of-all-crafts-slideshow/wisdomicketer-of-the-century-photo-171922835|title=The Master of All Crafts|work=Yahoo Cricket India|access-date=24 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017233043/https://cricket.yahoo.com/photos/kapil-dev-the-master-of-all-crafts-slideshow/wisden-cricketer-of-the-century-photo-171922835.html|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Under his captaincy [[India national cricket team|India]] won their first ever world title in the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]].

Dev captained the [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] that won the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]],<ref>{{cite web|title=On this day: India win the 1983 World Cup|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/749173|access-date=20 April 2021|website=Icc-cricket.com|language=en}}</ref> becoming the first Indian captain to win the Cricket World Cup. He is still the youngest captain (at the age of 24) to win the World Cup for any team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecricketlounge.com/2020/06/5-youngest-captains-to-lift-the-world-cup/|title=5 Youngest Captains To Lift The World Cup|website=Thecricketlounge.com|date=30 June 2020|access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref> He retired in 1994, as the first player to take 200 ODI wickets,<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/ej1wY_kaiqc Ghostarchive] and the {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ej1wY_kaiqc| title = Kapil Dev – 1st Bowler to take 200 wickets in ODI Cricket| website = [[YouTube]]| access-date = 18 May 2020| archive-date = 9 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210609081454/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ej1wY_kaiqc| url-status = bot: unknown}}{{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ej1wY_kaiqc| title = Kapil Dev – 1st Bowler to take 200 wickets in ODI Cricket| website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref> and holding the world record for the highest number of wickets taken in [[Test cricket]], a record subsequently broken by [[Courtney Walsh]] in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Walsh breaks Kapil's record|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2000/mar/27walsh.htm|access-date=20 April 2021|website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Kapil Dev still holds the record for the highest individual score i.e. 175* scored by a batsman batting at number 5 or lower in ODIs.<ref>{https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sa-vs-aus-4th-odi-stats-all-the-records-heinrich-klaasen-and-david-miller-broke-1398592}</ref>

After retiring, he coached the [[India national cricket team|Indian national team]] between September 1999 and September 2000.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 January 2015|title=Kapil Dev resigns as India's coach in 2000|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/kapil-dev-was-appointed-as-the-coach-of-the-indian-team-during-sachin-tendulkars-captaincy-in-september-1999-499471|access-date=20 April 2021|website=Cricket Country|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Greatest Cricket All-Rounders of All Time|url=https://www.stadiumtalk.com/s/greatest-cricket-all-rounders-991716cbc15c45da|access-date=20 April 2021|website=Stadiumtalk.com|language=en}}</ref>

In 1982, Dev was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], and in 1991 the [[Padma Bhushan]]. In 2002, he was named by ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' as the Indian Cricketer of the Century. On 11 March 2010, Dev was inducted into the [[ICC Cricket Hall of Fame]].<ref name="HallofFame">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/451248.html?CMP=chrome|title=Kapil Dev inducted into Hall of Fame|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 March 2010}}</ref> In 2013, he received the [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award]], the highest honour conferred by [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] on a former player.<ref name=":0" />

== Early life ==
Kapildev Ramlal Nikhanj<ref>{{cite web|title=Kapil Dev profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/kapil-dev-30028|access-date=1 January 2022|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> was born in a<ref>{{cite web|title= 'Jatification' of Indian sport|date=21 October 2010 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/a-level-playing-field/story-uc4Q5nsmf8xgTc6VNJ5v2M.html}}</ref> family from Punjab to his father Ram Lal Nikhanj, a [[teak]] merchant and his wife, Rajkumari in [[Chandigarh]] on 6 January 1959. His family moved to [[Fazilka]] after the [[Partition of India|Partition]] before eventually moving to [[Chandigarh]]. His paternal family is from [[Montgomery District|Montgomery]] (now known as [[Sahiwal District|Sahiwal]]) and his mother was born in [[Pakpattan]], [[Okara District|Okara]].<ref>{{cite web|date=20 August 2014|title=Kapil Dev's opens up on his Pakistan connection|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/kapil-devs-opens-up-on-his-pakistan-connection-174525|access-date=25 March 2021|website=Cricket Country|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=20 August 2014|title=Indian cricket's tough guy Kapil opens up to reveal emotional side|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1126451|access-date=25 March 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=20 August 2014|title=How Kapil Dev was welcome in his native village in Pakistan 36 years ago|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/how-kapil-dev-was-welcome-in-his-native-village-in-pakistan-12669.html|access-date=25 March 2021|website=Indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref> Dev was a student at D.A.V.College.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Chandigarh Stories|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020725/cth1.htm|access-date=25 March 2021|website=Tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=I am still learning, for life never stops educating you, says Kapil Dev|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/i-am-still-learning-for-life-never-stops-educating-you-says-kapil-dev/cid/1680989|access-date=25 March 2021|website=Telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Domestic career ==
Kapil Dev made an impressive debut for [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] in November 1975 against [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] with a 6-wicket haul, restricting Punjab to just 63 runs and helping Haryana to victory. He finished the season with 121 wickets in 30 matches.

In the [[1976–77 Indian cricket season|1976–77 season]] opener against [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu & Kashmir]], he had a match haul of 8/36 in the win. While his contribution for the rest of that season was ordinary, Haryana qualified for the pre-quarterfinals. Dev achieved his then best innings haul of 8/20 in just 9 overs in the second innings to skittle [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] for 58 runs in under 19 overs. Haryana lost to [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] in the quarter-finals.

He began his [[1977–78 Indian cricket season|1977–78 season]] claiming 8/38 in the first innings against [[Services cricket team|Services]]. With 3 wickets in the second innings, he took his maiden [[10-wicket haul]] in [[first-class cricket]], a feat he would later achieve twice in [[Test cricket]]. With 23 wickets in 4 matches, he was selected for the [[Irani Trophy]], [[Duleep Trophy]] and [[Wills Trophy]] matches.

In the [[1978–79 Indian cricket season|1978–79 season]], Haryana had a repeat encounter with Bengal in the pre-quarterfinal match after a lackluster season from Dev (12 wickets from 4 matches). He scored 2 half-centuries in the group stage matches. In the pre-quarterfinal match, he took a [[5-wicket haul]] in the first innings. Poor batting by Haryana in the second innings let Bengal avenge their loss from 2 seasons back by scoring the required 161 runs for the loss of just 4 wickets. Dev stood out in the [[Irani Trophy]] match, scoring 62 runs and coming in at number 8. He took 5 catches in the game where [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] was defeated by the Rest of India XI. Dev arrived in the national spotlight with a standout performance in the finals of the [[Duleep Trophy]], taking a first-innings haul of 7/65 in 24 overs. He was included in the [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]] squad for [[Deodhar Trophy]] and Wills Trophy for the first time. He played his first Test match in the season against [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistan]].

In the [[1979–80 Indian cricket season|1979–80 season]], Dev showed his batting talent with a maiden century against [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] when he scored his career-best 193. In the pre-quarterfinal match, where he captained Haryana for the first time against [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]], he took a five-wicket haul in the second innings to advance to quarterfinals, where they lost to [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]. With Dev cementing his place in the Indian national squad, his appearances in domestic matches dwindled.{{Citation needed|reason=your explanation here|date=May 2013}}

=== 1990–91 Ranji Champions ===
In the [[1990–91 Indian cricket season|1990–91 Ranji season]], [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] rode into the semi-finals on the back of the bowling performance of [[Chetan Sharma]] and the batting performance of [[Amarjit Kaypee]]. Dev took center stage in the semi-final against [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]], where he led his team to a Mammoth score of 605 runs by scoring 141 as well as taking 5 wickets.

The finals of the 1991 season will be remembered for the number of international cricketers who participated, including Kapil Dev, [[Chetan Sharma]], [[Ajay Jadeja]] and [[Vijay Yadav (cricketer)|Vijay Yadav]] turning up for Haryana and Bombay cricket team represented by [[Sanjay Manjrekar]], [[Vinod Kambli]], [[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[Dilip Vengsarkar]], [[Chandrakant Pandit]], [[Salil Ankola]] and [[Abey Kuruvilla]]. Deepak Sharma (199), Ajay Jadeja (94), and Chetan Sharma (98) helped Haryana to a score of 522 while Yogendra Bhandari (5 wickets) and Dev (3 wickets) restricted Bombay to 410 runs in the first innings. A crucial 41 from Dev and top scorer Banerjee (60) took Haryana to 242 runs, setting Bombay a target of 355 runs. After the initial wickets, Vengsarkar (139) and Tendulkar (96) fought back for the Bombay team. After Tendulkar's dismissal, Haryana took the final 6 wickets for 102 runs and Vengsarkar and Bombay were stranded 3 runs short of the target. Dev won his maiden and only Ranji Trophy championship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/331177.html|title=Loss and longing in Bombay|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|date=1 May 2002|access-date=7 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://usa.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1990-91/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/BOM_HRYNA_RJI-FINAL_03-07MAY1991.html|title=Scorecard – Ranji Trophy, 1990/91, Final, Bombay v Haryana|website=Usa.cricinfo.com|date=7 May 1991|access-date=7 April 2008}}</ref>

=== County Cricket ===
Kapil Dev played [[county cricket]] in England [[Northamptonshire]] between 1981 and 1983 and for [[Worcestershire]] during the 1984 and 1985 seasons. He played a total of 40 first-class matches in his county stint, and made 2,312 runs across 64 innings with four centuries and 14 half-centuries.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} Out of his 835 overall first-class wickets, 103 of those wickets came in county cricket.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

== International career ==
[[File:KapilDevBowling.png|thumb|300px|A graph showing Kapil Dev's test career bowling statistics and how they have varied over time.]]

=== Early years (1978–1982) ===
Dev made his [[Test cricket]] debut in [[Faisalabad]], Pakistan on 16 October 1978. Although his match figures were unimpressive, the numbers did not convey any measure of his contribution. He startled the [[Pakistan cricket team|Pakistani]] batsmen with his pace and bouncers that struck their helmets on more than one occasion.<ref name=ESPNTop25>{{cite book |author=Geoff Armstrong|title=ESPN Legends of Cricket |year=2002 |publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]] |location= Crows Nest, New South Wales|isbn=1-86508-836-6}}</ref> Dev captured his maiden wicket of [[Sadiq Mohammad]] with his trademark outswinger.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1978-79/IND_IN_PAK/IND_PAK_T1_16-21OCT1978.html | title=Scorecard – Kapil's Debut Match | publisher=[[Cricinfo]]| access-date=27 March 2007}}</ref> He showcased his [[all-rounder]] talent when he scored India's fastest Test half-century off 33 balls and 2 sixes in each of the innings during the 3rd [[Test cricket|Test match]] at [[National Stadium, Karachi]],<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1978-79/IND_IN_PAK/IND_PAK_T3_14-19NOV1978.html | title=Scorecard – Kapil Dev's Maiden 50 | publisher=[[Cricinfo]]| access-date=27 March 2007}}</ref> although India lost the match and the series 2–0. In the ensuing series against a visiting [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] team, he scored his maiden Test century (126) at [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]] in just 124 balls<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1978-79/WI_IN_IND/WI_IND_T5_24-29JAN1979.html | title=Scorecard – Kapil Dev's Maiden Century | publisher=[[Cricinfo]]| access-date=27 March 2007}}</ref> and had a steady bowling performance (17 wickets at 33.00). Ominous signs of Dev's liking for [[England cricket team|England]] showed up in the ensuring series, his first outside the sub-continent. He picked up his first 5-wicket haul and all of England's wickets, although it came at a huge cost (48 overs and 146 runs conceded) as England scored a mammoth 633 and won the match comfortably.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1979/IND_IN_ENG/IND_ENG_T1_12-16JUL1979.html | title=Scorecard – Kapil Dev's Maiden 5 Wicket Haul| publisher=[[Cricinfo]]| access-date=27 March 2007}}</ref> Dev finished the series with 16 wickets though his batting haul of 45 runs (Average: 7.5) was unimpressive. His debut in [[One Day International|ODI Cricket]] happened in the earlier tour of Pakistan where his individual performance was ordinary and it stayed the same as both Dev and [[Indian cricket team|India]] had a poor campaign at the [[1979 Cricket World Cup]].

Dev established himself as India's premier fast bowler when he took two 5-wicket hauls and ended the home series against [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] with 28 wickets (Average: 22.32) and also 212 runs that included a half-century.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1979-80/AUS_IN_IND/AUS_IND_1979-80_TEST_AVS.html | title=Kapil Dev Statistics – Australia in India 1979/1980 Season| publisher=[[Cricinfo]]| access-date=27 March 2007}}</ref> He gained fame in the 6-Test home series against [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistan]] in the 1979–80 season when he led India to 2 victories against the visitors – once with the bat (69) at [[Wankhede Stadium|Wankhede Stadium, Bombay]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1979-80/PAK_IN_IND/PAK_IND_T3_16-20DEC1979.html | title=Scorecard – Pakistan in India 1979/1980 Season| publisher=[[Cricinfo]]| access-date=27 March 2007}}</ref> and the second time with bat and ball (10-wicket haul in match – 4/90 in the first innings and 7/56 in the second innings, 84 in 98 balls with his bat) at [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chepauk, Madras (Now Chennai)]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1979-80/PAK_IN_IND/PAK_IND_T5_15-20JAN1980.html | title=Kapil Dev's maiden 10-Wicket in Match Haul | publisher=[[Cricinfo]]| access-date=27 March 2007}}</ref> Dev rates his all-round performance in this match as his career best and his second innings figure of 7/56 was his best to-date.<ref name=ESPNTop25 /> During the series, he also became the youngest Test player to achieve the all-round double of 100 Wickets and 1000 Runs and in 25 matches (although [[Ian Botham]] took just 21 matches to achieve the same feat) and finished the series with 32 wickets (Ave: 17.68) and 278 runs that included 2 fifties.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://statserver.cricket.org/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1979-80/PAK_IN_IND | title=Tour Home Page – Pakistan in India 1979/80 Season | publisher=[[Cricinfo]]| access-date=27 March 2007}}</ref>

[[File:Kapil Dev graph.png|left|thumb|350px|Dev's career performance graph.]]
[[Indian cricket team|India's]] tour of [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] in 1980–81 had the looks of the familiar Indian series as India were 1–0 down and were defending a meagre 143 runs and Dev virtually ruled out with a groin injury. When Australia finished the fourth day at 18/3, Dev willed himself to play the final day with pain-killing injections and removed the dangerous Australia middle order. Dev won the match for India with the innings bowling performance of 16.4–4–28–5, a bowling performance that figures in his five best bowling performance.<ref name=ESPNTop25 /> During the Australian tour, he scored his first fifty in ODIs against [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] at [[Brisbane Cricket Ground|Brisbane]]. Somehow India's Test cricket sensation was unable to adjust to ODI cricket and had a career start of 278 runs (Average: 17.38) and 17 wickets after 16 ODI matches.

A dismal [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] tour later,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1980-81/IND_IN_NZ/ | title=Tour Home Page – India in New Zealand 1980/81 Season | publisher=[[Cricinfo]]| access-date=27 March 2007}}</ref> Dev was ready for the 1981–82 home series against [[England cricket team|England]] where his five-wicket haul won the first test at [[Wankhede Stadium|Wankhede Stadium, Bombay]]. He scored 318 runs (Average: 53, 1 century, 1 fifty) and took 22 wickets (2 5-wicket hauls) and walked away with the [[Man of the Series]] honours.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1981-82/ENG_IN_IND/ENG_IN_IND_1981-82_TEST_AVS.html | title=Kapil Dev Statistics – England in India 1981/1982 Season| publisher=[[Cricinfo]]| access-date=27 March 2007}}</ref> England saw more of Dev in the ensuing series at home against the [[Indian cricket team]] in the 1982 season when he opened with a 5-wicket haul and 130 runs in a losing cause at [[Lord's]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://statserver.cricket.org/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1982/IND_IN_ENG/IND_ENG_T1_10-15JUN1982.html | title=MOM Performance (Scorecard) – India in England 1982 Season | publisher=[[Cricinfo]]| access-date=27 March 2007}}</ref> He finished the 3-match series with 292 runs (Ave: 73, 3 fifties) and 10 Wickets and bagged the Man of the Series again.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1982/IND_IN_ENG/IND_IN_ENG_1982_TEST_AVS.html | title=Kapil Dev Statistics – India in England 1982 Season| publisher=[[Cricinfo]]| access-date=27 March 2007}}</ref>

Facing [[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lanka]] for the first time, Dev helped himself to a five-wicket haul to kick start the 1982–83 season. In the following tour to [[Pakistan cricket team|Pakistan]], Dev and [[Mohinder Amarnath]] were the only bright spots in a series dominated by rival [[all-rounder]] [[Imran Khan]] (40 wickets and 1 century).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1982-83/IND_IN_PAK/IND_IN_PAK_1982-83_TEST_AVS.html | title=Statistics – India in Pakistan 1982/83 Season| publisher=[[Cricinfo]]| access-date=27 March 2007}}</ref> Dev took a 5/102 haul in the second Test at [[National Stadium, Karachi]], 7/220 in the third Test at [[Iqbal Stadium]], [[Faisalabad]] and 8/85 at [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]] while he received little support from other team members. After this disastrous tour, Dev was made the [[captain (cricket)|captain]] of the [[Indian cricket team]] in place of [[Sunil Gavaskar]].

=== Captain: 1983 World Cup Champions (1982–1984) ===
Dev debuted as India's captain in the 1982–83 season against [[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lanka]] (before the Pakistan tour) when Gavaskar was rested. His first assignment as regular captain was the tour of [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], where the biggest accomplishment was a lone ODI victory. Dev (72) and Gavaskar (90) led India to a huge score – 282/5 in 47 overs and Dev's 2 wickets aided India to restrict West Indies for 255 and a victory<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1982-83/IND_IN_WI/IND_WI_ODI2_29MAR1983.html | title=Scorecard – India in West Indies 2nd ODI 1982/83 Season | publisher=[[Cricinfo]] | access-date=17 March 2007}}</ref> that Indian cricketers claim gave them the confidence to face the West Indies team in [[1983 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/tss/tss2519/25190260.htm |title=Captaincy is about motivating the players |author=Kris Srikkanth |author-link=Kris Srikkanth |date=May 2002 |publisher=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=17 March 2007 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926212546/http://www.hinduonnet.com/tss/tss2519/25190260.htm |archive-date=26 September 2007 }}</ref> Overall, Dev had a good series in West Indies as he scored a century to save the second test match<ref>{{cite web | url=http://statserver.cricket.org/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1982-83/IND_IN_WI/IND_WI_T2_11-16MAR1983.html | title=Scorecard – Kapil Dev Saves a Test Match | publisher=[[Cricinfo]] | access-date=17 March 2007}}</ref> as well as picking up 17 wickets (Average: 24.94).

==== 1983 World Cup performance ====
Dev entered the World Cup with an ordinary individual record – 32 Matches, 608 Runs (Average: 21), 34 wickets. India's solitary victory in the previous two World Cups was against [[East African cricket team|East Africa]] in [[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]]. Riding on [[Yashpal Sharma (cricketer)|Yashpal Sharma]] (89 Runs), [[Roger Binny]] and [[Ravi Shastri]] (3 wickets each), India inflicted the West Indies' first-ever defeat in the World Cup.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC83/GROUP-B/IND_WI_WC83_ODI4_09-10JUN1983.html | title=Scorecard – India V/s West Indies, 4th Match – 1983 Cricket World Cup| publisher=[[Cricinfo]] | access-date=17 March 2007}}</ref> Following a victory against [[Zimbabwe cricket team|Zimbabwe]], India lost the next two matches – Australia (despite Dev's best career figures of 5/43)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://statserver.cricket.org/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC83/GROUP-B/AUS_IND_WC83_ODI11_13JUN1983.html | title=Scorecard – India V/s Australia, 11th Match – 1983 Cricket World Cup| publisher=[[Cricinfo]] | access-date=17 March 2007}}</ref> and West Indies. India now needed victories against Australia and Zimbabwe to advance to the semifinals.

India faced Zimbabwe at [[Nevill Ground]], [[Royal Tunbridge Wells]] on 18 June 1983. After falling behind, Dev, batting with the lower order batsmen, stabilised the side with help from [[Roger Binny]] (22 runs) and [[Madan Lal]]. Dev scored his century off 72 balls. Together with Kirmani (24 runs), Dev put on an unbeaten 126 runs for the 9th wicket – a world record that stood unbroken for 27 years (10,000 days),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283552.html|title=Records – One-Day Internationals – Partnership records – The highest partnership for the ninth wicket|work=Cricinfo|access-date=24 October 2015}}</ref> and finished not out with 175 runs off 138 balls, an innings that included 16 boundaries and 6 sixes. The innings figures in the Top 10 ODI Batting Performances<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2002/feb/15bat10.htm | title=Scorecard – India V/s Australia, 11th Match – 1983 Cricket World Cup| publisher=[[Cricinfo]] | access-date=17 March 2007}}</ref> at No. 4. India won the match by 31 runs.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/280614.html | title=Scorecard – India V/s Zimbabwe, 18th Match – 1983 Cricket World Cup| publisher=[[Cricinfo]] | access-date=17 March 2007}}</ref>

India faced the [[England cricket team|English cricket team]] in the semifinals. Dev helped curtail the lower order after England lost regular wickets to Binny and Amarnath. He took 3 wickets as India limited England to 213 and the middle order of Amarnath (46 runs), [[Yashpal Sharma (cricketer)|Yashpal Sharma]] (61) and [[Sandeep Patil]] (51*) ensured victory<ref>{{cite web | url=http://statserver.cricket.org/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC83/ENG_IND_WC83_ODI-SEMI1_22JUN1983.html | title=1983 World Cup Semi-Finals Scorecard – India V/s England | publisher=[[Cricinfo]] | access-date=17 March 2007}}</ref> and entry into the finals to take on the [[West Indies cricket team]] who were looking for a hat-trick of World Cup titles. West Indies restricted India for 183 runs, with only [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth]] (38 runs) providing some scoring relief. Despite losing [[Gordon Greenidge]], West Indies steadied their innings to 57/2 on the back of quick scoring by [[Viv Richards]]. Richards played one too many aggressive shots when he skied a pull shot from [[Madan Lal]] that Dev caught at deep square leg after running backward for over 20 yards. The catch is attributed as the turning point in the [[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983 WC Final]] and is regarded as one of the finest in ODI Cricket. West Indies collapsed from 50/1 to 76/6 and finally were bowled out for 140 with Dev picking up the wicket of [[Andy Roberts (cricketer)|Andy Roberts]] and [[Mohinder Amarnath]] picking up the final wicket of [[Michael Holding]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC83/IND_WI_WC83_ODI-FINAL_25JUN1983.html | title=1983 World Cup Finals Scorecard – India V/s West Indies | publisher=[[Cricinfo]] | access-date=17 March 2007}}</ref> The win was India's maiden World Cup<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/sport/columns/200703/s1865291.htm?cricket] {{dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> and he led with 303 runs (Average: 60.6), 12 wickets (Average: 20.41) and 7 catches in 8 matches. This moment inspired several cricketers all over India, including Sachin Tendulkar

=== Post-World Cup ===
After the World Cup, India hosted the [[West Indies cricket team]] and lost the [[West Indies cricket team in India in 1983–84|Test series]] 3–0 and the ODI Series 5–0. Dev achieved his best test bowling performance in a loss at [[Motera Stadium|Motera Stadium, Ahmedabad]] with a return of 9/83.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://statserver.cricket.org/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1983-84/WI_IN_IND/WI_IND_T3_12-16NOV1983.html | title=Scorecard – Kapil Dev's best bowling performance|website=Statserver.cricket.org | access-date=17 March 2007}}</ref> His bowling performance in the test and ODI series was let down by his poor batting performance. The selectors ended Dev's reign by reappointing Gavaskar as captain in early 1984.<ref>{{cite news |title=Has Virat Kohli walked into a trap laid by the BCCI president? |url=https://theprobe.in/virat-kohli-walked-into-a-trap-laid-by-the-bcci-president/ |website=The Probe|access-date=17 December 2021}}</ref>

=== Return to captaincy ===
Dev was reappointed captain in March 1985 and guided India on a Test series win over England in 1986. This period saw one of his most famous matches, the [[Tied Test#Second tied Test, 1986|second Tied Test]], in which he was named joint-[[man of the match]] with Australian batsman [[Dean Jones (cricketer)|Dean Jones]].

He was retained as captain for the [[1987 Cricket World Cup]]. In their first match, Australia scored 268 against India. However, after the close of innings, Dev agreed with the umpires that the score should be increased to 270 as one boundary during the innings had been mistakenly signalled as a four and not a six. In their reply, India scored 269 falling short of Australia's score by one run. In the [[Wisden Cricketer's Almanack]], it was reported that ''"Kapil Dev's sportsmanship proved the deciding factor in a close-run match"''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cricinfo.com/columns/content/current/story/290303.html | title=Ask Steven: Twin hundreds on debut, and the youngest West Indians | date=16 April 2007 | access-date=17 April 2007 | publisher=Cricinfo}}</ref> India went on to reach the semi-final of the 1987 World Cup, where they lost to England. Dev faced the blame for India's defeat as he holed out to deep mid-wicket triggering a collapse that led to the unexpected loss. He did not captain India again, although he was the Vice-captain for India's tour to Pakistan in 1989.

The captaincy period was on the whole a difficult one for him as it was mired with reports of differences with Gavaskar, as well as his own inconsistent form as a bowler. However, both men later insisted that these reports were exaggerated.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-21465473.cms | title=Caught!: Duel in the sun |work=The Times of India |location=India | date=8 September 2002 | access-date=6 December 2006}}</ref> Dev's performance as Captain was better than as a player.

=== Skills ===
Dev was a right-arm [[pace bowling|pace bowler]] noted for his graceful action and potent [[outswinger]], and was India's main strike bowler for most of his career. He developed a fine [[inswinger|inswinging]] [[yorker]] during the 1980s, which he used very effectively against [[tail-ender]]s. As a [[batsman]], he was a natural striker of the ball who could hook and drive effectively. A naturally aggressive player, he often helped India in difficult situations by taking the attack to the opposition. Nicknamed ''The Haryana Hurricane'', he represented the [[Haryana cricket team]] in domestic cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2003/jun/27spec1.htm|title=Celebrating 1983 WC – Haryana express|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=17 March 2007}}</ref>

=== Bowling style ===
Dev was a fast bowler. However, a fluent run-up and a gather that was perfectly side-on at the time of delivery meant that the outswinger came naturally to him. Usually bowled at a length and direction that always troubled right-handers, his delivery was the bane of most of his victims as he sought to beat the bat on the outside edge, either caught on the off-side cordon or indeed LBW and bowled in case the ball missed the edge. The side-on action meant that, for the first few years, this was the only delivery he could bowl. The deliveries that held their lines or came into the right-hander came through natural variations off the pitch. However, as he gained maturity, the action became less side-on and he developed an inswinger too. He noted in the mid-1980s that the only delivery he could not bowl at will was the leg-cutter.

By the end of 1983, Dev already had about 250 Test wickets in just five years and looked well on his way to becoming one of the most prolific wicket-takers ever. However, his bowling declined following knee surgery in 1984, as he lost some of his jump at the crease. Despite this setback, he never missed playing a single test or one-day game on fitness grounds. Though he lost some of his bite, he remained an effective bowler for another ten years and became the second bowler ever to take 400 [[wicket]]s in Test cricket in 1991–92 when he took [[Mark Taylor (cricketer)|Mark Taylor]]'s wicket in a series versus Australia in Australia. In that Australian tour he took 25 wickets.

=== Final years ===
Dev continued as India's lead pace bowler under a succession of captains in the early 1990s. He was involved in a notable incident during the Lord's Test Match of 1990, when he hit off-spinner [[Eddie Hemmings (cricketer)|Eddie Hemmings]] for four sixes in succession to take India past the follow-on target.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fusw4po3YLE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/fusw4po3YLE| archive-date=12 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Kapil's 4 sixes |publisher=YouTube |access-date=20 December 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref> This match featured the highest test score by an Englishman against India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/63534.html |title=1st Test: England v India at Lord's, Jul 26–31, 1990 | Cricket Scorecard | ESPN Cricinfo |publisher=Cricinfo.com |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> 333 by [[Graham Gooch]]. Dev was cited by umpire [[Dickie Bird]] as being one of the greatest all-rounders of all time.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/982998.stm |work=BBC News | title=Dickie Bird: Your questions answered | date=21 October 2000}}</ref>

He became a valuable batsman in the ODI version of the game, as a pinch-hitter used to accelerate the run-scoring rate, usually in the final ten overs, and was relied upon to stabilize the innings in the event of a collapse. He played in the [[1992 Cricket World Cup]], his last, under the captaincy of [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] and topped the batting strike rate with 125.80 runs per 100 balls.<ref>{{cite news |title=Benson & Hedges World Cup Cricket 1992: Facts, figures, and statistics |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/benson-hedges-world-cup-cricket-1992-facts-figures-and-statistics-247132 |access-date=12 July 2020 |publisher=[[CricketCountry.com]] |date=9 February 2015}}</ref> He led the bowling attack with younger talents like [[Javagal Srinath]] and [[Manoj Prabhakar]], who would eventually succeed him as India's leading pace bowlers. He retired in 1994, after breaking [[Richard Hadlee]]'s then standing record for the most Test wickets taken.

=== List of centuries by opponent ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!!! Team !! Test !! ODI !! Total
|-
| 1 || {{cr|WIN}} || 3 || 0 || '''3'''
|-
| 2 || {{cr|ENG}} || 2 || 0 || '''2'''
|-
| 3 || {{cr|AUS}} || 1 || 0 || '''1'''
|-
| 4 || {{cr|SRI}} || 1 || 0 || '''1'''
|-
| 5 || {{cr|RSA|1928}} || 1 || 0 || '''1'''
|-
| 6 || {{cr|ZIM}} || 0 || 1 || '''1'''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Total''' || '''8''' || '''1''' || '''9'''
|}

== Post-retirement ==

=== National coach ===
{{Main|Kapil Dev as Indian national cricket coach}}

Kapil Dev was appointed coach of the Indian national cricket team in 1999, succeeding [[Anshuman Gaekwad]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/83972.html | title=Kapil Dev is named coach ahead of Srikkanth | publisher=Cricinfo.com | date=22 September 1999 | access-date=6 December 2006}}</ref> In his term, India won just one test match (at home against New Zealand) and had two major series losses in Australia (3–0) and at home against South Africa (2–0) and in general his term was considered a disappointment.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/94296.html | title=A cricketing great who deserved a better end | publisher=Cricinfo.com | date=13 September 2000 | access-date=6 December 2006}}</ref> At the height of the match fixing allegation by [[Manoj Prabhakar]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2000/may/04bindra.htm | title=It is Kapil | publisher=[[Rediff]] | date=4 May 2000 | access-date=23 March 2007}}</ref> a charge that was dismissed later,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2000/nov/01full29.htm | title=CBI Match-Fixing Investigation Report: Analysis on Kapil Dev | publisher=[[Rediff]] | date=1 November 2000 | access-date=23 March 2007}}</ref> Dev resigned from his position as national coach. Stung by the betting controversy, he announced his farewell stating that "I bid adieu to the game that gave me so much and then took a great deal of it away on the mere hearsay of a third party".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2000/sep/12kapil1.htm | title=Kapil Dev:Farewell Indian Cricket | publisher=[[Rediff]] | date=12 September 2000 | access-date=23 March 2007}}</ref> After a brief interval, he was succeeded as coach by former [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] batsman [[John Wright (cricketer, born 1954)|John Wright]], who became India's first foreign coach.

=== Return ===
After a period of silence away from the public eye, Dev returned to cricket when ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' announced him as one of the sixteen finalists for the ''Wisden'' Indian Cricketer of the Century award in July 2002. Dev pipped longtime teammate Gavaskar and crowd favourite Tendulkar to win the award and claimed the moment as "my finest hour".<ref name="WisdenICoC">{{cite news|date=8 March 2002|title=This is my finest hour: Kapil Dev|work=[[The Sportstar]] Vol. 25 No. 31|url=http://www.tssonnet.com/tss2531/25310120.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=8 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514214418/http://www.tssonnet.com/tss2531/25310120.htm|archive-date=14 May 2006}}</ref>

Dev slowly returned to cricket as a bowling consultant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/125248.html|title=Kapil to assist at camp|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|date=31 August 2003|access-date=4 July 2007}}</ref> and was the bowling coach in the preparatory camp prior to India's tour of Pakistan in March 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/139624.html|title=Kapil named bowling coach for Pakistan tour camp|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|date=1 March 2004|access-date=4 July 2007}}</ref> In October 2006, he was nominated as the chairman of [[National Cricket Academy]] for a two-year period.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 September 2006| website=Cricinfo.com| title=2006/08 Selection Committee Announcement| url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/260675.html|access-date=4 July 2007}}</ref>

In 2005, he acted in a brief role in the cult film ''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]'' written by [[Vipul K. Rawal]] where he played himself. Initially the director was not keen on approaching him; however, writer Rawal insisted as the role was written with him in mind.

In May 2007, Dev joined the upstart [[Indian Cricket League]] (ICL) floated by [[Zee TV]] as the chairman of executive board, defending his decision as complimenting BCCI's structure rather than opposing it – "We are not looking to create a rival team but helping the Indian board to find more talent".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/294055.html|title=Zee Sports denies signing of stars|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|date=14 May 2007|access-date=4 July 2007}}</ref> In June 2007, BCCI responded by revoking the pension for all players who had joined ICL, including Dev.<ref>{{cite web|title=BCCI scraps pensions of players joining rival league|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/299334.html|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|date=23 June 2007|access-date=4 July 2007}}</ref> On 21 August 2007, Dev was removed from the chairmanship of the [[National Cricket Academy]], a day after he addressed a formal press conference of the new [[Indian Cricket League]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/kapil-sacked-as-nca-chairman/articleshow/2298128.cms |title=Kapil sacked as NCA Chairman |newspaper=The Economic Times |date= |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref>

On 25 July 2012 Dev resigned from ICL and continued to support BCCI, thereby paving way to get back into the BCCI fold.<ref name="Wisden India">{{cite web | url= http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/kapil-dev-resigns-from-icl-returns-to-bcci/16172 | title= Kapil resigns from ICL | publisher= Wisden India | access-date= 25 July 2010 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130314201217/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/kapil-dev-resigns-from-icl-returns-to-bcci/16172 | archive-date= 14 March 2013 | url-status= dead}}</ref>

=== Joining Territorial Army ===
On 24 September 2008, Dev joined the [[Indian Territorial Army]] and was commissioned as a [[Lieutenant Colonel]] by General [[Deepak Kapoor]], [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of the Army Staff]]. He joined as an honorary officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2008/sep/24kapil.htm |title=Kapil Dev joins Territorial Army |work=Rediff.com |date=31 December 2004 |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/indexn12.asp?main_variable=front_page&file_name=story6.txt&counter_img=6|title=The Pioneer > Home|date=5 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005020618/http://www.dailypioneer.com/indexn12.asp?main_variable=front_page&file_name=story6.txt&counter_img=6 |access-date=22 March 2022|archive-date=5 October 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080066599 |title=Kapil Dev now a Lieutenant Colonel |website=Ndtv.com |date=24 September 2008 |access-date=20 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028224645/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080066599 |archive-date=28 October 2008 }}</ref>

=== Chancellor of Haryana's Sports University ===
He was appointed as first chancellor of the Sports University of Haryana in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/kapil-dev-named-chancellor-of-haryanas-sports-university-2309195.html |title=Kapil Dev Named Chancellor of Haryana's Sports University |website=News18.com |date=14 September 2019 |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref> The university is situated in India's [[Haryana]] state which he represented in domestic cricket.

== Personal life ==
Dev married Romi Bhatia in 1980 with whom he has a daughter, Amiya Dev, born on 16 January 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020804/spectrum/main1.htm|title=Kapil Dev Nikhanj – His Profile|work=The Tribune|location=India|access-date=17 March 2007}}</ref>

In 1993, Dev took up golf.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/09/05/stories/2004090505651700.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210215234/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/09/05/stories/2004090505651700.htm | url-status=usurped | archive-date=10 February 2007 | title=Kapil Dev leads India to title | work=The Hindu | location=India | date=5 September 2004 | access-date=6 December 2006 }}</ref> Dev was the only Asian founding member of Laureus Foundation in 2000. [[Ian Botham]] and [[Viv Richards]] were the other two cricketers on the founding member council of 40. [[Steve Waugh]] was added to the academy members in 2006 when it was expanded from 40 to 42. Dev pledged his organs during an event organised by Delhi Urological Society on 31 January 2014 at the [[Airports Authority of India|Airport Authority of India]], Officers Club, New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://topnews.in/sports/kapil-dev-bishan-singh-bedi-pledge-donate-organs-243176|title=Kapil Dev, Bishan Singh Bedi pledge to donate organs|website=Topnews.in|access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sports.in.msn.com/cricket/kapil-dev-bishan-singh-bedi-pledge-to-donate-organs |title=Kapil Dev, Bishan Singh Bedi pledge to donate organs |date=15 July 2014 |website= |access-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715030108/http://sports.in.msn.com/cricket/kapil-dev-bishan-singh-bedi-pledge-to-donate-organs |archive-date=15 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 23 October 2020, Dev suffered a [[heart attack]] and was hospitalised. He underwent an emergency coronary [[angioplasty]] at a hospital in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 October 2020|title=Kapil Dev: Cricket legend suffers heart scare, undergoes angioplasty|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/cricket-legend-kapil-dev-suffers-heart-attack-undergoes-angioplasty/articleshow/78825842.cms|access-date=23 October 2020|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Books ==
He has written four books – three autobiographical and one book on [[Sikhism]]. Autobiographical works include — ''By God's Decree''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19860115-book-review-by-gods-decree-by-kapil-dev-with-vinay-verma-800488-1986-01-15|title=Book review: By God's Decree by Kapil Dev with Vinay Verma|date=15 January 1986|work=India Today|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref> which came out in 1985, ''Cricket My Style''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19860115-book-review-by-gods-decree-by-kapil-dev-with-vinay-verma-800488-1986-01-15|title=Book review: Kapil Dev's 'Cricket My Style'|date=31 December 1986|work=India Today|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref> in 1987, and ''Straight from the Heart'' in 2004.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/01/06/stories/2004010608011600.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128013152/http://hinduonnet.com/2004/01/06/stories/2004010608011600.htm | url-status=usurped | archive-date=28 November 2007 | title=Kapil Dev's autobiography released | work=The Hindu | location=India | date=6 January 2004 | access-date=6 December 2006 }}</ref> His latest book titled ''We, The Sikhs'' was released in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/the-book-is-to-understand-the-sacrifices-of-the-sikh-community/story-X7pPSx4zP0BQwA9ldFg8BI.html|title=The book is to understand the sacrifices of the Sikh community|date=13 June 2019|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/books-it-talks-about-power-of-universalism-and-liberalism-kapil-dev-on-his-book-we-the-sikhs/332399|title='It Talks About Power of Universalism And Liberalism': Kapil Dev on His Book 'We The Sikhs'|date=17 June 2019|work=Outlook|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref>

== Records ==
{{See also|List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Kapil Dev}}

=== Captaincy record ===

==== Test matches ====
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?captain_involve=1568;class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=team;team=6;template=results;type=team;view=opposition|title=Team records – Test matches – Cricinfo Statsguru – ESPN Cricinfo|work=Cricinfo|access-date=24 October 2015}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:40%;"
|-
! Opposition !! Matches !! Won !! Lost !! Tied !! Draw
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || 6 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 5
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || 8 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 7
|-
| {{cr|SRI}} || 6 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 3
|-
| {{cr|WIN}} || 11 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 6
|-
| '''Total''' || '''34''' || '''4''' || '''7''' || '''1''' || '''22'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?captain_involve=1568;class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=team;team=6;template=results;type=team|title=Team records – Test matches – Cricinfo Statsguru – ESPN Cricinfo|work=Cricinfo|access-date=24 October 2015}}</ref>
|}

==== One Day Internationals ====
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?captain_involve=1568;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=team;team=6;template=results;type=team;view=opposition|title=Team records – One-Day Internationals – Cricinfo Statsguru – ESPN Cricinfo|work=Cricinfo|access-date=24 October 2015}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:40%;"
|-
! Opposition !! Matches !! Won !! Lost !! Tied !! NR
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || 19 || 9 || 9 || 0 || 1
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0
|-
| {{cr|NZL}} || 8 || 6 || 2 || 0 || 0
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || 13 || 4 || 9 || 0 || 0
|-
| {{cr|SRI}} || 13 || 10 || 2 || 0 || 1
|-
| {{cr|WIN}} || 12 || 3 || 9 || 0 || 0
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}} || 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| '''Total''' || '''74''' || '''39''' || '''33''' || '''0''' || '''2'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?captain_involve=1568;class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=team;team=6;template=results;type=team|title=Team records – One-Day Internationals – Cricinfo Statsguru – ESPN Cricinfo|work=Cricinfo|access-date=24 October 2015}}</ref>
|}

=== Test cricket ===
* In early 1994, he became the [[List of Test cricket records#Most career wickets|highest Test wicket-taker in the world]], breaking the record held by Sir [[Richard Hadlee]]. Dev's record was broken by [[Courtney Walsh]] in 1999.
* Only player to have achieved the all-rounder's double of 5,000 Test runs and 400 Test wickets

== Filmography ==
*''[[C.I.D. (India TV series)|C.I.D.]]'' (Season 1) Episode- Howzzat? (Episode 289,290) as Himself
* ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]'' (2004) as Himself
* ''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]'' (2005) as Himself
* ''[[Chain Kulii Ki Main Kulii]]'' (2007) as Himself
* ''[[83 (film)]]'' (2021) as Himself and also portrayed by [[Ranveer Singh]]
* ''[[Double XL]]'' (2022) as Himself

== Achievements ==

=== Awards ===
* 1979–80 – [[Arjuna Award]]
* 1982 – [[Padma Shri]]
* 1983 – [[Wisden Cricketer of the Year]]<ref name=WCoY>{{cite news | url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154470.html | title=Kapil Dev – Cricketer of the Year – 1983| publisher=[[Wisden Almanack]]| access-date=24 March 2007}}</ref>
* 1991 – [[Padma Bhushan]]<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>
* 2002 – [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]] Indian Cricketer of the Century<ref name=WisdenICoC />
* 2010 – [[ICC Cricket Hall of Fame]]<ref name=HallofFame />
* 2013 – The 25 Greatest Global Living Legends in India by NDTV<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/ndtv-25-latest/if-you-don-t-dream-you-ll-never-reach-anywhere-kapil-dev-458761?curl=1388510122|title=If you don't dream, you'll never reach anywhere: Kapil Dev|author=Deepshikha Ghosh|date=14 December 2013|work=NDTV.com|access-date=24 October 2015}}</ref>
* 2013 – [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award|CK Nayudu Lifetime Achievement award]]<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=19 December 2013 |title=Kapil Dev to be honoured with CK Nayudu Lifetime Award |url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/kapil-dev-to-be-honoured-with-ck-nayudu-lifetime-award-1294539.html |access-date=13 September 2016 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>
* 2019 – [[East Bengal Club Season Awards|Bharat Gaurav Award]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/east-bengal-to-confer-kapil-dev-with-bharat-gaurav-award/1577311|title=East Bengal to confer Kapil Dev with Bharat Gaurav award|work=Outlook|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-date=19 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019194701/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/east-bengal-to-confer-kapil-dev-with-bharat-gaurav-award/1577311}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Honour
!Honouring body
|-
|2008
|'''[[Lieutenant Colonel]]'''
|[[Indian Territorial Army]]
|}

== In popular culture ==
Dev made cameo appearances in the films ''[[Dillagi... Yeh Dillagi]]'', [[Iqbal (movie)|''Iqbal'']], ''[[Chain Kulii Ki Main Kulii|Chain Khuli ki Main Khuli]]'' and ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]'' among others.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 September 2005|title=Saluting the human spirit|publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2005/09/16/stories/2005091600140300.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=24 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806034736/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2005/09/16/stories/2005091600140300.htm|archive-date=6 August 2007}}</ref> He has also released a song "One India My India" with [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=In pictures: Kapil Dev and Shailendra Singh launch new song, One India My India|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/galleries/celebrity/2019/may/14/in-pictures-kapil-dev-and-shailendra-singh-launch-new-song-one-india-my-india-555.html|access-date=7 August 2020|website=Indulgexpress.com}}</ref>

The 2016 Indian film ''[[Azhar (film)|Azhar]]'', directed by Tony D'Souza, revolves around [[South Africa cricket match fixing|Match fixing scandals in late 90s and 2000]]. In the film Dev's character was played by [[Varun Badola]].<ref>{{cite news|title="I bet Ranveer can't get Kapil Dev's bowling action as perfectly as me": Varun Badola|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-bet-ranveer-cant-get-kapil-devs-bowling-action-as-perfectly-as-me-varun-badola/articleshow/73327943.cms|access-date=22 March 2021|website=The Times of India|date=18 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Indian filmmaker [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] directed a biopic film, titled [[83 (film)|''83'']], about India's first world cup win in 1983. The film features [[Ranveer Singh]] as Dev and is produced by [[Anurag Kashyap]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/ranveer-singh-to-play-kapil-dev-in-kabir-khan-film-on-india-1983-world-cup-victory-1527253.html|title=Ranveer Singh to Play Kapil Dev in Kabir Khan's Next On 1983 World Cup|work=News18|access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/83-special-screening-ranveer-singh-and-kapil-dev-walk-the-red-carpet-in-style/articleshow/88437480.cms|title='83' special screening: Ranveer Singh and Kapil Dev walk the red carpet in style|work=Times Of India|access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> and Kapil Dev has a cameo as a spectator.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=30028}}
* {{Twitter|therealkapildev|name=Kapil Dev}}
*{{IMDb name|id=1337956}}

{{s-start-collapsible|header={{S-sports}}}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Anshuman Gaekwad]]
|title=Indian National Cricket Coach
|years=October 1999 – September 2000
|after=[[Anshuman Gaekwad]] |
}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Sunil Gavaskar]]
| title=[[Indian National Test Cricket Captains|Indian National Test Cricket Captain]]
| years=1982–83 to 1983–84
| after=[[Sunil Gavaskar]]
}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Sunil Gavaskar]]
| title=[[Indian National Test Cricket Captains|Indian National Test Cricket Captain]]
| years=1984–85 to 1986–87
| after=[[Dilip Vengsarkar]]
}}
{{s-ach|rec}}
{{succession box
| before= [[Richard Hadlee]]
| title=[[List of Test cricket bowling records|World Record – Most Career Wickets in Test cricket]]
| years= 434 wickets (29.64) in 131 Tests <br /> Held record 8 February 1994 to 27 March 2000
| after=[[Courtney Walsh]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{navboxes
|title=Navigation boxes related to Kapil Dev
|state=collapsed
|list1=
{{Indian Test Cricket Captains}}
{{India ODI Cricket Captains}}
{{India national cricket team coaches}}
{{Indians with 100 or more Test caps}}
{{ICC Cricket Hall of Fame}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Achievements of Kapil Dev
|list1 =
{{Bowlers who have taken 300 wickets in Test cricket}}
{{All-rounder's Test triple}}
}}
{{Navboxes
|title = India squads
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = white
|list1 =
{{India Squad 1979 Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 1983 Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 1988 Asia Cup}}
{{India Squad 1987 Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 1990–91 Asia Cup}}
{{India Squad 1992 Cricket World Cup}}
}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}
}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dev, Kapil}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Coaches of the Indian national cricket team]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1979 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1983 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1992 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Cricketers who have acted in films]]
[[Category:Haryana cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricket captains]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]
[[Category:Indian cricket commentators]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:North Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Northamptonshire cricketers]]
[[Category:One Day International hat-trick takers]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in sports]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Wisden Cricketers of the Year]]
[[Category:Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World]]
[[Category:Worcestershire cricketers]]

Enbathettu

2023-09-28T14:11:26Z

SumanPatil:

{{Infobox film
| name = Enbathettu
| image = Enbathettu.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| native_name = {{film name|Tamil| எண்பத்தெட்டு}}
| director = M. Madhan
| producer = A. Jayakumar
| writer = Madhan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Madhan
* [[Upasana RC]]
}}
| music = Daya Rathanam<br />Kingsley
| cinematography = PG Vetrimaran
| editing = Avinash
| studio = {{plainlist|
JK Movie Makers}}
| distributor = G.S.Cinimas
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|7|21}}
| runtime = 123 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Enbathettu''''' ({{Translation|Eighty-eight}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] [[crime thriller film]] written and directed by Madhan starring himself and [[Upasana RC]] while [[Jayaprakash]] and [[Daniel Balaji]] play supporting roles. The film had a theatrical release on 21 July 2017, alongside ''[[Vikram Vedha]]'' (2017).

==Plot==
A family-oriented man is caught off-guard when his number is misused by a bunch of gangsters. He then tries to find a way out this trouble, highlighting how people, especially the youth, should use technology wisely and be wary of being too exposed to it mainly the negative impact of technology in our lives.<ref name="N">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-negative-impact-of-technology-in-our-lives/articleshow/53353157.cms|title=The negative impact of technology in our lives says Madhan|last=CR|first=Sharanya|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002010437/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/The-negative-impact-of-technology-in-our-lives/articleshow/53353157.cms|archive-date=2 October 2017|access-date=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="D">{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020717/88-is-on-technology-woes.html|title=‘88’ is on technology woes|date=2017-07-02|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2018-02-06|language=en|archive-date=2018-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226152232/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020717/88-is-on-technology-woes.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Madhan as Madhan
* [[Upasana RC]] as Savitha
* [[Jayaprakash]] as Raghuvaran
* [[Daniel Balaji]]
* [[G. M. Kumar]]
* [[Manikka Vinayagam]]
* [[Meera Krishnan]]
* [[Chaams]]
* [[Appukutty]]
* [[John Vijay]]
* [[Powerstar Srinivasan]]
*[[Gadam Kishan]]
*[[Scissor Manohar]]
*[[Lollu Sabha Manohar]]
}}

== Production ==
This film marks the directorial debut of [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]]'s nephew Madhan who previously starred in the Telugu film ''Parvathipuram'' (2016).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270716/dr-rajashekars-nephew-madhan-to-debut.html|title=Dr Rajashekar's nephew Madhan to debut|date=26 July 2016|last=Subramanian|first=Anupama|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=|archive-date=18 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818182831/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270716/dr-rajashekars-nephew-madhan-to-debut.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was shot in Chennai, Kumbakonam and Kerala.<ref name="N"/> Former Miss India Asia [[Upasana RC]] made her Tamil debut with this film.<ref name="D"/>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Enbathettu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Dayarathnam
| cover =
| released = 10 March 2017
| recorded = 2016
| label = [[Madhan Karky|Doopaadoo]]
| producer = A. Jayakumar
| language = Tamil
}}
Dayarathnam composed the songs and Kingsley background score for the film. [[Madhan Karky]] bought the audio rights of ''Enbathettu'' under his banner, Doopaadoo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/doo-paa-doo-bags-the-audio-rights-of-88/articleshow/59677754.cms|title=Doo Paa Doo bags the audio rights of 88|last=|first=|website=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826205150/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/doo-paa-doo-bags-the-audio-rights-of-88/articleshow/59677754.cms|archive-date=26 August 2017|date=20 July 2017|access-date=21 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Meendum Meendum
| length1 = 5:11
| lyrics1 = Arivumathy
| extra1 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| title2 = Kaalakkaalin
| length2 = 4:07
| lyrics2 = Madhan Karky
| extra2 = Naresh Iyer & Saindhavi
| title3 = Asaiyaadha Kaatru
| length3 = 3:03
| lyrics3 = Madhan Karky
| extra3 = [[Haricharan]]
| title4 = Gana Padikkum
| length4 = 4:49
| lyrics4 = Daya
| extra4 = Gana Vinoth
| total_length = 17:01
}}

== Reception ==
Critics from ''[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]'' and ''nettv4u'' called the film "below average" and "average", respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2017/08/03155744/Enbathettu.vpf|title=Enbathettu|date=3 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830194530/http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2017/08/03155744/Enbathettu.vpf|archive-date=30 August 2017|work=[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]|access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/movie-review/tamil/enbathettu|title=Enbathettu Movie Review|work=nettv4u|date=21 July 2017|access-date=28 September 2023|archive-date=11 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811200221/https://nettv4u.com/movie-review/tamil/enbathettu|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' called the film "a hit on the wall".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/cinema/review/2017/08/01164457/1099870/Enbathettu-Movie-Review.vpf|title=விமர்சனம்: எண்பத்தெட்டு|language=ta|work=[[Maalai Malar]]|access-date=2023-09-28|archive-date=2023-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928133316/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/cinema/review/2017/08/01164457/1099870/Enbathettu-Movie-Review.vpf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|7060140}}

[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s Tamil-language films]]

Premananda Swami

2023-09-11T04:17:25Z

SumanPatil: Wrote an redirect

#REDIRECT [[Premanand Ji Maharaj]]

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Keka (company)

2023-07-12T14:58:24Z

SumanPatil: Shared a valuable guide.

{{Short description|Software company}}
{{Orphan}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Keka
| industry = Software
| founded = 21 July 2014
| founders = Vijay Yalamanchili (CEO)
| hq_location_city = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| website = https://www.keka.com/
}}

'''Keka''' is a software company specializing in cloud based HR management software and payroll automation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Keka's conducted the 4th chapter of its HR conclave |url=http://www.uniindia.com/keka-s-conducted-the-4th-chapter-of-its-hr-conclave/business-economy/news/2924633.html |url-status=live |website=unindia.com}}</ref>

Keka's has also offices in Singapore, and Seattle, Washington.<ref name=":3" />

It was founded by Vijay Yalamanchili, current CEO, on July 21, 2014.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=How this Bootstrapped Company Drove to Become the Leader of the Industry – The Success Story of Keka HR |url=https://www.indianweb2.com/2021/03/how-this-bootstrapped-company-drove-to.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Business, Technology, Startups and Science News and Trends in India {{!}} IndianWeb2.com}}</ref> The company is headquartered in [[Hyderabad]], with subsidiaries in Singapore and the US.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Raju |first=Narasimha |title=Rapidly growing HR tech startups to watch out for in 2023 and beyond - CXOToday.com |url=https://www.cxotoday.com/specials/rapidly-growing-hr-tech-startups-to-watch-out-for-in-2023-and-beyond/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.cxotoday.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Jose |first=Teena |title=Discipline Is the Key For a Strong Company, Says Keka's Vijay Yalamanchili |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/entrepreneurs/discipline-is-the-key-for-a-strong-company-says-kekas/442268 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Keka was established in 2014 in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. In 2015, the company entered the Indian [[Human resources|HR]] market and the same year, won the HYSEA Hottest Startups Award.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Infy gets HYSEA award for Artificial Intelligence robots |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/infy-gets-hysea-award-for-artificial-intelligence-robots/article6986984.ece |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

By 2019 Keka surpassed $1 million in Annual Recurring Revenue (ARR). During the [[COVID-19]] pandemic in 2020, the company increased its sales sevenfold.<ref name="The Economic Times">{{Cite news |title=Keka Secures India’s Largest Series A SaaS Funding With Historic $57 million |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/keka-secures-indias-largest-series-a-saas-funding-with-historic-57-million/articleshow/95490361.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-05 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Trends |first=Market |title=Exclusive Interview with Barun Mallick, Marketing Head, Keka |url=https://www.analyticsinsight.net/exclusive-interview-with-barun-mallick-marketing-head-keka/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Analytics Insight |language=en-US}}</ref>

By 2021 Keka served 5,500 customers, recording an ARR of $6.5 million and managing payroll for 3.2 million employees.<ref name=":1" /> The company also raised $1.6 million through Recur Club.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Shrabona |title=Keka HR Raises $1.6 Million Through Trading Subscriptions On Recur Club |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/finance/keka-hr-raises-16-million-through-trading-subscriptions/403663 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022 Keka secured India's largest Series A funding of $57 million from West Bridge Capital.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="The Economic Times"/><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=FUNDING RUNDOWN: Quona Capital closes $332M fintech fund; Keka raises $57M in Series A round; Supertails gets $10M from Fireside Ventures & Chiratae Ventures leads $1.7M seed round in Skye Air Mobility |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/startup/funding-rundown-quona-capital-closes-332m-fintech-fund-keka-raises-57m-in-series-a-round-supertails-gets-10m-from-fireside-ventures--chiratae-ventures-leads-17m-seed-round-in-skye-air-mobility-15129331.htm |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref>

Keka specializes in providing business services in the field of [[Human resource management system|HR technology]], [[payroll automation]], [[Recruitment|recruiting]], leave, attendance and performance management.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keka to add up to 500 employees in 2021–22 as it focuses on expansion |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/jobs/story/keka-to-add-up-to-500-employees-in-2021-22-as-it-focuses-on-expansion-301148-2021-07-12 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |last2=Venugopal |first2=Sruti |title=Keka plans international expansion |url=https://telanganatoday.com/keka-plans-international-expansion |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Companies of India]]
[[Category:Human resource management]]
[[Category:Payroll]]
[[Category:Application software]]
[[Category:Automation software]]

2003 Indian Rajya Sabha elections

2023-01-08T03:13:18Z

SumanPatil: Created an engaging write-up.

#REDIRECT [[2003 Rajya Sabha elections]]

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Central Civil Services

2022-11-18T14:46:29Z

SumanPatil: Added a new contribution to the website.

The '''Central Civil Services''' ('''CCS''') is part of [[Civil Services of India]] and are concerned directly with the union non-political executive administration and is the permanent [[Civil Services of India|Executive body]] of the federal [[Government of India]]. Most of the specialized fields in civil services in India belong to the central services.

The highest personnel cadre strength among CCS is with [[Central Secretariat Service]]{{efn|As on year 2021, CSS cadre has a total strength of 12,500 members and is controlled by DOPT, Ministry of Personnel GOI.}} and [[Indian Revenue Service]] (IT and C&CE).{{efn|The Indian Revenue Service is not one entity and not one service. The two independent branches are controlled by two separate statutory bodies, the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) and the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC). The IT and C&CE also have two different independent service associations. The total members are 4192 (Income Tax) and 5583 (Customs and Indirect Taxes).}} The [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] is the cadre controlling authority for the Central Secretariat Service, while the rest in CCS is controlled by respective [[Union Government ministries of India]]. The Central Civil Services are classified into Group A and Group B, both of which are [[Gazetted Officer (India)|gazetted]].

The [[Government of India]] approved the formation of a [[Engineering Service Examination|Central Engineering Service]] cadre Indian Skill Development Service<ref name="ISDS">{{cite web|title=Government nod to raise new Group-A civil service cadre|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/XO89PxfcsCgWQ31vyFi6cJ/Government-nod-to-raise-new-GroupA-civil-service-cadre.html|accessdate=8 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="ISDS-India">{{cite news|title=Govt approves formation of Indian Skill Development Service|newspaper=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/govt-approves-formation-of-indian-skill-development-service/articleshow/49261963.cms|accessdate=8 October 2015}}</ref> in 2015, Indian Enterprise Development Service.<ref name="IEDS">{{cite news|title=Cabinet approves enterprise development cadre|newspaper=Business Standard India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/cabinet-approves-enterprise-development-cadre-116122100489_1.html|accessdate=8 January 2017}}</ref> in 2016. Further, the [[Cabinet of India]] approved merging 04 railways civil services into a single [[Indian Railways Management Service]] as part of a structural reform in the sector in 2019.

==History==
===British India===
{{Main article|Royal Commission on the Public Services in India|Imperial Secretariat Service}}
With the passing of the [[Government of India Act 1919]], the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Imperial Services]] headed by the [[Secretary of State for India]], were split into two – [[All India Services]] and [[Central Civil Services of India|Central Services]].<ref name="Public Personnel Administration">{{cite book| title =Public Personnel Administration : Theory and Practice|last=Goel |first=S.L. |year = 2008| publisher=Deep and Deep Publications, 2008| isbn = 9788176293952}}</ref>

The [[All India Services|All India]] and [[Central Civil Services of India|Central Services (Group A)]] were designated as '''Central Superior Services''' as early as 1924.<ref name="Problems and Issues Administration">{{cite book| title =Problems and Issues in Administrative Federalism|last=Maheshwari |first=Shriram |year = 1992| publisher=Allied Publishers| isbn = 9788170233428}}</ref> From 1924 to 1934, Administration in India consisted of 10 All India Services (including [[Indian Education Service]], [[Indian Medical Service]]) and 5 central departments, all under the control of Secretary of State for India, and 3 central departments under joint Provincial and Imperial Control.<ref name="Problems and Issues Administration"/>

The Central Services was headed by the [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]].

===Modern India===
The Group A officers are appointed by the [[President of India]] and appointments to Group B are made by the authorities specified by a general or special order of the President.

==Nature, rules and deputations==
===Rules and regulations===
The Central Civil Services (CCS) is run as per Central Civil Services (Classification, Control and Appeal) Rule and all service members work under restrictions and rules of Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules. The Indian Railway Services work under Railway Services (Conduct) Rules of 1966.

The Central Civil Services also follows CCS (Commutation of Pension) Rules and has its own Recognition of Service Associations Rules 1993 and Leave Travel Concession Rules 1988.

The [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC), in a circular released in October 2018, directed [[Central university (India)|central universities]] to adopt the Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules 1964 for professors of the university.

===Deputations===
The members of Central Civil Services are eligible for deputation to state governments either on personal grounds or official approval from both [[Government of India]] Staffing Scheme of Government of India.

===Performance review and dismissal===
The employees performance review is conducted under the Fundamental Rule (FR) 56 (J) and 56 (I), and also under Rule 48 (1) (b) of the Central Civil Services (Pension) Rules, 1972, that gives "absolute right" to the appropriate authority to retire a government servant, "if it is necessary to do so in public interest".<ref name="Center weed corrupt">{{cite web |title=Centre to weed out inefficient, corrupt employees, asks depts to review service records of staff|url=
https://economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/centre-to-weed-out-inefficient-corrupt-employees-asks-depts-to-review-service-records-of-staff/articleshow/77835835.cms|work=[[The Economic Times]]|accessdate=21 December 2020}}</ref>

A government servant can be retired "in public interest" under Central Civil Services (Classification, Control & Appeal) Rules, 1965, as a penalty for possession of assets disproportionate to known source of income or for accepting gratification as a reward for doing or forbearing to do an official act.<ref name="Forest Service Retire">{{cite web |title=Odisha asks Centre to compulsory retire Indian Forest Service officer for graft|url=https://timesofindia.com/india/odisha-asks-centre-to-compulsory-retire-indian-forest-service-officer-for-graft/articleshow/79790283.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=20 December 2020}}</ref>

==Recruitment==
The recruitment of the CCS (Group A) is made through [[Civil Services Examination]], [[Engineering Services Examination]], Combined Geo-Scientist and Geologist Examination, I.E.S./I.S.S. Examination, [[Combined Medical Services Examination]], Central Armed Police Forces of [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC). All promotions or empanelment in the CCS are either by Civil Services Board or by [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]].

==Central Government Services (Group A)==
The [[Government of India|Central Services (Group A)]] are concerned with the administration of the [[Government of India|Union Government]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://document.ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02adm/OMUpdationoflistdated03.04.2017.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304073019/http://document.ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02adm/OMUpdationoflistdated03.04.2017.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> All appointments to Central Civil Services (Group A) are made by the [[President of India]].
{|
| valign="top" |
{{refbegin}}
* Border Roads Engineering Services ('''BRES''') ([[Engineering]])
* Border Security Force ('''BSF''') ([[Civil Service]])
* Botanical survey of India (BSI) ([[Natural Resource]])
*Central Reserve Police Force ('''CRPF''') ([[Civil Service]])
* Border Security Force Health Service ('''BSFHS''') ([[Health Science]])
* Central Architects Service ('''CAS''') ([[Engineering]])
* Central Engineering (Civil) Service ([[Engineering]])
* Central Engineering (Electrical and Mechanical) Service ([[Engineering]])
* Central Engineering Service (Roads) ('''CES''' ('''Roads''')) ([[Engineering]])
* [[Central Geological Service]] ('''CGS''') ([[Natural Resource]])
* [[Central Health Service]] ('''CHS''') ([[Health Science]])
* [[Central Industrial Security Force]] ('''CISF''') ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Central Labour Service|Indian Labour Service]] ('''ILS''') ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Central Power Engineering Service]] ('''CPES''') ([[Engineering]])
* Central Reserve Police Health Service ('''CRPHS''') ([[Health Science]])
* [[Central Secretariat Service]] ('''CSS''') ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Central Secretariat Stenographers Service]] ('''CSSS''') ([[Central Civil Service Group A, PPS and above only]])
* Central Water Engineering Service ('''CWES''') ([[Engineering]])
* Defence Aeronautical Quality Assurance Service ('''DAQAS''') ([[Engineering]])
* Defence Quality Assurance Service ('''DQAS''') ([[Engineering]])
* [[Defence Research & Development Service]] ('''DRDS''') ([[Engineering]])
*General Central Service '''(GCS)''' ([[Civil Service]])
* Geological Survey of India Chemical Service ('''GSICS''') ([[Civil Service]])
* Geological Survey of India Engineering Service ('''GSIES''') ([[Engineering]])
* Geological Survey of India Geophysical Service ('''GSIGS''') ([[Natural Resource]])
* [[Indian Audits and Accounts Service]] ('''IA&AS''') ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Civil Accounts Service]] ('''ICAS''') ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Corporate Law Service]] ('''ICLS''') ([[Civil Service]])
* Indian Cost Accounts Service ('''ICoAS''') ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Defense Accounts Service]] ('''IDAS''') ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Defence Contract Management Service]] ('''IDCMS''')([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Defence Estates Service]] ('''IDES''') ([[Civil Service]])
* Indian Defense Service of Engineers ('''IDSE''') ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Statistical Service]] ('''ISS''')([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Economic Service]] ('''IES''') ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Indian Civil Aviation Engineering Services]] ('''ICAES''') ([[Engineering]])
* Indian Enterprise Development Service ('''IEDS''') ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Foreign Service]] ('''IFS''') ([[Civil Service]]) 
* [[Indian Information Service]] ('''IIS''') ([[Civil Service]])
* Indian Inspection Service ('''IIS''') ([[Engineering]])
* Indian Legal Service ('''ILS''') ([[Law]])
* Indian Meteorological Service ('''IMS''') ([[Natural Resource]])
* [[Indian Ordnance Factories Service]] ('''IOFS''') ([[Engineering]]) and ([[Civil Service]])
* Indian Ordnance Factories Health Service ('''IOFHS''') ([[Health Science]])
* Indian Petroleum and Explosives Safety Service ('''IPESS''') ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Postal Service]] ('''IPoS''') ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian_Post_&_Telecommunication_Accounts_and_Finance_Service]] ('''IP&TAFS''') ([[Civil Service]]) / Indian Communication Finance Service ('''ICFS''') ([[Civil Service]])
* Indian Naval Armament Service ('''INAS''') ([[Engineering]])
* Indian Naval Material Management Service ('''INMMS''') ([[Engineering]])
* Indian Radio Regulatory Service ('''IRRS''') ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Railway Accounts Service]] ('''IRAS''') ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Railway Medical Services]] ('''IRMS''') ([[Health Science]])
* [[Indian Railway Personnel Service]] ('''IRPS''') ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Railway Service of Engineers]] ('''IRSE''') ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Railway Service of Electrical Engineers]] ('''IRSEE''') ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineers]] ('''IRSME''') ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Railway Service of Signal Engineers]] ('''IRSSE''') ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Railway Stores Service]] ('''IRSS''') ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Railway Traffic Service]] ('''IRTS''') ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Revenue Service]] ('''IRS-IT / C&CE)''' ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Skill Development Services]] ('''ISDS''') ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Statistical Service]] ('''ISS''') ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indian Supply Service]] ('''ISS''') ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indian Telecommunication Service]] ('''ITS''') ([[Engineering]])
* [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] ('''ITBP''') ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police Health Service]] ('''ITBPHS''') ([[Health Science]])
* [[Indian Trade Service]] ('''ITrS''') ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Railway Protection Force]] ('''RPF''') ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] ('''SSB''') ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Survey of India Service]] ('''SIS''') ([[Engineering]])
* [[Agricultural Research Service (India)|Agricultural Research Service]] ('''ARS''') ([[Natural Resource]])
* Indian Petroleum and Explosives Safety Service ('''IPESS''') ([[Engineering]])
|}

== Central Government Services (Group B)==
For Group B [[civil service]] posts only, the Combined Graduate Level Examination (CGLE) is conducted by the [[Staff Selection Commission]] (SSC).{{efn|The Schedule of Central Civil Services for Group 'B'. The complete list as per Department of Personnel & Training, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Govt. of India}}<ref name="CCS Group B List">[http://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/SCHEDULE-2.pdf Complete Civil Service Schedule of the Central Civil Services Group B of India]." ''Central Civil Service Group B - Government of India'', 20 April 2020.</ref>
''All appointments to Group B are made by the authorities specified by a general or special order of the President.'' {{efn|The Schedule of Central Civil Services for Group 'B'. The complete list as per Department of Personnel & Training, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Govt. of India}}<ref name="CCS Group B List">[http://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/SCHEDULE-2.pdf Complete Civil Service Schedule of the Central Civil Services Group B of India]." ''Central Civil Service Group B - Government of India'', 20 April 2020.</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=40em|
* [[Armed Forces Headquarters Services]] ([[Civil Service]])
* Botanical Survey of India, Group 'B' ([[Natural Resource]])
* Central Electrical Engineering Service, Group 'B' ([[Engineering]])
* Central Engineering Service, Group 'B' ([[Engineering]])
* Central Excise Service, Group 'B' ([[Civil Service]])
* Central Health Service, Group 'B' ([[Health Science]])
* Central Power Engineering Service, Group 'B' ([[Engineering]])
* Central Secretariat Official Language Service, Group 'B' ([[Civil Service]])
* Central Secretariat Service, Group 'B' (Section and Assistant Section Officers Grade only) ([[Civil Service]])
* Central Secretariat Stenographers Service, Group 'B' (Private Secretary and Personal Assistant Grade only) ([[Civil Service]])
* Customs Appraisers Service, Group 'B'- (Principal Appraisers and Head Appraisers) ([[Civil Service]])
* Customs Preventive Service, Group 'B' – (Chief Inspectors) ([[Civil Service]])
* Defence Secretariat Service ([[Civil Service]])
* [[DANICS]] ([[Civil Service]])
* [[DANIPS]] ([[Civil Service]])
* Geological Survey of India, Group 'B' ([[Natural Resource]])
* Indian Foreign Service, Group 'B' - (General Cadre, Grade I and General Cadre, Grade II only) ([[Civil Service]])
* Indian Posts and Telegraphs Accounts and Finance Service, Group 'B' Telecommunication Wing. ([[Civil Service]])
* Indian Posts & Telegraphs Accounts & Finance Service, Postal Wing, Group 'B' ([[Civil Service]])
* [[Income Tax Service, Group 'B']] ([[Civil Service]])
* Indian Salt Service, Group 'B' ([[Engineering]])
* India Meteorological Service, Group 'B' ([[Natural Resource]])
* Survey of India, Group 'B' ([[Engineering]])
* Postal Superintendents’ Service, Group 'B' ([[Civil Service]])
* Postmasters’ Service, Group 'B' ([[Civil Service]])
* Railway Board Secretariat Service, Group 'B'(SO and ASO only) ([[Civil Service]])
* Telecommunication Engineering Service, Group 'B' ([[Engineering]])
* Telegraphs Traffic Service, Group 'B' ([[Engineering]])
* Zoological Survey of India, Group 'B' ([[Natural Resource]])
}}

==Reforms and Challenges==
In 2016, the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] for the first time, dismissed 72 and prematurely retired another 33 [[Indian Revenue Service]] officers for non-performance and on disciplinary grounds.<ref name="Finance Ministry 2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/for-good-governance-finance-ministry-fires-72-tax-officers-retires-33-more-116050600022_1.html|title=For good governance, Finance Ministry fires 72 tax officers, retires 33 more|accessdate=12 May 2016|publisher=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref name="PIB">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=144910|title=Government takes strict action against defaulting/non performing tax officials/officers|accessdate=12 May 2016|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name="IRS absent">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/absent-for-years-government-sacks-11-irs-officers/|title=Absent for years, government sacks 11 IRS officers|accessdate=21 December 2016|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="108 IRS">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/108-irs-officers-under-cbi-probe-for-alleged-corruption-government/articleshow/48375107.cms|title=108 IRS officers under CBI probe for alleged corruption: Government|accessdate=21 December 2016|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref name="IRS corruption 2">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/CBI-seizes-2-crore-in-old-currency-from-city-residence-of-IRS-officer/articleshow/55716239.cms|title=CBI seizes 2 crore in old currency from city residence of IRS officer|accessdate=21 December 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In 2019, Government of India dismissed 12 (IRS IT) and 15 (IRS Customs and Central Excise) officers for corruption and bribery charges.<ref name ="IRS IT 2019">{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-dismisses-12-senior-i-t-officers-for-corruption-misconduct-119061001099_1.html|title=Govt sacks 12 senior I-T officers including a senior officer for corruption|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|accessdate=22 August 2019}}</ref><ref name ="IRS CCE 2019">{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-15-senior-customs-central-excise-officers-sacked-on-corruption-bribery-charges/332478|title=Govt Sacks 15 Senior Customs, Central Excise Officers Over Corruption, Bribery Charges|publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|accessdate=22 August 2019}}</ref> In 2019, Department of Personnel and Training in [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] listed 284 [[Central Secretariat Service]] officers for performance audit by review panel headed by [[Cabinet Secretary of India]].<ref name="CSS DOPT 2019">{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/modi-govt-to-retire-central-secretariat-service-officers-now-284-of-them-under-scanner/286418/|title=Modi govt to retire Central Secretariat Service officers now, 284 of them under scanner|accessdate=3 November 2019|publisher=The Print}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Civil Services of India]]
* [[Special Duty Allowance (SDA)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
''Notes''
{{notelist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151009143949/http://www.persmin.gov.in/DOPT/EmployeesCorner/Acts_Rules/CCSRules_1964/ccs_conduct_rules_1964_details.htm#01. CCS (CONDUCT) RULES, 1964], [https://web.archive.org/web/20150616043930/http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/EmployeesCorner/Acts_Rules/CCSRules_1964/CCS_Conduct_Rules_1964_Updated_27Feb15.pdf CCS Rules-1964]
* [http://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/CSMOP_0_0.pdf Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure] 14th Edition by Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions
===News===
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-instructs-DoPT-for-speedy-empanelment-of-officers-from-all-central-services/articleshow/48138681.cms Prime Minister instructs DoPT for speedy empanelment of officers from all central services] by The Times of India
* [https://www.cnbctv18.com/personal-finance/central-civil-services-pension-rule-1972-centre-amends-47-year-old-provision-to-widen-scope-4405231.htm/amp Central Civil Services Pension Rule, 1972: Centre amends 47-year-old provision to widen scope] by CNBC

{{Civil service}}

[[Category:Civil Services of India]]

Ayodhya

2022-11-04T07:43:24Z

SumanPatil: Just completed a fresh chapter.

{{short description|City of Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{About|the city in India|the railway station in city|Ayodhya Junction railway station|other uses}}

{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ayodhya
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Ruhi.jpg
| photo3a = Kanak Bhawan.jpg
| photo2b = Ayodhya city.jpg
| photo2a = Vijayraghav Mandir, Ayodhya.jpg
| photo4a =
| spacing = 2
| position = center
| color_border = white
| color =black
| size = 270
| foot_montage = <div style="background:#fee9bc;"> '''Clockwise from the top:''' <br /> [[Ram ki Paidi|Ram ki Paidi Ghat]], Ayodhya Ghaat on the [[Ghaghara|Sarayu River]], Kanak Bhawan Temple, Vijayraghav Mandir in Ayodhya</div> }}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname = ''The Temple Town''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/ayodhya-vikas-deepotsav-earthen-lamps-diwali-ram-mandir-shree-ram-janmabhoomi-743176|title = Ayodhya decked up for 'Vikas Deepotsav'; over 9 lakh earthen lamps to illuminate temple town|date = November 2021}}</ref>
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|26.80|N|82.20|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of states and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ayodhya division|Ayodhya]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Ayodhya Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Girish Pati Tripathi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/ayodhyas-new-mayor-girish-pati-tripathi-a-ex-upsc-aspirant-mahant-of-teen-kalash-tiwari-mandir-up-nagar-nigam-chunav-101683966283049.html|title=Meet Ayodhya's new mayor: A former UPSC aspirant and Mahant of a city mandir|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=21 May 2023}}</ref>
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Lallu Singh]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 120.8
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 93
| population_total = 55,890
| population_as_of = 2011<ref name="2011pop">{{cite web |title=AYODHYA in Faizabad (Uttar Pradesh) |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-uttarpradesh.php?cityid=0944705000 |publisher=.citypopulation.de |access-date=1 August 2020}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=12 February 2019 |page=49 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff" />
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/awa |title=Awadhi |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref>
| population_demonym = Ayodhyawasi, Awadhwasi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN(s)]]
| postal_code = 224001, 224123, 224133, 224135
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-5278]]
| registration_plate = UP-42
| footnotes =
| website = {{URL|https://ayodhya.nic.in/}}
}}

{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

'''Ayodhya''' ({{IPA-hns|əˈjoːdʱjaː|lang|Ayodhya.ogg}}; {{IAST3|Ayodhyā}}) is a city situated on the banks of the [[Ghaghara|Sarayu river]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is the administrative headquarters of the [[Ayodhya district]] as well as the [[Ayodhya division]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name=AboutDistrict>{{Cite web|title=District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} City Of Lord Rama {{!}} India|url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/|access-date=10 August 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/about-district/ |title=About District |website=District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh}}</ref> Ayodhya city is administered by the [[Ayodhya Municipal Corporation]], the governing civic body of the city.

Ayodhya was historically known as [[Sāketa|Saketa]]. The early Buddhist and Jain canonical texts mention that the religious leaders [[Gautama Buddha]] and [[Mahavira]] visited and lived in the city. The Jain texts also describe it as the birthplace of five [[tirthankara]]s namely, [[Rishabhanatha]], [[Ajitanatha]], [[Abhinandananatha]], [[Sumatinath]] and [[Anantnath]], and associate it with the legendary [[Bharata Chakravarti]]. From the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] period onwards, several sources mention Ayodhya and Saketa as the name of the same city.

The [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|legendary city of Ayodhya]], popularly identified as the present-day Ayodhya, is the birthplace of the Hindu deity [[Rama]] of [[Kosala]] and setting of the great epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' and [[Versions of the Ramayana|its many versions]]. Owing to the belief as the birthplace of Rama, Ayodhya has been regarded as the first of the [[Sapta Puri|seven most important pilgrimage sites]] for Hindus.<ref name=AboutDistrict/> It is believed that a temple stood at the supposed [[Ram Janmabhoomi|birth spot of Rama]], which was demolished by the orders of either the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Babur]] or [[Aurangzeb]], and [[Babri Masjid|a mosque]] erected in its place.<ref name="MeenakshiJain2017">{{citation|last=Jain |first=Meenakshi |title=The Battle for Rama – Case of the Temple at Ayodhya|year=2017|publisher=Aryan Books International|isbn=978-8-173-05579-9}}{{page needed}}</ref> In 1992, [[Ayodhya dispute|the dispute]] over the spot led to [[demolition of the Babri Masjid|the demolition]] of the mosque by Hindu mobs, who aimed to rebuild a grand temple of Rama at the site.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-sc-ruling-in-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-ayodhya-land-dispute-case-today-hindus-muslim-119110900133_1.html |title=Ayodhya verdict: No place for fear, negativity in 'New India', says PM |work=[[Business Standard]] |language=en }}</ref> A five-judge full bench of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] heard the title cases from August to October 2019 and ruled that the land belonged to the government per tax records, and ordered it to be handed over to a trust to build a Hindu temple. It also ordered the government to give an alternative {{convert|5|acre|ha}} of land to the [[Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board]] to build [[Ayodhya Mosque, Dhannipur|a mosque]] in lieu of the demolished [[Babri Masjid|Babri mosque]]. The construction of [[Ram Mandir]] commenced in August 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir highlights: Celebration, lamps, fireworks light up the nation as it witnesses a historic day |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/ayodhya-ram-mandir-bhoomi-pujan-live-updates-muhurat-photos-narendra-modi-yogi-adityanath-babri-masjid-ram-mandir-kar-sevak-hindu-temple-ram-janmabhoomi-photo-869583.html |access-date=15 August 2020 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology and names ==
The word "Ayodhya" is a regularly formed derivation of the [[Sanskrit]] verb ''yudh'', "to fight, to wage war".<ref>{{Cite web |title=yudh – KST (Online Sanskrit Dictionary) |url=https://kosha.sanskrit.today/word/en/yudh?q=yudh |access-date=11 June 2022 |website=kosha.sanskrit.today}}</ref> ''Yodhya'' is the future passive participle, meaning "to be fought"; the initial ''a'' is the negative prefix; the whole, therefore, means "not to be fought" or, more idiomatically in English, "invincible".{{sfn|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|p=2}} This meaning is attested by the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'', which uses it to refer to the unconquerable city of gods.{{sfn|Bakker, The rise of Ayodhya as a place of pilgrimage|1982|p=103}} The ninth century [[Jain]] poem ''[[Adi Purana]]'' also states that Ayodhya "does not exist by name alone but by the merit" of being unconquerable by enemies. ''Satyopakhyana'' interprets the word slightly differently, stating that it means "that which cannot be conquered by sins" (instead of enemies).{{sfn|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|p=4}}

"Saketa" is the older name for the city, attested in Sanskrit, Jain, Buddhist, Greek and Chinese sources.{{sfn|Lutgendorf, Imagining Ayodhya|1997|p=22}} According to [[Vaman Shivram Apte]], the word "Saketa" is derived from the Sanskrit words ''Saha'' (with) and ''Aketen'' (houses or buildings). The ''Adi Purana'' states that Ayodhya is called Saketa "because of its magnificent buildings which had significant banners as their arms".{{sfn|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|p=5}} According to [[Hans T. Bakker]], the word may be derived from the roots ''sa'' and ''ketu'' ("with banner"); the variant name ''saketu'' is attested in the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]''.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=12}}

The older name in English was "Oudh" or "Oude", and the princely state it was the capital of until 1856 is still known as [[Oudh State]].{{Citation needed}}

Ayodhya was stated to be the capital of the ancient [[Kosala Kingdom|Kosala kingdom]] in the ''[[Ramayana]]''. Hence it was also referred to as "Kosala". The ''Adi Purana'' states that Ayodhya is famous as ''su-kośala'' "because of its prosperity and good skill".{{sfn|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|p=5}}

The cities of [[Ayutthaya (city)|Ayutthaya]] (Thailand), and [[Yogyakarta]] (Indonesia), are named after Ayodhya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ayodhya & Ayutthaya |first1=K |last1=Subrahmanyam |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/the-speaking-tree/ayodhya-ayutthaya/ |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Noorduyn|first=Jacobus|title=The Etymology of the Name of Yogyakarta|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1986_num_31_1_2272|journal=Archipel|volume=31|issue=1|pages=87–96|doi=10.3406/arch.1986.2272}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Ayodhya-jain-teracotta.jpg|thumb|Terracotta image of Jain [[Tirthankar]] dated fourth century BCE excavated from Ayodhya]]
[[File:Ayodhya Nagri.jpg|thumb|Gold carving depiction of the legendary Ayodhya at the [[Ajmer Jain temple]]]]

Ancient Indian [[Sanskrit]]-language epics, such as the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' mention a [[Ayodhya (legendary city)|legendary city called Ayodhya]], which was the capital of the legendary [[Ikshvaku dynasty|Ikshvaku]] kings of Kosala, including Rama.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=7}} Neither these texts, nor the earlier Sanskrit texts such as the [[Vedas]], mention a city called Saketa. Non-religious, non-legendary ancient Sanskrit texts, such as Panini's ''Ashtadhyayi'' and Patanjali's commentary on it, do mention Saketa.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=7}} The later Buddhist text ''[[Mahavastu]]'' describes Saketa as the seat of the Ikshvaku king Sujata, whose descendants established the [[Shakya]] capital [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=5}}

The earliest of the Buddhist [[Pali canon|Pali-language texts]] and the Jain Prakrit-language texts mention a city called Saketa (Sageya or Saeya in Prakrit) as an important city of the [[Kosala]] [[mahajanapada]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|pp=5–6}} Topographical indications in both Buddhist and Jain texts suggest that Saketa is the same as the present-day Ayodhya.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=2}} For example, according to the ''[[Samyutta Nikaya]]'' and the ''[[Vinaya Pitaka]]'', Saketa was located at a distance of six ''[[yojana]]''s from [[Shravasti]]. The ''Vinaya Pitaka'' mentions that a big river was located between the two cities, and the ''[[Sutta Nipata]]'' mentions Saketa as the first halting place on the southward road from Shravasti to [[Pratishthana]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=5}}

Fourth century onwards, multiple texts, including Kalidasa's ''[[Raghuvamsha]]'', mention Ayodhya as another name for Saketa.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|pp=6–7}} The later Jain canonical text ''Jambudvipa-Pannati'' describes a city called Viniya (or Vinita) as the birthplace of [[Rishabha|Lord Rishabhanatha]], and associates this city with [[Bharata Chakravartin]]; the ''[[Kalpa Sutra|Kalpa-Sutra]]'' describes Ikkhagabhumi as the birthplace of Rishabhadev. The index on the Jain text ''Paumachariya'' clarifies that Aojjha (Aodhya), Kosala-puri ("Kosala city"), Viniya, and Saeya (Saketa) are synonyms. The post-Canonical Jain texts also mention "Aojjha"; for example, the ''Avassagacurni'' describes it as the principal city of Kosala, while the ''Avassaganijjutti'' names it as the capital of [[King Sagara|Sagara Chakravartin]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=6}} The ''Avassaganijjutti'' implies that Viniya ("Vinia"), Kosalapuri ("Kosalapura"), and Ikkhagabhumi were distinct cities, naming them as the capitals of Abhinamdana, Sumai, and Usabha respectively. Abhayadeva's commentary on the ''Thana Sutta'', another post-canonical text, identifies Saketa, Ayodhya, and Vinita as one city.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=6}}

According to one theory, the legendary Ayodhya city is the same as the historical city of Saketa and the present-day Ayodhya. According to another theory, the legendary Ayodhya is a mythical city,{{sfn|Arya|1990|p=44}} and the name "Ayodhya" came to be used for the Saketa (present-day Ayodhya) only around the fourth century, when a [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] emperor (probably [[Skandagupta]]) moved his capital to Saketa, and renamed it to Ayodhya after the legendary city.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=12}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=[[Bhagwan Singh Josh]] |author2=[[Bipan Chandra]] |author3=[[Harbans Mukhia]] |author4=[[K. N. Panikkar]] |author5=[[Madhavan K. Palat]] |author6=[[Mridula Mukherjee]] |author7=[[Muzaffar Alam]] |author8=[[R. Champakalakshmi]] |author9=[[Rajan Gurukkal]] |author10=[[Romila Thapar]] |author11=[[Sarvepalli Gopal]]|display-authors=etal|title=The Political Abuse of History: Babri Masjid-Rama Janmabhumi Dispute |journal=Social Scientist |volume=18 |issue=1/2 |pages=76–81|year=1990 |jstor=3517330 |doi=10.2307/3517330 }}</ref> Alternative, but less likely, theories state that Saketa and Ayodhya were two adjoining cities, or that Ayodhya was a locality within the Saketa city.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=3}}

{{See also|Ayodhya (legendary city)#Historicity}}

=== As Saketa ===

Archaeological and literary evidence suggests that the site of present-day Ayodhya had developed into an urban settlement by the fifth or sixth-century BC.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=2}} The site is identified as the location of the ancient Saketa city, which probably emerged as a marketplace located at the junction of the two important roads, the [[Shravasti]]-[[Pratishthana]] north–south road, and the [[Rajagriha]]-[[Varanasi]]-Shravasti-[[Taxila]] east–west road.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=13}} Ancient Buddhist texts, such as ''[[Samyutta Nikaya]]'', state that Saketa was located in the [[Kosala]] kingdom ruled by [[Prasenajit]] (or Pasenadi; c. sixth–5th century BC), whose capital was located at Shravasti.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=5, 13}} The later Buddhist commentary ''Dhammapada-[[atthakatha]]'' states that the Saketa town was established by merchant Dhananjaya (the father of [[Visakha]]), on the suggestion of king Prasenajit.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=5}} The ''[[Digha Nikaya]]'' describes it as one of the six large cities of India.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=5}} The early Buddhist canonical texts mention [[Shravasti]] as the capital of Kosala, but the later texts, such as the Jain texts ''Nayadhammakahao'' and ''Pannavana Suttam'', and the Buddhist [[Jataka]]s, mention Saketa as the capital of Kosala.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=2,5–6}}

As a busy town frequented by travellers, it appears to have become important for preachers such as [[Gautama Buddha]] and [[Mahavira]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=13}} The ''Samyutta Nikaya'' and ''[[Anguttara Nikaya]]'' mention that Buddha resided at Saketa at times.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=5}} The early Jain canonical texts (such as ''Antagada-dasao'', ''Anuttarovavaiya-dasao'', and ''Vivagasuya'') state that Mahavira visited Saketa; ''Nayadhammakahao'' states that [[Parshvanatha]] also visited Saketa.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=6}} The Jain texts, both canonical and post-canonical, describe Ayodhya as the location of various shrines, such as those of snake, [[yaksha]] Pasamiya, Muni Suvratasvamin, and Surappia.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=6}}

It is not clear what happened to Saketa after Kosala was conquered by the [[Magadha]] emperor [[Ajatashatru]] around fifth century BC. There is lack of historical sources about the city's situation for the next few centuries: it is possible that the city remained a commercial centre of secondary importance, but did not grow into a political centre of Magadha, whose capital was located at [[Pataliputra]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=14}} Several Buddhist buildings may have been constructed in the town during the rule of the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] emperor [[Ashoka]] in the third century BC: these buildings were probably located on the present-day human-made mounds in Ayodhya.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|pp=14–18}} Excavations at Ayodhya have resulted in the discovery of a large brick wall, identified as a fortification wall by archaeologist [[B. B. Lal]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=2}} This wall probably erected in the last quarter of the third-century BC.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|pp=19–20}}

[[File:Dhanadeva Ayodhya inscription.jpg|thumb|The [[Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription]], first-century BC]]
[[File:Muladeva coin Kosala.jpg|thumb|Coin of ruler Muladeva, of the [[Deva dynasty (Saketa)|Deva dynasty]] minted in Ayodhya, Kosala. Obv: ''Muladevasa'', elephant to left facing symbol. Rev: Wreath, above symbol, below snake.]]
After the decline of the Maurya empire, Saketa appears to have come under the rule of [[Pushyamitra Shunga]]. The first century BC [[Ayodhya Inscription of Dhana|inscription of Dhanadeva]] suggests that he appointed a governor there.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=20}} The ''[[Yuga Purana]]'' mentions Saketa as the residence of a governor, and describes it as being attacked by a combined force of [[Yavanas|Greeks]], [[Mathura]]s, and [[Panchala]]s.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|pp=18–19}} Patanjali's commentary on Panini also refers to the Greek siege of Saketa.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=7,19}}

Later, Saketa appears to have become part of a small, independent kingdom.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=18}} The ''Yuga Purana'' states that Saketa was ruled by seven powerful kings after the retreat of the Greeks.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=20}} The ''Vayu Purana'' and the ''Brahmanda Purana'' also state that seven powerful kings ruled in the capital of Kosala. The historicity of these kings is attested by the discovery of the coins of the [[Deva dynasty (Saketa)|Deva dynasty]] kings, including Dhanadeva, whose inscription describes him as the king of Kosala (''Kosaladhipati'').{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=21}} As the capital of Kosala, Saketa probably eclipsed Shravasti in importance during this period. The east–west route connecting Pataliputra to [[Taxila]], which earlier passed through Saketa and Shravasti, appears to have shifted southwards during this period, now passing through Saketa, [[Ahichhatra]] and [[Kanyakubja]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=22}}

After the Deva kings, Saketa appears to have been ruled by the [[Datta dynasty|Datta]], [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]], and Mitra kings, although the chronological order of their rule is uncertain. Bakker theorises that the [[Datta dynasty|Dattas]] succeeded the Deva kings in the mid-1st century AD, and their kingdom was annexed to the Kushan Empire by [[Kanishka]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=24}} The Tibetan text ''Annals of Li Country'' (c. 11th century) mentions that an alliance of king Vijayakirti of [[Khotan]], king Kanika, the king of Gu-zan, and the king of Li, marched to India and captured the So-ked city. During this invasion, Vijayakirti took several Buddhist relics from Saketa, and placed them in the stupa of Phru-no. If Kanika is identified as Kanishka, and So-ked as Saketa, it appears that the invasion of Kushans and their allies led to the destruction of the Buddhist sites at Saketa.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=25}}

Nevertheless, Saketa appears to have remained a prosperous town during the Kushan rule.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=25}} The second century geographer [[Ptolemy]] mentions a metropolis "Sageda" or "Sagoda", which has been identified with Saketa.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=18}} The earliest inscription that mentions Saketa as a place name is dated to the late Kushan period: it was found on the pedestal of a Buddha image in Shravasti, and records the gift of the image by Sihadeva of Saketa.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=24}} Before or after the Kushans, Saketa appears to have been ruled by a dynasty of kings whose names end in "-mitra", and whose coins have been found at Ayodhya. They may have been members of a local dynasty that was distinct from the [[Mitra dynasty (Mathura)|Mitra dynasty]] of Mathura. These kings are attested only by their coinage: Sangha-mitra, Vijaya-mitra, Satya-mitra, Deva-mitra, and Arya-mitra; coins of Kumuda-sena and Aja-varman have also been discovered.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=23}}

=== Gupta period ===

Around the fourth century, the region came under the control of the [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]], who revived [[Brahmanism]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=26}} The ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' and the ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' attest that the early Gupta kings ruled Saketa.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=7}} No Gupta-era archaeological layers have been discovered in present-day Ayodhya, although a large number of Gupta coins have been discovered here. It is possible that during the Gupta period, the habitations in the city were located in the areas that have not yet been excavated.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=27}} The Buddhist sites that had suffered destruction during the Khotanese-Kushan invasion appear to have remained deserted.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|pp=25–26}} The fifth-century Chinese traveller [[Faxian]] states that the ruins of Buddhist buildings existed at "Sha-chi" during his time.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=17}} One theory identifies Sha-chi with Saketa, although this identification is not undisputed.<ref>{{cite book |author1=J. C. Aggarwal |author2=N. K. Chowdhry |title=Ram Janmabhoomi through the ages: Babri Masjid controversy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3JuAAAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=S. Chand |page=7|isbn=978-0-8364-2745-5 }}</ref> If Sha-chi is indeed Saketa, it appears that by the fifth century, the town no longer had a flourshing Buddhist community or any important Buddhist building that was still in use.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=18}}

An important development during the Gupta time was the recognition of Saketa as the [[Ayodhya (legendary city)|legendary city of Ayodhya]], the capital of the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=26}} The 436 AD Karamdanda (Karmdand) inscription, issued during the reign of [[Kumaragupta I]], names Ayodhya as the capital of the Kosala province, and records commander Prithvisena's offerings to Brahmins from Ayodhya.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=28}} Later, the capital of the [[Gupta Empire]] was moved from Pataliputra to Ayodhya. [[Paramartha]] states that king Vikramaditya moved the royal court to Ayodhya; Xuanzang also corroborates this, stating that this king moved the court to the "country of Shravasti", that is, Kosala.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=29}} A local oral tradition of Ayodhya, first recorded in writing by [[Robert Montgomery Martin]] in 1838,{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=30}} mentions that the city was deserted after the death of Rama's descendant [[Brihadbala]]. The city remain deserted until King Vikrama of [[Ujjain]] came searching for it, and re-established it. He cut down the forests that had covered the ancient ruins, erected the Ramgar fort, and built 360 temples.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=30}}

Vikramditya was a title of multiple Gupta kings, and the king who moved the capital to Ayodhya is identified as Skandagupta.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=29}} Bakker theorises that the move to Ayodhya may have been prompted by a flooding of the river Ganges at Pataliputra, the need to check the [[Huna people|Huna]] advance from the west, and Skandagupta's desire to compare himself with Rama (whose Ikshvaku dynasty is associated with the legendary Ayodhya).{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=30}} According to Paramaratha's ''Life of Vasubandhu'', Vikramaditya was a patron of scholars, and awarded 300,000 pieces of gold to [[Vasubandhu]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=31}} The text states that Vasubandhu was a native of Saketa ("Sha-ki-ta"), and describes Vikramaditya as the king of Ayodhya ("A-yu-ja").{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=8}} This wealth was used to build three monasteries in the country of A-yu-ja (Ayodhya).{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=31}} Paramartha further states that the later king Baladitya (identified with [[Narasimhagupta]]) and his mother also awarded large sums of gold to Vasubandhu, and these funds were used to build another Buddhist temple at Ayodhya.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=32}} These structures may have been seen by the seventh century Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]], who describes a [[stupa]] and a [[monastery]] at Ayodhya ("O-yu-t-o").{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=18, 31}}

=== Decline as a political centre ===

Ayodhya probably suffered when the Hunas led by [[Mihirakula]] invaded the Gupta empire in the sixth century. After the fall of the Guptas, it may have been ruled by the [[Maukhari]] dynasty, whose coins have been found in the nearby areas. It was not devastated, as Xuanzang describes it as a flourishing town and a Buddhist centre.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|pp=32–33}} However, it had lost its position as an important political centre to [[Kanyakubja]] (Kannauj).{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|pp=33–34}} At the time of Xuanzang's visit, it was a part of [[Harsha]]'s empire, and was probably the seat of a vassal or an administrative officer. Xuanzang states that the city measured about 0.6 km (20 [[li (unit)|li]]) in circumference. Another seventh-century source, ''[[Kāśikāvṛttī]]'', mentions that the town was surrounded by a moat similar to that around [[Pataliputra]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=33}}

After the fall of Harsha's empire, Ayodhya appears to have been variously controlled by local kings and the rulers of Kannauj, including [[Yashovarman]] and the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s. The town is not mentioned in any surviving texts or inscriptions composed during 650–1050 AD, although it may be identified with the "city of [[Harishchandra]]" mentioned in the eighth-century poem ''[[Gaudavaho]]''. Archaeological evidence (including images to [[Vishnu]], Jain [[tirthankara]]s, [[Ganesha]], the seven [[Matrikas]], and a Buddhist stupa) suggests that the religious activity in the area continued during this period.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=34}}

=== Early medieval period ===

According to Indologist [[Hans T. Bakker]], the only religious significance of Ayodhya in the first millennium AD was related to the ''Gopratara'' [[tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]] (now called Guptar Ghat), where Rama and his followers are said to have ascended to heaven by entering the waters of Sarayu.{{sfn|Bakker, The rise of Ayodhya as a place of pilgrimage|1982|p=105}}<ref name=Paramasivan />{{sfn|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|p=12}}

In the 11th century, the [[Gahadavala]] dynasty came to power in the region, and promoted [[Vaishnavism]]. They built several [[Vishnu]] temples in Ayodhya, five of which survived till the end of [[Aurangzeb]]'s reign. Hans Bakker concludes that there might have been a temple at the supposed birth spot of Rama built by the Gahadavalas (see [[Vishnu Hari inscription]]). In subsequent years, the cult of Rama developed within Vaishnavism, with Rama being regarded as the foremost avatar of Vishnu. Consequently, Ayodhya's importance as a pilgrimage centre grew.<ref name=Paramasivan>{{cite book |last=Paramasivan |first=Vasudha |chapter=Yah Ayodhya Vah Ayodhya: Earthly and Cosmic Journeys in the Anand-lahari |editor=Heidi R. M. Pauwels |title=Patronage and Popularisation, Pilgrimage and Procession |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-447-05723-3 |pages=101–116}}</ref>

In 1226 AD, Ayodhya became the capital of the province of [[Awadh]] (or "Oudh") within the [[Delhi sultanate]]. Muslim historians state that the area was little more than wilderness prior to this. Pilgrimage was tolerated, but the tax on pilgrims ensured that the temples did not receive much income.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya: A Hindu Jerusalem|1991}}

=== Mughal and British period ===
[[File:Ayodhya seen from the river Ghaghara, Uttar Pradesh. Coloure Wellcome V0050436.jpg|thumb|right|Ayodhya in 1785 as seen from river [[Ghaghara]]; painting by [[William Hodges]]. It depicts the Svargadvar Ghat. A mosque of Aurangzeb period in the background.<ref>{{harvnb|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|pp=439–440}}: "It is remarkable to note that William Hodges, R.A., who visited Fyzabad and Ayodhya in 1783, made the well known painting of the bank with Svargadvāri mosque."</ref>]]

Under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule, the [[Babri mosque]] was constructed in Ayodhya. The city was the capital of the province of [[Awadh]] (mispronounced as "Oudh" by the British), which is also believed to be a variant of the name "Ayodhya".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Awadh Archives in Ayodhya|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/awadh-archives-in-ayodhya-140592|access-date=31 August 2021|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>

After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 AD, the central Muslim rule weakened, and Awadh became virtually independent, with Ayodhya as its capital. However, the rulers became increasingly dependent on the local Hindu nobles, and control over the temples and pilgrimage centres was relaxed.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya: A Hindu Jerusalem|1991}}{{better source needed}}

[[File:United Provinces 1903.gif|thumb|right|[[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], showing 'Ajodhia', 1903 map]]

In the 1850s, a group of Hindus attacked the Babri mosque, on the grounds that it was built over [[Ram Janmabhoomi|the birthplace]] of the Hindu deity [[Rama]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s: Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC&pg=PA92 |year=1999 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-024602-5 |page=92 }}</ref> To prevent further disputes, the British administrators divided the mosque premises between Hindus and Muslims.<ref>P. Carnegy: ''A Historical Sketch of Tehsil Fyzabad'', Lucknow 1870, cited by Harsh Narain, ''The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources'', 1993, New Delhi, Penman Publications. {{ISBN|81-85504-16-4}} p.8-9, and by Peter Van der Veer ''Religious Nationalism'', p.153</ref>

Ayodhya was annexed in 1856 by the British rulers. The rulers of Awadh were [[Shia]], and the [[Sunni]] groups had already protested against the permissive attitude of the former government. The British intervened and crushed the Sunni resistance. In 1857, the British annexed Oudh (Awadh) and subsequently reorganised it into the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]].{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya: A Hindu Jerusalem|1991}}

{{clear left}}

=== Independent India ===
{{Ayodhya debate}}

{{See also|Ayodhya dispute}}

A movement was launched in 1984 by the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] party to reclaim the Babri mosque site for a Rama temple. In 1992, a right wing [[Hindu nationalist]] rally turned into a riot, leading to the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolition of the Babri mosque]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Amy Chua|title=Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance – And Why They Fall|page=[https://archive.org/details/dayofempirehowhy00chua_0/page/182 182]|year=2007|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-385-51284-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dayofempirehowhy00chua_0}}</ref> A makeshift temple at [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] for ''[[Ram Lalla Temple|Ram Lalla]]'', infant Rama was constructed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/01/19/stories/2002011901441000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040623012141/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/01/19/stories/2002011901441000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 June 2004 |title=Ram Lalla deity to be taken to Ayodhya |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=30 September 2010}}</ref> Under the Indian government orders, no one was permitted near the site within 200 yards, and the gate was locked to the outside. Hindu pilgrims, however, began entering through a side door to offer worship.{{citation needed}}

In 2003, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) carried out an excavation at the mosque site to determine if it was built over the ruins of a temple. The excavation uncovered pillar bases indicating a temple had been in existence under the mosque.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/25ayo1.htm |title=Proof of temple found at Ayodhya: ASI report |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=30 September 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100926043755/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/25ayo1.htm| archive-date= 26 September 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Evidence of temple found: ASI |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030906030401/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm |archive-date=6 September 2003 }}</ref> Besides Hindus, the Buddhist and Jain representatives claimed that their temples existed at the excavated site.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Seema |last1=Chishti |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2848393.stm |title=Can Ayodhya dig settle the dispute? |work=BBC News |access-date=11 June 2012}}</ref>

On 5 July 2005, [[2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack|five terrorists]] attacked the site of the makeshift Ramlalla temple in Ayodhya. All five were killed in the ensuing gunfight with security forces, and one civilian died in the bomb blast triggered as they attempted to breach the cordon wall.

On 30 September 2010, the [[Lucknow]] bench of the [[Allahabad High Court]] ruled that one-third of the disputed land should be given to the [[Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board]], one-third to the [[Nirmohi Akhara]] and one-third to the [[Hindu]] party for the shrine of "Ram Lalla" (infant Rama). The court further ruled that the area where the idols of Ram are present be given to Hindus in the final decree, while the rest of the land shall be divided equally by metes and bounds among the three parties.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ayodhya-verdict-allahabad-high-court-says-divide-land-in-3-ways-56063 |title=Ayodhya verdict: Allahabad High Court says divide land in 3 ways |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=30 September 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101002110425/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ayodhya-verdict-allahabad-high-court-says-divide-land-in-3-ways-56063 |archive-date= 2 October 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rjbm.nic.in/ |title=High Court of Allahabad, Ram Janmbhoomi Babri Masjid Judgement, Decision of Hon'ble Special Full Bench Hearing Ayodhya Matters |publisher=Rjbm.nic.in |access-date=30 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002000743/http://rjbm.nic.in/ |archive-date=2 October 2010 }}</ref> The judgment, along with evidences provided by the Archaeological Survey of India, upheld that the Babri Masjid was built after demolishing the Hindu temple, which is the birthplace of Rama, and that the mosque was not constructed according to the principles of Islam. The final verdict by the Supreme Court on the case ruled the disputed land in the favour of Hindus for the construction of Ram Mandir and ordered an alternative piece of land be given to the Muslim community for the construction of a mosque.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ayodhya-case-verdict-live-updates-ram-janmabhoomi-babri-masjid-ayodhya-mandir-news-samachar-supreme-court-uttar-pradesh-2379563.html |title=Ayodhya Verdict: Entire Disputed Site Goes to Hindus for Ram Mandir, Muslims to Get 5 Acres of Alternate Land |work=[[News18]] |first1=Pathikrit Sen |last1=Gupta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-land-dispute-case-supreme-court-verdict-at-10-3-2129704 |title=Ayodhya Verdict Live Updates: Disputed Land To Be Given For Temple Construction, Muslims To Get 5-Acre Plot In Ayodhya, Says Top Court |work=[[NDTV]] |editor1-first=Arun |editor1-last=Nair |editor2-first=Vaibhav |editor2-last=Tiwari}}</ref>

In a judgement pronounced by a 5 judge bench of the Supreme Court of India on 9 November 2019, the land was handed over to the government to form a trust for the construction of a temple. The court instructed the government to also allot a plot of {{convert|5|acres|ha}} in Ayodhya to the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board to construct a mosque/Masjid.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-supreme-court-verdict-on-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-dispute/liveblog/71978224.cms |title =Ayodhya verdict live: Country's unity strengthened after verdict, say religious leaders |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

Some South Koreans have identified the "Ayuta" mentioned in their ancient [[Samgungnyusa]] legend with Ayodhya. According to this legend, the ancient Korean princess [[Heo Hwang-ok]] came from Ayuta. In the 2000s, the local government of Ayodhya and South Korea acknowledged the connection and held a ceremony to raise a statue of the princess.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/korean-relative-of-kings-of-ayodhya-goes-on/569976/ |title=Korean relative of Kings of Ayodhya goes on evidence hunting |first1=Tarannum |last1=Manjul |work=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811122813/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-09-12/india/27159136_1_saryu-monument-connection |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-09-12/india/27159136_1_saryu-monument-connection |title=South Korea's Ayodhya connection |first1=V N |last1=Arora |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79276360.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105030814/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79276360.html |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Festivities organized to honor Indian princess |via=[[HighBeam Research]] |work=[[India Abroad]] |first1=San Whan |last1=Ahn }}</ref>

==== Ram temple ====
{{Main|Ram Mandir}}
On 5 August 2020, the prime minister of India, [[Narendra Modi]], laid the ceremonial foundation stone for a new temple at [[Ram Janmabhoomi|what is believed to be the birthplace of the god, Ram]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ram temple bhoomi pujan: Ceremony starts at 12.30 pm, PM to offer prayers to idol, address gathering| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ram-temple-bhoomi-pujan-ceremony-starts-at-12-30-pm-pm-to-offer-prayers-to-idol-address-gathering-6539814/ |first1=Avaneesh |last1=Mishra |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-ram-temple-in-ayodhya/story-6PtybMaVg4pvL92ufuBBbO.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |title=Golden chapter, says PM Modi after laying foundation stone for Ram temple |editor1-first=Aloke |editor1-last=Tikku }}</ref> It is planned to build a new township, Navya Ayodhya, on a {{convert|500|acre|km2|adj=on}} site next to the [[Faizabad]]-[[Gorakhpur]] highway, which will have luxury hotels and apartment complexes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ayodhya-ram-temple-bhoomi-pujan-6539817/ |title=Ayodhya breaks ground today |first1=Rakesh |last1=Sinha |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Pie chart|thumb=right|color5=Gold|footer=^ includes [[Christians]] and other religion|label6=Others^|label5=[[Buddhism]]|label4=[[Sikhism]]|label3=[[Jainism]]|label2=[[Islam]]|label1=[[Hinduism]]|color6=Black|color4=DarkKhaki|value1=93.23|color3=Brown|color2=Green|color1=DarkOrange|value6=0.16|value5=0.12|value4=0.14|value3=0.16|value2=6.19|title=Religion in Ayodhya}}
{{update after|2022}}
As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Ayodhya had a population of 55,890. Males constituted 56.7% of the population and females 43.3%. Ayodhya had an average literacy rate of 78.1%.<ref name="2011pop" /> As per the religion data of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], the majority population is of [[Hindus|Hindu]] religion with 93.23%, and [[Muslims]] comes the second with 6.19%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ayodhya Nagar Palika Parishad City Population Census 2011–2021 {{!}} Uttar Pradesh|url=https://www.census.co.in/data/town/801109-ayodhya-uttar-pradesh.html|access-date=16 July 2021|website=[[2011 Census of India]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>

== Geography and climate ==
[[File:Ayodhya Diwali 2021 09.jpg|thumb|[[Deepawali]] being celebrated at [[Ram ki Paidi]] [[ghat]] on the banks of [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Saryu river]] in Ayodhya|left]]Ayodhya has a humid subtropical climate, typical of central India. Summers are long, dry and hot, lasting from late March to mid-June, with average daily temperatures near {{convert|32|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.<ref name="nagarnigamayodhya.in">{{Cite web|title=Official Website of Nagar Nigam, Ayodhya / Ayodhya City / Geographical status|url=http://nagarnigamayodhya.in/pages/en/newtopmenu/ayodhya-city/en-geographical-status|access-date=31 August 2021|website=nagarnigamayodhya.in}}</ref> They are followed by the monsoon season which lasts till October, with annual precipitation of approximately {{convert|1067|mm|in|abbr=on}} and average temperatures around {{convert|28|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. Winter starts in early November and lasts till the end of January, followed by a short spring in February and early March. Average temperatures are mild, near {{convert|16|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, but nights can be colder.<ref name="nagarnigamayodhya.in"/>

== Places of interest ==
[[File:Ayodhya Diwali 2021 12.jpg|center|1000px|thumb|Panoramic view of [[Ram ki Paidi]] [[ghat]]]]
[[File:Ayodhya.jpg|thumb|[[Hanuman Garhi Temple]]]]
[[File:Ayodhya 500 (6).jpg|thumb|Sant Sri Paltds Temple]]

Ayodhya is an important place of pilgrimage for the Hindus. A verse in the ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' names Ayodhya among "the most sacred and foremost cities", the others being [[Mathura]], [[Haridwar|Haridvara]], [[Varanasi|Kashi]], [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]] and [[Ujjain|Avantika]]. This verse is also found in the other [[Purana]]s with slight variations.{{sfn|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|p=2}} In [[Garuda Purana]], Ayodhya is said to be one of seven holiest places for [[Hindus]] in India, with [[Varanasi]] being the most sacrosanct.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C&pg=PA3|title=The Hindu temple, Volume 1 |author1=Stella Kramrisch |author2=Raymond Burnier |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |page=3 |isbn=978-81-208-0223-0|year=1946}}</ref>

=== Hanuman Garhi Fort ===
[[Hanuman Garhi Temple|Hanuman Garhi]], a massive four-sided fort with circular bastions at each corner and a temple of Hanuman inside, is the most popular shrine in Ayodhya. Situated in the center of town, it is approachable by a flight of 76 steps. Its legend is that Hanuman lived here in a cave and guarded the Janambhoomi, or Ramkot. The main temple contains the statue of Maa Anjani with Bal Hanuman seated on her lap. The faithful believe wishes are granted with a visit to the shrine. Kanak Bhawan is a temple said to have been given to [[Sita]] and Rama by Rama's stepmother [[Kaikeyi]] as a wedding gift, and only contains statues of Sita with her husband.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kanak Bhawan {{!}} District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/tourist-place/kanak-bhawan/|access-date=31 August 2021|language=en}}</ref>

=== Ramkot ===
Ramkot is the main place of worship in Ayodhya, and the site of the ancient citadel of its namesake, standing on elevated ground in the western city. Although visited by pilgrims throughout the year, it attracts devotees from all over the world on "[[Ram Navami]]", the day of the birth of Rama. Ram Navami is celebrated with great pomp in the Hindu month of [[Chaitra]], which falls between March and April. Swarg Dwar is believed to be the site of cremation of Rama. Mani Parbat and Sugriv Parbat are ancient earth mounds, the first identified by a stupa built by the emperor [[Ashoka]], and the second is an ancient monastery. Treta ke Thakur is a temple standing at the site of the [[Ashvamedha|Ashvamedha Yajnya]] of Rama. Three centuries prior, the Raja of Kulu built a new temple here, which was improved by [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] of Indore in 1784, the same time the adjacent Ghats were built. The initial idols in black sandstone were recovered from Sarayu and placed in the new temple, which was known as Kaleram-ka-Mandir. Chhoti Devkali Mandir is the temple of goddess Ishani, or Durga, Kuldevi of Sita.<ref>{{Cite news |title=माता सीता की कुल देवी के रूप में विराजमान हैं माँ छोटी देवकाली |url=https://www.patrika.com/faizabad-news/chhoti-devkali-temple-in-ayodhya-3546162/|access-date=31 August 2021 |first1=Satya |last1=Prakash |work=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |language=hindi}}</ref>

=== Nageshwarnath Temple ===
The temple of Nageshwarnath was established by [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kush]], son of Rama. Legend has it that Kush lost his armlet while bathing in the [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu]], and it was retrieved by a Nag-Kanya who fell in love with him. As she was a devotee of Shiva, Kush built her this temple. It was the only temple to survive when Ayodhya was abandoned until the time of [[Vikramaditya]]. While the rest of city was in ruin and covered by dense forest, this temple allowed Vikramaditya to recognise the city. The festival of [[Shivratri]] is celebrated here with great splendor.<ref>{{Cite news |title=रामनगरी अयोध्या में आज महाशिवरात्रि पर भोले की बम-बम|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/faizabad-maha-shivratri-huge-number-of-devotees-in-temples-of-ayodhya-17509578.html|access-date=31 August 2021 |first1=Dharmendra |last1=Pandey |work=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Other places of interest ===
* [[Brahma Kund]]
* [[Ram ki Paidi]]

<gallery>
File:Idols of Prabhu Shri Rama and Sita Mata, Kanak Bhavan, Ayodhya, Faizabad, U.P., India.JPG|Kanak Bhavan Temple dedicated to Rama and his consort [[Sita]] is in the centre of Ayodhya.
File:Ayodhya city.jpg|Ayodhya Ghaat on the bank [[Ghaghara]] river
File:Saryu.JPG|Ghaghra river, locally known as Saryu, at Ayodhya
File:Hanuman Garih Temple, Ayodhya, Faizabad (U.P.), India.JPG|Hanuman Garhi temple. A young priest is operating the Darshan system.
File:Vijayraghav Mandir, Ayodhya.jpg|Vijayraghav Mandir, Ayodhya
File:Saryu River Bank, Ayodhya, Faizabad, (U.P.), India..JPG|Steps on the bank of the Ghaghara
</gallery>

=== Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok ===
The legendary princess [[Heo Hwang-ok]], who married king [[Suro of Geumgwan Gaya]] of Korea, is believed by some to be a native of Ayodhya.<ref>{{cite book |title=Samguk Yusa |author=[[Il-yeon]] (tr. by Ha Tae-Hung & Grafton K. Mintz) |publisher=Yonsei University Press |location=Seoul |isbn=89-7141-017-5 |year=1972}}</ref> In 2001, a [[Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok, Ayodhya|Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok]] was inaugurated by a Korean delegation, which included over a hundred historians and government representatives.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1205728.stm|title=Korean memorial to Indian princess|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In 2016, a Korean delegation proposed to develop the memorial. The proposal was accepted by the Uttar Pradesh chief minister [[Akhilesh Yadav]].<ref>[https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20160301/2806883.html UP CM announces grand memorial of Queen Huh Wang-Ock], 1 March 2016, WebIndia123</ref>

== Sister cities ==
[[File:Ayodhya Junction railway station, Ayodhya.jpg|thumb|[[Ayodhya Junction railway station]]]]
* {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Gimhae]], South Korea
** The mayors of Ayodhya and Gimhae signed a sister city bond in March 2001, based on Ayodhya's identification as the birthplace of the legendary queen [[Heo Hwang-ok]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/South-Koreas-Ayodhya-connection/articleshow/847880.cms |title=South Korea's Ayodhya connection |first=V N |last=Arora |work=The Times of India |access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Janakpur]], Nepal.<ref>{{cite web |title=MoU on Twinning arrangements between Kathmandu-Varanasi, Janakpur-Ayodhya and Lumbini-Bodh Gaya as sister cities |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=112053 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref>
** Ayodhya and Janakpur became sister cities in November 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Narendra-Modi-signs-10-agreements-with-Nepal-inaugurates-bus-service/articleshow/45278008.cms |title=PM Narendra Modi signs 10 agreements with Nepal, inaugurates bus service |work=The Times of India |access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref> Ayodhya is the birthplace of [[Rama]] and Janakpur is the birthplace of his consort, [[Sita]].

== Transportation ==

=== Road ===
Ayodhya is connected by road to several major cities and towns, including [[Lucknow]] ({{cvt|130|km|disp=sqbr}}), [[Gorakhpur]] ({{cvt|140|km|disp=sqbr}}), [[Prayagraj]] ({{cvt|160|km|disp=sqbr}}), [[Varanasi]] ({{cvt|200|km|disp=sqbr}}) and [[Delhi]] ({{cvt|636|km|disp=sqbr}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Reach {{!}} District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/how-to-reach/ |access-date=31 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

A direct bus service has been started between Ayodhya and [[Janakpur]] (birthplace of Sita), in Nepal as a part of Ramayana circuit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Modi, Oli Jointly Inaugurate Janakpur-Ayodhya Direct Bus Service |work=Outlook |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/pm-modi-to-embark-on-2-day-nepal-visit-today-will-flag-off-bus-from-janakpuri-to/311857 |access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref>

=== Rail ===
The city is on the broad gauge Northern Railway line on Mughal Sarai on the Lucknow main route with [[Ayodhya Junction railway station|Ayodhya Junction]] and [[Ayodhya Cantt railway station|Ayodhya Cantt]] railway stations.

Ramayana Circuit Train : Special Train that runs from Delhi to main sites of the Ramayana Circuit<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explained: The Ramayan Railway Circuit That Will Retrace The Epic In 8,000 Kms Journey |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/explained-the-ramayan-railway-circuit-that-will-retrace-the-epic-in-8-000-kms-journey-news-199034 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=www.outlookindia.com/ |language=en}}</ref>

=== Flight ===
The nearest airports are [[Ayodhya International Airport]], {{cvt|5|km}} away, [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]] in Lucknow, {{cvt|134|km}} away, [[Prayagraj Airport]], {{cvt|166|km}} away.

== See also ==
* [[Saket]]
* [[Janakpur]]
* [[Nandigram]]
* [[Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi)|Chitrakoot]], Uttar Pradesh
* [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakoot]], Madhya Pradesh
* [[Mahendragiri (Odisha)|Mahendragiri]], Odisha

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal|last=Arya|first=S. N.|title=Historicity of Ayodhya|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=51|year=1990|publisher=Indian History Congress|pages=44–48|jstor=44148186}}
* {{cite journal|last=Bakker|first=Hans T.|author-link=Hans T. Bakker|title=The rise of Ayodhya as a place of pilgrimage|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|volume=24|number=2|year=1982|pages=103–126|url=https://archive.org/details/AyodhyaAsPageOfPilgrimageHTBakker_201801/page/n0|doi=10.1163/000000082790081267|s2cid=161957449 |ref={{sfnref|Bakker, The rise of Ayodhya as a place of pilgrimage|1982}}}}
* {{citation |last=Bakker |first=Hans |title=Ayodhya, Part 1: The History of Ayodhya from the seventh century BC to the middle of the 18th century |publisher=Egbert Forsten |location=Groningen |year=1984 |isbn=90-6980-007-1 |ref={{sfnref|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984}}}}
* {{cite journal|last=Bakker|first=Hans T.|author-link=Hans T. Bakker|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Ayodhy%C4%81%3A+A+Hindu+Jerusalem%3A+An+Investigation+of+%27Holy+War%27+as+a+Religious+Idea+in+the+Light+of+Communal+Unrest+in+India&btnG= |title=Ayodhyā: A Hindu Jerusalem: An Investigation of 'Holy War' as a Religious Idea in the Light of Communal Unrest in India|journal=Numen|volume=38|pages=80–109|number=1|year=1991|jstor=3270005|ref={{sfnref|Bakker, Ayodhya: A Hindu Jerusalem|1991}}|doi=10.2307/3270005}}
* {{cite book|last=Jain|first=Meenakshi|author-link=Meenakshi Jain|title=Rama and Ayodhya|publisher=Aryan Books|location=New Delhi|year=2013|isbn=978-81-7305-451-8|ref={{sfnref|Jain, Rama and Ayodhya|2013}}}}
* {{cite book|first=John E.|last=Hill|title=Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes During the Later Han Dynasty first to second Centuries CE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0AJQgAACAAJ|year=2009|publisher=BookSurge|isbn=978-1-4392-2134-1|ref={{sfnref|Hill, Through the Jade Gate to Rome|2009}}}}
* {{cite book|first=Kishore|last=Kunal|author-link=Kishore Kunal|title=Ayodhya Revisited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKKaDAAAQBAJ|publisher=Ocean|isbn=978-81-8430-357-5|year=2016|ref={{sfnref|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016}}}}
* {{cite journal|last=Lutgendorf|first=Philip|s2cid=144225912|title=Imagining Ayodhya: Utopia and its Shadows in a Hindu Landscape|url=https://documents.pub/document/imagining-ayodhya-utopia-and-its-shadows-in-a-hindu-landscape.html|journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies|volume=1|pages=19–54|number=1|year=1997|jstor=20106448|ref={{sfnref|Lutgendorf, Imagining Ayodhya|1997}}|doi=10.1007/s11407-997-0011-z}}
* {{cite book|first=Gyanendra|last=Pandey|author-link=Gyanendra Pandey|title=Routine Violence: Nations, Fragments, Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/routineviolencen0000pand|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5264-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/routineviolencen0000pand/page/97 97]|ref={{sfnref|Gyanendra Pandey|2006}}}}
* {{cite book|first=Herman|last=Paul|title=Key Issues in Historical Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AP3qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-51946-1|ref={{sfnref|Herman Paul|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last=Narain |first=Harsh |year=1993 |title=The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources |location=Delhi |publisher=Penman Publishers }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |first=M. K. |last=Dhavalikar |title=Reviewed Work(s): AYODHYĀ Part I (Pts. I-III) by Hans Bakker |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=69 |pages=319–320 |number=1/4 |year=1988 |jstor=41693795}}
* {{citation |last=Jain|first=Meenakshi|title=The Battle for Rama: Case of the Temple at Ayodhya|publisher=Aryan Books International|year=2017|isbn=978-81-7305-579-9}}
* {{citation |title=Rāma, His Historicity, Mandir, and Setu: Evidence of Literature, Archaeology, and Other Sciences|author=B. B. Lal |publisher=Aryan Books |year=2008|isbn=978-81-7305-345-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYBwPgAACAAJ }}
* {{citation |last=Legge|first=James|year=1886|title=A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: Being an account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Hien of his travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399–414)|publisher=Oxford, Clarendon Press|others=New York, Paragon Book Reprint Corp. 1965}}
* {{citation |first1=Arun|last1=Shourie|author-link1=Arun Shourie|author-link2=Arun Jaitley|author-link3=Swapan Dasgupta|first4=Rama J|last4=Jois|title=The Ayodhya Reference: Supreme Court Judgement and Commentaries|year=1995|place=[[New Delhi]]|publisher=[[Voice of India]]|isbn=978-81-85990-30-9}}
* {{citation |first1=Arun|last1=Shourie|first2=Sita Ram|last2=Goel|first3=Harsh|last3=Narain|first4=Jay|last4=Dubashi|first5=Ram|last5=Swarup|author-link=Arun Shourie|author-link2=Sita Ram Goel|author-link5=Ram Swarup|title=Hindu Temples – What Happened to Them Vol. I|publisher=A Preliminary Survey|year=1990|isbn=81-85990-49-2}}
* {{citation |last=Thomas|first=F. W.|title=Sandanes, Nahapāna, Caṣṭana and Kaniṣka: Tung-li P'an-ch'i and Chinese Turkestan|chapter=New Indian Antiquary VII|year=1944|page=90}}
* {{citation |last=Watters|first=Thomas|year=1904–1905|title=On Yuan Chwang's travels in India, 629–645 A.D.|place=London|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society|others=Mushiram Manoharlal: Delhi|volume=5}}
* {{citation |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_182.gif|title=Ajodhya State|publisher=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]|page=174}}
{{refend}}

== External links =={{EB1911 poster|Ajodhya}}

{{Ramayana}}
{{Hindu holy cities}}
{{Faizabad district}}

[[Category:Ayodhya| ]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ayodhya district]]
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]
[[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]]
[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]
[[Category:Jain pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Rama]]
[[Category:Rama temples]]

Ethnoreligious group

2022-08-04T09:13:25Z

SumanPatil: Created an informative work.

{{Short description|People unified by a common religious and ethnic background}}
{{About|groups that share both an ethnic and a religious background|religions that are closely tied to a particular ethnic group|ethnic religion}}
An '''ethnoreligious group''' (or an '''ethno-religious group''') is a grouping of people who are unified by a common [[religion|religious]] and [[ethnicity|ethnic]] background.<ref name="TarasGanguly2015">{{cite book |author1=Raymond Taras |author2=Rajat Ganguly |title=Understanding Ethnic Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9FRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-34282-3 |pages=31–}}</ref>

Furthermore, the term ''ethno-religious group'', along with ethno-regional and [[ethnolinguistic group|ethno-linguistic groups]], is a sub-category of [[ethnicity]] and is used as evidence of belief in a common [[culture]] and [[ancestor|ancestry]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Müller |first1=Marion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkdNzdmKYQoC&pg=PA103 |title=Ethnowissen: Soziologische Beiträge zu ethnischer Differenzierung und Migration |last2=Zifonun |first2=Darius |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-531-92449-6 |pages=102–103 |language=de}}</ref>

In a narrower sense, they refer to groups whose religious and ethnic [[tradition]]s are historically linked.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Valerio-Jimenez |first1=Omar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dugqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT319 |title=Latina/o Midwest Reader |last2=Vaquera-Vasquez |first2=Santiago |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09980-9 |pages=319 |language=en}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
The elements that are defined as characteristics of an ethnoreligious group are "[[social character]], historical experience, and theological beliefs".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Greer |first1=Joanne Marie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcTWZ52krLsC&pg=PA45 |title=Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion |last2=Moberg |first2=David O. |last3=Lynn |first3=Monty L. |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-1-55938-893-1 |pages=45 |language=en |quote=Historically, each ethnoreligious group had its own social character, historical experience and theological beliefs. (Robert P. Swierenga 1990, p. 149)}}</ref>

A closing of the community takes place through a strict [[endogamy]], which is specifically for the community and that distinguishes an ethno-religious community, that is, as distinct from any other group.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Asatrian |first1=Garnik S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1RsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT10 |title=The Religion of the Peacock Angel: The Yezidis and Their Spirit World |last2=Arakelova |first2=Victoria |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-54428-9 |language=en}}</ref>

==Defining an ethnoreligious group==
In general, ethnoreligious communities define their ethnic identity not only by [[ancestor|ancestral]] heritage nor simply by religious affiliation but normally through a combination of both. An ethnoreligious group has a shared history and a cultural tradition – which can be defined as religious – of its own. In many cases ethnoreligious groups are ethno-cultural groups with a traditional [[ethnic religion]]; in other cases ethnoreligious groups begin as communities united by a common faith which through [[endogamy]] developed cultural and ancestral ties.<ref name="Yang and Ebaugh">Yang and Ebaugh, p.369: "Andrew Greeley (1971) identified three types of relationships in the United States: some religious people who do not hold an ethnic identity; some people who have an ethnic identity but are not religious; and cases in which religion and ethnicity are intertwined. Phillip Hammond and Kee Warner (1993), following Harold J. Abramson (1973), further explicated the "intertwining relationships" into a typology. First is "ethnic fusion", where religion is the foundation of ethnicity, or, ethnicity equals religion, such as in the case of the Amish and Jews. The second pattern is that of "ethnic religion", where religion is one of several foundations of ethnicity. The Greek or Russian Orthodox and the Dutch Reformed are examples of this type. In this pattern, ethnic identification can be claimed without claiming the religious identification but the reverse is rare. The third form, "religious ethnicity", occurs where an ethnic group is linked to a religious tradition that is shared by other ethnic groups. The Irish, Italian, and Polish Catholics are such cases. In this pattern, religious identification can be claimed without claiming ethnic identification. Hammond and Warner also suggest that the relationship of religion and ethnicity is strongest in "ethnic fusion" and least strong in "religious ethnicity". Recently, some scholars have argued that even Jews' religion and culture (ethnicity) can be distinguished from each other and are separable (Chervyakov, Gitelman, and Shapiro 1997; Gans 1994)."</ref><ref name="Hammond and Warner">Hammond and Warner, p.59: "1. Religion is the major foundation of ethnicity, examples include the Amish, Hutterites, Jews, and Mormons. Ethnicity in this pattern, so to speak, equals religion, and if the religious identity is denied, so is the ethnic identity. [Footnote: In actuality, of course, there can be exceptions, as the labels "[[Jack Mormon]]", "banned Amish", or "[[cultural Jew]]" suggest.] Let us call this pattern "ethnic fusion."<br>
2. Religion may be one of several foundations of ethnicity, the others commonly being language and territorial origin; examples are the Greek or Russian Orthodox and the Dutch Reformed. Ethnicity in this pattern extends beyond religion in the sense that ethnic identification can be claimed without claiming the religious identification, but the reverse is rare. Let us call this pattern "ethnic religion."<br>
3. An ethnic group may be linked to a religious tradition, but other ethnic groups will be linked to it, too. Examples include Irish, Italian, and Polish Catholics; Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish Lutherans. Religion in this pattern extends beyond ethnicity, reversing the previous pattern, and religious identification can be claimed without claiming the ethnic identification. Let us call this pattern "religious ethnicity""</ref>

Some ethnoreligious groups' identities are reinforced by the experience of living within a larger community as a distinct [[minority group|minority]]. Ethnoreligious groups can be tied to [[ethnic nationalism]] if the ethnoreligious group possesses a historical base in a specific region.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Andreas Wimmer |title=Democracy and ethno-religious conflict in Iraq |url=https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/84714/1/zef_dp72.pdf |website=econstor.eu}}</ref> In many ethnoreligious groups emphasis is placed upon religious endogamy, and the concurrent discouragement of interfaith marriages or intercourse, as a means of preserving the stability and historical longevity of the community and culture.

==Examples==
The term ''ethnoreligious'' has been applied by a reliable source to the following groups:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ethnic fusion
! Ethnic religion
! Religious ethnicity
|-
|
* [[Alawites]]<ref name="Thomas 2006">[[#Thomas|Thomas 2006]]</ref>
* [[Amish]]<ref name="Harrison">{{cite book |author=Simon Harrison |title=Fracturing Resemblances: Identity and Mimetic Conflict in Melanesia and the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9-LF_Of_E8C&pg=PA121 |year=2006 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-57181-680-1 |pages=121–}}</ref>
* [[Doukhobors]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Herbert |first1=C. Northcott |last2=Brigham |first2=Young Card |title=The Mormon Presence in Canada |year=1990 |publisher=University of Alberta Press |location=Alberta |isbn=9780888642127 |pages=331}}</ref>
* [[Druze]]<ref name="Harrison"/>
* [[Hutterite]]s<ref>{{cite book |title=The Hutterites in North America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgUbHUXmrvYC |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=9780801899256 |language=en |first1=Rod |last1=Janzen |first2=Max |last2=Stanton}}</ref>
* [[Jews]]<ref name="jews-both-ethnic-and-religion"/><ref name="Jones"/><ref name="Edgar Litt 1961 328–332"/>
* [[Mandaeans]]
* [[Maronites]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Music and Minorities from Around the World: Research, Documentation and Interdisciplinary Study |first=Adelaida |last=Reyes |year=2014 |isbn=9781443870948 |page=45 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |quote=The Maronites are an ethnoreligious group in the Levant.}}</ref>
* [[Ethnic Mennonite|Mennonite]]s<ref>{{cite book |title=Manufacturing Mennonites: Work and Religion in Post-War Manitoba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYWBAAAAQBAJ |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9781442660595 |language=en |first=Janis Lee |last=Thiessen}}</ref>
* [[Molokans]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Russian Refuge: Religion, Migration, and Settlement on the North American Pacific Rim |first=Susan |last=Wiley Hardwick |year=1993 |isbn=9780226316116 |page=178 |publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref>
* [[Mormons]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Seeking the Promised Land. Part I - Mormons as an Ethno-Religious Group |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139227247 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/seeking-the-promised-land/C34567402A987719AA98E8606B3AF180 |access-date=2016-01-24}}</ref><ref name="Hammond and Warner"/>
* [[Samaritans]]<ref>[[#Ireton|Ireton 2003]]</ref>
* [[Saint Thomas Christians]]{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=416}}
* [[Shabaks]]
* [[Sikhs]]<ref name="Anti-Discrimination (Amendment Act 1994 Second Reading">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/PARLMENT/hansArt.nsf/V3Key/LA19940512044 |title=Anti-Discrimination (Amendment) Bill: Second Reading |publisher=Parliament of New South Wales |access-date=14 February 2010 |archive-date=2011-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404192548/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/PARLMENT/hansArt.nsf/V3Key/LA19940512044 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Sedition">{{cite book |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/57ba30f38d3c969cca25710f0023442f/$FILE/Sedition%20FINAL.pdf |title=Sedition, Incitement and Vilification: Issues in the Current Debate |author=Gareth Griffith |publisher=NSW Parliamentary Library Research Service |isbn=0-7313-1792-0 |page=52 |access-date=14 February 2010 |archive-date=11 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511160350/https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/57ba30f38d3c969cca25710f0023442f/$FILE/Sedition%20FINAL.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Yazidis]] (disputed)<ref name="iranica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Yazidis i: General |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/yazidis-i-general-1 |access-date=20 August 2010 |last=Allison |first=Christine }}</ref><ref name="Arakelova2">{{cite journal |last=Arakelova |first=Victoria |title=Ethno-Religious Communities Identity markers |url=https://www.academia.edu/3764877 |language=en |publisher=[[Yerevan State University]] |journal=Iran and the Caucasus |volume=14 |pages=1–18}}</ref>
* [[Parsi]]s<ref>{{cite book |author1=Paul R. Ehrlich |author2=Anne H. Ehrlich |title=The Dominant Animal: Human Evolution and the Environment |url=https://archive.org/details/dominantanimalhu00ehrl |url-access=registration |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-59726-096-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dominantanimalhu00ehrl/page/315 315]}}</ref>
|
* [[Afar people]]<ref name=":2">{{cite book |title=Muslim Ethiopia: The Christian Legacy, Identity Politics, and Islamic Reformism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HtxCb3MueY8C |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9781137322081 |language=en |first1=Patrick |last1=Desplat |first2=Terje |last2=Østebø}}</ref>
* [[Armenians]]<ref name="Thomas 2006"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dekmejian |first1=R. Hrair |author-link1=Richard Dekmejian |title=Reviewed Work: Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust by Robert F. Melson |journal=[[The International History Review]] |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=377 |quote=...both victimized groups [Armenians & Jews] were ethno-religious minorities... |jstor=40107201}}</ref>
* [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]]<ref>For Assyrians as a Christian people, see:
*[http://www.zindamagazine.com/html/archives/2000/zn112700.htm#TheLighthouse Joel J. Elias, The Genetics of Modern Assyrians and their Relationship to Other People of the Middle East]
*Steven L. Danver, Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues, p. 517
</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |first=Victoria |last=R. Williams |year=2020 |isbn=9781440861185 |page=110 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |quote=The Assyrians are a Middle Eastern ethnoreligious group also known as the Syriacs, Chaldeans, or Arameans.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Revival and Awakening: American Evangelical Missionaries in Iran and the Origins of Assyrian Nationalism |first=Adam |last=H. Becker |year=2015 |isbn=9780226145310 |page=8 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |quote=}}</ref>
* [[Balinese Hinduism|Balinese Hindus]]
* [[Copts]]<ref name="Catlos">{{cite journal |last=Catlos |first=Brian |title=Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |year=2014 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=844–869 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/comparative-studies-in-society-and-history/article/abs/accursed-superior-men-ethnoreligious-minorities-and-politics-in-the-medieval-mediterranean/EB9A103390FE521CB065862F5918BA07 |language=en |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1017/S0010417514000425 |s2cid=145603557}}</ref>
* [[Deccanis]]
* [[Dutch Reformed]]<ref name="Yang and Ebaugh"/><ref name="Hammond and Warner"/>
* [[Greeks]]<ref name="Yang and Ebaugh"/><ref name="Hammond and Warner"/>
*[[Kalash people|Kalash]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Michael Witzel |chapter=Kalash Religion – An extract from: The Ṛgvedic Religious System and its Central Asian and Hindukush Antecedents |editor1=A. Griffiths |editor2=J.E.M. Houben |title=The Vedas: Texts, Language and Ritual |location=Groningen |publisher=Forsten |pages=581–636 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413160441/https://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/KalashaReligion.pdf |archive-date=2022-04-13 |chapter-url=https://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/KalashaReligion.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Mahar]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9DmV9-0on0C&q=Maratha+ethno+religious+group |title=The Challenge in South Asia: Development, Democracy and Regional Cooperation |page=278 |editor1=Ponna Wignaraja |editor2=Akmal Hussain |publisher=United Nations University Press |year=1989 |isbn=9780803996038}}</ref>
* [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]]
* [[Russian Orthodoxy|Russian Orthodox]]<ref name="Yang and Ebaugh"/><ref name="Hammond and Warner"/>
* [[Somalis]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/59b7d84313.html|title=Refworld | 2016 Report on International Religious Freedom - Somalia|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|last=Refugees|website=Refworld}}</ref><ref name=":2"/>
* [[Setos]]<ref>Ladykowski, P., ''Estonian Cottage. Setu – ethno-religious borderland group.'', Warsaw University Press</ref>
* [[Syrian Turkmens]]<ref name="Thomas 2006"/>
|
* [[Antiochian Greek Christians]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Diasporas of the Modern Middle East: Contextualising Community |first=Anthony |last=Gorman |year=2015 |isbn=9780748686131 |page=32 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |quote=}}</ref>
* [[Croats]]<ref name="Martin 1997">{{cite book |last=Marty |first=Martin E. |title=Religion, Ethnicity, and Self-Identity: Nations in Turmoil |year=1997 |publisher=University Press of New England |quote=[...] the three ethnoreligious groups that have played the roles of the protagonists in the bloody tragedy that has unfolded in the former Yugoslavia: the Christian Orthodox Serbs, the Roman Catholic Croats, and the Muslim Slavs of Bosnia. |isbn=0-87451-815-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/religionethnicit00mart}}</ref>
* [[Macedonian Muslims]]
* [[Muslims (ethnic group)]]
* [[Gorani people|Gorani]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232789912 |title=The development of identities among the Muslim population in the Balkans in an era of globalization and Europeanization: Cases of Torbeshi, Gorani and Pomaci |last=Zemon |first=Rubin}}</ref>
* [[Bosniaks]]<ref name="Martin 1997"/>
* [[Pomaks]]
* [[Serbs]]<ref name="Martin 1997"/>
* [[Irish Catholic]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/nana.12005 |volume=19 |issue=2 |title=Catholic, Irish and Nationalist: evaluating the importance of ethno-national and ethno-religious variables in determining nationalist political allegiance in Northern Ireland |journal=Nations and Nationalism |pages=357–375 |year=2013 |last1=Evans |first1=Jocelyn |last2=Tonge |first2=Jonathan}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Seeking the Promised Land: Mormons and American Politics |first=J. Quin |last=Monson |year=2014 |isbn=9781107027978 |page=39 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Visible Differences: Why Race Will Matter to Americans in the Twenty-First Century |first=Dominic |last=J. Pulera |year=2002 |isbn=9781441170897 |page=49 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |quote=}}</ref>
* [[Ulster Protestants]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hunt |first1=Stephen |title=Contemporary Christianity and LGBT Sexualities |chapter=Chapter 7: Christians and Gays in Northern Ireland |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCopDAAAQBAJ&q=ulster+protestants+%22ethnoreligious%22&pg=PT147 |access-date=15 May 2017 |isbn=9781317160922 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Byrne |first1=Sean |title=Social Conflicts and Collective Identities |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_ALolUT2WsC&q=ulster+protestants+%22ethnoreligious%22&pg=PA94 |access-date=15 May 2017 |isbn=9780742500518 |year=2000}}</ref><ref name="OLuing">{{cite book |last1=Ó Lúing |first1=Seán |title=Art Ó Griofa |publisher=Sairséal agus Dill |location=Dublin |page=217}}</ref>
|}

===Jews===
{{Main|Who is a Jew?|Beta Israel|Bene Israel}}
Prior to the [[Babylonian exile]], the [[Israelites]] had already emerged as an ethnoreligious group, probably before the time of [[Hosea]].<ref name="Sparks">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KztVonFGqcsC&q=ethno+religious+israelites&pg=PA146 |title=Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel: Prolegomena to the Study of Ethnic Sentiments and Their Expression in the Hebrew Bible |author=Kenton L. Sparks |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=1998 |pages=146–148 |isbn=9781575060330}}</ref>

Since the 19th century, [[Reform Judaism]] has differed from Orthodox Judaism on matters of theology and practice; however, toward the end of the 20th century and into the 21st century, the Reform movement has reoriented itself back toward certain traditions and practices it had previously relinquished (for example, wearing the [[tallit]] and/or the [[kippah]]; the use of Hebrew in the liturgy).<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Reform Movement |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/reform-judaism/ |website=My Jewish Learning |publisher=70/Faces |access-date=2 July 2021}}</ref> In the United States, the increasing rate of mixed marriages has led to attempts to facilitate conversion of the spouse, although conversion to facilitate marriage is strongly discouraged by traditional Jewish law.<ref>{{cite web |title=Conversion and Marriage |url=https://www.chabad.org/theJewishWoman/article_cdo/aid/387726/jewish/Conversion-and-Marriage.htm |website=chabad.org |language=en}}</ref> If the spouse does not convert, the Reform movement will recognize [[reform Judaism#Jewish identity|patrilineal descent]]. Traditional interpretations of Jewish law only recognize descent along the maternal line. Many children of mixed marriages do not identify as Jews and the Reform movement only recognizes children of mixed marriages as Jewish if they "established through appropriate and timely public and formal acts of identification with the Jewish faith and people."<ref>{{cite web |title=How does Reform Judaism define who is a Jew? |url=https://reformjudaism.org/practice/ask-rabbi/how-does-reform-judaism-define-who-jew |website=ReformJudaism.org |language=en }}</ref> In actual practice, most Reform Jews affirm patrilineal descent as a valid means of Jewish identification, particularly if the individual was "raised Jewish".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kaplan |first1=Dana Evan |title=Who Is a Jew: Patrilineal Descent |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/patrilineal-descent/ |website=My Jewish Learning |publisher=70/Faces |access-date=2 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fischman |first1=Sylvia Barack |title=Fathers of the Faith? Three Decades of Patrilineal Descent in American Reform Judaism |url=http://jppi.org.il/uploads/Fathers%20of%20the%20Faith-%20Three%20Decades%20of%20Patrilineal%20Descent%20in%20American%20Reform%20Judaism.pdf |website=JPPI |publisher=JPPI |access-date=2 July 2021}}</ref>

Since the mid 1960s, Israeli national identity has become linked with Jewish identity as a result of [[Zionism]].<ref name="Waxman">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUHIAAAAQBAJ&q=ethno+religious+jews&pg=PA115 |title=The Pursuit of Peace and the Crisis of Israeli Identity: Defending/Defining the Nation |author=Waxman, Dov |publisher=Springer |year=2006 |page=115 |isbn=9781403983473}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Israelis Are Divided Over Whether They Are 'Jewish' Or 'Israeli.' |url=https://forward.com/opinion/412732/israelis-are-conflicted-about-whether-they-are-jewish-or-israeli-heres/?attribution=home-top-story-1-headline |access-date=25 Oct 2018 |author=Shlomo Fischer |magazine=Forward}}</ref> In Israel, Jewish religious courts have authority over personal status matters, which has led to friction with secular Jews who sometimes find they must leave the country in order to marry or divorce, particularly in relation to the inherited status of [[mamzer]], the marriage of males from the priestly line, persons not recognized as Jewish by the rabbinate, and in cases of [[agunah|agunot]]. The Israeli rabbinate only recognizes certain approved Orthodox rabbis as legitimate, which has led to friction with Diaspora Jews who for centuries never had an overarching authority.

===Anabaptists===
{{Main|Ethnic Mennonite}}

Other classical examples for ethnoreligious groups are traditional [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] groups like the [[Amish|Old Order Amish]], the [[Hutterites]], the [[Old Order Mennonite]]s and traditional groups of [[Plautdietsch]]-speaking [[Russian Mennonites]], like the [[Old Colony Mennonites]]. All these groups have a shared cultural background, a shared dialect as their everyday language ([[Pennsylvania German language|Pennsylvania German]], [[Hutterite German|Hutterisch]], [[Plautdietsch]]), a shared version of their Anabaptist faith, a shared history of several hundred years and they have accepted very few outsiders into their communities in the last 250 years. They may also share common [[Mennonite cuisine|foods]], dress, and other customs. Modern proselytizing Mennonite groups, such as the [[Evangelical Mennonite Conference]] whose members have lost their shared ancestry, their common ethnic language Plautdietsch, their traditional dress, and other typical ethnic traditions, are no longer seen as an ethnoreligious group, although members within these groups may still identify with the term ''Mennonite'' as an ethnic identifier.<ref>John H. Redekop: ''A People Apart: Ethnicity and the Mennonite Brethren'', 1987.</ref><ref>Royden Loewen: ''The Poetics of Peoplehood: Ethnicity and Religion among Canada's Mennonites'' in Paul Bramadat, David Seljak: Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada, 2008.</ref>

==As legal concept==

===Australia===
In [[Law of Australia|Australian law]], the [[Anti-Discrimination Act 1977]] of [[New South Wales]] defines "race" to include "ethnic, ethno-religious, or national origin".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/aa1977204/s4.html|title=Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 - Sect 4 – Definitions}}</ref> The reference to "ethno-religious" was added by the Anti-Discrimination (Amendment) Act 1994 (NSW).<ref name="Cunneen">{{cite book |title=Faces of hate: hate crime in Australia |last=Cunneen |first=Chris |author2=David Fraser |author3=Stephen Tomsen |year=1997 |publisher=Hawkins Press |isbn=1-876067-05-5 |page=223 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8nmw1wlgeUC |access-date=2010-02-14}}</ref> [[John Hannaford]], the NSW Attorney-General at the time, explained, "The effect of the latter amendment is to clarify that ethno-religious groups, such as Jews, Muslims, and Sikhs, have access to the racial vilification and discrimination provisions of the Act.... extensions of the Anti-Discrimination Act to ethno-religious groups will not extend to discrimination on the ground of religion".<ref name="Anti-Discrimination (Amendment Act 1994 Second Reading"/><ref name="Sedition"/>

The definition of "race" in Anti-Discrimination Act 1998 (Tas) likewise includes "ethnic, ethno-religious, or national origin".<ref name="Tasmanian Anti-Discrimination Act 1998 Section 3">{{cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/consol_act/aa1998204/s3.html |title=Anti-Discrimination Act 1998 – Sect 3 |work=Tasmanian Consolidated Acts |publisher=AustLII |access-date=14 February 2010}}</ref> However, unlike the NSW Act, it also prohibits discrimination on the grounds of "religious belief or affiliation" or "religious activity".<ref name="Tasmanian Anti-Discrimination Act 1998 Section 16">{{cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/consol_act/aa1998204/s16.html |title=AAti-Discrimination Act 1998 – Sect 16 |work=Tasmanian Consolidated Acts |publisher=AustLII |access-date=14 February 2010}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
{{Main|Mandla v Dowell-Lee}}
In the United Kingdom the landmark legal case ''[[Mandla v Dowell-Lee]]'' placed a legal definition on ethnic groups with religious ties, which, in turn, has paved the way for the definition of an ethnoreligious<ref>[http://www.policy.hu/barsa/policypaper_draft.html policypaperdraft]. Policy.hu. Retrieved on 2010-12-23.</ref> group. Both [[Jews]]<ref name="jews-both-ethnic-and-religion">{{cite web |title=Are Jews a Religious Group or an Ethnic Group? |url=http://www.icsresources.org/content/curricula/ReligiousOrEthnic.pdf |work=Institute for Curriculum Services |access-date=21 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021112918/http://www.icsresources.org/content/curricula/ReligiousOrEthnic.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="Jones">[https://books.google.com/books?id=V4qhTL61nXEC&pg=PA43 Ethnic minorities in English law – Google Books]. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved on 2010-12-23.</ref><ref name="Edgar Litt 1961 328–332">{{cite journal |jstor=2573430 |title=Jewish Ethno-Religious Involvement and Political Liberalism |author=Edgar Litt |journal=Social Forces |volume=39 |issue=4 |year=1961 |pages=328–332 |doi=10.2307/2573430}}</ref> and [[Sikh]]s<ref>[http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/4/2/1/7/p242171_index.html Immigrant Sub-National Ethnicity: Bengali-Hindus and Punjabi-Sikhs in the San Francisco Bay Area]. Allacademic.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-23.</ref><ref name="equalrightstrust.org">{{cite web |title=Mandla (Sewa Singh) and another v Dowell Lee and others [1983] 2 AC 548 |url=https://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Mandla.pdf |website=equalrightstrust.org}}</ref><ref>[http://www.gfa.org/news/articles/ethno-religious-strife-closes-bridge-of-hope-center/ Ethno-Religious Strife Closes Bridge of Hope Center – Gospel for Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017191947/http://www.gfa.org/news/articles/ethno-religious-strife-closes-bridge-of-hope-center/ }}. Gfa.org (2008-08-05). Retrieved on 2010-12-23.</ref> were determined to be considered ethnoreligious groups under the Anti-Discrimination (Amendment) Act 1994 (see above).

The Anti-Discrimination (Amendment) Act 1994 made reference to ''Mandla v Dowell-Lee'', which defined ethnic groups as:

# a long shared history, of which the group is conscious as distinguishing it from other groups, and the memory of which it keeps alive;
#a cultural tradition of its own, including family and social customs and manners, often but not necessarily associated with religious observance. In addition to those two essential characteristics the following characteristics are, in my opinion, relevant:
#either a common geographical origin, or descent from a small number of common ancestors;
#a common language, not necessarily peculiar to the group;
#a common literature peculiar to the group;
#a common religion different from that of neighbouring groups or from the general community surrounding it;
#being a minority or being an oppressed or dominant group within a larger community. For example, a conquered people (say, the inhabitants of England shortly after the [[Norman conquest]]) and their conquerors might both be ethnic groups.

The significance of the case was that groups like Sikhs and Jews could now be protected under the [[Race Relations Act 1976]].<ref name="equalrightstrust.org"/>

==See also==
* [[Ethnolinguistic group]]
* [[Folk religion]]
* [[List of ethnic religions]]
* [[Religious assimilation]]
* [[Religious segregation]]
* [[Symbolic ethnicity]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
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* {{citation |last=Barry |first=David M. |title=Popular Perceptions of the Relationship Between Religious and Ethnic Identities: A Comparative Study of Ethnodoxy in Contemporary Russia and Beyond |chapter-url=https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1079&context=dissertations |year=2012 |publisher=Western Michigan University |pages=6–19 |chapter=The Relationship Between Religion and Ethnicity: A Review of the Literature}}
* {{cite book |last=Levey |first=Geoffrey Brahm |chapter=Toward a Theory of Disproportionate American Jewish Liberalism |chapter-url=http://research.policyarchive.org/10008.pdf |editor=Peter Y. Medding |title=Values, Interests, and Identity: Jews and Politics in a Changing World |series=Studies in Contemporary Jewry |volume=XI |isbn=9780195103311 |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref=Levey}}
* {{cite book |last=Fox |first=Jonathan |title=Ethnoreligious Conflict in the Late Twentieth Century: A General Theory |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CKB_B-U0I8C&pg=PA26 |year=2002 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-0418-7 |pages=11–30 |chapter=Defining Religion's Role in Society}}
* {{cite journal |author-last=Lycourinos |author-first=Damon Z. |title=Modern Greek Ethno-Religious Nationalism: An Ideological and Spatio-Temporal Relocation of Selfhood |editor-last=Sutherland |editor-first=Liam T. |journal=Implicit Religion: Journal for the Critical Study of Religion |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[Equinox Publishing (London) |Equinox Publishing]] |volume=20 |issue=1: ''Nationalism and Religious Studies - Critical Perspectives'' |pages=23–41 |doi=10.1558/imre.34128 |issn=1743-1697 |s2cid=149134963}}
* {{cite journal |title=Crisis management in colonial states: Intelligence and counter-insurgency in Morocco and Syria after the First World War |first=Martin |last=Thomas |journal=Intelligence & National Security |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=697–716 |doi=10.1080/02684520600957662 |s2cid=153922797 |ref=Thomas}}
* {{cite journal |title=Symbolic Ethnicity or Religion Among Jews in the United States: A Test of Gansian Hypotheses |author=J. Alan Winter |journal=Review of Religious Research |volume=37 |issue=3 |url=https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=96271706 |ref=Winter}}
*{{cite journal |last=Koonammakkal |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Koonammakkal |editor1=Peter Bruns |editor2=Heinz Otto Luthe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDoyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA259 |title=Syro-Malabar History and Traditions |journal=Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag; pp. 259-276 |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |location=Wiesbaden |year=2013 |isbn=9783447068857}}
* Yang, F. and Ebaugh, H. R. (2001), [https://www.purdue.edu/crcs/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/YangReligion-EthnicityJSSR.pdf Religion and Ethnicity Among New Immigrants: The Impact of Majority/Minority Status in Home and Host Countries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415180728/https://www.purdue.edu/crcs/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/YangReligion-EthnicityJSSR.pdf }}. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40: 367–378. doi:10.1111/0021-8294.00063
* Phillip E. Hammond and Kee Warner, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1048676 Religion and Ethnicity in Late-Twentieth-Century America], The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social, Vol. 527, Religion in the Nineties (May, 1993), pp. 55–66
* {{cite journal |last=Perczel |first=István |author-link=István Perczel |title=Some New Documents on the Struggle of the Saint Thomas Christians to Maintain the Chaldaean Rite and Jurisdiction |url=https://www.academia.edu/5266468 |editor1=Peter Bruns |editor2=Heinz Otto Luthe |journal=Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag |pages=415–436 |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |location=Wiesbaden |year=2013}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==

{{Ethnicity}}

[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups| ]]
[[Category:Sociology of religion]]