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International Liquid Mirror Telescope

2026-05-07T16:19:38Z

Sudeep 68899: Starting first article first draft

{{Short description|Astronomical telescope in chapra, India}}

The International Liquid Mirror Telescope is a 4-meter telescope located inside the premises of [[Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences]] (ARIES) in the city of [[Nainital]], [[Uttarakhand]], India. It is the first [[liquid-mirror telescope]] for astronomy in Asia and currently the largest liquid-mirror telescope in the world<ref>{{cite news |last=Waldek |first=Stefanie |date=2022-06-21|title=World's largest liquid mirror telescope ready to observe |work=[[Space.com]] |url=https://www.space.com/largest-liquid-mirror-telescope-opens-india|access-date=2022-06-21 }}</ref> after the decommissioning of the [[Large Zenith Telescope]].

==History==
On 2 June 2022, the telescope saw its [[First light (astronomy)|first light]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desikan |first1=Shubashree |title=Liquid mirror telescope in Devasthal sees first light |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/liquid-mirror-telescope-in-devasthal-sees-first-light/article65487650.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2 June 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref> On 12 June 2022, it came online.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Matt |date=2022-06-12 |title=The World's Largest Liquid-Mirror Telescope Comes Online |url=https://www.universetoday.com/156246/the-worlds-largest-liquid-mirror-telescope-comes-online/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=[[Universe Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref> On 21 June 2022, it became ready to observe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waldek |first=Stefanie |date=2022-06-21 |title=World's largest liquid mirror telescope ready to observe |url=https://www.space.com/largest-liquid-mirror-telescope-opens-india |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=[[Space.com]] |language=en}}</ref> On 21 March 2023, it was inaugurated by [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitendra Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madanapalle |first=Aditya |date=2023-03-21 |title=Four-metre International Liquid Mirror Telescope in Himalayas inaugurated |url=https://www.news9live.com/science/four-metre-international-liquid-mirror-telescope-in-the-himalayas-inaugrated-au941-2081893 |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=News9Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Mechanism ==
The telescope uses [[Mercury (element)|elemental mercury]] as its mirror surface.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Mrigakshi |title=Unique liquid-mirror telescope set to survey zenith in India |url=https://astronomy.com/news/2022/08/unique-liquid-mirror-telescope-set-to-survey-zenith-from-india |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=[[Astronomy Magazine]] |date=11 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The mercury is rotated about the axis of the telescope, and due to [[centrifugal force]], takes a [[Parabolic reflector|parabolic]] shape to focus incoming light.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hazra |first=Dipavali |date=2022-06-04 |title=India commissions its first liquid mirror telescope: How will it work? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/explainer/india-commissions-its-first-liquid-mirror-telescope-how-will-it-work-article-92007062 |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Large Zenith Telescope]]
* [[NASA Orbital Debris Observatory]]

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Telescopes]]
[[Category:Optical telescopes]]
[[Category:Astronomical observatories in India]]
[[Category:Liquid mirror telescopes]]

Mayuranathaswami Temple, Mayiladuthurai

2026-04-25T07:53:58Z

Sudeep 68899: New Place.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Mayuranathaswamy temple
| image = Gopura of the Mayuranathaswamy Temple.jpg
| alt =
| caption = ''Gopuram'' of the Mayuranathaswamy Temple
| map_type = Tamil Nadu
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|11|5|44|N|79|39|22|E|type:landmark_region:LK|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =அருள்மிகு மாயூரநாதர் திருக்கோவில்
| country = India
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
| location = [[Mayiladuthurai]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Mayuranathaswamy ([[Shiva]]), Abhayambika([[Parvati]])
| primary_deity_Goddess =
| utsava_deity_Goddess=
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}
[[File:Prakaram Passage.jpg|thumb|Prakaram (Passage)]]
'''Mayuranathaswamy Temple''', or simply '''Mayuranathar Temple''', is a Hindu temple in the town of [[Mayiladuthurai]] (formerly known as '''Mayavaram''' or '''Mayuram''') in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. The temple is dedicated to Lord Mayuranathaswamy, a form of [[Shiva]], and has given its name to the town itself.<ref name="imperialp238">{{cite book|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India 1908, Vol 17|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181655|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181655/page/n228 238]|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1908}}</ref> The main icon is a ''[[lingam]]'' and the presiding deity is called Mayuranathar because the Hindu goddess [[Parvathi]] worshipped Shiva here in the form of a ''[[peahen|mayura]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Madhavan |first=Chithra |date=2021-04-27 |title=Where God Siva appeared as a peacock |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2021/Apr/27/wheregod-sivaappearedas-a-peacock-2295185.html |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&dq=MAYURANATHAR+TEMPLE&pg=PA271 |title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated |date=1982 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0151-2 |pages=271–281 |language=en |chapter=IX}}</ref>

The temple is considered one of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=A comprehensive description of the 275 Shivastalams glorified by the Tevaram hymns |url=http://www.templenet.com/Tamilnadu/shivlist.html |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=www.templenet.com}}</ref> – [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu#Sthalams|Shiva temples]] that are revered in the early medieval ''[[Tevaram]]'' poems by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars]] including [[Appar]], and [[Tirugnanasambandar]]. It is the thirty-ninth shrine located on the southern bank of the [[Kaveri|River Kaveri]].<ref name=":1" />

In the 14th century, Tamil poet [[Arunagirinathar]] composed song number 788 in the [[Tiruppukal]] collection, dedicated to the deity [[Kartikeya|Murugan]], associated with this temple.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=திருப்புகழ் - அமுதினை மெத்த - Sri AruNagirinAthar's Thiruppugazh 788 amudhinaimeththa mAyUram - Songs of Praises and Glory of Lord Murugan - Experience the Magic of Muruga |url=https://kaumaram.com/thiru/nnt0788_u.html#english |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=kaumaram.com}}</ref> The shrine is managed by [[Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam|Thiruvavaduthurai adheenam]].<ref name=":5" />

== Etymology ==
As per the Indian literature [[Puranas]] and [[Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam|Thiruvilaiyadal]], the goddess [[Parvati|Parvathi]], the consort of [[Shiva]] offended him,<ref name="southindianshrinesp271">[[#Ayyar|Ayyar]], p 271</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=K. M. Venkata Ramaiah Annexure by S. Padmanabhan |url=http://archive.org/details/acc.-no.-7381-a-handbook-of-tamil-nadu-1996pdf |title=A HANDBOOK OF TAMIL NADU |date=1996 |publisher= |others=Koviloor Andavar Library |pages=480}}</ref> as a result, Shiva to curse Parvathi to be born as a [[Peafowl|peahen]] (mayura).<ref name="southindianshrinesp271" /> When Parvati repented for her actions, Shiva reduced the duration of the curse. She then wandered the earth in the form of a peahen, worshipping Shiva in the form of [[lingam]] at various sacred sites, including the [[Kapaleeshwarar Temple|Kapaleeswarar Temple]] in [[Mylapore]] and the Mayuranathaswami Temple.<ref name=":6" />

It is believed that at this temple, Parvati was finally relieved of the curse and regained her original form as Abhayambika (also known as Abhaiyambal), reuniting with Shiva. Due to this association, the presiding deity came to be known as Mayuranathar.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" />

One of the sculptures in the temple is said to depict Shiva embracing Parvati, symbolizing their reunion.<ref name="southindianshrinesp271" />

== Location ==
The Mayuranathaswami temple is located in the heart of [[Mayiladuthurai]] town in [[Mayiladuthurai district]], about a kilometer south of the [[Kaveri River]].<ref name="surap64">{{cite book |title=Tourist Guide to Tamil Nadu |publisher=Sura Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-7478-177-2 |page=64}}</ref> It is about {{convert|256|km|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Chennai]], the state capital. The temple complex is well connected with a road network, (NH-32 and the state highways). The nearest railway station is Mayiladuthurai railway junction {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}} from the temple, and the nearest airport is [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport|Tiruchirappalli]] ([[IATA]]: TRZ) {{convert|134|km|abbr=on}} from the temple.<ref name="sacredtanksp227">{{cite book |author=Nanditha Krishna |title=Sacred tanks of South India |publisher=C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre |year=2002 |page=227}}</ref>

== Significance ==
This Mayuranathaswami shrine is one among the six temples that are considered equivalents to the temple in [[Varanasi|Kashi]], the preaset-day [[Varanasi]]. The other five shrines are [[Tiruvaiyaru|Thiruvayyaru]], [[Thiruvidaimarudur|Thiruvidaimaruthur]], [[Thiruvenkadu]], [[Sayavaneswarar Temple|Chayavanam]] and [[Srivanchiyam]]. Like in Kashi, where the city is centered around [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]], the temples in these towns along the banks of river [[Cauvery]], namely, [[Aiyarappar temple]] in Thiruvaiyaru, [[Mahalingeswarar Temple, Thiruvidaimarudur|Mahalingeswarar temple]] in [[Thiruvidaimarudur]], Mayuranathaswamy temple in Mayiladuthurai, [[Sayavaneswarar Temple|Chayavaneswarar temple]] in Sayavanam, [[Swetharanyeswarar Temple|Swetharanyeswarar temple]] in [[Thiruvenkadu]], [[Vanchinadha Swamy Temple|Srivanchinadhaswamy Koil]] in [[Srivanchiyam]] are the centerpieces of the towns.<ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of Forgotten Glory: A Wide Angle Exposition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItClDwAAQBAJ&q=aiyarappar+temple&pg=PT172|page=172|first=Sekar|last=Venkatraman|isbn=9781645876250|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019}}</ref> The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the banks of [[River Kaveri]].<ref name="Ka">{{cite book|title=River cauvery the most battl(r)ed|last=Ka. Vi.|first=Kannan|page=38|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019|isbn=9781684666041|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CGFDwAAQBAJ&q=thiruvavaduthurai}}</ref>

== Legend ==

[[File:Mayuranathar temple18.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Hindu goddess [[Parvathi]] in the form of a [[peahen]] worshipping a ''[[shivalinga]]'']]According to [[Hindu mythology]], goddess [[Parvati]]'s{{Refn|According to various Puranas, Parvati is the reincarnation of Sati, Shiva's first wife. Sati was the first wife of Shiva, the other being Parvati, who was Sati's reincarnation after her death.|group=note}} father, [[Daksha]], conducted a [[yajna]] named [[Daksha yajna|Daksha Yajna]] and intentionally did not invite god [[Shiva]] and his consort Parvati. Shiva told Parvati not to go to a ceremony performed by Daksha. However, Parvati attended the function but was humiliated by Daksha. Shiva took the form of [[Virabhadra|Veerabhadra]] and destroyed the [[yajna]]. A [[Peafowl|peahen]] used in rituals sought shelter at Parvati's feet. As Parvati ignored Shiva's advice, Shiva cursed Parvati to be born as a [[Peafowl|peahen]]. Then, Parvati came to the places [[Mylapore|Mayilapore]] and [[Mayiladuthurai]] as a peacock and performed severe penance to regain her original form. Pleased with her penance, Shiva appeared before her here in Mayiladuthurai as a [[Peafowl|peahen]] himself and danced as a [[Peafowl|peahen]] the dance later called as Mayura Thandavam, also known as [[Tandava|Gauri Thandavam]]. After Shiva's penance, Parvati regained her original form as Ambika (also known as Abhayambal or Abhayambika). As Parvati came here as a [[Peafowl|peahen]] (Mayura in Sanskrit), Shiva is praised as Mayuranathar.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=K. SEETHA |url=http://archive.org/details/01-title_202509 |title=Sri Mayuranathar Temple at Mayiladuthurai – A Historical Study |date=2020}}</ref> Lord Shiva is believed to have punished the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] who participated in the [[yajna]] conducted by [[Daksha]]. It is said that they later came to [[Mayiladuthurai]] and worshipped Mayuranathar to seek relief from their sins.<ref name=":6" />

=== Purification of the holy rivers at Mayiladuthurai ===
[[File:Mayuranathaswami Temple, Mayiladuthurai ttkcvrvb122k23iph (112).jpg|thumb|Avayambal Amman shrin]]
As per the legend, while [[Parvati|Parvathi]] was undertaking penance here, [[Kanva|Kanvar]] Rishi was undertaking penance in [[Varanasi|Kasi]]. The holy rivers [[Ganges|Ganga]], [[Yamuna]], and [[Saraswati River|Saraswathi]] were burdened by the people who took holy dips in them to wash off their sins. Kanvar Rishi noticed the three rivers were quite dirty from gathering the sins of the people. He advised all three rivers to go to the place where [[Parvati|Parvathi]] was undertaking penance at [[Mayiladuthurai]] and to do pooja during the Aippasi (Thula) month to cleanse their sins. The holy rivers [[Ganges|Ganga]], [[Yamuna]], and [[Saraswati River|Saraswathi]] came and took dips in [[Kaveri|Cauvery]] located in [[Mayiladuthurai]]. Lord [[Shiva]] in a form of Mayuranathar, pleased with their penance, granted them relief from their sins.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8" />

=== Mudavan Muzhukku ===
A physically challenged couple, devotees of Mayuranathar also known as [[Shiva]], from the place [[Virudhachalam|Virudachalam]] named Natha Sarma and Anavidyambikai has participated in the theerthavari [[Utsava|utsavam]] in [[Aiyarappar Temple|Thiruvaiyaru]]. After that, they came to attend the theerthavari festival at this place, Mayuranathar temple. However, they could not reach in time for the ''Tula Snanam'' (holy dip in English), as the festival had already concluded. The couple, saddened, prayed to Lord Mayuranathar and slept on the banks of the [[Kaveri|Cauvery river]]. It is believed that Mayuranathar, pleased with their devotion, appeared in their dream and instructed them to bathe before sunrise of the next morning, as the new month had not yet begun. The couple performed the ''Tula Snanam'' the next morning and attained god's grace. Based on this legend, the first day of the tamil month of Karthigai is observed as ''Mudavan Muzhukku (The name "Mudavan" is associated with a legend involving Lord Shiva, who is believed to have altered the usual time for a ritual bath for a physically challenged devotee. The term "Muzhukku" translates to "holy dip" in English.).'' Stone sculptures resembling the couple in the form of lingams Natha Lingam and Anavidyambigai Lingam are located in the temple, with the Anavidyambikai adorned in a red saree and placed on the left side of the sanctum. Devotees traditionally believe that worshipping these lingams is essential for the fulfillment of prayers to Lord Mayuranathar.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=நாராயணசாமி |first=என் எஸ் |date=2017-10-20 |title=சகல பாவங்களைப் போக்கும் துலா மாத சிறப்புபெற்ற மயிலாடுதுறை |url=https://www.dinamani.com/religion/parigara-thalangall/2017/Oct/20/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88-2792886.html |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref>

=== Sambandar’s crossing of the Cauvery ===
[[Sambandar]], also referred to as Thirugnana Sambandar''',''' after visiting the lord Siva temple at [[Tiruvilanagar Uchiravaneswarar Temple|Tiruvilanagar Uchiravaneswarar]], located at Tiruvila Nagar, [[Mayiladuthurai district]], on the northern banks of [[Kaveri|Cauvery river]] intended to worship Mayuranathar. However, the flood in the Cauvery river preventing him to cross the river. Samandar composed [[Hymn|hymns]] in praise of the lord Siva to seek safe passage the flooded river. As per the hindu [[puranas]], lord Shiva is believed to have halted the floodwaters, enabling Sambandar to cross the river.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Temples |url=https://indusladies.com/community/threads/the-temples.256106/ |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=Indusladies |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Other legends ===
Siva as Lord [[Nataraja]] has separate shrine here and appears in his [[Tandava|Gauri Thandava]] posture. Lord [[Kartikeya|Murugan]], during the [[Kanda Shasti Kavasam]] festival, gets his [[Vel]] (divine spear) weapon from his mother Ambika, as per puranas, however, in Mayuranather temple he receives from his father Mayuranather, also known as Siva.<ref name="southindianshrinesp271" /><ref name="Saiva5">{{cite book|title=Saiva Encyclopaedia volume 5 - Temples in Tamil Nadu (Later period)|editor-last=Dr. R.|editor-first=Selvaganapathy|publisher=Saint Sekkizhaar Human Resource Development Charitable Trust|location=Chennai, India|language=Tamil|year=2013|pages=450–1}}</ref>

[[File:Mayuranathar temple16.jpg|thumb|View of the Mayuranathar Temple gopuram and temple tank]]
There are 16 [[Lingam|lingams]] at this temple. On full moon days, if we take walk around this temple for 16 times, it is equal to the [[Girivalam]] of [[Tiruvannamalai|Thiruvanamalai]].<ref name="Meena">{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|pages=36–37}}</ref>

According to another legend, the holy dip in this temple’s holy tank on the day of the new moon in the Tamil month of Aippasi (November–December) purifies a person from sins, temple tank holy water is equivalent to the river [[Ganges]].<ref name=":9" />

It is believed that [[Brahma]], [[Lakshmi]], sage [[Agastya]], [[Manmatha]], birds and animals worshipped Mayuranathar.<ref name="Meena" />

== History ==
The temple is believed to have been constructed in the 7th century CE, as Tamil [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] poet-saints [[Appar]] and [[Sambandar]] composed hymns in this temple to the main deity in the same century,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.4293 |title=Colas |date=1955 |pages=696}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=S. R. |first=Balasubrahmanyam |date=16 Jan 1971 |title=Early Chola Temples |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/49443.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725125620/https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/49443.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-25 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=ignca.gov.in |page=197 |publication-date=1971}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=B. Venkataraman |url=http://archive.org/details/temple-art-under-the-chola-queens |title=Temple Art Under The Chola Queens |date=1976 |pages=37}}</ref><ref name=":11" /> which are included in the [[Tevaram]].{{Refn|Tevaram (Tamil: தேவாரம், Tēvāram), also spelled Thevaram, denotes the first seven volumes of the twelve-volume collection Tirumurai, a Shaiva narrative of epic and Puranic heroes, as well as a hagiographic account of early Shaiva saints set in devotional poetry. The Tevaram volumes contain the works of the three most prominent Shaiva Tamil saints of the 7th and 8th centuries: Sambandar, Appar, and Sundarar.|group=note}}

[[Sambandar]], also known as Thirugnana Sambandar''',''' composed hymns in praise of the main deity of the temple, which are included in the [[Tirumurai|Thirumurai]].{{Refn|Tirumurai is a twelve-volume compendium of songs or hymns in praise of Shiva in the Tamil language from the 6th to the 11th century CE by various poets in Tamil Nadu. Nambiyandar Nambi compiled the first seven volumes by Appar, Sambandar, and Sundarar as Tevaram during the 12th century.|group=note}} His compositions appear in 38th hymn (verses 404 to 414) of the first volume,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thirumurai |url=https://shaivam.org/thirumurai/first-thirumurai/thirugnanasambandhar-thevaram-thirumayilatuturai-karavinrinanma/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=shaivam.org}}</ref> and verses 748 to 758 of the third volume.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thirumurai |url=https://shaivam.org/thirumurai/third-thirumrai/thirugnanasambandar-thevaram-thirumayiladuthurai-enaveyiradaravo/#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=shaivam.org}}</ref> [[Appar]], also known as Tirunavukkaracar, also composed hymns found in the [[Tirumurai|Thirumurai]], specifically in verses 387 to 397 of the fifth volume.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thirumurai |url=https://shaivam.org/thirumurai/fifth-thirumurai/thirunavukkarasar-thevaram-thirumayiladuthurai-thirukkurunthokai-/#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=shaivam.org}}</ref>

=== Chola dynasty ===
{{Main|Chola dynasty}}

==== Uttama Chola (971-975 CE) ====
[[File:Mayuranathaswami Temple, Mayiladuthurai ttkcvrvb122k23iph (64).jpg|thumb|Pillers at prakaram]]
Later in the [[Chola Empire|Medieval Chola]] period, the original brick temple was renovated with stone by [[Sembiyan Mahadevi]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=S. R. |first=Balasubrahmanyam |date=23 Apr 1978 |title=Later Chola Temples |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/66858.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921133003/https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/66858.pdf |archive-date=2022-09-21 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=ignca.gov.in |page=368}}</ref> in the 10th century CE during the reign of [[Uttama (Chola dynasty)|Uttama Chola]].<ref name=":2" /> The stone sculpture from the period of [[Sembiyan Mahadevi]] such as Ganapati, Nataraja, Siva-Alinginamurti and Dakshinamurti in the south: Lingodbhavar in the west; and Brahma, Ganga-Visarjanamurti, Durga and Bhikshatanar in the north, are attributed to this era and remain in place.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>[[#Bibliography:~:text=B., Venkataraman (1976). Temple Art under the Chola Queens (1 ed.). Faridabad, Hariyana: Thomson Press (India) Limited. p. 37.|Temples under Chola Queens]] pp. 37-38, Quote:The silver lining, however, is that the original sculptures of Sembiyan days were not discarded in favour of the bizarre modern substitutes found in some places, but were reinstated in the renovated structure in their respective devakoshthas. Such figures are of Ganapati, Nataraja, SivaUma-Alinginamurti and Dakshinamurti in the south; Lingodbhavar in the west; and Brahma, Ganga-Visarjanamurti, Durga and Bhikshatanar in the north. They constitute a fine set of stone sculptures, typical of the age.</ref>

==== Kulottunga I Chola (1070-1120 CE) ====
The oldest damaged and incomplete inscriptions made on the stone date to the 14th year of [[Kulothunga Chola I]], found on the floor in front the central shrine of Mayuranathar Temple. The inscriptions mention a gift of land to the temple with donation of 300 [[Tamil units of measurement#:~:text=3 tōṇi = 1 kalam (= 96 padi)|kalam]] of paddy annually with exemption from taxes.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&dq=MAYURANATHAR+TEMPLE&pg=PA271 |title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated |date=1982 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0151-2 |page=279 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10" /><ref name="southindianshrinesp280">[[#Ayyar|Ayyar]], p 280</ref>

==== Kulottunga III Chola (1178-1218 CE) ====
The temple has witnessed more inscriptions from the period of [[Kulothunga III|Kulottunga III Chola]], found on the south wall of the mahamandapa in front of the Panchanadesvara shrine. The first inscription in his 19th regnal year mentions a gift of land at Kulottungasolanallur, made tax-free to the temple. Nine other inscriptions note the gifts of land and money by the king to the temple.<ref name=":10" />

==== Rajaraja III Chola (1216-1256 CE) ====
A dedicated shrine for Avayambal Amman was constructed within the temple premises during the 14th regnal year (1229 CE) of [[Rajaraja III]], featuring bronze idols.<ref name=":4" />

An inscription, in the 14th regnal year (1229 CE) of [[Rajaraja III]], a 500 kuli of land for rice offerings for the temple during the early morning ritual services. This inscription found on the northern side of shrine.<ref name=":10" />

The second inscription, in the 31st regnal year (1245-46 CE) found on the southern wall of first prakara, registers a deposit of 2000 kasu (money)to the temple Tirumayiladuturai-Udaiyar located in Tiruvelundur Nadu.<ref name=":10" />

=== Pandyas dynasty ===
{{Main|Pandya dynasty}}

After the decline of the [[Chola dynasty]], the second empire of the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] came to power in the [[Chola Nadu|Chola region]] of present Tamil Nadu. [[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan I|Maravarman Sundara Pandya I]] (1216-1244 CE) captured some parts of Chola territory and defeated [[Rajaraja III|Rajarajachola III]] (1216-1256 CE).<ref name=":10" />

In the year 1920 CE, the warrior king of the Pandya dynasty, [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I|Sundara Pandya]] (1250-1284 CE), brought the entire Chola territory under his control after defeating the Chola king [[Rajendra III|Rajendrachola III]] (1246-1279 CE). Following this victory, the old undivided districts of Tiruchirappalli, Thanjavur, Nagapattinam, Cuddalore, Kongu, and parts of Kerala came under his kingdom.<ref name=":10" />

==== Maravarman Sundara Pandya I (1216-1244 CE) ====
In the era of [[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan I|Maravarman Sundara Pandya I]], also known as Konerimeikondan, the first inscription was found on the south wall of the mahamandapa in front of the Panchanadesvara shrine, issued in his 30th and 31st regnal years . It mentions tax-free lands in the village of Nallattukkudi, a suburb of Mayiladuthurai, that were merged with the temple.<ref name=":10" />

The second inscription was also found at the same location as the first inscription, in his 31st regnal year. It mentions the gifting of land and 60 [[Tamil units of measurement#:~:text=3 tōṇi = 1 kalam (= 96 padi)|kalams]] of paddy and 200 [[Tamil units of measurement#:~:text=3 tōṇi = 1 kalam (= 96 padi)|kalams]] of paddy per year, which had been presented by the king.<ref name=":10" />

==== Other Pandya inscriptions ====
The inscriptions belonging to the Pandya kings Jatavarman Sundara Pandya (1277-1294 CE), Maravarman Vikrama Pandya (1281-1289 CE), Jatavarman Sundara Pandya (Sundara Pandya IV, 1304-1319 CE), Srivallabhadeva (1308- 1344 CE), Perumal Kulasekharadeva (1314-1362 CE), and Perumal Vira Pandya (1334-1374 CE) have been found in this temple and other parts of Mayiladuthurai, including Muvalur, Thirukolambiyur, Thirumananjeri, Kilaiyur, Vazhuvur, Komal, and Kadalangudi.<ref name=":10" />

Just like the Chola, the Pandyas were liberal supporters of this Mayuranathar temple, along with other Shiva and Vishnu temples in the [[Chola Nadu|Chola region]].

=== Invasions ===
The north side of the Indian Subcontinent had been conquered by the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. In 1311, Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji|Alauddin Khilji]] ordered his general, [[Malik Kafur]], and his forces to invade the southern Hindu kingdoms. As per the instructions, Malik Kafur raided temples and towns in South India, bringing back gold and jewels as booty to Delhi. The temples and towns of Tamil Nadu were again targeted for loot in the 1320s. However, when the news of another invasion spread in Tamil lands, the community moved into the Western Ghats or buried numerous sculptures and treasures in the land and concealed chambers underneath temple sites before the Muslim armies reached them. A large number of these were rediscovered in archaeological excavations at the site in and after 1979. The Delhi Sultan appointed a Muslim governor, who seceded within a few years from the Delhi Sultanate and began the [[Madurai Sultanate]]. The Muslim Madurai Sultanate was relatively short-lived; the Sultan's rule in Madurai ended with Ala-ud-din Sikandarsha (1371-1378 CE) due to the rise of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT155 |title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate |date=2015-04-01 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-658-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaturvedi |first=Sarojini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qXcwAQAAIAAJ |title=A Short History of South India |date=2005 |publisher=Saṁskṛiti |isbn=978-81-87374-37-4 |language=en}}</ref>

It is believed that the Vijayanagara rulers undertook renovations of several major temples including Mayuranathaswamy temple that had previously been damaged or desecrated during the campaigns of the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name=":10" /> There is no information about or inscriptions found for in the temple about [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Nayaks of Thanjavu]]<nowiki/>r and [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Maratha of Thanjavur]].

Major renovations were carried out between 1907 and 1927 by Devakottai AL. VR. P. Veerappa Chettiar and Pethaperumal Chettiar, during which some of old structures and inscriptions on the walls were removed or altered.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://ia802904.us.archive.org/34/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.35434/2015.35434.Annual-Report-1907-08_text.pdf |title=Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report |date= |publisher=The Superintendent of Government Printing, India, Culcatta |year=1911 |pages=6}}</ref> However, the old stone sculptures from the [[Sembiyan Mahadevi]] period were preserved in the [[Kosta (architectural feature)|devakoshtas]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alvrp.wordpress.com/al-vr-p-history/|title = AL.VR.P History|date = 26 November 2015}}</ref>

In May 1927, a temple entry of [[Dalits]] was organised on a big scale by the proponents of the [[Self Respect Movement]] thereby resulting in a huge clash.<ref name="rajathuaip224">{{cite book|title=Towards a non-Brahmin millennium: from Iyothee Thass to Periyar|author=S. V. Rajathurai|publisher=Samya|year=1998|page=224|isbn=978-81-85604-37-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Muthukumar |first=ஆர் முத்துக்குமார் / R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZldDwAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D++%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D&pg=PT154 |title=திராவிட இயக்க வரலாறு - பாகம் 1 / Dravida Iyakka Varalaru - Part 1 |date=2010-12-01 |publisher=Kizhakku Pathippagam |isbn=978-81-8493-598-1 |language=en}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The temple architecture is adheres to [[Chola art and architecture|Chola]] and [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] design principles as described in traditional texts such as [[Mamuni Mayan|Mayamata]] and [[Vishvakarma|Visvakarmiya]]. The [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]] is structured in six divisions from base to finial, drawing comparisons to human anatomy, with terms like pada for the base and sikhara for the head. The central vimana is a single-tiered (ekatala) structure in the Dravidian style, comprising six divisions: the triyanga upapitha base with moldings such as upana, kantha, and vajana; padabandha adhistana featuring jagati, tripatta kumuda, pattika, and kanta; bhitti walls with 18 brahma kantha [[Pilaster|pilasters]] and [[Kosta (architectural feature)|devakosthas]] housing high-relief icons of Dakshinamurti (south), Lingodbhavamurti (west), and Brahma (north); prastara entablature with bhutavari, kapota, and yalivari; circular griva with grivakosthas reflecting the salakosthas below; and a sikhara adorned with idaikattu, padmam, kattumalai, kannadi sattam, mahapadma, and topped by a copper stupika. The pranala drain emerges from a vyala mouth on the north side, a feature comparable to that of the [[Brihadisvara Temple|Brihadeeswarar Temple]] in [[Thanjavur]].<ref name=":10" />[[File:Gopuram of Mayuranathaswami Temple.jpg|thumb|Gopuram Close-up view ]]The temple complex is {{convert|719|ft|m}} long and {{convert|520|ft|m}} wide.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=214|title=Mayuranathar Temple : Mayuranathar Temple Details | Mayuranathar- Mayiladuthurai | Tamilnadu Temple | மாயூரநாதர்}}</ref> The ''gopura'' at the eastern entrance to the temple is nine storeys high<ref name="surap64" /> and measures {{convert|194|ft|m}}, has a granite base, brick upper tiers, [[Pilaster|pilasters]], and [[Kalasha (finial)|kalasas]].<ref name=":5" /> The [[Rajagopuram]] showcases an enormous entrance with pillars portraying [[Ganesha|Vinayaka]], figures in motion, Villendiya Velan, and [[Markandeya]], accompanied by [[Dharmapala|dvarapalas]] and crowned with [[Kalasha (finial)|kalasas]]. [[Mandapa|Mandapas]] consist of two antaralas linking the garbhagriha to the [[ardhamandapa]] and mukhamandapa, featuring niches for [[Bhikshatana]] and [[Durga]]; the ardhamandapa retains complete corbels; and the mahamandapa (rectangular, flat-roofed) sustained by 2.70m-high round and square columns (three sadurams with octagonal sections), sloped corbels, balustraded porches, 12th-century inscriptions, and Puranic murals on ceilings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=காசிக்கு இணையான மயிலாடுதுறை மயூரநாதர் கோயிலின் சிறப்புகள் {{!}} அபயாம்பிகை அம்பாள் {{!}} Highlights of Mayuranathar Temple, Mayiladuthurai, equivalent to Kashi {{!}} Abhayambikai Ambal |url=https://informationneeds.com/Spiritual/highlights-of-mayuranathar-temple-mayiladuthurai-equivalent-to-kashi-abhayambikai-ambal-186-Spiritual-info |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=informationneeds.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2023-09-04 |title=மயிலாடுதுறை மாயூரநாதர் கோவில் குடமுழுக்கு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/mayuladuthurai-mayuranathar-temple-kudamuzku-1044691 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>

[[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] mandapas are positioned axially in the second [[Prakaram|prakara]]: the front one features octagonal shafts, sloping corbels (12th century), rounded sikhara, and plaster sculptures; the back has a flat roof, six square pillars, and pumunai corbels evolving into later styles. The idol of [[Durga]] near the northern entrance of the temple is expertly sculpted and differs from those in other temples.<ref name="surap64" /> On the temple walls, there is the sculpture of a devotee trying to sever his head as an offering to the God.<ref name="surap64" />

There is an expansive temple tank in the centre of the complex. People travel in large numbers to Mayiladuthurai to bathe in this tank on the day of the new moon in the Tamil month of ''Aippasi'' (November–December).<ref name=":0" /> This bath purifies a person of sins because the waters of the river [[Ganges]] and other Indian rivers mingle with the waters of the [[Kaveri river]] in this tank on this particular day.<ref name="southindianshrinesp249">[[#Ayyar|Ayyar]], p 249</ref>
== Festivals ==
The temple has a large [[Pond|sacred tank]] known as the ''Brahmma [[Theertham]],'' situated on its eastern side, with a mandapa at the centre. The ''Theerthavari'' festival is held in this tank on [[Chitra Pournami (festival)|Chitra Pournami]], [[Vaikasi Visakam]], and Margazhi Thiruvathirai, in the presence of Lord Mayuranathar and Goddess Abhayambikai. The ten-day ''Vasanthotsavam'' celebrated in the Tamil month of Vaikasi (May–June) is followed by the ''[[Theppotsavam]]'', the temple’s annual float festival. During the month of Aippasi (October–November), a thirty-day ''Theerthavari'' festival takes place, during which processions are held daily. On the first day (Amavasya) and the concluding day, the ''Pancha Moorthis'' from the Mayiladuthurai temple, Vallalar Koil, and the southern and northern Kasi Viswanathar temples, along with Ayaarappar, assemble at the Brahmma Theertham, and twenty-five deities give ''darshan'' to devotees. A distinctive feature of this festival is the procession of Goddess Abhayambikai, who is taken in the form of a peacock through the four temple streets and to the banks of the River Cauvery, where she is believed to symbolically unite with Lord Mayuranathar.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Playne |first1=Somerset |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4xEAQAAMAAJ&dq=mayavaram+history&pg=PA463 |title=Southern India, Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |last3=Wright |first3=Arnold |date=1915 |publisher=Foreign and Colonial Compiling and Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref>

The ''Thula Snanam'', the ritual bathing in the [[Kaveri|Cauvery River]] during the month of Aippasi, and the ''Mudavan Muzhukku'' on the first day of the following Karthikai month, attract pilgrims from across India. Bathing in the river on these days is considered spiritually purifying of sins. The temple also hosts the annual '''Mayura [[Natyanjali]],''' a classical dance festival dedicated to Lord [[Nataraja]]. In addition to these annual celebrations, six daily ''Sandhi'' [[Puja (Hinduism)|pujas]]—''Ushakkalam'', ''Kala Sandhi'', ''Uchikkalam'', ''Sayaratchai'', ''Erandamkalam'', and ''Ardhajamam''—are performed at the temple, maintaining its traditional ritual practices and devotional significance.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":10" />

== Mayiladuthurai group of temples ==

=== Pancha Dakshinamurthy Temples ===
Around Mayiladuthurai town, five [[Dakshinamurti]] temples collectively form the Pancha Dakshinamurthy Sthalam, located in the vicinity of the Mayuranathaswami temple. Visiting and offering prayers at the five temples in a single day, especially on Thursday, full moon day and during one’s Janma Nakshatram(birth star) is believed to bring divine blessings. The five temples are,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aniruddh |date=2019-12-23 |title=Mayiladuthurai Pancha Dakshinamurti sthalam |url=https://tntemplesproject.in/tag/mayiladuthurai-pancha-dakshinamurti-sthalam/ |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=TN Temples Project |language=en}}</ref>

# Mayuranathaswami temple – Mayiladuthurai (Center).
# Medha Dakshinamurthy temple (Vallalar Koil) – Thiruindalur (North).<ref>{{Citation |title=மயிலாடுதுறை வதாரண்யேசுவரர் கோயில் |date=2024-12-18 |work=தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா |url=https://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D&oldid=4168985 |access-date=2025-09-18 |language=ta}}</ref>
# Vakiswarar temple – Peruncheri (South).<ref>{{Citation |title=பெருஞ்சேரி வாகீசுவரர் கோயில் |date=2024-01-13 |work=தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா |url=https://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D&oldid=3867103 |access-date=2025-09-18 |language=ta}}</ref>
# Margasahayeswarar temple (Vazhikaatum Vallalar) – Moovalur (West).<ref name=":7">{{Citation |title=மூவலூர் மார்க்கசகாயேஸ்வரர் கோயில் |date=2021-08-12 |work=தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா |url=https://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D&oldid=3225554 |access-date=2025-09-18 |language=ta}}</ref>
# Thuraikattum Vallalar (Uchiravaneswarar) temple – Vilanagar (East).<ref>{{Citation |title=திருவிளநகர் உசிரவனேசுவரர் கோயில் |date=2021-08-10 |work=தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா |url=https://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D&oldid=3216612 |access-date=2025-09-18 |language=ta}}</ref>

=== Saptha stana temples ===
A gorup of seven temples around Mayiladuthurai form Mayiladuthurai [[Saptha Stana Temples|Saptha stana temples]]. This group of Saptha stana temples gendrally found in the [[Chola Nadu|Delta district]]. The group of seven temples celebrating the festival annually is celebrated to commemorate the '''marriage of Nandi''', Shiva’s foremost attendant. It marks the journey Lord Shiva undertook through '''seven temples''' (Saptha Sthanas) to bless and celebrate Nandi’s wedding, re-enacting the ritual of '''Sapthapadi''' (seven steps in marriage).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Venkataraman |first=Sekar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItClDwAAQBAJ&q=Saptha+Stana&pg=PT172 |title=Temples of Forgotten Glory: A Wide Angle Exposition |date=2019-07-29 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64587-625-0 |language=en}}</ref> The seven temples are,

# Mayuranathaswami temple – Mayiladuthurai.
# Margasahayeswarar temple (Vazhikaatum Vallalar) – Moovalur.<ref name=":7" />
# Aiyaarappar temple - Koranad, Mayiladuthurai.<ref>{{Citation |title=மயிலாடுதுறை ஐயாறப்பர் கோயில் |date=2020-04-06 |work=தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா |url=https://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D&oldid=2946375 |access-date=2025-09-18 |language=ta}}</ref>
# Kasi Vishwanathar temple - Lagadam, Mayiladuthurai.<ref>{{Citation |title=துலாக்கட்டம் காசிவிசுவநாதர் கோயில் |date=2023-06-07 |work=தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா |url=https://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D&oldid=3732594 |access-date=2025-09-18 |language=ta}}</ref>
# Punugeeswarar temple - Koranad, Mayiladuthurai.<ref>{{Citation |title=கூறைநாடு புனுகீஸ்வரர் கோயில் |date=2025-07-12 |work=தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா |url=https://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D&oldid=4307976 |access-date=2025-09-18 |language=ta}}</ref>
# Brahmapureeswarar temple - Sitharkadu, Mayiladuthurai.<ref>{{Citation |title=சித்தர்காடு பிரம்மபுரீஸ்வரர் கோயில் |date=2020-04-06 |work=தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா |url=https://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D&oldid=2946355 |access-date=2025-09-18 |language=ta}}</ref>
# Azhagiyanathar temple - Sholampettai, Mayiladuthurai.<ref>{{Citation |title=சோழம்பேட்டை அழகியநாதர் கோயில் |date=2020-04-06 |work=தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா |url=https://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D&oldid=2946358 |access-date=2025-09-18 |language=ta}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Gopura of the Mayuranathaswamy Temple.jpg|Gopuram view year 2024
File:Prakaram Passage.jpg|Prakaram (Passage)
File:Mayuram mayuranathartemple2.jpg|Temple tank
File:Mayuram mayuranathartemple3.jpg|View from entrance
File:Mayuram mayuranathartemple4.jpg|Inner gopura
File:Mayuram mayuranathartemple5.jpg|Adhimayurathaswami vimana
File:Mayuranathar8.jpg|Sri Abayambigai entrance
File:Mayuranathaswami Temple gopuram.jpg|Gopuram view year 1920
File:Mayuranathaswami temple tank.jpg|Temple tank year 1920
File:Mayuranathar.jpg|Parvathi adored Siva as a peahen
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|liststyle=number}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{commons category}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |author=P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar |publisher=Madras Times Printing and Pub. Co. |year=1920 |ref=Ayyar}}
* {{Cite book |last=S. R. |first=Balasubrahmanyam |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/49443.pdf |title=Early Chola Temples |date=16 Jan 1971 |publisher=ORIENT LONGMAN LIMITED |edition=1st |publication-date=16 Jan 1971 |pages=197 |language=English}}
*{{Cite book |last=S. R. |first=Balasubrahmanyam |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/66858.pdf |title=Later Chola Temples |date=23 Apr 1978 |publisher=MUDGALA TRUST |edition=1st |publication-date=23 Apr 1978 |pages=269 |language=English}}
*{{Cite book |last=P.V. |first=JAGADISA AYYAR |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&dq=MAYURANATHAR+TEMPLE&pg=PA271 |title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated |date=1993 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120601512 |location=revised |publication-date=1993 |pages=271 |language=English}}
*{{Cite book |last=K |first=Seetha |url=https://archive.org/details/01-title_202509 |title=Sri Mayuranathar Temple at Mayiladuthurai - A Historical Study |publisher=Departnment of History Annamalai University |location=Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram |publication-date=2020 |language=English |type=Thesis}}
*{{Cite book |last=B. |first=Venkataraman |url=https://archive.org/details/temple-art-under-the-chola-queens/page/n5/mode/2up |title=Temple Art under the Chola Queens |publisher=Thomson Press (India) Limited |year=1976 |edition=1 |location=Faridabad, Hariyana |publication-date=1976 |pages=37 |language=English}}{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Mayiladuthurai Topics}}
{{Famous Shiva temples}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Mayiladuthurai district}}

[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mayiladuthurai]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Chola architecture]]
[[Category:Dravidian architecture]]

Pathans of Uttar Pradesh

2026-04-23T19:38:59Z

Sudeep 68899: info

{{Short description|Muslim community in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox ethnic group|
| group = Pathans of Uttar Pradesh
| image = Portret van drie onbekende Pashtun mannen uit India met tulbanden Pathans. Mahomedan. Oude (titel op object), RP-F-2001-7-1122B-32.jpg
| caption = Pathans in [[Oudh]] {{C.}}1868
| population = 4,997,000
| popplace = India ([[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]]),
| langs = ''' Currently spoken: ''' [[Urdu]] •[[Hindi]] ([[Kannauji language|Kannauji]], [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]) • [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] • [[Indian English|English]] ''' Traditional: ''' [[Pashto language|Pashto]] 
| rels = Islam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| related_groups = [[Urdu-speaking people]], [[Pathans of Gujarat]] and the [[Pathans in India|Pathans of India]]
}}

The '''Pashtuns''' or '''Pathans''' are an [[Urdu-speaking people|Urdu-speaking]] community of ancestral [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] descent in the [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in India<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkkK6SZOo_gC&dq=uttar+pradesh+indian+pathans&pg=PA1139 |title=People of India: The Communities: Nai-Yadav. Bio-Anthropological Indormation. Glossary. Select Bibliography. Maps. Index |author=Amir Hasan, Anthropological Survey of India, Baqr Raza Rizvi, J. C. Das, K. S. Singh |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |date=February 27, 2019 |isbn=9788173041143 }}</ref> who form one of the largest Muslim communities in the state with a population of 5-6 million{{When|date=September 2025|reason=The population figure is for which year? 2010? (which is the year of the cited publication)}} and 2.9% of the total population of Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ShFPAQAAIAAJ&q=pathans+indian+muslim+community|title= Religions of IndiaA Multidimentional Study|quote=A well known Indian Muslim community is Pathan |page=36 |isbn= 9788178845340|last1= Shaji|first1= U. S.|year= 2010|publisher= Cyber Tech Publications}}</ref> They are also known as ''Khans'' which is a commonly used surname amongst them; although not all those who use the surname are Pathans, for example the [[Khanzada (Awadh)|Khanzada]] community of eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] are also commonly known as Khan. The phrase ''Pathan Khanzada'' is used to describe Muslim Rajput groups, found mainly in [[Gorakhpur District|Gorakhpur]], who have been absorbed into the Pathan community. There are communities of partial [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] ancestry in the [[Rohilkhand]] region and in parts of the [[Doab]] and [[Awadh]] regions, such as the agrarian [[Rohilla]] community.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

==History==
[[File:North Indian Pastun Recruit Portrait.jpg|thumb|18th Century Portrait of North Indian Pashtun Recruit|left]]
The Pathan are divided into sixteen groupings, who generally take their name from the ancestral [[Pashtun tribes]]. These include the [[Bangash]], [[Afridi]], Dustukhel, Luni (Miani), [[Jadoon]], Bakarzai, [[Barech]], [[Diler Khan|Daudzai]], [[Dilazak]], [[Durrani]], Ghorghushti, Toia Mehsud Khel, [[Ghurid campaigns in India|Ghori]], [[Khalil (Pashtun tribe)|Khalil]], [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi]], [[Mohmand (tribe)|Mohmand]], [[Mohammadzai]], [[Orakzai]], [[Kakar|Kakarzai]], [[Rohilla]], [[Shirani (Pashtun tribe)|Sherwani]], [[Sur (tribe)|Suri]], Sultani and [[Yusufzai|Yousafzai]], all of which are well known Pashtun tribes. A further differentiation exists based on an identity known as the qabila or [[Baradari (brotherhood)|biradari]], based on territorial subgroupings and community ties.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkkK6SZOo_gC&dq=uttar+pradesh+indian+pathans&pg=PA1139 |title=People of India: The Communities: Nai-Yadav. Bio-Anthropological Indormation. Glossary. Select Bibliography. Maps. Index |author=Amir Hasan |year=2005 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |page=1139 |isbn=9788173041143 }}</ref>

==Pathans in Western Uttar Pradesh==
The Pathans of the Barah-Basti villages of Bulandshahr produced a large number of volunteers who joined the British [[Silladar Cavalry|Irregular Cavalry]], many of whom rebelled during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] under Abdul Latif Khan of Khanpur and Walidad Khan of Malagarh.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxbjAAAAMAAJ&q=pathan+basti+irregular+cavalry |title=Bengal, Past & Present:Journal of the Calcutta Historical Society · Volume 86 |page=47 |date=1967 |publisher=Calcutta Historical Society }}</ref>{{full|date=October 2023}}

==See also==
* [[Pathans of Bihar]]
* [[Pathans of Gujarat]]
* [[Pathans of Punjab]]
* [[Pathans in India#List of Notable Pathans of India|List of Pathan people in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pashtun Diaspora}}
{{Indian Muslim}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathans Of Uttar Pradesh}}
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rohilla]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Pashtun diaspora in India|Uttar Pradesh]]

J Venkatappa

2026-04-23T07:04:18Z

Sudeep 68899: Starting some info initial version.

{{Short description|Indian politician (1928 - 2010)}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|03|15|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2010|08|22|1928|03|15|df=y}}
| office = President - [[Shidlaghatta]] Town Municipal Council
| term_start = 1954
| term_start1 = 1957
| office2 = Member - [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 1962
| term_end2 = 1968
| spouse = Shrimati Chowdamma
}}

'''J Venkatappa''' (15 May 1928 – 22 August 2010) was an Indian politician who served in the Member of Mysore legislative Assembly from 1957 to 1962 and was a Member of [[Rajya Sabha]] (the Upper house of the Parliament of India) from 1962 to 1968.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Rajya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRMfAQAAIAAJ&dq=j+venkatappa+mysore&pg=PA5537 |title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report |date=1966 |publisher=Council of States Secretariat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3pDAAAAYAAJ&q=j+venkatappa+Shidlaghatta |title=India, a Reference Annual |date=1961 |publisher=Research and Reference Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Member_Biographical_Book.pdf |url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Member_Biographical_Book.pdf | publisher=rajyasabha.nic.in}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born on 15 May 1928. J. Naranappa was his father.<ref name=":0" /> He was person who started Ethihanole project which is currently in progress where he got paramashivaiah to conduct a DPR and submit the report to the government.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} He donated 5 lakh rupees in 1960 to the government to start the project.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} Even today people in his constituency remember him for the work he is done.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== Position held ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!#
!From
!To
!Position
|-
|1
|1954
|
|President - [[Sidlaghatta|Shidlaghatta]] Town Municipal Council
|-
|2
|1957
|
|President - [[Sidlaghatta|Shidlaghatta]] Town Municipal Council
|-
|3
|1957
|
|Member - Legislative Council
|-
|4
|1962
|1968
|Member - [[Rajya Sabha]]
|-
|5
|1972
|1978
|Member - Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-22 |title=Veteran Cong leader J Venkatappa passes away |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/90719/veteran-cong-leader-j-venkatappa.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatappa, J}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka]]

{{Karnataka-politician-stub}}

Allahabad North Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:11Z

Sudeep 68899: Starting Some Stub W/ Infobox.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Allahabad North
| constituency_no = 262
| map_image = 262-Allahabad North.svg
| mla = [[Harshvardhan Bajpai]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| preceded_by = [[Anugrah Narayan Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Anugrah Narayan Singh]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 4,13,478 (2018)
| type = SLA
}}
'''Allahabad North''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in the city of [[Prayagraj]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Allahabad North is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 262 amongst 403 constituencies.

Currently this seat belongs to [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate [[Harshvardhan Bajpai]] who won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Anugrah Narayan Singh]] by a margin of 35,025 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/allahabad-north.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref>
==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Allahabad North Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/allahabad-north.html |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Kailash Narain Gupta
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Rajendra Kumari Bajpai]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Baba Ram Adhar Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Ashok Kumar Bajpai
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Anugrah Narayan Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Anugrah Narayan Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Lokdal}}" |
|[[Lokdal]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Narendra Kumar Singh Gaur]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Anugrah Narayan Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Anugrah Narayan Singh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Harshvardhan Bajpai]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Allahabad North<ref name="2022 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2022 Election Results |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24262.htm?ac=262 |access-date=15 March 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Harshvardhan Bajpai]]
|votes = {{formatnum:96890}}
|percentage = 55.07
|change = {{increase}}3.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sandeep Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:42007}}
|percentage = 23.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Anugrah Narayan Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Anugrah Narayan Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:23571}}
|percentage = 13.4
|change = {{decrease}}17.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sanjay Goswami
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:9614}}
|percentage = 5.46
|change = {{decrease}}8.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:919}}
|percentage = 0.52
|change = {{increase}}0.14
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:54883}}
|percentage = 31.19
|change = {{increase}}10.98
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:175941}}
|percentage = 39.77
|change = {{decrease}}2.13
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Harshvardhan Bajpai]]
|votes = {{formatnum:89191}}
|percentage = 51.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Anugrah Narayan Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Anugrah Narayan Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:54166}}
|percentage = 31.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Amit Srivastava
|votes = {{formatnum:23388}}
|percentage = 13.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:659}}
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:35025}}
|percentage = 20.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:173242}}
|percentage = 41.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|25.48|81.84|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Palakonda Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:30Z

Sudeep 68899: made

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Palakonda
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 10
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (10-Palakonda highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Palakonda Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| district = [[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Araku Lok Sabha constituency|Araku]]
| reservation = ST
| established = 1951
| mla = [[Nimmaka Jaya Krishna]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janasena Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 184,414
}}
'''Palakonda''' is a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] reserved constituency in [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Araku Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=16, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Nimmaka Jaya Krishna]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Janasena Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 184,414 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web |title=Electors Summary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=24 May 2019 |date=25 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
The four [[Tehsil|mandals]] that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Palakonda]]
|-
| [[Seethampeta, Srikakulam|Seethampeta]]
|-
| [[Veeraghattam]]
|-
| [[Bhamini]]
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Palakonda Assembly Constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q22829020,Q59834196,Q59834188,Q59834173"}</mapframe>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Palavasa Sangam Naiudu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Pydi Narasimhapparao
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Kemburu Suryanarayana Naidu
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| J. Joji
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Kottapalli Narasayya
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Kambala Rajaratnam
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Syama Rao Gonipati
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Tale Bhadrayya
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| P. J. Amruta Kumari
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| Tale Bhadrayya
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| P. J. Amruta Kumari
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Kambala Jogulu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Nimmaka Sugreevulu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Viswasarayi Kalavathi]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Nimmaka Jaya Krishna]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palakonda
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = Jayakrishna Nimmaka
|votes = 75,208
|percentage = 38.44
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Viswasarayi Kalavathi
|votes = 61,917
|percentage = 31.64
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Chanti Babu Savara
|votes = 2,041
|percentage = 1.04
|change = --
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate = Remaining
|votes = 4,949
|percentage = 2.53
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 4,260
|percentage = 2.18
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,48,375
|percentage = 75.83
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,95,673
| change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,291
|percentage = 6.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janasena Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palakonda
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = VISWASARAYI KALAVATHI
|votes = 72,054
|percentage = 38.95
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = JAYA KRISHNA NIMMAKA
|votes = 54,074
|percentage = 29.23
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = DVG SANKARA RAO
|votes = 3,343
|percentage = 1.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate = Remaining
|votes = 3,693
|percentage = 1.99
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 3,548
|percentage = 1.91
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,36,712
|percentage = 73.91
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,84,967
| change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,980
|percentage = 9.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palakonda
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = VISWASARAYI KALAVATHI
|votes = 55,337
|percentage = 32.89
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = JAYA KRISHNA NIMMAKA
|votes = 53,717
|percentage = 31.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = PATTIKA KUMAR
|votes = 3,165
|percentage = 1.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = NIMMAKA SUGREEVULU
|votes = 3,162
|percentage = 1.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate = Remaining
|votes = 4,665
|percentage = 2.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,382
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,21,428
|percentage = 72.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,68,256
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,620
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Palakonda<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Palavasa Sangam Naiudu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,942 |percentage=42.22% |change=42.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meesala Rajaratnam Naidu |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=14,296 |percentage=37.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kodinarayananaswami |party=Independent politician |votes=5,265 |percentage=13.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vavilapalli Satyanarayanana Naiudu |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=2,256 |percentage=5.97% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,646 |percentage=4.36% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,759 |percentage=56.20% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,182 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1955 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Palakonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pydi Narasimhapparao
|votes = 12,267
|percentage = 35.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kemburu Suryanarayana Naidu
|votes = 11,490
|percentage = 33.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Krishikar Lok Party
|candidate = Peesapati Pundrareekakchacharyulu
|votes = 10,352
|percentage = 30.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 777
|percentage = 2.27
|change = {{decrease}}2.09
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 34,109
|percentage = 58.89
|change = {{increase}}2.69
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palakonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Swatantra Party
|candidate = Kemburu Suryanarayana Naidu
|votes = 22,555
|percentage = 56.84
|change = {{increase}}23.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Payedi Narasimhapparao
|votes = 17,126
|percentage = 43.15
|change = {{increase}}7.19
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,429
|percentage = 13.69
|change = {{increase}}11.42
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 39,681
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Swatantra Party
|loser = Independent
|swing = {{increase}}10.9
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palakonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Swatantra Party
|candidate = J. Joji
|votes = 17,184
|percentage = 43.70
|change = {{decrease}}13.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = K. Narasayya
|votes = 15,289
|percentage = 38.88
|change = {{decrease}}4.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pinnta Jammayya
|votes = 6,850
|percentage = 17.42
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,895
|percentage = 4.82
|change = {{decrease}}8.87
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 39,323
|percentage = 61.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Swatantra Party
|loser =
|swing = {{increase}}14.75
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palakonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kottapalli Narasayya
|votes = 25,544
|percentage = 71.07
|change = {{increase}}32.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pinnta Jammayya
|votes = 6,044
|percentage = 16.82
|change = {{decrease}}0.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Boddepalli Narasimhulu
|votes = 4,355
|percentage = 12.12
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,500
|percentage = 54.25
|change = {{increase}}49.43
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 35,943
|percentage = 45.97
|change = {{decrease}}24.78
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Swatantra Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palakonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Kambala Rajaratnam
|votes = 24,145
|percentage = 45.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress (I)|candidate=Daramana Adinarayana|votes=12,387|percentage=23.1|change={{decrease}}47.97}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pagadalamma Sukka|votes=10,319|percentage=19.3|change={{decrease}}51.77}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Dunga Subhashiniraju|votes=3,278|percentage=6.1|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade)|candidate=Nuthulapati Padmavati|votes=2,668|percentage=5.0|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Samala Madhavarao|votes=802|percentage=1.5|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=11,758|percentage=21.2|change={{decrease}}33.05}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=55,433|percentage=69.9|change={{increase}}23.93}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palakonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Syama Rao Gonipati
|votes = 34,670
|percentage = 63.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Jampu Latchayya|votes=15,585|percentage=28.4|change={{increase}}9.1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Lokdal|candidate=Uttaravilli Ramakrishna|votes=1,500|percentage=2.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Tandara Rayappa|votes=792|percentage=1.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Eswaramma Gandi|votes=762|percentage=1.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Varahalamma Bonela|votes=634|percentage=1.2|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Sanjeevu Jami|votes=623|percentage=1.1|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=N. Balapapadamavathi|votes=188|percentage=0.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Raman Alikanna|votes=139|percentage=0.3|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=19,085|percentage=34.1|change={{increase}}12.9}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=55,951|percentage=68.3|change={{decrease}}1.6}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palakonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Tale Bhadrayya
|votes = 37,858
|percentage = 69.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=P. J. Amruta Kumari|votes=14,954|percentage=27.4|change={{decrease}}1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dalappayya Kuppili
|votes = 1,067
|percentage = 2.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Makayya Koppala|votes=699|percentage=1.3|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=22,904|percentage=41.2|change={{increase}}7.1}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=55,590|percentage=63.9|change={{decrease}}4.4}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palakonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = P. J. Amruta Kumari
|votes = 35,027
|percentage = 49.8
|change = {{increase}} 22.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Satteyya Gondela|votes=33,852|percentage=48.1|change={{decrease}}21.3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=ApparaO Kolli|votes=554|percentage=0.8|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Yarrayya Geddapu|votes=451|percentage=0.6|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Sanjeevu Jami|votes=263|percentage=0.4|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Gonepati Syamarao|votes=252|percentage=0.4|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,175|percentage=1.6|change={{decrease}}39.6}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=74,213|percentage=70.7|change={{increase}}6.8}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palakonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Tale Bhadrayya
|votes = 45,818
|percentage = 62.3
|change = {{increase}} 14.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=P. J. Amruta Kumari|votes=24,844|percentage=33.8|change={{decrease}}16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Matha Chittibabu|votes=1,266|percentage=1.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Prema Karmanandam|votes=763|percentage=1.0|change={{increase}}0.2}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad|candidate=Nuthulapati Rao|votes=455|percentage=0.6|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=National Students Party|candidate=Mulla Udaya Kumar|votes=296|percentage=0.4|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Matcha Manyalu|votes=144|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=20,974|percentage=27.8|change={{increase}}26.2}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=75,574|percentage=68.0|change={{decrease}}2.7}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palakonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = P. J. Amruta Kumari
|votes = 24,253
|percentage = 33.1
|change = {{increase}} 31.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Tale Bhadrayya|votes=23,057|percentage=31.5|change={{decrease}}30.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Rajaratnam Kambala|votes=23,021|percentage=31.4|change={{decrease}}2.4}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Raju Pinniniti|votes=1,471|percentage=2.0|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Anna Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Gavarayya Madapala|votes=1,302|percentage=1.8|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Parasilli Alwar|votes=214|percentage=0.3|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,196|percentage=1.5|change={{decrease}}26.3}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=77,800|percentage=64.4|change={{decrease}}3.6}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palakonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Kambala Jogulu
|votes = 42,327
|percentage = 53.3
|change = {{increase}}21.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = T. Rajababu
|votes = 30,703
|percentage = 38.7
|change = {{increase}}7.3
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,624
|percentage = 14.7
|change = {{increase}}13.3
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 79,347
|percentage = 72.5
|change = {{increase}}8.1
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}10.9
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palakonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nimmaka Sugreevulu
|votes = 45,909
|percentage = 42.4
|change = {{increase}}3.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Gopalarao Nimmaka
|votes = 29,759
|percentage = 27.5
|change = {{decrease}}25.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Viswasarayi Kalavathi]]
|votes = 21,725
|percentage = 20.1
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,150
|percentage = 14.9
|change = {{increase}}0.2
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,08,295
|percentage = 69.8
|change = {{decrease}}2.7
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing = {{increase}}14.75
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|18.60|83.76|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Parvathipuram Manyam district}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Parvathipuram Manyam district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Satya (disambiguation)

2026-03-31T23:45:17Z

Sudeep 68899: started post

{{wikt|Satya|सत्यम्}}
'''[[Satya]]''' (nominative ''satyam'') is a central concept in Indian religions that loosely translates into English as "Truth".

'''Satya''', '''Sathya''', '''Satyam''' or '''Sathyam''' may refer to:
{{TOC right}}

== Film and television ==
* [[Satyam (1976 film)|''Satyam'' (1976 film)]], a Tamil language film, starring Sivaji Ganesan & Jayachitra
* [[Sathyam (1980 film)|''Sathyam'' (1980 film)]], a 1980 Malayalam film starring Sreenath and Shanthi Krishna
* [[Sathyaa|''Sathyaa'']], a 1988 Tamil language film, starring Kamal Haasan
* [[Satya (1998 film)|''Satya'' (1998 film)]], a 1998 Hindi film directed by Ram Gopal Varma, initiating his ''Gangster'' film series
** ''[[Satya 2]]'', a 2013 sequel to the 1998 film, fourth in the series overall
* [[Satyam (2003 film)|''Satyam'' (2003 film)]], a 2003 Telugu film directed by Surya Kiran, starring Sumanth and Genelia D'Souza
* [[Sathyam (2004 film)|''Sathyam'' (2004 film)]], a 2004 Malayalam film starring Prithviraj and Priyamani
* [[Satyam (2008 film)|''Satyam'' (2008 film)]], a Tamil language film
* [[Sathya (2010 film)|''Sathya'' (2010 film)]], an Indian Kannada romance drama film
* [[Sathya (2017 Tamil film)|''Sathya'' (2017 Tamil film)]], an Indian Tamil crime thriller
* [[Satya (2017 film)|''Satya'' (2017 film)]], an Indian Bhojpuri action-romance-drama
* [[Sathya (2017 Malayalam film)|''Sathya'' (2017 Malayalam film)]], an Indian Malayalam action thriller
* [[Sathya (Tamil TV series)|''Sathya'' (Tamil TV series)]], a 2019 Tamil soap opera
** ''[[Sathya 2]]'', a 2021 sequel to the 2019 Tamil soap opera
* [[Sathya (Kannada TV series)|''Sathya'' (Kannada TV series)]], a 2020 Kannada soap opera

== Religion ==
* [[Nagnajiti]], a queen-consort of Hindu god Krishna
* [[Sacca (Buddhism)|Sacca]], Theravada Pali term
* [[Satya Mahima Dharma]], religious tradition in Hinduism in India
* [[Satya Pir]], belief system created by the fusion of Islam and local religions in Bengal
* [[Satya Yuga]], Era of Truth in Hinduism

== Other ==
* [[Satya (magazine)|''Satya'' (magazine)]], an American animal rights magazine
* [[Satya Wacana Christian University]], private university located in Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia
* [[Mahindra Satyam]], a defunct Indian computer services company, formerly known as Satyam Computer Services
* Satya Vaswani, also known as [[Symmetra]], a character in the 2016 video game ''[[Overwatch]]''
* [[Honda Brio|Honda Brio Satya]], a model of the Honda Brio for the Indonesian market

== People ==
===People with the surname===
* [[Habel Satya]] (born 1987), Indonesian footballer
* [[Tatineni Satya]], Indian film maker

===People with the given name===
* [[Satya Narayana Charka]], Indian-American dancer, teacher, and choreographer
* [[Satya Pal Jain]] (born 1952), Indian politician from Punjab
* [[Satya Krishnan]], Indian actress
* [[Satya Nadella]] (born 1967), Indian-American business executive, CEO of Microsoft
* [[Satya Nandan]], Fiji diplomat and lawyer
* [[Satyam Patel]] (1932–2005), Indian social worker and activist
* [[Satya Bhabha]] (born 1983), British actor
* [[Satya Prabhakar]] (born 1963), Indian-American entrepreneur, engineer and writer
* [[Satya Prakash (physicist)]] (born 1929), Indian physicist
* [[Sathya (Tamil actor)]], Indian Tamil actor
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)]], Indian Telugu actor
* [[Satyam (composer)]] (1933–1989), Indian film music composer
* [[Satyam Rajesh]], Indian Telugu actor and comedian
* [[Satyam Sankaramanchi]] (1937–1987), Indian Telugu writer
* [[Satya Sarkar]], Indian cricketer
* [[Satya Vrat Shastri]] (born 1930), Indian Sanskrit scholar, writer, grammarian and poet

== See also ==
* [[Satyam (surname)]]
* [[Satyameva Jayate]], "truth alone triumphs", Indian national motto
* [[Satyabhama (disambiguation)]]
* [[Mai Shahin#Satyam|Satyam]]

{{disambiguation|surname|given name}}

Society of the Hoysala Kingdom

2026-03-29T12:46:57Z

Sudeep 68899: Article

{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
The [[Hoysala Kingdom]] ({{langx|kn|ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ}}) was a [[South India]]n [[Kannada]] dynasty that ruled most of the modern-day state of [[Karnataka]] between the 10th to the 14th centuries. The capital of the empire was initially based at [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]], and later transferred to [[Halebidu]]. '''Hoysala society''' in many ways reflected the emerging religious, political and cultural developments of those times.

==Society==
[[File:Shilabaalika on pillar bracket in Chennakeshava Temple at Belur3.jpg|right|thumb|Lady with Parrot, [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]]]]
A notable feature of the Hoysala kingdom was the involvement of women, especially of royalty, in administrative matters. Queen Umadevi governed Halebidu in the absence of Veera Ballala II and is known to have fought wars against antagonistic feudatories.<ref name="progress">This is in stark contrast to literature (like ''Vikramankadeva Charita'' of Bilhana) from those times that portrayed women as retiring, romantic and unconcerned with affairs of the state, ''The Penguin History of Early India'', pp 392, Dr. [[Romila Thapar]]</ref> Women participated in [[Carnatic music|music]], dance, [[Kannada literature|literature]], poetry, politics and administration. Queen Shantala Devi was well versed in dance and music and rendered public performances. [[Akka Mahadevi]], a [[Vachana]] poet who renounced the temporal world in favour of one of devotion became an example for woman of the day.<ref name="temporal">Belonging to the 12th century, Akka Mahadevi was a [[Virashaiva]] mystic. She was not only a pioneer in the era of Women's emancipation but also an example of transcendental world-view, {{cite web|title=History of Karnataka-Who is Akka|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/religion/akka_mathapati.htm|author=Dr. R.G. Mathapati, Dharwad|publisher=1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc|access-date=17 November 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018021022/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/religion/akka_mathapati.htm|archive-date=18 October 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The practice of [[Sati (practice)|sati]], though voluntary was prevalent and prostitution was socially acceptable.<ref name="prostitute">{{cite web|title=Administration, Economy and Society in Hoysala Empire
|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm|author=Arthikaje, Mangalore|publisher= 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc|accessdate=8 December 2006}}</ref> Temple dancers (''[[Devadasi]]'') were common in temples and some were well educated and accomplished in arts. These qualifications gave them more freedom than other urban and rural women who were restricted to daily mundane tasks.<ref name="deva">''The Penguin History of Early India'', pp 391, Dr. Romila Thapar</ref> Like in most of India, the [[Indian caste system]] was conspicuously present.

Trade on the west coast brought many foreigners to India including Arabs, [[Jews]], [[Persian people|Persians]], Chinese and people from the [[Malay Peninsula]].<ref name="foreign">Prof. K.A.N Sastri,''A History of South India'', pp 286</ref> Large scale migration of people from present day Karnataka to [[Tamil Nadu]] happened during this time. With the expansion of Hoysala territory in [[Ancient Tamil country|Tamil country]], these immigrants went as officers and soldiers of the empire and were given land concessions.<ref name="migrate">Royal patronage of learning, arts and religion were other causes of similar movements of people, K.A.N Sastri,''A History of South India'', pp 287</ref> Migration of Tamil sculptors to Belur and Halebidu is also apparent from the presence of some Chola style sculptures in a few Hoysala temples.<ref name="sculptor">The ''sthamba-buttalika'' type of sculpture in the Chennakeshava temple at Belur is more Chola type of art with Chalukya touches, {{cite web|title=Hoysala Heritage|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm|author=[[S. Settar]]|publisher=Frontline, From the publishers of the Hindu|work=Frontline, Volume 20 – Issue 08, April 12 – 25, 2003|access-date=17 November 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701065442/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm|archive-date=1 July 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The marketplace was the nuclei of urban centres. This is where materials and produce was brought and exchanged hands. These were the location of recurring festivals and fairs. In South India, towns were called ''Pattana'' or ''Pattanam'' and the marketplace, ''Nagara'' or ''Nagaram''. Important marketplaces gradually grew into townships and so did famous pilgrim places. [[Shravanabelagola]] in [[Hassan district]] developed from a place of religion in the 7th century to an important settlement by the 12th century when rich [[Jain]] merchants were established here. The market place was also closely tied with temple administration.

[[File:Partial view of Kalyani (tank) in the Chennakeshava temple at Belur.jpg|thumb|Temple tank in Belur]]
The prolific temple construction was not entirely for religious reasons. Temples acted as local courts or as surrogate courts, especially when built from royal endowments. They were seen as palaces and the rituals marking the daily routine of the deity imitated those of the king. Some temples also received local patronage from rich landlords. Temples built from royal patronage took on an aura of a leading ceremonial centre. When king Vishnuvardhana built the [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur|Chennakesava Temple]] ( a [[Vaishnava]] temple) at Belur, the town was transformed into a famous city. Competition from the [[Shaiva]] merchants of Halebidu resulted in the construction of the [[Hoysaleswara temple]] which gave the town prominence.<ref name="merchant">{{cite web|title=Hoysala Heritage|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm|author=[[S. Settar]]|publisher=Frontline, From the publishers of the Hindu|work=Frontline, Volume 20 – Issue 08, April 12 – 25, 2003|access-date=17 November 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701065442/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm|archive-date=1 July 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Often temples built in rural areas were not supported by royal patronage. They evolved into complex institutions related to fiscal, political, cultural and religious needs. Irrespective of patronage, temples were also establishments that provided employment to hundreds of people. Temple funds maintained families of priests, record keepers, administrators, guards, garland makers, dancers, ''devadasis'', sculptors, carpenters and craftsmen. They were also a source of loans. Inscriptions mention 12%–15% interest on loans.<ref name="loan">Dr. Romila Thapar, The Penguin History of Early India, pp 389</ref> In short, Hindu temples began to take on the shape of wealthy Buddhist monasteries.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002), {{ISBN|0-19-560686-8}}.
* Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001). A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002), OCLC: 7796041.
* Dr. Romila Thapar, The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD., 2003, Penguin, New Delhi, {{ISBN|0-14-302989-4}}.
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm|title=History of Karnataka, Arthikaje, Mangalore|accessdate=17 November 2006 |work= 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm|title=Hoysala Heritage |author=[[S. Settar]]|access-date=17 November 2006|work=Frontline, Volume 20 – Issue 08, April 12 – 25, 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701065442/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm|archive-date=1 July 2006|df=dmy-all}}

[[Category:Hoysala Kingdom]]
[[Category:Social history of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Society of former countries]]

Human waste

2026-03-25T23:14:29Z

Sudeep 68899: expanded intro per sources

{{short description|Feces and urine}}
{{About|biological waste products of the human body|other kinds of waste produced by humans|waste}}

{{Refimprove|date=February 2013}}
'''Human waste''' (or '''human excreta''') refers to the waste products of the [[human digestive system]], [[Menstruation|menses]], and human [[metabolism]] including [[urine]] and [[Human feces|feces]]. As part of a [[sanitation]] system that is in place, human waste is collected, transported, treated and disposed of or reused by one method or another, depending on the type of [[toilets|toilet]] being used, ability by the users to pay for services and other factors. [[Fecal sludge management]] is used to deal with fecal matter collected in on-site sanitation systems such as [[Pit latrine|pit latrines]] and [[septic tanks]].

The sanitation systems in place differ vastly around the world, with many people in [[Developing country|developing countries]] having to resort to [[open defecation]] where human waste is deposited in the environment, for lack of other options. Improvements in "[[Water supply|water]], [[sanitation]] and [[hygiene]]" (WASH) around the world is a key [[public health]] issue within [[international development]] and is the focus of [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]].

People in [[Developed country|developed countries]] tend to use [[Flush toilet|flush toilets]] where the human waste is mixed with water and transported to [[sewage treatment plants]].

Children's excreta can be disposed of in [[diaper]]s and mixed with [[municipal solid waste]]. Diapers are also sometimes dumped directly into the environment, leading to [[public health]] risks.

==Terminology==
The term "human waste" is used in the general media to mean several things, such as [[sewage]], [[sewage sludge]], [[blackwater (waste)|blackwater]] - in fact anything that may contain some [[human feces]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Human Waste May Be Flush With Gold, Silver, And Other Valuable Metals|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/03/25/poop-gold-human-waste-metals_n_6936262.html|newspaper=Huffington Post|access-date=8 June 2015|date=25 March 2015|last1=Freeman|first1=David|archive-date=9 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309184012/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/03/25/poop-gold-human-waste-metals_n_6936262.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the stricter sense of the term, human waste is in fact human excreta, i.e. [[urine]] and [[human feces|feces]], with or without water being mixed in. For example, [[dry toilet|dry toilets]] collect human waste without the addition of water.

==Health aspects==
Human waste is considered a [[Biomedical waste|biowaste]], as it is a [[Vector (epidemiology)|vector]] for both [[Virus disease|viral]] and [[Pathogenic bacteria|bacterial]] diseases. It can be a serious health hazard if it gets into sources of drinking water. The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) reports that nearly 2.2 million people die annually from diseases caused by contaminated water, such as cholera or dysentery. A major accomplishment of human civilization has been the reduction of [[Transmission_(medicine)|disease transmission]] via human waste through the practice of [[hygiene]] and [[sanitation]], which can employ a variety of different technologies.

== Environmental aspects ==
Even high-mountains are not free from human waste. Each year, millions of mountaineers visit high-mountain areas. They generate tons of feces and urine annually which cause environmental pollution. Human feces pose a greater threat to the mountain environment than uncontrolled deposit of urine, due to the higher pathogen content of feces.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Apollo|first=Michal|date=2017-01-02|title=The good, the bad and the ugly – three approaches to management of human waste in a high-mountain environment|journal=International Journal of Environmental Studies|volume=74|issue=1|pages=129–158|doi=10.1080/00207233.2016.1227225|bibcode=2017IJEnS..74..129A |s2cid=113843846|issn=0020-7233}}</ref>

==Methods of processing==

Methods of processing depend on the type of human waste:
* Sewage is treated via [[sewage treatment]]
* Sewage sludge is treated by [[sewage sludge treatment]]
* Fecal matter from [[dry toilet|dry toilets]] may undergo [[composting]]
* Fecal sludge from pit latrines is treated and managed with an approach called [[fecal sludge management]]
The amount of water mixed with human waste can be reduced by the use of waterless [[urinal (restroom)|urinal]]s and [[composting toilet]]s and by recycling [[greywater]]. The most common method of human waste treatment in rural areas where municipal sewage systems are unavailable is the use of [[septic tank]] systems. In remote rural places without sewage or septic systems, small populations allow for the continued use of [[Bucket toilet|honey bucket]]s and sewage lagoons (see [[anaerobic lagoon]]) without the threat of disease presented by places with denser populations. [[Bucket toilet|Bucket toilets]] are used by rural villages in [[Alaska]] where, due to [[permafrost]], conventional waste treatment systems cannot be utilized.

==Uses==
{{Main|Reuse of excreta}}
Human waste in the form of wastewater (sewage) is used to irrigate and fertilize fields in many parts of the developing world where fresh water is unavailable. There is great potential for wastewater agriculture to produce more food for consumers in urban areas, as long as there is sufficient education about the dangers of eating such food uncooked.<ref>''[https://archive.today/20130129114955/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/08/080821-human-waste.html Human Waste Used by 200 Million Farmers, Study Says]'', National Geographic News, August 21, 2008</ref>

==See also==
* [[Blackwater (waste)]]
* [[Ecological sanitation]]
* [[Excretion]]
* [[Human right to water and sanitation]]
* [[Improved sanitation]]
* [[Night soil]]
* [[Reuse of human excreta]]
* [[Sustainable sanitation]]
* [[Vermifilter toilet]]
* [[Workers' right to access the toilet]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{offline|med}}
{{Waste}}
{{Wastewater}}
{{Public health}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Human waste}}
[[Category:Biological waste]]
[[Category:Biodegradable waste management]]
[[Category:Sanitation]]
[[Category:Sewerage]]
[[Category:Animal waste products]]
[[Category:Excretion]]
[[Category:Human physiology]]

Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955

2026-03-25T18:25:21Z

Sudeep 68899:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955
| image = Jagannath Temple, Puri 07.jpg
| imagesize = 100
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| long_title = An Act to confer upon the Odisha Government certain powers to control the management and affairs of the Jagannath Temple at Puri (ODISHA)
| citation =[http://www.orissa.gov.in/law/acts/pdf_files/1955/SJTA_1955.pdf Act No. 11 of 1955]
| enacted_by = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| date_enacted =
| date_assented =
| date_signed =
| date_commenced = 27 December 1960
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by =
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| white_paper =
| committee_report =
| amended_by = Act No. 10 of 1983
| repeals =
| related =
| summary =
| keywords =
}}

The '''Shri Jagannath Temple Act, 1955''' is an Act of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] enacted to control the management and affairs of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple at Puri]].

== History ==
With the British occupation of [[Odisha]] in 1803, the management of the Jagannath Temple was taken over by the [[East India Company]].<ref
name=Orissareview>{{cite journal|last1=Janmejaya Choudhury|first1=Dr.|title=Sri Jagannath Temple (Administration) Act, 1954 and Chhatisanijoga|issue=June 2004|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jun2004/englishpdf/jagannath-temple.pdf|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref> From 1806 on wards the Temple was managed by a body headed by three Brahmins who are called Pundits locally. But later in 1809, the body was abolished and the management of the Temple was transferred to the then Raja of Khurdha (now known as the King of Puri). King Birakishore Dev was issue-less. After his death in 1859, his widow queen was authorized to manage the affairs of the temple as the adopted son was a minor. The period saw utter dislocation in the management of the temple. The management of the temple became deteriorated even after the king attained majority. So in 1885 the British filed a suit to takeover the management of the temple. The suit was hotly contested by the renowned lawyer of the time, [[Madhusudan Das|Utkal Gourav Madhusudan Das]] and the suit was decreed in favour of the queen.<ref name="Googlebooks-Lord Jagannath">{{cite book|last1=Das|first1=Suryanarayana|title=Lord Jagannath through the ages|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|pages=67 & 68|isbn=9789380213224|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFn8wSDfSxEC&q=famous+jagannath+temple+case&pg=PA68|accessdate=1 July 2015}}</ref> As per the deed of compromise, the affairs of the temple was looked after by a competent manager till the grandson, Mukund Dev attained majority. Things did not improve even after Mukund Dev attained majority. So a Deputy Magistrate was appointed to manage the affairs of the temple during the lifetime of Mukund Dev.<ref name=ODISHAREEIEW-2010>{{cite journal|last1=Mahapatro|first1=Sharat chandra|title=A Comparative Study ± Lord Jagannath Temple and T.T. Devasthanam|issue=July 2010|pages=52–59|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/July/engpdf/52-59.pdf|accessdate=2 July 2015}}</ref> After the death of Mukund Dev, the management of the temple was transferred to Raja Ramachandra Dev. The king removed senior gazetted officers from the management of the temple for which the management of the temple continued to be deteriorated. During the period, India got independence and the Government of Orissa felt that some legislative measures are to be taken to restore the religious pride of the institution.<ref name=Odishareviw>{{cite journal|last1=Puri|first1=Jagannath Temple Administration|title=Shri Jagannath Temple Management|issue=July 2011|pages=5 to 8|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/july/engpdf/5-8.pdf|accessdate=1 July 2015}}</ref>

== Development ==
Foundation of a sound administrative system was laid down by Bhoi King Ramachandra Dev who declared himself as Gajapati Maharaja of Khurdha in 1571 CE. Since then his descendants has been looking after the affairs of the Temple as Thakura Rajas. After independence, the State Government, with a view to getting better administrative system, passed The Puri Shri Jagannath Temple (Administration) Act, 1952.<ref name="Google books">{{cite book|last1=Manti|first1=J.C.|title=The Saga of Jagannatha and Badadeula at Puri|year=2007|pages=100|isbn=9788176257473|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKUkLzqNv64C&q=Jagannath+temple+administration%2F+act&pg=PA169|accessdate=1 July 2015}}</ref> It contained provisions to prepare the Record of Rights and duties of Sevayats and such other persons connected with the system of worship and management of the temple. Subsequently, Shri Jagannath Temple Act - 1955 was enacted to reorganize the management system of the affair of the temple and its properties. The Act was brought into force with effect from 27.12.1960.<ref name=Odissareview>{{cite journal|last1=Choudhury|first1=Dr. D.P.|title=Administrative Arrangements of Shree Jagannath Temple|issue=June 2009|pages=94–98|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2009/June/engpdf/94-98.pdf|accessdate=2 July 2015}}</ref>

The enactment of the above Act was challenged by Gajapati Ramchandra Deva-IV claiming his entitlement over the temple and deity with the plea that as his forefathers had constructed and consecrated the temple and deity. Ultimately Hon'ble Supreme Court of India rejected the prayer of the king on 27 Oct, 1960. Hence Government of Orissa took over the charge of the Temple.<ref name=Odishareview>{{cite journal|last1=Mishra|first1=Dr. Nilakantha|title=Temple Administration : Past and Present|issue=June–July, 2007|pages=96|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/june_july-2007/engpdf/June_july_2007.pdf|accessdate=5 July 2015}}</ref>

== Salient features ==

=== Committee ===
In terms of the provision of this Act, the management, administration and governance of the temple vests in a Committee known as '''Shri Jagannath Temple Managing Committee''' which consists of the following :<ref name=Jagannathtemple>{{cite web|title=Administration of Jagannath Temple|url=http://www.jagannathtemplepuri.com/article/id/732/-administration-of-jagannath-temple|website=jagannathtemplepuri.com|accessdate=1 July 2015}}</ref>
# Gajapati Maharaja of Puri - Chairman
# Collector and D.M., Puri - Vice-Chairman
# Administrator, Shri Jagannath Temple - Ex-officio-Member
# Commissioner of Endowments - Ex -officio-member
# One person to be nominated by the State Government from among the persons entitled to sit on the Muktimandap - Member
# Four persons to be nominated by the State Government from among the sevaks of the temple - Members
# One person representing the Mathas and other institutions connected with the Seva Puja or Nities of the temple to be nominated by the State Government.
# Two persons to be nominated by State Government From among Persons who do not belong to any of the categories i.e. 5, 6, and 7 - Member

=== Important Sections ===
* As per sec.21-A of the Act:
All sevaks, office-holders and servants attached to the Temple or in receipt of any emoluments or perquisites there from shall, whether such service is hereditary or not, be subjected to the control of the Administrator who may, subject to the provisions of this Act and the regulations, made by the Committee in that behalf, after giving the person concerned a reasonable opportunity of being heard

*a: withhold the receipt of emoluments or requisites;
*b: impose a fine of an amount not exceeding two hundred rupees;
*c: suspend; or
*d: dismiss; any of them for breach of trust, incapacity, disobedience of lawful orders, neglect of or willful absence from duty, disorderly behavior or conduct derogatory to the discipline or dignity of the Temple or for any other sufficient cause.

Under this provision two of the Sevayats were suspended for the alleged delay in Brahm paribartana during the [[Nabakalebara 2015]].<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|title=Suspended servitors of Jagannath Temple move High Court|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/suspended-servitors-of-jagannath-temple-move-high-court/article7372403.ece|accessdate=1 July 2015|agency=The Hindu|date=1 July 2015}}</ref>

== Amendments ==
The Act was amended in 1983 under Orissa Act no. 10 of 1983 by inserting Section 28-B and 28-C to the Act.<ref name=Amendments>{{cite web|title=ORISSA ACT 10 OF 1983|url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/law/acts/pdf_files/1983/SJTAA_1983.pdf|website=Orissa.gov.in|accessdate=1 July 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [http://www.jagannathtemplepuri.com/ Jagannath Temple, Puri]
* [http://jagannath.nic.in/ Official website of Jagannath Temple, Puri]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Jagannath}}

[[Category:Odisha state legislation]]
[[Category:Jagannath]]
[[Category:1955 in Indian law]]

Assam Higher Secondary Education Council

2026-03-23T00:31:15Z

Sudeep 68899: fix section as per guidelines

{{Short description|Regulator of higher education in Assam, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Assam Higher Secondary Education Council
| image = Assam higher secondary education council logo.png
| alt = Logo of Assam lalukHigher Secondary Education Council
| abbreviation = AHSEC
| size = 175px
| caption = Logo
| formation = {{Start date and years ago|1984|06|01}}<ref name="ahsec2">{{cite web|title=About|url=http://www.ahsec.assam.gov.in|work=Assam Higher Secondary Education Council|access-date=23 May 2018|archive-date=30 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130072503/http://www.ahsec.assam.gov.in/AboutUs.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| dissolved ={{Start date and years ago|2024|09|13}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Assam State School Education Council Inaugurated with New Leadership|url=https://dy365.in/topstories/assam-state-school-education-council-inaugurated-with-new-leadership-14443|website=DY365|date=2024-09-13}}</ref>
| merged = [[Assam State School Education Board]]
| type = [[Regulatory Agency|State Education Regulatory Board]]
| headquarters = [[Guwahati]], [[India]]
| location = Bamunimaidam, Guwahati - 781 021.
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Rukma Gohain Baruah, Assam Human Resource Development Service<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rukma Gohain Baruah to be Assam Higher Secondary Education Council chairman|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/rukma-gohain-baruah-to-be-assam-higher-secondary-education-council-chairman.html|access-date=2021-06-02|website=NORTHEAST NOW|date=26 May 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = Secretary
| leader_name2 = Sri Pulak Patgiri, Assam Civil Service<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-06|title=AHSEC issues reduced syllabus, details here » News Live TV » Assam|url=https://newslivetv.com/ahsec-issues-reduced-syllabus-details-here/|access-date=2021-06-02|website=News Live TV|language=en-US}}</ref>
| parent_organisation = Ministry of Education (Assam), [[Government of Assam]]
| language = [[bodo language|Bodo]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[English language|English]]{{cn|date=March 2023}}{{vn|date=March 2023}}
| website = https://ahsec.assam.gov.in/
}}

The '''Assam Higher Secondary Education Council''' (AHSEC) was a [[Regulatory Agency|state education regulatory board]] under the [[jurisdiction]] of [[Ministry of Education]], [[Government of Assam]] that is responsible to regulate, supervise and develop the system of Higher Secondary Education in the State of Assam.

== Languages ==
AHSEC offers education in the following languages:
; Modern Indian Languages: [[Assamese language|Assamese]], Bengali, Bodo, Garo, Hmar, [[Hindi]], Khasi, [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]), Mizo, Nepali & [[Urdu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AHSEC COMPLETE SYLLABUS FOR HS 2ND YEAR |url=https://ahsec.assam.gov.in/index.php/hs-2nd-year-syllabus/ |website=ahsec.assam.gov.in |quote=2.(i) Any one of the following Modern Indian Language (MIL) subjects: a) Assamese {{!}}{{!}} b) Bodo {{!}}{{!}} c) Hindi {{!}}{{!}} d) Nepali {{!}}{{!}} e) Urdu {{!}}{{!}} f) Khasi{{!}}{{!}} g) Garo {{!}}{{!}} h) Mizo {{!}}{{!}} i) Manipuri {{!}}{{!}} j) Hamar {{!}}{{!}} k) Bengali ...... 11. (ii)Any one of the following advanced languages subjects: Advance Assamese {{!}}{{!}} Advance Hindi {{!}}{{!}} Advance Bodo {{!}}{{!}} Advance Sanskrit {{!}}{{!}} Advance Manipuri {{!}}{{!}} ...}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=AHSEC HS 2nd Year Examination Routine 2023 Released Today– Download now ahsec.assam.gov.in. |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/education/ahsec-hs-2nd-year-examination-routine-2023 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=Pratidin Time |language=en |quote=Modern Indian Languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Garo, Hmar, Hindi, Khasi, Manipuri, Mizo, Nepali & Urdu. ... Advance Languages include: Advance Assamese, Advance Bengali, Advance Bodo, Advance Hindi & Advance Manipuri.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-14 |title=Assam Board Exam 2023: Class 12 date sheet released |url=https://www.firstpost.com/education/assam-board-class-12-hs-time-table-2023-released-check-details-11808481.html/amp |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Firstpost |language=en |quote=The exam will be conducted for modern languages including Bodo, Garo, Assamese, Bengali, Manipuri, Mizo, Hmar, Hindi, Khasi, Nepali and Urdu. The advanced language includes Advance Assamese, Advance Bodo, Advance Bengali, Advance Hindi and Advance Manipuri.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-05 |title=AHSEC includes Karbi as Modern Indian Language in HS first year - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/ahsec-includes-karbi-as-modern-indian-language-in-hs-first-year-595287 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en |quote=The AHSEC already has Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Garo, Hmar, Hindi, Khasi, Manipuri, Mizo, Nepali and Urdu as MIL.}}</ref>
; Advance Languages: [[Assamese language|Advance Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Advance Bengali]], [[Bodo language|Advance Bodo]], [[Hindi|Advance Hindi]] & [[Manipuri language|Advance Manipuri]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== History ==
The AHSEC was established on 1 June 1984 by the [[Government of Assam]]. The council was formed with the objective of regulating and supervising the higher secondary education system in the [[States and union territories of India|state]]. The council also plays a role in developing the curriculum and syllabus for the higher secondary examination.

Over the years, AHSEC has played a pioneering role in the field of [[education in Assam]]. The council has introduced a number of innovative measures to improve the quality of [[education]] in the state. Some of the key initiatives of AHSEC include:

* Introducing a new curriculum that is aligned with the national curriculum framework
* Introducing online learning for [[Student|students]]
* Conducting regular assessments of students to track their progress
* Providing [[Financial assistance following the September 11 attacks|financial assistance]] to students from [[economically]] weaker sections

As a result of these initiatives, [[AHSEC]] has been able to achieve a number of milestones. The pass percentage in the higher secondary examination has increased significantly, the gender gap in education has been reduced, and the quality of education in the higher secondary schools and colleges has improved.

== Functions ==
The AHSEC is responsible for the following functions:

* Regulating and supervising the higher secondary education system in [[Assam]]
* Developing the curriculum and [[syllabus]] for the higher secondary examination
* Conducting the higher secondary examination
* Publishing the [[result]]s of the higher secondary examination
* Providing affiliation to schools and colleges for the higher secondary course
* Granting recognition to schools and colleges for the higher secondary course
* Promoting [[research]] and development in the field of [[Higher Secondary Education Board|higher secondary education]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Assam Higher Secondary Education Council (AHSEC) |url=https://discoverthepeople.in/index.php/2023/06/07/assam-higher-secondary-education-council-ahsec/ |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Discover the people |quote=The Assam Higher Secondary Education Council (AHSEC) is a state education regulatory board under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Education, Government of Assam that is responsible to regulate, supervise and develop the system of Higher Secondary Education in the State of Assam.}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
The AHSEC has achieved a number of milestones in the past few years. Some of the notable achievements of the council include:

* Increasing the pass percentage in the [[higher secondary examination]]
* Reducing the gender gap in the higher secondary examination
* Improving the quality of [[education]] in the higher secondary schools and colleges
* Promoting research and development in the field of [[Higher Secondary Education Board|higher secondary education]].<ref name=":3" />

== Future Plans ==

* Introducing new [[Subjects (album)|subjects]] in the higher secondary [[curriculum]]. AHSEC is planning to introduce new subjects in the higher secondary curriculum, such as [[artificial intelligence]], [[data science]], and [[robotics]].
* Introducing online learning for students. AHSEC is planning to introduce online learning for students. This will help students who cannot attend regular classes due to distance or other [[Constraints (journal)|constraints]].
* Improving the [[infrastructure]] of schools and colleges. AHSEC is planning to improve the infrastructure of schools and colleges. This will include providing better classrooms, laboratories, and libraries.
* Providing financial assistance to students from [[economically]] weaker sections. AHSEC is planning to increase the amount of [[financial]] assistance that is provided to students from [[economically weaker sections]].<ref name=":3" />

==Overview==
The Assam Higher Secondary Education Council was established by the Assam government on 1 June 1984 to regulate, supervise and develop the system of higher secondary education in the State of Assam.<ref name="ahsec2" /> AHSEC officially announce the results in June.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/notification/story/assam-board-hslc-hs-result-2018-class-10-class-12-results-to-be-out-before-may-31-at-resultsassam-nic-in-1231564-2018-05-11|title=Assam Board HSLC, HS Result 2018: Class 10, Class 12 results to be out before May 31 at resultsassam.nic.in|place=New Delhi|work=[[India Today]]|date=11 May 2018|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{School education in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Assam Higher Secondary Education Council}}
[[Category:Education in Assam]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Educational organizations established in 1984]]
[[Category:State secondary education boards of India]]
[[Category:High school course levels]]

{{Assam-stub}}
{{edu-org-stub}}

Sanju Devi (kabaddi)

2026-03-19T12:15:10Z

Sudeep 68899: Adding

{{Short description|Indian kabaddi player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}

'''Sanju Devi''' (19 December 2002) is an Indian [[kabaddi]] player from [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-13 |title=TOISA 2025 Nominees: Celebrating India’s kabaddi champions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/toisa-2025-nominees-celebrating-indias-kabaddi-champions/articleshow/129510241.cms |access-date=2026-03-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She plays for the [[India women's national kabaddi team|Indian women's national kabaddi team]] as a raider.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-01 |title=‘Not many girls were interested in playing kabaddi in Pali’: How Sanju Devi’s leap of faith earned her MVP title at World Cup |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/not-many-girls-were-interested-in-playing-kabaddi-in-pali-how-sanju-devis-leap-of-faith-earned-her-mvp-title-at-world-cup-10394985/ |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
She was born in Kerakachhar village in the Pali block of Korba district, Chhattisgarh.<ref name=":1" /> She started playing kabaddi in Class 5 at the government school in her village. Anuj Pratap Singh was her first coach under whom she learnt her basics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nishant |first=Shashwat |date=1 December 2025 |title=How Sanju Devi fought the odds to become Kabaddi World Cup 2025 MVP |url=https://www.business-standard.com/sports/other-sports-news/sanju-devi-s-inspiring-journey-to-becoming-kabaddi-world-cup-2025-mvp-125120100414_1.html |access-date=18 March 2026 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> She is the first kabaddi woman player from Chhattisgarh to represent India. After travelling from her village to Korba to play kabaddi which used to take about three hours of her travel time daily, she joined the Women's Residential Kabaddi Academy in [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], Chhattisgarh, where she trained under coach Dil Kumar Rathod.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-13 |title=Sanju Devi Biography: Early Life, Domestic Career, Achievements, Social Media and More - Kabaddi Adda |url=https://www.kabaddiadda.com/kabaddi/sanju-devi-biography-early-life-domestic-career-achievements-social-media-and-more/ |access-date=2026-03-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
She was a part of the Indian women's national kabaddi team that won gold in the Women's Kabaddi World Cup 2025 at Dhaka, Bangladesh in November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nag |first=Utathya |date=24 November 2025 |title=Women’s Kabaddi World Cup 2025: India defend title - all match results, scores and points table |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/women-kabaddi-world-cup-2025-results-scores-standings-points-table |access-date=16 March 2026 |website=Olympics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Women just need to get the opportunity: Indian Kabaddi player Sanju Devi |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/women-just-need-to-get-the-opportunity-indian-kabaddi-player-sanju-devi/ |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> She was adjudged as the Most Valuable Player of the tournament.<ref name=":0" /> After returning from the World Cup, she was congratulated by the chief minister of Chhattisgarh [[Vishnu Deo Sai]] at his residence in Raipur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=The Impressive |date=2025-11-27 |title=Chief Minister Congratulates Sanju Devi, Star of the Women’s Kabaddi World Cup CM Vishnu Deo Sai Felicitates Kabaddi Star Sanju Devi, MVP of Women’s Kabaddi World Cup 2025 |url=https://impressivetimes.com/latest/cm-vishnu-deo-sai-congratulates-sanju-devi-kabaddi-world-cup-mvp/ |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=The Impressive Times |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2025, she was also part of the Indian team that won the Asian Championship in Iran.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Sanju}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female kabaddi players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People from Korba district]]

Islamic calendar

2026-03-16T08:25:17Z

Sudeep 68899: Enhanced article with new information

{{Short description|Lunar calendar used by most Muslims}}
{{About|the Hijri calendar based on lunar observation|the solar calendar whose first year is fixed to the Hijra|Solar Hijri calendar|the rule-based Hijri calendar|Tabular Islamic calendar}}
{{redirect|Crescent moon of Islam| the symbol| Star and crescent}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}
{{Infobox calendar date today}}
{{Islam|culture}}
The '''Hijri calendar''' ({{langx|ar|ٱلتَّقْوِيم ٱلْهِجْرِيّ|translit=al-taqwīm al-hijrī}}), also known in English as the '''Islamic calendar''', is a [[lunar calendar]] consisting of 12 [[lunar month]]s in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used to determine the dates of [[Islamic holiday]]s and rituals, such as the [[Ramadan|annual fasting]] and the annual season for the [[Hajj|great pilgrimage]]. In almost all countries where the predominant religion is Islam, the [[civil calendar]] is the [[Gregorian calendar]], with [[Assyrian calendar|Syriac month-names]] used in the [[Arabic names of calendar months#Levant and Mesopotamia|Levant and Mesopotamia]] ([[Iraq]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]] and [[Palestine]]), but the religious calendar is the Hijri one.

This calendar enumerates the [[Hijri era]], whose [[Epoch (reference date)|epoch]] was established at the [[Islamic New Year]] in 622 [[Common Era|CE]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.soundvision.com/article/the-beginning-of-hijri-calendar |title=The Beginning of Hijri calendar |author=Paul Lunde |magazine=[[Saudi Aramco World Magazine]] |issue=November/December 2005 |access-date=1 January 2019 |archive-date=1 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101193832/https://www.soundvision.com/article/the-beginning-of-hijri-calendar |url-status=live }}</ref> During that year, [[Muhammad]] and his followers migrated from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]] and established the first Muslim community (''[[ummah]]''), an event commemorated as the [[Hijrah]]. In the West, dates in this era are usually denoted '''AH''' ({{langx|la|Anno Hegirae|lit=In the year of the Hijrah}}).{{efn|This notation is similar to that of [[Anno Domini|AD]] for the [[Christian era]], [[Common Era|CE]] for the [[Common Era]] and [[Anno Mundi|AM]] for the [[Jewish era]].}} In Muslim countries, it is also sometimes denoted as '''H'''<ref name="WH">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Watt, W. Montgomery|editor1=P.J. Bearman|editor2=Th. Bianquis|editor3=[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]]|editor4=E. van Donzel|editor5=W.P. Heinrichs|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] Online|title=Hidjra|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|issn=1573-3912}}</ref> from its Arabic form ({{lang|ar|سَنَة هِجْرِيَّة}}, abbreviated {{lang|ar|ھ}}). In English, years prior to the Hijra are denoted as '''BH''' ("Before the Hijra").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sharjah.ae/registration-locations.aspx?Val=111 |title=Hijri Calendar |publisher=[[Government of Sharjah]] |access-date=21 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202005514/http://www.sharjah.ae/registration-locations.aspx?Val=111 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}.</ref>

Since 26 June 2025 CE, {{Update after|2026|06|16||reason="current year" needs to be changed to 1448, the start and finish dates need to be revised and the citations need to be replaced [drop the old 2025 one, add a new one for 2026]. Finally this 'update after' needs itself to be reset for 2026 CE|text=the current Islamic year is 1447&nbsp;AH}}. In [[Gregorian calendar]] terms, 1447&nbsp;AH runs from 26&nbsp;June&nbsp;2025 to approximately 15&nbsp;June&nbsp;2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Important dates in Islamic Calendar in the Year 2025 |url=https://www.al-habib.info/islamic-calendar/global/global-islamic-calendar-year-2025-ce.htm#hijrievents |website=Al-Habib.info |access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Important dates in Islamic Calendar in the Year 2026 |url=https://www.al-habib.info/islamic-calendar/global/global-islamic-calendar-year-2026-ce.htm#hijrievents |website=Al-Habib.info |access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>{{efn|exact dates depend on which variant of the Islamic calendar is followed.}}

==History==
{{For|a list of Islamic centuries and the corresponding Gregorian years|Timeline of Islamic history}}

===Pre-Islamic calendar===
{{Main|Pre-Islamic calendar}}

For central Arabia, especially [[Mecca]], there is a lack of epigraphical evidence but details are found in the writings of Muslim authors of the [[Abbasid]] era. Inscriptions of the ancient [[South Arabia]]n calendars reveal the use of a number of local calendars. Some of these South Arabian calendars followed a [[lunisolar calendar|lunisolar system]]. Both [[al-Biruni]] and [[al-Mas'udi]] suggest that the ancient Arabs used the same month names as Muslims, though they also record other month names used by the pre-Islamic Arabs.<ref name="EI2-Tarikh"/>{{which|date=March 2021}}

The Islamic tradition is unanimous in stating that Arabs of [[Tihamah]], [[Hejaz]], and [[Najd]] distinguished between two types of months, permitted (''ḥalāl'') and forbidden (''ḥarām'') months.<ref name="EI2-Tarikh"/> The forbidden months were four months during which fighting is forbidden, listed as Rajab and the three months around the [[hajj|pilgrimage]] season, Dhu al-Qa‘dah, Dhu al-Hijjah, and Muharram.<ref name="EI2-Tarikh"/> A similar if not identical concept to the forbidden months is also attested by [[Procopius]], where he describes an armistice that the Eastern Arabs of the Lakhmid al-Mundhir respected for two months in the [[summer solstice]] of 541 CE.<ref name="EI2-Tarikh"/> However, Muslim historians do not link these months to a particular season. The [[Qur'an]] links the four forbidden months with ''Nasī{{'}}'', a word that literally means "postponement".<ref name="EI2-Tarikh"/> According to Muslim tradition, the decision of postponement was administered by the tribe of [[Kinanah]],<ref name=Moberg2/> by a man known as the ''al-Qalammas'' of Kinanah and his descendants (pl. ''qalāmisa'').<ref name=Kitab/>

Different interpretations of the concept of ''Nasī{{'}}'' have been proposed.<ref>For an overview of the various theories and a discussion of the problem of "hindsight chronology" in early and pre-Islamic sources, see [http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/978/1/978.pdf?EThOS%20(BL) Maurice A. McPartlan, ''The Contribution of Qu'rān and Hadīt to Early Islamic Chronology'' (Durham, 1997)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220706/http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/978/1/978.pdf?EThOS%20(BL) |date=5 November 2013 }}.</ref> Some scholars, both Muslim<ref>Mahmud Effendi (1858), as discussed in Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, ''[https://archive.org/details/elementsofjewish00burnuoft Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars]'' (London: 1901), pp. 460–470.</ref><ref>According to "Tradition", repeatedly cited by F.C. De Blois.</ref> and Western,<ref name="EI2-Tarikh">F.C. De Blois, "TA’RĪKH": I.1.iv. "Pre-Islamic and agricultural calendars of the Arabian peninsula", ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', 2nd edition, '''X''':260.</ref><ref name=Moberg2>A. Moberg, "NASI'", ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', 2nd, VII: 977.</ref> maintain that the [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic]] calendar used in central Arabia was a purely lunar calendar similar to the modern Islamic calendar. According to this view, ''Nasī{{'}}'' is related to the pre-Islamic practices of the Meccan Arabs, where they would alter the distribution of the forbidden months within a given year without implying a calendar manipulation. This interpretation is supported by Arab historians and lexicographers, such as [[Ibn Hisham]], [[Ibn Manzur]], and the corpus of [[tafsir|Qur'anic exegesis]].<ref>{{Cite book|edition=4th|publisher=Al-maktaba al-tijāriyya|last=Muḥammad al-Khuḍarī Bayk|title=Muḥāḍarāt tārīkh al-Umam al-Islāmiyya|year=1935|pages=59–60|volume=2}}</ref>

This is corroborated by an early [[Sabaic]] inscription, where a religious ritual was "postponed" (''ns'w'') due to war. According to the context of this inscription, the verb ''ns'’'' has nothing to do with intercalation, but only with moving religious events within the calendar itself. The similarity between the religious concept of this ancient inscription and the Qur'an suggests that non-calendaring postponement is also the Qur'anic meaning of ''Nasī{{'}}''.<ref name="EI2-Tarikh"/> The ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'' concludes "The Arabic system of [Nasī'] can only have been intended to move the Hajj and the fairs associated with it in the vicinity of Mecca to a suitable season of the year. It was not intended to establish a fixed calendar to be generally observed."<ref>The Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd edition, Index, p. 441.</ref> The term "fixed calendar" is generally understood to refer to the non-intercalated calendar.

Others concur that it was originally a lunar calendar, but suggest that around 200 years before the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] it was transformed into a [[lunisolar calendar]] containing an [[Intercalation (timekeeping)|intercalary month]] added from time to time to keep the pilgrimage within the season of the year when merchandise was most abundant. This interpretation was first proposed by the medieval Muslim astrologer and astronomer [[Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi]], and later by [[al-Biruni]],<ref name=Kitab>[[Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi|Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi]] (787–886), ''[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k93171b.image.f166.langFR Kitab al-Uluf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703090924/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k93171b.image.f166.langFR |date=3 July 2011 }}'', ''Journal Asiatique'', series 5, '''xi''' (1858) 168+. {{in lang|fr|ar}}</ref><ref name="Nasi">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/chronologyofanci00biru |last=al-Biruni |first=Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad |author-link= al-Biruni|translator-last= Sachau |translator-first=C. Edward |translator-link=Eduard Sachau|title="Intercalation of the Ancient Arabs", The Chronology of Ancient Nations |year=1879 |location=London |publisher=William H. Allen|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chronologyofanci00biru/page/13 13]–14, 73–74}}</ref> [[al-Mas'udi]], and some western scholars.<ref name=Moberg1>A. Moberg, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=9JQ3AAAAIAAJ NASI']", ''E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam''.</ref> This interpretation considers ''Nasī{{'}}'' to be a synonym to the Arabic word for "intercalation" (''kabīsa''). The Arabs, according to one explanation mentioned by Abu Ma'shar, learned of this type of intercalation from the Jews.<ref name=Moberg2/><ref name=Kitab/><ref name="Nasi"/> The Jewish ''Nasi'' was the official who decided when to intercalate the Jewish calendar.<ref>Bab. Talmud, Sanhedrin, p. 11.</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=August 2022}} Some sources state that the Arabs followed the Jewish practice and intercalated seven months over nineteen years, or else that they intercalated nine months over 24 years; there is, however, no consensus among scholars on this issue.<ref>Bonner 2011, page 21.</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=August 2022}}

===Prohibiting Nasī' ===
{{further|Nasi'}}
[[File:Muhammad forbids the intercalation of an additional month in the lunar year.png|thumb|Illustration of Muhammad prohibiting Nasī'. Found in an illustrated copy of [[Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī|Al-Biruni]]'s ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'' (17th-century copy of an early 14th-century [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanid]] manuscript).<ref>From an illustrated manuscript of Al-Biruni's 11th-century ''[[Vestiges of the Past]]'' (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, Arabe 1489 fol. 5v. (Bibliothèque Nationale on-line catalog). See also: Robert Hillenbrand, "Images of Muhammad in al-Bīrūnī's Chronology of Ancient Nations", in: R. Hillenbrand (ed.), ''Persian Painting from the Mongols to the Qajars: Studies in Honour of Basil W. Robinson'' (London/New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 2000), pp. 129–46.</ref>]]

[[Nasi']] is interpreted to signify either the postponement of the pre-Islamic month of Hajj, or the (also pre-Islamic) practice of [[intercalation (timekeeping)|intercalation]]{{snd}} periodic insertion of an additional month to reset the calendar into accordance with the seasons.

In the tenth year of the Hijra, as documented in the [[Qur'an]] ([[At-Tawba|Surah At-Tawbah (9)]]:36–37), Muslims believe [[God in Islam|God]] revealed the "prohibition of the Nasī{{'"}}.

{{Blockquote|Indeed, the number of months ordained by Allah is twelve—in Allah's Record since the day He created the heavens and the earth—of which four are sacred. That is the Right Way. So do not wrong one another during these months. And together fight the polytheists as they fight against you together. And know that Allah is with those mindful ˹of Him˺. 
Reallocating the sanctity of ˹these˺ months is an increase in disbelief, by which the disbelievers are led ˹far˺ astray. They adjust the sanctity one year and uphold it in another, only to maintain the number of months sanctified by Allah, violating the very months Allah has made sacred. Their evil deeds have been made appealing to them. And Allah does not guide the disbelieving people.|{{qref|9|36|c=y}}}}

The prohibition of Nasī' would presumably have been announced when the intercalated month had returned to its position just before the month of Nasi' began. If Nasī' meant intercalation, then the number and the position of the intercalary months between AH 1 and AH 10 are uncertain; western calendar dates commonly cited for key events in early Islam such as the [[Hegira|Hijra]], the [[Battle of Badr]], the [[Battle of Uhud]] and the [[Battle of the Trench]] should be viewed with caution as they might be in error by one, two, three or even four lunar months. This prohibition was mentioned by Muhammad during the [[The Farewell Sermon|farewell sermon]] which was delivered on 9 Dhu al-Hijjah AH 10 (Julian date Friday 6 March 632 CE) on [[Mount Arafat]] during the [[The Farewell Pilgrimage|farewell pilgrimage]] to Mecca.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

{{blockquote|Certainly the Nasi' is an impious addition, which has led the infidels into error. One year they authorise the Nasi', another year they forbid it. They observe the divine precept with respect to the number of the sacred months, but in fact they profane that which God has declared to be inviolable, and sanctify that which God has declared to be profane. Assuredly time, in its revolution, has returned to such as it was at the creation of the heavens and the earth. In the eyes of God the number of the months is twelve. Among these twelve months four are sacred, namely, Rajab, which stands alone, and three others which are consecutive.|Translated by Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby<ref>Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, ''[https://archive.org/details/elementsofjewish00burnuoft Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars]'' (London: 1901) 370.</ref>}}

The three successive sacred (forbidden) months mentioned by Muhammad (months in which battles are forbidden) are [[Dhu al-Qadah|Dhu al-Qa'dah]], [[Dhu al-Hijjah]], and [[Muharram]], months 11, 12, and 1 respectively. The single forbidden month is [[Rajab]], month 7. These months were considered forbidden both within the new Islamic calendar and within the old pagan Meccan calendar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Islamic New Year: To celebrate, or not to celebrate? |url=https://nation.com.pk/05-Oct-2016/islamic-new-year-to-celebrate-or-not-to-celebrate |work=The Nation |date=5 October 2016 |language=en |access-date=20 August 2020 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810091710/https://nation.com.pk/05-Oct-2016/islamic-new-year-to-celebrate-or-not-to-celebrate |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="EI2-Tarikh"/><ref>{{cite news |title=The four sacred months |url=https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/152932 |work=Saudigazette |date=15 April 2016 |language=en |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810220521/https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/152932 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Muharram 2020: Al Hijri date, significance of the Islamic New Year |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/muharram-2020-al-hijri-date-and-significance-of-the-islamic-new-year/story-XfqdLHudDcI20RVWKQtOzL.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=20 August 2020 |language=en |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821071634/https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/muharram-2020-al-hijri-date-and-significance-of-the-islamic-new-year/story-XfqdLHudDcI20RVWKQtOzL.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The beginning of a new Islamic year |url=https://gulf-times.com/story/671105/The-beginning-of-a-new-Islamic-year |website=Gulf-Times |language=ar |date=20 August 2020 |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821072520/https://gulf-times.com/story/671105/The-beginning-of-a-new-Islamic-year |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Days of the week==
Traditionally, the Islamic day begins at sunset and ends at the next sunset. Each Islamic day thus begins at nightfall and ends at the end of daylight.

The days in the seven-day week are, with the exception of the last two days, named after their ordinal place in the week.

On the sixth day of the week, the "gathering day" ({{transliteration|ar|Yawm al-Jumʿah}}), Muslims assemble for the Friday-prayer at a local mosque at noon. The "gathering day" is often regarded as the weekly day off. This is frequently made official, with many Muslim countries adopting Friday and Saturday (e.g. Egypt, Saudi Arabia) or Thursday and Friday as official [[weekends]], during which offices are closed; other countries (e.g. Iran) choose to make Friday alone a day of rest. A few others (e.g. Indonesia, Turkey, Pakistan, Morocco, Nigeria, Malaysia) have adopted the Saturday-Sunday weekend while making Friday a working day with a long midday break to allow time off for worship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkish PM moves to adjust noon break for Friday prayer |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkish-pm-moves-to-adjust-noon-break-for-friday-prayer/500814 |access-date=25 February 2026|website=AA.com.tr|agency=[[Anadolu Agency|Anadolu]]|date=5 January 2016}}</ref>

{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! No. !! Name !! Arabic !! Meaning !! English equivalent
|-
| 1 || al-ʾAḥad || style="direction:rtl;" | {{script/Arabic|ٱلْأَحَد}} || the One || Saturday night and Sunday daytime
|-
| 2 || al-Ithnayn || style="direction:rtl;" | {{script/Arabic|الاِثْنَيْن}} || the Second || Sunday night and Monday daytime
|-
| 3 || ath-Thulāthāʾ || style="direction:rtl;" | {{script/Arabic|ٱلثُّلَاثَاء}} || the Third || Monday night and Tuesday daytime
|-
| 4 || al-ʾArbiʿāʾ || style="direction:rtl;" | {{script/Arabic|ٱلْأَرْبِعَاء}} || the Fourth || Tuesday night and Wednesday daytime
|-
| 5 || al-Khamīs || style="direction:rtl;" | {{script/Arabic|ٱلْخَمِيس}} || the Fifth || Wednesday night and Thursday daytime
|-
| 6 || al-Jumʿah || style="direction:rtl;" | {{script/Arabic|ٱلْجُمْعَة}} || the Gathering || Thursday night and Friday daytime
|-
| 7 || as-Sabt || style="direction:rtl;" | {{script/Arabic|ٱلسَّبْت}} || [[Sabbath#Islam|the Rest]] || Friday night and Saturday daytime
|}

==Months ==
Each month of the Islamic calendar commences on the birth of the new lunar cycle.<ref name="Navy Almanac" /> Traditionally, this is based on actual observation of the moon's crescent ("'''{{transliteration|ar|hilal}}'''"), marking the end of the previous lunar cycle and hence the previous month, thereby beginning the new month.<ref>{{cite web |URL=https://www.muslimpro.com/crescent-moon-sighting-and-its-significance-for-ramadan/ |title=Crescent Moon Sighting and Its Significance for Ramadan |author=Ustazah Eka Budhi Setiani |website=Muslim Pro}}</ref> Consequently, each month can have 29 or 30 days depending on the visibility of the Moon, astronomical positioning of the Earth and weather conditions.{{efn|Certain sects and groups, most notably Bohras Muslims namely [[Alavi Bohras|Alavis]], [[Dawoodi Bohra|Dawoodis]] and [[Sulaymani]]s and [[Shia]] [[Ismaili]] Muslims, use a [[tabular Islamic calendar]] in which odd-numbered months have 30 days and even months have 29, except that the twelfth month has 30 days in a leap year. However this article is about the calendar used by Sunni Islam, in which there are no explicit leap years.}}

Four of the twelve Hijri months are considered sacred: {{transliteration|ar|Rajab}} (7), and the three consecutive months of {{transliteration|ar|Dhū al-Qa'dah}} (11), {{transliteration|ar|Dhu al-Ḥijjah}} (12) and {{transliteration|ar|Muḥarram}} (1), in which battles are forbidden.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/054-sbt.php#004.054.419|title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement|publisher=usc.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828004318/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/054-sbt.php#004.054.419|archive-date=28 August 2014}}</ref>

{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center"
|+{{Legend|#D0F0C0|[[Sacred months]]|outline=grey|size=20px}}
! scope="col" width="20" | No.
! scope="col" width="130" | Name
! scope="col" width="80" | Arabic
! scope="col" width="140" | Meaning
! Note
|-

|style="background:#D0F0C0; text-align:center;" | 1 ||style="background:#D0F0C0; text-align:center;" |[[Muharram|{{transliteration|ar|al-Muḥarram}}]] ||style="background:#D0F0C0; text-align:center;" | {{lang|ar|ٱلْمُحَرَّم}} ||style="background:#D0F0C0; text-align:center;" | forbidden ||style="background:#D0F0C0; text-align:center;" | A sacred month, so called because battle and all kinds of fighting are forbidden ({{transliteration|ar|ḥarām}}) during this month. Muharram includes [[Ashura]], the tenth day.
|-
| 2 || [[Safar|{{transliteration|ar|Ṣafar}}]] || {{lang|ar|صَفَر}} || void || Supposedly named this because pre-Islamic Arab houses were empty this time of year while their occupants gathered food.
|-
| 3 || [[Rabi' al-Awwal|{{transliteration|ar|Rabīʿ al-ʾAwwal}}]] || {{lang|ar|رَبِيع ٱلْأَوَّل}} || the first spring || Also means to graze, because cattle were grazed during this month. Also a very holy month of celebration for many Muslims, as it was the month Muhammad was born.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minhaj.org/english/tid/9813/The-significance-of-the-12th-of-Rabi-al-Awwal.html|last=Hanif|first=Muhammad|title=The significance of the 12th of Rabi al – Awwal|date=18 February 2010|website=Minhaj – ul – Quran|access-date=14 June 2016|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115023729/https://www.minhaj.org/english/tid/9813/The-significance-of-the-12th-of-Rabi-al-Awwal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || [[Rabi' al-Thani|{{transliteration|ar|Rabīʿ ath-Thānī}}]] or {{transliteration|ar|Rabīʿ al-ʾĀkhir}} || {{lang|ar|رَبِيع ٱلثَّانِي}} or {{lang|ar|رَبِيع ٱلْآخِر}} || the second spring, the last spring ||
|-
| 5 || [[Jumada al-awwal|{{transliteration|ar|Jumādā al-ʾŪlā}}]] || {{lang|ar|جُمَادَىٰ ٱلْأُولَىٰ}} || the first of parched land || Often considered the pre-Islamic summer. {{transliteration|ar|Jumādā}} may also be related to a verb meaning "to freeze" and another account relates that water would freeze during this time of year.
|-
| 6 || [[Jumada al-Thani|{{transliteration|ar|Jumādā ath-Thāniyah}}]] or {{transliteration|ar|Jumādā al-ʾĀkhirah}} || {{lang|ar|جُمَادَىٰ ٱلثَّانِيَة}} or {{lang|ar|جُمَادَىٰ ٱلْآخِرَة}} || the second of parched land, the last of parched land ||
|-
|style="background:#D0F0C0; text-align:center;" | 7 ||style="background:#D0F0C0; text-align:center;" | {{transliteration|ar|[[Rajab]]}} ||style="background:#D0F0C0; text-align:center;" | {{lang|ar|رَجَب}} ||style="background:#D0F0C0; text-align:center;" | respect, honour ||style="background:#D0F0C0; text-align:center;" | This is the second sacred month in which fighting is forbidden. {{transliteration|ar|Rajab}} may also be related to a verb meaning "to remove", so called because pre-Islamic Arabs would remove the heads of their spears and refrain from fighting.
|-
| 8 || [[Sha'ban|{{transliteration|ar|Shaʿbān}}]] || {{lang|ar|شَعْبَان}} || scattered || Marked the time of year when Arab tribes dispersed to find water. {{transliteration|ar|Sha‘bān}} may also be related to a verb meaning "to be in between two things". Another account relates that it was called thus because the month lies between Rajab and Ramadan.
|-
| 9 || [[Ramadan (calendar month)|{{transliteration|ar|Ramaḍān}}]] || {{lang|ar|رَمَضَان}} || burning heat || Burning is related to fasting as with an empty stomach one's worldly desire will burn.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} Supposedly so called because of high temperatures caused by the excessive heat of the sun.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} {{transliteration|ar|Ramaḍān}} is the most venerated month of the Hijri calendar. During this time, Muslims must [[fasting|fast]] and not do anything sinful from pre-dawn until sunset and should [[Zakat al-Fitr|give charity to the poor and needy]].
|-
| 10 || [[Shawwal|{{transliteration|ar|Shawwāl}}]] || {{lang|ar|شَوَّال}} || raised || Female [[camel]]s would normally be in calf at this time of year and raise their tails. At the first day of this month, the [[Eid al-Fitr]], "Festival of Breaking the Fast" begins, marking the end of [[fasting]] and the end of Ramadan.
|-
|style="background:#D0F0C0; text-align:center;" | 11 ||style="background:#D0F0C0; text-align:center;" | [[Dhu al-Qadah|{{transliteration|ar|Ḏū al-Qaʿdah}}]] ||style="background:#D0F0C0; text-align:center;" | {{lang|ar|ذُو ٱلْقَعْدَة}} ||style="background:#D0F0C0; text-align:center;" | the one of truce/sitting ||style="background:#D0F0C0; text-align:center;" | This is a holy month during which war is banned. People are allowed to defend themselves if attacked.
|-
|style="background:#D0F0C0; text-align:center;" | 12 ||style="background:#D0F0C0; text-align:center;" | [[Dhu al-Hijjah|{{transliteration|ar|Ḏū al-Ḥijjah}}]] ||style="background:#D0F0C0; text-align:center;" | {{lang|ar|ذُو ٱلْحِجَّة}} ||style="background:#D0F0C0; text-align:center;" | the one of pilgrimage ||style="background:#D0F0C0; text-align:center;" |During this month Muslim pilgrims from all around the world congregate at [[Mecca]] to visit the [[Kaaba]]. The Hajj is performed on the eighth, ninth and the tenth of this month. [[Day of Arafah]] takes place on the ninth of the month. [[Eid al-Adha]], the "Festival of the Sacrifice", begins on the tenth day and ends on the thirteenth, and this is a fourth holy month during which war is banned.
|}

=== Alternative names ===

==== Afghan lunar calendar ====
The "Afghan lunar calendar" refers to two distinct naming systems for the months of the Hijri calendar, one of which was used by the [[Pashtuns]] and the other by the [[Hazaras]]. They were in use until the time of [[Amanullah Khan]]'s reign, when the usage of the [[Solar Hijri Calendar]] was formalized across Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klaus |first=Ferdinand |date=1959 |title=Preliminary notes on Hazāra culture: The Danish Scientific Mission to Afghanistan 1953–55 |url=https://www.royalacademy.dk/Publications/Low/632_Ferdinand,%20Klaus.pdf |journal={{Interlanguage link|Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser|qid=Q100906806}} |publisher=[[Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters]] |publication-place=Copenhagen |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=44–46 |quote=Until the time of Amānullāh, the Hazāras used the following terms to indicate the Mohammedan lunar months: ''Ashur'', (...) ''Safar'', ''Algho-i-awwal'', ''Algho-i-doyum'', ''Algho-i-seyum'', ''Algho-i-chārum'', ''Rejāb'', ''Shabo'', ''Ramazo'', ''Id mah'', ''Khāli'', ''Qurbo''.}}</ref><ref>{{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|year=1990|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/calendars#prettyPhoto[content]/20/|access-date=7 April 2024|first=Daniel|last=Balland|title=The Afghan lunar calendar}} "Pashto: Ḥasan-o-Ḥosayn, Ṣafara, Lumṛəy ḵо̄r, Dwayəma ḵо̄r, Drēyəma ḵо̄r, Calarəma ḵо̄r, Ḵodāytaʻālā myāšt, Barāt, Rо̄ža, Waṛakay aḵtar, Mīānī, Lо̄y aḵtar. Hazāragī: ʻĀšūr, Ṣafar, Alḡо̄-ye awwal, Alḡо̄-ye dovvom, Alḡо̄-ye sevvom, Alḡо̄-ye čahārom, Rajab, Ša'bо̄, Ramażо̄, ʻĪd, Ḵālī, Qorbо̄."</ref>

With effect from March 2022, the [[Government of Afghanistan]] has formally ceased use Solar Hijri calendar in favour of the Lunar Hijri calendar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 2022 |title=Taliban Changes Solar Year to Hijri Lunar Calendar |url=https://8am.af/eng/taliban-changes-solar-year-to-hijri-lunar-calendar/ |access-date=4 September 2022 |work=Hasht-e Subh Daily |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904224713/https://8am.af/eng/taliban-changes-solar-year-to-hijri-lunar-calendar/ |archive-date=4 September 2022}}</ref>{{disputed inline|talk=Talk:Solar Hijri calendar#Use in Afghanistan|date=August 2025}}

==== Turki lunar calendar ====
In [[Xinjiang]], the [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] Muslims traditionally had different names for the months of the Hijri calendar, which were in use until the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raquette |first=Gösta |author-link=Gösta Raquette |title=Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen an der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |date=1912 |publisher={{ill|Georg Reimer publishing house|de|Verlag Georg Reimer}} |editor-last=Sachau |editor-first=Eduard |editor-link=Eduard Sachau |series=Part 2: Westasiatische Studien [West Asian Studies] |volume=15 |location=Berlin |pages=179–183 |trans-title=Notices from the Seminar for Oriental Languages at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin |chapter=Eastern Turki Grammar |quote=The Mohammedans only employ the Chinese system in documents to be presented before the Chinese authorities, otherwise they keep to their own. They have a Lunar year[.] (...) It has 12 months with 29 or 30 days. Their names, corresponding to the Arabic ones, (...) are as follows: {{lang|chg-Arab|عشور آی}} ''ʾä̬šu̬r ay'', {{lang|chg-Arab|صفر آی}} ''säpär ay'', {{lang|chg-Arab|صفر قوشنەسی}} ''säpär qošnä̬sı̬̊'', {{lang|chg-Arab|جمادی‌الاول}} ''ǰämadi ulä̬vä̬l'', {{lang|chg-Arab|جمادی‌الآخر}} ''ǰämadi ulaχir'', {{lang|chg-Arab|تلاش آی}} ''talaš ay'', {{lang|chg-Arab|دعا آی}} ''dʾu̥ā ay'', {{lang|chg-Arab|براعت آی}} ''baraʾt ay'', {{lang|chg-Arab|روزە آی}} ''roze ay'', {{lang|chg-Arab|عید آی}} ''ʾä̬yd ay'', {{lang|chg-Arab|آرا آی}} ''ārḁ ay'', {{lang|chg-Arab|عید قربان آی}} ''ʾä̬ydqurban ay''.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Forsyth |first=Thomas Douglas |author-link=Thomas Douglas Forsyth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpDxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA512 |title=Report of a Mission to Yarkund in 1873, Under Command of Sir T. D. Forsyth: With Historical and Geographical Information Regarding the Possessions of the Ameer of Yarkund |date=1875 |publisher={{ill|Books on Demand (publisher)|fr|Books on Demand|lt=Books on Demand}} |page=512 |language=en |quote=The [c]alendar (...) is the same as the Muhammadan Almanac, the months and year being lunar[.] (...) The names of the lunar months and their corresponding Arabic ones are these: 'Ashúr Ay = Muharram. Safar Ay = Safar. Safar Coshini Ay = Rabí'ulawwal. Jamádí-ul-awwal = Rabí-'uth-thání. Jamádí-ul-ákhir = Jamádí-ul-awwal. Talásh Ay = Jamádí-uth-thání. Duá Ay = Rajab. Barát Ay = Sha'bán. Roza Ay = Ramazán. Hít (Íd) Ay = Shawál. Ará Ay = Zi Ca'da. Hít Cúrbán Ay = Zi Híjja. |via=[[Google Books]]}} (reprint {{isbn|978-3-385-25329-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2014 |title=ھىجرىيە يىلنامىسى ھەققىدە قىسقىچە چۈشەنچە |trans-title=A brief description of the Hijri calendar |url=http://uyghur.chinaislam.net.cn/zongjiaoyuwenhua/yisilanzhishizhuji/201407/26-6524.html |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=[[Islamic Association of China]] |language=ug}}</ref> These names were collectively referred to as the "Turki lunar year" or "Turki lunar calendar".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schwarz |first=Henry G. |url=https://cedar.wwu.edu/easpress/30/ |title=An Uyghur-English Dictionary |date=1992 |publisher=East Asian Studies Press |location=Bellingham, Washington |pages=1073–1074 |chapter=Calendars |volume=East Asian Research Aids & Translations, 3 |doi=10.25710/c1bm-2e85 |oclc=26635636 |quote=Turki Lunar Year: aşur ay, säpär ay, säpär qoşnisi, jamadi ulaval, jamadi ulaxir, talaş ay, du'a ay, barat ay, roza ay, heyt ay, ara ay, aydi qurban ay. |chapter-url=https://cedar.wwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?filename=4&article=1029&context=easpress&type=additional |chapter-format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Schluessel |first=Eric |url=http://niko.qalaymiqan.com/eastern_turki_glossary/ |title=Digital Glossary of Eastern Turki |date=2015 |chapter=Turki lunar year |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" |Arabic name
! colspan="2" |Uyghur name
! rowspan="2" |Pashto name
! rowspan="2" |Hazaragi name
|-
![[Chagatai language|Chagatay]]
!Modern Uyghur
|-
|1
|{{langx|ar|المحرم|italic=no|translit=al-muḥarram|label=none}}
|{{langx|chg-Arab|عشور ای|translit=äşûr ay|label=none}}
|{{langx|ug-Arab|ئەشۇر ئاي|translit=eshur ay|label=none}}
|{{Langx|ps|حسن او حسین|translit=hasan aw husayn|label=none|italic=no}}
|{{Langx|fa|عاشور|label=none|translit=āšūr}}
|-
|2
|{{langx|ar|صفر|italic=no|translit=ṣafar|label=none}}
|{{langx|chg-Arab|صفر ای|translit=säfär ay|label=none}}
|{{langx|ug-Arab|سەپەر ئاي|translit=seper ay|label=none}}
|{{Langx|ps|صفره|translit=safara|label=none|italic=no}}
|{{Langx|fa|صفر|label=none|translit=safar}}
|-
|3
|{{langx|ar|ربيع الأول|italic=no|translit=rabīʿa l-ʾawwal|label=none}}
or

{{langx|ar|ربيع الأولى|italic=no|translit=rabīʿa l-ʾūlā|label=none}}
|{{langx|chg-Arab|صفر قوشنیسی|translit=säfär qoşnısı|label=none}}
|{{langx|ug-Arab|سەپەر قوشنىسى|translit=seper qoshnisi|label=none}}
|{{Langx|ps|لومړۍ خور|translit=lūmṛəy xor|label=none|italic=no}}
|{{Langx|fa|الغوی اول|label=none|translit=alğō-yi awwal}}
|-
|4
|{{langx|ar|ربيع الثاني|italic=no|translit=rabīʿa th-thānī|label=none}}
or

{{langx|ar|ربيع الآخر|italic=no|translit=rabīʿa l-ʾākhir|label=none}}
|{{langx|chg-Arab|جمادی‌الاول|translit=cämâdiyyul-ävväl|label=none}}
|{{langx|ug-Arab|جەمادىئۇل-ئەۋۋەل|translit=jemadiul-ewwel|label=none}}
|{{Langx|ps|دويمه خور|translit=dwayəma xor|label=none|italic=no}}
|{{Langx|fa|الغوی دویم|label=none|translit=alğō-yi duyum}}
|-
|5
|{{langx|ar|جمادى الأول|italic=no|translit=jumādā l-ʾawwal|label=none}}
or

{{langx|ar|جمادى الأولى|italic=no|translit=jumādā l-ʾūlā|label=none}}
|{{langx|chg-Arab|جمادی‌الآخر|translit=cämâdiyyul-âxir|label=none}}
|{{langx|ug-Arab|جەمادىئۇل-ئاخىر|translit=jemadiul-axir|label=none}}
|{{Langx|ps|درېيمه خور|translit=dreyəma xor|label=none|italic=no}}
|{{Langx|fa|الغوی سیم|label=none|translit=alğō-yi seyum}}
|-
|6
|{{langx|ar|جمادى الثانية|italic=no|translit=jumādā th-thāniyah|label=none}}
or

{{langx|ar|جمادى الآخرة|italic=no|translit=jumādā l-ʾākhirah|label=none}}
|{{langx|chg-Arab|تلاش ای|translit=talaş ay|label=none}}
|{{langx|ug-Arab|تالاش ئاي|translit=talash ay|label=none}}
|{{Langx|ps|څلرمه خور|translit=tsalarəma xor|label=none|italic=no}}
|{{Langx|fa|الغوی چارم|label=none|translit=alğō-yi čārum}}
|-
|7
|{{langx|ar|رجب|italic=no|translit=rajab|label=none}}
|{{langx|chg-Arab|دعا ای|translit=duâ ay|label=none}}
|{{langx|ug-Arab|دۇئا ئاي|translit=dua ay|label=none}}
|{{Langx|ps|خدای تعالی مياشت|translit=xudāy taālā myāšt|label=none|italic=no}}
|{{Langx|fa|رجب|label=none|translit=rajab}}
|-
|8
|{{langx|ar|شعبان|italic=no|translit=shaʿbān|label=none}}
|{{langx|chg-Arab|برائت ای|translit=bärâät ay|label=none}}
or

{{langx|chg-Arab|برات ای|translit=bärât ay|label=none}}
|{{langx|ug-Arab|بارات ئاي|translit=barat ay|label=none}}
|{{Langx|ps|برات|translit=barāt|label=none|italic=no}}
|{{Langx|fa|شعبو|label=none|translit=ša'bō}}
|-
|9
|{{langx|ar|رمضان|italic=no|translit=ramaḍān|label=none}}
|{{langx|chg-Arab|روزە ای|translit=rôzä ay|label=none}}
|{{langx|ug-Arab|روزا ئاي|translit=roza ay|label=none}}
|{{Langx|ps|روژه|translit=roža|label=none|italic=no}}
|{{Langx|fa|رمضو|label=none|translit=ramazō}}
|-
|10
|{{langx|ar|شوال|italic=no|translit=shawwāl|label=none}}
|{{langx|chg-Arab|عید ای|translit=ayd ay|label=none}}
|{{langx|ug-Arab|ھېيت ئاي|translit=hëyt ay|label=none}}
|{{Langx|ps|وړکی اختر|translit=waṛakay axtar|label=none|italic=no}}
|{{Langx|fa|عید|label=none|translit=īd}}
|-
|11
|{{langx|ar|ذو القعدة|italic=no|translit=ḏū l-qaʿdah|label=none}}
|{{langx|chg-Arab|آرا ای|translit=ara ay|label=none}}
|{{langx|ug-Arab|ئارا ئاي|translit=ara ay|label=none}}
|{{Langx|ps|مياني|translit=miyānī|label=none|italic=no}}
|{{Langx|fa|خالی|label=none|translit=xālī}}
|-
|12
|{{langx|ar|ذو الحجة|italic=no|translit=ḏū l-ḥijjah|label=none}}
|{{langx|chg-Arab|عید قربان ای|translit=aydi-qurbân ay|label=none}}
|{{langx|ug-Arab|ھېيتى-قۇربان ئاي|translit=hëyti-qurban ay|label=none}}
|{{Langx|ps|لوی اختر|translit=loy axtar|label=none|italic=no}}
|{{Langx|fa|قربو|label=none|translit=qurbō}}
|}

=== Alternative order ===
[[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia]] Muslims believe the [[Islamic New Year|Islamic new year]] and first month of the Hijri calendar is Rabi' al-Awwal rather than Muharram, due to it being the month in which the [[Hijrah]] took place.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-Hilli |first=Mohammed |date=22 September 2021 |title=Muharram May Not Be The Start Of The Islamic Hijri New Year |url=https://www.al-islam.org/media/muharram-may-not-be-start-islamic-hijri-new-year |access-date=13 April 2024 |website=[[Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project]]}}</ref> This has led to difference regarding description of the years in which some events took place, such as the Muharram-occurring [[battle of Karbala]], which Shias say took place in 60 AH, while [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]] say it took place in 61 AH.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rizvi |first=Sa'eed Akhtar |author-link=Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi |date=1401 |title=Martyrdom of Imam Husayn and the Muslim and Jewish Calendars |url=https://www.al-islam.org/al-serat/vol-6-no-3-4-1401ah/martyrdom-imam-husayn-and-muslim-and-jewish-calendars-sayyid-saeed-0 |journal=Al-Serat (A Journal of Islamic Studies) |volume=6 |issue=3–4 |access-date=13 April 2024 |via=[[Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project]]}}</ref>

==Length of year==
The mean duration of a [[tropical year]] is 365.24219 days, while the long-term average duration of a [[lunar month#Synodic month|synodic month]] is 29.530587981 days. Thus the average lunar year (twelve new moons) is 10.87513 days shorter than the average solar year (365.24219 &minus; (12 × 29.530587981)), causing months of the Hijri calendar to advance about eleven days earlier each year, relative to the equinoxes.{{efn|The precise number varies, depending on the length of the [[synodic month]] (the time it takes the Moon to reach the same visual [[lunar phase|phase]]. This varies notably throughout the year.<ref name="AA">Jean Meeus, ''Astronomical Algorithms'' (Richmond, VA: Willmann-Bell, 1998) p 354. From 1900–2100, the shortest time from one new moon to the next is 29&nbsp;days, 6&nbsp;hours, and 35&nbsp;min, and the longest 29&nbsp;days, 19&nbsp;hours, and 55&nbsp;min.</ref>)}} "As a result," says the ''[[Astronomical Almanac]]'', "the cycle of twelve lunar months regresses through the seasons over a period of about 33 &#91;[[tropical year|solar]]&#93; years".<ref name="Navy Almanac">{{Cite book|title=Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac |last=Richards |first=E. G. |publisher=University Science Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-891389-85-6 |editor-last=Urban |editor-first=Sean E. |location=Mill Valley, CA |pages=606 |chapter=Calendars |editor-last2=Seidelmann |editor-first2=P. Kenneth |chapter-url=http://aa.usno.navy.mil/publications/docs/c15_usb_online.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430134555/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/publications/docs/c15_usb_online.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2019}}</ref>{{efn|This means that there are 34 Hijri years to 33 Gregorian years.}}

== Year numbering ==
{{Main|Hijri era}}

In pre-Islamic Arabia, it was customary to identify a year after a major event which took place in it. Thus, according to Islamic tradition, [[Abraha]], governor of Yemen, then a province of the Christian [[Kingdom of Aksum]] of [[Northeast Africa]] and [[South Arabia]], attempted to destroy the [[Kaaba]] with an army which included several elephants. The raid was unsuccessful, but that year became known as the ''[[Year of the Elephant]]'', during which Muhammad was born (surah [[al-Fil]]). Most equate this to the year 570 CE, but a minority use 571 CE.

The first ten years of the Hijra were not numbered, but were named after events in the life of Muhammad according to [[al-Biruni]]:<ref>Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, [https://archive.org/details/elementsofjewish00burnuoft ''Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars''] (1901) 376.</ref>
# The year of permission.
# The year of the order of fighting.
# The year of the trial.
# The year of congratulation on marriage.
# The year of the earthquake.
# The year of enquiring.
# The year of gaining victory.
# The year of equality.
# The year of exemption.
# The year of farewell.

In {{Circa|638}} (17 AH), [[Abu Musa al-Ash'ari]], one of the officials of the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashid Caliph]] [[Umar]] ({{Reign|634|644}}) in [[Basra]], complained about the absence of any years on the correspondence he received from Umar, making it difficult for him to determine which instructions were most recent. This report convinced Umar of the need to introduce an era for Muslims. After debating the issue with his counsellors, he decided that the first year should be the year of Muhammad's arrival at Medina (known as Yathrib, before Muhammad's arrival).<ref>{{cite book | last1=Tillier | first1=Mathieu | chapter=Recording debts in Sufyānid Fusṭāṭ: a reexamination of the procedures and calendar in use in the first/seventh century | date=2019-04-11 | editor-last=Tolan | editor-first=John | title=Geneses: A comparative study of the historiographies of the rise of Christianity, Rabbinic Judaism, and Islam | pages=148–188 | location=New York | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-1-351-11331-1 | last2=Vanthieghem | first2=Naïm | doi=10.4324/9781351113311-8 | url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02308264/file/Tillier-Vanthieghem-Recording%20debts-DEF.pdf | id={{HAL archive link|halshs-02308264v1}} | chapter-url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02308264/file/Tillier-Vanthieghem-Recording%20debts-DEF.pdf}}</ref> [[Uthman]] then suggested that the months begin with Muharram, in line with the established custom of the Arabs at that time. The years of the Islamic calendar thus began with the month of Muharram in the year of Muhammad's arrival at the city of Medina, even though the actual emigration took place in Safar and Rabi' I of the intercalated calendar, two months before the commencement of Muharram in the new fixed calendar.<ref name="WH"/> Because of the Hijra, the calendar was named the Hijri calendar.

F A Shamsi (1984) postulated that the Arabic calendar was never intercalated. According to him, the first day of the first month of the new fixed Islamic calendar (1 Muharram AH 1) was no different from what was observed at the time. The day the Prophet moved from Quba' to Medina was originally 26 Rabi' I on the pre-Islamic calendar.<ref>''Chronology of Prophetic Events'', Fazlur Rehman Shaikh (2001) p.52 Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd.</ref> 1 Muharram of the new fixed calendar corresponded to Friday, 16 July 622 CE, the equivalent civil tabular date (same daylight period) in the [[Julian calendar]].<ref>Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, [https://archive.org/details/elementsofjewish00burnuoft ''Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars''] (1901) pp. 373–5, 382–4.</ref><ref>{{cite book | chapter=Table 1.2 Epochs for various calendars | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cK1XDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 | page=17 | title=Calendrical Calculations | edition=Third | oclc=1137352777 | publisher=O'Reilly | first1=Nachum | last1=Dershowitz | first2=Edward | last2=Reingold | date=2018 | isbn=9781108546935 | access-date=21 March 2023 | archive-date=24 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424000945/https://books.google.com/books?id=cK1XDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 | url-status=live}}</ref> The Islamic day began at the preceding sunset on the evening of 15 July. This Julian date (16 July) was determined by [[Astronomy in medieval Islam|medieval Muslim astronomers]] by projecting back in time their own [[tabular Islamic calendar]], which had alternating 30- and 29-day months in each lunar year plus eleven leap days every 30 years. For example, al-Biruni mentioned this Julian date in the year 1000 CE.<ref>al-Biruni, ''The chronology of ancient nations'', tr. [[C. Edward Sachau]] (1000/1879) 327.</ref> Although not used by either medieval Muslim astronomers or modern scholars to determine the Islamic epoch, the thin [[Lunar phase|crescent moon]] would have also first become visible (assuming clouds did not obscure it) shortly after the preceding sunset on the evening of 15 July, 1.5 days after the associated [[dark moon]] (astronomical [[new moon]]) on the morning of 14 July.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/phase/phases0601.html | title=NASA phases of the moon 601–700 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008214455/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/phase/phases0601.html | archive-date=8 October 2010}}</ref>

Though [[Michael Cook (historian)|Michael Cook]] and [[Patricia Crone]] in their book ''[[Hagarism]]'' cite a coin from AH 17, the first surviving attested use of a Hijri calendar date alongside a date in another calendar ([[Coptic calendar|Coptic]]) is on a [[papyrus]] from [[Egypt]] in AH 22, [[PERF 558]].

==Astronomical considerations==
{{more citations needed section|date=October 2016}}
Due to the Islamic calendar's reliance on certain variable methods of observation to determine its month-start-dates, these dates sometimes vary slightly from the month-start-dates of the astronomical lunar calendar,{{Which|date=September 2022}} which are based directly on astronomical calculations. Still, the Islamic calendar roughly approximates the astronomical-lunar-calendar system, seldom varying by more than three days from it. Both the Islamic calendar and the astronomical-lunar-calendar take no account of the [[solar year]] in their calculations, and thus both of these strictly lunar based calendar systems have no ability to reckon the timing of the four seasons of the year.

In the astronomical-lunar-calendar system, a year of 12 lunar months is 354.37 days long. In this calendar system, lunar months begin precisely at the time of the monthly "conjunction", when the Moon is located most directly between the Earth and the Sun. The month is defined as the average duration of a revolution of the Moon around the Earth (29.53 days). By convention, months of 30 days and 29 days succeed each other, adding up over two successive months to 59 full days. This leaves only a small monthly variation of 44 minutes to account for, which adds up to a total of 24 hours (i.e., the equivalent of one full day) in 2.73 years. To settle accounts, it is sufficient to add one day every three years to the lunar calendar, in the same way that one adds one day to the Gregorian calendar every four years.<ref>Emile Biémont, Rythmes du temps, Astronomie et calendriers, De Borck, 2000, 393p.</ref> The technical details of the adjustment are described in [[Tabular Islamic calendar]].

The Islamic calendar, however, is based on a different set of conventions being used for the determination of the month-start-dates.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tabsir.net/?p=633#more-633 |website=tabsir.net |title=Issues in the Islamic Calendar |first=Khalid |last=Chraibi |date=16 August 2008 |access-date=18 August 2008 |archive-date=6 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006083025/http://tabsir.net/?p=633#more-633 |url-status=live }}</ref> Each month still has either 29 or 30 days, but due to the variable method of observations employed, there is usually no discernible order in the sequencing of either 29 or 30-day month lengths. Traditionally, the first day of each month is the day (beginning at sunset) of the first sighting of the ''hilal'' (crescent moon) shortly after sunset. If the ''hilal'' is not observed immediately after the 29th day of a month (either because clouds block its view or because the western sky is still too bright when the moon sets), then the day that begins at that sunset is the 30th. Such a sighting has to be made by one or more trustworthy men testifying before a committee of Muslim leaders. Determining the most likely day that the ''hilal'' could be observed was a motivation for Muslim interest in astronomy, which put Islam in the forefront of that science for many centuries. Still, due to the fact that both lunar reckoning systems are ultimately based on the lunar cycle itself, both systems still do roughly correspond to one another, never being more than three days out of synchronisation with one another.
[[File:استهلال ماه رمضان در شهر قم، عکاس مصطفی معراجی، بلندی های بوستان علوی قم 12.jpg|alt=One man watches another, who looks through a modern telescope|thumb|Muslim clerics observe the moon.]]

This traditional practice for the determination of the start-date of the month is still followed in the overwhelming majority of Muslim countries. For instance, [[Saudi Arabia]] uses the sighting method to determine the beginning of each month of the Hijri calendar. Since AH 1419 (1998/99), several official ''hilal'' sighting committees have been set up by the government to determine the first visual sighting of the lunar crescent at the beginning of each lunar month. Nevertheless, the religious authorities also allow the testimony of less experienced observers and thus often announce the sighting of the lunar crescent on a date when none of the official committees could see it.

Each Islamic state proceeds with its own monthly observation of the new moon (or, failing that, awaits the completion of 30 days) before declaring the beginning of a new month on its territory. However, the lunar crescent becomes visible only some 17 hours after the conjunction, and only subject to the existence of a number of favourable conditions relative to weather, time, geographic location, as well as various astronomical parameters.<ref>Karim Meziane et [[Nidhal Guessoum]]: La visibilité du croissant lunaire et le ramadan, La Recherche n° 316, janvier 1999, pp. 66–71.</ref> Given the fact that the moon sets progressively later than the sun as one goes west, with a corresponding increase in its "age" since conjunction, Western Muslim countries may, under favorable conditions, observe the new moon one day earlier than eastern Muslim countries. Due to the interplay of all these factors, the beginning of each month differs from one Muslim country to another, during the 48-hour period following the conjunction. The information provided by the calendar in any country does not extend beyond the current month.

A number of Muslim countries try to overcome some of these difficulties by applying different astronomy-related rules to determine the beginning of months. Thus, [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], and a few others begin each month at sunset on the first day that the moon sets after the sun (moonset after sunset). In Egypt, the month begins at sunset on the first day that the moon sets at least five minutes after the sun. A detailed analysis of the available data shows, however, that there are major discrepancies between what countries say they do on this subject, and what they actually do. In some instances, what a country says it does is impossible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moonsighting.com/calculation-or-sighting.html|title=Calculations or Sighting for starting an Islamic month|website=www.moonsighting.com|access-date=16 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508214424/http://www.moonsighting.com/calculation-or-sighting.html|archive-date=8 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oumma.com/Le-mois-islamique-est-il-universel|title=Le mois islamique est-il universel ou national ?|author=Oumma|date=23 June 2010|work=Oumma|access-date=20 September 2010|archive-date=5 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005080558/http://oumma.com/Le-mois-islamique-est-il-universel|url-status=live}}</ref>

Due to the somewhat variable nature of the Islamic calendar, in most Muslim countries, the Islamic calendar is used primarily for religious purposes, while the Solar-based Gregorian calendar is still used primarily for matters of [[commerce]] and [[agriculture]].

==Theological considerations==
If the Islamic calendar were prepared using astronomical calculations, Muslims throughout the Muslim world could use it to meet all their needs, the way they use the Gregorian calendar today. But, there are divergent views on whether it is licit to do so.<ref>Allal el Fassi : "Aljawab assahih wannass-hi al-khaliss 'an nazilati fas wama yata’allaqo bimabda-i acchouhouri al-islamiyati al-arabiyah", "[...] and the beginning of Islamic Arab months", report prepared at the request of King Hassan II of Morocco, Rabat, 1965 (36 p.), with no indication of editor.</ref>

A majority of theologians oppose the use of calculations (beyond the constraint that each month must be not less than 29 nor more than 30 days) on the grounds that the latter would not conform with Muhammad's recommendation to observe the new moon of Ramadan and Shawal in order to determine the beginning of these months.<ref>{{cite book|first=Muhammad Mutawalli |last= al-Shaârawi |author-link=Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi |title=Fiqh al-halal wal haram |editor=Ahmad Azzaâbi |location= Dar al-Qalam, Beyrouth |date=2000 |page=88}}</ref>{{efn|Some theologians also interpret ''Surah al-Baqarah'' 2:185 as requiring direct sighting, but they represent only a minority. The Quranic verse reads as follows : "The month of Ramadân in which was revealed the Qur'ân, a guidance for mankind and clear proofs for the guidance and the criterion (between right and wrong). So whoever of you sights (the crescent on the first night of) the month (of Ramadân i.e., is present at his home), he must observe Saum (fasts) that month, and whoever is ill or on a journey, the same number [of days which one did not observe ''Saum'' (fasts) must be made up] from other days. God intends for you ease, and He does not want to make things difficult for you. (He wants that you) must complete the same number (of days), and that you must magnify God [i.e., to say ''Takbîr'' ("''Allāhu-Akbar''", [i.e.] "God is the Most Great") on seeing the crescent of the months of Ramadân and Shawwâl] for having guided you so that you may be grateful to Him."- {{Qref|2|185|b=yl|t=nq}}.}}

However, some [[Ulama|Islamic jurists]] see no contradiction between Muhammad's teachings and the use of calculations to determine the beginnings of lunar months.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/contemporary/2003/10/article03.shtml |author=Abderrahman al-Haj |title=لماذا الاختلاف حول الحساب الفلكي؟ |trans-title=Why the difference about the astronomical calculation? |language=ar |date=2003 |access-date=13 June 2008 |archive-date=30 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430021006/http://www.islamonline.net/arabic/contemporary/2003/10/article03.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> They consider that Muhammad's recommendation was adapted to the culture of the times, and should not be confused with the acts of worship.<ref>Allal el Fassi : "Aljawab assahih..." op. cit.</ref>{{efn|The dynasty of Fatimids in Egypt used a tabular pre-calculated calendar over a period of two centuries, between the 10th and 12th centuries, before a change of political regime reactivated the procedure of observation of the new moon.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/calendar/islamic.html|title=The Islamic Calendar|access-date=13 June 2008|archive-date=26 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526130731/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/calendar/islamic.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Thus the jurists [[Ahmad Muhammad Shakir]] and [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] both endorsed the use of calculations to determine the beginning of all months of the Islamic calendar, in 1939 and 2004 respectively.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://ahmadmuhammadshakir.blogspot.com/
|title=أوائل الشهور العربية .. هل يجوز شرعاً إثباتها
|trans-title=The beginning of the Arab months..is it permissible according to Islamic law?
|access-date=13 June 2008
|archive-date=8 July 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708022230/http://ahmadmuhammadshakir.blogspot.com/
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>For a detailed discussion of Shakir's legal opinion on the subject, see "Issue N° 9" in [http://tabsir.net/?p=633#more-633 Khalid Chraibi: Issues in the Islamic Calendar, Tabsir.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006083025/http://tabsir.net/?p=633#more-633 |date=6 October 2008 }}</ref> So did the [[Fiqh Council of North America]] (FCNA) in 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiqhcouncil.org/Default.aspx?tabid=55|title=Fiqh Council of North America Islamic lunar calendar|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516105409/http://www.fiqhcouncil.org/Default.aspx?tabid=55|archive-date=16 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icbwayland.org/include/CalculationsFiqhPosition.pdf|title=Zulfikar Ali Shah The astronomical calculations: a fiqhi discussion|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809032701/http://www.icbwayland.org/include/CalculationsFiqhPosition.pdf|archive-date=9 August 2008}}</ref> and the [[European Council for Fatwa and Research]] (ECFR) in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icbwayland.org/include/MoonsightingDecisionWeb.pdf|title=Islamic Center of Boston, Wayland|access-date=11 July 2008|archive-date=9 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809032655/http://www.icbwayland.org/include/MoonsightingDecisionWeb.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>For a detailed discussion of the issues and the FCNA and ECFR positions, see : [http://tabsir.net/?p=621#more-621 Khalid Chraibi: Can the Umm al Qura calendar serve as a global Islamic calendar? Tabsir.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206144650/http://tabsir.net/?p=621#more-621 |date=6 December 2008 }}</ref>

The major Muslim associations of France also announced in 2012 that they would henceforth use a calendar based on astronomical calculations, taking into account the criteria of the possibility of crescent sighting in any place on Earth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oumma.com/13434/ramadan-moubarak|last=Oumma|title=Le Conseil Français du Culte Musulman (CFCM): Ramadan moubarak!|date=19 July 2012|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204916/http://oumma.com/13434/ramadan-moubarak|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oummatv.tv/13306/sera-premier-jour-mois-de-ramadan|last=Nidhal Guessoum|title=Quel sera le premier jour du mois de Ramadan 2012? (On which date will Ramadan 2012 begin?)|date=5 July 2012|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928122502/http://oummatv.tv/13306/sera-premier-jour-mois-de-ramadan|url-status=live}}</ref> But, shortly after the official adoption of this rule by the [[French Council of the Muslim Faith]] (CFCM) in 2013, the new leadership of the association decided, on the eve of Ramadan 2013, to follow the Saudi announcement rather than to apply the rule just adopted. This resulted in a division of the Muslim community of France, with some members following the new rule, and others following the Saudi announcement.

Isma'ili-Taiyebi Bohras having the institution of ''[[Da'i al-Mutlaq|da'i al-mutlaq]]'' follow the tabular Islamic calendar (see section below) prepared on the basis of astronomical calculations from the days of [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] [[imam]]s.

==Calculated Islamic calendars==
===Islamic calendar of Turkey===
Turkish Muslims use an Islamic calendar which is calculated several years in advance by the [[Presidency of Religious Affairs|Turkish Presidency of Religious Affairs]] (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı). From 1 Muharrem 1400 AH (21 November 1979) until 29 Zilhicce 1435 (24 October 2014) the computed Turkish lunar calendar was based on the following rule: "The lunar month is assumed to begin on the evening when, within some region of the terrestrial globe, the computed centre of the lunar crescent at local sunset is more than 5° above the local horizon and (geocentrically) more than 8° from the Sun." In the current rule the (computed) lunar crescent has to be above the local horizon of [[Ankara]] at sunset.<ref name=turkey>{{cite web |url=https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/diyanetcalendar.htm |title=The Islamic Calendar of Turkey |work=[[Mathematical Institute]] |publisher=[[Utrecht University]] |access-date=4 February 2021 |date=April 2021 |first=R.H. |last=van Gent |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131000244/https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/diyanetcalendar.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Saudi Arabia's ''Umm al-Qura'' calendar===
Saudi Arabia has traditionally used the Umm al-Qura calendar, which is based on astronomical calculations, for administrative purposes. The parameters used in the establishment of this calendar underwent significant changes during the decade to AH 1423.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icoproject.org/pdf/khan_2001.pdf |title=Crescent sighting using the Uml al Qura calendar in Saudi Arabia To Determine Ramadan And Eid Ul Fitir Of 1422 AH And Its Implications For Unity In Different Countries By Dr. Muhammad M H Khan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515093842/http://www.icoproject.org/pdf/khan_2001.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2006 |year=2001 |access-date=4 February 2022 |work=Ico Project}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm |title=The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia |work=[[Mathematical Institute]] |publisher=[[Utrecht University]] |first=R.H. |last=van Gent |date=April 2021 |access-date=4 February 2022 |archive-date=11 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611040922/http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Before AH 1420 (before 18 April 1999), if the moon's age at sunset in [[Riyadh]] was at least 12 hours, then the day ''ending'' at that sunset was the first day of the month. This often caused the Saudis to celebrate holy days one or even two days before other predominantly Muslim countries, including the dates for the Hajj, which can only be dated using Saudi dates because it is performed in Mecca.

From AH 1420–22, if moonset occurred after sunset at Mecca, then the day beginning at that sunset was the first day of a Saudi month, essentially the same rule used by Malaysia, Indonesia, and others (except for the location from which the ''hilal'' was observed).

Since the beginning of AH 1423 (16 March 2002), the rule has been clarified a little by requiring the geocentric conjunction of the sun and moon to occur before sunset, in addition to requiring moonset to occur after sunset at Mecca. This ensures that the moon has moved past the sun by sunset, even though the sky may still be too bright immediately before moonset to actually see the crescent.

In 2007, the [[Islamic Society of North America]], the ''Fiqh'' Council of North America and the European Council for ''[[Fatwa]]'' and Research announced that they would henceforth use a calendar based on calculations using the same parameters as the ''Umm al-Qura'' calendar to determine (well in advance) the beginning of all lunar months (and therefore the days associated with all religious observances). This was intended as a first step on the way to unify, at some future time, Muslims' calendars throughout the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tabsir.net/?p=621#more-621 |website=tabsir.net |title=Can the Umm al Qura calendar serve as a global Islamic calendar? |first=Khalid |last=Chraibi |date=23 July 2008 |access-date=4 February 2022 |publisher=[[WordPress]] |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308190450/http://tabsir.net/?p=621#more-621 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 14 February 2016, Saudi Arabia [[adoption of the Gregorian calendar|adopted the Gregorian calendar]] for payment of the monthly salaries of government employees (as a cost cutting measure),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/saudi-arabia-switches-to-western-calendar/a-35942460 |title=Saudi Arabia trims expenses and work days |date=10 February 2016 |access-date=15 January 2023 |work=[[DW News]] |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116104948/https://www.dw.com/en/saudi-arabia-switches-to-western-calendar/a-35942460 |url-status=live }}</ref> while retaining the Islamic calendar for religious purposes.<ref name=Economist171216>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21711938-hauling-saudi-arabia-21st-century-saudi-arabia-adopts-gregorian |title=The prince's time machine: Saudi Arabia adopts the Gregorian calendar |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=17 December 2016 |access-date=4 February 2022 |publisher=[[The Economist Newspaper Limited]] |archive-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014042857/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21711938-hauling-saudi-arabia-21st-century-saudi-arabia-adopts-gregorian |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Other calendars using the Islamic era==
The [[Solar Hijri calendar]] is a solar calendar used in Iran which counts its years from the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]] or migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE.<ref>{{cite book|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Yxd3E-_AqSEC&q=shah+calendar+change&pg=PA13 13]|title=Persian Pilgrimages by Afshin Molavi |isbn=978-0-393-05119-3 |last1=Molavi |first1=Afshin |last2=Mawlawī |first2=Afšīn |year=2002 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company }}</ref>

==Tabular Islamic calendar==
{{Main|Tabular Islamic calendar}}

The Tabular Islamic calendar is a rule-based variation of the Islamic calendar, in which months are worked out by arithmetic rules rather than by observation or astronomical calculation. It has a 30-year cycle with 11 [[leap year]]s of 355 days and 19 years of 354 days. In the long term, it is accurate to one day in about 2,500 solar years or 2,570 lunar years. It also deviates up to about one or two days in the short term.

===Kuwaiti algorithm===
[[Microsoft]] uses the "Kuwaiti algorithm", a variant of the tabular Islamic calendar,<ref>[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/islam_tabcal.htm#kuwait The "Kuwaiti Algorithm"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723011404/https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/islam_tabcal.htm#kuwait |date=23 July 2022 }} (Robert van Gent).</ref> to convert Gregorian dates to the Islamic ones. Microsoft claimed that the variant is based on a statistical analysis of historical data from [[Kuwait]], however it matches a known tabular calendar.

==Notable dates==
{{Main|Muslim holidays}}

Important dates in the Islamic (Hijri) year are:
* 1 Muharram: the [[Islamic New Year]].
* 10 Muharram: [[Day of Ashura]]. For both Shias and Sunnis, the martyrdom of [[Husayn ibn Ali]], the grandson of Muhammad, and his followers. For Sunnis, the crossing of the [[Red Sea]] by [[Islamic view of Moses|Moses]] occurred on this day, along with many other significant events in the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|lives of prophets]] and that have to do with [[Creationism|Creation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the Events That Happened on the Day of Ashura? – Ask a Question to Us |url=http://askaquestionto.us/question-answer/the-day-of-ashura/what-are-the-events-that-happened-on-the-day-of-ashura |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=askaquestionto.us |archive-date=31 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731022524/http://askaquestionto.us/question-answer/the-day-of-ashura/what-are-the-events-that-happened-on-the-day-of-ashura |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 12 Rabi al-Awwal: [[Mawlid]] or Birth of the Prophet for Sunnis.
* 17 Rabi al-Awwal: [[Mawlid]] for Shias.
* 27 Rajab: [[Isra and Mi'raj]] for the majority of Muslims.
* 15 Sha'ban: [[Mid-Sha'ban]], or Night of Forgiveness. For Shiites, also the birthday of [[Muhammad al-Mahdi]], the Twelfth Imam.
* 1 Ramadan: The first day of [[fasting in Islam]]
* 27 Ramadan: Start of the [[Waḥy|Revelation of the Qur’an]]. The most probable day Muhammad received the first verses of the [[Quran]] (17 Ramadan in Indonesia and Malaysia).
* Last third of Ramadan which includes [[Laylat al-Qadr]].
* Last Friday of Ramadan: [[Jumu'atul-Wida]]
* 1 Shawwal: [[Eid ul-Fitr]].
* 8–13 Dhu al-Hijjah: The [[Hajj]] pilgrimage to Mecca.
* 9 Dhu al-Hijjah: [[Day of Arafa]].
* 10 Dhu al-Hijjah: [[Eid al-Adha]].

Days considered important predominantly for Shia Muslims:
* 9 Rabi' al-Awwal: [[Omar Koshan]] ([[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]] avenges the events of [[Ashura]]).
* [[13 Rajab]]: Birthday of [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]]
* 3 Sha'ban: Birthday of [[Husayn ibn Ali]].
* [[21 Ramadan]]: Martyrdom of [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]].
* 18 Dhu al-Hijjah: the [[Eid al-Ghadir]]

==Uses==
[[File:Inscription of years by A.H.&A.D. eras.jpg|thumb|250px|Civil and Hijri establishment dates of a library in Old City, Jerusalem]]
[[File:King Khaled airport exit stamp.jpg|thumb|Islamic calendar stamp issued at [[King Khalid International Airport]] on 10 Rajab 1428 AH (24 July 2007 CE)]]
The Islamic calendar is now used primarily for religious purposes, and for official dating of public events and documents in Muslim countries. Because of its nature as a purely lunar calendar, it cannot be used for agricultural purposes and historically Islamic communities have used other calendars for this purpose: the [[Egyptian calendar]] was formerly widespread in Islamic countries, and the [[Iranian calendars|Iranian calendar]], the [[Tarikh-e-Elahi|Akbar's calendar]] (from where the [[Bengali calendar]] originated),<ref>{{cite book |author1=Kunal Chakrabarti |author2=Shubhra Chakrabarti |title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |year=2013 |publisher=Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-8024-5 |pages=114–115 |access-date=11 October 2024 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415073820/https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2015 |title=Pahela Baishakh |encyclopedia=Banglapedia |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pahela_Baishakh |access-date=11 October 2024 |archive-date=7 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907065950/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pahela_Baishakh |url-status=live}}</ref> the 1789 [[Rumi calendar|Ottoman calendar]] (a modified [[Julian calendar]]) were also used for agriculture in their countries.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} In the [[Levant]] and [[Iraq]] the [[Arabic names of Gregorian months#Iraq and the Levant|Aramaic names of the Babylonian calendar]] are still used for all secular matters. In the [[Maghreb]], Berber farmers in the countryside still use the Julian calendar for agrarian purposes.<ref name="EB">{{cite journal |last1=Gast |first1=M. |last2=Delheur |first2=J. |last3=E.B. |title=Calendrier |url=http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2039 |journal=Encyclopédie Berbère |year=1992 |issue=11 |pages=1713–1720 |publisher=OpenEdition |doi=10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2039 |access-date=5 July 2018 |language=fr |doi-access=free |archive-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706022747/https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2039 |url-status=live }}</ref> These local solar calendars have receded in importance with the near-universal adoption of the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} Saudi Arabia uses the lunar Islamic calendar.{{efn|The start of each lunar month determined not ahead of time by astronomical calculation, but only after the crescent moon is sighted by the proper religious authorities.<ref>[[#HT2009|Tripp, ''Culture Shock'', 2009]]: pp. 154–5).</ref>}} In Indonesia, the [[Javanese calendar]] combines elements of the Islamic and pre-Islamic [[Indian national calendar|Saka]] calendars.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

British author [[Nicholas Hagger]] writes that after seizing control of [[Libya]], [[Muammar Gaddafi]] "declared" on 1 December 1978 "that the Muslim calendar should start with the death of the prophet Mohammed in 632 rather than the hijra (Mohammed's 'emigration' from Mecca to Medina) in 622". This put the country ten solar years behind the standard Muslim calendar.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hagger |first=Nicholas |title=The Libyan Revolution: Its Origins and Legacy |year=2009 |publisher=O Books |location=Winchester, UK |pages=109}}</ref> However, according to the 2006 ''Encyclopedia of the Developing World'', "More confusing still is Qaddafi's unique Libyan calendar, which counts the years from the Prophet's birth, or sometimes from his death. The months July and August, named after [[Julius Caesar|Julius]] and [[Augustus]] Caesar, are now [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] and [[Hannibal]] respectively."<ref>''Encyclopedia of the Developing World'' (2007), volume 3, p. 1338.</ref> Reflecting on a 2001 visit to the country, American reporter [[Neil MacFarquhar]] observed, "Life in Libya was so unpredictable that people weren't even sure what year it was. The year of my visit was officially 1369. But just two years earlier Libyans had been living through 1429. No one could quite name for me the day the count changed, especially since both remained in play.&nbsp;... Event organizers threw up their hands and put the Western year in parentheses somewhere in their announcements."<ref name="MacFarquhar2010">{{cite book|author=Neil MacFarquhar|title=The Media Relations Department of Hizbollah Wishes You a Happy Birthday: Unexpected Encounters in the Changing Middle East|url={{Google books|gzQBfS5nkiAC|page=PA38|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2010|publisher=ReadHowYouWant|isbn=978-1-4587-6009-8}} pages 37–38.</ref>

==Computer support==
* Hijri support was available in later versions of traditional [[Visual Basic (classic)|Visual Basic]], and is also available in the [[.NET Framework]].
* Since the release of [[Java 8]], the Islamic calendar is supported in the new Date and Time API.

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam}}
* [[Arabic names of Gregorian months]]
* [[Islamic New Year]] – Includes a table of recent and imminent equivalent dates in the Gregorian calendar
* [[List of Islamic years]] – Most significant dates have both the Hijri date and the Gregorian date

* [[List of observances set by the Islamic calendar]]
* [[Pre-Islamic Arabian calendar]]
* {{anl|Rumi calendar}}
* {{anl|Solar Hijri calendar}}
* [[Timeline of Islamic history]] – Including a list of Islamic centuries and the corresponding Gregorian years

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Citation style|date=August 2022}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite Americana|short=1|wstitle=Hegira}}
*[https://aau.ac.ae/en/blog/how-and-why-did-the-hijiri-calendar-begin#:~:text=The%20Hijri%20year%20consists%20of%2012%20months%3A%20Muharram%2C%20Safar%2C,da%20and%20Dhu%20Al%20Hijja. How and Why did the Hijiri Calendar Begin?] – ''Al-Ain University''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181222152856/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/calendar/islamic.shtml#Rules Helmer Aslaksen The Islamic Calendar] (archived)
*[https://sagateller.com/living-a-devotional-sufi-life-with-islamic-calendar/ Living a Devotional Sufi Life with Islamic Calendar]
*[http://tabsir.net/?p=1901 Khalid Chraibi, The reform of the Islamic calendar: the terms of the debate]. ''Tabsir.net''. September 2012.
*{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Calendar/Mahommedan Calendar |display=Mahommedan Calendar |volume=4 |pages=1001–1003 |short=1}}

===Open source calendar converters===
{{hatnote|Calendar converters typically rely on the [[tabular Islamic calendar]] given the lack of a precise record of lunar observations.}}
*{{cite web |title=Calendar Converter for Near East Historians |url=https://www.muqawwim.com/ | first=T.S. |last=Beers |date=2018 |website=muqawwim.com}}
*{{cite web|title=Calendar converter |url=https://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/ |first=John |last=Walker |author-link=John Walker (programmer) |website=fourmilab.ch |date=September 2015}}

{{IslamicMonths}}
{{Time topics}}
{{Islamic astronomy}}
{{Islam topics |collapsed}}
{{Time measurement and standards}}
{{Calendars}}
{{Chronology}}
{{Characters and names in the Quran}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Islamic Calendar}}
[[Category:Islamic calendar| ]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology|Calendar]]
[[Category:Arab inventions]]

Ravella Nayaks

2026-03-11T22:40:53Z

Sudeep 68899: done

{{Short description|Hindu dynasty}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Ravella Nayaks
| common_name =
| capital =
| official_languages =
| languages =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| government_type = {{ubli|Governors under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]|(Monarchy)}}
| status = Dynasty
| year_end = 1652
| year_start = 1364
| common_languages = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| p1 = Kakatiya dynasty
| s1 = Golconda Sultanate
| p2 = Musunuri Nayakas
| s2 =
| today = India
| era = [[Medieval India]]
}}
{{APhistory}}The '''Ravella Nayaks''' were a prominent [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Hindus|Hindu]] dynasty who played a critical role in the military and political affairs of [[South India]] from the 14th century onward. They belonged to the [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]] community.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=B.V. Krishnarao |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55404/page/n263/mode/2up?q=Nayaks+kamma |title=Journal Of The Andhra Historical Research Society,vol.10,pt.1 To 4 |date=1937 |quote=in particular to the Kamma Community to which the Ravela family of heroes belong}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Siba Pada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAtuAAAAMAAJ |title=Sources of the History of India: Karnataka. Andhra Pradesh. Maharashtra. Goa |date=1978 |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies |pages=152 |language=en |quote=This work is about the Kamma chiefs of the Ravella family}}</ref> Originating in the [[Telugu states|Andhra]] region after the decline of the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] and [[Musunuri Nayakas|Musunuri]] dynasties, they rose to prominence as provincial governors by 1364 CE, under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].

The Ravella Nayaks controlled strategic regions such as [[Srisailam]], [[Udayagiri, Andhra Pradesh|Udayagiri]], and [[Podili]], and were vital to the Vijayanagara Empire’s frontier defence. Leaders like Ravella Linga II served as chief general under [[Rama Raya|Aliya Rama Raya]] and played a key role during the turbulent period leading up to the [[Battle of Talikota]] (1565).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55404/page/n263/mode/2up?q=Nayaks+kamma |title=Journal Of The Andhra Historical Research Society,vol.10,pt.1 To 4 |date=1937 |pages=264}}</ref>

Their victories over the [[Sultanate of Golconda|Qutb Shahis]] and [[Gajapati dynasty|Gajapatis]], and the recapture of forts such as [[Adoni]] and Udayagiri, are celebrated in ''Sovgandhika Prasavapaharanamu'', a Telugu epic by Ratnakaram Gopala Kavi. Among their most celebrated leaders was Ravella Veera Malla, who resisted Qutb Shahi incursions, helping to preserve [[Hindus|Hindu]] autonomy in southern Andhra during the empire's decline.<ref name=":1" /> Following [[Krishnadevaraya]]’s death, the Ravellas, alongside the [[Pemmasani Nayaks]] and [[Sayapaneni Nayaks]], were instrumental in supporting the [[Aravidu dynasty]]’s ascension after a [[civil war]], and in sustaining imperial resistance against [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic]] expansion. This resistance lasted nearly 90 years, ending with the capture of [[Gandikota]] in 1652 and the defeat of Pemmasani Timmanayudu by [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=New_delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.170000/page/n29/mode/2up |title=Proceedings Of The Indian History Congress |date=1922}}</ref>

After the empire's decline, a branch of the Ravella family, led by Ravella Veera Mallappa Naidu, migrated to Tamil Nadu and established the Ilaiyarasanendal [[Zamindar|Zamindari]] under the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Madurai Nayak]] Kingdom.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://archive.org/details/aristocracyofsou00vadiuoft#:~:text=The%20aristocracy%20of%20southern%20India,Borrow,%20and%20Streaming%20:%20Internet%20Archive |title=The aristocracy of southern India |date=1903 |publisher=Madras : Printed by Vest |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=142}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Origin ===
Ravella Nayaks, belonged to the [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]] social group, a prominent [[Telugu people|Telugu]] community in [[South India]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /> They trace their origins to the post [[Musunuri Nayakas|Musunuri Nayaka]] period in the 14th century.<ref name=":0" /> After the fall of the Musunuri Nayakas in 1370 CE, a significant number of Kamma clans, including the Ravella clan, migrated to the newly formed [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. The Ravella Nayaks quickly established themselves as key players in the empire's military and administrative structures, earning the trust of successive Vijayanagara rulers, including the [[Sangama dynasty|Sangama]], [[Saluva dynasty|Saluva]], [[Tuluva dynasty|Tuluva]], and [[Aravidu dynasty|Aravidu]] dynasties.

=== Extent ===
The Ravella Nayaks controlled significant territories in the southern part of the Vijayanagara Empire, particularly in the region of [[Rayalaseema|Rayalseema]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. They ruled strategic regions such as [[Srisailam]], [[Udayagiri, Andhra Pradesh|Udayagiri]], [[Podili]], and Kochcherlakota Seemas. Their strongholds included key towns and forts such as Udayagiri, which was captured after 18 months and resulted in defeat for [[Prataparudra Deva]] of the [[Gajapatis]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Siba Pada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAtuAAAAMAAJ |title=Sources of the History of India: Karnataka. Andhra Pradesh. Maharashtra. Goa |date=1978 |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies |language=en}}</ref>

=== Rule ===
[[File:Udayagiri Fort (16).jpg|thumb|[[Udayagiri, Andhra Pradesh|Udayagiri Fort]]]]
The Ravella Nayaks served as influential military leaders and provincial governors under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], particularly during its peak and subsequent decline. Entrusted with defending key frontier regions such as [[Udayagiri Fort|Udayagiri]], [[Podili]], and Kochcherlakota Seemas, they played a vital role in maintaining the empire’s territorial integrity. Their service spanned multiple dynasties, including the [[Sangama dynasty|Sangama]], [[Saluva dynasty|Saluva]], [[Tuluva dynasty|Tuluva]], and [[Aravidu dynasty|Aravidu]] dynasty.<ref name=":4" />

During the reign of [[Krishnadevaraya|Krishna Deva Raya]], the Ravella Nayaks were prominent commanders in major military campaigns against the [[Bahmani Kingdom|Bahmanis]], [[Sultanate of Golconda|Qutb Shahis]], and [[Gajapati dynasty|Gajapatis]]. Among their most distinguished leaders was Ravella Veera Malla, who defended [[Gudapadu|Gudipadu Fort]] against Qutb Shahi incursions. Malla’s efforts, along with those of allied Kamma Nayak families like the [[Pemmasani Nayaks|Pemmasanis]] and Sayapanenis, helped secure the empire’s northern frontiers and support the rise of the Aravidu dynasty.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Battle of Talikota (detail).jpg|left|thumb|[[Battle of Talikota]] ]]
His descendants continued this martial legacy. Tippa, son of Malla, fought the Gajapatis; Papa, Tippa’s son, captured [[Kurnool|Kandatidlu]] (Kurnool) from Muslim forces. Ayyappa, in the service of Aliya Rama Raya, earned the title ''Chenchumala Churakdra'' for his military excellence. Their campaigns are also corroborated in contemporary Telugu works like ''Vasucharitram'' and ''Balabhagavatam'', particularly their capture of forts like Udayagiri, Adoni and Kandatidlu. Following Krishnadevaraya’s death, they were instrumental in supporting the Aravidu dynasty’s ascension after a civil war and in sustaining imperial resistance against Islamic expansion.<ref name=":1" />

Ravella Linga II, another prominent figure, served as chief general under [[Aliya Rama Raya]] and led key campaigns to recapture [[Adoni]] and defend [[Penugonda]]. He played a crucial role in resisting [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanate]] advances and is believed to have participated in several key battles in the empire’s final decades. His leadership during the volatile years leading up to the [[Battle of Talikota]] (1565) was instrumental in holding the empire together during internal strife and external threats.<ref>{{Cite book |last=B.V. Krishnarao |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55404/page/n263/mode/2up |title=Journal Of The Andhra Historical Research Society,vol.10,pt.1 To 4 |date=1937 |pages=223–224}}</ref>

=== Decline ===
The decline of the Ravella Nayaks' power began with the fall of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] after the [[Battle of Talikota]] in 1565. Despite their strong military and political contributions, the empire’s fragmentation weakened their influence. The Ravella Nayaks, along with other Kamma warrior clans, continued to resist the growing influence of the Muslim Sultanates in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region, particularly the [[Sultanate of Golconda|Golconda Sultanate]]. However, their resistance gradually diminished over time. One of the most significant blows to their power came in 1652, when [[Gandikota]], the stronghold of the [[Pemmasani Nayaks]], fell to [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]], marking the consolidation of Muslim rule in the region.<ref name=":2" />

== Ilaiyarasanendal Zamindari ==
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma’s portrait of Maharaja Rajya Sri Ravella Kasturi Ranga Appaswamy Naidu.jpg|thumb|293x293px|''[[Raja Ravi Varma]]’s portrait of Maharaja Rajya Sri Ravella Kasturi Ranga Appaswamy Naidu of Ilayarasanendal.'']]
In the aftermath of the Vijayanagara Empire’s decline, a branch of the Ravella family, led by Ravella Veera Mallappa Naidu, migrated to [[Tamil Nadu]] and established the Ilaiyarasanendal [[Zamindar|Zamindari]] under the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Madurai Nayak]] Kingdom. This estate flourished until the abolition of the zamindari system in the 20th century. The family's legacy endured through figures like Ravella Kasturi Ranga Appaswamy Naidu, celebrated for his philanthropy and honored by British authorities. In 1884, Raja Ravi Varma, who painted only two Telugu royal families, immortalised Ravella Kasturi Ranga Appaswamy Naidu in a portrait, highlighting Ilaiyarasanendal as one of the two premier palayams of the Madurai Nayaks, alongside [[Kuruvikulam]], ruled by the [[Pemmasani Nayaks]].<ref name=":3" />

== See also ==

* [[Musunuri Nayakas]]
* [[Pemmasani Nayaks]]
* [[Sayapaneni Nayaks]]
* [[Nayaka dynasties]]
* [[Vijayanagara Empire]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Telangana}}
[[Category:Nayak dynasties]]
[[Category:Telugu monarchs]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 13th century]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1368]]

Phosphoric acid

2026-03-08T01:24:17Z

Sudeep 68899: basic expand citations for consistency and updated info

{{Short description|Chemical compound (PO(OH)3)}}
{{About|orthophosphoric acid|other acids commonly called "phosphoric acid" |Phosphoric acids and phosphates}}
{{Distinguish | Phosphorous acid}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{chembox|Verifiedfields=changed
|Watchedfields=changed
|verifiedrevid=470622096
|Name=
|ImageFile = Phosphoric-acid-2D-dimensions.svg
|ImageClass = skin-invert-image
|ImageSize = 150px
|ImageName = Structural formula of phosphoric acid, showing dimensions
|ImageFileL1 = Phosphoric-acid-3D-balls.png
|ImageClassL1 = bg-transparent
|ImageSizeL1 = 120px
|ImageNameL1 = Ball-and-stick model
|ImageFileR1 = Phosphoric-acid-3D-vdW.png
|ImageClassR1 = bg-transparent
|ImageSizeR1 = 120px
|ImageNameR1 = Space-filling model
|IUPACName=Phosphoric acid
|OtherNames=Orthophosphoric acid, hydrogen phosphate
|SystematicName=
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 7664-38-2
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 26078
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 1187
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 979
| DrugBank = DB09394
| EINECS = 231-633-2
| Gmelin = 2000
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D05467
| PubChem = 1004
| RTECS = TB6300000
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = E4GA8884NN
| UNNumber = 1805
| InChI = 1/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)
| InChIKey = NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYAI
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| SMILES = OP(=O)(O)O
}}|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = {{chem2|H3PO4}}
| H=3|P=1|O=4
| Appearance = Colorless solid
| Odor = Odorless
| Density = 1.6845 g/cm3 (25 °C, 85%),<ref name="Density 85%">{{Cite journal| author=Christensen, J. H.| author2=Reed, R. B. | year=1955| title=Design and Analysis Data—Density of Aqueous Solutions of Phosphoric Acid Measurements at 25 °C.| journal=Ind. Eng. Chem.| volume=47 | issue=6 | pages=1277–1280| doi=10.1021/ie50546a061}}</ref> 1.834 g/cm3 (solid)<ref name="Density solid">{{Cite web| url=https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/4231| title=CAMEO Chemicals Datasheet – Phosphoric Acid| access-date=15 August 2019| archive-date=15 August 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815155917/https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/4231| url-status=live}}</ref>
| MeltingPtC = 42.35
| MeltingPt_notes = anhydrous<ref name="Greenwood">{{cite journal |last1=Greenwood |first1=N. N. |last2=Thompson |first2=A. |title=701. The mechanism of electrical conduction in fused phosphoric and trideuterophosphoric acids |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed) |date=1959 |pages=3485 |doi=10.1039/JR9590003485}}</ref> {{convert|29.32|C|F K}} [[hemihydrate]]<ref name="Ross"/>
| BoilingPt = {{ubl|212 °C (414 °F)<ref name=chemspider>{{cite web|url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.979.html|title=Phosphoric acid|website=www.chemspider.com|access-date=3 March 2020|archive-date=12 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312003851/http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.979.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (only water evaporates)<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ie50507a050|doi=10.1021/ie50507a050|title=Vapor Pressure of Phosphoric Acids|year=1952|last1=Brown|first1=Earl H.|last2=Whitt|first2=Carlton D.|journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry|volume=44|issue=3|pages=615–618|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
}}
| Solubility = {{ubl|392.2 g/(100 g) (−16.3 °C)|369.4{{nbsp}}g/(100 mL) (0.5 °C)|446 g/(100 mL) (15 °C)<ref name=sioc>{{cite book|last1 = Seidell|first1 = Atherton|last2 = Linke|first2 = William F.|year = 1952|title = Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds|publisher = Van Nostrand|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=k2e5AAAAIAAJ|access-date = 2 June 2014|archive-date = 11 March 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200311230632/https://books.google.com/books?id=k2e5AAAAIAAJ|url-status = live}}</ref>|548{{nbsp}}g/(100 mL) (20 °C)<ref name=crc>Haynes, p. 4.80</ref>
}}
| SolubleOther = Soluble in [[ethanol]]
| pKa = {{ubl|p''K''a1 = 2.16<ref>Haynes, p. 5.92</ref>|p''K''a2 = 7.20|p''K''a3 = 12.32}}
| ConjugateBase = [[Dihydrogen phosphate]]
| Viscosity = 2.4–9.4{{nbsp}}[[poise (unit)|cP]] (85% {{abbr|aq. soln.|aqueous solution}}) 147 cP (100%)
| RefractIndex = {{ubl|1.3420 (8.8% w/w {{abbr|aq. soln.|aqueous solution}})<ref name="Refractive Index">{{Cite journal|author=Edwards, O. W.| author2=Dunn, R. L.|author3=Hatfield, J. D. |year=1964|title=Refractive Index of Phosphoric Acid Solutions at 25 C.|journal=J. Chem. Eng. Data|volume=9|issue=4|pages=508–509|doi=10.1021/je60023a010}}</ref>
| 1.4320 (85% aq. soln) 25 °C
}}
| VaporPressure = 0.03{{nbsp}}mmHg (20{{nbsp}}°C)<ref name=PGCH/>
| MagSus = −43.8·10−6{{nbsp}}cm3/mol<ref>Haynes, p. 4.134</ref>
| LogP = −2.15<ref name="chemsrc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.chemsrc.com/en/cas/7664-38-2_329226.html|title=phosphoric acid_msds|access-date=2 May 2018| archive-date=4 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704022858/http://www.chemsrc.com/en/cas/7664-38-2_329226.html| url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
|Section3={{Chembox Structure
| CrystalStruct = Monoclinic
| MolShape = Tetrahedral
}}
|Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry
| Thermochemistry_ref=<ref>Haynes, p. 5.13</ref>
| DeltaHf = −1271.7 kJ/mol
| DeltaGfree = −1123.6 kJ/mol
| Entropy = 150.8 J/(mol⋅K)
| HeatCapacity =145.0 J/(mol⋅K)
}}|Section5=|Section6=|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS05}}<ref name="sigma">{{Sigma-Aldrich|id=466123|name=Phosphoric acid|access-date=9 May 2014}}</ref>
| GHSSignalWord = Danger
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|290|314}}<ref name="sigma" />
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|280|305+351+338|310}}<ref name="sigma" />
| ExternalSDS = [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1008.htm ICSC 1008]
| NFPA-H = 3
| NFPA-R = 0
| NFPA-F = 0
| NFPA-S =
| FlashPt = Non-flammable
| LD50 = 1530 mg/kg (rat, oral)<ref>{{IDLH|7664382|Phosphoric acid}}</ref>
| IDLH = 1000 mg/m3<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0506}}</ref>
| REL = TWA 1 mg/m3 ST 3 mg/m3<ref name=PGCH/>
| PEL = TWA 1 mg/m3<ref name=PGCH/>
}}|Section8={{Chembox Related
| OtherFunction = {{ubl
| [[Hypophosphorous acid]]
| [[Phosphorous acid]]
| [[Pyrophosphoric acid]]
| [[Triphosphoric acid]]
| [[Peroxomonophosphoric acid]]
| [[Peroxodiphosphoric acid]]
}}
| OtherFunction_label = [[phosphorus]] [[oxoacid]]s
}}
}}

'''Phosphoric acid''' (orthophosphoric acid, monophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid) is a colorless, odorless [[phosphorus]]-containing [[solid]], and [[inorganic compound]] with the [[chemical formula]] {{chem2|[[Hydrogen|H]]3[[phosphorus|P]][[oxygen|O]]4}}. It is commonly encountered as an 85% [[aqueous solution]], which is a colourless, odourless, and non-[[volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] syrupy liquid. It is a major industrial chemical, being a component of many fertilizers.

The compound is an [[acid]]. Removal of all three {{chem2|H+}} ions gives the [[phosphate]] ion {{chem2|PO4(3−)}}. Removal of one or two protons gives [[phosphate|dihydrogen phosphate]] ion {{chem2|H2PO4−}}, and the [[phosphate|hydrogen phosphate]] ion {{chem2|HPO4(2−)}}, respectively. Phosphoric acid forms [[esters]], called [[organophosphate]]s.<ref name="Westheimer">{{Cite journal|last=Westheimer |first=F.H. |author-link=Frank Westheimer |title=Why nature chose phosphates |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=235 |issue=4793 |pages=1173–1178 (see pp. 1175–1176) |date=6 June 1987 |doi=10.1126/science.2434996 |bibcode=1987Sci...235.1173W|citeseerx=10.1.1.462.3441 |pmid=2434996 }}</ref>

The name "orthophosphoric acid" can be used to distinguish this specific acid from other "[[phosphoric acids and phosphates|phosphoric acids]]", such as [[pyrophosphoric acid]]. Nevertheless, the term "phosphoric acid" often means this specific compound; and that is the current [[IUPAC nomenclature]].

=={{Anchor|Manufacture}}Production==

Phosphoric acid is produced industrially by one of two routes, wet processes and dry.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Becker |first1=Pierre |title=Phosphates and phosphoric acid |date=1988 |publisher=Marcel Dekker |location=New York |isbn=978-0824717124}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilmour |first1=Rodney |title=Phosphoric acid: purification, uses, technology, and economics |date=2014 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDMTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |isbn=9781439895108 |pages=44–61}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jupp |first1=Andrew R. |last2=Beijer |first2=Steven |last3=Narain |first3=Ganesha C. |last4=Schipper |first4=Willem |last5=Slootweg |first5=J. Chris |title=Phosphorus recovery and recycling – closing the loop |journal=Chemical Society Reviews |date=2021 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=87–101 |doi=10.1039/D0CS01150A|pmid=33210686 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Wet process ===
In the wet process, phosphate-containing minerals such as calcium [[hydroxyapatite]] or [[fluorapatite]] are treated with [[sulfuric acid]].<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|pages=520–522}}</ref>
:{{chem2|Ca5(PO4)3OH + 5 H2SO4 → 3 H3PO4 + 5 [[CaSO4]] + H2O}}
:{{Chem2|Ca5(PO4)3F + 5 H2SO4 → 3 H3PO4 + 5 [[CaSO4]] + HF}}

By-products include [[calcium sulfate]] ({{Chem2|CaSO4}}) and [[hydrogen fluoride]] (HF). The HF gas may be recovered by streaming it into a [[Wet scrubber|wet (water) scrubber]] producing [[hydrofluoric acid]]. {{Chem2|CaSO4}} is better known as gypsum, which is commonly used in the construction industry, however the {{Chem2|CaSO4}} produced from phosphoric acid production can contain trace levels of radioactive elements such as [[radium]]. This makes it unsuitable for commercial use, and it is called [[phosphogypsum]] to distinguish it. It is typically stored indefinitely.

In both cases the phosphoric acid solution usually contains 23–33% {{chem2|P2O5}} (32–46% {{chem2|H3PO4}}). It may be concentrated to produce ''commercial-'' or ''merchant-grade'' phosphoric acid, which contains about 54–62% [[Phosphorus pentoxide|{{chem2|P2O5}}]] (75–85% {{chem2|H3PO4}}). Further removal of water yields ''superphosphoric acid'' with a {{chem2|P2O5}} concentration above 70% (corresponding to nearly 100% {{chem2|H3PO4}}). The phosphoric acid from both processes may be further purified by removing compounds of arsenic and other potentially toxic impurities.

=== Dry process===
To produce food-grade phosphoric acid, phosphate ore is first reduced with [[Coke (fuel)|coke]] in an [[electric arc furnace]], to give elemental [[phosphorus]]. This process is also known as the thermal process or the electric furnace process. Silica is also added, resulting in the production of [[calcium silicate]] slag. Elemental phosphorus is distilled out of the furnace and burned with air to produce high-purity [[phosphorus pentoxide]], which is dissolved in water to make phosphoric acid.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/acscentsci.0c00332 |doi-access=free|title=Let's Make White Phosphorus Obsolete |year=2020 |last1=Geeson |first1=Michael B. |last2=Cummins |first2=Christopher C. |journal=ACS Central Science |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=848–860 |pmid=32607432 |pmc=7318074 }}</ref> The thermal process produces phosphoric acid with a very high concentration of {{chem2|P2O5}} (about 85%) and a low level of impurities.

However, this process is more expensive and energy-intensive than the wet process, which produces phosphoric acid with a lower concentration of {{chem2|P2O5}} (about 26–52%) and a higher level of impurities. The wet process is the most common method of producing phosphoric acid for fertilizer use.<ref>[https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/documents/phosphoric-acid-phosphatic-fertilizers_ip_07-1993.pdf Phosphoric Acid and Phosphatic Fertilizers: A profile]</ref> Even in China, where the thermal process is still used quite widely due to relatively cheap coal as opposed to the sulfuric acid, over 7/8 of phosphoric acid is produced with wet process.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Minpeng |last2=Chen |last3=Fu |last4=Sun |last5=Xu |last6=Xia |last7=Ji-ning |title=The Phosphorus Flow in China : A Revisit from the Perspective of Production |journal=Global Environmental Research |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=19–25 |s2cid=201655549 |url=https://airies.wikiplus.net/attach.php/6a6f75726e616c5f31392d31656e67/save/0/0/19_1-4.pdf}}</ref>

== Purification ==
Phosphoric acid produced from [[phosphate rock]] or thermal processes often requires purification. A common purification method is [[liquid–liquid extraction]], which involves the separation of phosphoric acid from water and other impurities using organic solvents, such as [[tributyl phosphate]] (TBP), [[methyl isobutyl ketone]] (MIBK), or [[n-octanol|''n''-octanol]]. [[Nanofiltration]] involves the use of a premodified nanofiltration membrane, which is functionalized by a deposit of a high molecular weight polycationic [[polymer]] of [[Polyethyleneamines|polyethyleneimines]]. Nanofiltration has been shown to significantly reduce the concentrations of various impurities, including [[cadmium]], [[Aluminium|aluminum]], [[iron]], and [[Rare-earth element|rare earth elements]]. The laboratory and industrial pilot scale results showed that this process allows the production of food-grade phosphoric acid.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wet Process Phosphoric Acid Purification |title=Wet Process Phosphoric Acid Purification Using Functionalized Organic Nanofiltration Membrane |journal=Separations |date=2022 |volume=9 |issue=4 |page=100 |doi=10.3390/separations9040100 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Fractional crystallization (chemistry)|Fractional crystallization]] can achieve higher purities typically used for semiconductor applications. Usually a static crystallizer is used. A static crystallizer uses vertical plates, which are suspended in the molten feed and which are alternatingly cooled and heated by a heat transfer medium. The process begins with the slow cooling of the heat transfer medium below the freezing point of the stagnant melt. This cooling causes a layer of crystals to grow on the plates. Impurities are rejected from the growing crystals and are concentrated in the remaining melt. After the desired fraction has been crystallized, the remaining melt is drained from the crystallizer. The purer crystalline layer remains adhered to the plates. In a subsequent step, the plates are heated again to liquify the crystals and the purified phosphoric acid drained into the product vessel. The crystallizer is filled with feed again and the next cooling cycle is started.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sulzer.com/-/media/files/products/separation-technology/crystallisation/brochures/fractional_crystallization_e.pdf?sc_lang=en |title=Fractional Crystallization |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130154521/https://www.sulzer.com/-/media/files/products/separation-technology/crystallisation/brochures/fractional_crystallization_e.pdf?sc_lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Properties==
===Acidic properties===
In aqueous solution phosphoric acid behaves as a triprotic acid.
:{{chem2|H3PO4 ⇌ H2PO4- + H+}}, p''K''a1 = 2.14
:{{chem2|H2PO4- ⇌ HPO4(2-) + H+}}, p''K''a2 = 7.20
:{{chem2|HPO4(2-) ⇌ PO4(3-) + H+}}, p''K''a3 = 12.37
The difference between successive [[pKa|p''K''a]] values is sufficiently large so that salts of either monohydrogen phosphate, {{chem2|HPO4(2-)}} or dihydrogen phosphate, {{chem2|H2PO4-}}, can be prepared from a solution of phosphoric acid by adjusting the [[pH]] to be mid-way between the respective p''K''a values.

===Aqueous solutions===
Aqueous solutions up to 62.5% {{chem2|H3PO4}} are [[eutectic]], exhibiting freezing-point depression as low as −85 °C. When the concentration of acid rises above 62.5% the freezing-point increases, reaching 21 °C by 85% {{chem2|H3PO4}} (w/w; the [[monohydrate]]). Beyond this the [[phase diagram]] becomes complicated, with significant local maxima and minima. For this reason phosphoric acid is rarely sold above 85%, as beyond this adding or removing small amounts of moisture risks the entire mass freezing solid, which would be a major problem on a large scale. A local maximum at 91.6% which corresponds to the [[hemihydrate]] 2H3PO4•H2O, freezing at 29.32 °C.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=William H. |last2=Jones |first2=Russell M. |title=The Solubility and Freezing-Point Curves of Hydrated and Anhydrous Orthophosphoric Acid |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=August 1925 |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=2165–2170 |doi=10.1021/ja01685a015|bibcode=1925JAChS..47.2165R }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Purified Phosphoric Acid H3PO4 Technical Information Bulletin |url=http://www.waterguardinc.com/files/90712047.pdf |publisher=[[PotashCorp]] |access-date=11 February 2023}}</ref> There is a second smaller eutectic depression at a concentration of 94.75% with a freezing point of 23.5 °C. At higher concentrations the freezing point rapidly increases. Concentrated phosphoric acid tends to [[Supercooling|supercool]] before crystallization occurs, and may be relatively resistant to crystallisation even when stored below the freezing point.<ref name="Ross">{{Cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Wm. H. |last2=Jones |first2=R. M. |last3=Durgin |first3=C. B. |date=October 1925 |title=The Purification of Phosphoric Acid by Crystallization. |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie50190a031 |journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry |language=en |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=1081–1083 |doi=10.1021/ie50190a031 |issn=0019-7866|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Self condensation===
Phosphoric acid is commercially available as aqueous solutions of various concentrations, not usually exceeding 85%. If concentrated further it undergoes slow self-condensation, forming an equilibrium with [[pyrophosphoric acid]]:

:{{chem2|2 H3PO4 <-> H2O + H4P2O7}}
Even at 90% concentration the amount of pyrophosphoric acid present is negligible, but beyond 95% it starts to increase, reaching 15% at what would have otherwise been 100% orthophosphoric acid.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Korte |first1=Carsten |title=Phosphoric Acid and its Interactions with Polybenzimidazole-Type Polymers |date=2016 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-17082-4_8 |work=High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells |pages=169–194 |editor-last=Li |editor-first=Qingfeng |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-17082-4_8 |isbn=978-3-319-17081-7 |access-date=2023-02-12 |last2=Conti |first2=Fosca |last3=Wackerl |first3=Jürgen |last4=Lehnert |first4=Werner |editor2-last=Aili |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Hjuler |editor3-first=Hans Aage |editor4-last=Jensen |editor4-first=Jens Oluf|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

As the concentration is increased [[Phosphoric acids and phosphates|higher acids]] are formed, culminating in the formation of [[polyphosphoric acid]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jameson |first1=R. F. |title=151. The composition of the "strong" phosphoric acids |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed) |date=1 January 1959 |pages=752–759 |doi=10.1039/JR9590000752}}</ref> It is not possible to fully dehydrate phosphoric acid to [[phosphorus pentoxide]], instead the polyphosphoric acid becomes increasingly polymeric and viscous. Due to the self-condensation, pure orthophosphoric acid can only be obtained by a careful fractional freezing/melting process.<ref name="Ross" /><ref name="Greenwood" />

==Uses==
{{see also|Phosphorus#Food additive}}

The dominant use of phosphoric acid is for [[fertilizer]]s, consuming approximately 90% of production.<ref name=Ullmann>{{Ullmann|first1=Klaus|last1=Schrödter|first2=Gerhard|last2=Bettermann|first3=Thomas |last3=Staffel|first4=Friedrich|last4=Wahl|first5=Thomas|last5=Klein|first6=Thomas|last6=Hofmann|title=Phosphoric Acid and Phosphates|year=2008|doi=10.1002/14356007.a19_465.pub3}}</ref>

The remaining 10% is primarily used in soaps and detergents:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Application
! Demand (2006) in thousands of tons
! Main phosphate derivatives
|-
| Soaps and detergents || 1836 || [[Sodium triphosphate|STPP]]
|-
| Food industry || 309 || [[Sodium triphosphate|STPP]] ({{chem2|Na5P3O10}}), [[Sodium hexametaphosphate|SHMP]], [[Trisodium phosphate|TSP]], [[Disodium pyrophosphate|SAPP]], [[Sodium aluminium phosphate|SAlP]], [[Monocalcium phosphate|MCP]], [[Disodium phosphate|DSP]] ({{chem2|Na2HPO4}}), {{chem2|H3PO4}}
|-
| [[Water treatment]] || 164 || SHMP, [[Sodium triphosphate|STPP]], [[Tetrasodium pyrophosphate|TSPP]], [[Monosodium phosphate|MSP]] ({{chem2|NaH2PO4}}), DSP
|-
| [[Toothpaste]]s || 68 || [[Dicalcium phosphate|DCP]] ({{chem2|CaHPO4}}), IMP, [[SMFP]]
|-
| Other applications || 287 || [[Sodium triphosphate|STPP]] ({{chem2|Na3P3O9}}), TCP, APP, DAP, [[zinc phosphate]] ({{chem2|Zn3(PO4)2}}), [[aluminium phosphate]] ({{chem2|AlPO4}}), {{chem2|H3PO4}}
|}

Food-grade phosphoric acid (additive [[E number|E338]]<ref name=fgovuk>{{cite web|url=http://www.food.gov.uk/policy-advice/additivesbranch/enumberlist#h_7|title=Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers|date=14 March 2012|publisher=Foods Standards Agency|access-date=22 July 2012|archive-date=21 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821045312/http://food.gov.uk/policy-advice/additivesbranch/enumberlist#h_7|url-status=live}}</ref>) is used to acidify foods and beverages such as various [[cola]]s and jams, providing a tangy or sour taste. The phosphoric acid also serves as a [[preservative]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why is phosphoric acid used in some Coca‑Cola drinks?{{!}} Frequently Asked Questions {{!}} Coca-Cola GB|url=https://www.coca-cola.co.uk/our-business/faqs/why-is-phosphoric-acid-used-in-coca-cola-drinks-diet-coke-coke-zero|access-date=2021-08-31|website=www.coca-cola.co.uk|language=en-GB|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802114054/https://www.coca-cola.co.uk/our-business/faqs/why-is-phosphoric-acid-used-in-coca-cola-drinks-diet-coke-coke-zero|url-status=live}}</ref> Soft drinks containing phosphoric acid, which would include [[Coca-Cola]], are sometimes called [[phosphate soda]]s or phosphates. Phosphoric acid in soft drinks has the potential to cause dental erosion.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dietary advice in dental practice|journal=British Dental Journal|volume=193|issue=10|pages=563–568|date=23 November 2002|doi=10.1038/sj.bdj.4801628|pmid=12481178|last1=Moynihan|first1=P. J.|doi-access=free}}</ref> Phosphoric acid also has the potential to contribute to the formation of [[Kidney stone disease|kidney stones]], especially in those who have had kidney stones previously.<ref name=Qa2014>{{cite journal |last1= Qaseem |first1= A |last2= Dallas |first2= P |last3= Forciea |first3= MA |last4= Starkey |first4= M |last5= Denberg |first5= TD |display-authors= 4 |title= Dietary and pharmacologic management to prevent recurrent nephrolithiasis in adults: A clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians |journal= [[Annals of Internal Medicine]] |date= 4 November 2014 |volume= 161 |issue= 9 |pages= 659–67 |doi= 10.7326/M13-2908 |pmid=25364887|doi-access= |s2cid= 3058172 }}</ref>

Specific applications of phosphoric acid include:
* in anti-rust ([[iron]] and [[steel]] [[oxidation]]) treatment by [[phosphate conversion coating]] or [[Passivation (chemistry)|passivation]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2021 |title=Phosphates - Metal Finishing |url=https://phosphatesfacts.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Phosphates-Metal-Finishing.pdf |publisher=Phospates for Americas}}</ref> including the [[Parkerization (metallurgy)|Parkerization]] process
* as an external standard for [[phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance]]
* in [[phosphoric acid fuel cell]]s
* in [[activated carbon]] production<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Toles | first1 = C. | last2 = Rimmer | first2 = S. | last3 = Hower | first3 = J. C. | doi = 10.1016/S0008-6223(96)00093-0 | title = Production of activated carbons from a washington lignite using phosphoric acid activation | journal = Carbon | volume = 34 | issue = 11 | pages = 1419 | year = 1996 | bibcode = 1996Carbo..34.1419T }}</ref>
* in [[compound semiconductor]] processing, to etch [[Indium gallium arsenide]] selectively with respect to [[indium phosphide]]<ref>[http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~browns/wetetch.html Wet chemical etching.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925075407/http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~browns/wetetch.html |date=25 September 2012 }} umd.edu.</ref>
* in [[microfabrication]] to etch [[silicon nitride]] selectively with respect to [[silicon dioxide]]<ref name="Wolf">{{cite book |title =Silicon processing for the VLSI era: Volume 1 – Process technology |last = Wolf |first = S. |author2=R. N. Tauber |year=1986 |page=534 |publisher = Lattice Press |isbn=978-0-9616721-6-4}}</ref>
* in microfabrication to etch [[aluminium]]
* as a pH adjuster in cosmetics and skin-care products<ref>{{cite web|publisher = Paula's Choice|title = Ingredient dictionary: P|work = Cosmetic ingredient dictionary|access-date = 16 November 2007|url = http://www.cosmeticscop.com/learn/cosmetic_dictionary.asp?id=21&letter=P|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080118084632/http://www.cosmeticscop.com/learn/cosmetic_dictionary.asp?id=21&letter=P|archive-date = 18 January 2008|df = dmy-all}}</ref>
* as a sanitizing agent in the dairy, food, and brewing industries<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fivestarchemicals.com/wp-content/uploads/StarSanTech-HB2.pdf|title=Star San|publisher=Five Star Chemicals|access-date=17 August 2015|archive-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208134008/http://www.fivestarchemicals.com/wp-content/uploads/StarSanTech-HB2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* in [[Chemical-mechanical polishing|chemical polishing]] ([[etching]]) of metals like aluminium

== Safety ==
Phosphoric acid is not a [[strong acid]]. However, at moderate concentrations phosphoric acid solutions are irritating to the skin. Contact with concentrated solutions can cause severe skin burns and permanent eye damage.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=US&language=en&productNumber=345245&brand=ALDRICH&PageToGoToURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F345245%3Flang%3Den|title=Phosphoric Acid, 85 wt.% SDS|date=5 May 2016|website=Sigma-Aldrich|access-date=16 January 2017|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118123759/http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=US&language=en&productNumber=345245&brand=ALDRICH&PageToGoToURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F345245%3Flang%3Den|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* Phosphate [[fertilizer]]s, such as [[ammonium phosphate]] fertilizers
* [[Chiral phosphoric acid]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Cited sources==
*{{cite book | editor= Haynes, William M. | year = 2011 | title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition = 92nd | publisher = [[CRC Press]] | isbn = 978-1439855119| title-link = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Phosphoric acid|lcfirst=yes}}
* [http://www.npi.gov.au/substances/phosphoric-acid/index.html National pollutant inventory – Phosphoric acid fact sheet]
* [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0506.html NIOSH Pocket guide to chemical hazards]

{{Authority control}}
{{Hydrogen compounds}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phosphoric Acid}}
[[Category:Flavors]]
[[Category:Food acidity regulators]]
[[Category:Glassforming liquids and melts]]
[[Category:Phosphates]]
[[Category:Phosphorus oxoacids]]
[[Category:Acid catalysts]]
[[Category:E-number additives]]
[[Category:Phosphorus(V) compounds]]
[[Category:Over-the-counter drugs in the United States]]

Megh (raga)

2026-03-07T16:34:21Z

Sudeep 68899: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Hindustani raga}}
{{Infobox raga
| name = Megh (raga)
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| thaat = [[Kafi (thaat)|Kafi]]
| type =
| time = Any time during the rainy season
| season = Rainy season
| arohana = {{svaraH|S|m|R|m|P|n|S'}}
| avarohana = {{svaraH|S'|n|P|m|R|m|'n|R|S}}
| vadi = Sa
| samavadi = Pa
| pakad = {{svaraH|R|R|S|'n|S|m|R|P|m|R|'n|S}}
| chalan =
| synonym =
| equivalent = [[Madhyamavathi]] (Carnatic) [[Pentatonic Scale|Egyptian Pentatonic Scale]] (Western)
| similar =
}}
{{Hindustani Classical Music}}
'''Megh''' is a [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] [[raga]]. The meaning of ''megh'' in Sanskrit is 'cloud'. Hence this raga is mostly sung or played in the monsoon season. Another raga which describes rain is raga [[Malhar]]. These two ragas were merged and a new raga developed, raga [[Megh Malhar]]. The [[Carnatic music]] equivalent of this raga is [[Madhyamavati]].

== Theory ==
'''Arohana & Avarohana'''

[[Arohana]]: {{svaraH|S|m|R|m|P|n|S'}}

[[Avarohana]]: {{svaraH|S'|n|P|m|R|m|'n|R|S}}

'''Pakad'''

{{svaraH|R|R|S|'n|S|m|R|P|m|R|'n|S}}

'''Vadi & Samavadi'''

In this raga vadi is Sa and samavadi is Pa – Re is used a lot but always sliding down from M, n always slides from P

'''Organization & Relationships'''

Related ragas: Ragas of [[Raga Malhar|Malhar]] family, namely [[Megh Malhar]], [[Malhar|Miyan ki Malhar]], [[Gaud Malhar]], Ramdasi Malhar, Dhuliya Malhar, etc. as well as [[Sarang ragas|Madhmad Sarang]]. 
[[Thaat]]: [[Kafi]].

'''Mixture'''

The meaning of Megh in Sanskrit is 'Cloud'. This raga is usually sung or played in the Monsoon season. Another raga which describes rain is raga [[Malhar]]. Merging these two gives a new raga: [[Megh Malhar]], which has elements of both these ragas.

== Behaviour ==

'''Samay (Time)'''

Late night.

'''Seasonality'''

Raga Megh is associated with the monsoon.

'''Rasa'''

Gambhir rasa

== Historical Information ==

'''Origins'''

This is one of the very old ragas found in [[Indian classical music]].
This raga is connected to [[Lord Krishna]], when he lifted [[Govardhan]] Parvat (mountain) on his little finger during the Govardhan leela.

===Legend===

There is legend stating that [[Tansen]]'s physical agony after singing Raga [[Deepak (Poorvi Thaat)]] was pacified with listening to Raga Megh Malhar rendered by two sisters, [[Tana and Riri]].

== Film songs ==
=== Language: [[Hindi]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Film
!Year
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|Khaike Pan Banaraswala
|[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]
|1978
|[[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
|[[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
|Teri Tasveer Ko
|[[Sawan Ko Aane Do]]
|1979
|Rowspan=2|[[Raj Kamal]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
|Kahan Se Aaye Badra
|[[Chashme Buddoor (1981 film)|Chashme Buddoor]]
|1981
|[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Haimanti Shukla]]
|-
|''[[Chaiyya Chaiyya]]''
(Deviates in between at a few points)
|[[Dil Se..]]
|1998
|rowspan=2|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Sapna Awasthi]]
|-
|Dheem Ta Dare
|[[Thakshak]]
|1999
|Surjo Bhattacharya
|-
|[[Munni Badnaam Hui]]
|[[Dabangg]]
|2010
|[[Lalit Pandit]]
|[[Mamta Sharma]]
|-
|Shankara Re Shankara
|[[Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior]]
|2020
|[[Mehul Vyas]]
|[[Adarsh Shinde]]
|-
|Sharaarat
(Loosely based)
|[[Dhurandhar]]
|2025
|[[Shashwat Sachdev]]
|[[Madhubanti Bagchi]], [[Jasmine Sandlas]]
|}

=== Language: [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ===
A few songs are composed in Raga [[Madhyamavathi]], the Carnatic equivalent of Megh.
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Film
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|Muthukkalo Kangal
|[[Nenjirukkum Varai (1967 film)|Nenjirukkum Varai]]
|rowspan=2|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Kana Kaanum
|[[Agni Sakshi (1982 film)|Agni Sakshi]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Saritha]]
|-
|Aagaya Gangai
|[[Dharma Yuddham]]
|[[Ilayaraja]]
|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Tholvi Nilayenna Ninaithal
|[[Oomai Vizhigal]]
|[[Manoj-Gyan]]
|[[P B Sreenivas]], [[Abavanan]], Chorus
|-
|Velli Malarae
|[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]
|rowspan=4|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|-
|Oru Deivam Thantha Poove
|[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]
|[[P. Jayachandran]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
|-
|Thumbi Thullal(Abheri traces also)
|''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]''
|[[Nakul Abhyankar]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|Thom Karuvil Irunthom (Reused from "Dheem Ta Dare")
|''[[Star (2001 film)|Star]]''
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-megh atel

|Ennai Konja Konja
|[[Aathi]]
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|}

==Important recordings==
* [[Amir Khan (singer)|Amir Khan]], Ragas Megh and Lalit, [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] [[LP record|LP (long-playing record)]], EMI-EASD1331
* Pt [[Ajoy Chakraborty]] -Raag Megh (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sg6LDWgv4Tc)

==References==
''[[The Raga Guide|The Raga Guide: A Survey of 74 Hindustani Ragas]]''. Zenith Media, London: 1999.

''[[Ramashreya Jha]]'' explains the difference between Sarang and Megh http://www.parrikar.org/hindustani/sarang/

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070514235610/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_others_samay_index.html SRA on Samay and Ragas]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070514234610/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_raga/sra_raga_that/sra_raga_that_index.html SRA on Ragas and Thaats]
* [http://www.parrikar.org Rajan Parrikar on Ragas]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190221175506/http://oceanofragas.com/ocean_htmlpages/Megh.html More details about raga Megh]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindustani ragas|Megh]]

Beatris de Menezes Bragança

2026-03-06T18:40:44Z

Sudeep 68899: Starting Some Article W/ Infobox.

{{Short description|Indian research scientist (1916–1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Portuguese name|de Menezes|Bragança}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Beatris de Menezes Bragança
| image = Beatris de Menezes Bragança.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Maria Luiza Beatris de Menezes Bragança
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|11|6|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1983|5|24|1916|11|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = Cuelim, [[Mormugao taluka]], [[Portuguese Goa]]
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| resting_place =
| other_names =
| spouse =
| father = [[Luís de Menezes Bragança]]
| relatives = {{plainlist|
* [[Berta de Menezes Bragança]] (sister)
* [[T. B. Cunha]] (uncle)
}}
| occupation = Biochemist, research scientist
| years_active =
| known_for = First Dean of [[Tata Memorial Hospital]]
| movement = [[Goa Liberation Movement]]
| party = [[Goan People's Party]]
| notable_works =
| awards =
}}
'''Maria Luiza Beatris de Menezes Bragança'''{{efn|alternatively spelled as '''Beatris de Menezes Braganza''' and '''Beatriz Menezes Braganza'''}} (6 November 1916 – 24 May 1983) was an Indian freedom fighter and research scientist who was the first Dean of [[Tata Memorial Hospital]]. She is known for her research in [[cancer]] and in identifying a cure for [[cobra]] [[venom]].

== Early life ==
Maria Luiza Beatris de Menezes Bragança<ref>{{cite report |last=Correia |first=Eric J. F. |date=2023-05-16 |title=Title Report |url=https://rera.goa.gov.in/reraApp/download?DOC_ID=xSAUL2K/If/MVl3hAMYNSA== |work= |location= |publisher=RERA Goa |docket= |access-date=2025-01-03 }}</ref> was born on 6 November 1916 in Cuelim village in [[Mormugao taluka]]. She and her sister [[Berta de Menezes Bragança|Berta]] were daughters of [[Luís de Menezes Bragança]]<ref name="ShirodkarWho86">{{Cite book |last=Shirodkar |first=Pandurang Purushottam |author-link=Pandurang Purushottam Shirodkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISScyAEACAAJ |title=Who's Who of Freedom Fighters, Goa, Daman, and Diu |date=1986 |publisher=Goa Gazetteer Department, Government of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu |volume=1 |page=34}}</ref> and Ana, the sister of [[T. B. Cunha]].<ref name="SushilaSisters24">{{Cite web |last=Sawant Mendes |first=Sushila |date=2024-02-24 |title=CELEBRATING THE THREE SISTERS… |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/By-invitation/CELEBRATING-THE-THREE-SISTERS%E2%80%A6/218202 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BarretoToIBold18">{{Cite news |first=Mackelroy |last=Barreto |date=2018-06-28 |title=Bold and inspired: Goa's women freedom fighters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/bold-and-inspired-goas-women-freedom-fighters/articleshow/64782957.cms |access-date=2024-09-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She completed her [[Master of Arts|MA]] and [[PhD]]<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /> in [[Biochemistry]]. She and her sister, Berta, wore ''[[khadi]]'' [[sari]]s.<ref name="SushilaSisters24" />

== Goa liberation movement ==
Menezes Bragança was an active member of the anti-Portuguese protests and meetings in [[Bombay]]. In 1945, she became one of the founders of the Goan Youth League, led by her uncle, [[T.B. Cunha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali |first=B. Sheikh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCZuAAAAMAAJ |title=Goa Wins Freedom: Reflections and Reminiscences |date=1986 |publisher=Goa University |isbn=978-81-85571-00-3 |page=125}}</ref> In 1946, she was one of the youth leaders who marched to the Portuguese Consulate in Bombay, protesting against Cunha's arrest. Also in 1946, she accompanied Joachim Dias to speak to then [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] about Goa's freedom; Nehru later issued a statement regarding the same. She was also associated with the National Congress (Goa) in Bombay.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

Menezes Bragança then moved to [[Canada]] on a scholarship. Upon her return to Bombay, she continued her previous work, now joining the Goan Peoples Party (GPP).<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

She often visited other countries to attend scientific conferences, but used the opportunity to spread awareness of and request support for the [[Goa liberation movement]]. At the Goan Political Convention, held on 5 October 1959, she was chosen as a member of the Goan Council.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /> She was the Honorary Treasurer of the T. B. Cunha Memorial Committee.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961">{{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ |title=Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration |date=2023-07-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-175-7 |pages=333, 369 |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref>

== Research ==
In 1959 and 1960, she received the Lady Tata Memorial Trust scholarship to continue her research.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /> She thus made important contributions in the research of [[cancer]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Furtado |first=A. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNpBAAAAYAAJ |title=Goa, Yesterday, To-day, Tomorrow: An Approach to Various Socio-economic and Political Issues in Goan Life & Re-interpretation of Historical Facts |date=1981 |publisher=Furtado's Enterprises |page=249}}</ref> She is known for her work in identifying a cure for [[cobra]] [[venom]], getting interested in the topic by the high number of incidents of snake bites in Goa.<ref name="NRI22">{{Cite web |last=Cabral e Sa |first=Mario |date=August 4, 2022 |title=Eminent Goans |url=https://nri.goa.gov.in/eminent-goans/ |website=Commissionerate of NRI Affairs, Govt. of Goa}}</ref>

Menezes Bragança worked as a scientist at [[Haffkine Institute]], Bombay, and was known internationally for her work. She later joined as a Research Scientist at the [[Tata Memorial Hospital]]. She later became its first Dean in 1974.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" /><ref name="NRI22" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gomes |first=Olivinho |author-link=Olivinho Gomes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHsiAAAAMAAJ |title=Village Goa: A Study of Goan Social Structure and Change |date=1987 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
Menezes Bragança died in Bombay on 24 May 1983 of heart failure.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbvoAAAAMAAJ |title=Goa Today |date=1983 |publisher=Goa Publications |page=33}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menezes Bragança, Beatris de}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Goa liberation activists]]

Yarigu Helbedi

2026-03-04T23:43:35Z

Sudeep 68899: Enhanced content and organization

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Yarigu Helbedi.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[Kodlu Ramakrishna]]
| producer = Asha Gunashekhar J. Padmalatha
| story = Geetha Rao
| screenplay = [[Kodlu Ramakrishna]]
| starring = [[Anant Nag]] [[Vinaya Prasad]] Vanitha Vasu
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| cinematography = [[S. Ramachandra]]
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Sri Banashankari Combines
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1994}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Yarigu Helbedi''''' ({{translation|Don't Tell Anyone}}) is a 1994 [[Kannada language]] [[comedy-drama]] film directed by [[Kodlu Ramakrishna]]. It stars [[Anant Nag]], [[Vinaya Prasad]], [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] and [[Vaishali Kasaravalli]] among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yarigu Helbedi Cast & Crew, Yarigu Helbedi Kannada Movie Cast, Actor, Actress, Director |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/yarigu-helbedi/cast-crew.html }}</ref> The film turned out to be a [[box-office bomb]] at the time of release but later attained a [[cult following]] among Kannada film viewers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-09 |title=5 Kannada Comedy Classics To Enjoy On A Sunday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/5-kannada-comedy-classics-to-enjoy-on-a-sunday/photostory/99353054.cms |access-date=2024-11-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The movie was remade in Tulu in 2015 by the same director as ''[[Eregla Panodchi]]''.

==Plot==
Govinda ([[Anant Nag]]) is a con artist who is always on the lookout for gullible people to extract money or some form of benefit from. Govinda is in love with Champa ([[Vanitha Vasu]]) whom he intends to marry much to the dissatisfaction of Champa's father ([[Shivaram]]) who considers Govinda as a no good fellow loafing around without a job.

Sarojamma ([[Vinaya Prasad]]), Subbamma ([[Sathyabhama (actress)|Satyabhama]]), Jalajamma ([[Vaishali Kasaravalli]]) and Susheelamma ([[Girija Lokesh]]) are very close friends and neighbours who live in the same housing complex owned by Obaliah ([[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]). Jalajamma's husband lives and works in Dubai and visits her once in a year. The ladies always get together in the common place in the housing complex and share details about their lives and gossip. Sarojamma's husband Ramaraya ([[Lokesh]]), Susheelamma's husband Doddanna ([[Doddanna]]) are close friends who usually get together in a bar, drink and share their troubles in their lives. Sheela ([[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]) also lives in the same apartment complex, but is always taunted by the other ladies as she is a widow. She lives with her young daughter. The neighbours even make up stories that she is a woman of bad character and has relationships with other men while this is absolutely untrue. They suspect Naveen ([[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]]) to be Sheela's lover, but he happens to be a decent gentleman and a good friend to Sheela.

The wives always dream of owning a home, but their husband's never approve of this, citing insufficient funds or high interest rate on loans. Govinda takes advantage of this desperation and contacts the wives while their husband's are at work. He promises the ladies that if they keep this a secret and can arrange some money he will get them housing plots allotted. The wives fall victim to the scam and end up selling their jewellery, some sink into their life long savings and give all the money to Govinda. Meanwhile, Govinda uses this money to buy himself a plot of land and starts constructing a house.

One day, Ramaraya who happens to be passing by notices that Govinda is supervising housing construction and inquiries about the same. Govinda tells him that he is getting married and wants to have a home before that. Ramaraya volunteers to oversee the construction and provide insights to better the home to which Govinda agrees.

The husband's eventually come to know that their wives have been deceived by Govinda and all the money is gone. Sheela attempts suicide but survives. Naveen proposes to her and she agrees to marry him. On the day of Govinda's house warming ceremony, all the husband and wives go and confront Govinda. Govinda tries playing around but he is completely trapped when the husbands reveal that they know everything. Ramaraya reveals that the reason why he volunteered to oversee Govinda's house construction and was so helpful was because he was completely aware that Govinda, by mistake, is constructing a house on the plot which Ramaraya has secretly purchased without his wife's knowledge. Co-incidentally it was the same plot which Govinda mistook for his plot and constructed the house.

Now Govinda is trapped because as per the contractual documents, the plot belongs to Ramaraya and the constructed house too. Govinda in the end makes amends and apologises. He is quickly forgiven and warned not to cheat in the future and to live an honest life.

==Cast==
* [[Anant Nag]] as Govinda
* [[Lokesh]] as Ramaraya
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Saroja
* [[Vanitha Vasu]] as Champa
* [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] as Sheela
* [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] as Naveen (Guest Appearance)
* [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] as Obaliah
* [[Shivaram]] as Champa's father
* [[Vaishali Kasaravalli]] as Jalaja
* [[Girija Lokesh]] as Susheela
* [[Doddanna]] as Doddanna
* [[Sathyabhama (actress)|Satyabhama]] as Subbu
*Bangalore Nagesh

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt14691034}}
* [http://allmoviedatabase.com/KMDB.asp?movieName=Yarigu%20Helbedi Yarigu Helbedi (Kannada) - All Movie Database]

{{Kodlu Ramakrishna}}

[[Category:1994 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kodlu Ramakrishna]]

Dibrugarh railway station

2026-03-03T23:02:54Z

Sudeep 68899:

{{Short description|Railway station in Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]]
 {{font color|blue|Dibrugarh}}
| type = [[Regional rail]] and [[Commuter rail]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = New_Dibrugarh_Railway_Station_Complex.jpg
| image_caption = Dibrugarh Railway Station Complex
| country = Station Road, Banipur, [[Dibrugarh]]-786003, [[Assam]] {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|27.4645|N|94.9369|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|108|m|ft}}
| line = *[[Lumding–Dibrugarh section]]
*[[Dibrugarh-Simaluguri branch line]]
*[[Rangiya-Murkongselek section]] via [[Bogibeel Bridge]]
| other = [[File:Aiga taxi.svg|20px]] Taxi, Auto Stand, E-rickshaw
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 4
| tracks = 18
| parking = {{rint|parking}} Available
| bicycle = {{rint|bicycle}} Available
| opened = {{start date and age|1883|7|16}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Ongoing
| accessible = {{Accessicon|20px}} Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = DBRG
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Tinsukia}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former = [[Dibru-Sadiya Railway]]
| passengers = '''20K/Day'''
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = [[File:Waiting_Room_-_The_Noun_Project.svg|20px|Waiting Room]] [[File:AB-Autobahnkiosk.svg|20px|Cafeteria]] [[File:Baggage claim ecomo.svg|30px|Cloak Room]][[File:Elevator_(AIGA_based).svg|15px|Elevator]] [[File:Surveillance_camera.svg|40px|CCTV Surveillance]] [[File:Wifiservice.svg|15px|Wifi]] [[File: Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px|Retiring Room]]
| pass_system = {{increase}} {{colour|#fc5|high}}
| map_type = India Assam
| map_dot_label = Dibrugarh railway station
| map_caption = Location in Assam
| mapframe = Yes
}}
{{Lumding-Dibrugarh section|collapse=Yes}}
{{Rangiya-Murkongselek section|collapse=Yes}}

'''Dibrugarh railway station''' is a railway junction station on the [[Lumding–Dibrugarh section]]. It is rated as an A Category railway station in [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] and is located in [[Dibrugarh]], the 3rd largest city in the Indian state of [[Assam]]. Dibrugarh railway station '''(DBRG)''' is the second railway station of the historic city of Dibrugarh after [[Dibrugarh Town railway station]] '''(DBRT)'''. It is the largest railway station in [[Northeast India]] in terms of area covering approx 400 Bighas of Land. Nearest to the India's longest rail-cum-road [[Bogibeel Bridge]] which connects Southern Bank to Northern Bank of Assam.

==Overview==
In her book ''Urban History of India: A Case Study'', Deepali Barua writes: "Dibrugarh was made the district headquarters in 1840. But it was not only for strategic importance that it soon became so important. The greatest interest of the British in Assam was the commerce centring around it. As early as 1823 the British discovered tea in the modern Sadiya region. It was at Chabua The Birth Place of Indian Tea, 20 miles to the east of Dibrugarh that the British made their first experiments with tea cultivation with indigenous plants. Very soon oil and coal were discovered in areas near to Dibrugarh town. Oil was discovered at Digboi in 1882 and coal was found at Margherita in 1876. All these greatly enhanced the importance of Dibrugarh as a centre of industrial, commercial, and administrative activities."<ref name=assamrly>Urban History of India: A Case-Study by Deepali Barua, pages 4, 79-80, {{ISBN|81-7099-538-8}}, Mittal Publications, A-110 Mohan Garden, New Delhi – 110059</ref>

==Station facilities==

Following services available in Dibrugarh Railway Station:

* 02 (02 Bedded) AC Retiring Rooms with Free Wi-Fi/TV/Locker/Charging point [[File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px]]
* 01 (02 Bedded) Non AC Retiring Rooms with Free Wi-Fi/TV/Locker/Charging point [[File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px]]
* 01 (06 Bedded) Non AC Dormitory with Free Wi-Fi/TV/Charging point [[File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px]]
* Brahmaputra Lounge
* High Speed Google Railwire Free Wi-Fi service [[File:Wifiservice.svg|20px]]
* Upper Class/Lower Class Waiting Rooms having Free Wi-Fi/AC/TV/Charging points/Drinking water & separate Ladies/Gents Washrooms [[File:Waiting_Room_-_The Noun_Project.svg|20px]]
* Tea Stall [[File:AB-Autobahnkiosk.svg|25px]]
* FOB with 2X Elevators [[File:Elevator_(AIGA_based).svg|15px]]
* CCTV Surveillance[[File:Surveillance_camera.svg|35px]]
* Cloak Room [[File:Baggage claim ecomo.svg|25px]]

==History==

[[File:Dibrugarh_Railway_Yard,_1943.jpg|200px]]

The {{track gauge|1000mm}}-wide [[metre-gauge]] line from Dibrugarh steamer ghat to {{stnlnk|Makum}} was opened to passenger traffic on 16 July 1883.<ref name=assamrly/>

The metre-gauge railway track earlier laid by [[Assam Bengal Railway]] from Chittagong to Lumding was extended to Tinsukia on the Dibru–Sadiya line in 1903.<ref name=assamrly/><ref name=tinsukia>{{cite web | url = http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/TSK/Network%20Map/history.htm | title = History of Tinsukia Division | publisher = NF Railway | access-date = 13 May 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140310133856/http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/TSK/Network%20Map/history.htm | archive-date = 10 March 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

The project for the conversion of the Lumding–Dibrugarh section from metre gauge to {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] was completed by the end of 1997.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.processregister.com/Lumding–Dibrugarh_G_C/Project/pid11580.htm |title = Lumding Dibrugarh GC Project| publisher= Process Register| accessdate = 13 May 2013}}</ref>

==Dibrugarh-Kanyakumari Vivek Express==

[[File:Dibrugarh_-_Kanyakumari_Vivek_Express_Route_map.jpg|200px|Vivek Express Route Map]]

The [[Dibrugarh–Kanyakumari Vivek Express]] was named in memories of Sri [[Swami Vivekananda]] which was introduced by Former Railway Minister Smt [[Mamata Banerjee]] on 19 November 2011. It is the only train service which covers the longest route in India. The train runs for {{convert|4278|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} across the states of Assam, Nagaland, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu in 75 hours.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vivek-express-completes-maiden-trip-ahead-of-schedule/article2654020.ece|title =Vivek Express completes maiden trip ahead of schedule |work=The Hindu|date=24 November 2011| accessdate = 13 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/train-to-dibrugarh/article2663309.ece |title = Train to Dbrugarh |work=The Hindu|date=27 November 2011| accessdate = 13 May 2013 }}</ref>

==Bogibeel Bridge==

[[File:Bogibeel_bridge.jpg|200px]]

The Iconic Engineering Marvel {{convert|4.94|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long, combined Rail-Cum-Road [[Bogibeel Bridge]] across the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] connects the Souther Bank of Assam Dibrugarh with the Northern Bank of Assam Dhemaji. The foundation of the infrastructure was laid by Former Prime Minister, Sri [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] in 2002, which is finally dedicated to the Nation on 25 December 2018 by Honourable Prime Minister Sri [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite news| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-21/guwahati/31378487_1_mega-project-dibrugarh-senior-railway-official| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062508/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-21/guwahati/31378487_1_mega-project-dibrugarh-senior-railway-official| url-status = dead| archive-date = 3 December 2013|title =Bogibeel Bridge project marks 10 years with slow progress |date=21 April 2012| work = [[The Times of India]]| accessdate = 13 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.financialexpress.com/news/a-long-wait-for-longest-bridge-in-country/945859|title = A long wait for the longest bridge in the country| work= The Financial Express|date=6 May 2012 | accessdate = 13 May 2013 }}</ref>

==Major trains==

[[File:Trains_at_Dibrugarh_Station.jpg|200px|Trains at Dibrugarh Station]]

Major Trains available from this railway station are as follows:
* '''[[Guwahati–Dibrugarh Shatabdi Express|Dibrugarh-Guwahati Shatabdi Express]]'''
* '''[[Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express|New Delhi–Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express (Via New Tinsukia)]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Delhi–Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express (Via New Tinsukia)|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-dibrugarh-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-via-new-tinsukia-12423/1326/7288/664|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
* '''[[Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express|New Delhi–Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express (Via Moranhat)]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Delhi–Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express (Via Moranhat)|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-dibrugarh-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-via-moranhat-20503/7974/7288/664|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
* '''[[Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express|New Delhi–Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express (Via Rangapara North)]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Delhi–Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express (Via Rangapara North)|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-delhi-dibrugarh-rajdhani-express-via-rangapara-north-20506/1340/664/7288|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
*[[Dibrugarh–Kanyakumari Vivek Express]]
*[[Dibrugarh - Gomti Nagar Amrit Bharat Express]]
*[[New Tinsukia–Tambaram Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Tinsukia Tambaram Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-dibrugarh-tambaram-weekly-express-15930/279/7288/780|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
*[[Dibrugarh–Amritsar Express]]
*[[Dibrugarh–Chandigarh Express]]
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Dibrugarh Express|Dibrugarh–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Superfast Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lokmanya Tilak Terminus-Guwahati Express via Katihar|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-mumbai-ltt-guwahati-express-via-katihar-15645/587/466/546|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
*[[Avadh Assam Express|Dibrugarh–Lalgarh Avadh Assam Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=15609⇒15909/Avadh Assam Express (PT)|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-avadh-assam-express-15909/95/546/336|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
*[[Dibrugarh–Kolkata Superfast Express]]
*[[Kamrup Express|Dibrugarh–Howrah Kamrup Express via Guwahati]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dibrugarh Howrah Kamrup Express via Guwahati|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kamrup-special-via-guwahati-05959/128197/1/7288|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
*[[Kamrup Express|Dibrugarh–Howrah Kamrup Express Via Rangapara North]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dibrugarh Howrah Kamrup Express via Rangapara North|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kamrup-express-via-rangapara-north-15961/161111/1/7288|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
*[[Dibrugarh–Rajendra Nagar Weekly Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dibrugarh Rajendra Nagar Weekly Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/22630|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
*[[Dibrugarh - Deogarh Express]]
*[[New Tinsukia–SMVT Bengaluru Superfast Express]]
*[[Barak–Brahmaputra Express|Silchar–New Tinsukia Barak Brahmaputra Express]]
*[[Rangiya–New Tinsukia Express]]
*[[Naharlagun railway station|Naharlagun - Tinsukia Express]]
*[[Nagaland Express|Dibrugarh Town - Guwahati Nagaland Express]]

==See also ==

* [[North Eastern Railway Connectivity Project]]
* [[North Western Railway zone]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IndiaRailInfo|7288}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Dibrugarh}}
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways
|line=Northeast Frontier Railway zone|left=Dikom|right=|type=[[Lumding–Dibrugarh section]]
|line2=Northeast Frontier Railway zone|left2=Moranhat|right2=|type2=[[Dibrugarh–Simaluguri branch line]]
|line3=Northeast Frontier Railway zone|left3=Dibrugarh Town|right3=|type3=[[Lumding–Dibrugarh section|Line towards proposed Bogibeel bridge]]}}

{{Railway stations in Assam}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1883]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Assam]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Dibrugarh district]]
[[Category:Tinsukia railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Dibrugarh]]

Chantigadu

2026-03-03T21:58:31Z

Sudeep 68899: adding

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Chantigadu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[B. Jaya (director)|Jaya]]
| writer = Jaya
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = [[Marudhuri Raja]]
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = BA Raju
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Baladitya (actor)|Baladitya]]
*[[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Poorna K.
| editing =
| music = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| studio = Superhit Friends
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|11|26}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹80 lakh<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview-jaya.html|title=Interview with Jaya|last=Jeevi|date=16 February 2004|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=7 January 2024|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213090848/https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview-jaya.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross =
}}
'''''Chantigadu''''' is a 2003 Indian Telugu-language [[romantic film|romantic]] [[drama film]] directed by [[B. Jaya (director)|Jaya]] and starring [[Baladitya (actor)|Baladitya]] in his lead debut and newcomer [[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]] with [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]] and [[Ahuti Prasad]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-chantigadu.html|title=Muhurat of 'Chantigadu'|date=9 June 2003|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=7 January 2024|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105073244/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-chantigadu.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Baladitya (actor)|Baladitya]] as Chantigadu
*[[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]] as Seetamahalakshmi
*[[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]] as Savthriyamma
*[[Ahuti Prasad]] as Reddappa
*[[Rajeev Kanakala]]
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[L. B. Sriram]]
*[[Gautam Raju]]
* Bhikshu
* [[Gundu Sudharshan|Sudarshan]]
* Phani as Chantigadu's friend
* Jr. Relangi
* Rambabu as Chantigadu's friend
* Pavan as Chantigadu's friend
* Jagadish as Chantigadu's friend
* CVS
* Padmanabha Sharma
* Murali Pendyala
}}

== Production ==
The shooting for the film began on 9 June 2003 in Hyderabad.<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/making/chantigadu.html|title=Shooting coverage of Chantigadu (Chikkadu Dorakadu)|date=23 June 2003|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=7 January 2024|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105073225/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/making/chantigadu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The song "Kokkoroko" was choreographed by the duo Venu-Pal and was shot on 20 June 2003.<ref name="I"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/chantigadu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/928894323|title=Chantigadu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=2003|work=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=2024-01-07|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318133438/https://music.apple.com/us/album/chantigadu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/928894323|url-status=live}}</ref> and the lyrics were written by [[Bhuvana Chandra]], Kasarla Shyam and Paidisetty Ram.<ref name="I2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-chantigadu.html|title=Movie review - Chantigaadu|date=26 November 2003|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi|access-date=7 January 2024|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105073224/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-chantigadu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The audio release function was held on 30 September 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-chantigadu.html|title=Audio release - Chantigaadu|date=1 October 2003|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=7 January 2024|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105073225/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-chantigadu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The music CD was released by [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] on 7 October 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news241.html|title=NTR releases Chantigaadu audio CD|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=7 October 2003|access-date=7 January 2024|archive-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609005610/https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news241.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Swathi Muthyamy
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Usha (singer)|Usha]]
| length1 = 5:35
| title2 = Chirugalilaa
| extra2 = [[S. P. Charan]], Usha
| length2 = 4:23
| title3 = Love Me Love Me
| extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length3 = 4:56
| title4 = Okkasari Pilichavante
| extra4 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| length4 = 5:37
| title5 = Siggulolike Seethalu
| extra5 = Gangadhar, [[Sunitha (Telugu singer)|Sunitha]]
| length5 = 5:16
| title6 = Kokkoroko
| writer6 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra6 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length6 = 4:19
| title7 = Seetha Koka Chilukalu
| extra7 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length7 = 5:46
| writer7 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| total_length = 35:52
}}

== Release ==
=== Reception ===
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 3 {{fraction|1|4}} out of 5 and wrote that "This film comes as a whiff of fresh air when we find every Telugu film that is releasing in recent times failing to appeal to the audiences".<ref name="I2"/>

=== Box office ===
The film was a box office success and ran for fifty days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news243.html|title=Chantigadu success meet held|date=2 December 2003|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=7 January 2024|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106081533/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news243.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news244.html|title=Chantigadu complete 50 in 32 centers|date=6 January 2004|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=7 January 2024|archive-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609005611/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news244.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0393144}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]

Bhagwandas Patel

2026-02-22T18:06:31Z

Sudeep 68899: correct details based on references and improved wording per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Bhagvan dash Patel.jpg|thumb|Bhagwandas Patel at [[Gujarati Vishwakosh|Gujarat Vishwakosh Trust]], February 2018]]{{Short description|Gujarati folklorist}}
'''Bhagwandas Patel''' (born 19 November 1943) is an Indian folklorist who pioneered research into [[Gujarat]]'s tribal literature<ref>{{cite book |title=A study in tribal literature of Gujarat |last=Yājñika |first=Hasu |page= |year=2004 |publisher=Nayan Suryanand Loka-Pratishthan |oclc=61253720 }}</ref> and brought the state's oral literature to the attention of the literary community.<ref>{{cite book |title=A nomad called thief: reflections on Adivasi silence |authorlink=G. N. Devy |last=Devy |first=G. N. |page=81 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |isbn=978-81-250-3021-8 }}</ref> In 1995, he compiled the first published tribal version of the ''[[Ramayana]]'', ''Bhili Lokakhyan: Roam Sitma ni Varatathe'', the ''Ramakatha'' of the [[Bhil]] people.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Joshi |first=Aruna Ravikant |year=2009 |title=Fieldwork Report: The Dangi Ramakatha:An Epic acculturated? |journal=Indian Folklore Research Journal |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=13–37 |url=http://www.indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/IFRJ/article/view/235/241 |access-date=10 November 2010 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803072457/http://www.indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/IFRJ/article/view/235/241 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://wiki.ekatrafoundation.org/wiki/ભગવાનદાસ_પટેલનું_સાહિત્યવિશ્વ Books of Bhagwandas Patel]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Bhagwandas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Indian folklorists]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]

{{India-lit-stub}}

Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple

2026-02-16T10:43:29Z

Sudeep 68899: added details as per guidelines

#REDIRECT [[Trimbakeshwar Temple]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Parihar

2026-02-16T03:02:20Z

Sudeep 68899: formatting fix

{{wikt|परिहार|hi:परिहार}}
'''Parihar''' may refer to:

* [[Parihar (clan)]], a clan of India
* [[Parihar (surname)]], a Nepali and Indian surname
* [[Parihar Assembly constituency]], in the Sitamarhi district, Bihar, India
* [[16174 Parihar]], a main-belt asteroid

== See also ==
* [[Parihara]], a village in Rajasthan, India
* [[Pratihara (disambiguation)]]
* [[Paramara (disambiguation)]]
* [[Parmar (disambiguation)]]
* [[Panwar (disambiguation)]]
* [[Pawar (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi

2026-02-12T20:08:18Z

Sudeep 68899:

{{Short description|Award in India for Marathi films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}

{{Infobox award
| name = [[Filmfare Marathi Awards]] for Best Actor
| image = Mahesh Manjrekar 1.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| caption = The 2024 recipient: [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] for ''[[Juna Furniture]]''
| awarded_for = Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''
| country = India
| year = [[Shriram Lagoo]], ''Sugandhi Katta'' (1974)
| holder = [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], ''[[Juna Furniture]]'' (2024)
| website = [https://www.filmfare.com/awards/ Filmfare Awards]
}}
The '''Filmfare Marathi Award for Best Actor''' is presented annually at the [[Filmfare Awards]] to an actor via a public vote or jury; it is given by ''[[Filmfare]]'' for [[Marathi cinema|Marathi films]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/filmfare-marathi-awards-2016-double-seat-dominates-nominations-list-check-out-complete-list-here-705724|title=Filmfare Marathi Awards 2016: Double Seat dominates nominations list; check out the complete list here|first=Ankita|last=Mehta|date=26 November 2016|website=www.ibtimes.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Marathi-Filmfare-Awards-Nominations/articleshow/49827966.cms|title=Marathi Filmfare Awards: Nominations|newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 January 2017}}</ref> Each individual entry shows the title followed by the production company and the producer.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xU3jAAAAMAAJ |title = The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|last1 = Reed|first1 = Sir Stanley|year = 1984}}</ref> The award was first given in 1974.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/filmfare-awards-marathi-winners | title=Filmfare Awards Marathi Winners | date=8 August 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069813841&view=1up&seq=484 | title=The Times of India directory and year book including who's who 1984 }}</ref> The most recent winner, as of 2025, is [[Mahesh Manjrekar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/filmfare-marathi-nominations-2016/articleshow/55576778.cms|title=Filmfare Marathi: Nominations are out|newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the RR Kabel Filmfare Awards Marathi 2024 {{!}} Femina.in |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/winners-of-the-rr-kabel-filmfare-awards-marathi-2024-full-list-out-284037.html |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=www.femina.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Superlatives==
{| class="wikitable sortable "
|-
! Superlative
! Actor
! Record
|-
|Actor with most awards
|[[Ashok Saraf]]
|3
|-
| Actor with most nominations
| Ashok Saraf
| 7
|-
| Actor with most nominations in a single year
| [[Swapnil Joshi]] {{small|(2016) }}
| 2
|-
| Actor with most nominations without ever winning
|Swapnil Joshi
|4
|-
| Oldest winner
|[[Nana Patekar]] {{small|(2016)}}
[[Mahesh Manjrekar]] {{small|(2025)}}
| 66
|-
| Oldest nominee
|[[Nana Patekar]] {{small|(2025)}}
| 74
|-
| Youngest winner
| rowspan="2" | [[Sachin Pilgaonkar (actor)|Sachin Pilgaonkar]] {{small|(1979)}}
| rowspan="2" | 22
|-
| Youngest nominee
|}
[[Ashok Saraf]] holds the record for the most wins in the category, having received the award three times. He also leads with the highest number of nominations, with a total of four along with [[Swapnil Joshi]] (without ever winning). Several actors have won the award in consecutive years, including [[Shriram Lagoo]] (1974–1975), [[Ashok Saraf]] (1982–1983), [[Laxmikant Berde]] (1984–1985), and [[Mohan Joshi]] (1997–1998). Among those with multiple wins, [[Vikram Gokhale]], [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]], and [[Nana Patekar]] have each won the award twice.

On the other hand, [[Ankush Chaudhari]] has been nominated four times and has won once. Similarly, Yashwant Dutt and [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] were each nominated twice and won once. [[Mohan Joshi]] received three nominations and won twice, while [[Amey Wagh]] won once out of his three nominations. [[Jitendra Joshi]] and [[Sachin Khedekar]] have also been nominated three times. Other actors with notable nominations include [[Ravindra Mankani]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Subodh Bhave]], [[Bhalchandra Kadam|Bhau Kadam]], [[Lalit Prabhakar]], [[Pranav Raorane]], [[Gashmeer Mahajani]], and [[Adinath Kothare]], all of whom have been nominated twice.

Notably, [[Prasad Oak]] is the only actor to have been nominated twice for portraying the same role ([[Anand Dighe]]), winning on his first nomination. Additionally, [[Chandrakant Kulkarni]], [[Subodh Bhave]], and [[Adinath Kothare]] are the only individuals to have received nominations for both Best Actor and [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|Best Director]], and all three have gone on to win in the latter category. [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] and [[Prasad Oak]] are the only personalities to have won in both categories: Best Actor and [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|Best Director]].

Furthermore, [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] is the only individual to have been nominated in all three major categories—Best Actor, [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|Best Director]], and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Marathi|Best Supporting Actor]]. In terms of national crossover, [[Amol Palekar]] and [[Nana Patekar]] are the only actors to have won both the Marathi and Hindi Filmfare Award for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]. [[Laxmikant Berde]] and [[Deepak Dobriyal]] have the distinction of winning the Marathi Filmfare Award and also being nominated for the Hindi (main) [[Filmfare Awards]] in other categories. [[Shriram Lagoo]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], and [[Mohan Agashe]] have all been nominated in both languages as well. [[Sayaji Shinde]] and [[Atul Kulkarni]] hold the rare honor of being nominated for Filmfare Awards across three film industries—Marathi, Hindi, and [[Filmfare Awards South|South]] Indian cinema.

==Winner and nominees==
===1970s===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actor
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role(s)
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1974
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Sriram Lagoo.jpg|105px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Shriram Lagoo]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Shankar'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''Sugandhi Katta'''''
|-
| colspan =3 style="text-align:center" | '''No Other Nominee'''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1975
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Sriram Lagoo.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Shriram Lagoo]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Master'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Saamna (film)|Saamna]]'''''
|-
| colspan =3 style="text-align:center" | '''No Other Nominee'''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1976
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Ravindra Mahajani]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Arjun Bhausaheb Nanagre'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''Zhunj'''''
|-
| colspan =3 style="text-align:center" | '''No Other Nominee'''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1977
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Vikram Gokhale at the TV show launch.jpg|105px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Vikram Gokhale]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Deepak'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''Bhingri'''''
|-
| colspan =3 style="text-align:center" | '''No Other Nominee'''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1978
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''Yashwant Dutt'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Bhairu'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''Bhairu Pailwan Ki Jay'''''
|-
| colspan =3 style="text-align:center" | '''No Other Nominee'''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1979
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:SachinPilgaonkar.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Sachin Pilgaonkar (actor)|Sachin Pilgaonkar]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Balasaheb Inamdar'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Ashtavinayak (film)|Ashtavinayak]]'''''
|-
| colspan =3 style="text-align:center" | '''No Other Nominee'''
|}
===1980s===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actor
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role(s)
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1980
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Nilu Phule.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Nilu Phule]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Sampatrao Kodge'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''Sahakar Samrat'''''
|-
| colspan =3 style="text-align:center" | '''No Other Nominee'''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1981
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Amol Palekar - Kolkata 2016-02-04 0749.JPG|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Amol Palekar]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Mukutrao Shinde'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''Akriet'''''
|-
| colspan =3 style="text-align:center" | '''No Other Nominee'''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1982
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Ashok Saraf.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Ashok Saraf]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Madan Kumar'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''Gondhalat Gondhal'''''
|-
| colspan =3 style="text-align:center" | '''No Other Nominee'''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1983
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Ashok Saraf.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Ashok Saraf]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Namdeo'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''Goshta Dhamaal Namyachi'''''
|-
| colspan =3 style="text-align:center" | '''No Other Nominee'''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1984
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Laxmikant Berde]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Deepak Waghmare'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Lek Chalali Sasarla]]'''''
|-
| colspan =3 style="text-align:center" | '''No Other Nominee'''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1985
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Laxmikant Berde]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Laxmikant Wakde'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Dhoom Dhadaka]]'''''
|-
| colspan =3 style="text-align:center" | '''No Other Nominee'''
|}

===1990s===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actor
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role(s)
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1994
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Vikram Gokhale at the TV show launch.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Vikram Gokhale]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Purushottam Kamble'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''Vazir'''''
|-
|[[Ravindra Mankani]]
|Vasudev Inamdar
|''Varsa Laxmicha''
|-
|[[Mohan Joshi]]
|Dr. Madhukar Hirve
|''[[Savat Mazi Ladki]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1995
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Sayaji.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Sayaji Shinde]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Sayaji'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''Aboli'''''
|-
|Dilip Kulkarni
|Avinash Pradhan
|''Aai''
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1996
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Ashok Saraf.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Ashok Saraf]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Vishwasrao'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''Suna Yeti Ghara'''''
|-
|[[Chandrakant Kulkarni]]
|School Teacher
|''[[Bangarwadi]]''
|-
|[[Ravindra Mankani]]
|Shrirang
|''Limited Manuski''
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1997
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Mohan Joshi.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Mohan Joshi]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Raosaheb'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''Raosaheb'''''
|-
|[[Dilip Prabhavalkar]]
|Minister
| rowspan="2" |''[[Sarkarnama]]''
|-
|Yashwant Dutt
|Uttam Rao
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1998
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Mohan Joshi.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Mohan Joshi]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Nanasaheb Date'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Tu Tithe Mee]]'''''
|-
|[[Ramesh Bhatkar]]
|Datta
|''Navsacha Por''
|-
|Avinash Narkar
|Shambhu
|''Paij Lagnachi''
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Dilip Prabhavalkar.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" |'''[[Dilip Prabhavalkar]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Shridhar Phadke'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''Ratra Aarambh'''''
|-
|[[Sachin Khedekar]]
|Vasudha's brother
|''[[Gharabaher]]''
|-
|[[Anand Kale]]
|Anant
|''Ghe Bharari''
|}
===2010s===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:5%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actor
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role(s)
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:2%;" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | [[1st Filmfare Awards Marathi|2014]]
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Nana patekar.jpg|105px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Nana Patekar]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | ''' [[Prakash Amte]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero]]'''''
|rowspan=5| <ref>{{Cite news|title=Marathi Filmfare Awards: Nominations - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/marathi-filmfare-awards-nominations/articleshow/49827966.cms|access-date=2021-03-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Atul Kulkarni]]
| Niranjan
| ''[[Happy Journey (2014 Marathi film)|Happy Journey]]''
|-
| [[Girish Kulkarni]]
| Postman
| ''[[Postcard (2013 film)|Postcard]]''
|-
| [[Mohan Agashe]]
| Dr. Chakrapani Shastri (Appa)
| ''[[Astu]]''
|-
| [[Riteish Deshmukh]]
| Mauli/Prince Nimbalkar
| ''[[Lai Bhaari]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[2nd Filmfare Awards Marathi|2015]]
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:SachinPilgaonkar.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Sachin Pilgaonkar (actor)|Sachin Pilgaonkar]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Khansaheb Aftab Hussain Bareliwale'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]'''''
|rowspan=6| <ref>{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Ankita|date=2016-11-28|title=Filmfare Marathi Awards 2016 winners list: Sachin Pilgaonkar, Shankar Mahadevan, Neena Kulkarni and others sweep honours|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/filmfare-marathi-awards-2016-winners-list-sachin-pilgaonkar-shankar-mahadevan-neena-kulkarni-705900|access-date=2021-03-29|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ankush Chaudhari]]
| Amit Naik
| ''[[Double Seat]]''
|-
| [[Subodh Bhave]]
| [[Lokmanya Tilak]]
| ''[[Lokmanya: Ek Yugpurush]]''
|-
| [[Swapnil Joshi]]
| Gautam Pradhan
| ''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai 2]]''
|-
| [[Sumeet Raghavan]]
| Vamanrao Ashtaputre
| ''[[Sandook]]''
|-
| [[Sachin Khedekar]]
| Shyam Jagdale
| ''[[Nagrik]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[3rd Filmfare Awards Marathi|2016]]
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Nana patekar.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Nana Patekar]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Ganpat Belwalkar'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Natsamrat]]'''''
|rowspan=6| <ref>{{Cite news|title=Jio Filmfare Award Marathi 2017: Complete nomination list - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/jio-filmfare-award-marathi-2017-complete-nomination-list/articleshow/61217304.cms|access-date=2021-03-30|website=The Times of India|date=25 October 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Akash Thosar]]
| Prashant (Parshya) Kale
| ''[[Sairat]]''
|-
| [[Makarand Anaspure]]
| Jumaan
| ''[[Rangaa Patangaa]]''
|-
| [[Jitendra Joshi]]
| Prasanna Kamerkar
| ''[[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]''
|-
| [[Swapnil Joshi]]
| Neil
| ''[[Friends (2016 film)|Friends]]''
|-
| Mangesh Desai
| [[Bhagwan Dada]]
| ''[[Ekk Albela]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | [[4th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2017]]
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Amey Wagh (2018).jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Amey Wagh]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Alok'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Muramba]]'''''
|rowspan=5| <ref>{{Cite news|title=4th Jio Filmfare Awards Marathi 2018: Complete winners' list - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/4th-jio-filmfare-awards-marathi-2018-complete-winners-list/articleshow/65986744.cms|access-date=2021-03-31|website=The Times of India|date=28 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ashok Saraf]]
| PSI Pralhad Ghodake
| ''Shentimental''
|-
| [[Sachin Khedekar]]
| Bhaskar Pandit
| ''[[Baapjanma]]''
|-
| [[Subodh Bhave]]
| Shekhar Joshi
| ''[[Hrudayantar]]''
|-
| [[Sumedh Mudgalkar]]
| Vikram (Vicky)
| ''[[Manjha]]''
|}

===2020s===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:5%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"| Photos of winners
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actor
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role(s)
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:2%;" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=5 style="text-align:center" | [[5th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2020]]
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Deepak Dobriyal in 2013.jpg|105px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Deepak Dobriyal]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Madhav'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''Baba'''''
|rowspan=5| <ref>{{Cite news|title=5th Planet Filmfare Marathi Awards 2020: Complete winners' list - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/5th-planet-filmfare-marathi-awards-2020-complete-winners-list/articleshow/81246533.cms|access-date=2021-05-21|website=The Times of India|date=March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Amey Wagh]]
| Nachiket Pradhan
| ''[[Girlfriend (2019 film)|Girlfriend]]''
|-
| [[Bhalchandra Kadam|Bhau Kadam]]
| Babanrao
| ''[[Nashibvaan]]''
|-
| [[Lalit Prabhakar]]
| Gopal Joshi
| ''[[Anandi Gopal]]''
|-
| [[Pranav Raorane]]
| Vasant (Vasya)
| ''[[Aatpadi Nights]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=6 style="text-align:center" | [[6th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2021]]
|rowspan=6 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Ankush Choudhary at Music Launch of Dagdi Chawl.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Ankush Chaudhari]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Navnath (Dada) Ubhe'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Dhurala]]'''''
|rowspan=6| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/6th-planet-filmfare-marathi-awards-2021-complete-winners-list/articleshow/90561300.cms | title=6th Planet Filmfare Marathi Awards 2021: Complete winners' list | publisher=Times of India | date=1 April 2021 | accessdate=30 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bhau Kadam]]
| Pandu Havaldar
| ''[[Pandu (film)|Pandu]]''
|-
| [[Gashmeer Mahajani]]
| Aditya Deodhar
| ''Bonus''
|-
| [[Jitendra Joshi]]
| Nandan
| ''[[Choricha Mamla]]''
|-
| [[Swapnil Joshi]]
| Shrikant Sathe
| ''[[Bali (2021 film)|Bali]]''
|-
| [[Pranav Raorane]]
| Preetam
| ''[[Preetam (film)|Preetam]]''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=7 style="text-align:center" | [[7th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2022]]
|rowspan=7 style="text-align:center"|{{border|[[File:Prasad Oak during the 48th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2017), in Panaji, Goa.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Prasad Oak]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Anand Dighe]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Dharmaveer]]'''''
|rowspan=7| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022: Prasad Oak, Sayali Sanjeev Bag Top Honours, Godavari Named Best Film. Full Winners List |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/filmfare-awards-marathi-2022-prasad-oak-sayali-sanjeev-bag-top-honours-godavari-named-best-film-full-winners-list-article-99131271 |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jitendra Joshi]]
| Nishikant Deshmukh
| ''[[Godavari (2021 film)|Godavari]]''
|-
| [[Riteish Deshmukh]]
| Satya Jadhav
| ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
|-
| [[Ankush Chaudhari]]
| Suryakant (Surya) Shinde
| ''[[Daagadi Chawl 2]]''
|-
| [[Adinath Kothare]]
| Daulatrao Deshmane
| ''[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]''
|-
| [[Sharad Kelkar]]
| [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]]
| ''[[Har Har Mahadev]]''
|-
| [[Lalit Prabhakar]]
| Indraneel aka Sunny
| ''[[Sunny (2022 film)|Sunny]]''
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[8th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2023]]
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:ShashankShende.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Shashank Shende]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Tatya'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Baaplyok]]'''''
| rowspan="5" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=RR Kabel Filmfare Awards Marathi 2024: Shashank Shende, Gauri Deshpande Bag Top Honours. Check Full Winners List |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/rr-kabel-filmfare-awards-marathi-2024-shashank-shende-gauri-deshpande-bag-top-honours-check-full-winners-list-article-109412827 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Amey Wagh]]
| Jaggu Dada
| ''[[Jaggu Ani Juliet]]''
|-
| [[Ankush Chaudhari]]
| [[Krishnarao Sable|Shahir Sable]]
| ''[[Maharashtra Shahir]]''
|-
| [[Onkar Bhojane]]
| Bhikaji Vakhre
| ''[[Sarla Ek Koti]]''
|-
| [[Swapnil Joshi]]
| Aniket
| ''[[Vaalvi]]''
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[9th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2024]]
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" |{{border|[[File:Mahesh Manjrekar 1.jpg|95px|centre]]|width=2px|style=solid |color=gold}}
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''Govind Shridhar Pathak'''
| style="background:#FAEB86;" | '''''[[Juna Furniture]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-11 |title=महेश मांजरेकरांना पुरस्कार देताना तब्बू मराठी भाषेत झाली व्यक्त; म्हणाली, "माझ्या आयुष्यातील…" |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/tabu-spoke-marathi-in-filmfare-awards-marathi-2025-hugged-mahesh-manjrekar-while-expressing-gratitude-aam-99-5221389/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=News Desk |date=2025-07-05 |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2025 to celebrate a decade of cinematic excellence on July 10 in Mumbai |url=https://mediabrief.com/filmfare-awards-marathi-2025-nominations/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=MediaBrief |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Adinath Kothare]]
| Hanumant Kendre
| ''[[Paani (film)|Paani]]''
|-
| [[Gashmeer Mahajani]]
| Venkatadhwari Narasimha Shastri
| ''[[Phullwanti]]''
|-
| [[Nana Patekar]]
| Omkar Lele
| ''[[Ole Aale]]''
|-
| [[Prasad Oak]]
| [[Anand Dighe]]
| ''[[Dharmaveer 2]]''
|-
|[[Siddharth Chandekar]]
|Prasanna
|''[[Sridevi Prasanna]]''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Filmfare Awards Marathi]]

Vatsal Sheth

2026-02-12T03:24:24Z

Sudeep 68899: small changes

{{Short description|Indian actor, model and entrepreneur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vatsal Sheth
| image = Vatsal Sheth in 2015.jpg
| caption = Sheth in 2015
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|8|5|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/vatsal-sheth-rings-in-40th-birthday-with-low-key-celebrations-with-wife-ishita-dutta/articleshow/77373103.cms|title=Vatsal Sheth rings in 40th birthday with low-key celebrations with wife Ishita Dutta|work=[[Times of India]]|date=5 August 2020}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|[[Model (people)|model]]|[[entrepreneur]]}}
| years_active = 1996–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ishita Dutta]]|2017}}
| known_for = ''[[Just Mohabbat]]'' ''[[Taarzan: The Wonder Car]]''
| website = {{URL|www.youtube.com/channel/UCl0QKaaDhk9JDBS44EE1mvA|YouTube Channel}}
}}

'''Vatsal Sheth''' (born 5 August 1980) is an Indian actor, model and entrepreneur. He has acted in many Indian television shows and numerous [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films, and is known for his portrayal of Raj Chaudhary in the 2004 film ''[[Taarzan: The Wonder Car]]'', Shaurya Goenka in the 2014 thriller series ''[[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)|Ek Hasina Thi]]'', and Kabir Raichand in the 2017 love-saga series ''[[Haasil (Indian TV series)|Haasil]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/shows/wild-card-entrants-on-jhalak-6/articleshow/20871639.cms|title=Wild card entrants on Jhalak 6|website=photogallery.indiatimes.com|access-date=17 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917213931/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/shows/wild-card-entrants-on-jhalak-6/articleshow/20871639.cms|archive-date=17 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Life and family==
Sheth was born on 5 August 1980 in [[Mumbai]] to [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] parents.<ref>{{cite news|title=I was scared to tell mom that I play a rapist in Ek Thi Hasina: Vatsal Seth|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/i-was-scared-to-tell-mom-that-i-play-a-rapist-in-ek-thi-hasina-vatsal-seth/story-ULuSSUS6CV5HEjgYHwmhHJ.html|first=Kavita|last=Awaasthi|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=16 August 2014}}</ref> He is the elder of the two siblings.

He studied at [[Utpal Shanghvi Global School]], did his Junior College at Gokalibai Punamchand Pitambar High School, [[Vile Parle]] and received his degree in [[mathematics]] from [[Mithibai College]], [[Vile Parle]]. He also wrote a few games in [[GW-BASIC]] and [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]]. He intended to become a software engineer which he later dropped after receiving his first significant role as Jai in ''[[Just Mohabbat]]''.

Sheth is a vegetarian.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articles/features/i-dont-follow-any-diet-to-stay-fit-vatsal-sheth/articleshow/58855339.cms|title=I don't follow any diet to stay fit: Vatsal Sheth|access-date=17 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918022700/http://recipes.timesofindia.com/articles/features/i-dont-follow-any-diet-to-stay-fit-vatsal-sheth/articleshow/58855339.cms|archive-date=18 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He is a fitness enthusiast and follows [[teetotalism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Vatsal-Sheth-is-healthy-wealthy-and-wise/articleshow/38989108.cms|title=Vatsal Sheth is healthy, wealthy and wise – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116013048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Vatsal-Sheth-is-healthy-wealthy-and-wise/articleshow/38989108.cms|archive-date=16 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He is a part of the Celebrity Cricket Team Mumbai Heroes. He also plays badminton and supports [[Mumbai Magicians]] in the [[Indian Badminton League]].

==Personal life==
[[File:Vatsal Sheth and Ishita Dutta at Ramesh S Taurani’s diwali bash (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sheth with wife [[Ishita Dutta]] in 2022]]

Sheth met actress [[Ishita Dutta]] on the sets of their show ''[[Rishton Ka Saudagar - Baazigar]]'' in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vatsal Sheth on his love story with Ishita Dutta: Feelings developed after our show got over |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=10 December 2019 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/vatsal-sheth-on-his-love-story-with-ishita-dutt-feelings-developed-after-our-show-got-over/story-ttjOO1UKmJpJn9JsYLhkbP_amp.html}}</ref> Sheth married Dutta on 28 November 2017 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ishita-dutta-and-vatsal-sheth-are-now-married-see-pics-1781116 |title=Ishita Dutta and Vatsal Sheth are now married |website=NDTV Indis |access-date=28 November 2018 |archive-date=28 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128154304/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ishita-dutta-and-vatsal-sheth-are-now-married-see-pics-1781116 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/bollywood-celebs-on-a-vacation/photo-ishita-dutta-and-hubby-vatsal-sheth-celebrate-their-first-marriage-anniversary-in-bali/photostory/66862993.cms |title=Ishita Dutta and hubby Vatsal Sheth celebrate their first marriage anniversary in Bali |website=The Times of India |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=8 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908030525/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/bollywood-celebs-on-a-vacation/photo-ishita-dutta-and-hubby-vatsal-sheth-celebrate-their-first-marriage-anniversary-in-bali/photostory/66862993.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the couple announced their pregnancy and had a baby boy on 19 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Drishyam 2' actress Ishita Dutta confirms pregnancy with husband Vatsal Sheth |work=Economic Times |access-date=31 March 2023 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/drishyam-2-actress-ishita-dutta-confirms-pregnancy-with-husband-vatsal-sheth/articleshow/98734316.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive! It is a baby boy for Ishita Dutta and Vatsal Sheth|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-ishita-dutta-and-vatsal-sheth-deliver-a-baby-boy/articleshow/101965317.cms|access-date=2023-07-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The couple had a baby girl on June 10, 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Drishyam 2' actress Ishita Dutta confirms pregnancy with husband Vatsal Sheth |work=Economic Times |date=17 March 2023 |access-date=31 March 2023 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/drishyam-2-actress-ishita-dutta-confirms-pregnancy-with-husband-vatsal-sheth/articleshow/98734316.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive! It is a baby boy for Ishita Dutta and Vatsal Sheth|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-ishita-dutta-and-vatsal-sheth-deliver-a-baby-boy/articleshow/101965317.cms|access-date=2023-07-22|website=The Times of India|date=19 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Sharman Joshi and Vatsal Sheth on the sets of Toh Baat Pakki.jpg|thumb|Vatsal with [[Sharman Joshi]] on the sets of ''Toh Baat Pakki!'' (2010).]]
In ''[[Just Mohabbat]]'', Sheth portrayed the role of Jai through his teenage years. In 2003, director duo [[Abbas–Mustan]] announced their film ''[[Taarzan: The Wonder Car]]'' with Sheth playing the character Raj Choudary. In 2007, Sheth appeared as Vikram Singh/ Older Jaisalmer in ''[[Nanhe Jaisalmer]]''. A year later he starred in ''[[Heroes (2008 film)|Heroes]]'' as Ali . In the same year he appeared in a cameo for [[Disney]]’s ''[[The Cheetah Girls: One World]]''. In 2009, he was part of the star-cast in ''[[Paying Guests]]'' produced by [[Subhash Ghai]]. In 2011, Vatsal played Karan in ''Hostel''. He had a cameo role in ''[[Jai Ho (film)|Jai Ho]]''. In 2014 Vatsal returned to television in a grey role of Shaurya Goenka in ''[[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)|Ek Hasina Thi]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofindia.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Vatsal-Seth-has-minor-accident-on-Ek-Hasina-Thi-set/articleshow/38378790.cms|title=Vatsal Seth has minor accident on 'Ek Hasina Thi' set – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 September 2017}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In 2017, he was cast as a lead character Kabir Raichand on the thriller tv series [[Haasil (Indian TV series)|Haasil]] On 25 January 2018, he won an award for ''[[Haasil (Indian TV series)|Haasil]]'' at the Lions Gold Awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/vatsal-sheth-gets-emotional-after-winning-award-haasil-lions-gold-award-396465|title=Vatsal Sheth gets emotional after winning an award for Haasil at the Lions Gold Award|work=Pinkvilla|date=26 January 2018}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In December 2019, he appeared as Nishant Maheshwari in the StarPlus daily soap opera ''[[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]]''.<ref name=soap>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vatsal-sheth-turns-positive-on-tv/articleshow/72108101.cms|title=Vatsal Sheth turns positive on TV|website=Times Of India}}</ref> In 2020 he appeared as Aswathamma in RadhaKrishna.

== Media ==
Vatsal Sheth was ranked in [[The Times of India|The Times Most Desirable Men]] at No. 36 in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Times Most Desirable Man of 2020: Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-times-most-desirable-man-of-2020-sushant-singh-rajput-philosopher-dreamer-charmer/articleshow/83239123.cms|access-date=2021-08-07|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
!class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2004
|''[[Taarzan: The Wonder Car]]''
|Raj Chaudhary
|Debut film
|-
|2007
|''[[Nanhe Jaisalmer]]''
|Vikram Singh/Older Nanhe
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2008
|''[[The Cheetah Girls: One World]]''
|Sunny Singh
|English film
|-
|''[[Heroes (2008 film)|Heroes]]''
|Ali Nawab Sahab Shah
|Nominated. Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance – Male
|-
|''[[U Me Aur Hum]]''
|{{NA}}
|Executive producer
|-
|2009
|''[[Paying Guests]]''
|Jayesh Takhur
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Toh Baat Pakki!]]''
|Yuvvraaj Saxena
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Hostel (2011 film)|Hostel]]''
|Karan
|
|-
|2012
|''Uncoupled''
|Shaan
|Short film
|-
|2013
|''Season's Greetings''
|Sam
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Jai Ho (film)|Jai Ho]]''
|Harjeet
|
|-
| 2016
|''[[Final Cut of Director]]''
|Nitish Kumar
|Hindi-Tamil Bilingual film
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
|''[[Malang (film)|Malang]]''
|Victor Ferns
|
|-
|''Kahaa Toh Tha''
|Aabir
|Short film<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2020 |title=Kahaa Toh Tha {{!}} Love In Quarantine {{!}} Vatsal Sheth {{!}} Ishita Dutta {{!}} A Short Film |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCWWO6JvTp8 |website=[[Times Music]]}}</ref>
|-
|''Meri Pehli Bike''
|Aditya
|Short film
|-
|2023
|''[[Adipurush]]''
| [[Indrajit]]
|[[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film debut; also shot in [[Hindi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Aachari Baa]]''
|Raj Singhania
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Toleti |first=Siddartha |date=2025-03-15 |title=Aachari Baa Review |url=https://www.m9.news/ott-review/aachari-baa-movie-review/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=M9.news |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''Surprise''
|Parth Desai
|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] film<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jambhekar |first1=Shruti |date=5 April 2023 |title=I am stepping out of my comfort zone: Helly Shah on Gujarati debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/gujarati/i-am-stepping-out-of-my-comfort-zone-helly-shah-on-gujarati-debut/articleshow/99269401.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|Firki
|
|Gujurati film
|-
|2026
|Kanyadaan
|Punit
|Short Hindi movie release on Amazon prime, shortsTV and X stream play
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
!class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1996–2000
| ''[[Just Mohabbat]]''
| Jai Malhotra
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
| Himself
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 6|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6]]''
| Contestant
|Segment: "Wild Card Special"
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)|Ek Hasina Thi]]''
| Shaurya Goenka
|
|-
|2015
|''Naach Meri Jaan''
|Judge
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Rishton Ka Saudagar - Baazigar]]''
| Aarav Trivedi
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Gehraiyaan (web series)|Gehraiyaan]]''
|Sahil Arora
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Haasil (Indian TV series)|Haasil]]''
| Kabir Raichand
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| ''[[Kaun Hai?]]''
| Yatin Choudhary
|
|-
| ''[[Bepannah]]''
| Himself
| Special appearance
|-
|2019–2020

| ''[[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]]''

|Nishant "Nannu" Maheshwar

|<ref name=soap/>
|-
|2021
|Crime next door
|Amit
|Release on hotsar
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2023
| ''[[Naagin 6]]''
|Raghav
|
|-
| ''[[Titli (2023 TV series)|Titli]]''
|Rahul
| Cameo appearance
|-
|2025
|''[[Andhera (TV series)|Andhera]]''
|Darius
|
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Singer
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020
|Be Strong
|Jasbir Jassi
|
|-
|Jis Din Tum
|Soham Naik
|
|-
|''Rehne Do Zara''
|Soham Naik
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2020 |title=I get inspired from people and real life situations |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/i-get-inspired-from-people-and-real-life-situations/ |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=EasternEye |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|''Kithe''
|[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2020 |title=Ishita Dutta, Vatsal Sheth team up for a music video again |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/ishita-dutta-vatsal-sheth-music-video-kithe-630478 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|Kuch Tumhara Kuch Hamara
|Soham Naik
|
|-
|AASMAN
|Rupinn Pahwa
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1846024}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/Vattyboy Vatsal Sheth] on [[Facebook]]
* {{Instagram|vatsalsheth}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/vatsal-sheth/ Vatsal Sheth] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]
* [https://mobile.twitter.com/shethvatsal Vatsal Sheth] on [[Twitter]]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheth, Vatsal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Mithibai College alumni]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]

N. Kannan

2026-01-18T09:35:32Z

Sudeep 68899: New Pg.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = N. Kannan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|10|12}}
| birth_place = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Kerala]]
| term_start = 1996
| term_end = 2001
| constituency = [[Wandoor (State Assembly constituency)|Wandoor]]
|predecessor = [[Pandalam Sudhakaran]]
|successor = [[A. P. Anil Kumar]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| image =
| image_size = 220 px
}}

'''N. Kannan''' was the former Member of Legislative Assembly from [[Wandoor (State Assembly constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Assembly Election Results in 1996|url=https://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1996-election-results.html|website=www.elections.in|access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Members - Kerala Legislature|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m278.htm|website=www.niyamasabha.org|access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref> In the 10th Kerala Legislative Assembly, he represented [[Wandoor]] constituency from 1996-2001.<ref name=":1" /> He is the only communist leader who marked a victory in [[Wandoor (State Assembly constituency)]].

== Life ==
N Kannan was born to N. Chathan and P Kali on 12 October 1955.<ref name=":1" /> He is married to Ajitha Ikkaden.<ref name=":1" /> He has two sons, Arjun and Abhinav.

== Political career ==
The active involvement in Kerala State Youth Federation (KSYF) made Kannan a political activist. KSYF is the precursor to [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]]. He was elected as the Panchayat Joint Secretary of KSYF. He then moved on to Kerala State Karshaka Thozhilali Union (KSKTU) affiliated or Kerala Agricultural Workers Union. He was the Panchayat Secretary of Trikkalangode unit of KSKTU and later became Area Secretary of Wandoor unit. He was also the former Malappuram District President of KSKTU. Currently, he is the state committee member of Kerala State Karshaka Thozhilali Union.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

He has held the office of district president of Pattikajathi Kshema Samithi (PKS), a Dalit outfit of CPI(M) in Kerala. He is now the state committee member of PKS. He is also the area secretary of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in Wandoor and the district committee member of Malappuram committee.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

In 1988 , N Kannan was elected as the Member of [[Trikkalangode]] Panchayat. In 1990, he was elected to the District Council of Malappuram from Wandoor division. From 1995-2000, he was elected to the [[Malappuram district|Malappuram District Panchayat]] from [[Trikkalangode]] division.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malappuram District Panchayat|url=http://malappuramdistrictpanchayath.kerala.gov.in/core/history.htm|website=malappuramdistrictpanchayath.kerala.gov.in|access-date=2020-05-09|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605113108/http://malappuramdistrictpanchayath.kerala.gov.in/core/history.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1996, he was elected to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] from Wandoor.<ref name=":1" /> He got defeated to [[A. P. Anil Kumar|A.P Anil Kumar]] of Indian National Congress. He was elected as the President of [[Thiruvali]] Gram Panchayat from 2005-10. He is currently the member of both Nilambur Land Board<ref>{{Cite web|title=LAND TRIBUBALS|url=http://kja.gov.in/data/pdf/state%20land%20board%20offices.pdf|last=|first=|date=|website=The Kerala Judicial Academy|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> and Malappuram district SC and ST welfare committee.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Year !! Constituency !! Winner !! Votes !! Political Party !! Runner-up !! Votes !! Political Party || Margin
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 1 || 1996 || [[Wandoor (State Assembly constituency)]] || N Kannan || 55399 || [[CPI(M)]]|| [[Pandalam Sudhakaran]] || 51198 || [[Indian National Congress]] || 4201
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 2 || 2001 || [[Wandoor (State Assembly constituency)]] || [[A. P. Anil Kumar|A.P. Anilkumar]] || 80059 || [[Indian National Congress]]|| N Kannan || 51834 || [[CPI(M)]] || 28225
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kannan, N.}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1996–2001]]

{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

A. N. M. Nuruzzaman

2025-12-25T21:12:12Z

Sudeep 68899: update formatting per standard format and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|Bangladeshi freedom fighter (1938–1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = A. N. M. Nuruzzaman
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 2 December 1938
| birth_place = [[Narsingdi District|Narsingdi]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1993|3|16|1938|12|2|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Stockholm]], Sweden
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[University of Dhaka]]
| party =
| allegiance = {{flag|Bangladesh}} {{flag|Pakistan}} (before 1971)
| branch = {{army|Pakistan}} {{army|Bangladesh}} [[File: Emblem of the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini.svg |20px|link=]] [[Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini|National Defence Force]]
| serviceyears = 1960–1993
| rank = [[File:Bangladesh-army-OF-6.svg|Bangladesh-army-OF-6|20px]] [[Brigadier general (Bangladesh)|Brigadier General]] [[File:BD Army Brigadier General Star Plate.svg|20px]]
| unit = [[East Bengal Regiment]]
| commands = *Commander of [[List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War|Sector – III]]
*Director General of [[Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini|National Defense Force]]
| battles = [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
| honorific_prefix =
| awards = [[File:Bir Uttom ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Bir Uttom]]<ref>[http://www.molwa.gov.bd/site/page/3f3b7628-3ac7-4927-bf6f-c9203fae601f/Bir-Uttam Bangladesh Gazette of 15 December 1973; Ministry of Liberation War Affairs]</ref>
| native_name = আ. ন. ম. নুরুজ্জামান
| native_name_lang = bn
}}

'''A.N.M Nuruzzaman''' {{small|[[Bir Uttom]]}} (2 December 1938 – 16 March 1993) was a Bangladeshi army officer, who was also a sector commander in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladeshi War of Liberation]]. After the war he served as the first and only director general of the [[paramilitary|paramilitary force]] [[Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini]].

==Biography==
Nuruzzaman was born in December 1938 in Saidabad, Raipura, [[Narsingdi District|Narsingdi]]. Abu Ahmad, his father, was a government officer. He graduated from Sunamganj High School and Sylhet Murari Chand College in 1956. He graduated from the [[University of Dhaka]] with an B.A.(Hons) degree in History in 1959 and afterward joined the Pakistan Military Academy. In 1960 he was commissioned in the Pakistan army as second lieutenant.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Nuruzzaman,_Brigadier_General_ANM|title=Nuruzzaman, Brigadier General ANM |website=Banglapedia|access-date=20 November 2016}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1968 he was promoted to the rank of captain and posted in [[Quetta]], West Pakistan.<ref name=":0" />

===Agartala Conspiracy case===
He was one of the accused in the [[Agartala Conspiracy Case]]. After the case was withdrawn he was reinstated in service.<ref name=":0" />

===Bangladesh Liberation war===
Nuruzzaman joined the War of liberation in 1971 in the ''S-Force'' under [[K M Shafiullah]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Notable battles in the 11 Sectors|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2013/dec/17/notable-battles-11-sectors|work=Dhaka Tribune|accessdate=9 July 2015}}</ref> commander of Sector-3. In September he was made the commander of sector-3 by the [[Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh|Mujibnagar Government]]. He served in that position till the end of Bangladesh Liberation War.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sector Commanders|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=15472|work=The Daily Star|date=15 December 2007|accessdate=9 July 2015|archive-date=10 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710091251/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=15472|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Post Independence==
He joined the Bangladesh army after the independence of Bangladesh, he was promoted to brigadier general. On 28 January 1972, he and [[Anwar Ul Alam]] meet to discuss the formation of Rakhi Bahini at the ''President House'' on Minto Road, which [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|Sheikh Mujib]] called the "People's House". In March 1972 Rakhi Bahini came into existence.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahsan |first1=Syed Badrul |author-link=Syed Badrul Ahsan |title=Myth, reality and Rakkhi Bahini |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/myth-reality-and-rakkhi-bahini-6669 |accessdate=9 July 2015 |work=The Daily Star|date=13 January 2014 }}</ref> He was the director of [[Jatiyo Rakkhi Bahini]]. He was in London when Mujib was assassinated in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chowdhury|first1=Kamran Reza|title=New book defends roles of Rakkhi Bahini, Tofail|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/politics/2013/aug/15/new-book-defends-roles-rakkhi-bahini-tofail|work=Dhaka Tribune|accessdate=9 July 2015}}</ref> After the assassination, he was placed under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and performed diplomatic responsibilities in Australia, Philippines, Senegal, Canada and Sweden.<ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
A. N. M. Nuruzzaman died on 16 March 1993, aged 54, in [[Stockholm]] while working as ambassador of Bangladesh to Sweden.<ref name=":0" />

==Legacy==
The government of Bangladesh awarded him the highest living gallantry award ''[[Bir Uttom|Bir Uttam]]'' for his role in the Bangladesh Liberation War. Dhaka City Corporation renamed a road Bir Uttam ANM Nuruzzaman Sarak after him.<ref name=":0" />

==Footnotes==

* {{Prothom Alo - This debt of yours will not be repaid|url=http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2012-10-14/news/297716|date=14 October 2012|title=|ticket=}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite news|title=An unsung hero |author1=Anwar Ul Alam |url=http://theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=207937:an-unsung-hero&catid=163:panorama&Itemid=195 |work=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)]] |date=14 March 2014 |accessdate=1 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113454/http://theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=207937%3Aan-unsung-hero&catid=163%3Apanorama&Itemid=195 |archivedate=2 April 2015 }}

{{Bir Uttom}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nuruzzaman, A. N. M.}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Bangladesh to Sweden]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Army brigadiers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bir Uttom]]
[[Category:Mukti Bahini personnel]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League central committee members]]
[[Category:Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini personnel]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi military personnel]]
[[Category:Government Jubilee High School alumni]]
[[Category:Murari Chand College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]

Eutropis dattaroyi

2025-12-16T04:00:34Z

Sudeep 68899: adding

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status =
| genus = Eutropis
| species = dattaroyi
| authority = Amarasinghe, Chandramouli, Deuti, Campbell, Henkanaththegedara, & Karunarathna, 2020
| range_map =
}}

'''''Eutropis dattaroyi''''' is a [[species]] of [[skink]] found on [[Great Nicobar Island]] in India.<ref name=RDB/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Eutropis|species=dattaroyi|accessdate=22 August 2020}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q104857225}}

[[Category:Eutropis]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2020]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
{{Lizard-stub}}

Abrar Ahmed (INC politician)

2025-12-14T17:07:22Z

Sudeep 68899: Starting Some Pg Needs Work.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

'''Abrar Ahmed''' (10 July 1956 - 5 May 2004) was an Indian politician. He served as [[Members of Rajya Sabha|Member of Rajya Sabha]] from 3 April 1988 to 2 April 1994 and working president of [[Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=Rajasthan Cong chief killed in road mishap |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rajasthan-cong-chief-killed-in-road-mishap/articleshow/657538.cms |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2004-05-04 |title=Rajasthan Cong chief dies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rajasthan-cong-chief-dies/story-Uh1IgFOnc8OXDD34xSMSpK.html |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2004-05-05 |title=Top Politician Dies in Car Crash |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/248798 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952 |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/Members/AlphabeticalFormerMember |website=Rajya Sabha}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born on 10 July 1956 in [[Baran, Rajasthan]] and married Yasmeen Khan on 20 March 1983. The couple had one son and one daughter<ref name=":0" /> including [[Danish Abrar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee Executive Includes 50 Per Cent Committed Youth: Sachin Pilot |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/new-rajasthan-pradesh-congress-committee-executive-includes-50-per-cent-committed-youth-sachin-pilot-706204 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=NDTV}}</ref> On 5 May 2004, he died in a car accident.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Abrar}}
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Vanitha Narayanan

2025-12-14T00:00:21Z

Sudeep 68899: New

{{short description|Indian business executive}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
'''Vanitha Narayanan''' is an Indian business executive. She is managing director of the IBM-Verizon relationship.<ref name="toa">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ibm-india-chairman-vanitha-narayanan-to-return-to-us/articleshow/63054370.cms |title=IBM India chairman Vanitha Narayanan to return to US |date=24 February 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> She was the Chairman of [[IBM India]] from 2017 to 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/vanitha-narayanan-chairman-ibm-india-private-ltd-most-powerful-women-in-busines-member-of-nasscom-executive-council/story/260453.html |title= IBM and Beyond |date=8 October 2017 |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}</ref> Prior to that, she served as the managing director of IBM India and regional general manager for India and South Asia.<ref name="ibmbio">{{cite web |url=http://www-07.ibm.com/in/ibm/overview.html |title=Vanitha Narayanan - Managing Director, IBM India Private Limited |date=November 2014 |publisher=[[IBM]]}}</ref>

Narayanan joined [[IBM]] in the US in 1987. She has worked in several countries, is a member of IBM's Growth & Transformation Team, and was inducted into the IBM Industry Academy. She led several leadership development and diversity initiatives, and is the executive sponsor for developing the women's leadership pipeline.<ref name="ibmbio" />

Narayanan was chairperson of the American Chamber of Commerce in India from 2015 to 2016,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amchamindia.com/national-executive-board/ |title=AMCHAM India - National Executive Board |accessdate=11 July 2019 |publisher=AMCHAM India}}</ref> executive council member of [[NASSCOM]],{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} chairperson of [[National Institute of Technology Karnataka|NITK Surathkal]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20180402-women-leaders-entrepreneurs-corporate-1196381-2018-03-23 |title= Empathy is as important as intellect |date=23 March 2018 |publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref> and member of the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]].<ref name="ibmbio" />

==Awards and recognition==

In 2017 Narayanan was named as one of the ‘Most Powerful Women’ by ''Fortune India''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/vanitha-narayanan?year=2017 |title=Fortune India - Most Powerful Women in 2017 - Vanitha Narayanan |accessdate=11 July 2019 |publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]}}</ref> and ''Business Today''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/powerful-businesswomen/2017 |title=The Most Powerful Women In Business 2017 |accessdate=11 July 2019 |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}</ref>

==Education==

Narayanan has a Masters in Business Administration in Marketing from the University of Madras and a Masters in Business Administration in Information Systems from University of Houston - Magna Cum Laude. Besides, she has a major in liberal arts from Stella Maris College, Chennai.

==Personal life==

Narayanan lives in the [[United States|US]].<ref name="toa" /> She is married and has a daughter and grandchild.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/when-ibm-india-chairman-vanitha-narayanan-faced-grandmother-peer-pressure/articleshow/63008347.cms |title=When IBM India Chairman Vanitha Narayanan faced 'grandmother peer pressure' |date=21 February 2018 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayanan, Vanitha}}
[[Category:Businesswomen from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the computer industry]]
[[Category:IBM people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian women business executives]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

13th Maharashtra Assembly

2025-11-03T19:48:39Z

Sudeep 68899: Starting Some Stub W/ Sources

{{Short description|Legislature of Maharashtra, 2014–2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox legislative term|name=13th Maharashtra Assembly|chamber2_leader6_type=[[List of Leader of the Opposition of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]|chamber2_leader2_type=[[List of deputy speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Duputy Speaker of the House]]|chamber2_leader2='''[[Vijayrao Bhaskarrao Auti]]'''(Shiv Sena)|chamber2_leader3_type=[[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]|chamber2_leader3='''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''|chamber2_leader5_type=[[List of Leaders of the House of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Leader of the House]]|chamber2_leader5='''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''|chamber2_leader6=*'''[[Eknath Shinde]]'''(Shivsena)
*'''[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]'''(INC)
*'''[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]'''(INC)|chamber2_leader1_type=[[List of speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the House]]|chamber1=Sovereign|chamber1_image=|chamber1_image_size=|chamber1_alt=|membership1=|control1=|chamber1_leader1_type=[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]|chamber2_leader1='''[[Haribhau Bagade]]'''(BJP)|control2='''[[National Democratic Alliance]]'''
|government='''[[First Fadnavis ministry]]'''
|before=[[12th Maharashtra Assembly]]
|after=[[14th Maharashtra Assembly]]|image=Vidhan Bhavan aerial view.jpg|image_size=250px|caption='''[[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]] [[Mumbai]]'''|body='''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''|election='''[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]'''|opposition=|membership2=288|term_start= 9 November 2014|term_end= 8 November 2019|website=|chamber2=[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|House of the People]]|chamber2_image=2014 Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha.svg|chamber2_image_size=350px|chamber2_alt=|chamber1_leader1=*'''[[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]'''
*'''[[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]'''}}

'''The Members of 13th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra''' were elected during the [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]], with results announced on 19 October 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Aadil Ikram Zaki |title=Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2014: With 122 seats won, BJP looks to restore alliance with Shiv Sena {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2014-with-122-seats-won-bjp-looks-to-restore-alliance-with-shiv-sena-176393/ |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was elected as the largest party in the election with 122 seats out of 288 seats, 76 more than their previous 46 seats. The [[Shiv Sena]] was elected as the second largest party in the election with 63 seats out of 288 seats, 18 more than their previous 45 seats. [[Devendra Fadnavis]] took oath as the [[Chief minister of Maharashtra]] with outside support from the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] in the beginning and then [[Shiv Sena]] direct support after 1 month.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandavarkar |first=Rohit |title=Maharashtra Assembly Polls 2014: Shiv Sena may announce support to BJP to form government |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maharashtra-assembly-polls-2014-shiv-sena-may-announce-support-to-bjp-to-form-government/articleshow/44912920.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-03-18}}</ref>

== Members ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Members
!Name
!Political Party
!Alliance
!Term start
!Term end
|-
|'''Speaker'''
|[[Haribhau Bagade]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="4" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|15 October 2014
|21 October 2019
|-
|'''Deputy Speaker'''
|[[Vijayrao Bhaskarrao Auti]]
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|5 December 2014
|21 October 2019
|-
|'''''Chief Minister'''''
| rowspan="2" |[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" |15 October 2014
| rowspan="2" |21 October 2019
|-
|'''Leader of House'''
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Leader of Opposition'''
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|SS+
|12 November 2014
|5 December 2014
|-
|[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|23 December 2014
|4 June 2019
|-
|[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]
|24 June 2019
|9 November 2019
|}

=== Party-wise Seats ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" width="150" |Party
!Seats
!Leader
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]{{Composition bar|122|288|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|'''122'''
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena]]{{Composition bar|63|288|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|63
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]{{Composition bar|42|288|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|42
|[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]{{Composition bar|41|288|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|41
|[[Ajit Pawar]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]{{Composition bar|3|288|{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|3
|[[Ganpatrao Deshmukh]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Vikas Aghadi}}" |
|[[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi]]{{Composition bar|3|288|{{party color|Bahujan Vikas Aghadi}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|3
|[[Kshitij Thakur]]
|-
| style="background-color: #009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]{{Composition bar|2|288|{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|2
|[[Waris Pathan]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}" |
|[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]]{{Composition bar|1|288|{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|1
|[[Sharaddada Bhimaji Sonavane]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF3300" |
|[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh]]{{Composition bar|1|288|{{party color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|1
|[[Baliram Sirskar]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]{{Composition bar|1|288|{{party color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|1
|[[Rahul Kul]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]{{Composition bar|1|288|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|1
|[[Jiva Pandu Gavit]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]{{Composition bar|1|288|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|1
|[[Abu Azmi]]
|-
| style="background-color:grey" |
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]{{Composition bar|7|288|{{party color|Independent}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|7
|
|-
|
|[[None of the above]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#E9E9E9" |
|
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|+ MLA list
|-
!#
!Assembly Constituency
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
!
! colspan="4" |Nandurbar District
|-
|1
|[[Akkalkuwa Assembly constituency|Akkalkuwa]]
| [[Kagda Chandya Padvi|K. C. Padavi]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|2
| [[Shahada Assembly constituency|Shahada]]
| [[Udesingh Kocharu Padvi]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|3
| [[Nandurbar Assembly constituency|Nandurbar]]
|[[Vijaykumar Krishnarao Gavit]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|4
|[[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur]]
|[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Dhule District
|-
|5
| [[Sakri Assembly constituency|Sakri]]
| [[Dhanaji Sitaram Ahire]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|6
| [[Dhule Rural Assembly constituency|Dhule Rural]]
| [[Kunal Rohidas Patil]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|7
| [[Dhule City Assembly constituency|Dhule City]]
| [[Anil Anna Gote]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|8
| [[Sindkheda Assembly constituency|Sindkheda]]
| [[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|9
| [[Shirpur Assembly constituency|Shirpur]]
| [[Kashiram Vechan Pawara]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Jalgaon District
|-
|10
| [[Chopda Assembly constituency|Chopda]]
|[[Chandrakant Baliram Sonawane]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|11
| [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver]]
| [[Haribhau Jawale]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|12
| [[Bhusawal Assembly constituency|Bhusawal]]
| [[Sanjay Waman Sawakare]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|13
|[[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City]]
|[[Suresh Damu Bhole]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|14
| [[Jalgaon Rural Assembly constituency|Jalgaon Rural]]
|[[Gulab Raghunath Patil]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|15
| [[Amalner Assembly constituency|Amalner]]
| [[Shirish Hiralal Chaudhari]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Ind]]
|-
|16
| [[Erandol Assembly constituency|Erandol]]
| [[Satish Bhaskarrao Patil]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|17
| [[Chalisgaon Assembly constituency|Chalisgaon]]
| [[Unmesh Bhaiyyasaheb Patil]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|18
|[[Pachora Assembly constituency|Pachora]]
|[[Kishor Appa Patil]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|19
| [[Jamner Assembly constituency|Jamner]]
| [[Girish Dattatray Mahajan|Girish Mahajan]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|20
|[[Muktainagar Assembly constituency|Muktainagar]]
|[[Eknath Khadse]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|21
| [[Malkapur Assembly constituency|Malkapur]]
| [[Chainsukh Madanlal Sancheti]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Buldhana District
|-
|22
| [[Buldhana Assembly constituency|Buldhana]]
| [[Harshwardhan Vasantrao Sapkal]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|23
| [[Chikhali Assembly constituency|Chikhli]]
| [[Rahul Siddhvinayak Bondre]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|24
| [[Sindkhed Raja Assembly constituency|Sindkhed Raja]]
| [[Shashikant Narsingrao Khedekar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|25
| [[Mehkar Assembly constituency|Mehkar]]
| [[Sanjay Bhashkar Raimulkar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|26
| [[Khamgaon Assembly constituency|Khamgaon]]
| [[Akash Pandurang Fundkar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|27
| [[Jalgaon (Jamod) Assembly constituency|Jalgaon (Jamod)]]
|[[Sanjay Shriram Kute]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Akola District
|-
|28
| [[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot]]
| [[Prakash Gunvantrao Bharsakale]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|29
| [[Balapur Assembly constituency|Balapur]]
| [[Baliram Sirskar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF3300" |
|[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh|BBM]]
|-
|30
| [[Akola West Assembly constituency|Akola West]]
| [[Govardhan Mangilal Sharma]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|31
| [[Akola East Assembly constituency|Akola East]]
| [[Randhir Pralhadrao Savarkar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|32
| [[Murtizapur Assembly constituency|Murtizapur]]
| [[Harish Marotiappa Pimple]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Washim District
|-
|33
| [[Risod Assembly constituency|Risod]]
| [[Amit Subhashrao Zanak]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|34
| [[Washim Assembly constituency|Washim]]
| [[Lakhan Sahadeo Malik]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|35
| [[Karanja Assembly constituency|Karanja]]
| [[Rajendra Sukhanad Patni]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Amravati District
|-
|36
| [[Dhamangaon Railway Assembly constituency|Dhamamgaon Railway]]
| [[Virendra Jagtap]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|37
| [[Badnera Assembly constituency|Badnera]]
| [[Ravi Rana]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Ind]]
|-
|38
| [[Amravati Assembly constituency|Amravati]]
| [[Sunil Deshmukh]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|39
| [[Teosa Assembly constituency|Teosa]]
| [[Yashomati Chandrakant Thakur]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|40
| [[Daryapur Assembly constituency|Daryapur]]
| [[Ramesh Ganpatrao Bundile]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|41
| [[Melghat Assembly constituency|Melghat]]
| [[Prabhudas Babulal Bhilawekar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|42
| [[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur]]
|[[Omprakash Babarao Kadu]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Ind]]
|-
|43
| [[Morshi Assembly constituency|Morshi]]
| [[Anil Sukhdevrao Bonde]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Wardha District
|-
|44
| [[Arvi Assembly constituency|Arvi]]
| [[Amar Sharadrao Kale]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|45
| [[Deoli, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Deoli]]
| [[Ranjit Prataprao Kamble]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|46
| [[Hinganghat Assembly constituency|Hinganghat]]
| [[Samir Trambakrao Kunawar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|47
| [[Wardha Assembly constituency|Wardha]]
| [[Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Nagpur District
|-
|48
| [[Katol Assembly constituency|Katol]]
| [[Ashish Deshmukh]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|49
| [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner]]
| [[Sunil Chhatrapal Kedar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|50
| [[Hingna Assembly constituency|Hingna]]
| [[Sameer Meghe]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|51
| [[Umred Assembly constituency|Umred]]
| [[Sudhir Laxmanrao Parwe]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|52
| [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West]]
| [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|53
| [[Nagpur South Assembly constituency|Nagpur South]]
| [[Sudhakar Vitthalrao Kohale]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|54
| [[Nagpur East Assembly constituency|Nagpur East]]
| [[Krishna Pancham Khopde]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|55
| [[Nagpur Central Assembly constituency|Nagpur Central]]
| [[Vikas Shankarrao Kumbhare]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|56
| [[Nagpur West Assembly constituency|Nagpur West]]
| [[Sudhakar Shamrao Deshmukh]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|57
| [[Nagpur North Assembly constituency|Nagpur North]]
| [[Milind Mane]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|58
| [[Kamthi Assembly constituency|Kamthi]]
| [[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|59
| [[Ramtek Assembly constituency|Ramtek]]
| [[Dwaram Mallikarjun Reddy]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Bhandara District
|-
|60
| [[Tumsar Assembly constituency|Tumsar]]
| [[Charan Waghmare]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|61
| [[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara]]
| [[Ramchandra Punaji Avsare]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|62
| [[Sakoli Assembly constituency|Sakoli]]
| [[Rajesh Lahanu Kashiwar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Gondiya District
|-
|63
| [[Arjuni Morgaon Assembly constituency|Arjuni Morgaon]]
| [[Rajkumar Badole]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|64
| [[Tirora Assembly constituency|Tirora]]
| [[Vijay Bharatlal Rahangdale]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|65
| [[Gondiya Assembly constituency|Gondiya]]
| [[Gopaldas Shankarlal Agrawal]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|66
| [[Amgaon Assembly constituency|Amgaon]]
| [[Sanjay Hanmantrao Puram]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Gadchiroli District
|-
|67
| [[Armori Assembly constituency|Armori]]
| [[Krishna Damaji Gajbe]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|68
| [[Gadchiroli Assembly constituency|Gadchiroli]]
| [[Deorao Madguji Holi]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|69
| [[Aheri Assembly constituency|Aheri]]
| [[Raje Ambrishrao Raje Satyawan Rao Atram|Ambrishrao Satyavanrao Atram]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Chandrapur District
|-
|70
| [[Rajura Assembly constituency|Rajura]]
| [[Sanjay Yadaorao Dhote]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|71
| [[Chandrapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Chandrapur]]
| [[Nanaji Sitaram Shamkule]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|72
| [[Ballarpur Assembly constituency|Ballarpur]]
| [[Sudhir Mungantiwar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|73
| [[Bramhapuri Assembly constituency|Brahmapuri]]
| [[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|74
| [[Chimur Assembly constituency|Chimur]]
| [[Bunty Bhangdiya]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|75
| [[Warora Assembly constituency|Warora]]
| [[Suresh Narayan Dhanorkar|Suresh Dhanorkar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Yavatmal District
|-
|76
|[[Wani Assembly constituency|Wani]]
| [[Sanjivreddi Bapurao Bodkurwar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|77
| [[Ralegaon Assembly constituency|Ralegaon]]
| [[Ashok Uike]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|78
| [[Yavatmal Assembly constituency|Yavatmal]]
| [[Madan Madhukarrao Yerawar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|79
| [[Digras Assembly constituency|Digras]]
| [[Sanjay Rathod]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|80
| [[Arni Assembly constituency|Arni]]
| [[Raju Narayan Todsam]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|81
| [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad]]
| [[Manohar Naik]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|82
| [[Umarkhed Assembly constituency|Umarkhed]]
| [[Rajendra Waman Najardhane]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Nanded District
|-
|83
| [[Kinwat Assembly constituency|Kinwat]]
|[[Pradeep Hemsingh Jadhav|Pradeep Jadhav]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|84
| [[Hadgaon Assembly constituency|Hadgaon]]
| [[Nagesh Bapurao Patil Ashtikar|Nagesh Patil]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|85
| [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar]]
| [[Ameeta Ashokrao Chavan|Ameeta Chavan]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|86
| [[Nanded North Assembly constituency|Nanded North]]
| [[D. P. Sawant]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|87
| [[Nanded South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nanded South]]
| [[Hemant Sriram Patil|Hemant Patil]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|88
| [[Loha Assembly constituency|Loha]]
| [[Prataprao Govindrao Chikhalikar|Prataprao Chikhalikar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|89
| [[Naigaon Assembly constituency|Naigaon]]
| [[Vasantrao Balwantrao Chavan]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|90
| [[Deglur Assembly constituency|Deglur]]
| [[Subhash Piraji Sabne]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|91
| [[Mukhed Assembly constituency|Mukhed]]
| [[Govind Mukkaji Rathod]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Hingoli District
|-
|92
| [[Basmath Assembly constituency|Basmath]]
| [[Jaiprakash Shankarlal Mundada|Jaiprakash Mundada]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|93
| [[Kalamnuri Assembly constituency|Kalamnuri]]
| [[Santosh Kautika Tarfe]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|94
| [[Hingoli Assembly constituency|Hingoli]]
| [[Tanaji Sakharamji Mutkule]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Parbhani District
|-
|95
| [[Jintur Assembly constituency|Jintur]]
| [[Vijay Manikrao Bhamale]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|96
| [[Parbhani Assembly constituency|Parbhani]]
| [[Rahul Vedprakash Patil]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|97
| [[Gangakhed Assembly constituency|Gangakhed]]
| [[Madhusudan Manikrao Kendre|Madhusudan Kendre]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|98
| [[Pathri Assembly constituency|Pathri]]
|[[Mohan Fad]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Ind]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Jalna District
|-
|99
| [[Partur Assembly constituency|Partur]]
| [[Babanrao Lonikar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|100
| [[Ghansawangi Assembly constituency|Ghansawangi]]
| [[Rajesh Tope (politician)|Rajesh Tope]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|101
| [[Jalna Assembly constituency|Jalna]]
| [[Arjun Khotkar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|102
| [[Badnapur Assembly constituency|Badnapur]]
| [[Narayan Tilakchand Kuche]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|103
| [[Bhokardan Assembly constituency|Bhokardan]]
| [[Santosh Danve]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Aurangabad District
|-
|104
| [[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod]]
| [[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|105
| [[Kannad Assembly constituency|Kannad]]
| [[Harshvardhan Jadhav]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|106
| [[Phulambri Assembly constituency|Phulambri]]
| [[Haribhau Bagade]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|107
| [[Aurangabad Central Assembly constituency|Aurangabad Central]]
|[[Imtiyaz Jaleel]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|-
|108
| [[Aurangabad West Assembly constituency|Aurangabad West]]
| [[Sanjay Shirsat]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|109
| [[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East]]
| [[Atul Moreshwar Save]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|110
| [[Paithan Assembly constituency|Paithan]]
| [[Sandipanrao Bhumre]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|111
| [[Gangapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Gangapur]]
|[[Prashant Bamb]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|112
| [[Vaijapur Assembly constituency|Vaijapur]]
| [[Bhausaheb Patil Chikatgaonkar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Nashik District
|-
|113
| [[Nandgaon Assembly constituency|Nandgaon]]
| [[Pankaj Bhujbal]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|114
| [[Malegaon Central Assembly constituency|Malegaon Central]]
| [[Shaikh Aasif Shaikh Rashid]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|115
| [[Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency|Malegaon Outer]]
| [[Dadaji Bhuse]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|116
| [[Baglan Assembly constituency|Baglan]]
| [[Dipika Sanjay Chavan]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|117
| [[Kalvan Assembly constituency|Kalwan]]
| [[Jiva Pandu Gavit]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF0000" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|-
|118
| [[Chandwad Assembly constituency|Chandvad]]
| [[Rahul Daulatrao Aher|Rahul Aher]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|119
| [[Yewla Assembly constituency|Yewla]]
|[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|120
| [[Sinnar Assembly constituency|Sinnar]]
|[[Rajabhau Waje]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|121
| [[Niphad Assembly constituency|Niphad]]
| [[Anil Kadam]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|122
| [[Dindori, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Dindori]]
|[[Zirwal Narhari Sitaram]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|123
| [[Nashik East Assembly constituency|Nashik East]]
| [[Balasaheb Mahadu Sanap]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|124
| [[Nashik Central Assembly constituency|Nashik Central]]
| [[Devayani Farande]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|125
| [[Nashik West Assembly constituency|Nashik West]]
| [[Seema Mahesh Hiray]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|126
| [[Devlali Assembly constituency|Devlali]]
| [[Yogesh Gholap]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|127
| [[Igatpuri Assembly constituency|Igatpuri]]
| [[Nirmala Gavit]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Palghar District
|-
|128
| [[Dahanu Assembly constituency|Dahanu]]
| [[Dhanare Paskal Janya]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|129
| [[Vikramgad Assembly constituency|Vikramgad]]
| [[Vishnu Savara]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|130
| [[Palghar Assembly constituency|Palghar]]
| [[Krushna Ghoda]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|131
| [[Boisar Assembly constituency|Boisar]]
| [[Vilas Tare]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#800080" |
|[[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi|BVA]]
|-
|132
| [[Nalasopara Assembly constituency|Nalasopara]]
| [[Kshitij Thakur]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#800080" |
|[[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi|BVA]]
|-
|133
| [[Vasai Assembly constituency|Vasai]]
| [[Hitendra Thakur]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#800080" |
|[[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi|BVA]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Thane District
|-
|134
| [[Bhiwandi Rural Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi Rural]]
| [[Shantaram More]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|135
| [[Shahapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shahapur]]
| [[Pandurang Barora]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|136
| [[Bhiwandi West Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi West]]
| [[Mahesh Prabhakar Choughule]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|137
| [[Bhiwandi East Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi East]]
| [[Rupesh Laxman Mhatre|Rupesh Mhatre]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|138
| [[Kalyan West Assembly constituency|Kalyan West]]
| [[Narendra Pawar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|139
| [[Murbad Assembly constituency|Murbad]]
| [[Kisan Kathore|Kisan Shankar Kathore]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|140
| [[Ambernath Assembly constituency|Ambernath]]
| [[Balaji Kinikar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|141
| [[Ulhasnagar Assembly constituency|Ulhasnagar]]
| [[Jyoti Kalani]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|142
| [[Kalyan East Assembly constituency|Kalyan East]]
| [[Ganpat Gaikwad|Ganpat Kalu Gaikwad]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Ind]]
|-
|143
| [[Dombivali Assembly constituency|Dombivali]]
| [[Ravindra Chavan]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|144
|[[Kalyan Rural Assembly constituency|Kalyan Rural]]
|[[Subhash Bhoir]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|145
| [[Mira Bhayandar Assembly constituency|Mira Bhayandar]]
| [[Narendra Mehta]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|146
| [[Ovala-Majiwada Assembly constituency|Ovala-Majiwada]]
| [[Pratap Sarnaik]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|147
| [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi]]
| [[Eknath Shinde]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|148
| [[Thane Assembly constituency|Thane]]
| [[Sanjay Mukund Kelkar|Sanjay Kelkar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|149
| [[Mumbra-Kalwa Assembly constituency|Mumbra-Kalwa]]
| [[Jitendra Awhad]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|150
| [[Airoli Assembly constituency|Airoli]]
| [[Sandeep Naik]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|151
| [[Belapur Assembly constituency|Belapur]]
|[[Manda Vijay Mhatre|Manda Mhatre]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Mumbai Suburban
|-
|152
| [[Borivali Assembly constituency|Borivali]]
| [[Vinod Tawde]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|153
| [[Dahisar Assembly constituency|Dahisar]]
|[[Manisha Ashok Chaudhary|Manisha Choudhary]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|154
| [[Magathane Assembly constituency|Magathane]]
|[[Prakash Surve]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|155
| [[Mulund Assembly constituency|Mulund]]
| [[Tara Singh (Mumbai politician)|Sardar Tara Singh]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|156
| [[Vikhroli Assembly constituency|Vikhroli]]
| [[Sunil Raut]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|157
| [[Bhandup West Assembly constituency|Bhandup West]]
|[[Ashok Patil]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|158
| [[Jogeshwari East Assembly constituency|Jogeshwari East]]
| [[Ravindra Waikar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|159
|[[Dindoshi Assembly constituency|Dindoshi]]
|[[Sunil Prabhu]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|160
| [[Kandivali East Assembly constituency|Kandivali East]]
| [[Atul Bhatkhalkar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|161
| [[Charkop Assembly constituency|Charkop]]
| [[Yogesh Sagar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|162
| [[Malad West Assembly constituency|Malad West]]
| [[Aslam Shaikh]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|163
| [[Goregaon Assembly constituency|Goregaon]]
| [[Vidya Thakur]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|164
| [[Versova Constituency|Versova]]
| [[Bharati Hemant Lavekar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|165
| [[Andheri West Assembly constituency|Andheri West]]
| [[Ameet Bhaskar Satam]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|166
| [[Andheri East Assembly constituency|Andheri East]]
| [[Ramesh Latke]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|167
| [[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle]]
| [[Parag Alavani]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|168
| [[Chandivali Assembly constituency|Chandivali]]
| [[Naseem Khan (politician)|Naseem Khan]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|169
| [[Ghatkopar West Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar West]]
| [[Ram Kadam]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|170
| [[Ghatkopar East Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar East]]
| [[Prakash Mehta]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|171
| [[Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar Assembly constituency|Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar]]
| [[Abu Azmi]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF0000" |
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
|172
| [[Anushakti Nagar Assembly constituency|Anushakti Nagar]]
| [[Tukaram Ramkrishna Kate]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|173
| [[Chembur Assembly constituency|Chembur]]
| [[Prakash Phaterpekar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|174
| [[Kurla Assembly constituency|Kurla]]
| [[Mangesh Kudalkar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|175
| [[Kalina Assembly constituency|Kalina]]
| [[Sanjay Potnis]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|176
| [[Vandre East Assembly constituency|Vandre East]]
| [[Bala Sawant]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|177
| [[Vandre West Assembly constituency|Vandre West]]
| [[Ashish Shelar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Mumbai City District
|-
|178
| [[Dharavi Assembly constituency|Dharavi]]
| [[Varsha Gaikwad]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|179
| [[Sion Koliwada Assembly constituency|Sion Koliwada]]
| [[R. Tamil Selvan|Captain R. Tamil Selvan]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|180
| [[Wadala Assembly constituency|Wadala]]
| [[Kalidas Kolambkar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|181
| [[Mahim Assembly constituency|Mahim]]
| [[Sada Sarvankar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|182
| [[Worli Assembly constituency|Worli]]
| [[Sunil Shinde]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|183
| [[Shivadi Assembly constituency|Shivadi]]
| [[Ajay Choudhari]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|184
| [[Byculla Assembly constituency|Byculla]]
| [[Waris Pathan]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#009F3C" |
|[[All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|-
|185
| [[Malabar Hill Assembly constituency|Malabar Hill]]
| [[Mangal Lodha]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|186
| [[Mumbadevi Assembly constituency|Mumbadevi]]
| [[Amin Patel]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|187
| [[Colaba Assembly constituency|Colaba]]
| [[Raj K. Purohit]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Raigad District
|-
|188
| [[Panvel Assembly constituency|Panvel]]
| [[Prashant Thakur]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|189
| [[Karjat Assembly constituency|Karjat]]
| [[Suresh Narayan Lad]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|190
| [[Uran Assembly constituency|Uran]]
| [[Manohar Bhoir]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|191
| [[Pen Assembly constituency|Pen]]
| Dhairyashil Patil
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF4946" |
|[[Peasants And Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
|-
|192
| [[Alibag Assembly constituency|Alibag]]
| Panditshet Patil
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF4946" |
|[[Peasants And Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
|-
|193
| [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan]]
| [[Avdhoot Tatkare]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|194
| [[Mahad Assembly constituency|Mahad]]
| [[Bharatshet Gogawale]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Pune District
|-
|195
| [[Junnar Assembly constituency|Junnar]]
| [[Atul Vallabh Benke]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FBB917" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|196
| [[Ambegaon Assembly constituency|Ambegaon]]
| [[Dilip Walse-Patil]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|197
| [[Khed Alandi Assembly constituency|Khed Alandi]]
| [[Dilip Dattatray Mohite]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|198
| [[Shirur Assembly constituency|Shirur]]
| [[Ashok Raosaheb Pawar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|199
| [[Daund Assembly constituency|Daund]]
|[[Rahul Kul]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FFFF00" |
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSP]]
|-
|200
| [[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur]]
| [[Dattatray Vithoba Bharne|Dattatray Bharne]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|201
| [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]
| [[Ajit Pawar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|202
| [[Purandar Assembly constituency|Purandar]]
| [[Sanjay Chandukaka Jagtap]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|203
| [[Bhor Assembly constituency|Bhor]]
| [[Sangram Anantrao Thopate|Sangram Thopate]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|204
| [[Maval Assembly constituency|Maval]]
| [[Sunil Shankarrao Shelke]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|205
| [[Chinchwad Assembly constituency|Chinchwad]]
| [[Laxman Pandurang Jagtap]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|206
| [[Pimpri Assembly constituency|Pimpri]]
| [[Anna Dadu Bansode]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|207
| [[Bhosari Assembly constituency|Bhosari]]
| [[Mahesh Landge]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Ind]]
|-
|208
| [[Vadgaon Sheri Assembly constituency|Vadgaon Sheri]]
| [[Sunil Anna Tingre]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|209
| [[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]
| [[Siddharth Anil Shirole]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|210
| [[Kothrud Assembly constituency|Kothrud]]
| [[Chandrakant (Dada) BACHHU PATIL]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|211
| [[Khadakwasla Assembly constituency|Khadakwasla]]
| [[Bhimrao Tapkir]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|212
| [[Parvati Assembly constituency|Parvati]]
| [[Madhuri Misal]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|213
| [[Hadapsar Assembly constituency|Hadapsar]]
| [[Chetan Vitthal Tupe]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|214
| [[Pune Cantonment Assembly constituency|Pune Cantonment]]
| [[Kamble Sunil Dnyandev]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|215
| [[Kasba Peth Assembly constituency|Kasba Peth]]
| [[Mukta Shailesh Tilak]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Ahmednagar District
|-
|216
| [[Akole Assembly constituency|Akole]]
| [[Vaibhav Madhukar Pichad|Vaibhav Pichad]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|217
| [[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner]]
| [[Balasaheb Thorat]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|218
| [[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi]]
| [[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|219
| [[Kopargaon Assembly constituency|Kopargaon]]
| [[Snehalata Kolhe]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|220
| [[Shrirampur Assembly constituency|Shrirampur]]
| [[Bhausaheb Malhari Kamble|Bhausaheb Kamble]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|221
| [[Nevasa Assembly constituency|Nevasa]]
| Balasaheb Murkute
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|222
| [[Shevgaon Assembly constituency|Shevgaon]]
| [[Monika Rajiv Rajale]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|223
| [[Rahuri Assembly constituency|Rahuri]]
| Shivaji Kardile
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|224
| [[Parner Assembly constituency|Parner]]
| [[Vijayrao Bhaskarrao Auti|Vijayrao Auti]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|225
| [[Ahmednagar City Assembly constituency|Ahmednagar City]]
| [[Sangram Arun Jagtap|Sangram Jagtap]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|226
| [[Shrigonda Assembly constituency|Shrigonda]]
| Rahul Jagtap
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|227
| [[Karjat Jamkhed Assembly constituency|Karjat Jamkhed]]
| [[Ram Shinde]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Beed District
|-
|228
| [[Georai Assembly constituency|Georai]]
| Laxman Pawar
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|229
| [[Majalgaon Assembly constituency|Majalgaon]]
| [[R.T. Deshmukh]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|230
| [[Beed Assembly constituency|Beed]]
| [[Jaydutt Kshirsagar|Jaidatta Kshirsagar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|231
| [[Ashti Assembly constituency|Ashti]]
| Bhimrao Dhonde
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|232
| [[Kaij Assembly constituency|Kaij]]
| Sangita Thombare
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|233
| [[Parli Assembly constituency|Parli]]
| [[Pankaja Munde]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Latur District
|-
|234
| [[Latur Rural Assembly constituency|Latur Rural]]
| [[Trimbakrao Shrirangrao Bhise|Trimbakrao Bhise]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|235
| [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City]]
| [[Amit Deshmukh]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|236
| [[Ahmedpur Assembly constituency|Ahmadpur]]
| [[Vinayakrao Kishanrao Jadhav Patil|Vinayakrao Jadhav]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#DDDDDD" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Ind]]
|-
|237
| [[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir]]
| Sudhakar Bhalerao
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|238
| [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga]]
| [[Sambhaji Patil Nilangekar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|239
| [[Ausa Assembly constituency|Ausa]]
| [[Basavraj Madhavrao Patil|Basavraj Patil]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Osmanabad District
|-
|240
| [[Umarga Assembly constituency|Umarga]]
| [[Dnyanraj Chougule]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|241
| [[Tuljapur Assembly constituency|Tuljapur]]
| [[Madhukarrao Chavan]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|242
| [[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad]]
| [[Ranajagjitsinha Patil|Rana Jagjit Sinha Patil]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|243
| [[Paranda Assembly constituency|Paranda]]
| Rahul Mote
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Solapur District
|-
|244
| [[Karmala Assembly constituency|Karmala]]
| [[Narayan Patil]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|245
| [[Madha Assembly constituency|Madha]]
| Babanrao Shinde
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|246
| [[Barshi Assembly constituency|Barshi]]
| [[Dilip Gangadhar Sopal|Dilip Sopal]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|247
| [[Mohol Assembly constituency|Mohol]]
| [[Ramesh Kadam (politician)|Ramesh Kadam]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|248
| [[Solapur City North Assembly constituency|Solapur City North]]
| [[Vijay Deshmukh]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|249
| [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central]]
| [[Praniti Shinde]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|250
| [[Akkalkot Assembly constituency|Akkalkot]]
| [[Siddharam Satlingappa Mhetre|Siddharam Mhetre]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|251
| [[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South]]
| [[Subhash Sureshchandra Deshmukh]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|252
| [[Pandharpur Assembly constituency|Pandharpur]]
| [[Bharat Bhalke]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|253
| [[Sangola Assembly constituency|Sangola]]
| [[Ganpatrao Deshmukh]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF4946" |
|[[Peasants And Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
|-
|254
| [[Malsiras Assembly constituency|Malsiras]]
| [[Hanumant Dolas]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Satara District
|-
|255
| [[Phaltan Assembly constituency|Phaltan]]
| Dipak Chavan
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|256
| [[Wai Assembly constituency|Wai]]
| Makarand Laxmanrao Jadhav Patil
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|257
| [[Koregaon Assembly constituency|Koregaon]]
| [[Shashikant Shinde]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|258
| [[Man Assembly constituency|Man]]
| Jaykumar Gore
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|259
| [[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North]]
| [[Shamrao Pandurang Patil]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|260
| [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South]]
| [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|261
| [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan]]
| [[Shambhuraj Desai]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|262
| [[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara]]
| [[Shivendra Raje Bhosale]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Ratnagiri District
|-
|263
| [[Dapoli Assembly constituency|Dapoli]]
| Sanjay Kadam
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|264
| [[Guhagar Assembly constituency|Guhagar]]
| [[Bhaskar Jadhav]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|265
| [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun]]
|[[Sadanand Chavan]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|266
| [[Ratnagiri Assembly constituency|Ratnagiri]]
| [[Uday Samant]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|267
| [[Rajapur Assembly constituency|Rajapur]]
| [[Rajan Salvi]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Sindhudurg District
|-
|268
| [[Kankavli Assembly constituency|Kankavli]]
| [[Nitesh Narayan Rane|Nitesh Rane]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|269
| [[Kudal Assembly constituency|Kudal]]
| [[Vaibhav Naik]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|270
| [[Sawantwadi Assembly constituency|Sawantwadi]]
| [[Deepak Vasant Kesarkar|Deepak Kesarkar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Kolhapur District
|-
|271
| [[Chandgad Assembly constituency|Chandgad]]
| Sandhyadevi Desai
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|272
| [[Radhanagari Assembly constituency|Radhanagari]]
| [[Prakashrao Abitkar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|273
| [[Kagal Assembly constituency|Kagal]]
| [[Hasan Mushrif]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|274
| [[Kolhapur South Assembly constituency|Kolhapur South]]
| [[Amal Mahadik]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|275
| [[Karvir Assembly constituency|Karvir]]
| [[Chandradip Narke]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|276
| [[Kolhapur North Assembly constituency|Kolhapur North]]
| [[Rajesh Vinayakrao Kshirsagar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|277
| [[Shahuwadi Assembly constituency|Shahuwadi]]
| [[Satyajeet Patil]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|278
| [[Hatkanangale Assembly constituency|Hatkanangale]]
| [[Sujit Minchekar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|279
| [[Ichalkaranji Assembly constituency|Ichalkaranji]]
| [[Suresh Ganpati Halvankar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|280
| [[Shirol Assembly constituency|Shirol]]
| [[Ulhas Patil]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
! colspan="5" |Sangli District
|-
|281
| [[Miraj Assembly constituency|Miraj]]
| [[Suresh Khade]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|282
| [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli]]
| [[Sudhir Gadgil]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|283
| [[Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Islampur]]
| [[Jayant Patil]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|284
| [[Shirala Assembly constituency|Shirala]]
| Shivajirao Naik
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|285
| [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon]]
| [[Patangrao Kadam]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|286
| [[Khanapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Khanapur]]
| [[Anil Babar]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF6634" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
|-
|287
| [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal]]
| [[R. R. Patil]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#00B2B2" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
|288
| [[Jat Assembly constituency|Jat]]
| [[Vilasrao Narayan Jagtap|Vilasrao Jagtap]]
| style="color:inherit;background:#FF9933" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]

|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019| ]]
[[Category:Maharashtra Legislature]]
[[Category:Terms of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

Bhaskar Ramamurthi

2025-10-02T22:03:52Z

Sudeep 68899: Starting Basic Info and Citations.

{{short description|Indian academic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Bhaskar Ramamurthi
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| field = [[Electrical engineering]]
| work_institution = [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]]
| alma_mater = [[University of California, Santa Barbara]], [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| known_for = [[Wireless communications]], [[corDECT]] standard
| website = [https://www.ee.iitm.ac.in/~bhaskar/ ee.iitm.ac.in/~bhaskar]
| prizes =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhaskar Ramamurthi''' is an Indian academic who served as the director of [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]] from 2011 to 2022. He succeeded [[M. S. Ananth]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/former-student-of-iitmadras-becomes-its-director/article2477380.ece|title=Former student of IIT–Madras becomes its director |date=23 September 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2014-06-04}}</ref> and was succeeded by Prof. Kamakoti Veezhinathan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iitm.ac.in/happenings/press-releases-and-coverages/prof-v-kamakoti-assumes-charge-today-new-director-iit|title=Prof. V. Kamakoti assumes charge today as the new Director of IIT Madras |author= |date= 17 January 2022|website=www.iitm.ac.in |publisher=IITM news |access-date=26 February 2022|quote=}}</ref>

==Career==
Bhaskar Ramamurthi obtained his [[B. Tech]] in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from IIT Madras in 1980 and his [[M.S.]] and [[Ph.D.]] degrees in electrical engineering from the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]], in 1982 and 1985 respectively. He was awarded the University of California Regents Fellowship during his doctoral studies.<ref name="iitm bio">{{cite web|title=Professor Bhaskar ramamurthi|url=http://www.ee.iitm.ac.in/~bhaskar/|publisher=IIT Madras|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref> After obtaining his doctorate, he worked at [[AT&T Bell Labs]] for two years before joining the faculty of the Department of Electrical Engineering at IIT Madras in 1986, where he served as director from 2011 to 2022. He served as the Dean of Planning at IIT Madras before taking over the role of director in September 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/scientific-indian/article2496922.ece|title=Scientific Indian |date=29 September 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2014-06-04}}</ref>

His research interests are on topics in [[modulation]] and coding for [[mobile communication]]s, wireless communication networks and design and implementation of wireless local loop systems. He is one of the founding members of the Telecommunications and Computer Networking Group (TeNeT) group at IIT Madras.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tenet.res.in/Aboutus/People/Faculty/personalPages/bhaskar.php|title=Home page at TeNeT group|accessdate=2014-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014085307/http://tenet.res.in/Aboutus/People/Faculty/personalPages/bhaskar.php|archive-date=2014-10-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is the principal architect of [[corDECT]] [[wireless local loop]] system and Broadband corDECT Wireless DSL System, widely deployed in India and 15 countries. He is a Fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] since 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euroindiaresearch.org/synchroniser/ssc/profiles/indian_experts/Bhaskar_Ramamurthi.pdf|title=Biography |accessdate=2014-06-05}}</ref> He was elected as a Fellow of [[IEEE]], effective from January 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=IEEE Fellowship / आईईईई फेलोशिप|url=https://www.iitm.ac.in/content/ieee-fellowship-आईईईई-फेलोशिप|publisher=IIT Madras|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref> In 2025, Bhaskar Ramamurthi was elected to the US [[National Academy of Engineering]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Academy of Engineering Elects 128 Members and 22 International Members |url=https://nae.edu/331605/NAENewClass2025 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=NAE Website |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
*Fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]], from 2000
*Honorary Director of the [[CEWiT (India)|Centre of Excellence in Wireless Technology]]<ref>{{cite web|title=CEWiT Funding|url=http://cewit.org.in/funding/|publisher=CEWiT|accessdate=13 June 2017}}</ref>
*Honorary Fellow of the [[International Medical Sciences Academy]]<ref name="iitm bio"/>
*Vasvik Award for Electronic Sciences and Technology, 2000<ref name="iitm bio"/>
*Tamil Nadu Scientist Award for Engineering and Technology, 2003<ref name="iitm bio"/>
*India Semiconductor Association TechnoVisionary Award, 2011<ref name="iitm bio"/>
*Doyens of Madras Award, 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/doyens-of-madras-honoured/article6345386.ece|title='Doyens of Madras' honoured|date=24 August 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
*[[IEEE]] Fellow, from 1 January 2015
* RWTH Honorary Fellow Award from [[RWTH Aachen University]], Aachen, Germany, February 2020 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/rwth-aachen-university-confers-honorary-fellow-award-to-iit-madras-director-2182575|title=RWTH Aachen University Confers Honorary Fellow Award to IIT Madras Director|date=19 February 2020|publisher=[[NDTV]]|accessdate=22 February 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramamurthi, Bhaskar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Technology directors]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Madras]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Santa Barbara alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bijapur North Lok Sabha constituency

2025-09-30T15:07:20Z

Sudeep 68899:

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Bijapur North
| map_image =
| state = [[Bombay State]]
| established = 1952
| abolished = 1967
| reservation = None
}}
'''Bijapur North Lok Sabha constituency''' was a former [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Karnataka]] ([[Bombay State]] from 1952 to 1956). This seat came into existence in 1951. Before [[1967 Indian general election|1967 Lok Sabha Elections]], it ceased to exist.

==Assembly segments==
Bijapur North Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following six Legislative Assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf|title=Statistical Report on Bombay elections, 1951 to the 1st Assembly|publisher=Election Commission of India website|pages=9–10|accessdate=18 October 2017}}</ref>
#Bijapur
#Indi Sindgi (2 Seats)
#Hippargi Bagewadi
#Managoli Bableswar
#[[Jat Assembly constituency|Jath]]
#Muddebihal

After [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]] of erstwhile [[Bombay State]] got merged with [[Mysore State]] in 1956, this seat became a part of [[Mysore State]] and before [[1967 Indian general election|1967 Lok Sabha Elections]], it ceased to exist and was replaced by [[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of Parliament ==
Bombay State:
*1951: [[Rajaram Girdharilal Dubey]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="First">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1951 TO THE FIRST LOK SABHA|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=92}}</ref>

Mysore State:
*1957: [[Sugandhi Murigappa Siddappa]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1962: [[Rajaram Girdharilal Dubey]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*1967 onwards:
'''[[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency]]'''

==See also==
* [[Bijapur South Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]]
* [[Bagalkot district]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|16.87|75.71|display=title}}

[[Category:Bijapur district, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bagalkot district]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka]]

Satelmond Palace

2025-09-23T05:45:58Z

Sudeep 68899: Info

{{short description|Palace of Kingdom of Travancore, Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Coord|8.4880650|76.9775870|display=title}}
'''Satelmond Palace''' in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India is one of the palaces that belonged to the [[Travancore Royal Family]]. It is situated in the [[Poojapura]] ward of Thiruvananthapuram city. Originally known as Vijaya Vilasam (roughly translated as "the Place of Victory"), it later became known as Satelmond Palace. It was the official residence of [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]] during her regency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/A-royal-Onam-to-remember/article14630763.ece|title=Onam in the royal household of erstwhile Travancore|date=9 September 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> During the late 1970s, it was gifted<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sctimst.ac.in/About%20SCTIMST/History/|title=Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum (SCTIMST)}}</ref> by the royal family to the [[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology]], which started its biomedical technology wing there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/specials/2019/12/17/instrument-of-change.html|title=Instrument of change|website=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sctimst.ac.in/About%20SCTIMST/Organisation/BioMedical%20Technology%20Wing/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120154906/http://www.sctimst.ac.in/About%20SCTIMST/Organisation/BioMedical%20Technology%20Wing/|archive-date=20 January 2012|title=Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum|access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hariwrite.blogspot.com/2017/06/satelmond-palace.html|title=harimohans: Satelmond palace|date=15 June 2017}}</ref> The queen's portrait still hangs in the hallway at the entrance of the main building.

==Construction==

Satelmond Palace is two-storeyed, featuring massive pillars at the entrance, intricate etchings, statues of majestic lions, floors with elaborate patterns, circular wooden staircases, and slanting roofs with grooved terracotta tiles.

==See also==
* [[Travancore Royal Family]]
* [[Princely State]]
* [[Poojapura]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Palaces in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Travancore royal family]]

M. Ethirajulu

2025-08-02T20:34:30Z

Sudeep 68899: New New Info.

{{Short description|Indian politician (1919–1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}{{Infobox person
| name = M. Ethirajulu
| native_name =
| image =M.Ethirajalu.jpg
| image_size =180
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1919|09|19}}
| birth_place =Parangipettai, [[Cuddalore]], India
| birthname =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1970|09|18|1919|09|19}}
| death_place = Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, India
| othername =
| organization = [[Indian Youth Congress|Tamil Nadu Congress]]
| spouse ={{plainlist|
* Kovidammal
* Aathilakshmi
}}
| parents =
| website =
| children =Saroja Kalaivani
}}
[[File:Ethiraj and Indiragandhi.jpg|thumb|[[Indira Gandhi]] with Ethirajalu.]]
'''M. Ethirajulu''' (19 September 1919 – 18 September 1970) was an Indian politician. He was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] and was selected thrice as a member of the [[Madras Legislative Council]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2010/04/12/karunanidhi-council-dmk-assembly.html|title=மீண்டும் மேலவை ஏன்?-கருணாநிதி விளக்கம்|website=Tamil.oneindia.com|date=12 April 2010 |accessdate=1 January 2018}}</ref>

M. Ehirajulu was born in [[Parangipettai]], near [[Cuddalore]], India. He was the son of Manickam and Navammal. He was born to an impoverished family. Their family business did not interest him, but he aspired to have a career similar to that of his cousin Samiyar in Cuddalore. He went to Samiyar's alma mater to study, and in 1937, after his junior high school at Cuddalore, he was the topper in the starting lineup for talent, speed, and agility. Ethirajulu worked in the second world DRP system from 1947-1951, becoming the [[Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation]] inspector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://viduthalai.periyar.org.in/20100413/news11.html|title=விடுதலை|website=Viduthalai.periyar.org.in|accessdate=1 January 2018|archive-date=3 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903074321/http://viduthalai.periyar.org.in/20100413/news11.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He died from a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in September 1970.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ethirajulu, M}}
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:Activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Nagaland State Museum

2025-07-21T16:23:07Z

Sudeep 68899: New A Details.

{{Short description|Museum Bayavü Hill, Kohima, Nagaland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Nagaland State Museum
| logo =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Kohima State Museum.jpeg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Entrance to the museum
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_dot_label =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.6850|N|94.1049|E|source:wikidata|display=title,inline}}
| former_name = 
| established = {{start date and age|1970|11|25|df=y}}
| dissolved = 
| location = [[Bayavü Hill Ward|Bayavü Hill]], [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]], India
| type =
| accreditation =
| key_holdings =
| collections =
| collection_size =
| visitors = 20,539 (2019)
| founder =
| executive_director =
| leader_type =
| leader =
| director = Rongsen Pongener
| president =
| ceo =
| chairperson =
| curator =
| architect =
| historian =
| owner =
| employees =
| publictransit =
| parking = 
| website = {{URL|http://artandculture.nagaland.gov.in}}
| network =
| embedded = 
}}
The '''Nagaland State Museum''' is a [[museum]] located in [[Bayavü Hill Ward|Bayavü Hill]], [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]], India. It is operated by the Department of Art and Culture, Nagaland. The museum collects, preserves and displays a comprehensive collection of artefacts including ancient sculptures, traditional dresses, inscriptions from all over Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abhijna-emuseum.com/museums-of-india/nagaland-state-museum-window-material-socio-cultural-world-naga-tribes/|title=Nagaland State Museum : A window to the material and socio-cultural world of the Naga tribes|website=|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> The museum was first opened to public on 25 November 1970.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://artandculture.nagaland.gov.in/Page.aspx?title=about_us|title=Department of Art and Culture, Nagaland|website=[[Department of Art and Culture, Nagaland]]|access-date=13 October 2021|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026170703/http://www.artandculture.nagaland.gov.in/Page.aspx?title=about_us|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/kohima/the-state-museum.html|title=The State Museum|website=[[Incredible India]]|access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

The museum is one of the two museums operated by the Directorate of Art and Culture, Nagaland.

==History==
The Directorate of Art and Culture (formerly Naga Institute of Culture) was formed on 1 November 1964. Its main focus was to research on ''Naga Life and Culture'' and a Research Library.<ref name=":0"/>

In early 1970, the Nagaland State Museum building was constructed which also housed the Directorate. The museum which consisted of an ethnographic gallery was formally opened to the public on 25 November 1970.<ref name=":0"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}{{commons|Category: Nagaland State Museum|Nagaland State Museum}}

[[Category:1970 establishments in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological museums in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kohima]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1970]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kohima]]

Yogatattva Upanishad

2025-06-02T15:30:12Z

Sudeep 68899: New

{{short description|Sanskrit text, Yoga Upanishad}}
{{good article}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox Upanishad
| image =
| caption = Padmasana, a Yoga posture
| Devanagari = योगतत्त्व
| meaning = Yoga and truth
| composition_date = 150 AD
| Veda = [[Atharvaveda]]
| verses = 143
| philosophy = [[Vedanta]]
}}
{{Hinduism small}}
The ''''' Yogatattva Upanishad''''' ([[Sanskrit]]: योगतत्त्व उपनिषत्, [[IAST]]: Yogatattva Upaniṣhad), also called as '''''Yogatattvopanishad''''' (योगतत्त्वोपनिषत्),{{Sfn|Larson|Potter|1970|p=618}} is an important [[Upanishad]] within [[Hinduism]].{{Sfn|Deussen| Bedekar | Palsule (tr.)|1997|pp=557, 713}} A Sanskrit text, it is one of eleven Yoga Upanishads attached to the [[Atharvaveda]],{{Sfn|Deussen| Bedekar | Palsule (tr.)|1997|p=567}} and one of twenty Yoga Upanishads in the four [[Vedas]].{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=vii}}<ref>GM Patil (1978), Ishvara in Yoga philosophy, The Brahmavadin, Volume 13, Vivekananda Prakashan Kendra, pages 209–210</ref> It is listed at number 41 in the serial order of the [[Muktika]] enumerated by [[Rama]] to [[Hanuman]] in the modern era [[anthology]] of 108 Upanishads.{{Sfn|Deussen| Bedekar | Palsule (tr.)|1997|p=556}} It is, as an Upanishad, a part of the corpus of [[Vedanta]] literature collection that present the philosophical concepts of Hinduism.<ref name=maxmullerteupanved/>

Two major versions of its manuscripts are known. One has fifteen verses but attached to Atharvaveda,{{Sfn|Deussen| Bedekar | Palsule (tr.)|1997|pp=713–716}} while another very different and augmented manuscript exists in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language{{Sfn|Deussen| Bedekar | Palsule (tr.)|1997|pp=713–716}} which has one hundred and forty two verses and is attached to the [[Krishna Yajurveda]].{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=192}}{{sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=301–325}} The text is notable for describing [[Yoga]] in the [[Vaishnavism]] tradition.{{Sfn|Deussen| Bedekar | Palsule (tr.)|1997|pp=713–716}}<ref>Gerald James Larson (2009), Review: Differentiating the Concepts of "yoga" and "tantra" in Sanskrit Literary History, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 129, No. 3, pages 487–498</ref>

The ''Yogatattva Upanishad'' shares ideas with the [[Yogasutra]], [[Hatha Yoga]], and [[Kundalini Yoga]].{{Sfn|Larson|Potter|1970|p=618}} It includes a discussion of four styles of yoga: Mantra, [[Laya yoga|Laya]], [[Hatha|Hatha yoga]] and [[Rāja yoga|Raja]].{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=301}} As an expounder of [[Vedanta philosophy]], the Upanishad is devoted to the elaboration of the meaning of [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Soul, Self) through the process of yoga, starting with the syllable [[Om]].{{Sfn|Deussen|2010|p=9}} According to ''Yogatattva Upanishad'', "[[jnana]] (knowledge) without yoga cannot secure [[moksha]] (emancipation, salvation), nor can yoga without knowledge secure moksha", and that "those who seek emancipation should pursue both yoga and knowledge".{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=193}}

==Etymology==
''Yoga'' (from the Sanskrit root ''{{IAST|yuj}}'') means "to add", "to join", "to unite", or "to attach" in its most common literal sense.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary|year=1899|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31959|author=Monier Monier-Williams|page=804|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> According to [[Surendranath Dasgupta|Dasgupta]] – a scholar of Sanskrit and philosophy, the term yoga can be derived from either of two roots, ''yujir yoga'' (to yoke) or ''yuj samādhau'' (to concentrate).<ref name="Dasgupta 1975 226">{{cite book |last= Dasgupta |first= Surendranath |title= A History of Indian Philosophy | volume =1 |year= 1975 |publisher= Motilal Banarsidass |location= [[Delhi]], India |isbn= 81-208-0412-0 |page= 226}}</ref>

Yogatattva is compound word of "Yoga" and 'tattva', the latter meaning "Truth",{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=192}} or "Reality, That-ness".<ref>Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-231-14485-8}}, Chapter: Glossary, page 327</ref> [[Paul Deussen]] – a German [[Indologist]] and professor of Philosophy translates the term ''Yogatattva'' as "the essence of Yoga".{{Sfn|Deussen| Bedekar | Palsule (tr.)|1997|p=713}}

The term ''Upanishad'' means it is knowledge or "hidden doctrine" text that belongs to the corpus of Vedanta literature collection presenting the philosophical concepts of Hinduism and considered the highest purpose of its scripture, the Vedas.<ref name=maxmullerteupanved>Max Muller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n93/mode/2up The Upanishads], Part 1, Oxford University Press, page LXXXVI footnote 1, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n133/mode/2up 22, verse 13.4]</ref>

==Chronology and anthologies==
Estimates of the text's origin include those by Michael Whiteman – a professor of mathematics and a writer on Yoga in Hinduism and Buddhism,{{Sfn|Cardin|2015|p=355}}) who states it is possibly dated to about 150 CE.{{Sfn|Whiteman|1993|p=80}} [[:de:David Gordon White|David White]] – a professor of Comparative Religion, in contrast, suggests that the text derives its "ideas and images from the heritage of classical Vedanta", and it is likely a medieval era text composed between 11th- to 13th-century CE.<ref>David Gordon White (2011), Yoga in Practice, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-14086-5}}, page 104</ref>

In the collection of [[Upanishads]] under the title "Oupanekhat", put together by Sultan Mohammed [[Dara Shikhoh]] in 1656, consisting of a [[Persian language|Persian]] translation of 50 Upanishads and who prefaced it as the best book on religion, the Yogatattva is listed at number 21.{{Sfn|Deussen| Bedekar | Palsule (tr.)|1997|pp=558–559}} Dara Shikoh's collection was in the same order as found in Upanishad anthologies popular in north India. In the 52 Upanishads version of [[Henry Thomas Colebrooke|Colebrooke]] this Upanishad is listed at 23.{{Sfn|Deussen| Bedekar | Palsule (tr.)|1997|p=561}} In the Bibliothica Indica edition of Narayana – an Indian scholar who lived sometime after the 14th-century Vedanta scholar Sankarananda, the Upanishad is also listed at 23 in his list of 52.{{Sfn|Deussen| Bedekar | Palsule (tr.)|1997|pp=562–65}}

==Structure==
[[File:Vishnu.jpg|right|thumb|Vishnu, the supreme Yogin]]
The [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version of the ''Yogatattva Upanishad'' has 142 verses,{{sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=325}} while the shortest surviving manuscript in Sanskrit is just 15 verses.{{Sfn|Deussen| Bedekar | Palsule (tr.)|1997|pp=713–716}} Both versions open by hailing Hindu god [[Vishnu]] as the supreme [[Purusha]] or supreme spirit, the great [[Yogin]], the [[King of the gods|Supreme Being]], the great [[Tapasvin]] (performer of austerities), and a lamp in the path of the truth.{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=192}}{{Sfn|Larson|Potter|1970|p=618}}<ref name=Sanskrit>{{Cite web|url=http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/yogatatva.pdf|title=''Yogatattva Upanishad''|language=sa|access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref> This links the text to the Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism.{{Sfn|Larson|Potter|1970|p=618}}

The meaning and message in verses 3 to 15 of the Sanskrit version mirror those of the last 13 verses of the Telugu version of the text.{{Sfn|Deussen| Bedekar | Palsule (tr.)|1997|pp=714–716}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=322–325}}

==Contents==
The ''Yogatattva Upanishad'' is among the oldest known texts on yoga that provide detailed description of Yoga techniques and its benefits.<ref name=eliadeyif129/>
{{Quote|
For the first time, an Upanishad gives numerous and precise details concerning the extraordinary powers gained by practice and meditation. The four chief ''asanas'' (siddha, padma, simha and bhadra) are mentioned, as are the obstacles encountered by beginners – sloth, talkativeness, etc. A description of ''pranayama'' follows, together with the definition of the ''matra'' (unit of measurement for the phases of respiration), and important details of mystical physiology (the purification of the ''nadis'' is shown by external signs: lightness of body, brilliance of complexion, increase in digestive power, etc.
|[[Mircea Eliade]] on ''Yogatattva Upanishad''|Yoga: Immortality and Freedom<ref name=eliadeyif129/>}}

===Self realization and virtues of a yoga student===
On Hindu god [[Brahma]]'s request [[Vishnu]] explains that all souls are caught up in the cycle of worldly pleasures and sorrow created by [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]] (changing reality).{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|pp=192–93}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=302}} and [[Moksha|Kaivalya]] can help overcome this cycle of birth, old age and disease.{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|pp=192–93}} Knowledge of the [[shastras]] are futile in this regard, states Vishnu, and the description of the "indescribable state of liberation" eludes them and even the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]].{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|pp=192–93}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=302}}

It is only the knowledge of ultimate reality and supreme self, the [[Brahman]], which can lead to the path of liberation and self-realization, states Yogatattva Upanishad.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=302–304}}{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|pp=192–93}} This realization of the supreme self is possible to the yoga student who is free from "passion, anger, fear, delusion, greed, pride, lust, birth, death, miserliness, swoon, giddiness, hunger, thirst, ambition, shame, fright, heart-burning, grief and gladness".{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=302–304}}{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|pp=192–93}}

===Yoga and knowledge===
[[File:Bronze figure of Kashmiri in Meditation by Malvina Hoffman Wellcome M0005215.jpg|right|thumb|Yoga is described as a means to [[meditation]] in the text.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=317–318}}]]
In the early verses of the ''Yogatattva Upanishad'', the simultaneous importance of yoga and jnana (knowledge) are asserted, and declared to be mutually complementary and necessary.<ref name=eliadeyif129/><ref>Jean Varenne (1976), Yoga and the Hindu Tradition, University of Chicago Press (Trans: Derek Coltman, 1989), {{ISBN|81-208-0543-7}}, pages 57–58</ref>

{{Cquote|
<poem>
तस्माद्दोषविनाशार्थमुपायं कथयामि ते । योगहीनं कथं ज्ञानं मोक्षदं भवति ध्रुवम् ॥
योगो हि ज्ञानहीनस्तु न क्षमो मोक्षकर्मणि । तस्माज्ज्ञानं च योगं च मुमुक्षुर्दृढमभ्यसेत् ॥
अज्ञानादेव संसारो ज्ञानादेव विमुच्यते । ज्ञानस्वरूपमेवादौ ज्ञानं ज्ञेयैकसाधनम् ॥<ref name=sanskrityogatattva>[http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/yogatatva.pdf ॥ योगतत्त्वोपनिषत् ॥] Sanskrit text of ''Yogatattva Upanishad'', SanskritDocuments Archives (2009)</ref>

I relate to you the means to be employed for destruction of errors;
Without the practice of yoga, how could knowledge set the Atman free?
Inversely, how could the practice of yoga alone, devoid of knowledge, succeed in the task?
The seeker of Liberation must direct his energies to both simultaneously.
The source of unhappiness lies in ''Ajnana'' (ignorance);
Knowledge alone sets one free. This is a dictum found in all [[Vedas]].
</poem>
– Yogatattva verses 14–16{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=193}}{{Sfn|Derek (tr)|1989|p=226}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=304}}}}

The text defines "knowledge", translates Aiyar – a Sanskrit scholar,<ref>Alex Wayman (1982), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1398480 Reviewed Work: Thirty Minor Upanishads, including the Yoga Upanishads by K. Narayansvami Aiyar], Philosophy East and West, Vol. 32, No. 3 (Jul., 1982), pages 360–362</ref> as "through which one cognizes in himself the real nature of ''kaivalya'' (moksha) as the supreme seat, the stainless, the partless, and of the nature of [[Sacchidananda]]" (truth-consciousness-bliss).{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=193}} This knowledge is of the Brahman and its non-differentiated nature with that of the [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]], of ''Jiva'' and ''Paramatman''.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=301–305}} Yoga and knowledge ([[jnana]]) both go together to realise [[Brahman]] and attain salvation, according to the Upanishad.{{Sfn|Larson|Potter|1970|p=618}}

===Yogas===
[[File:Kailash Integral Yoga.jpg|thumb|''Yogatattva Upanishad'' emphasizes [[Hatha yoga]] (shown).{{Sfn|Larson|Potter|1970|pp=137–138}}]]
In the Upanishad, Vishnu states to Brahma that Yoga is one,{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=305}} in practice of various kinds, the chief are of four types – Mantra Yoga is the practice through chants, Laya Yoga through deep concentration, Hatha Yoga through exertion, and [[Raja Yoga]] through meditation.{{Sfn|Larson|Potter|1970|p=618}}

There are four states which are common to all these yogas, states the text, and these four stages of attainment are: ''Arambha'' (beginning, the stage of practicing ethics such as non-violence and proper diet, followed by asana),{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=306–312}} ''Ghata'' (second integration stage to learn breath regulation and relationship between body and mind),{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=312–314}} ''Parichaya'' (the third intimacy stage to hold, regulate air flow, followed by meditation for relationship between mind and Atman),{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=314–317}} and ''Nishpatti'' (fourth stage to consummate [[Samadhi#Hinduism|Samadhi]] and realize Atman).{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=317–325}} The emphasis and most verses in the text are dedicated to Hatha Yoga, although the text mentions Raja yoga is the culmination of Yoga.{{Sfn|Larson|Potter|1970|pp=137–138}}

The Mantra yoga is stated by the Yogatattva as a discipline of auditory recitation of mantras but stated to be an inferior form of yoga.{{Sfn|Larson|Potter|1970|pp=137–138, 618–619}} It is the practice of mantra recitation or intonations of the sounds of alphabet, for 12 years.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=305–306}} This gradually brings knowledge and special powers of inner attenuation, asserts the text.{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=193}} This mantra-based method of yoga, asserts Yogatattva, is suited for those with dull wit and incapable of practicing the other three types of yoga.{{Sfn|Larson|Potter|1970|pp=618–619}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=305–306}}

Laya yoga is presented as the discipline of dissolution where the focus is on thinking of the "Lord without parts" all the times while going through daily life activities.{{Sfn|Larson|Potter|1970|pp=137–138, 618–619}}<ref>Daniel Mariau (2007), Laya Yoga, in ''Encyclopedia of Hinduism'' (Editors: Denise Cush et al.), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-7007-1267-0}}, page 460</ref> The Laya Yoga, the second in the order of importance, is oriented towards assimilation by the [[chitta]] or mind, wherein the person always thinks of formless [[Ishvara]] (God).{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=193}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=305–306}}

{{Quote box
|quote =Of the ten ''Yamas'', [[Mitahara]] (moderate food) is most important. Of the ten ''Niyamas'', O [[Brahma|four-faced one]], [[Ahimsa]] (non-violence) is most important.
|source = —''Yogatattva Upanishad 28–29'' <ref name=sanskrityogatattva/>{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=306}}
|width = 30%
|align = left
}}
The Hatha Yoga, to which ''Yogatattva Upanishad'' dedicates most of its verses,{{Sfn|Larson|Potter|1970|pp=137–138}} is discussed with eight interdependent practices: ten [[yamas]] (self-restraints), ten [[niyama]]s (self-observances), [[asana]] (postures), [[pranayama]] (control of breath), [[pratyahara]] (conquering the senses), [[dharana]] (concentration), [[Dhyana in Hinduism|dhyana]], and [[samadhi]] that is the state of meditative consciousness.{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|pp=193–94}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=305–306}}{{Sfn|Larson|Potter|1970|pp=618–619}}

The text discusses meditation and thereafter through verse 128, twenty stages of Hatha Yoga practice such as of ''Maha-mudra'', ''Maha-Bandha'', ''Khechari mudra'', [[Mula Bandha]], [[Uddiyana bandha]], [[Jalandhara Bandha]], [[List of mudras (yoga)|Vajroli]], [[List of mudras (yoga)|Amaroli]] and [[List of mudras (yoga)|Sahajoli]].{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=317–321}} Thereafter, the Upanishad asserts Raja yoga to be the means for Yogin to detach himself from the world,{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=321–323}} translates Ayyangar – a Sanskrit scholar.<ref>{{cite book|author=Antonio Rigopoulos|title=Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity|date=1998|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3696-7|pages=79 with notes 12–14, 80 with notes 19–22}}</ref> The tool for meditation, states the text, is Pranava or Om mantra, which it describes in verses 134–140, followed by a statement of the nature of liberation and the ultimate truth.{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=194}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=323–325}}

====Asanas====
{{Infobox
| title = Asanas in ''Yogatattva Upanishad''
| image =
[[File:Yoga tattva upanishad - 4 chief asanas.png|thumb|Yoga tattva upanishad - 4 chief asanas for Pranayama]]
|caption = Main postures discussed for [[pranayama]] practice (clock-wise - Bhadrasana, Siddhasana, Simhasana, Padmasana)
}}
The Upanishad mentions many ''asanas'', but states four postures of the yoga for the beginner commencing on ''pranayama'' (breathing exercises) – [[Siddhasana]], [[Lotus position|Padmasana]], [[Simhasana]] and [[Bhadrasana]].{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=307–309}} The detailed procedure and the setting for these are described in the text.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=307–309}}

Sitting in Padmasana (lotus) posture, the text states that the pranayama or breathing must be gradual, both inhalation, holding and exhalation should be slow, steady and deep.{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|pp=194–195}} The text introduces a series of time measures (''matras'', musical beats) to aid self monitoring and to measure progress, wherein the beat is created by the yoga student with fingers self circumambulating and using one's own knee for the beat pulse.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=307–309}} A sequential gradual inhalation over sixteen Matras (digits), holding the air deep within for sixty-four Matras and gradually exhaling the air over thirty-two Matras is suggested as the goal of the breathing exercise.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=307–309}}{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|pp=194–195}}

{{Quote box
|quote =Whatever the Yogin sees with his eyes, he should conceive of all that as the Atman (soul, self). Similarly, whatever he hears, smells, tastes and touches, he should conceive of all that as the Atman.
|source = —''Yogatattva Upanishad 69–72'' <ref name=sanskrityogatattva/>{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=312–313}}
|width = 22%
|align = left
}}
The Upanishad suggests breathing exercises in a variety of ways, such as breathing with one nostril and exhaling with another, asserting that a regular practice multiple times a day cleans up the ''Nadis'' (blood vessels), improves digestive powers, stamina, leanness and causes the skin to glow.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=307–309}}{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|pp=194–195}} The text recommends restraining oneself from salt, mustard, acidic foods, spicy astringent pungent foods. The text also states that the yoga student should avoid fasting, early morning baths, sexual intercourse, and sitting near fire. Milk and ''ghee'' (clarified butter), cooked wheat, green gram and rice are foods the text approves of, in verses 46–49.{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|pp=194–96}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=309–310}} The Upanishad also recommends [[massage]], particularly areas of body that tremor or profusely perspire during the practice of yoga.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=310–311}}

[[File:DiagrammaChakraKundalini.jpg|right|thumb|Kundalini Yoga]]
The next stage of Yoga practice, states the text, is termed Ghata (Sanskrit: घट) with the goal of bringing union of [[Prana]] (breath), [[Apāna|Apana]] (hydration and aeration of body), ''Manas'' (mind) and ''Buddhi'' (intellect), as well as between [[Jiva|Jivatma]] (life soul force) and [[Paramatma]]n (supreme soul). This practice is a step, asserts the text, for ''Pratyahara'' (withdrawal from distraction by sensory organs) and ''Dharana'' (concentration).{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|pp=196–97}} The aim of ''Dharana'', states Yogatattva, is to conceive everyone and everything one perceives with any of his senses as same as his own self and soul (Atman).{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=312–313}} In verses 72 to 81, the text describes a range of mystical powers that develop within those who have mastered ''Ghata'' stage of yoga. The Upanishad adds that "perfection requires practice, the yogin must never revel in what he achieves, never be vain, never be distracted by trying to comply with demonstration requests, remain oblivious to others, yet be always intent on achieving the goals he sets for himself".<ref name=sanskrityogatattva/>{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=313–314}}

====Kundalini====
The Upanishad, in verse 82 and onwards, elaborates on the third stage of Yogic practice, calling it the ''paricaya'' (Sanskrit: परिचय, intimacy) state.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=314–315}} It is the stage where the yogin awakens the Kundalini, asserts the text. ''Kundalini'', states James Lochtefeld – a professor of Religion and Asian Studies,<ref>[https://www.carthage.edu/live/profiles/269-james-lochtefeld James Lochtefeld], Karthage College, Wisconsin (2015)</ref> refers to "the latent spiritual power that exists in every person".<ref name=jameslochtefeldkundalini>James G Lochtefeld (2001), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-8239-3179-8}}, pages 381–382</ref> The premise mentioned in Yogatattva, is also a fundamental concept in [[Tantra]], and symbolizes an aspect of [[Shakti]] that is typically dormant in every person, and its awakening is a goal in Tantra.<ref name=jameslochtefeldkundalini/> In Yogatattva text, this stage is described as where the Yogin's Chitta (mind) awakens and enters the [[Sushumna]] and the [[chakra]]s.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=314–316}}<ref name=sanskrityogatattva/>

[[File:Shirshasana.jpg|right|thumb|[[Sirsasana]].]]
{{Quote box
|quote =Samadhi is that state in which the ''Jiva-atman'' (lower self) and the ''Param-atman'' (higher self) are differenceless.
|source = —''Yogatattva Upanishad 107'' {{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=199}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=318}}
|width = 22%
|align = left
}}
The five elements of [[Prthivi]], [[Ap (water)|Apas]], [[Agni]], [[Vayu]] and [[Akash (Jainism)|Akash]] are called as the "five Brahmans" corresponding to five gods within (Brahma, Vishnu, Rudra, Ishvara and Sada-Shiva), and reaching them is described by the text as a process of meditation.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=314–316}} The meditation on each, asserts Yogatattva, is assisted by colors, geometry and mantras: ''prthivi'' with yellow-gold, quadrilateral and ''Laṃ'', ''apas'' with white, crescent and ''Vaṃ'', ''agni'' with red, triangle and ''Raṃ'', ''vayu'' with black, satkona ([[hexagram]]) and ''Yaṃ'', ''akash'' with smoke, circle and ''Haṃ''.{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|pp=197–98}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=315–317}}

The Upanishad dedicates verses 112 through 128 on a variety of Hatha yoga asanas.{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|pp=198–200}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=319–322}} The procedure and benefits of yoga practices of [[Sirsasana]] (standing on the head for 24 minutes), Vajroli and Amaroli are explained briefly by the text. With these practices the Yogin attains the Raja Yoga state, realizes the facts of the life cycle of mother-son-wife relationship.{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=200}}

====Om meditation====
{{Quote box
|quote =[[Image:Om symbol.svg|20px|link=Hinduism]] (these three letters "AUM"...) is no different than the Brahman, by that Yogin in the Turiya-state pervades the entire world of phenomena, in the belief "all this is I alone". That is the Truth. That alone is the transcendent existence, which is the substratum.
|source = —''Yogatattva Upanishad 135–136'' <ref name=sanskrityogatattva/>{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=323}}
|width = 22%
|align = left
}}
The Upanishad expounds the principles behind Om mantra as part of the yogic practice asserting that "A", "U" and "M" are three letters that mirror the "three Vedas, three [[Sandhyavandanam|Sandhyas]] (morning, noon and evening), three [[Svaras]] (sounds), three Agnis and three [[Guṇa]]s".{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=322–324}} Metaphorically this practice is compared to realizing the hidden smell of a flower, reaching the [[ghee]] (clarified butter) in milk, reaching the oil innate in [[sesame]] seeds, effort to extract gold from its ore, and finding the Atman in one's heart.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=322–324}} The letter "A" represents the flowering of lotus, "U" represents the blooming of the flower, "M" reaches its [[Nāda|nada]] (tattva or truth inside, sound), and "ardhamatra" (half-metre) indicates the ''[[Turiya]]'', or bliss of silence.{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=323–324}}{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=201}}

The Upanishad states that following the yogic practices prescribed, once the yogin has mastered the functioning of nine orifices of the body and awakened the Sushumna inwards, he awakens his Kundalini, he becomes self-aware, knows the Truth and gains the conviction of his Atman.<ref name=sanskrityogatattva/>{{sfn|Ayyangar|1938|pp=324–325}}

==Reception==
{{Quote box
|quote ='''Yogin's relationship with the world''' At an unprohibited far off place, Calm and quiet, undisturbed, The Yogin guarantees protection, To all beings, as to his own self.
|source = —''Yogatattva Upanishad 15 (Sanskrit)'' {{Sfn|Deussen| Bedekar | Palsule (tr.)|1997|p=716}}
|width = 30%
| bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}
''Yogatattva Upanishad'' is one of the most important text on Yoga.<ref name=eliadeyif129>Mircea Eliade (1970), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|0-691-01764-6}}, page 129</ref><ref>Tom Stiles (1975), Historical perspectives of Classical Yoga philosophies, Yoga Journal, Volume 1, Number 3, page 6</ref>

{{Quote|
It is the Yogatattva that appears to be most minutely acquainted with yogic practices: it mentions the eight ''angas'' and distinguishes the four kinds of yoga: Mantra yoga, [[Laya yoga]], [[Hatha yoga]] and [[Raja yoga]].
|[[Mircea Eliade]]|Yoga: Immortality and Freedom<ref name=eliadeyif129/>}}

The text, states Whiteman, discusses a variety of Yoga systems, including the Hatha yoga, "a system of practices developed intensively', with the basic objective of "health and cleanliness of the physical body and perfection of voluntary control over all its functions." {{Sfn|Whiteman|1993|p=80}} A notable feature of this Upanishad is definition of four types of yoga and a comparison.{{Sfn|Whiteman|1993|p=80}}{{Sfn|Aiyar|1914|p=192}}

The ''Yogatattva Upanishad'' and the ''[[Brahma Upanishad]]'' are also known as one of the early sources of tantric ideas related to chakras, which were adopted in [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. {{Sfn|Gyurme|2008|p=86}} However, states Yael Bentor, there are minor differences between the location of inner fires as described in the texts of Tibetan Buddhism and in Yogatattva text of Hinduism.<ref>Yael Bentor (2000), Interiorized Fire Rituals in India and in Tibet, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 120, No. 4, page 597 with footnotes</ref>

==See also==
* [[Yoga (philosophy)]]
* ''[[Yoga Vasistha]]''
* ''[[Yoga Yajnavalkya]]''
* ''[[Yoga-kundalini Upanishad]]''

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite web|last= Aiyar |first= Narayanasvami|url=https://archive.org/stream/thirtyminorupani00xxxxuoft#page/n209/mode/2up|title=Thirty minor Upanishads|access-date=23 December 2015|year=1914|publisher=Archive Organization}}
*{{cite book|last= Ayyangar |first=TR Srinivasa |title=The Yoga Upanishads |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n345/mode/2up |year=1938 |publisher=The Adyar Library }}
*{{cite book|last= Cardin |first=Matt |title=Ghosts, Spirits, and Psychics: The Paranormal from Alchemy to Zombies: The Paranormal from Alchemy to Zombies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3JMeCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA355|date=28 July 2015|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-684-5}}
*{{cite book| last= Derek (tr)|first= Coltman |title=Yoga and the Hindu Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=meUWxDDqzuAC&pg=PA226|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0543-9}}
*{{cite book|last= Deussen |first=Paul |title=The Philosophy of the Upanishads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_Bea7AXHY4C&pg=PA42|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|isbn=978-1-61640-239-6}}
*{{cite book|last1= Deussen |first1=Paul |last2= Bedekar |first2=V.M. (tr.)|last3= Palsule (tr.)|first3=G.B. |title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7}}
* {{Citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin D | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =978-0-521-43878-0 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo }}
*{{cite book|last= Gyurme |first=Tenzin |title=S-Alchemy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w37oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|year=2008|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-557-43582-1}}
*{{cite book|last1= Larson |first1=Gerald James |last2= Potter |first2=Karl H. |title=''Yogatattva Upanishad'' (Translated by NSS Raman), in The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6pURGdBBmIC&pg=PA617|year=1970|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3349-4}}
*{{cite book|last= Whiteman |first=Joseph Hilary Michael |title=Aphorisms on Spiritual Method: The "Yoga Sutras of Patanjali" in the Light of Mystical Experience : Preparatory Studies, Sanskrit Text, Interlinear and Idiomatic English Translations, Commentary and Supplementary Aids|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsbWAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Colin Smythe|isbn=978-0-86140-354-7}}

==External links==
* [http://www.celextel.org/upanishads/krishna_yajur_veda/yogatattva.html Full Translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705193616/http://www.celextel.org/upanishads/krishna_yajur_veda/yogatattva.html |date=2017-07-05 }}

{{Mukhya Upanishads}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Yoga}}

[[Category:Upanishads]]
[[Category:Advaita Vedanta]]

Someshvara (13th-century poet)

2025-05-22T08:40:24Z

Sudeep 68899: Done

'''Someshvara''' ([[IAST]]: Someśvara) was a 13th-century hereditary priest and [[Sanskrit]] poet in the [[Chaulukya]] and [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] courts of present-day [[Gujarat]], India. He was a close friend of the minister [[Vastupala]], and there are several legendary ''[[prabandha]]'' anecdotes about the two men.

== Early life ==

Someshvara, also known as Someshvara-deva,{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=51}} lived in the 13th century, but the exact year of his birth is not known.{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=52}} The last canto of his ''Surathotsava Mahakavya'' provides information about him and several of his ancestors.{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=44}}

Someshvara came from a [[Nagar Brahmin|Brahmin]] family of [[Vasishtha]] [[gotra]] and Gulecha ''kula''.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|2004|p=618}} His ancestors lived at the town of Nagara (present-day [[Vadnagar]]).{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=44}} King [[Mularaja]], the founder of the Chaulukya dynasty, appointed his ancestor Sola-sharman as a priest (''purohita''). Sola-sharman's descendants also served the Chaulukya kings as priests: Lalla-sharman (king [[Chamundaraja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Chamunda-raja]]), Munja (king [[Durlabharaja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Durlabha-raja]]), Soma, Ama-sharman (king [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]]), Kumara (king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]]), Sarva-deva, Amiga, and Kumara II (kings [[Ajayapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Ajayapala]] and [[Mularaja II]]). Someshvara was the son of Kumara II and his wife Lakshmi.{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|pp=44-46}}

According to Someshvara, his father Kumara was proficient in both scriptures (''śāstra'') and weapons (''śastra''). He credits Kumara with several achievements, including healing the battle wounds of king Ajayapala by prayers to [[Shiva]], convincing king Mularaja II to provide tax breaks during a famine, serving as a counselor to Pratapa-malla of Rashtrakuta clan, defeating the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king Vindhya as a military commander, donating the wealth obtained from the Paramara kingdom at a shraddha ceremony at [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], and defeating a [[mlechchha]] (foreign) army near Rajni-sara (or Rani-sara).{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=46}} Muni-chandra-suri's ''Amama-charita'' (1199 CE) suggests that Kumara also held the post of chief accountant (''Nrpa-ksapataladhyaksha'') for some time.{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=47}}

Someshvara had two brothers: Mahadeva the elder, and Vijaya, the younger.{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=47}}

== Career ==

Someshvara was a hereditary priest of the [[Chaulukya]] king [[Bhima II]].{{sfn|A. K. Warder|2004|p=617}} He wielded great influence at the Chaulukya court, as well as the court of their successors, the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghelas]]. He was a close friend of the minister [[Vastupala]], who was also his patron. Someshvara met Vastupala and his brother Tejapala at the Vaghela capital [[Dhavalakka]], when the two brothers halted their on way back from a pilgrimage to [[Shatrunjaya]], and a friendship developed between the two men. All three served at the Chaulukya court, so it is possible that they had previously met at the Chaulukya capital [[Anahilavada]].{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=44}} According to Someshvara's ''Kirti-kaumudi'', he suggested the appointment of Vastupala and his brother Tejapala as ministers to the Vaghela rulers Lavana-prasada and Vira-dhavala.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|2004|p=617}}

According to Someshvara's ''Surathotsava Mahakavya'', once he highly entertained Bhima's court by composing a poem and a play within one and a half hour. Contemporary poets such as Harihara and Subhata appreciated his poetry.{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=47}} Someshvara and Vastupala composed verses praising each other. According to ''[[prabandha]]'' anecdotes (from ''[[Prabandha Kosha]]'', ''Vastupala Charita'' and ''[[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa]]''), king Visala-deva harassed Vastupala and Tejapala. Someshvara composed a verse shaming the king for his ingratitude.{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=52}}

Someshvara was well-versed with the [[Vedas]], and followed the [[Shaivite]] and the [[Shakta]] faiths. Nevertheless, he also composed ''prashasti''s for Jain shrines; and composed work with [[Vaishnavite]] themes, such as a poem and a play praising [[Rama]].{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|pp=48-49}}

According to a ''Puratana Prabandha Sangraha'' anecdote, after the death of Vastupala, Someshvara abandoned his priestly duties (''Vyasa-vidya''), and refused to recite the [[Puranas]]. King Visala-deva failed to convince him to resume his duties, and appointed another man named Ganapati Vyasa in his place. This legend may have some historical basis, as Ganapati Vyasa is known to be a historical person who served Visala-deva. Ganpati was the writer of the second 1272 CE Nanaka ''prashasti'', in which he also mentions himself as the writer of ''Dharadhvamsa'', a text commemorating Visala-deva's victory over Malava.{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=52}}

Someshvara lived at least until 1255 CE, when he composed the Vaidyanatha ''prashasti'', but the exact year of his death is not known.{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=52}} M. Srinivasachariar estimates his flourit as 1179-1262 CE.{{sfn|M. Srinivasachariar|1989|p=205}}

== Works ==

Someshvara wrote several [[Sanskrit]]-language works: except the inscriptions, all of these are undated.{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=49}}

* ''Surathotsava Mahākāvya'', also known as ''Kavi-Prashasti-Varnana'',{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=44}} based on the ''Devi Mahatmya'' of the ''[[Markandeya Purana]]''.{{sfn|A. K. Warder|2004|p=618}} This work is written in the Gaudi style. It describes the misfortunes of and regaining of power by a mythical king named Suratha; according to scholar [[Bhogilal Sandesara]], the work seems to be an allegory of the career of the Chaulukya king [[Bhima II]], who temporarily lost power to a usurper named Jayanta-simha. The work was probably written to commemorate Bhima's regaining of power, sometime around 1227 CE.{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=49}}
* ''Kīrti-kaumudī Mahākāvya'', a panegyric glorifying the deeds of Vastupala,{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=47}} including his construction of temples at Shatrunjaya.{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=49}} It is written in Vaidarbhi style, and seems to follow the model of [[Kalidasa]]. According to an analysis by Kathavate, it was written after 1232 CE.{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=49}}
* ''Ullāgharāghava Nāṭaka'', a play based on the life of [[Rama]].{{sfn|M. Srinivasachariar|1989|p=206}} Someshvara wrote the play at the request of his son Bhalla-sharman. The play was performed at a temple in Dvaraka on the occasion of ''Prabodhini Ekadasi''.{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|pp=47-48}}
* ''Karṇāmṛta-prapā'', an anthology of didactic verses{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=48}}
* ''Rāma-śataka'', a 100-verse hymn about Rama. Ekanatha and an unknown author wrote commentaries on this poem, and it is known from several manuscripts (five of them at BORI), which suggests that it was quite popular.{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=48}}
* 1231 CE (1287 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]) [[Mount Abu|Abu]] ''[[prashasti]]'' inscription, which records the installation of an image of Neminatha in a temple{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=48}}
* Metrical portions of the two Girnar inscriptions of Vastupala.{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=48}}
* 1255 CE (1311 VS) Vaidyanatha ''prashasti'' inscription, which records king Visala-deva's reparations to the Vaidyanatha temple at Darbhavati{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=48}}
* A 108-verse ''prashasti'' inscription, recording king Viradhavala's construction of Vira-narayana Prasada (likely a temple of [[Vishnu|Narayana]]) at Dhavalakka; now [[Lost literary work|lost]]{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=48}}

Several ''[[prabandha]]'' stories quote verses for which Vastupala rewarded Someshvara. These anecdotes are legendary, but may have some historical basis:{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=50}}

* According to Raja-shekhara's ''Pabandha Kosha'' and Jina-harsha's ''Vastupala Charita'', once Vastupala challenged Someshvara to complete a verse (''[[samasya-purti]]'') in the port town of [[Stambhatirtha|Stambha-tirtha]], and rewarded him with 16 imported horses for successfully completing the task.
* According to ''Pabandha Kosha'' and ''Vastupala Charita'', once a challenge to complete a seemingly irrelevant verse was posed in a literary circle, in the presence of Vastupala and Tejapala. Someshvara successfully completed the challenge, for which Vastupala gave him 16,000 ''drammas'' (coins).
* According to Meru-tunga's ''Prabandha Chintamani'' and Ratna-mandira Gani's ''Upadesha Taramgini'', once Someshvara visited the mansion of Vastupala, and refused to occupy a seat that he was offered. When asked for the reason, he replied with a verse, and Vastupala rewarded him with 9,000 ''drammas''.
* According to ''Prabandha Kosha'' and ''Upadesha Taramgini'', once a large crowd of supplicants ran towards Vastupala when he worshipping the Jina during a ''samgha-yatra'' (pilgrimage) to Shatrunjaya. Someshvara spoke a verse to the crowd, for which Vastupala gifted him a large sum of money.

The ''prabandha'' texts attributed several other extempore verses to Someshvara. For example, Someshvara is said to have composed verses:{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|pp=50-51}}

* to celebrate Vastupala's return from a successful military campaign against Shamkha (''[[Puratana Prabandha Sangraha]]'').
* in praise of Tejapala, when he returned after defeating Ghughula (''Puratana Prabandha Sangraha'' and ''Vastupala Charita'').
* to describe ''Lalita-sara'', a lake built by Vastupala at Palitana and named after his wife (''Puratana Prabandha Sangraha'', ''Vastupala Charita'', ''Prabandha Chintamani'', and ''Upadesha Taramgini'').
* in praise of Vastupala during the ''samgha-yatra'' to Shatrunjaya (''Vastupala Charita'' and ''Upadesha Taramgini'').
* in praise of Viradhavala at a court held after a military victory (''Vastupala Charita'').

The ''[[Suktimuktavali|Sukti-muktavali]]'' contains two verses from Someshvara's Vaidyanatha ''prashasti''. The text also attributes four other verses to Someshvara-deva, who was most probably the same person.{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=51}} ''Vasanta Vilasa'', a 15th-century [[Old Gujarati]] ''[[phagu]]'' quotes a verse from Someshvara's ''Kirti-kaumudi''.{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=52}}

Some authors have also attributed the authorship of ''Kavya-darsha'', a commentary on ''Kavya-prakasha'', to Someshvara. However, the author of ''Kavya-darsha'' was a different person with same name: he was the son of Devaka, and belonged to the [[Bharadvaja]] ''[[gotra]]''.{{sfn|B.J. Sandesara|1953|p=49}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=B.J. Sandesara |author-link=Bhogilal Sandesara |title=Literary Circle of Mahāmātya Vastupāla and its Contribution to Sanskrit Literature |series=Singhi Jain Series |year=1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tljAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=A. K. Warder |title=Indian Kāvya Literature: The Wheel of Time |volume=7, Part II |year=2004 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=81-208-2028-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GiRVhBmpwSEC }}
* {{cite book |author=M. Srinivasachariar |title=History of Classical Sanskrit Literature |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120802841 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC }}
{{ref end}}

[[Category:13th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Sanskrit poets]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:People from Patan district]]

2024 Mumbai Indians season

2025-05-04T09:12:24Z

Sudeep 68899: Starting Basic Stub From Scratch

{{Short description|2024 Indian Premier League cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = {{IPL Teams 1|mi }}
| season = [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]]
| coach = [[Mark Boucher]]
| captain = [[Hardik Pandya]]
| ground = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| comp1 = [[2024 Indian Premier League#League stage|IPL League]]
| comp1 result = Finished at last place
| most runs = [[Rohit Sharma]] (417)
| most wickets = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (20)
| most catches = [[Tilak Varma]] (9)
| most dismissals = [[Ishan Kishan]] (9)
| prevseason = [[2023 {{IPL Teams 1|mi }} season|2023]]
| nextseason = [[2025 {{IPL Teams 1|mi }} season|2025]]
}}

The [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024 season]] was the 17th season for the [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[{{IPL Teams 1|mi }}]]. They were one of the ten teams competed in the [[2024 Indian Premier League]]. They finished at the 3rd place in [[2023 Indian Premier League|previous season]] after losing the [[2023 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 2|Qualifier 2]] to [[Gujarat Titans]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=GT vs MI Cricket Scorecard, Qualifier 2 at Ahmedabad, May 26, 2023 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/gujarat-titans-vs-mumbai-indians-qualifier-2-1370352/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

Ahead of the 2024 season, [[Hardik Pandya]] was traded from [[Gujarat Titans]] and appointed as the captain.{{Efn|name=Pandya}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=Hardik Pandya announced as captain for the IPL 2024 season |url=https://www.mumbaiindians.com/news/hardik-pandya-announced-as-captain-for-the-ipl-2024-season |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=Mumbai Indians |language=en}}</ref> After their 8th loss on [[2024 Indian Premier League#match51|3 May 2024]], Mumbai became the first team to be eliminated from the [[2024 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MI vs KKR Cricket Scorecard, 51st Match at Mumbai, May 03, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/mumbai-indians-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-51st-match-1426289/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1786452864815993098 |user=SPORTYVISHAL |title=Mumbai Indians has become the 1st team to be officially eliminated from the IPL 2024 |date=3 May 2024 |access-date=5 May 2024}}</ref> They finished the [[2024 Indian Premier League#League stage|League stage]] at the last place with 4 wins and 10 losses, garnering 8 points.<ref name=pts/>

The Mumbai Indians drew an average home attendance of 31,577 in the IPL in 2024.

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
*Ages are as of 22 Match 2024, the date of the first match in the competition
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Nationality
! Birth date
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Year signed
! Salary
! Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Captain
|-
|33|| '''[[Hardik Pandya]]''' || {{cr|IND}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1993|10|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"|2024 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|15|c}} || Traded{{Efn|name=Pandya|Ahead of the 2024 auction, [[Hardik Pandya]] was traded from [[Gujarat Titans]] to Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-26 |title=Hardik returns to MI, Cameron Green moves to RCB |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/128615/hardik-returns-to-mi-cameron-green-moves-to-rcb |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref>}}
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batters
|-
|45|| '''[[Rohit Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1987|4|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2011 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|16|c}} ||
|-
|63|| '''[[Suryakumar Yadav]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1990|9|14|df=y}}|| Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8|c}} ||
|-
|8|| '''[[Tim David]]''' || {{cr|AUS}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1996|3|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"|2022|| style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8.25|c}} ||Overseas
|-
|28|| [[Naman Dhir]] || {{cr|IND}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1999|12|31|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"|2024||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
| 19|| [[Nehal Wadhera]] || {{cr|IND}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2000|9|4|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"|2023||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|4|| [[Vishnu Vinod]]|| {{cr|IND}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1993|12|2|df=y}}|| Right-handed || – || style="text-align:center;"|2022||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} || Withdrew{{Efn|name=Vinod|[[Harvik Desai]] replaced [[Vishnu Vinod]], after the latter withdrew due to Forearm injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/4034/mumbai-indians-sign-harvik-desai-as-replacement-for-vishnu-vinod|title=Mumbai Indians sign Harvik Desai as a replacement for Vishnu Vinod|access-date=6 May 2024|work=[[Indian Premier League]]}}</ref>}}
|-
|23|| '''[[Ishan Kishan]]''' || {{cr|IND}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1998|7|18|df=y}} || Left-handed || – || style="text-align:center;"|2022||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|15.25|c}} ||
|-
| – || [[Harvik Desai]] || {{cr|IND}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1999|10|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || – || style="text-align:center;"|2024||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} || Replacement{{Efn|name=Vinod}}
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|9|| '''[[Tilak Varma]]''' || {{cr|IND}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2002|11|8|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"|2022||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.7|c}} ||
|-
|17|| '''[[Dewald Brevis]]''' || {{cr|RSA}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2003|4|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"|2022||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|c}} ||Overseas
|-
|7|| '''[[Mohammad Nabi]]''' || {{cr|AFG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1985|1|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2024 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.5|c}} || Overseas
|-
|24||'''[[Piyush Chawla]]''' ||{{cr|IND}} ||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1988|12|24|df=y}} ||Left-handed ||Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"|2023 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} ||
|-
|48|| '''[[Romario Shepherd]]''' || {{cr|WIN}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1994|11|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[fast medium]] || style="text-align:center;"|2024||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} ||Overseas; Traded{{Efn|Ahead of the 2024 auction, [[Romario Shepherd]] was traded from [[Lucknow Super Giants]] to Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2024: List Of Players Traded And Released Ahead Of Mini-Auction |url=https://www.india.com/sports/ipl-2024-list-of-players-traded-and-released-ahead-of-mini-auction-cricket-news-6529924/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref>}}
|-
|13|| [[Shams Mulani]] || {{cr|IND}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1997|3|13|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Slow left-arm orthodox|orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"|2023||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|37||[[Shreyas Gopal]] ||{{cr|IND}} ||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1993|9|4|df=y}} ||Right-handed ||Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"|2024 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|47||[[Anshul Kamboj]] ||{{cr|IND}} ||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2000|12|6|df=y}} ||Right-handed ||Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"|2024 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
| – ||[[Shivalik Sharma]] ||{{cr|IND}} ||{{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1998|11|28|df=y}} ||Left-handed ||Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"|2024 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Pace bowlers
|-
|5|| '''[[Jason Behrendorff]]''' || {{cr|AUS}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1990|4|20|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"|2023||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|75|l}} ||Overseas; Withdrew{{Efn|name=Behrendorff|[[Luke Wood (cricketer)|Luke Wood]] replaced [[Jason Behrendorff]], after the latter withdrew due to Injury.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Indians Name Luke Wood As Replacement For Jason Behrendorff |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3993/mumbai-indians-name-luke-wood-as-replacement-for-the-injured-jason-behrendorff |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=[[Indian Premier League]]}}</ref>}}
|-
|99|| [[Arjun Tendulkar]] || {{cr|IND}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1999|9|24|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"|2021||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|30|l}} ||
|-
|93|| '''[[Jasprit Bumrah]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1993|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2013 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|12|c}} ||
|-
|25|| [[Akash Madhwal]] || {{cr|IND}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1993|11|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"|2022||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|62|| '''[[Gerald Coetzee]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2000|10|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2024 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|5|c}} ||Overseas
|-
| – || '''[[Dilshan Madushanka]]''' || {{cr|SL}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2000|9|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2024 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.6|c}} ||Overseas; Withdrew{{Efn|name=Madushanka|[[Kwena Maphaka]] replaced [[Dilshan Madushanka]], after the latter withdrew due to Injury.<ref>{{cite web |title=MI name U-19 World Cup hero Kwena Maphaka as Dilshan Madushanka's replacement |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/mumbai-indians-u19-world-cup-kwena-maphaka-dilshan-madushanka-replacement-2517416-2024-03-20 |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>}}
|-
|53|| '''[[Nuwan Thushara]]''' || {{cr|SL}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1994|8|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2024 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.8|c}} ||Overseas
|-
|14|| '''[[Luke Wood (cricketer)|Luke Wood]]''' || {{cr|ENG}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1995|8|2|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2024 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} ||Overseas; Replacement{{Efn|name=Behrendorff}}
|-
|11|| [[Kwena Maphaka]] || {{cr|RSA}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2006|4|8|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2024 ||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} ||Overseas; Replacement{{Efn|name=Madushanka}}
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Spin bowlers
|-
|26|| [[Kumar Kartikeya]] || {{cr|IND}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1997|12|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Spin bowling|spinner]] || style="text-align:center;"|2022||style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|}
* Source: ''ESPNcricinfo''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Indians Squad – Indian Premier League, 2024 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/mumbai-indians-squad-1413556/series-squads |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

== Administration and support staff ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Position
!Name
|-
|Team manager|| Prashant Jangam
|-
|Head coach|| [[Mark Boucher]]
|-
|Batting coach|| [[Kieron Pollard]]
|-
|Bowling coach|| [[Lasith Malinga]]
|-
|Fielding coach|| [[James Pamment]]
|}

== League stage ==

=== Points table ===
{{2024 Indian Premier League Points table|team={{IPL Teams 2|mi }}}}

=== League progression ===
{{#invoke: IndianPremierLeagueProgression
|create
| L5, L8, L14, W20, W25, L29, W33, L38, L43, L48, L51, W55, L60, L67


| E


|caption=League progression
|teams={{IPL Teams 1|mi }}
|knockoutType=2
|matchesPerTeam=14
|matchReportArticle=2024 Indian Premier League}}

=== Fixtures and results ===
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}

{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match5}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match8}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match14}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match20}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match25}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match29}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match33}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match38}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match43}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match48}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match51}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match55}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match60}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match67}}

== Statistics ==
{{Hatnote|Top 5 tiers for each category are listed}}

=== Most runs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Runs
!Player
!Innings
!Highest score
|-
!417
|[[Rohit Sharma]]
|14
|105 [[not out]]
|-
!416
|[[Tilak Varma]]
|13
|65
|-
!345
|[[Suryakumar Yadav]]
|11
|102 [[not out]]
|-
!320
|[[Ishan Kishan]]
|14
|69
|-
!241
|[[Tim David]]
|11
|45 [[not out]]
|}
*Source: ''ESPNcricinfo''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier League, 2024 batting most runs career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2024-15940 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

=== Most wickets ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Wickets
!Player
!Matches
!Best bowling
|-
!20
| [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
|13
|5/21
|-
!rowspan=2|13
| [[Piyush Chawla]]
|11
|3/29
|-
| [[Gerald Coetzee]]
|10
|4/34
|-
!11
| [[Hardik Pandya]]
|12
|3/31
|-
!8
| [[Nuwan Thushara]]
|7
|3/28
|}
*Source: ''ESPNcricinfo''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier League, 2024 bowling most wickets career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2024-15940 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.mumbaiindians.com/}}
* [https://www.iplt20.com/teams/mumbai-indians {{IPL Teams 1|mi }} on IPLT20 Website]

{{{{IPL Teams 1|mi }} }}
{{2024 Indian Premier League}}



[[Category:2024 Indian Premier League|{{IPL Teams 1|mi }}]]
[[Category:{{IPL Teams 1|mi }} seasons]]

Sanjoy Narayan

2025-04-03T22:17:11Z

Sudeep 68899: New

{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanjoy Narayan
| image=
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education =
| occupation = Journalist
| years_active = 1982- Present
| alias =
| status =
| title =
| family =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| networth =
| credits =
| agent =
}}

'''Sanjoy Narayan''' is the former Editor-in-Chief of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', a national English language newspaper in India. He held the position between 2008 and 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dev |first1=Atul |title=History repeating at Shobhana Bhartia’s Hindustan Times |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/media/history-repeating-shobhana-bhartias-hindustan-times |access-date=2 December 2021 |work=The Caravan |date=1 December 2018 |language=en |quote=In 2008, ... next editor hired was Sanjoy Narayan ... he lasted eight years}}</ref>

==Education==
Narayan attended [[La Martiniere Calcutta]] and has a degree in Economics from [[Presidency College, Calcutta|Presidency College]], Kolkata

==Career==
Narayan began his career in 1982. He has worked at ''[[Businessworld]]'', ''[[The Economic Times]]'' and ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'' of Calcutta as a writer, reporter and editor. Later, Narayan was editor of ''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]'', India's largest business magazine for nearly ten years. Narayan is credited with turning around the publication and driving its journey to the top. While working with the ''Economic Times'' in the early 1990s he helped launch Brand Equity and created and headed the Economic Times' first corporate bureau. Later, he headed the [[Mumbai]] bureau of ''BusinessWorld''. While at Business Today, Narayan was also Editorial Director of several other projects and helped launch the Indian editions of the magazines ''Men's Health'' and ''Golf Digest''. He also served as [[Chief operating officer|Chief Operating Officer]] of [[India Today]] Group Digital, the India Today Group's multimedia initiative in the digital domain.

At ''Hindustan Times'', Narayan led what is the newspaper's first major attempt to relaunch and reposition itself, including a brand new design as well as a new editorial content strategy. The newspaper emerged as Delhi's foremost newspaper with the highest readership among English newspapers. During the period, the paper's five-year-old Mumbai edition emerged as the second largest English newspaper in that city. Narayan also revamped its website and launched it on platforms such as the Kindle and the iPad. Narayan was also a frequent commentator on current affairs, business and politics in a regular column, Simply Put.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/comment/SanjoyNarayan/lid.aspx Simply Put] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219150243/http://www.hindustantimes.com/comment/SanjoyNarayan/lid.aspx |date=2015-02-19 }}</ref>

==Personal==
Narayan is passionate about contemporary music. He writes a fortnightly column,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090916143650/http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/download-central/category/download-central/ Download Central]</ref> in the ''Hindustan Times''' Sunday magazine.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/sid1011.aspx Brunch] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002133110/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/sid1011.aspx |date=2013-10-02 }}</ref> He has two daughters.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayan, Sanjoy}}
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Journalists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Dracaena zeylanica

2024-12-12T10:06:21Z

Sudeep 68899: stub

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image=Sansevieria zeylanica Blanco2.422-original.png
|image_caption=Botanical illustration as ''Sansevieria zeylanica''
|genus=Dracaena
|species=zeylanica
|authority=([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[David Mabberley|Mabb.]]<ref name="POWO">{{Cite web |title=''Dracaena zeylanica'' (L.) Mabb. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77164236-1 |access-date=2023-02-08}}</ref>
|synonyms=
{{Species list
|Acyntha zeylanica|(L.) Kuntze
|Cordyline zeylanica|(L.) Britton
|Sansevieria zeylanica|(L.) Willd.
|Aloe hyacinthoides var. zeylanica|L.
|Aloe zeylanica|(L.) Jacq.
|Sansevieria ensifolia|Haw.
|Sansevieria grandicuspis|Haw.
|Sansevieria indica|Herter
|Sansevieria pumila|Haw.
}}
|synonyms_ref=<ref name=POWO/>
}}

'''''Dracaena zeylanica''''' is a species of flowering plant in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Asparagaceae]], [[native plant|native]] to southern India and Sri Lanka.<ref name=POWO/> It is better known under the [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] ''Sansevieria zeylanica''.<ref name=POWO/>

==Misidentifications==
Early in the 20th century, ''[[Dracaena trifasciata]]'' was incorrectly called ''Sansevieria zeylanica'' in the literature.<ref name="splendid">{{cite book |last1=Chahinian |first1=B. Juan |title=The splendid ''Sansevieria'': an account of the species |date=May 2005 |publisher=self published |location=Buenos Aires |isbn=987-43-9250-9 |page=180 pp |edition=1st}}</ref> Non-variegated forms of ''[[Dracaena trifasciata]]'' are still often traded as ''Sansevieria zeylanica'', but the true ''Dracaena zeylanica'' is poorly known<ref>{{cite book |last1=Newton |first1=L.E. |editor1-last=Eggli |editor1-first=Urs |editor2-last=Nyffeler |editor2-first=R. |title=Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Monocotyledons |date=2020 |publisher=Springer-Verlag GmbH |location=Berlin |pages=1353–1385 |edition=2nd |chapter=''Sansevieria'' RUSCACEAE}}</ref> and uncommon in cultivation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Henley |first1=R.W. |last2=Chase |first2=A.R. |last3=Osborne |first3=L.S. |title=''Sansevieria'' Production Guide (CFREC-A Foliage Plant Note RH-91-30) |url=https://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/foliage/folnotes/sansevie.htm |access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref>

''Dracaena zeylanica'' is a leafier plant (10-16 leaves per rosette, versus generally 2–4 in ''Dracaena trifasciata''), and its leaves lack a petiole, instead becoming only slightly narrower at the base. In ''D. trifasciata'', leaves become narrower and thickened towards the bottom, forming a concave channel at the base of the leaves.<ref name="splendid"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q90447422|from2=Q1714776}}

[[Category:Dracaena (plant)|zeylanica]]
[[Category:Flora of India (region)]]
[[Category:Flora of Sri Lanka]]

{{Asparagaceae-stub}}

Arjun Singh Jasrotia

2024-04-14T06:13:22Z

Sudeep 68899: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Arun Singh Jasrotia]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

JSBA TBCU

2024-04-06T02:20:07Z

Sudeep 68899: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Tripura Baptist Christian Union]]

[[Category:Tripura Baptist Christian Union]]
[[Category:Christianity in Tripura]]
[[Category:Baptist denominations established in the 20th century]]

Vidanga

2024-04-01T03:32:52Z

Sudeep 68899: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Embelia ribes]]

{{R from Merge}}
{{R to scientific name|plant}}

Ilaiyaraaja 1987

2024-03-19T12:50:35Z

Sudeep 68899: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of film scores by Ilaiyaraaja 1980s]]

Joseph Attipetty

2024-02-28T01:35:51Z

Sudeep 68899: Starting basic info more to come.

{{Short description|Roman-catholic archbishop}}
{{Infobox saint|name=Archbishop Joseph Attipetty|image=Joseph Attipetty.png|imagesize=200px|alt=Archbishop Joseph Attipetty|caption=Archbishop Joseph Attipetty|titles=|birth_date={{Birth date|1894|06|25|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Ochanthuruth]], [[Cochin State]] now in [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]|death_date={{Death date and age|1970|01|21|1894|06|25|df=y}}|death_place=[[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]|feast_day=|venerated_in=|beatified_date=|beatified_place=|beatified_by=|canonized_date=|canonized_place=|canonized_by=|major_shrine=|attributes=|patronage=|honorific_prefix=[[Servant of God]]}}

'''Joseph Attipetty''' (June 25, 1894 – January 21, 1970) was the first native bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archbishop Joseph Attipetty: Another Keralite on the path to sainthood|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/jan/05/archbishop-joseph-attipetty-another-keralite-on-the-path-to-sainthood-2085213.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Joseph Attipetty was born on June 25, 1894, as the second of five children of Matthew and Rosa, at [[Ochanthuruth]] in the parish of Cruz Milagris, then in [[Cochin State]], now [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. His father was a seminarian, but realizing that his vocation was not priesthood, he dropped from seminary and later married Rosa. Attipetty was fondly called "Kochu Jusei" (കൊച്ചുജ്യൂസെ).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-01|title=ദൈവദാസനായ അഭിവന്ദ്യ ആർച്ച്ബിഷപ്പ് ജോസഫ് അട്ടിപ്പേറ്റി|url=http://keralavani.com/ദൈവദാസനായ-അഭിവന്ദ്യ-ആർച്/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=official news channel of ARCHDIOCESE OF VERAPOLY|language=en-US}}</ref> He did his primary education at St. Mary's School, Ochanthuruthu and then at St. Albert's High School, Ernakulam. He was sent to St. Joseph's college in Trichy, run by the Jesuit fathers for pursuing his bachelor's degree. His association and close contact with the Jesuit clergy was instrumental in shaping his future.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Servant of God Archbishop Joseph Attipetty|url=https://keralavani.com/%e0%b4%a6%e0%b5%88%e0%b4%b5%e0%b4%a6%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b8%e0%b4%a8%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%af-%e0%b4%85%e0%b4%ad%e0%b4%bf%e0%b4%b5%e0%b4%a8%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%a6%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%af-%e0%b4%86%e0%b5%bc%e0%b4%9a%e0%b5%8d/}}</ref>

== Vocation==
After completing his B.A degree, Attipetty returned to his native region. As his desire to become a priest grew stronger, he told his family, but had to face fierce opposition. But later, on the recommendation of several clergymen, a decision was taken in his favour. Angel Mary, the then Bishop of Verapoly, sent him to Rome for his priestly studies and formation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archbishop Attipetty|url=https://keralavani.com/%e0%b4%a6%e0%b5%88%e0%b4%b5%e0%b4%a6%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b8%e0%b5%bb-%e0%b4%9c%e0%b5%8b%e0%b4%b8%e0%b4%ab%e0%b5%8d-%e0%b4%85%e0%b4%9f%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%9f%e0%b4%bf%e0%b4%aa%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%aa%e0%b5%87%e0%b4%b1/|website=Keralavani}}</ref>

After seven years of study at the Propaganda Seminary in Rome, Attipetty earned a PhD in philosophy and an STD in theology. During his studies, he was director of the ‘Pia Associatio Matris Misericordiae’, a group that helps young people in their call to the priestly life, Vice President of Propaganda Theological Students and the Spiritual Head of the College's Staff. On December 18, 1926, Cardinal [[Basilio Pompili]], Vicar General of Rome, ordained Attipetty as a priest. Attipetty said his first Holy Mass on the altar of St. Peter's tomb, in St. Peter's Basilica.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Attipetty at Propaganda Seminary, Rome|url=https://keralavani.com/%e0%b4%a6%e0%b5%88%e0%b4%b5%e0%b4%a6%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b8%e0%b5%bb-%e0%b4%9c%e0%b5%8b%e0%b4%b8%e0%b4%ab%e0%b5%8d-%e0%b4%85%e0%b4%9f%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%9f%e0%b4%bf%e0%b4%aa%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%aa%e0%b5%87-2/}}</ref>

Attipetty returned to Ernakulam and offered his first Mass in his native place at the Church of [[National Shrine Basilica of Our Lady of Ransom, Vallarpadam|Our Lady of Ransom]], [[Vallarpadam|Vallarpadom]]. He was appointed as the assistant vicar of Mount Carmel Church, Chathiath and he served there for two years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archbishop Attipetty|url=https://keralavani.com/%e0%b4%a6%e0%b5%88%e0%b4%b5%e0%b4%a6%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b8%e0%b5%bb-%e0%b4%9c%e0%b5%8b%e0%b4%b8%e0%b4%ab%e0%b5%8d-%e0%b4%85%e0%b4%9f%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%9f%e0%b4%bf%e0%b4%aa%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%aa%e0%b5%87-3/}}</ref> Thereafter, on January 30, 1929, he was appointed as the Secretary to Angel Mary and Chancellor of the archdiocese.

Rome decided to appoint an auxiliary bishop as part of giving autonomy for Verapoly archdiocese and Attippetty's name was suggested. In 1933, the Holy Father scheduled to officiate at the anointing of the ordained Bishop in Rome.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pallath, OCD|first=Fr. John|title=Yugaprabhavanaya Dr. Joseph Attipetty Metrapolitha|journal=Kerala Times Press, 1996}}</ref> After the resignation of Angel Mary, Attipetty assumed the reigns of administration on December 21, 1934 as the first indigenous Archbishop of Verapoly archdiocese. His Pallium Investiture took place on July 25, 1935.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Lineage of Bishops – Archdiocese of Verapoly|url=http://archdiocese.verapoly.in/about-us__trashed/lineage-of-bishops/|access-date=2021-06-25|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Death and recognition of holiness ==
Attipetty served the diocese and its people for 37 years. He died on January 21, 1970.<ref name="auto"/> Many faithful visit his tomb at the "Smrithimandhiram" at St. Francis Assisi Cathedral, Ernakulam. The process of beatification and canonization was officially inaugurated in the diocese by declaring him a [[Servant of God]] on 21 January 2020, the 50th anniversary of his death at St. Francis Assisi Cathedral, Ernakulam by [[Joseph Kalathiparambil|Archbishop Joseph Kalathiparambil]].<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jan 22, 2020|title=Archbishop Joseph Attipetty declared Servant of God {{!}} Kochi News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/archbishop-joseph-attipetty-declared-servant-of-god/articleshow/73499619.cms|access-date=2021-06-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
During Attipetty’s tenure of office, [[St. Albert's College]], Ernakulam, House of Providence for the aged, [[St. Paul's College, Kalamassery|St. Paul's College, Kalamassey]], Lourde's hospital, Pachalam and Little Flower Institute, Kalamassery came into being.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ആർച്ച്ബിഷപ്പ് ഡോ. ജോസഫ് അട്ടിപ്പേറ്റി ദൈവദാസൻ|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2020/01/21/archbishop-joseph-attipetty-proclaimed-servant-of-god.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref>

Attipetty was firmly with the conservative side at the Second Vatican Council and argued for equal validity of scripture and tradition.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Council Daybook: Vatican II, Session 3 (Sept. 14 to Nov. 21, 1964)|url=https://archive.org/stream/VCIIDaybook3/Council%20Daybook%2C%20Third%20Session_djvu.txt|page=90}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Portal bar|Catholicism|Saints|Biography|India|History}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Attipetty, Joseph}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Servants of God]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]

Aurangabad, Barnahal

2024-02-21T17:11:53Z

Sudeep 68899: Starting Some Pg First Draft

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{other uses|Aurangabad (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aurangabad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.085|N|78.84088|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.967
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 948
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 205261
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Aurangabad''' ({{IAST|Auraṅgābād}}) is a village in [[Barnahal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 948, in 168 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Aurangabad had a population of 948, in 168 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|124}} This population was 52.8% male (501) and 47.2% female (447). The 0-6 age group numbered 133 (74 male and 59 female), or 14.0% of the total population. 326 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 34.4% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|100-1}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Aurangabad as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 309 people (172 male and 137 female), in 55 households and 47 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 239 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Aurangabad had 1 primary school; it did not have any kind of healthcare facility. Drinking water was provided by well and hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village had no post office or public library; it had at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|124-9}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]