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Melbourne Cricket Ground

2023-10-12T01:39:56Z

Subrata: /* Finals and grand finals */

{{short description|Sports stadium}}
{{redirect|MCG}}
{{Too many sections|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Australian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Melbourne Cricket Ground
| nickname = MCG, The 'G
| logo_image = Melbourne Cricket Ground logo.png
| logo_size = 170px
| image = 2017 AFL Grand Final panorama during national anthem.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Panorama of the MCG before the [[2017 AFL Grand Final]]
| fullname =
| former_names =
| location = [[East Melbourne]], [[Victoria, Australia]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|37|49|11.76|S|144|59|0.38|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| broke_ground =
| built =
| opened = {{start date and age|1853}}
| renovated = 1992 (Southern Stand redevelopment) 2006 (Northern Stand redevelopment) 2032 (Proposed Shane Warne Stand redevelopment)
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner =
| operator = [[Melbourne Cricket Club|Melbourne Cricket Club (MCC)]]
| surface = Grass
| scoreboard =
| construction_cost =
| suites = 109
| architect =
| project_manager =
| structural engineer =
| services engineer =
| general_contractor =
| main_contractors =
| capacity = 100,024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/50-largest-stadiums-in-the-world.html|title=Biggest Stadiums in The World By Capacity|date=6 February 2021|access-date=16 June 2018|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616130155/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/50-largest-stadiums-in-the-world.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| record_attendance = {{Plainlist|
* 109,500 – [[Ed Sheeran]] [[+–=÷× Tour]]<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/music/concerts/ed-sheeran-australian-records-mcg-concerts-1235280918/ | title=Ed Sheeran Breaks Multiple Australian Records with MCG Concerts | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] }}</ref>
* 143,000 – [[Billy Graham]] Crusade (pre-configuration)
}}
| executive_suites =
| dimensions = 171 metres x 146 metres<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcg.org.au/The%20MCG%20Stadium/Facts%20and%20Figures.aspx |title=MCG Facts and Figures |year=2009 |work=Melbourne Cricket Ground |access-date=26 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106230103/http://www.mcg.org.au/The%20MCG%20Stadium/Facts%20and%20Figures.aspx |archive-date=6 January 2010}}</ref>
| acreage =
| tenants = ; [[Australian Football League|Australian Football League (AFL)]]
[[Melbourne Football Club]] (1858–present) [[Richmond Football Club]] (1965–present) [[Collingwood Football Club]] (1993–present) [[Essendon Football Club]] (1991–present) [[Hawthorn Football Club]] (2000–present) [[Carlton Football Club]] (2005–present)
; Cricket
[[Australian cricket team]] (1877–present) [[Victoria cricket team]] (1851–present) [[Melbourne Stars]] (2011–present)
;[[Rugby League]]
[[Melbourne Storm]] (2000)
; Soccer
[[Australia men's national soccer team]] (selected matches) [[Australia women's national football team]] (selected matches) [[Melbourne Victory]] (international friendly matches){{Unbulleted list|item1_style=background-color:#ccc;|'''Major Events'''| [[1956 Summer Olympics]] [[1988 Women's Cricket World Cup]] [[1992 Cricket World Cup]] [[2006 Commonwealth Games]] [[2015 Cricket World Cup]] [[State of Origin series]] 1994, 1995, 1997, 2015, 2018 [[2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup]] [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] [[Boxing Day Test]] }}
| embedded = {{infobox cricket ground|embed=yes
| ground_name =
| nickname =
| image =
| caption =
| country = [[Australia]]
| location =
| coordinates =
| establishment =
| owner =
| curator = David Sandurski
| tenants =
| end1 = West: City End (AFL);<ref name="map">{{cite web|url=https://membership.richmondfc.com.au/pdf/mcg-map|title=MCG Reserved Seating Map - Richmond|website=membership.richmondfc.com.au|access-date=14 December 2018|archive-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926131126/https://membership.richmondfc.com.au/pdf/mcg-map|url-status=live}}</ref> North: Members End (Cricket) [[File:MelbourneCricketGroundPitchDimensions.svg|200px]]
| end2 = South: Shane Warne Stand End (Cricket); East: Punt Road End<ref name="map"/> (AFL)
| international = yes
| firsttestdate = 15–19 March
| firsttestyear = 1877
| firsttesthome = Australia
| firsttestaway = England
| lasttestdate = 26–29 December
| lasttestyear = 2022
| lasttesthome = Australia
| lasttestaway = South Africa
| firstodidate = 5 January
| firstodiyear = 1971
| firstodihome = Australia
| firstodiaway = England
| lastodidate = 22 November
| lastodiyear = 2022
| lastodihome = Australia
| lastodiaway = England
| firstt20idate = 1 February
| firstt20iyear = 2008
| firstt20ihome = Australia
| firstt20iaway = India
| lastt20idate = 13 November
| lastt20iyear = 2022
| lastt20ihome = England
| lastt20iaway = Pakistan
| firstwtestdate = 18–20 January
| firstwtestyear = 1935
| firstwtesthome = Australia
| firstwtestaway = England
| lastwtestdate = 28–31 JanuaryF
| lastwtestyear = 1949
| lastwtesthome = Australia
| lastwtestaway = England
| firstwodidate = 18 December
| firstwodiyear = 1988
| firstwodihome = Australia
| firstwodiaway = England
| lastwodidate = 23 January
| lastwodiyear = 2014
| lastwodihome = Australia
| lastwodiaway = England
| firstwt20idate = 1 February
| firstwt20iyear = 2008
| firstwt20ihome = Australia
| firstwt20iaway = England
| lastwt20idate = 8 March
| lastwt20iyear = 2020
| lastwt20ihome = Australia
| lastwt20iaway = India

| date = 29 December
| year = 2022
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/Srilanka/content/ground/56441.html Cricinfo
}}
}}

The '''Melbourne Cricket Ground''' ('''MCG'''), also known locally as '''The 'G''',<ref>{{cite news|last=Chappell|first=Ian|title=Heroes wanted: Apply at the 'G |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/ipad-application/heroes-wanted-apply-at-the-g/story-fn6bn647-1225975914380|access-date=29 December 2010|newspaper=[[Herald Sun]]|date=26 December 2010}}</ref> is an Australian sports stadium located in [[Yarra Park]], [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccerlens.com/largest-football-stadiums/36427/|title=The 10 largest football stadiums in the world|website=soccerlens.com|publisher=Sports Lens|date=24 November 2009|access-date=24 November 2009|archive-date=26 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126003534/http://soccerlens.com/largest-football-stadiums/36427/|first=Chris|last=Mann}}</ref> Founded and managed by the [[Melbourne Cricket Club]], it is the largest stadium in the Southern Hemisphere, the [[List of stadiums by capacity|11th largest globally]], and [[List of cricket grounds by capacity|the second-largest cricket ground by capacity]]. The MCG is within walking distance of the [[Melbourne City Centre|city centre]] and is served by [[Richmond railway station, Melbourne|Richmond]] and [[Jolimont railway station|Jolimont]] railway stations, as well as the [[Melbourne tram route 70|route 70]], [[Melbourne tram route 75|route 75]], and [[Melbourne tram route 48|route 48]] trams. It is adjacent to [[Melbourne Park]] and is part of the [[Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Precinct]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.austadiums.com/stadiums/mcg|title=Melbourne Cricket Ground|access-date=21 April 2022|archive-date=22 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422220142/https://www.austadiums.com/stadiums/mcg|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since it was built in 1853, the MCG has undergone numerous renovations. It served as the centerpiece stadium of the [[1956 Summer Olympics]], the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]] and two [[Cricket World Cup]]s: [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]] and [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]]. Noted for its role in the development of international cricket, the MCG hosted both the first [[Test cricket|Test]] match and the first [[One Day International]], played between [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] and [[England cricket team|England]] in 1877 and 1971, respectively. It has also maintained strong ties with [[Australian rules football]] since its codification in 1859, and has become the principal venue for [[Australian Football League]] (AFL) matches, including the [[AFL Grand Final]], the [[List of sports attendance figures|world's highest attended league championship event]]. It hosted the Grand Final for the [[2022 T20 World Cup]].

Home to the [[Australian Sports Museum]], the MCG has hosted other major sporting events, including [[international rules football]] matches between [[Australia international rules football team|Australia]] and [[Ireland international rules football team|Ireland]], international [[rugby union]] matches, [[State of Origin series|State of Origin]] ([[rugby league]]) games, and [[FIFA World Cup qualification|FIFA World Cup qualifiers]]. Concerts and other cultural events are also held at the venue with the record attendance standing at 143,750 for a [[Billy Graham (evangelist)|Billy Graham]] [[Revival meeting|evangelistic crusade]] in 1959. Grandstand redevelopments and [[occupational health and safety]] legislation have limited the maximum seating capacity to approximately 95,000 with an additional 5,000 standing room capacity, bringing the total capacity to 100,024.

The MCG is listed on the [[Victorian Heritage Register]]<ref>{{cite VHD|1538|Melbourne Cricket Ground|hr=1928|ho=890}}</ref> and was included on the [[Australian National Heritage List]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/|title=Department of the Environment and Energy|website=Department of the Environment and Energy|access-date=14 December 2018|archive-date=11 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511213226/http://environment.gov.au/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2003, journalist [[Greg Baum]] called it "a shrine, a citadel, a landmark, a totem" that "symbolises Melbourne to the world".<ref>[[Greg Baum|Baum, Greg]] (24 September 2003). [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/09/23/1064082993440.html "MCG voted as one of the seven wonders of the sporting world"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101045944/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/09/23/1064082993440.html |date=1 November 2016 }}, ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]''. Retrieved 10 January 2016.</ref>

==Early history==
[[File:Aboriginal cricket team at MCG in 1867.jpg|thumb|left|[[Australian Aboriginal cricket team in England in 1868#Background|Aboriginal cricket team]] with captain-coach [[Tom Wills]], December 1866. In the background is the original MCC pavilion, built in 1854.]]
The MCG is built atop a [[Wurundjeri]] camping ground and site of numerous [[corroborees]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Places for Decision |url=https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/3ac0c726-2944-445a-8769-f64d30365914/files/mcg.pdf |publisher=Australian Heritage Database |access-date=11 October 2021 |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307142623/https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/3ac0c726-2944-445a-8769-f64d30365914/files/mcg.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Founded in November 1838 the Melbourne Cricket Club (MCC) selected the current MCG site in 1853 after previously playing at several grounds around Melbourne.<ref>{{cite web |title=Melbourne Cricket Ground {{!}} Australia {{!}} Cricket Grounds {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/56441.html |website=Cricinfo |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=12 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212131332/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/56441.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The club's first game was against a military team at the Old Mint site, at the corner of [[William Street, Melbourne|William]] and [[La Trobe Street|La Trobe]] Streets. Burial Hill (now [[Flagstaff Gardens]]) became its home ground in January 1839, but the area was already set aside for Botanical Gardens and the club was moved on in October 1846, to an area on the south bank of the Yarra about where the [[Herald & Weekly Times]] building is today. The area was subject to flooding, forcing the club to move again, this time to a ground in [[South Melbourne]].

It was not long before the club was forced out again, this time because of the expansion of the railway. The South Melbourne ground was in the path of Victoria's first steam railway line from Melbourne to Sandridge (now [[Port Melbourne]]). [[Charles La Trobe|Governor La Trobe]] offered the MCC a choice of three sites; an area adjacent to the existing ground, a site at the junction of [[Flinders Street, Melbourne|Flinders]] and [[Spring Street, Melbourne|Spring]] Streets or a ten-acre (about 4 hectares) section of the Government Paddock at Richmond next to Richmond Park.

Between European settlement in 1835 and the early 1860s, this last option, which is now [[Yarra Park]], was known as the Government or [[Police paddock|Police Paddock]] and served as a large [[agistment]] area for the horses of the [[New South Wales Mounted Police|Mounted Police]], [[Border Police of New South Wales|Border Police]] and [[Native Police]]. The north-eastern section also housed the main barracks for the Mounted Police in the [[Port Phillip district]]. In 1850 it was part of a {{convert|200|acre|ha|adj=on}} stretch set aside for public recreation extending from Governor La Trobe's Jolimont Estate to the Yarra River. By 1853 it had become a busy promenade for Melbourne residents.

An MCC sub-committee chose the Richmond Park option because it was level enough for cricket but sloped enough to prevent inundation. That ground was located where the Richmond, or outer, end of the current MCG is now.

At the same time the [[Monash Tigers|Richmond Cricket Club]] was given occupancy rights to {{convert|6|acre|ha|abbr=off|spell=in}} for another cricket ground on the eastern side of the Government Paddock.

In 1861, a board of trustees was appointed to be responsible for the ground. Over the first forty years, most of the trustees were appointed by the MCC, giving the cricket club relative autonomy over the use of the ground. In 1906, the state governments' Lands ministry appointed five new trustees, putting the government-appointed trustees in the majority; and the government has appointed and overseen the trust since.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Leader|date=30 June 1906|page=26|title=Melbourne Cricket Ground – the Trustees and the Club|author=Mid-on|location=Melbourne, VIC}}</ref> This gives the state government, via the trust, a level of control over the ground's use.

At the time of the land grant, the Government stipulated that the ground was to be used for cricket and cricket only. This condition technically remained until 1933<ref>{{cite web |title=Melbourne Cricket Ground |url=https://supersport.com/cricket/international/melbourne-cricket-ground-info |website=supersport.com |access-date=25 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628054127/http://www.supersport.com/cricket/international/melbourne-cricket-ground-info |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Remarkable Cricket Grounds|last=Levison|first=Brian|publisher=Pavilion Books|year=2016|isbn=9781911216056|location=Great Britain}}</ref> when the Melbourne Cricket Ground Act 1933 widened its allowable uses. The 1933 act has been replaced by separate acts in 1989 and 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mcg.org.au/_/media/mcg-trust---annual-report-2019-20.pdf?la=en|title=Melbourne Cricket Ground Trust Annual Report 2019/20|author=Melbourne Cricket Ground Trust|date=2020|access-date=5 October 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009050636/https://mcg.org.au/_/media/mcg-trust---annual-report-2019-20.pdf?la=en|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1863, a corridor of land running diagonally across Yarra Park was granted to the [[Melbourne & Hobson's Bay Railway Company]] and divided Yarra Park from the river. The Mounted Police barracks were operational until the 1880s when it was subdivided into the current residential precinct bordered by Vale Street. The area closest to the river was also developed for sporting purposes in later years including Olympic venues in 1956.

==Stadium development==
[[File:MCG grandstand.jpg|thumb|left|Grandstand built for the [[England cricket team|English cricket team]]'s [[English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77|1877 visit]]]]
The first grandstand at the MCG was the original wooden members' stand built in 1854, while the first public grandstand was a 200-metre long 6000-seat temporary structure built in 1861. Another grandstand seating 2000, facing one way to the cricket ground and the other way to the park where football was played, was built in 1876 for the [[English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77|1877 visit]] of [[James Lillywhite]]'s English cricket team. It was during this tour that the MCG hosted the world's first [[Test cricket|Test]] match.

In 1881, the original members' stand was sold to the Richmond Cricket Club for £55. A new brick stand, considered at the time to be the world's finest cricket facility, was built in its place. The foundation stone was laid by [[George V|Prince George of Wales]] and [[Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale|Prince Albert Victor]] on 4 July and the stand opened in December that year. It was also in 1881 that a telephone was installed at the ground, and the wickets and goal posts were changed from an east–west orientation to north–south. In 1882 a scoreboard was built which showed details of the batsman's name and how he was dismissed.

When the Lillywhite tour stand burned down in 1884 it was replaced by a new stand which seated 450 members and 4500 public. In 1897, second-storey wings were added to 'The Grandstand', as it was known, increasing capacity to 9,000. In 1900 it was lit with electric light.

[[File:MCG 1914.jpg|thumb|MCG, ca. 1914. The 1881 members' stand is the smaller building on the left]]
More stands were built in the early 20th century. An open wooden stand was on the south side of the ground in 1904 and the 2084-seat Grey Smith Stand (known as the New Stand until 1912) was erected for members in 1906. The 4000-seat Harrison Stand on the ground's southern side was built in 1908 followed by the 8000-seat Wardill Stand in 1912. In the 15 years after 1897 the grandstand capacity at the ground increased to nearly 20,000, while the full ground capacity was almost 60,000.

In 1927, the second brick members' stand was replaced at a cost of £60,000. The Harrison and Wardill Stands were demolished in 1936 to make way for the Southern Stand which was completed in 1937. The Southern Stand seated 18,200 under cover and 13,000 in the open and was the main public area of the MCG. The maximum capacity of the ground under this configuration, as advised by the Health Department, was 84,000 seated and 94,000 standing.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Argus|location=Melbourne, VIC|title=New stands may be needed for Melbourne Cricket Ground|date=27 September 1938|page=20}}</ref>

The Northern Stand, also known as the Olympic Stand, was built to replace the old Grandstand for the 1956 Olympic Games. By Health Department regulations, this was to increase the stadium's capacity to 120,000; although this was revised down after the [[1956 VFL Grand Final]], which could not comfortably accommodate its crowd of 115,802.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Argus|location=Melbourne, VIC|title=Only 102,000 will get in for Games|date=18 September 1956|page=5}}</ref> Ten years later, the Grey Smith Stand and the open concrete stand next to it were replaced by the Western Stand; the [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Duke of Edinburgh]] laid a foundation stone for the Western Stand on 3 March 1967, and it was completed in 1968; in 1986, it was renamed the W.H. Ponsford Stand in honour of Victorian batsman [[Bill Ponsford]]. This was the stadium's highest capacity configuration, and the all-time record crowd for a sporting event at the venue of 121,696 was set under this configuration in the [[1970 VFL Grand Final]].

The MCG was the home of Australia's first full colour video scoreboard, which replaced the old scoreboard in 1982, located on Level 4 of the Western Stand, which notably caught fire in 1999 and was replaced in 2000. A second video screen added in 1994 almost directly opposite, on Level 4 of the Olympic stand. In 1985, light towers were installed at the ground, allowing for night football and day-night cricket games.

During the 1980s, the Olympic Stand had corporate suites installed which led to the reduction of seating and standing capacity in the stand, the Ponsford Stand had seats installed on the ground level replacing the standing room and both the Southern Stand and Olympic Stand had their wooden bench seats removed and replaced with plastic bucket seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mcg.org.au/the-stadium/mcg-history/grandstands|title=Grandstands|website=mcg.org.au|access-date=2022-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3ZFfDNLG2I&ab_channel=oztiger73|title=History of the MCG - Peter Gee (ABC) 1987|website=YouTube|access-date=2022-12-31}}</ref>

[[File:MCG99.jpg|thumb|left|View of the Great Southern Stand during the 1998 Boxing Day Test match. The Olympic Stand is visible at the bottom left of the photo.]]
In 1988, inspections of the old Southern Stand found [[Alkali–silica reaction|concrete cancer]] and provided the opportunity to replace the increasingly run-down 50-year-old facility. The projected cost of $100 million was outside what the Melbourne Cricket Club could afford so the Victorian Football League took the opportunity to part fund the project in return for a 30-year deal to share the ground. The new Great Southern Stand was completed in 1992, in time for the [[1992 Cricket World Cup]], at a final cost of $150 million. It was renamed the Shane Warne Stand after Victorian bowler [[Shane Warne]] in 2022 shortly after his death.<ref>[https://www.afr.com/companies/sport/mcg-stand-to-be-renamed-in-honour-of-shane-warne-20220305-p5a21e MCG stand to be named in honour of Shane Warne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305045038/https://www.afr.com/companies/sport/mcg-stand-to-be-renamed-in-honour-of-shane-warne-20220305-p5a21e |date=5 March 2022 }} ''[[Australian Financial Review]]'' 5 March 2022</ref>

[[File:New Ponsford Stand Construction.jpg|thumb|The W.H. Ponsford Stand undergoing reconstruction in 2003.]]
[[File:Melbourne Cricket Club Member's Reserve Dec 2022.jpg|thumb|The Members Reserve as viewed from the Shane Warne Stand during the [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] vs [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] [[Boxing Day Test]] in 2022.]]
The 1928 Members' stand, the 1956 Olympic stand and the 1968 W.H. Ponsford stand were demolished one by one between late 2003 to 2005 and replaced with a new structure in time for the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancon.com.au/projects/melbourne-cricket-ground-melbourne|title=Projects|first=Ancon Building|last=Products|access-date=13 November 2014|archive-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113113159/http://www.ancon.com.au/projects/melbourne-cricket-ground-melbourne|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite now standing as a single unbroken stand, the individual sections retain the names of W.H. Ponsford, Olympic and Members Stands. The redevelopment cost exceeded {{A$}}400 million and pushed the ground's capacity to just above 100,000. Since redevelopment, the highest attendance has been 100,024 at the [[2022 AFL Grand Final]].

From 2011 until 2013, the [[Victoria State Government]] and the Melbourne Cricket Club funded a $55 million refurbishment of the facilities in the Great Southern Stand, including renovations to entrance gates and ticket outlets, food and beverage outlets, etc., without significantly modifying the stand.<ref>[http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/john-brumby-announces-55m-facelift-for-mcgs-great-southern-stand/story-e6frf7kx-1225923753438 John Brumby announces $55m facelift for MCG's Great Southern Stand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615075159/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/john-brumby-announces-55m-facelift-for-mcgs-great-southern-stand/story-e6frf7kx-1225923753438 |date=15 June 2011 }} ''Herald Sun'' 15 September 2010</ref> New scoreboards, more than twice the size of the original ones, were installed in the same positions in late 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcg.org.au/News/News/2013/December/MCG_Scoreboards_Unveiled.aspx |title=Melbourne Cricket Ground - Largest scoreboards at an Australian stadium unveiled at MCG |access-date=2014-07-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153332/https://www.mcg.org.au/News/News/2013/December/MCG_Scoreboards_Unveiled.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>

From November 2019 until February 2020 all the playing field lights, including those in the light towers, were replaced with LED sports lighting with the lighting under the roof and in two of the light towers completed in time for the [[New Zealand cricket team in Australia in 2019–20#2nd Test|Boxing Day Test]] against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mcg.org.au/whats-on/latest-news/2019/december/shining-light---mcg-light-towers-set-for-led-upgrade|title=Shining Light: MCG Light Towers Set For LED Upgrade|website=www.mcg.org.au|language=en|access-date=2020-02-07|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207113922/https://www.mcg.org.au/whats-on/latest-news/2019/december/shining-light---mcg-light-towers-set-for-led-upgrade|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cricket==

===Early years===
The first cricket match at the venue was played on 30 September 1854, while the first inter-colonial cricket match to be played at the MCG was between Victoria and New South Wales in March 1856. Victoria had played Tasmania (then known as Van Diemen's Land) as early as 1851 but the Victorians had included two professionals in the 1853 team upsetting the Tasmanians and causing a cooling of relations between the two colonies. To replace the disgruntled Tasmanians the Melbourne Cricket Club issued a challenge to play any team in the colonies for [[Australian pound|£]]1000. Sydney publican William Tunks accepted the challenge on behalf of New South Wales although the Victorians were criticised for playing for money. Ethics aside, New South Wales could not afford the £1000 and only managed to travel to Melbourne after half the team's travel cost of £181 was put up by Sydney barrister Richard Driver.

The game eventually got under way on 26 March 1856. The Victorians, stung by criticism over the £1000 stake, argued over just about everything; the toss, who should bat first, whether different pitches should be used for the different innings and even what the umpires should wear.

Victoria won the toss but New South Wales captain George Gilbert successfully argued that the visiting team should decide who bats first. The MCG was a grassless desert and Gilbert, considering players fielded without boots, promptly sent Victoria into bat. Needing only 16 to win in the final innings, New South Wales collapsed to be 5 for 5 before Gilbert's batting saved the game and the visitors won by three wickets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Victoria vs. New South Wales, 1855–56|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1850S/1855-56/AUS_LOCAL/VIC_NSW_26-27MAR1856.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|publisher=[[ESPN Inc.]]|access-date=22 November 2013|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911080359/http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1850S/1855-56/AUS_LOCAL/VIC_NSW_26-27MAR1856.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In subsequent years conditions at the MCG improved but the ever-ambitious Melburnians were always on the lookout for more than the usual diet of club and inter-colonial games. In 1861, [[Felix William Spiers]] and Christopher Pond, the proprietors of the Cafe de Paris in [[Bourke Street]] and caterers to the MCC, sent their agent, W.B. Mallam, to England to arrange for a cricket team to visit Australia.

Mallam found a team and, captained by Heathfield Stephenson, it arrived in Australia on Christmas Eve 1861 to be met by a crowd of more than 3000 people. The team was taken on a parade through the streets wearing white-trimmed hats with blue ribbons given to them for the occasion. Wherever they went they were mobbed and cheered by crowds to the point where the tour sponsors had to take them out of Melbourne so that they could train undisturbed.

Their first game was at the MCG on New Year's Day 1862, against a Victorian XVIII. The Englishmen also wore coloured sashes around their waists to identify each player and were presented with hats to shade them from the sun. Some estimates put the crowd at the MCG that day at 25,000. It must have been quite a picture with a new 6000 seat grandstand, coloured marquees ringing the ground and a carnival outside. Stephenson said that the ground was better than any in England. The Victorians however, were no match for the English at cricket and the visitors won by an innings and 96 runs.

[[File:MCG-1864.JPG|thumb|1864 match between [[Victoria cricket team|Victoria]] and [[George Parr (cricketer)|George Parr]]'s [[English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1863–64|touring All-England Eleven]]]]
Over the four days of the 'test' more than 45,000 people attended and the profits for Speirs and Pond from this game alone was enough to fund the whole tour. At that time it was the largest number of people to ever watch a cricket match anywhere in the world. Local cricket authorities went out of their way to cater for the needs of the team and the sponsors. They provided grounds and sponsors booths without charge and let the sponsors keep the gate takings. The sponsors however, were not so generous in return. They quibbled with the Melbourne Cricket Club about paying £175 for damages to the MCG despite a prior arrangement to do so.

The last match of the tour was against a Victorian XXII at the MCG after which the English team planted an elm tree outside the ground.

Following the success of this tour, a number of other English teams also visited in subsequent years. [[George Parr (cricketer)|George Parr's]] side came out in 1863–64 and there were two tours by sides led by [[William Gilbert Grace]]. The fourth tour was led by [[James Lillywhite]].

On Boxing Day 1866 an [[Indigenous Australian]] cricket team played at the MCG with 11,000 spectators against an MCC team. A few players in that match were in a [[1868 Aboriginal cricket tour of England|later team that toured England in 1868]]. Some also played in three other matches at the ground before 1869.

===First Test match===
[[File:Mcg 1878.jpg|thumb|The MCG in 1878. The first [[Test cricket]] match was played at the MCG in 1877]]
Up until the fourth tour in 1877, led by James Lillywhite, touring teams had played [[first-class cricket|first-class]] games against the individual colonial sides, but Lillywhite felt that his side had done well enough against New South Wales to warrant a game against an All Australian team.

When Lillywhite headed off to New Zealand he left Melbourne cricketer [[John Conway (cricketer)|John Conway]] to arrange the match for their return. Conway ignored the cricket associations in each colony and selected his own Australian team, negotiating directly with the players. Not only was the team he selected of doubtful representation but it was also probably not the strongest available as some players had declined to take part for various reasons. Demon bowler [[Fred Spofforth]] refused to play because wicket-keeper [[Billy Murdoch]] was not selected. Paceman [[Frank Allan]] was at Warrnambool Agricultural Show and Australia's best all-rounder [[Edwin Evans (cricketer)|Edwin Evans]] could not get away from work. In the end only five Australian-born players were selected.

The same could be said for Lillywhite's team which, being selected from only four counties, meant that some of England's best players did not take part. In addition, the team had a rough voyage back across the [[Tasman Sea]] and many members had been seasick. The game was due to be played on 15 March, the day after their arrival, but most had not yet fully recovered. On top of that, wicket-keeper [[Ted Pooley]] was still in a New Zealand prison after a brawl in a [[Christchurch]] pub.

England was nonetheless favourite to win the game and the first ever Test match began with a crowd of only 1000 watching. The Australians elected [[Dave Gregory (cricketer)|Dave Gregory]] from [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales]] as Australia's first ever captain and on winning the toss he decided to bat.

[[Charles Bannerman]] scored an unbeaten 165 before retiring hurt. [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] curator, [[Ned Gregory]], playing in his one and only Test for Australia, scored Test cricket's first [[duck (cricket)|duck]]. Australia racked up 245 and 104 while England scored 196 and 108 giving Australia victory by 45 runs. The win hinged on Bannerman's century and a superb bowling performance by [[Tom Kendall]] who took 7 for 55 in England's second innings.

A fortnight later there was a return game, although it was really more of a benefit for the English team. Australia included Spofforth, Murdoch and T.J.D. Cooper in the side but this time the honours went to England who won by four wickets.

Two years later [[George Harris, 4th Baron Harris|Lord Harris]] brought another England team out and during England's first innings in the Test at the MCG, Fred Spofforth took the first [[Hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]] in Test cricket. He bagged two hauls of 6 for 48 and 7 for 62 in Australia's ten wicket win.

===Cricket uses===
Through most of the 20th century, the Melbourne Cricket Ground was one of the two major Test venues in Australia (along with the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]]), and it would host one or two Tests in each summer in which Tests were played; since 1982, the Melbourne Cricket Ground has hosted one Test match each summer. Until 1979, the ground almost always hosted its match or one of its matches over the New Year, with the first day's play falling somewhere between 29 December and 1 January; in most years since 1980 and every year since 1995, its test has begun on Boxing Day, and it is now a standard fixture in the Australian cricket calendar and is known as the [[Boxing Day Test]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=1;id=61;type=ground |title=Records / Melbourne Cricket Ground / Test matches / Match results |access-date=30 August 2015 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123192013/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=1%3Bid%3D61%3Btype%3Dground |archive-date=23 November 2016 }}</ref> The venue also hosts one-day international matches each year, and Twenty20 international matches most years. No other venue in Melbourne has hosted a Test, and [[Docklands Stadium]] is the only other venue to have hosted a limited-overs international.

The [[Victoria Bushrangers|Victorian first-class team]] plays [[Sheffield Shield]] cricket at the venue during the season. Prior to Test cricket being played on Boxing Day, it was a long-standing tradition for Victoria to host [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales]] in a first-class match on Boxing Day. Victoria also played its limited overs matches at the ground.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Australasian|location=Melbourne, VIC|author=Gideon Haigh|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/opinion/how-an-overcrowded-calendar-delivered-a-boxing-day-test-classic/story-fnb58rpk-1227166730196|title=How an overcrowded calendar delivered a Boxing Day Test classic|date=26 December 2014|access-date=30 August 2015}}</ref> Since the introduction of the domestic Twenty20 [[Big Bash League]] (BBL) in 2011, the [[Melbourne Stars]] club has played its home matches at the ground. It is also the home ground of the [[Melbourne Stars Women]] team, which plays in the [[Women's Big Bash League]] (WBBL).<ref>[http://www.melbournestars.com.au/club/our-home-ground OUR HOME GROUND] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125173003/http://www.melbournestars.com.au/club/our-home-ground |date=25 January 2016 }} melbournestars.com.au. Retrieved on 9 January 2016</ref>

By the 1980s, the integral MCG [[cricket pitch|pitch]] – grown from [[Merri Creek]] black soil – was considered the worst in Australia, in some matches exhibiting wildly inconsistent bounce which could see balls pass through as grubbers or rear dangerously high – a phenomenon which was put down to damage caused by footballers in winter and increased use for cricket during the summers of the 1970s.<ref>{{citation|author=Donald S. McIntyre|title=Problems of the Melbourne Test cricket pitch and their relevance to Australian turf pitches|year=1985|journal=Journal of the Sports Turf Research Institute|volume=61|pages=80–91}}</ref> The integral pitch has since been removed and [[drop-in pitch]]es have been cultivated and used since 1996, generally offering consistent bounce and a fair balance between bat and ball.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2223/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/venues/87/melbourne-cricket-ground|title=Melbourne Cricket Ground|publisher=Cricbuzz|access-date=30 August 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101713/http://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2223/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/venues/87/melbourne-cricket-ground|url-status=live}}</ref> The decade-and-a-half-old pitches degraded again through the late 2010s, seeing the pitch receive the first official [[International Cricket Council]] 'poor' rating by an Australian pitch in 2017, and saw another Sheffield Shield match abandoned in 2019;<ref>[https://www.cricket.com.au/news/mcg-pitch-rating-icc-poor-melbourne-cricket-australia-ashes-test-stripped-boxing-day-fine-warning/2018-01-02 MCG on notice after ICC rates pitch 'poor'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104074904/https://www.cricket.com.au/news/mcg-pitch-rating-icc-poor-melbourne-cricket-australia-ashes-test-stripped-boxing-day-fine-warning/2018-01-02 |date=4 January 2018 }}, By Andrew Ramsey, 2 January 2018, cricket.com.au</ref> a new set of drop-in pitches will be grown and ready for use by the early 2020s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theage.com.au/sport/cricket/significant-change-mcg-pitch-to-be-upgraded-20201223-p56pua.html|title='Significant change': MCG pitch to be upgraded|author=Jon Pierik|date=23 December 2020|accessdate=13 March 2021|newspaper=[[The Age]]|publication-place=Melbourne, VIC|archive-date=23 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223070308/https://www.theage.com.au/sport/cricket/significant-change-mcg-pitch-to-be-upgraded-20201223-p56pua.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Highlights and lowlights===
[[File:MCG stadium.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the MCG during the [[1992 Cricket World Cup Final]], packed with 87,182 people]]
The highest first class team score in history was posted at the MCG in the Boxing Day match against New South Wales in 1926–27. Victoria scored 1107 in two days, with [[Bill Ponsford]] scoring 352 and [[Jack Ryder (cricketer)|Jack Ryder]] scoring 295.

One of the most sensational incidents in Test cricket occurred at the MCG during the Melbourne test of the 1954–55 England tour of Australia. Big cracks had appeared in the pitch during a very hot Saturday's play and on the rest day Sunday, groundsman Jack House watered the pitch to close them up. This was illegal and the story was leaked by ''[[The Age]]'' newspaper. The teams agreed to finish the match and England won by 128 runs after [[Frank Tyson]] took 7 for 27 in the final innings.

An incident in the second Test of the 1960–61 series involved the [[West Indian cricket team|West Indies]] player [[Joe Solomon]] being given out after his hat fell on the stumps after being bowled at by [[Richie Benaud]]. The crowd sided with the West Indies over the Australians.

Not only was the first Test match played at the MCG, the first [[One Day International]] match was also played there, on 5 January 1971, between Australia and England. The match was played on what was originally scheduled to have been the fifth day of a Test match, but the Test was abandoned after the first three days were washed out.<ref>{{cite web |title=Washout |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/150244.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924233521/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/150244.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=30 August 2015 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Australia won the 40-over match by 5 wickets. The next ODI was played in August 1972, some 19 months later.<ref>List of ODI matches. [http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ODIS/MISC/COMPLETE_LIST.html Cricinfo.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607184720/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/ODIS/MISC/COMPLETE_LIST.html |date=7 June 2007 }}</ref>

In March 1977, a Centenary Test Match was held between Australia and England to mark the 100th anniversary of the first Test match. The match was the idea of former Australian bowler and MCC committee member Hans Ebeling who had been responsible for developing the cricket museum at the MCG. England's Derek Randall scored 174, Australia's Rod Marsh also got a century, Dennis Lillee took 11 wickets, and David Hookes, in his first Test, hit five fours in a row off England captain Tony Greig's bowling. Rick McCosker opened the batting for Australia and suffered a fractured jaw after being hit by a sharply rising delivery. He left the field but came back in the second innings with his head swathed in bandages. Australia won the match by 45 runs, exactly the same margin as the first Test in 1877.

[[File:MCG stands.jpg|thumb|left|The second day of the 2006 Boxing Day Test match]]
Another incident occurred on 1 February 1981 at the end of a one-day match between Australia and New Zealand. New Zealand, batting second, needed six runs off the last ball of the day to tie the game. Australian captain, Greg Chappell instructed his brother Trevor, who was bowling the last over, to [[Underarm bowling incident of 1981|send the last ball down underarm]] to prevent the New Zealand batsman, Brian McKechnie, from hitting the ball for six. Although not in the spirit of the game, an underarm delivery was quite legal, so long as the arm was kept straight. The Laws of cricket have since been changed to prevent such a thing happening again. The incident has long been a sore point between Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |title=Underarm bowling incident: What Trevor Chappell did in 1981 |url=https://thenewdaily.com.au/sport/cricket/2018/03/28/underarm-bowling-incident/ |access-date=25 January 2021 |date=28 March 2018 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129194037/https://thenewdaily.com.au/sport/cricket/2018/03/28/underarm-bowling-incident/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February and March 1985 the [[Benson & Hedges]] [[World Championship of Cricket]] was played at the MCG, a [[One Day International]] tournament involving all of the then Test match playing countries to celebrate 150 years of the Australian state of [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]. Some matches were also played at [[Sydney Cricket Ground]].

The MCG hosted the [[1992 Cricket World Cup]] Final between [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistan]] and [[English cricket team|England]] with a crowd of more than 87,000. Pakistan won the match after an all-round performance by [[Wasim Akram]] who scored 33 runs and took 3 wickets to make Pakistan cricket world champions for the first and, to date, only time.

During the 1995 Boxing Day Test at the MCG, Australian umpire [[Darrell Hair]] called [[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lankan]] spin bowler [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] for throwing the ball, rather than bowling it, seven times during the match.<ref>{{cite web |title='Drastic final step' that sparked cricket chaos |url=https://wwos.nine.com.au/cricket/muttiah-muralitharan-darrell-hair-no-balled-throwing-boxing-day-test-1995-australia-vs-sri-lanka/ac158934-43ef-4fde-b5d7-9ce0a05415ed |website=wwos.nine.com.au |access-date=25 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127124209/https://wwos.nine.com.au/cricket/muttiah-muralitharan-darrell-hair-no-balled-throwing-boxing-day-test-1995-australia-vs-sri-lanka/ac158934-43ef-4fde-b5d7-9ce0a05415ed |url-status=live }}</ref> The other umpire did not call him once and this caused a controversy, although Muralitharan was later called for throwing by other umpires in different matches.

The MCG is known for its great atmosphere,{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} much of which is generated in the infamous [[Bay 13]], situated almost directly opposite to the members stand. In the late 1980s, the crowd at Bay 13 would often mimic the [[warming up|warm up]] [[Stretching#Stretching in preparation for a physical activity|stretches]] performed by [[Merv Hughes]]. In a 1999 One-Day International, the behaviour of Bay 13 was so bad that [[Shane Warne]], donning a helmet for protection, asked the crowd to settle down at the request of opposing England captain [[Alec Stewart]].

[[File:Cricket World Cup Final (16351625604).jpg|thumb|MCG during the [[2015 Cricket World Cup Final]] with 93,013 in attendance]]
The MCG hosted three pool games as part of the [[2015 ICC Cricket World Cup]] as well as a quarter-final, and then the final on 29 March. Australia comfortably defeated New Zealand by seven wickets in front of an Australian record cricket crowd of 93,013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/cricket-world-cup/news/2015/features-and-specials/87569/icc-cricket-world-cup-final-2015-the-grand-finale|title=ICC Cricket World Cup Final 2015 – the Grand Finale!|date=29 March 2015|access-date=30 August 2015|publisher=ICC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032706/http://www.icc-cricket.com/cricket-world-cup/news/2015/features-and-specials/87569/icc-cricket-world-cup-final-2015-the-grand-finale|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup Final]] was held on [[International Women's Day]] between Australia and India. Australia won by 85 runs in front of a record crowd for women's cricket of 86,174.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Attendance records for cricket matches at the MCG
! Number
! Teams
! Match type
! Attendance
! Date
|-
| 1
| Australia v [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]]
|[[2015 Cricket World Cup Final]] (ODI)
| 93,013
| 29 March 2015
|-
| 2
| Australia v [[England cricket team|England]]
|Test
| 91,112
| 26 December 2013
|-
| 3
| Australia v [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]]
|Test
| 90,800
| 11 February 1961
|-
| 4
| [[India national cricket team|India]] v [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]
|[[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup#Group 2|2022 Men's T20 World Cup (Super 12)]]
| 90,293
| 23 October 2022
|-
|5
|Australia v England
|Test
|89,155
|26 December 2006
|-
|6
|Australia v England
|Test
|88,172
|26 December 2017
|-
|7
|Australia v England
|Test
|87,789
|4 January 1937
|-
|8
|England v [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]
|[[1992 Cricket World Cup Final]] (ODI)
|87,182
|25 March 1992
|-
|9
|India v [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]]
|[[2015 Cricket World Cup]] Group match
|86,876
|22 February 2015
|-
|10
|Australia v India
|[[2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup Final]]
|86,174
|8 March 2020
|}

==Australian rules football==

===Origins===
{{See also|Origins of Australian rules football}}
[[File:Football electric lighting MCG 1879.jpg|thumb|1879 [[Australian rules football]] match played under electric lights]]
[[File:Football crowd MCG.jpg|thumb|Crowd during a VFL football match, early 1900s]]
Despite being called the Melbourne Cricket Ground, the stadium has been and continues to be used much more often for [[Australian rules football]]. Spectator numbers for football are larger than for any other sport in Australia, and it makes more money for the MCG than any of the other sports played there.

Although the Melbourne Cricket Club members were instrumental in founding Australian Rules Football, there were understandable concerns in the early days about the damage that might be done to the playing surface if football was allowed to be played at the MCG. Therefore, football games were often played in the parklands next to the cricket ground, and this was the case for the first documented football match to be played at the ground. The match which today is considered to be the first Australian rules football, played between [[Melbourne Grammar]] and [[Scotch College Melbourne|Scotch College]] over three Saturdays beginning 7 August 1858 was played in this area.

It wasn't until 1869 that football was played on the MCG proper, a trial game involving a police team. It was not for another ten years, in 1879, after the formation of the Victorian Football Association, that the first official match was played on the MCG and the cricket ground itself became a regular venue for football. Two night matches were played on the ground during the year under the newly invented [[electric light]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Argus|location=Melbourne, VIC|title=Football by electric light|page=7|date=14 August 1879}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Australasian|location=Melbourne, VIC|title=Football Gossip|author=Peter Pindar|date=16 August 1879|page=204|issue=698|volume=XXVII}}</ref>

In the early years, the MCG was the home ground of [[Melbourne Football Club]], Australia's oldest club, established in 1858 by the founder of the game itself, Thomas Wills. Melbourne won five premierships during the 1870s using the MCG as its home ground.

The first of nearly 3000 [[Australian Football League|Victorian Football League/Australian Football League]] games to be played at the MCG was on 15 May 1897, with {{AFL Mel}} beating {{AFL Gee}} 64 to 19.

Melbourne used the venue as its training base until 1984, before being required to move to preserve the venue's surface when North Melbourne began playing there.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Age|location=Melbourne, VIC|page=26|author=Ashley Browne|date=7 July 1994|title=$500,000 facelift for Junction Oval}}</ref>

===Finals and grand finals===
The [[AFL Grand Final|VFL/AFL grand final]] has been played at the MCG every season since 1902, except for between 1942 and 1945, when the ground was used by the military during World War II; in [[1991 AFL season|1991]] as the construction of the Great Southern Stand had temporarily reduced the ground's capacity below that of [[Waverley Park]]; and both [[2020 AFL Grand Final|2020]] and [[2021 AFL Grand Final|2021]], when restrictions in Victoria due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] prompted the games to be moved to [[the Gabba]] in Queensland and [[Perth Stadium]] in Western Australia respectively. All three grand final replays have been played at the MCG.

[[File:Mcg football.jpg|thumb|A sold out MCG during the [[2007 AFL Grand Final]]]]
Before the MCG was fully seated, a grand final could draw attendances above 110,000. The record for the highest attendance in the history of the sport was set in the [[1970 VFL Grand Final]], with 121,696 in attendance.

Since being fully seated, grand final attendances are typically between 95,000 and 100,000, with the record of 100,024 at the [[2022 AFL Grand Final]] and the [[2023 AFL Grand Final]], followed by 100,022 at the [[2018 AFL Grand Final]] and 100,021 at the [[2017 AFL Grand Final]].

In the modern era, most finals games held in Melbourne have been played at the MCG. Under the current contract, 10 finals (excluding the grand final) must be played at the MCG over a five-year period. Under previous contracts, the MCG was entitled to host at least one match in each week of the finals, which on several occasions required non-Victorian clubs to play "home" finals in Victoria. The MCG is contracted to host the grand final every year until 2059.<ref name=GabbaFoxSports>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/afl-grand-final-2020-date-time-venue-first-bounce-where-will-he-game-be-played-live-press-conference/news-story/7c087c2f58052edc6f82b8ada4a5e139|title=This is a win for Queensland: AFL reveals how QLD won race for historic Grand Final as key fixture details confirmed|work=Fox Sports|date=2 September 2020|access-date=25 September 2020|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419202520/https://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/afl-grand-final-2020-date-time-venue-first-bounce-where-will-he-game-be-played-live-press-conference/news-story/7c087c2f58052edc6f82b8ada4a5e139|url-status=live}}</ref>

All Melbourne-based teams (and most of the time Geelong) play their "home" finals at the MCG unless if four Victorian teams win the right to host a final in the first week of the finals.

===MCG and the VFL/AFL===
For many years the VFL had an uneasy relationship with the MCG trustees and the Melbourne Cricket Club. Both needed the other, but resented the dependence. The VFL made the first move which brought things to a head by beginning the development of [[VFL Park]] at [[Mulgrave, Victoria|Mulgrave]] in the 1960s as its own home ground and as a potential venue for future grand finals. Then in 1983, president of the VFL, [[Allen Aylett]] started to pressure the MCG Trust to give the VFL a greater share of the money it made from using the ground for football.

After negotiations with the MCC in 1964, {{AFL Ric}} joined Melbourne playing their home games at the MCG from [[1965 VFL season|1965]].

In March 1983 the MCG trustees met to consider a submission from Aylett. Aylett said he wanted the Melbourne Cricket Club's share of revenue cut from 15 per cent to 10 per cent. He threatened to take the following day's opening game of the season, Collingwood vs Melbourne, away from the MCG. The money was held aside until an agreement could be reached.

Different deals, half deals and possible deals were done over the years, with the [[Premier of Victoria]], [[John Cain II|John Cain, Jr.]], even becoming involved. Cain was said to have promised the VFL it could use the MCG for six months of the year and then hand it back to the MCC, but this never eventuated, as the MCG Trust did not approve it. In the mid-1980s, a deal was done where the VFL was given its own members area in the Southern Stand.

Against this background of political maneuvering, in 1985 {{AFL NM}} became the third club to make the MCG its home ground. In the same year, North played in the first night football match at the MCG for almost 110 years, against Collingwood on 29 March 1985.

In 1986, only a month after [[Ross Oakley]] had taken over as VFL Commissioner, VFL executives met with the MCC and took a big step towards resolving their differences. Changes in the personnel at the MCC also helped. In 1983 [[John Lill (cricketer)|John Lill]] was appointed secretary and [[Don Cordner]] its president.

Shortly after the Southern Stand opened in 1992, the Australian Football League moved its headquarters into the complex. The AFL assisted with financing the new stand and came to an agreement that ensures at least 45 AFL games are played at the MCG each year, including the Grand Final in September. Another 45 days of cricket are also played there each year and more than 3.5 million spectators come to watch every year. Also in 1992, {{AFL Ess}} became the fourth AFL club to call the MCG home with {{AFL Col}} staging the majority of their home games at the MCG from 1994 onwards before fully moving from [[Victoria Park, Melbourne|Victoria Park]] to the MCG in 2000. {{AFL Car}} have also used the ground for up to five home games a year since 1992.

After the closure of [[Waverley Park]], {{AFL Haw}} moved their home games to the MCG in 2000.

As of the end of 2011, [[Matthew Richardson (Australian rules footballer)|Matthew Richardson]] holds the records for having scored the most goals on the MCG and as of 2021 [[Scott Pendlebury]] holds the record for playing the most matches. Two players have scored 14 goals for an AFL or VFL game in one match at the MCG, [[Gary Ablett Sr.]] in 1989 and 1993 and [[John Longmire]] in 1990.

Before an AFL match between {{AFL Ric}} and {{AFL Car}} on 27 August 1999, the city end scoreboard caught on fire due to an electrical fault, causing the start of play to be delayed by half an hour.

{{wide image|MCG Panorama.JPG|1000px|align-cap=center|A panoramic view of the Melbourne Cricket Ground from level 4 of the Northern Stand, First game of the 2010 AFL Season between Richmond and Carlton}}

==World War II==
During [[World War II]], the government requisitioned the MCG for military use. From 1942 until 1945 it was occupied by (in order): the [[United States Army Air Forces]], the [[Royal Australian Air Force]], the [[United States Marine Corps]] and again the RAAF.<ref name=MCGCite>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcg.org.au/History/Other%20Events/US%20Marines.aspx |title=Melbourne Cricket Ground – US Marines at the MCG |access-date=10 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218084312/https://www.mcg.org.au/History/Other%20Events/US%20Marines.aspx |archive-date=18 December 2013}}</ref> Over the course of the war, more than 200,000 personnel were barracked at the MCG. From April to October 1942, the US Army's [[Fifth Air Force]] occupied the ground, naming it "Camp Murphy", in honor of officer Colonel William Murphy, a senior USAAF officer killed in [[Java]]. In 1943 the MCG was home to the legendary [[1st Marine Regiment (United States)|First Regiment]] of the [[1st Marine Division (United States)|First Division]] of the United States Marine Corps. The First Marine Division were the heroes of the [[battle of Guadalcanal|Guadalcanal campaign]] and used the "cricket grounds", as the marines referred to it, to rest and recuperate.<ref name = MCGCite/> On 14 March 1943 the marines hosted a giant "get together" of American and Australian troops on the arena.<ref name = MCGCite/>

In 1977, Melbourne Cricket Club president [[Albert Chadwick|Sir Albert Chadwick]] and [[Medal of Honor]] recipient, Colonel [[Mitchell Paige]], unveiled a commemorative plaque recognizing the Americans' time at the ground.<ref name = MCGCite/>

In episode 3 of the 2010 TV miniseries, ''[[The Pacific (TV miniseries)|The Pacific]]'', members of the US Marines are shown to be camped in the war-era MCG.

==Olympic Games==
{{Main|1956 Summer Olympics}}

The MCG's most famous moment in history was as the main stadium for the 1956 Olympic Games, hosting the opening and closing ceremonies, track and field events, and the finals in field hockey and soccer.<ref>[http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1956/OR1956.pdf 1956 Summer Olympics official report.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912181829/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1956/OR1956.pdf |date=12 September 2008 }} p. 40.</ref> The MCG was only one of seven possible venues, including the Melbourne Showgrounds, for the Games' main arena. The MCG was the Federal Government's preferred venue but there was resistance from the MCC. The inability to decide on the central venue nearly caused the Games to be moved from Melbourne. Prime Minister [[Robert Menzies]] recognised the potential embarrassment to Australia if this happened and organised a three-day summit meeting to thrash things out. Attending was Victorian Premier [[John Cain (senior)|John Cain, Sr.]], the Prime Minister, deputy opposition leader [[Arthur Calwell]], all State political leaders, civic leaders, Olympic officials and trustees and officials of the MCC. Convening the meeting was no small effort considering the calibre of those attending and that many of the sports officials were only part-time amateurs.

As 22 November, the date of the opening ceremony, drew closer, Melbourne was gripped ever more tightly by Olympic fever. At 3 pm the day before the opening ceremony, people began to line up outside the MCG gates. That night the city was paralysed by a quarter of a million people who had come to celebrate.

The MCG's capacity was increased by the new Olympic (or Northern) Stand, and on the day itself 103,000 people filled the stadium to capacity. A young up and coming distance runner was chosen to carry the Olympic torch into the stadium for the opening ceremony.

Although [[Ron Clarke]] had a number of junior world records for distances of 1500 m, one mile (1.6 km) and two miles (3 km), he was relatively unknown in 1956. Perhaps the opportunity to carry the torch inspired him because he went on to have a career of exceptional brilliance and was without doubt the most outstanding runner of his day. At one stage he held the world record for every distance from two miles (3 km) to 20 km. His few failures came in Olympic and Commonwealth Games competition. Although favourite for the gold at Tokyo in 1964 he was placed ninth in the 5,000 metres race and the marathon and third in the 10,000 metres. He lost again in the [[1966 Commonwealth Games]] and in 1968 at altitude in Mexico he collapsed at the end of the 10 km race. [[File:Ron Clarke carrying the Olympic Torch during opening ceremony at Melbourne Olympic Games.jpg|thumb|Ron Clarke carrying the Olympic Torch through the MCG at the 1956 Olympic Games' opening ceremony.]]

On that famous day in Melbourne in 1956 the torch spluttered and sparked, showering Clarke with hot magnesium, burning holes in his shirt. When he dipped the torch into the cauldron it burst into flame singeing him further. In the centre of the ground, John Landy, the fastest miler in the world, took the Olympic oath and sculler Merv Wood carried the Australian flag.

The Melbourne Games also saw the high point of Australian female sprinting with [[Betty Cuthbert]] winning three gold medals at the MCG. She won the 100 m and 200 m and anchored the winning 4 x 100 m team. Born in Merrylands in Sydney's west she was a champion schoolgirl athlete and had already broken the world record for the 200 m just before the 1956 Games. She was to be overshadowed by her Western Suburbs club member, the [[Marlene Matthews]]. When they got to the Games, Matthews was the overwhelming favourite especially for the 100 m a distance over which Cuthbert had beaten her just once.

Both Matthews and Cuthbert won their heats with Matthews setting an Olympic record of 11.5 seconds in hers. Cuthbert broke that record in the following heat with a time of 11.4 seconds. The world record of 11.3 was held by another Australian, Shirley Strickland who was eliminated in her heat. In the final Matthews felt she got a bad start and was last at the 50 metre mark. Cuthbert sensed Isabella Daniels from the USA close behind her and pulled out a little extra to win Australia's first gold at the Games in a time of 11.5 seconds, Matthews was third. The result was repeated in the 200 m final. Cuthbert won her second gold breaking Marjorie Jackson's Olympic record. Matthews was third again.

By the time the 1956 Olympics came around, [[Shirley Strickland]] was a mother of 31 years of age but managed to defend her 80 m title, which she had won in Helsinki four years before, winning gold and setting a new Olympic record.

The sensational incident of the track events was the non-selection of Marlene Matthews in the 4 x 100 m relay. Matthews trained with the relay team up until the selection was made but Cuthbert, Strickland, Fleur Mellor and Norma Croker were picked for the team. There was outrage at the selection which increased when Matthews went on to run third in both the 100 m and 200 m finals. Personally she was devastated and felt that she had been overlooked for her poor baton change. Strickland was disappointed with the way Matthews was treated and maintained it was an opinion held in New South Wales that she had baton problems. One of the selectors, Doris Magee from NSW, said that selecting Matthews increased the risk of disqualification at the change. But Cuthbert maintained that the selectors made the right choice saying that Fleur Mellor was fresh, a specialist relay runner and was better around the curves than Matthews.

The men did not fare so well. The 4 x 400 m relay team, including later IOC Committee member [[Kevan Gosper]], won silver. Charles Porter also won silver in the high jump. Hec Hogan won bronze in the 100 m to become the first Australian man to win a medal in a sprint since the turn of the century and despite injury John Landy won bronze in the 1500 m. Allan Lawrence won bronze in the 10,000 m event.

Apart from athletics, the stadium was also used for the soccer finals, the hockey finals, the Opening and Closing Ceremonies, and an exhibition game of baseball between the Australian National Team and a US armed services team at which an estimated crowd of 114,000 attended. This was the [[Guinness World Record]] for the largest attendance for any baseball game, which stood until a 29 March 2008 exhibition game between the [[Boston Red Sox]] and [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] at the [[Los Angeles Coliseum]] (also a former Olympic venue in [[1932 Summer Olympics|1932]] and [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984]]) drawing 115,300.

The MCG was also used for another demonstration sport, Australian Rules. The Olympics being an amateur competition meant that only amateurs could play in the demonstration game. A combined team of amateurs from the VFL and VFA were selected to play a state team from the Victorian Amateur Football Association (VAFA). The game was played 7 December 1956 with the VAFA side, wearing white jumpers, green collars and the Olympic rings on their chests, winning easily 81 to 55. One of the players chosen for the VFA side was [[Lindsay Gaze]] (although he never got off the bench) who would go on to make his mark in another sport, [[basketball]], rather than Australian Rules.

The MCG's link with its Olympic past continues to this day. Within its walls is the IOC-endorsed [[Australian Gallery of Sport and Olympic Museum]].

Forty-four years later at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] in Sydney, the ground hosted several [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics|soccer]] preliminaries, making it one of a few venues ever used for more than one Olympics.<ref>[http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2000/2000v1.pdf 2000 Summer Olympics official report.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001109071400/http://www.olympics.com/eng/ |date=9 November 2000 }} Volume 1. p. 393.</ref>

==Commonwealth Games==
{{Main|2006 Commonwealth Games}}{{See also|Athletics at the 2006 Commonwealth Games}}
[[File:MSC, 2006 Commonwealth Games.jpg|thumb|Melbourne Cricket Ground during the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]]]]
The [[2006 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|Opening]] and [[2006 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony|Closing]] Ceremonies of the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]] were held at the MCG, as well as athletics events during the games. The games began on 15 March and ended on 26 March.

The seating capacity of the stadium during the games was 80,000. A total of 47 events were contested, of which 24 by male and 23 by female athletes. Furthermore, three men's and three women's [[Disabled sports|disability events]] were held within the programme. All athletics events took place within the Melbourne Cricket Ground, while the [[marathon]] and [[racewalking]] events took place on the streets of [[Melbourne]] and finished at the main stadium.

The hosts Australia easily won the medals table with 16 golds and 41 medals in total. Jamaica came second with 10 golds and 22 medals, while [[Kenya]] and [[England]] were the next best performers. A total of eleven [[List of Commonwealth Games records in athletics|Games records]] were broken over the course of the seven-day competition. Six of the records were broken by Australian athletes.

==Rugby union==
The first game of Rugby Union to be played on the ground was on Saturday, 29 June 1878, when the Waratah Club of Sydney played Carlton Football Club in a return of the previous year's contests in Sydney where the clubs had competed in both codes of football. The match, watched by a crowd of between 6,000 and 7,000 resulted in a draw; one goal and one try being awarded to each team.<ref>The Argus (Melbourne) 1 July 1878</ref><ref name="mcc-firstfootball">{{cite book | url=http://www.mcc.org.au/~/media/Files/First%20Football%20Matches%20at%20the%20MCG.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314164458/http://www.mcc.org.au/~/media/Files/First%20Football%20Matches%20at%20the%20MCG.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-03-14 | title=The First Football Matches on the Melbourne Cricket Ground | publisher=The Melbourne Cricket Club Library | author=Batchelder, Alf | year=2002 | page=25 | isbn=0957807414}}</ref>

The next Rugby match was held on Wednesday 29 June 1881, when the Wanderers, a team organised under the auspices of the Melbourne Cricket Club, played a team representing a detached Royal Navy squadron then visiting Melbourne. The squadron team won by one goal and one try to nil.<ref>The Argus (Melbourne) 30 June 1881</ref>

It was not until 19 August 1899 that the MCG was again the venue for a Union match, this time Victoria v the British Lions (as they were later to be called). During the preceding week the Victorians had held several trial and practice matches there, as well as several training sessions, despite which they were defeated
30–0 on the day before a crowd of some 7,000.<ref>The Age, (Melbourne) 21 August 1899</ref>

Nine years later, on Monday, 10 August 1908, Victoria was again the host, this time to the Australian team en route to Great Britain and soon to be dubbed the First Wallabies. Despite being held on a working day some 1,500 spectators attended to see the visitors win by 26–6.<ref>The Referee, (Sydney) 19 August 1908</ref>

On Saturday, 6 July 1912 the MCG was the venue, for the only time ever, of a match between two [[Victorian Rugby Union]] clubs, Melbourne and East Melbourne, the former winning 9–5 in what was reported to be ‘... one of the finest exhibitions of the Rugby game ever seen in Victoria.' It was played before a large crowd as a curtain raiser to a State Rules match against South Australia.<ref>The Herald, (Melbourne) 12 July 1912</ref>

On Saturday 18 June 1921, in another curtain raiser, this time to a Melbourne-Fitzroy League game, a team representing Victoria was soundly beaten 51–0 by the South African Springboks in front of a crowd of 11,214.<ref>Sydney Morning Herald, 20 June 1921</ref>

It was nine years later, on Saturday 13 September 1930, that the British Lions returned to play Victoria, again before a crowd of 7,000, this time defeating the home side 41–36, a surprisingly narrow winning margin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lionsrugby.com/history/match_archives.php?section%3Dreport%26fixid%3D62092 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-04-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728235352/https://www.lionsrugby.com/history/match_archives.php?section=report&fixid=62092 |archive-date=28 July 2013}}</ref>

The first post war match at the MCG was on 21 May 1949 when the NZ Maoris outclassed a Southern States side 35–8 before a crowd of close to 10,000.<ref>The Argus (Melbourne) 23 May 1948</ref> A year later, on 29 July 1950, for the first and only time, Queensland travelled to Victoria to play an interstate match, defeating their hosts 31–12 before a crowd of 7,479.<ref>The Argus (Melbourne) 31 July 1950</ref>
In the following year the MCG was the venue for a contest between the New Zealand All Blacks and an Australian XV. This was on 30 June 1951 before some 9,000 spectators and resulted in a convincing 56–11 win for the visitors.<ref>The Argus (Melbourne) 2 July 1951</ref>

Union did not return to the MCG until the late 1990s, for several night time Test matches, both Australia v New Zealand All Blacks as part of the [[Tri Nations Series]]. The first, on Saturday 26 July 1997, being notable for an attendance of 90,119, the visitors decisively winning 33–18 and the second, on Saturday 11 July 1998, for a victory to Australia of 24–16. Australia and New Zealand met again at the MCG during the [[2007 Tri Nations Series]] on 30 June, the hosts again winning, this time by 20 points to 15 in front of a crowd of 79,322.<ref>ESPNScrum; [http://www.espnscrum.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331021726/http://www.espnscrum.com/|date=31 March 2015}} Match and Tournament Archives 1997, 1998 and 2007</ref>

Australia returned to the MCG as part of the [[2023 Rugby Championship]]. They were defeated by New Zealand 38–7 in front of a crowd of 83,944.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Blacks Retain TRC title with master class in Melbourne |url=https://super.rugby/therugbychampionship/news/all-blacks-retain-trc-title-with-master-class-in-melbourne/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Super Rugby |language=en}}</ref>

==Rugby league==
[[Rugby league]] was first played at the ground on 15 August 1914, with the [[New South Wales rugby league team|New South Wales team]] losing to [[England national rugby league team|England]] 15–21.

The first ever [[State of Origin series|State of Origin]] match at the MCG (and second in Melbourne) was Game II of the [[1994 State of Origin series|1994 series]], and the attendance of 87,161 set a new record rugby league crowd in Australia. The MCG was also the venue for Game II of the [[1995 State of Origin series]] and drew 52,994, the most of any game that series. The second game of the [[1997 State of Origin series]], which, due to the [[Super League war]] only featured [[Australian Rugby League]]-signed players, was played there too, but only attracted 25,105, the lowest in a series that failed to attract over 35,000 to any game.<ref>{{cite web|title=Melbourne Cricket Ground|url=http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/venues/melbourne-cricket-ground/results.html|work=rugbyleagueproject.org|publisher=Shawn Dollin, Andrew Ferguson and Bill Bates|access-date=6 July 2013|archive-date=26 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326174004/http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/venues/melbourne-cricket-ground/results.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Melbourne Storm]] played two marquee games at the MCG in 2000. This was the first time that they had played outside of their normal home ground of [[Olympic Park Stadium (Melbourne)|Olympic Park Stadium]] which held 18,500 people. Their first game was held on 3 March 2000 against the [[St. George Illawarra Dragons]] in a rematch of the infamous [[1999 NRL Grand Final]]. Dragons player [[Anthony Mundine]] said the Storm were 'not worthy premiers' and they responded by running in 12 tries to two, winning 70–10 in front of 23,239 fans. This was their biggest crowd they had played against until 33,427 turned up to the 2007 Preliminary Final at [[Docklands Stadium]] which saw Melbourne defeat the [[Parramatta Eels]] 26–10. The record home and away crowd record has also been overhauled, when a match at Docklands in 2010 against St George attracted 25,480 spectators. Their second game attracted only 15,535 spectators and was up against the [[Cronulla Sharks]] on 24 June 2000. Once again, the Storm won 22–16.

It was announced in June 2014 that the ground would host its first State of Origin match since 1997.<ref>[http://www.foxsports.com.au/nrl/state-of-origin/state-of-origin-rugby-league-showpiece-to-return-to-melbournes-mcg-for-game-two-in-2015/story-fn31yxah-1226939575510 State of Origin: Rugby league showpiece to return to Melbourne's MCG for game two in 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703021912/https://www.foxsports.com.au/nrl/state-of-origin/state-of-origin-rugby-league-showpiece-to-return-to-melbournes-mcg-for-game-two-in-2015/story-fn31yxah-1226939575510?nk=3672e55786ec49dacad93c1db56c9f3a-1656814751 |date=3 July 2022 }}, ''Fox Sports Australia'', 2 June 2014</ref> Game II of the [[2015 State of Origin series|2015 series]] was played at the venue, with an all-time record State of Origin crowd of 91,513 attending the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theroar.com.au/2015/06/17/mcg-sets-record-origin-crowd-of-91513/|title=MCG sets record Origin crowd of 91,513|publisher=The Roar|date=17 June 2015|author=Tristan Rayner|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617192209/http://www.theroar.com.au/2015/06/17/mcg-sets-record-origin-crowd-of-91513/|url-status=live}}</ref> The attendance is 19th on the all time rugby league attendance list and the 4th highest rugby league attendance in Australia.

The MCG hosted its fifth State of Origin match on 6 June 2018. In front of a crowd of 87,122, the third largest State of Origin crowd in Victoria, New South Wales defeated Queensland 22–12.<ref>{{cite web |title=State Of Origin 2018 Series Game 1 |url=https://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/matches/state-of-origin-2018/game-1/queensland-vs-new-south-wales/summary.html |website=Rugby League Project |access-date=26 June 2022 |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626111348/https://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/matches/state-of-origin-2018/game-1/queensland-vs-new-south-wales/summary.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Wide Image|MCG Panorama 6 June 2018.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|Panoramic photo of the MCG in Rugby League mode from the Great Southern Stand during the 1st game of the [[2018 State of Origin series]]}}

==Soccer==
On 9 February 2006 Victorian premier [[Steve Bracks]] and [[Football Australia|Football Federation Australia]] chairman [[Frank Lowy]] announced that the MCG would host a world class soccer event each year from 2006 until 2009 inclusive.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2006/s1674867.htm|title=Melbourne football club sees surge in popularity|date=29 June 2006|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=11 July 2006|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123081802/http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2006/s1674867.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:CG-MelbCricketGround-Pano.jpg|230px|thumb|[[Australia national association football team|Australia]] and [[Greece national football team|Greece]] playing an [[Friendly match|International Friendly]] at the MCG on 25 May 2006.]]
The agreement sees an annual fixture at the MCG, beginning with a clash between [[Australia national soccer team|Australia]] and [[UEFA European Football Championship|European champions]] [[Greece national football team|Greece]] on 25 May 2006 in front of a sell-out crowd of 95,103, before [[Australia national association football team|Australia]] left to contest in the World Cup finals. Australia beat Greece 1–0. The Socceroos also hosted a match in 2007 against Argentina, losing 1–0, as well as [[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)|2010 FIFA World Cup qualification]] matches in 2009 against Japan, which attracted 81,872 fans as Australia beat Japan 2–1 via 2 Tim Cahill headers after falling behind 1–0 late in the 1st half. In 2010 it was announced that as a warm up to the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]] which the [[Australian national association football team|Australians]] had qualified for, they would play fellow qualified nation [[New Zealand men's national football team|New Zealand]] on 24 May at the MCG.


Other matches played at the MCG include the following:
* The Olympic final played between [[Soviet Union national football team|USSR]] and [[Yugoslavia national football team|Yugoslavia]] on 8 December 1956
* An exhibition match between Australia and [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] played on 13 June 1984
* A [[1998 FIFA World Cup]] qualifier between [[Australia national association football team|Australia]] and [[Iran national football team|Iran]] on Saturday 29 November 1997 with 95,000 in attendance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Harper |first=Tony |title=David Hill reflects on the disastrous night the Socceroos missed out on 1998 World Cup |url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/football/david-hill-reflects-on-the-disastrous-night-the-socceroos-missed-out-on-1998-world-cup/news-story/07f91547af526423ea4d7d2c2c5bdf39 |website=Fox Sports Australia |access-date=2022-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128200234/https://www.foxsports.com.au/football/david-hill-reflects-on-the-disastrous-night-the-socceroos-missed-out-on-1998-world-cup/news-story/07f91547af526423ea4d7d2c2c5bdf39 |archive-date=2017-11-28 |date=2017-11-29}}</ref> The match was drawn 2–2, with Iran progressing on the away goals rule.
* An exhibition match between [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] and Australia on 15 July 1999 with 60,000 people in attendance.
* A friendly match between [[Brazil national football team|Brazil B]] and [[Australia national soccer team|Australia]] on 17 November 1999 with 70,795 in attendance.
* An Olympic Tournament group match between [[Italy Olympic football team|Italy]] and the [[Olyroos]] on 13 September 2000 with 93,252 in attendance. Plus other preliminary matches during the Olympics which also included quarter final and the Semi final between Chile and Cameroon who went on to win the gold medal.
* A [[2002 FIFA World Cup]] qualifier between the Australia and [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay]] on 20 November 2001 with 84,656 in attendance. The Socceroos won 1–0, however Uruguay progressed after later winning the second leg 3–0.
* A friendly match between Australia and the then European champions, Greece – which was played as a warmup to the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]].
* A friendly match between Australia and Argentina with 70,171 in attendance – Argentina had a full strength side with superstars such as [[Lionel Messi]] and [[Carlos Tevez]]
* A friendly match between Australia and the [[New Zealand men's national football team|All Whites]] as a warm up before the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]] in which Australia won in the last play of the game.
* A pre-season friendly in July 2013 between [[A-League]] outfit [[Melbourne Victory F.C.|Melbourne Victory]] and [[Premier League]] side [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], as part of Liverpool's pre-season tour of [[Australia]] and [[Southeast Asia|South East Asia]] drawing a crowd of 95,446.<ref>{{cite news |title=Steven Gerrard delights the MCG crowd as Liverpool beats Melbourne Victory 2-0 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-07-24/reds-down-gutsy-victory-at-packed-mcg/4841856 |access-date=5 December 2018 |agency=ABC |archive-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013033624/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-07-24/reds-down-gutsy-victory-at-packed-mcg/4841856 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The final match of the [[2015 International Champions Cup]] in Australia, between [[Real Madrid]] and [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], which drew a soccer MCG record crowd of 99,382
* [[Brasil Global Tour]] matches between Argentina and Brazil, and Australia and Brazil in June 2017.
* A friendly between [[Melbourne Victory]] and Manchester United on July 15, 2022.

{{wide image|MCG Panorama 24 July 2015.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|Panoramic image of the MCG in soccer mode ahead of a pre-season tournament match between [[Real Madrid]] and [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] (24 July 2015).}}

==Tennis==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2022}}
In 1878 the Melbourne Cricket Club's Lawn Tennis Committee laid an asphalt court at the MCG and Victoria's first game of tennis was played there. A second court of grass was laid in 1879 and the first Victorian Championship played on it in 1880. The first inter-colonial championship was played in 1883 and the first formal inter-state match between NSW and Victoria played in 1884 with Victoria winning.

In 1889 the MCC arranged for tennis to be played at the Warehousemen's Cricket Ground (now known as the [[Albert Cricket Ground]]), at Albert Park, rather than at the MCG.

==Cycling==
It was at the MCG in 1869 that one of Australia's first bicycle races was held. The event was for [[velocipede]]s, crude wooden machines with pedals on the front wheels. In 1898 the [[Austral Wheel Race]] was held at the MCG attracting a crowd of 30,000 to see cyclists race for a total of £400 in prize money, with 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place winning £240, £120, and £40 respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/121530003 |title=The Austral Wheel Race |newspaper=[[The Referee (newspaper)|The Referee]] |date=1898-12-14 |access-date=2022-06-28 |page=6 |via=Trove |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627162250/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/121530003 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Other uses==
* [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] visited the MCG in 1954 twice for an assembly and display. She attended a Richmond versus Fitzroy match on 5 April 1970,<ref>{{cite web|title=Memorable Moments |url=http://www.mcg.org.au/History/Australian%20Football/Memorable%20Moments.aspx |publisher=Melbourne Cricket Ground |access-date=9 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717034457/http://www.mcg.org.au/History/Australian%20Football/Memorable%20Moments.aspx |archive-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> and also attended the Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony at the ground on 15 March 2006.
* A record for attendance at the grounds was set by religious leader [[Billy Graham]] whose event in 1959 was attended by at least 143,000 people.<ref name = Wirt60>{{Cite book | author = Sherwood Eliot Wirt | title = A Personal Look at Billy Graham, the World's Best-loved Evangelist | publisher = Crossway Books | location = Wheaton, Illinois | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0891079347 | page = [https://archive.org/details/billypersonalloo00wirt/page/60 60] | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/billypersonalloo00wirt/page/60 }}</ref>
* The first rock concert to be held at the ground was one by [[David Cassidy]] in 1974. In 1978 [[David Bowie]] held a concert there. In 1993, [[Paul McCartney]], [[U2]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] held three concerts, with the highest attendances for a music concert at MCG, with ''147,241'' tickets sold.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcg.org.au/~/media/Files/MCG_Attendances_Concerts.pdf |title=MCG Attendance Records |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=Melbourne Cricket Ground official website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327013644/http://www.mcg.org.au/~/media/Files/MCG_Attendances_Concerts.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2014}}</ref> The [[Rolling Stones]] held concerts in 1995, [[Michael Jackson]] in 1996, the [[Three Tenors]] in 1997, [[Elton John]] and [[Billy Joel]] in 1998.
* [[Pope John Paul II]] held a service at the MCG on 27 November 1986, and a celebration there of the Polish community the next day.
* The MCG hosted [[the Police]] with Special Guests [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]] & [[Fiction Plane]] on [[Australia Day]] 2008; the first MCG concert in 10 years.
* The MCG hosted [[Sound Relief]], a concert donating all revenues to the Red Cross Victorian Bushfire Appeal with performances from [[Kings of Leon]], [[Midnight Oil]], [[Split Enz]], [[Paul Kelly (Australian musician)|Paul Kelly]], [[Hunters & Collectors]], [[Wolfmother]], [[Jet (band)|Jet]] and [[Bliss N Eso]], among others. It was held on 14 March 2009.
* On 5 November 2010, the MCG hosted the Starting Line and opening challenge for ''[[The Amazing Race Australia 1]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazing Race Australia filming in Melbourne|url=http://www.mediaspy.org/report/2010/11/05/amazing-race-australia-filming-in-melbourne/|publisher=The Spy Report|access-date=24 January 2011|date=5 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110182207/http://www.mediaspy.org/report/2010/11/05/amazing-race-australia-filming-in-melbourne/|archive-date=10 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> This episode aired on 16 May 2011.
* The MCG held a [[Guns N' Roses]] concert on 14 February 2017.<ref>[http://www.mcg.org.au/whats-on/latest-news/2016/august/guns-n-roses Guns N' Roses to rock the MCG] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822180309/http://www.mcg.org.au/whats-on/latest-news/2016/august/guns-n-roses |date=22 August 2016 }} 30 September 2016</ref>
* The MCG held a free [[The Killers]] concert on 30 September 2017, after the 2017 AFL Grand Final.
* On 6 October 2018, the MCG hosted [[Super Show-Down (2018)|WWE Super Show-Down]].
*The MCG held an [[Eminem]] concert on 24 February 2019 with the highest attendance for a single concert at the MCG with ''80,708'' tickets sold.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-24 |title=Eminem smashes the attendance record at Melbourne Cricket Ground in Australia |url=http://southpawer.com/2019/02/24/eminem-melbourne-attendance-record/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Southpawer |language=en-US}}</ref>
* On 30 March 2022, the MCG hosted the state memorial service for [[Shane Warne]].
* On 3 December 2022, the MCG held a [[Guns N' Roses]] concert on as part of the [[Guns N' Roses 2020 Tour]].
* On 10 December 2022, the MCG held a [[Billy Joel]] concert as part of the [[Billy Joel in Concert]] tour.
* The MCG hosted two [[Ed Sheeran]] concerts on 2 and 3 March 2023 as part of the [[+–=÷x Tour]]. The attendance on 2nd March was 108,000 and 3rd March was 109,500, exceeding the previous attendance record set by Eminem.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mcg.org.au/whats-on/latest-news/2023/march/ed-sheeran-concerts-equals-new-record-for-mcg | title=Ed Sheeran concerts = new record for MCG }}</ref>
* The MCG will be hosting three [[Taylor Swift]] concerts on 16, 17, and 18 February 2024 as part of [[The Eras Tour]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-28 |title=Taylor Swift adds two 'final' shows to Australian tour after 'historically unprecedented demand' |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-29/taylor-swift-new-shows-melbourne-sydney-2024-australian-tour/102539160 |access-date=2023-06-28}}</ref>

==General records==
[[File:Melbourne Cricket Ground from city.JPG|thumb|250px|MCG from a city building.]]

===Sporting records===
* First ever Test Cricket match (Australia v England) – 1877
* First ever One day international Cricket match – 1971
* Highest first class cricket score – 1107 (Victoria v NSW, 1926)
* Australia's first international Lacrosse match (Australia v Canada, 1907, 30,000)
* Fastest ball bowled in a Cricket match in Australia, 3rd fastest in the world – 160.7 km/h (Shaun Tait, Australia v Pakistan, 5 February 2010)

===Attendance records===
{| border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="2" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|-
|colspan="4"|All-time highest attendance records at the MCG
|-
!Number
!Attendance
!Event
!Date
|-
|1
|143,000
|[[Billy Graham]], Crusade
|15 March 1959
|-
|2
|121,696
|[[1970 VFL Grand Final|VFL Grand Final]], {{AFL Car}} v {{AFL Col}}
|26 September 1970
|-
|3
|120,000
|40th [[Eucharistic Congress]]
|25 February 1973
|-
|4
|119,195
|[[1969 VFL Grand Final|VFL Grand Final]], {{AFL Car}} v {{AFL Ric}}
|27 September 1969
|-
|5
|118,192
|[[1971 VFL Grand Final|VFL Grand Final]], {{AFL Haw}} v {{AFL StK}}
|25 September 1971
|}

* Highest Australian religious event attendance – 143,750 (Billy Graham crusade, 1959)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2X5VAAAAIBAJ&pg=6135%2C2267874|title=The Age, Monday 16 March 1959, "Crusade Rally At M.C.G. Draws Huge Crowd"|access-date=28 August 2019|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407180450/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2X5VAAAAIBAJ&pg=6135%2C2267874|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Highest VFL/AFL attendance at a home-and-away match – 99,256 (Melbourne v Collingwood, 1958).<ref>See [[1958 VFL season|1958 VFL Season: Notable Events]]</ref>
* Highest VFL/AFL attendance at a final and highest Australian sporting event attendance – 121,696 (Collingwood v Carlton, 1970)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110463079|title=Incredible Win by Carlton in VFL|publisher=[[Canberra Times]]|date=28 September 1970|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703022115/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110463079|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Highest [[Association football|soccer]] crowd at MCG (Clubs International Friendly) – 99,382 ([[2015 International Champions Cup|International Champions Cup]], [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] v [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]], 24 July 2015)
* Highest [[Association football|soccer]] crowd at MCG (National Team vs National Team) – 97,103 (Australia v Greece, 2006)
* Highest single-day attendance in Test Cricket history – 91,092 (2013 [[Boxing Day Test]], Day 1 – Australia v England)
* Highest One Day International Cricket crowd – 93,013 ([[2015 Cricket World Cup Final]], Australia v New Zealand)
* Highest Twenty20 International Cricket crowd – 90,293 ([[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]], Super 12 round – India v Pakistan, 23 October 2022)
* Highest Twenty20 Domestic Cricket crowd – 80,883 (Melbourne Stars v Melbourne Renegades, [[2015–16 Big Bash League season]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcg.org.au/History/Attendances.aspx |title=MCG attendance records |publisher=mcg.org.au |access-date=1 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329085210/http://www.mcg.org.au/History/Attendances.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2015}}</ref>
* Highest women's cricket crowd - 86,174 ([[2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup Final]], Australia Women v India Women)
* Highest State of Origin rugby league crowd – 91,513 (Game II, 17 June 2015)

===Stadium records===
* World's first all colour cricket scoreboard with instant replays
* World's first electronic sight screens
* World's first [[super sopper]]
* World's first scrolling signage at an oval-shaped ground
* First time an international Cricket match was played on a one-piece portable pitch, [[Boxing Day Test]], 2000
* World's tallest floodlights<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportyghost.com/top-10-icc-world-cup-cricket-venues-world/|title=Top 10 ICC World Cup Cricket Venues in the World|date=16 December 2014|work=Sporty Ghost!|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104938/http://www.sportyghost.com/top-10-icc-world-cup-cricket-venues-world/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Test cricket records ==
[[File:Don_Bradman_1930.jpeg|thumb|Don Bradman still holds the record for most runs at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.]]
[[File:Jack_Hobbs_1926.jpg|thumb|326x326px|Jack Hobbs scored 1,178 runs in 18 innings at the ground; a record for non-Australians.]]
[[File:Matthew_Hayden_(2307390126).jpg|thumb|295x295px|Matthew Hayden scored six centuries, second only to Bradman with nine.]]

=== Batting ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most career runs<ref>{{Cite web|title=Batting records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=runs;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=batting|access-date=2021-07-03|website=Cricinfo|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185224/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=runs;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=batting|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Runs
!Player
!Period
|-
|'''1,671''' (17 innings)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Don Bradman]]
|1928–1948
|-
|'''1,338''' (28 innings)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Ricky Ponting]]
|1995–2011
|-
|'''1,284''' (30 innings)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Steve Waugh]]
|1985–2003
|-
|'''1,272''' (36 innings)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Allan Border]]
|1978–1993
|-
|'''1,257''' (31 innings)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Greg Chappell]]
|1971–1983
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most career runs (non-Australia)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Batting records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=runs;team=1;team=140;team=25;team=29;team=3;team=4;team=40;team=5;team=6;team=7;team=8;team=9;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=batting|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Cricinfo|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183415/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=runs;team=1;team=140;team=25;team=29;team=3;team=4;team=40;team=5;team=6;team=7;team=8;team=9;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=batting|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Runs
!Player
!Period
|-
|'''1,178''' (18 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Jack Hobbs]]
|1908–1929
|-
|'''724''' (7 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Herbert Sutcliffe]]
|1925–1933
|-
|'''661''' (15 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Colin Cowdrey]]
|1954–1975
|-
|'''606''' (11 innings)
|{{Flagicon|WIN}} [[Viv Richards]]
|1975–1988
|-
|'''505''' (12 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Wally Hammond]]
|1928–1947
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Highest individual scores<ref>{{Cite web|title=Batting records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=batted_score;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=batting;view=innings|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Cricinfo|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184734/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=batted_score;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=batting;view=innings|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Runs
!Player
!Date
|-
|'''307''' v. England
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Bob Cowper]]
|11 Feb 1966
|-
|'''270''' v. England
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Don Bradman]]
|1 Jan 1937
|-
|'''268''' v. Pakistan
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Graham Yallop]]
|26 Dec 1983
|-
|'''257''' v. India
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Ricky Ponting]]
|26 Dec 2003
|-
|'''250''' v. England
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Justin Langer]]
|26 Dec 2002
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most centuries<ref>{{Cite web|title=Batting records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=hundreds;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=batting|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Cricinfo|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184732/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=hundreds;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=batting|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Centuries
!Player
!Period
|-
|'''9''' (17 innings)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Don Bradman]]
|1928–1948
|-
|'''6''' (19 innings)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Hayden]]
|1996–2008
|-
|'''5''' (18 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Jack Hobbs]]
|1908–1929
|-
|'''4''' (7 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Herbert Sutcliffe]]
|1925–1933
|-
|'''4''' (13 innings)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Bill Lawry]]
|1962–1971
|-
|'''4''' (14 innings)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]
|2010–2021
|-
|'''4''' (28 innings)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Ricky Ponting]]
|1995–2011
|-
|'''4''' (31 innings)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Greg Chappell]]
|1971–1983
|-
|'''4''' (36 innings)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Allan Border]]
|1978–1993
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Highest batting average (5+ innings)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Batting records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=5;qualval1=innings;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=batting |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Cricinfo |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703022001/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=batting_average;qualmin1=5;qualval1=innings;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=batting |url-status=live }}</ref>
!Average
!Player
!Period
|-
|'''128.53''' (17 innings, 4 [[Not out|NO]])
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Don Bradman]]
|1928–1948
|-
|'''103.42''' (7 innings, 0 NO)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Herbert Sutcliffe]]
|1925–1933
|-
|'''101.20''' (5 innings, 0 NO)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Bob Cowper]]
|1964–1968
|-
|'''87.00''' (6 innings, 1 NO)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Alastair Cook]]
|2006–2017
|-
|'''84.72''' (15 innings, 4 NO)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]
|2010–2021
|}

=== Bowling ===
[[File:Dennis_Lillee_stat.jpg|thumb|Dennis Lillee has taken the most wickets at the ground, with 82. Statue at the MCG pictured.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most career wickets<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bowling records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=wickets;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=bowling|access-date=2021-07-06|website=Cricinfo|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190546/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=wickets;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=bowling|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Wickets
!Player
!Period
|-
|'''82''' (26 innings)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Dennis Lillee]]
|1972–1983
|-
|'''56''' (21 innings)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Shane Warne]]
|1992–2006
|-
|'''46''' (13 innings)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Hugh Trumble]]
|1894–1904
|-
|'''45''' (14 innings)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Graham McKenzie]]
|1962–1968
|-
|'''42''' (22 innings)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Glenn McGrath]]
|1995–2006
|}
[[File:Sydney_Francis_Barnes_1910.jpg|thumb|Sydney Barnes took 35 wickets in ten innings; the most of any non-Australian.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most career wickets (non-Australia)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bowling records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=wickets;team=1;team=140;team=25;team=29;team=3;team=4;team=40;team=5;team=6;team=7;team=8;team=9;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=bowling|access-date=2021-07-06|website=Cricinfo|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185130/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=wickets;team=1;team=140;team=25;team=29;team=3;team=4;team=40;team=5;team=6;team=7;team=8;team=9;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=bowling|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Wickets
!Player
!Period
|-
|'''35''' (10 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Sydney Barnes]]
|1902–1912
|-
|'''27''' (8 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Bobby Peel]]
|1885–1895
|-
|'''22''' (8 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Billy Bates]]
|1881–1885
|-
|'''22''' (8 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Alec Bedser]]
|1947–1951
|-
|'''22''' (8 innings)
|{{Flagicon|PAK}} [[Sarfraz Nawaz]]
|1972–1983
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Best innings figures<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bowling records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=wickets;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=bowling;view=innings|access-date=2021-07-06|website=Cricinfo|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190643/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=wickets;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=bowling;view=innings|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Figures
!Player
!Date
|-
|'''9/86''' v. Australia
|{{Flagicon|PAK}} [[Sarfraz Nawaz]]
|10 Mar 1979
|-
|'''9/121''' v. England
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Arthur Mailey]]
|11 Feb 1921
|-
|'''8/68''' v. Australia
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Wilfred Rhodes]]
|1 Jan 1904
|-
|'''8/71''' v. West Indies
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Graham McKenzie]]
|26 Dec 1968
|-
|'''8/81''' v. Australia
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Len Braund]]
|5 Mar 1904
|-
|'''8/143''' v. England
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Max Walker]]
|8 Feb 1975
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Best match figures<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bowling records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=wickets;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=bowling;view=match|access-date=2021-07-06|website=Cricinfo|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184209/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=wickets;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=bowling;view=match|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Figures
!Player
!Date
|-
|'''15/124''' v. Australia
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Wilfred Rhodes]]
|1 Jan 1904
|-
|'''14/102''' v. Australia
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Billy Bates]]
|19 Jan 1883
|-
|'''13/77''' v. England
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Monty Noble]]
|1 Jan 1902
|-
|'''13/110''' v. England
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Fred Spofforth]]
|2 Jan 1879
|-
|'''13/148''' v. England
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Bruce Reid]]
|26 Dec 1990
|-
|'''13/163''' v. Australia
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Sydney Barnes]]
|1 Jan 1902
|-
|'''13/165''' v. Australia
|{{Flagicon|RSA|variant=1928}} [[Hugh Tayfield]]
|24 Dec 1952
|-
|'''13/236''' v. England
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Arthur Mailey]]
|11 Feb 1921
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Lowest strike rate (4+ innings)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bowling records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=bowling_strike_rate;qualmin1=4;qualval1=innings_bowled;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=bowling |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Cricinfo |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703021909/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=bowling_strike_rate;qualmin1=4;qualval1=innings_bowled;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=bowling |url-status=live }}</ref>
!Strike rate
!Player
!Period
|-
|'''22.6''' (6 wickets)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[John Hodges]]
|1877–1877
|-
|'''31.1''' (10 wickets)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Laurie Nash]]
|1932–1937
|-
|'''31.1''' (15 wickets)
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
|2018–2020
|-
|'''32.6''' (35 wickets)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Bruce Reid]]
|1985–1991
|-
|'''32.7''' (18 wickets)
|{{Flagicon|WIN}} [[Michael Holding]]
|1976–1981
|}
[[File:Steve_Smith_drives,_2017-18_Ashes_(cropped).jpg|thumb|353x353px|Steve Smith made 165*, as Australia totalled 8/624 declared in 2016.]]

=== Team records ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Highest innings scores<ref>{{Cite web|title=Team records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=team_score;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=team;view=innings|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Cricinfo|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184650/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=team_score;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=team;view=innings|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Score
!Team
!Date
|-
|'''8/624d'''
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] v. Pakistan
|26 Dec 2016
|-
|'''604'''
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] v. England
|26 Feb 1937
|-
|'''600'''
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] v. England
|1 Jan 1925
|-
|'''589'''
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|England]] v. Australia
|9 Feb 1912
|-
|'''578'''
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] v. South Africa
|17 Feb 1911
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Lowest completed innings<ref>{{Cite web|title=Melbourne Cricket Ground Cricket Team Records & Stats {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_innings_totals.html?class=1&id=61&type=ground|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Cricinfo|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703021945/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_innings_totals.html?class=1;id=61;type=ground|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Score
!Team
!Date
|-
|'''36'''
|{{Flagicon|RSA|variant=1928}} [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] v. Australia
|12 Feb 1932
|-
|'''45'''
|{{Flagicon|RSA|variant=1928}} [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] v. Australia
|12 Feb 1932
|-
|'''61'''
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|England]] v. Australia
|1 Jan 1902
|-
|'''61'''
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|England]] v. Australia
|5 Mar 1904
|-
|'''67'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|India]] v. Australia
|6 Feb 1948
|}

=== Partnership records ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Highest partnerships<ref>{{Cite web|title=Partnership records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=fow_score;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=fow;view=innings|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Cricinfo|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185004/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=61;orderby=fow_score;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=fow;view=innings|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Runs
!Wicket
!Players
!Match
!Date
|-
|'''346'''
|6th
|[[Don Bradman]] (270) & [[Jack Fingleton]] (136)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] v. {{Flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|England]]
|1 Jan 1937
|-
|'''323'''
|1st
|[[Wilfred Rhodes]] (179) & [[Jack Hobbs]] (178)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|England]] v. {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]
|9 Feb 1912
|-
|'''298'''
|2nd
|[[Bill Lawry]] (205) & [[Ian Chappell]] (165)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] v. {{Flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]]
|26 Dec 1968
|-
|'''283'''
|1st
|[[Herbert Sutcliffe]] (176) & [[Jack Hobbs]] (154)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|England]] v. {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]
|1 Jan 1925
|-
|'''279'''
|6th
|[[Andrew Symonds]] (156) & [[Matthew Hayden]] (153)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] v. {{Flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|England]]
|26 Dec 2006
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Highest partnerships by wicket<ref>{{Cite web|title=Melbourne Cricket Ground Cricket Team Records & Stats {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_by_wicket.html?class=1&id=61&type=ground|access-date=2021-12-28|website=Cricinfo|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703021910/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_by_wicket.html?class=1;id=61;type=ground|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Runs
!Wicket
!Players
!Match
!Date
|-
|'''323'''
|1st
|[[Wilfred Rhodes]] (179) & [[Jack Hobbs]] (178)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|England]] v. {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]
|9 Feb 1912
|-
|'''298'''
|2nd
|[[Bill Lawry]] (205) & [[Ian Chappell]] (165)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] v. {{Flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]]
|26 Dec 1968
|-
|'''249'''
|3rd
|[[Don Bradman]] (169) & [[Stan McCabe]] (112)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] v. {{Flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|England]]
|26 Feb 1937
|-
|'''262'''
|4th
|[[Virat Kohli]] (169) & [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (147)
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|India]] v. {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]
|26 Dec 2014
|-
|'''223*'''
|5th
|[[Don Bradman]] (127*) & [[Arthur Morris]] (100*)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] v. {{Flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|India]]
|1 Jan 1948
|-
|'''346'''
|6th
|[[Don Bradman]] (270) & [[Jack Fingleton]] (136)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] v. {{Flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|England]]
|1 Jan 1937
|-
|'''185'''
|7th
|[[Graham Yallop]] (268) & [[Greg Matthews]] (75)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] v. {{Flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]
|26 Dec 1983
|-
|'''173'''
|8th
|[[Nip Pellew]] (116) & [[Jack Gregory (cricketer)|Jack Gregory]] (100)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] v. {{Flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|England]]
|31 Dec 1920
|-
|'''180'''
|9th
|[[JP Duminy]] (166) & [[Dale Steyn]] (76)
|{{Flagicon|RSA}} South Africa v. {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]
|26 Dec 2008
|-
|'''120'''
|10th
|[[Reggie Duff]] (104) & [[Warwick Armstrong]] (45*)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] v. {{Flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|England]]
|1 Jan 1902
|}
All records correct as of 8 July 2021.

==ODI records==
* '''Highest ODI Total:''' 5/355 – Australia vs. England, 22 November 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;ground=61;template=results;type=team;view=innings |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
* '''Highest Individual ODI Score:''' 180 (151) – [[Jason Roy]], England vs Australia, 14 January 2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=Batting records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;ground=61;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
* '''Best ODI Innings Bowling Figures:''' 6/42 – [[Ajit Agarkar]], India vs. Australia, 9 January 2004 and [[Yuzvendra Chahal]], India vs. Australia, 18 January 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bowling records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;ground=61;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
* '''Highest ODI Partnership:''' 269 (for the first wicket) – [[Travis Head]] & [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], Australia vs. England, 22 November 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;ground=61;template=results;type=fow;view=innings |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
Last updated 26 December 2022.

==Twenty20 International records==
* '''Highest Twenty20 Total:''' 5/186 – India vs. Zimbabwe, 6 November 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records {{!}} Twenty20 Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;ground=61;template=results;type=team;view=innings |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
* '''Highest Individual Twenty20 Score:''' 89 (43) – [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], Australia vs. South Africa, 11 January 2009<ref>{{Cite web |title=Batting records {{!}} Twenty20 Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;ground=61;template=results;type=batting;view=innings |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
* '''Best Twenty20 Innings Bowling Figures:''' 4/30 – [[Josh Hazlewood]], Australia vs. England, 31 January 2014<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bowling records {{!}} Twenty20 Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;ground=61;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
* '''Highest Twenty20 Partnership:''' 113 (for the fifth wicket) – [[Virat Kohli]] & [[Hardik Pandya]], India vs. Pakistan, 23 October 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership records {{!}} Twenty20 Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;ground=61;template=results;type=fow;view=innings |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
Last updated 26 December 2022.

==VFL/AFL records==
* '''Highest Team Score:'''
** 32.24 (216) – {{AFL Haw}} vs. {{AFL Ess}}, 1 August 1992
** 31.25 (211) – {{AFL Ric}} vs. {{AFL StK}}, 13 April 1985
** 32.19 (211) – {{AFL Gee}} vs. {{AFL Ric}}, 27 May 1989
** 32.17 (209) – {{AFL NM}} vs. {{AFL Ric}}, 6 April 1990
** 31.19 (205) – {{AFL Haw}} vs. {{AFL NM}}, 30 April 1988
* '''Largest Winning Margin:'''
** 165 pts – {{AFL Haw}} (197) def. {{AFL PA}} (32), 13 August 2011
** 162 pts – {{AFL Haw}} (193) def. {{AFL GWS}} (31), 8 July 2012
** 160 pts – {{AFL Haw}} (216) def. {{AFL Ess}} (56), 1 August 1992
** 151 pts – {{AFL Ric}} (187) def. {{AFL Fit}} (36), 25 August 1996
** 148 pts – {{AFL Ess}} (184) def. {{AFL Mel}} (36), 6 April 2013
* '''Lowest Team Score:'''
** 0.8 (8) – {{AFL Mel}} vs. {{AFL SM}}, 13 July 1912
** 1.2 (8) – {{AFL Car}} vs. {{AFL Mel}}, 8 June 1903
** 0.9 (9) – {{AFL Mel}} vs. {{AFL Ess}}, 13 May 1911
** 0.9 (9) – {{AFL Uni}} vs. {{AFL Col}}, 19 August 1911
** 1.6 (12) – {{AFL Ric}} vs. {{AFL Mel}}, 27 June 1908
* '''Most Goals in a Game:'''
** 14 – [[Gary Ablett Sr.]], {{AFL Gee}} vs. {{AFL Ess}}, 1 May 1993
** 14 – [[Gary Ablett Sr.]], {{AFL Gee}} vs. {{AFL Ric}}, 27 May 1989
** 14 – [[John Longmire]], {{AFL NM}} vs. {{AFL Mel}}, 7 July 1990
** 13 – [[Matthew Lloyd]], {{AFL Ess}} vs. {{AFL Syd}}, 10 April 1999
** 12 – [[Jason Dunstall]], {{AFL Haw}} vs. {{AFL Ric}}, 15 August 1992
* '''Most Disposals in a Game:'''
** 54 – [[Tom Mitchell (Australian footballer)|Tom Mitchell]], {{AFL Haw}} vs. {{AFL Col}}, 24 March 2018
** 53 – [[Gary Ablett, Jr.]], {{AFL GC}} vs. {{AFL Col}}, 3 June 2012
** 51 – [[Lachie Neale]], {{AFL Bri}} vs. {{AFL Ric}}, 25 August 2019
** 50 – [[Tom Mitchell (Australian footballer)|Tom Mitchell]], {{AFL Haw}} vs. {{AFL Col}}, 20 May 2017
** 49 – [[Dane Swan]], {{AFL Col}} vs. {{AFL Haw}}, 21 July 2012
* '''Most Games Played:'''
**200 – [[Kevin Bartlett (Australian rules footballer)|Kevin Bartlett]] ({{AFL Ric}})
**193 – [[Scott Pendlebury]] ({{AFL Col}})
**186 – [[Dustin Fletcher]] ({{AFL Ess}})
**169 – [[David Neitz]] ({{AFL Mel}})
**165 – [[Nathan Jones (Australian footballer)|Nathan Jones]] ({{AFL Mel}})
* '''Most Goals Kicked:'''
** 464 – [[Matthew Richardson (footballer)|Matthew Richardson]] ({{AFL Ric}})
** 461 – [[Matthew Lloyd]] ({{AFL Ess}})
** 386 – [[David Neitz]] ({{AFL Mel}})
** 380 – [[Wayne Carey]] ({{AFL Ade}}, {{AFL NM}})
** 379 – [[Kevin Bartlett (Australian rules footballer)|Kevin Bartlett]] ({{AFL Ric}})
All records correct as of 26 August 2019.

==Statues==
===Founding statue===
[[File:Tom wills statue.jpg|thumb|Statue of cricketer and Australian rules football pioneer [[Tom Wills]] umpiring an 1858 football match]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!width=175| Statue
!width=175| Sport
!width=175| Unveiled
!width=175| Location
!width=50| Link
|-
| [[Tom Wills]] ''Commemorative sculpture for the first game of Australian rules football''
| ''[[Cricket]] and [[Australian rules football]]''
| 2001
| Outside MCG (between Gates 2 and 3)
| [http://www.funderestudios.com.au/html/fundere_commissions8.html Non-MCG]
|}

<gallery class="center">
File:Ron barassi statue.jpg|[[Ron Barassi]]
File:Leigh matthews statue.jpg|[[Leigh Matthews]]
File:Dick reynolds statue.jpg|[[Dick Reynolds]]
File:Bradmanstatue.jpg|[[Don Bradman]]
File:DennisLilleeStatue.JPG|[[Dennis Lillee]]
</gallery>

===Tattersall's Parade of Champions===
The [[Tattersall's (gambling organisation)|Tattersall's]] Parade of the Champions undertaking is a gift to the people of Australia by Tattersall's and is a focal point of the Yarra Park precinct.

The MCG is a magnet for tourists worldwide and the statues reinforce the association between the elite sportsmen and women who have competed here and the stadium that rejoiced in their performances.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!width=175| Statue
!width=175| Sport
!width=175| Unveiled
!width=175| Location
!width=50| Link
|-
| [[Donald Bradman|Sir Donald Bradman]]
| ''[[Cricket]]''
| 2003, May
| Outside gate 5
| [http://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/sporting-statues/don-bradman MCG]
|-
| [[Betty Cuthbert]]
| ''[[Track and field]]''
| 2003, August
| Outside gate 3
| [http://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/sporting-statues/betty-cuthbert MCG]
|-
| [[Ron Barassi]]
| ''[[Australian rules football]]''
| 2003, September
| Outside gate 4
| [http://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/sporting-statues/ron-barassi MCG]
|-
| [[Keith Miller]]
| ''[[Cricket]]''
| 2004, February
| Outside gate 5
| [http://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/sporting-statues/keith-miller MCG]
|-
| [[Dick Reynolds]]
| ''[[Australian rules football]]''
| 2004, June
| Outside gate 6
| [http://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/sporting-statues/dick-reynolds MCG]
|-
| [[Shirley Strickland]]
| ''[[Track and field]]''
| 2004, November
| Outside gate 3
| [http://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/sporting-statues/shirley-strickland MCG]
|-
| [[Haydn Bunton, Sr.]]
| ''[[Australian rules football]]''
| 2005, April
| Outside gate 6
| [http://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/sporting-statues/haydn-bunton MCG]
|-
| [[Leigh Matthews]]
| ''[[Australian rules football]]''
| 2005, August
| Outside gate 4
| [http://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/sporting-statues/leigh-matthews MCG]
|-
| [[Bill Ponsford]]
| ''[[Cricket]]''
| 2005, December
| Outside gate 1
| [http://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/sporting-statues/bill-ponsford MCG]
|-
| [[Dennis Lillee]]
| ''[[Cricket]]''
| 2006, December
| Outside gate 1
| [http://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/sporting-statues/dennis-lillee MCG]
|}

===Australia Post Avenue of Legends===
[[File:Shane Warne Statue 2022.jpg|thumb|The statue of Shane Warne in 2022. The statue became a makeshift memorial to Warne shortly after his death]]
In 2010, the Melbourne Cricket Club (MCC) announced an expansion to the list of sporting statues placed around the MCG precinct in partnership with [[Australia Post]].

The Australia Post Avenue of Legends project aimed to place a minimum of five statues in Yarra Park, extending from the gate 2 MCC members entrance up the avenue towards Wellington Parade. The most recent addition of Kevin Bartlett was unveiled in March 2017.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!width=175| Statue
!width=175| Sport
!width=175| Unveiled
!width=175| Location
!width=50| Link
|-
| [[Shane Warne]]
| ''[[Cricket]]''
| 2011, December
| Outside gate 2
| [http://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/sporting-statues/shane-warne MCG]
|-
| [[Norm Smith]]
| ''[[Australian rules football]]''
| 2012, September
| Near Jolimont Station
| [http://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/sporting-statues/norm-smith MCG]
|-
| [[John Coleman (Australian footballer)|John Coleman]]
| ''[[Australian rules football]]''
| 2013, September
| Outside gate 2
| [http://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/sporting-statues/john-coleman MCG]
|-
| [[Neil Harvey]]
| ''[[Cricket]]''
| 2014, January
| Near Jolimont Station
| [http://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/sporting-statues/neil-harvey MCG]
|-
| [[Jim Stynes]]
| ''[[Australian rules football]]''
| 2014, September
| Outside gate 2
| [http://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/sporting-statues/jim-stynes MCG]
|-
| [[Kevin Bartlett (Australian rules footballer)|Kevin Bartlett]]
| ''[[Australian rules football]]''
| 2017, March
| Near Jolimont Station
| [http://www.mcg.org.au/things-to-do/sporting-statues/kevin-bartlett MCG]
|}

==See also ==

* [[Australian landmarks]]
* [[History of Test cricket (to 1883)]]
* [[History of Test cricket (1884 to 1889)]]
* [[History of Test cricket (1890 to 1900)]]
* [[List of Test cricket grounds]]
* [[List of international cricket centuries at the Melbourne Cricket Ground]]
* [[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls at the Melbourne Cricket Ground]]
* [[National Sports Museum]], a museum dedicated to Australian sport, located within the Melbourne Cricket Ground
* [[List of Australian rules football statues]], a list of Australian rules football-related statues across Australia
* [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], the Indian stadium that surpassed MCG to be the largest cricket stadium.
* [[List of national stadiums]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Cashman, Richard (1995) ''Paradise of Sport'' Melbourne: [[Oxford University Press]]
* Cuthbert, Betty (1966) ''Golden Girl''
* Gordon, Harry (1994) ''Australia and the Olympic Games'' Brisbane: [[University of Queensland Press]]
* Hinds, Richard (1997) ''Low blows. Sport’s top 10'' [[Sydney Morning Herald]] 1 November
* Linnell, Garry (1995) ''Football Ltd'' Sydney: Ironbark Pan Macmillan Australia
* Pollard, Jack (1990) ''Australia'' [[Test Match Grounds]] London: Willow Books
* ''Plan of the Town and Suburbs of Melbourne 1843''
* Vamplew, Wray; Moore, Katharine; O’Hara, John; Cashman, Richard; and Jobling, Ian [editors] (1997) ''The Oxford Companion to Australian Sport'' Second Edition Melbourne: Oxford University Press

==External links==
* {{Official website|www.mcg.org.au|MCG Official website}}
* [http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/mcg/vt-mcg.html Virtual tour of the Melbourne Cricket Ground]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060127013941/http://www.sportsvenue-technology.com/projects/melbourne/ Description at sportsvenue-technology.com]
* {{Austadiums|71}}
* [http://www.aroundthegrounds.bellestorie.com/mcg/mcg.html "Around the Grounds" – Web Documentary – MCG]

{{S-start-collapsible|header={{S-sta|et}}}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Helsinki Olympic Stadium|Helsingin olympiastadion]] [[Helsinki]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Summer Olympics]] Main Venue (Melbourne Cricket Ground)|years=[[1956 Summer Olympics|1956]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Stadio Olimpico]] [[Rome]]}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Helsinki Olympic Stadium|Helsingin olympiastadion]] [[Helsinki]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Athletics at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Athletics competitions]] Main Venue|years = [[Athletics at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956]]}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Stadio Olimpico]] [[Rome]]}}
{{s-bef|before =[[Helsinki Olympic Stadium|Helsingin olympiastadion]] [[Helsinki]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Summer Olympics]] [[Association football at the 1956 Summer Olympics|Football Men's Finals]] (Melbourne Cricket Ground)|years = [[1956 Summer Olympics|1956]]}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Stadio Flaminio]] [[Rome]]}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Eden Gardens]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Cricket World Cup]] Final Venue|years = [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]]}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Gaddafi Stadium]]}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Wankhede Stadium]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = Cricket World Cup Final Venue|years = [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]]}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Lord's]]}}
{{S-end}}

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2022 Asia Cup

2023-09-20T12:25:17Z

Subrata: /* Statistics */ Removed link to deleted article.

{{Short description|Cricket tournament in the United Arab Emirates}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2022 Asia Cup
| image = ACC Asia Cup 2022 UAE Logo.PNG
| fromdate = 27 August
| todate = 11 September 2022
| administrator = [[Asian Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[Twenty20 International]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host = {{flagicon|UAE}} [[United Arab Emirates]]
| champions = {{cr|SRI
}}
| count = 6
| runner up = {{cr|PAK
}}
| player of the series = {{cricon|SL}} [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]
| most runs = {{cricon|PAK}} [[Mohammad Rizwan (cricketer)|Mohammad Rizwan]] (281)
| most wickets = {{cricon|IND}} [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] (11)
| participants = 6
| matches = 13
| previous_year = 2018
| previous_tournament = 2018 Asia Cup
| next_year = 2023
| next_tournament = 2023 Asia Cup
}}
The '''2022 Asia Cup''' (also known as '''[[DP World]] Asia Cup''' for sponsorship reasons)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/asia-cup-dp-world-title-sponsorship-yupp-tv-streaming-rights/#:~:text=The%20Asian%20Cricket%20Council%20has,27th%20August%20until%2011th%20September|title=Asia Cup strikes DP World title sponsorship deal as YuppTV lands rights to cricket tournament|date=27 August 2022|work=Sports Pro Media|access-date=27 August 2022|language=en}}</ref> was the 15th edition of the [[Asia Cup]] [[cricket]] tournament, with the matches played as [[Twenty20 International]]s (T20Is) during August and September 2022 in the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asiancricket.org/sri-lanka-cricket-to-host-asia-cup-2022-in-uae/ |title=Sri Lanka Cricket to host ASIA CUP 2022 in UAE |work=Asian Cricket Council |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/sri-lanka-cricket-to-host-asia-cup-2022-in-uae.html |title= Sri Lanka Cricket to host ASIA CUP 2022 in UAE |work=Pakistan Cricket Board |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> Originally scheduled to be held in September 2020, the tournament was postponed in July 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Asia Cup 2020 postponed in wake of Covid-19; ACC looks for window in 2021 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/asia-cup-postponed-to-june-2021-1226471 |accessdate=9 July 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> It was then rescheduled to take place in June 2021,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/818593-acc-asia-cup-postponed-to-2022 |title=Asia Cup postponed to 2022 |work=The News |access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref> before being postponed once again.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asia Cup postponed once again|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/117514/cricket-asia-cup-2021-officially-pushed-back-2023-india-pakistan-sri-lanka-bangladesh-afghanistan-cricbuzzcom|url-status=live|work=CricBuzz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523131740/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/117514/cricket-asia-cup-2021-officially-pushed-back-2023-india-pakistan-sri-lanka-bangladesh-afghanistan-cricbuzzcom |archive-date=23 May 2021 }}</ref> [[Pakistan]] was scheduled to host the tournament after retaining the rights to host the 2022 edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/asia-cup-2021-to-be-postponed-amid-hectic-cricket-calendar-1263594 |title=Asia Cup 2021 to be postponed amid hectic cricket calendar |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref> However, in October 2021, the [[Asian Cricket Council]] (ACC) announced that Sri Lanka would host the tournament in 2022,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/119430/asia-cup-2023-will-be-played-in-pakistan-says-ramiz-raja |title=Pakistan set to host Asia Cup 2023 |work=CricBuzz |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> with Pakistan co-hosting the [[2023 Asia Cup|2023]] edition with the former.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/ramiz-raja-provides-updates-on-acc-and-bcci-meetings.html|work=Pakistan Cricket Board|title=Ramiz Raja provides updates on ACC and BCCI meetings|access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref> [[India national cricket team|India]] were the defending champions,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/864025 |title=India creep home in final-over thriller to defend Asia Cup title |accessdate=28 September 2018 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> and were eliminated in [[#Super Four|the Super Four stage]] in this edition.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2022-1327237/afghanistan-vs-pakistan-10th-match-super-four-1327278/match-report |title=No. 10 Naseem Shah's last-over sixes in low-scoring thriller take Pakistan to final|access-date=11 September 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Sri Lanka beat Pakistan by 23 runs in the final, to win their sixth title and their first in T20I format.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2788151 |title=Brilliant Sri Lanka clinch Asia Cup 2022 title|access-date=12 September 2022 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

On 21 July 2022, [[Sri Lanka Cricket]] (SLC) informed the ACC that they would not be in a position to host the tournament due to the [[2019–present Sri Lankan economic crisis|economic and political crisis in the country]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/who-will-host-asia-cup-2022-sri-lanka-uae-asian-cricket-council/article65663759.ece |title=Sri Lanka not in position to host Asia Cup T20: SLC tells Asian Cricket Council |work=The Hindu|accessdate=21 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/2022/07/21/sri-lanka-withdraws-from-hosting-asia-cup-2022/ |title=Sri Lanka withdraws from hosting Asia Cup 2022 |work=The Nation |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> On 27 July 2022, the ACC confirmed that the tournament would be played in the United Arab Emirates,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/123239/asia-cup-2022-officially-moved-to-uae |title=Asia Cup 2022 officially moved to UAE |work=CricBuzz |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> with Sri Lanka Cricket serving as the tournament's hosts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/asia-cup-2022-shifted-from-sri-lanka-to-the-uae-1326433 |title=Asia Cup 2022 shifted from Sri Lanka to the UAE |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> The fixtures for the tournament were announced on 2 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 August 2022 |title=Asia Cup 2022 schedule announced |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2709745/ |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

==Background==
In December 2018, the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] (PCB) were granted the rights to host the tournament by the [[Asian Cricket Council]] (ACC).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/941954 |title=PCB granted rights for 2020 |work=International Cricket Council |accessdate=13 December 2018}}</ref> However, it was unclear if the matches will be played in Pakistan or the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/221797-pakistan-gets-right-to-host-asia-cup-in-2020 |title=Pakistan gets right to host Asia Cup in 2020 |work=Geo TV |accessdate=13 December 2018}}</ref> After the announcement was made, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) requested that the PCB change the event's venue due to ongoing security concerns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/bcci-asks-pcb-to-change-asia-cup-venue/articleshow/67079519.cms |title=BCCI asks PCB to change Asia Cup venue |work=The Times of India |accessdate=13 December 2018}}</ref> Pakistan last held a multi-team international tournament in 2008, with the [[2008 Asia Cup]].<ref name="PT">{{cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/12/13/pakistan-to-host-2020-asia-cup/ |title=Pakistan to host 2020 Asia Cup |work=Pakistan Today |accessdate=13 December 2018}}</ref> Since then, only a handful of international matches have taken place in Pakistan following the [[2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team]].<ref name="PT"/>

In May 2019, the ACC confirmed that Pakistan will host the tournament.<ref name="geonews">{{cite web|url=https://www.geosuper.tv/latest/510-pakistan-to-host-asia-cup-t20i-next-year|title=Pakistan to host Asia Cup T20I next year|work=Geo News|accessdate=28 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/may/28/pakistan-to-host-2020-asia-cup-1982974.html |title=Pakistan to host 2020 Asia Cup |work=New Indian Express |accessdate=28 May 2019}}</ref> The decision to host the tournament in Pakistan raised doubts over India's participation, with the ongoing political tension between the two countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/doubts-over-indias-participation-as-pakistan-set-to-host-asia-cup-2020/ |title=Doubts over India's participation as Pakistan set to host Asia Cup 2020 |work=CricTracker |accessdate=29 May 2019}}</ref> In October 2019, the decision to host the tournament in Pakistan was still to be agreed by the ACC, due to doubts raised over India's participation.<ref>{{cite news |title=ACC to decide host |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/acc-to-take-final-call-on-asia-cup-202020191009152032/ |work=ANI News |accessdate=3 November 2019}}</ref> In January 2020, various news outlets reported that Pakistan would not be hosting the tournament, due to their ongoing political tensions with India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan To Not Host 2020 Asia Cup After India's Refusal To Tour Nation |url=https://news.abplive.com/sports/pakistan-to-not-host-2020-asia-cup-after-indias-refusal-to-tour-nation-1143529 |accessdate=16 January 2020 |work=ABP News |date=16 January 2020}}</ref>

On 28 February 2020, the BCCI President [[Sourav Ganguly]] stated that "the Asia Cup will be held in Dubai and both India and Pakistan will play."<ref>{{cite news |title=Asia Cup to be held in Dubai, both India and Pakistan will play: BCCI president Sourav Ganguly |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/asia-cup-2020-sourav-ganguly-bcci-dubai-uae-india-pakistan-1650977-2020-02-28 |accessdate=29 February 2020 |work=India Today |agency=PTI |date=28 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Asia Cup 2020 in Dubai, India and Pakistan will participate |url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/cricket/asia-cup-2020-in-dubai-india-and-pakistan-will-participate-1.1582912039016 |accessdate=29 February 2020 |work=Gulf News}}</ref> The following day, [[Ehsan Mani]] Chairman of the PCB, contradicted Ganguly's statement, saying that the venue has not been finalised.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/pcb-chief-contradicts-sourav-ganguly-says-asia-cup-venue-not-finalised-yet-report/story-rfBmasBHTZj9ToMLVy5mfP.html |title=PCB chief contradicts Sourav Ganguly, says Asia Cup venue not finalised yet: Report |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=29 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/asia-cup-2020-venue-yet-to-be-finalized-pcb-chief-ehsan-mani/ |title=Asia Cup 2020 venue yet to be finalized: PCB Chief Ehsan Mani |work=CricTracker |accessdate=29 February 2020}}</ref> Initially, The ACC was scheduled to meet on 3 March 2020 to discuss the location of the tournament,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/asian-cricket-council-will-decide-asia-cup-venue-on-march-3-pcb/articleshow/74418267.cms |title=Asian Cricket Council will decide Asia Cup venue on March 3: PCB |work=Times of India |accessdate=1 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/28-Feb-2020/discussions-expected-on-asia-t20-cup-in-dubai-next-week |title=Discussions expected on Asia T20 Cup in Dubai next week |work=The Nation |accessdate=29 February 2020}}</ref> but the meeting was moved back until the end of March due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/gangulys-acc-trip-put-off-due-to-coronavirus/articleshow/74430234.cms |title=Sourav Ganguly's Asian Cricket Council trip put off due to Coronavirus |work=Ahmedabad Mirror |accessdate=3 March 2020}}</ref> On 7 March, Mani said that the tournament would be played at a neutral venue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geosuper.tv/latest/4194-asia-cup-to-be-hosted-on-neutral-venue-ehsan-mani |title=Asia Cup 2020 to be hosted on neutral venue: Ehsan Mani |work=Geo TV |accessdate=15 March 2020}}</ref> The following month, he admitted that the tournament may not take place at all due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/sport/cricket/coronavirus-asia-cup-will-not-make-way-for-ipl-and-must-be-held-if-cricket-resumes-in-time-1.1006249 |title=Coronavirus: Asia Cup will not make way for IPL and 'must be held' if cricket resumes in time |work=The National |accessdate=15 April 2020}}</ref>

In June 2020, following a meeting with the ACC, the PCB said they would be willing to let Sri Lanka host the tournament,<ref>{{cite web |title=Asia Cup likely in Sri Lanka; PCB offers SLC to swap hosting rights |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/asia-cup-likely-in-sri-lanka-pcb-offers-slc-to-swap-hosting-rights-1224947 |accessdate=12 June 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> with India unwilling to travel to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketaddictor.com/cricket/sri-lanka-host-asia-cup-2020/ |title=Sri Lanka Cricket Offers To Host Asia Cup 2020 Edition |work=Cricket Addictor |accessdate=10 June 2020}}</ref> The ACC issued a press release following the meeting stating that "in light of the impact and consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, possible venue options for the Asia Cup 2020 were discussed and it was decided to take the final decision in due course".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/cricket/pakistan-gave-us-green-light-to-host-2020-asia-cup-slc-chief-shammi-silva-1.1591715801263 |title=Pakistan gave us green light to host 2020 Asia Cup: SLC chief Shammi Silva |work=Gulf News |accessdate=10 June 2020}}</ref> In July 2020, an official announcement of the postponement was made by the ACC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/cricket/news/asia-cup-2020-postponed-1927585 |title=Asia Cup 2020 postponed |work=The Daily Star |accessdate=9 July 2020}}</ref> In March 2021, the tournament was at risk of a further postponement after [[India national cricket team|India]] qualified for the final of the [[2019–21 ICC World Test Championship|World Test Championship]], which clashed with the proposed dates in June.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/news/asia-cup-to-be-postponed-if-india-reach-finals-of-world-test-championship-pcb/amp_articleshow/81256099.cms |title=Asia Cup to be postponed if India reach final of World Test Championship: PCB |work=Times of India |accessdate=28 February 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The [[2022 Asia Cup Qualification|qualifier tournament]] had been postponed in July 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/sport/cricket/no-home-asia-cup-for-uae-after-tournament-is-cancelled-due-to-coronavirus-pandemic-1.1046740 |title=No home Asia Cup for UAE after tournament is cancelled due to coronavirus pandemic |work=The National |accessdate=9 July 2020}}</ref> In May 2021, the ACC confirmed that there would be no Asia Cup in 2021, with that edition of the tournament deferred until 2023.<ref name="PR-May21">{{cite web|url=http://www.asiancricket.org/index.php/news/2021/3496 |title=2021 Edition of the Asia Cup to be postponed |work=Asian Cricket Council |access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref> In October 2021, following a meeting with the ACC, [[Ramiz Raja]] confirmed that Pakistan would host the following tournament in 2023, with Sri Lanka hosting the 2022 edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/sports/asia-cup-2023-to-be-played-in-pakistan-confirms-pcb-chief-ramiz-raja-421053 |title=Asia Cup 2023 to be played in Pakistan, confirms PCB chief Ramiz Raja |work=Wion News |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> A qualification tournament was played in August 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://czarsportzauto.com/2022-asia-cup-qualifier/ |title=2022 Men's Asia Cup qualifiers to take place in August |work=Czarsportz |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref>

On 17 July 2022, due to the [[2019–present Sri Lankan economic crisis|economic crisis in Sri Lanka]] and [[2022 Sri Lankan protests|mass protests across the country]], the Secretary of SLC Mohan de Silva stated that the tournament will be hosted in the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite news |title=Asia Cup "Likely" To Be Shifted To UAE: SLC Secretary Mohan de Silva |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/asia-cup-likely-to-be-shifted-to-uae-slc-secretary-mohan-de-silva-3165606 |access-date=17 July 2022 |work=NDTVSports.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Asia Cup 2022 likely to be moved from Sri Lanka to UAE |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/asia-cup-2022-likely-to-be-moved-from-sri-lanka-to-uae-1325150 |access-date=17 July 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Teams and qualifications==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Means of qualification
!Date
!Host
!Berths
!Qualified
|-
|ICC Full Member
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|style="text-align:center;" |5
|nowrap|{{cr|AFG}} {{cr|BAN}} {{cr|IND
}} {{cr|PAK}} {{cr|SL}}
|-
|[[2022 Asia Cup Qualification|Qualifier]]
|August 2022
|{{flagicon|OMA}} [[Oman]]
|style="text-align:center;" |1
|nowrap|{{cr|HK}}
|-
!Total
!
!
!6
!
|}

The qualifier tournament was contested in August 2022,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2692313 |title=New hosts confirmed for Asia Cup 2022 |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> by the [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE]] and [[Kuwait national cricket team|Kuwait]], who progressed from the [[2020 ACC Western Region T20]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finals: Dominant UAE decimates Kuwait in final, wins ACC T20 title undefeated |url=http://www.asiancricket.org/index.php/tournaments/acc-mens-western-region-2020/3480 |access-date=27 February 2020 |website=Asian Cricket Council}}</ref> as well as [[Singapore national cricket team|Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong national cricket team|Hong Kong]], who came through the [[2020 ACC Eastern Region T20]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Day 5: Singapore confirmed as champions and Hong Kong beat Malaysia to finish second |url=http://www.asiancricket.org/index.php/tournaments/acc-mens-eastern-region-2020/3488 |access-date=4 March 2020 |website=Asian Cricket Council}}</ref> Hong Kong qualified for the main event after a first-place finish in the qualifier.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2022/articles/000012/001246.shtml |title=Hong Kong qualify for Asia Cup |work=Cricket Europe |access-date=27 August 2022 |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824213947/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2022/articles/000012/001246.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! {{cr|AFG}}<ref name="afg">{{Cite web |title=Samiullah Shinwari returns for Afghanistan's Asia Cup campaign |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/samiullah-shinwari-included-in-afghanistans-17-man-squad-for-asia-cup-1329363 |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> (10)
! {{cr|BAN}}<ref name="bd">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shakib-al-hasan-bangladesh-captain-asia-cup-t20-world-cup-1329035 |title=Shakib Al Hasan named Bangladesh captain for Asia Cup and T20 World Cup | work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> (9)
! {{cr|HK}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hkcricket.org/news/hong-kong-qualify-for-the-asia-cup-2022 |title=Hong Kong Qualify for the Asia Cup 2022 |work=Cricket Hong Kong |access-date=26 August 2022}}</ref> (18)
! {{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/virat-kohli-returns-in-india-s-star-studded-asia-cup-2022-squad-jasprit-bumrah-and-harshal-patel-ruled-out-101659959873004.html |title=Virat Kohli returns in India's star-studded Asia Cup 2022 squad, Jasprit Bumrah and Harshal Patel ruled out | work=Hindustan Times |access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> (1)
! {{cr|PAK}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/pakistan-name-squads-for-netherlands-odis-and-t20-asia-cup.html |title=Pakistan name squads for Netherlands ODIs and T20 Asia Cup| work=Pakistan Cricket Board |access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref> (5)
! {{cr|SL}}<ref name="sl">{{cite web|url=https://srilankacricket.lk/2022/08/sri-lanka-squad-for-asia-cup-2022/ |title=Sri Lanka squad for Asia Cup 2022 |work=Sri Lanka Cricket |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref> (8)
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Mohammad Nabi]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Najibullah Zadran]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Fareed Ahmad (cricketer)|Fareed Ahmad]]
* [[Usman Ghani]]
* [[Noor Ahmad]]
* [[Rahmanullah Gurbaz]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Karim Janat]]
* [[Rashid Khan]]
* [[Azmatullah Omarzai]]
* [[Fazalhaq Farooqi]]
* [[Hashmatullah Shahidi]]
* [[Samiullah Shinwari]]
* [[Naveen-ul-Haq]]
* [[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]]
* [[Ibrahim Zadran]]
* [[Afsar Zazai]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Hazratullah Zazai]]
|
* [[Shakib Al Hasan]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Afif Hossain]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Nasum Ahmed]]
* [[Taskin Ahmed]]
* [[Parvez Hossain Emon]]
* [[Anamul Haque|Anamul Haque Bijoy]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mahedi Hasan]]
* [[Mehidy Hasan Miraz]]
* <s>[[Nurul Hasan (cricketer)|Nurul Hasan Sohan]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])</s>
* [[Ebadot Hossain]]
* [[Soumya Sarkar]]
* <s>[[Hasan Mahmud]]</s>
* [[Mahmudullah]]
* [[Mohammad Naim]]
* [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mustafizur Rahman]]
* [[Sabbir Rahman]]
* [[Mohammad Saifuddin]]
|
* [[Nizakat Khan]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Kinchit Shah]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Zeeshan Ali (cricketer)|Zeeshan Ali]]
* [[Haroon Arshad]]
* [[Mohammad Ghazanfar]]
* [[Babar Hayat]]
* [[Aftab Hussain]]
* Ateeq Iqbal
* [[Aizaz Khan]]
* [[Ehsan Khan (cricketer)|Ehsan Khan]]
* [[Scott McKechnie]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Yasim Murtaza]]
* Dhananjay Rao
* [[Wajid Shah]]
* [[Ayush Shukla]]
* Ahan Trivedi
* Mohammad Waheed
|
* [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[KL Rahul]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]], [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Ravi Bishnoi]]
* [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]
* [[Deepak Chahar]]
* [[Deepak Hooda]]
* <s>[[Ravindra Jadeja]]</s>
* [[Dinesh Karthik]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Avesh Khan]]
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[Hardik Pandya]]
* [[Rishabh Pant]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]]
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]]
|
* [[Babar Azam]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Shadab Khan]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* <s>[[Shaheen Afridi]]</s>
* [[Iftikhar Ahmed (cricketer)|Iftikhar Ahmed]]
* [[Asif Ali (cricketer, born 1991)|Asif Ali]]
* [[Haider Ali (cricketer)|Haider Ali]]
* [[Hasan Ali (cricketer)|Hasan Ali]]
* [[Shahnawaz Dahani]]
* [[Mohammad Hasnain]]
* [[Mohammad Nawaz (cricketer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]
* [[Usman Qadir]]
* [[Haris Rauf]]
* [[Mohammad Rizwan (cricketer)|Mohammad Rizwan]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Khushdil Shah]]
* [[Naseem Shah (cricketer)|Naseem Shah]]
* <s>[[Mohammad Wasim (cricketer, born 2001)|Mohammad Wasim]]</s>
* [[Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)|Fakhar Zaman]]
|
* [[Dasun Shanaka]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Charith Asalanka]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Ashen Bandara]]
* <s>[[Dushmantha Chameera]]</s>
* [[Dinesh Chandimal]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Dhananjaya de Silva]]
* [[Asitha Fernando]]
* <s>[[Binura Fernando]]</s>
* [[Nuwanidu Fernando]]
* [[Danushka Gunathilaka]]
* [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]
* [[Praveen Jayawickrama]]
* [[Chamika Karunaratne]]
* [[Pramod Madushan]]
* [[Dilshan Madushanka]]
* [[Kusal Mendis]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Pathum Nissanka]]
* [[Matheesha Pathirana]]
* [[Bhanuka Rajapaksa]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* <s>[[Kasun Rajitha]]</s>
* [[Maheesh Theekshana]]
* [[Nuwan Thushara]]
* [[Jeffrey Vandersay]]
|}

India also named [[Deepak Chahar]], [[Shreyas Iyer]] and [[Axar Patel]] as standby players.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/asia-cup-2022-virat-kohli-returns-to-india-s-t20i-squad-for-the-asia-cup-jasprit-bumrah-injured-1328127 |title=Virat Kohli returns to India's T20I squad for the Asia Cup; Jasprit Bumrah injured |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> The ACC extended the deadline for squad announcements from 8 August to 11 August 2022 following a request from the Bangladesh Cricket Board.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bdcrictime.com/acc-extends-team-announcement-deadline-on-bcbs-request |title=ACC extends team announcement deadlineon BCB's request | work=bdcrictime|access-date=7 August 2022}}</ref> Bangladesh also named [[Mrittunjoy Chowdhury]], [[Ripon Mondol]] and [[Soumya Sarkar]] as standby players.<ref name="bd" /> Afghanistan also named [[Qais Ahmad]], [[Sharafuddin Ashraf]] and [[Nijat Masood]] as reserve players.<ref name="afg" /> [[Binura Fernando]] and [[Kasun Rajitha]] were ruled out due to injury shortly after being named into the squad and were replaced by [[Asitha Fernando]] and [[Pramod Madushan]] respectively.<ref name="sl" /> On 20 August 2022, Pakistan bowler [[Shaheen Afridi]] was ruled out of the tournament due to a knee injury,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-asia-cup-2022-shaheen-afridi-ruled-out-with-knee-injury-1329956 |title=Shaheen Afridi ruled out of Asia Cup with knee injury |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref> and was replaced by [[Mohammad Hasnain]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hasnain replaces Shaheen in Pakistan's T20 squad for Asia Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/asia-cup-2022-mohammad-hasnain-replaces-shaheen-shah-afridi-in-pakistan-t20-squad-1330193 |access-date=22 August 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> On 22 August 2022, [[Nurul Hasan (cricketer)|Nurul Hasan]] and [[Hasan Mahmud]] were ruled out due to injuries and [[Mohammad Naim]] was added to the Bangladesh squad.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh include Mohammad Naim in Asia Cup squad |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/123558/bangladesh-include-mohammad-naim-in-asia-cup-squad |access-date=22 August 2022 |work=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref> On 26 August 2022, [[Mohammad Wasim (cricketer, born 2001)|Mohammad Wasim]] was ruled out due to side strain and [[Hasan Ali (cricketer)|Hasan Ali]] was named as his replacement.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 August 2022 |title=Wasim ruled out of Asia Cup, Hasan named as replacement |url=https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/wasim-ruled-out-of-asia-cup-hasan-named-as-replacement.html |website=[[Pakistan Cricket Board]]}}</ref> On 2 September 2022, [[Ravindra Jadeja]] was ruled out of the tournament due to a right knee injury,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/asia-cup-2022-india-ravindra-jadeja-ruled-out-with-knee-injury-axar-patel-named-as-replacement-1332107 |title=Jadeja out of Asia Cup with knee injury, Axar named as replacement |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref> with Axar Patel added to the Indian squad as his replacement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555920/axar-patel-replaces-ravindra-jadeja-in-asia-cup-squad |title=Axar Patel replaces Ravindra Jadeja in Asia Cup squad |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref>

==Venues==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="3"|United Arab Emirates
|-
! [[Dubai]]
! [[Sharjah]]
|-
| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]]
| [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]]
|-
| Coordinates: {{coord|25|2|48|N|55|13|8|E|}}
| Coordinates: {{coord|25|19|50.96|N|55|25|15.44|E|}}
|-
| Capacity: 25,000
| Capacity: 16,000
|-
|Matches: 9
|Matches: 4
|-
| [[File:Dubai Sports City Pak vs Aussies.jpg|200px]]
| [[File:SharjahCricket.JPG|200px]]
|-
|colspan="2"|{{Location map+|United Arab Emirates|caption=|float=center|width=300|places={{Location map~|United Arab Emirates|lat_deg=25|lat_min=2|lon_deg=55|lon_min=13|position=left|background=|label=[[Dubai]]}}{{Location map~|United Arab Emirates|lat_deg=25|lat_min=19|lon_deg=55|lon_min=25|position=left|background=|label=[[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]]}}
}}
|}

==Group stage==
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Gulf Standard Time]] ([[UTC+04:00]])}}
===Group A===
{{2022 Asia Cup Group A}}
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 August 2022
| time = 18:00
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 147 (19.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mohammad Rizwan (cricketer)|Mohammad Rizwan]] 43 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 4/26 (4 overs)
| score2 = 148/5 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 35 (29)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Nawaz (cricketer)|Mohammad Nawaz]] 3/33 (3.4 overs)
| result = India won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327270.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL) and [[Masudur Rahman]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Hardik Pandya]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Naseem Shah (cricketer)|Naseem Shah]] (Pak) made his T20I debut.
* [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) played in his 100th T20I, becoming the first Indian and second cricketer overall to play in 100 matches in all three formats of international cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/virat-kohli-plays-his-100th-t20i-a-century-in-all-formats-1331200 |title=A century in all formats for Virat Kohli |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 31 August 2022
| time = 18:00
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|HK}}
| score1 = 192/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 68[[not out|*]] (26)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammad Ghazanfar]] 1/19 (2 overs)
| score2 = 152/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Babar Hayat]] 41 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 1/15 (3 overs)
| result = India won by 40 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327272.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak) and [[Gazi Sohel]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (Ind)
| toss = Hong Kong won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = This was the first time India and Hong Kong faced each other in T20Is.
* India qualified for Super four as the result of match.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 September 2022
| time = 18:00
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|HK}}
| score1 = 193/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mohammad Rizwan (cricketer)|Mohammad Rizwan]] 78[[not out|*]] (57)
| wickets1 = [[Ehsan Khan (cricketer)|Ehsan Khan]] 2/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 38 (10.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nizakat Khan]] 8 (13)
| wickets2 = [[Shadab Khan]] 4/8 (2.4 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 155 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327274.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
| umpires = [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL) and [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)
| motm = [[Mohammad Rizwan (cricketer)|Mohammad Rizwan]] (Pak)
| toss = Hong Kong won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = In terms of runs, this was Pakistan's [[List of Pakistan Twenty20 International cricket records#Greatest win margins (by runs)|largest winning margin in T20Is]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Cricket Team Records & Stats {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?class=3&id=7&type=team |access-date=2022-09-02 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* This was Hong Kong's lowest score in T20Is.
* Pakistan qualified for super four and Hong Kong eliminated as the result of match.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shadab Khan and Mohammad Nawaz send Hong Kong hurtling to new T20I low |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2022-1327237/hong-kong-vs-pakistan-6th-match-group-a-1327274/match-report |access-date=2022-09-02 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
}}

===Group B===
{{2022 Asia Cup Group B}}
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 August 2022
| time = 18:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|AFG}}
| score1 = 105 (19.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Bhanuka Rajapaksa]] 38 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Fazalhaq Farooqi]] 3/11 (3.4 overs)
| score2 = 106/2 (10.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahmanullah Gurbaz]] 40 (18)
| wickets2 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 1/19 (3 overs)
| result = Afghanistan won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327269.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Fazalhaq Farooqi]] (Afg)
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Dilshan Madushanka]] and [[Matheesha Pathirana]] (SL) both made their T20I debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 August 2022
| time = 18:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|AFG}}
| score1 = 127/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mosaddek Hossain]] 48[[not out|*]] (31)
| wickets1 = [[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]] 3/16 (4 overs)
| score2 = 131/3 (18.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Najibullah Zadran]] 43[[not out|*]] (17)
| wickets2 = [[Mosaddek Hossain]] 1/12 (2.3 overs)
| result = Afghanistan won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327271.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Asif Yaqoob]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]] (Afg)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] (Ban) played in his 100th T20I.
* Afghanistan qualified for super four as the result of the match.
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/shakib-al-hasan-100-t20-ban-vs-afg-asia-cup-2022-bangladesh-afghanistan/article65829718.ece|title=Shakib Al Hasan to play 100th T20I today; top all-rounder with a fiery streak|work=Sportstar|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 September 2022
| time = 18:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 183/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Afif Hossain]] 39 (22)
| wickets1 = [[Chamika Karunaratne]] 2/32 (4 overs)
| score2 = 184/8 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kusal Mendis]] 60 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Ebadot Hossain]] 3/51 (4 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 2 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327273.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Ahmed Shah Pakteen]] (Afg)
| motm = [[Kusal Mendis]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Ebadot Hossain]] (Ban) and [[Asitha Fernando]] (SL) both made their T20I debuts.
* Sri Lanka qualified for super four and Bangladesh eliminated as the result of the match.
}}

==Super Four==
{{2022 Asia Cup Super Four}}
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 September 2022
| time = 18:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 175/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rahmanullah Gurbaz]] 84 (45)
| wickets1 = [[Dilshan Madushanka]] 2/37 (4 overs)
| score2 = 179/6 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kusal Mendis]] 36 (19)
| wickets2 = [[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]] 2/30 (4 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327275.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
| umpires = [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak) and [[Gazi Sohel]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Rahmanullah Gurbaz]] (Afg)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 September 2022
| time = 18:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| score1 = 181/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 60 (44)
| wickets1 = [[Shadab Khan]] 2/31 (4 overs)
| score2 = 182/5 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mohammad Rizwan (cricketer)|Mohammad Rizwan]] 71 (51)
| wickets2 = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] 1/26 (4 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327276.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Masudur Rahman]] (Ban) and [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)
| motm = [[Mohammad Nawaz (cricketer)|Mohammad Nawaz]] (Pak)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 September 2022
| time = 18:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 173/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 72 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Dilshan Madushanka]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| score2 = 174/4 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kusal Mendis]] 57 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 3/34 (4 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327277.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak) and [[Bismillah Jan Shinwari]] (Afg)
| motm = [[Dasun Shanaka]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Sri Lanka qualified for the final as the result of the match.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 September 2022
| time = 18:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG}}
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| score1 = 129/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ibrahim Zadran]] 35 (37)
| wickets1 = [[Haris Rauf]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| score2 = 131/9 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shadab Khan]] 36 (26)
| wickets2 = [[Fazalhaq Farooqi]] 3/31 (3.2 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 1 wicket
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327278.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shadab Khan]] (Pak)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Mohammad Nabi]] (Afg) played in his 100th T20I.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 September 2022 |title=Mohammad Nabi completes 100 T20I matches for Afghanistan vs Pakistan in Asia Cup 2022 |url=https://www.nbsnews.in/mohammad-nabi-completes-100-t20i-matches-for-afghanistan-vs-pakistan-in-asia-cup-2022/ |website=nbsnews.in |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172350/https://www.nbsnews.in/mohammad-nabi-completes-100-t20i-matches-for-afghanistan-vs-pakistan-in-asia-cup-2022/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Pakistan qualified for the final , Afghanistan and India were eliminated as the result of the match.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 September 2022
| time = 18:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AFG}}
| score1 = 212/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 122[[not out|*]] (61)
| wickets1 = [[Fareed Ahmad (cricketer)|Fareed Ahmad]] 2/57 (4 overs)
| score2 = 111/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ibrahim Zadran]] 64[[not out|*]] (59)
| wickets2 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 5/4 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 101 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327279.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL) and [[Asif Yaqoob]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind)
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) scored his [[List of centuries in Twenty20 International cricket|first century in T20Is]] and made a new record for the highest T20I score for India (surpassed by [[Shubman Gill]] with 126* against [[Sri Lanka]] in 2023) .<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 September 2022 |title=Virat Kohli slams first international hundred in nearly three years |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2786336 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> He also scored his [[List of international cricket centuries by Virat Kohli|71st century]] in international cricket,<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 September 2022 |title=Virat Kohli Equals Ricky Ponting's 71 Career Centuries; Only Behind Sachin Tendulkar in All-time List|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/virat-kohli-equals-ricky-pontings-71-career-centuries-only-behind-sachin-tendulkar-in-all-time-list-5918407.html |work=News18}}</ref> and equalled [[Ricky Ponting]]'s record of the second-most centuries scored across formats in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 September 2022 |title=Virat Kohli’s 71st international hundred: List of all records broken |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/virat-kohli-71st-hundred-records-broken-t20i-century-india-vs-afghanistan-asia-cup-2022/article65867404.ece |work=SportStar}}</ref> Kohli also became the fourth Indian after [[Suresh Raina]], [[Rohit Sharma]] and [[KL Rahul]] to score 100s in all three formats.
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] took his second five-for in T20Is, becoming the first Indian to do so.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 September 2022
| time = 18:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 121 (19.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Babar Azam]] 30 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 3/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 124/5 (17 overs)
| runs2 = [[Pathum Nissanka]] 55[[not out|*]] (48)
| wickets2 = [[Haris Rauf]] 2/19 (3 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327280.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Ahmed Shah Pakteen]] (Afg)
| motm = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Pramod Madushan]] (SL) made his T20I debut.
}}

==Final==
{{main|2022 Asia Cup Final}}
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 September 2022
| time = 18:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| score1 = 170/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Bhanuka Rajapaksa]] 71[[not out|*]] (45)
| wickets1 = [[Haris Rauf]] 3/29 (4 overs)
| score2 = 147 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mohammad Rizwan (cricketer)|Mohammad Rizwan]] 55 (49)
| wickets2 = [[Pramod Madushan]] 4/34 (4 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 23 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1327281.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Masudur Rahman]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Bhanuka Rajapaksa]] (SL)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Statistics==
===Most runs===
The top five highest run scorers (total runs) in the tournament are included in this table.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=14846;type=tournament |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN |title= Asia Cup 2022 — Most Runs — Records |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre;"
|-
! Player || [[Innings#Cricket |Innings]]
!NO
![[Run (cricket)|Runs]]|| [[Batting average (cricket)| Average]] || SR || HS
!100
!50
!4s
!6s
|- style="background:gold;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{cricon|PAK}} [[Mohammad Rizwan (cricketer)|Mohammad Rizwan]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| style="text-align:center;" |1
| style="text-align:center;" |'''281'''
|56.20 || 117.57 || 78[[not out|*]]
| style="text-align:center;" |0
| style="text-align:center;" |3
| style="text-align:center;" |21
| style="text-align:center;" |6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{cricon|IND}} [[Virat Kohli]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| style="text-align:center;" |2
| style="text-align:center;" |'''276'''
|92.00 || 147.59 || 122[[not out|*]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1
| style="text-align:center;" |2
| style="text-align:center;" |20
| style="text-align:center;" |11
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{cricon|AFG}} [[Ibrahim Zadran]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| style="text-align:center;" |2
| style="text-align:center;" |'''196'''
|65.33 || 104.25 || 64[[not out|*]]
| style="text-align:center;" |0
| style="text-align:center;" |1
| style="text-align:center;" |14
| style="text-align:center;" |4
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{cricon|SL}} [[Bhanuka Rajapaksa]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| style="text-align:center;" |2
| style="text-align:center;" |'''191'''
|47.75 || 149.21 || 71[[not out|*]]
| style="text-align:center;" |0
| style="text-align:center;" |1
| style="text-align:center;" |15
| style="text-align:center;" |9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{cricon|SL}} [[Pathum Nissanka]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| style="text-align:center;" |1
| style="text-align:center;" |'''173'''
|34.60 || 115.33 || 55[[not out|*]]
| style="text-align:center;" |0
| style="text-align:center;" |2
| style="text-align:center;" |15
| style="text-align:center;" |5
|}

===Most wickets===
The top five wicket-takers in the tournament are included in this table.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=14846;type=tournament |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN |title=Asia Cup 2022 — Most Wickets — Records |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre;"
|-
! Player || [[Innings#cricket |Innings]]
![[Wicket|Wickets]]
![[Run (cricket)|Runs]]||Overs || BBI || Econ.
![[Bowling average|Ave.]]
!5WI
|- style="background:gold;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{cricon|IND}} [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| style="text-align:center;" |'''11'''
| style="text-align:center;" |115
| style="text-align:center;" |19.0 ||5/4 || 6.05
| style="text-align:center;" |10.45
| style="text-align:center;" |1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{cricon|SL}} [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| style="text-align:center;" |'''9'''
| style="text-align:center;" |170
| style="text-align:center;" |23.0 ||3/21 || 7.39
| style="text-align:center;" |18.88
| style="text-align:center;" |0
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{cricon|PAK}} [[Mohammad Nawaz (cricketer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| style="text-align:center;" |'''8'''
| style="text-align:center;" |110
| style="text-align:center;" |18.4 ||3/5 || 5.89
| style="text-align:center;" |13.75
| style="text-align:center;" |0
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{cricon|PAK}} [[Shadab Khan]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| style="text-align:center;" |'''8'''
| style="text-align:center;" |113
| style="text-align:center;" |18.4 ||4/8 || 6.05
| style="text-align:center;" |14.12
| style="text-align:center;" |0
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{cricon|PAK}} [[Haris Rauf]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| style="text-align:center;" |'''8'''
| style="text-align:center;" |153
| style="text-align:center;" |20.0 ||3/29 || 7.65
| style="text-align:center;" |19.12
| style="text-align:center;" |0
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/men-s-twenty20-asia-cup-2022-1327237 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{Asia Cup}}
{{International cricket in 2022}}

[[Category:Asia Cup]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2022]]

[[Category:Cricket events postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic|Asia Cup]]
[[Category:August 2022 sports events in Asia|Asia Cup]]
[[Category:September 2022 sports events in Asia|Asia Cup]]

2018 Asia Cup

2023-09-20T12:25:04Z

Subrata: /* Statistics */ Removed link to deleted article.

{{Short description|Cricket tournament in the United Arab Emirates}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2018 Asia Cup
| image = Asia Cup 2018 Logo.jpg
| fromdate = 16 September
| todate = 28 September
| administrator = [[Asian Cricket Council]]
| cricket format =[[One Day International]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host = {{flagicon|UAE}} [[United Arab Emirates]]
| champions = {{cr|IND}}
| count = 7
| runner up = {{cr|BAN}}
| player of the series = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
| most runs = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (342)
| most wickets = {{flagicon|AFG|2013}} [[Rashid Khan]] (10) {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Mustafizur Rahman]] (10) {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (10)
| participants = 6
| matches = 13
| previous_year = 2016
| previous_tournament = 2016 Asia Cup
| next_year = 2022
| next_tournament = 2022 Asia Cup
}}

The '''2018 Asia Cup''' (also known as '''Unimoni Asia Cup''' for sponsorship reasons)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportbusiness.com/sport-news/unimoni-title-sponsor-uaes-asia-cup|title=Unimoni to title sponsor UAE's Asia Cup|date=15 August 2018|work=SportBusiness Group|access-date=27 August 2018|language=en}}</ref> was a [[One-Day International]] (ODI) [[cricket]] tournament that was held in the [[United Arab Emirates]] in September 2018.<ref name="UAE">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1142882.html |title=2018 Asia Cup moved from India to UAE |access-date=10 April 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> It was the 14th edition of the [[Asia Cup]] and the third time the tournament was played in the United Arab Emirates, after the [[1984 Asia Cup|1984]] and [[1995 Asia Cup|1995]] tournaments. [[India national cricket team|India]] were the defending champions,<ref name="champs">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/661607 |title=India to host Asia Cup 2018 in UAE |access-date=10 April 2018 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> and retained their title, after beating Bangladesh by three wickets in the final.<ref name="Winner">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/864025 |title=India creep home in final-over thriller to defend Asia Cup title |access-date=28 September 2018 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

The five [[Asian Cricket Council#Full members|full members]] of the [[Asian Cricket Council]] took part in the tournament: [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]], [[India national cricket team|India]], [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]. They were joined by [[Hong Kong national cricket team|Hong Kong]], who won the [[2018 Asia Cup Qualifier]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/845119 |title=Hong Kong hold their nerve to clinch Asia Cup berth |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=6 September 2018}}</ref> Hong Kong had lost their ODI status after finishing tenth in the [[2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]] in March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8038/report/1133023/hong-kong-vs-papua-new-guinea-27th-match-9th-place-play-off-icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2017-18 |title=Norman Vanua, Charles Amini help PNG defend 200 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=9 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24679878/asia-cup-participation-highlights-ironies-hong-kong-odi-existence |title=Asia Cup participation highlights the ironies of Hong Kong's ODI existence |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref> However, on 9 September 2018, the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) awarded ODI status to all matches in the tournament.<ref name="ODIStatus">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/846145 |title=ICC awards Asia Cup ODI status |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=9 September 2018 }}</ref>

==Background==
Originally, the tournament was scheduled to be played in India.<ref name="Fixtures">{{cite web |url=http://icc-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/media/about_docs/547c2a4d42a86-Copy%20of%20Copy%20of%20FTP%202015%20to%202019%20as%20at%20Nov%202014.pdf |title=Future Tours Programme |access-date=24 August 2017 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref><ref name="dates">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21746867/ipl-now-window-icc-future-tours-programme |title=IPL now has window in ICC Future Tours Programme |access-date=12 December 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> It was moved to the United Arab Emirates, following ongoing political tensions between India and Pakistan.<ref name="UAE"/>

On 29 October 2015, following the [[Asian Cricket Council]] (ACC) meeting in [[Singapore]], the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) secretary stated that the 2018 edition of the tournament would be held in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/2016-Asia-Cup-in-Bangladesh-2018-in-India-Thakur/articleshow/49583171.cms|title=2016 Asia Cup in Bangladesh, 2018 in India: Thakur|work=The Times of India}}</ref> In August 2017, the BCCI sought government clearance to host the tournament, after the [[2017 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup]] was moved to Malaysia.<ref name="Aug17">{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/bcci-to-seek-government-clearance-to-host-2018-asia-cup-in-india-after-losing-rights-for-u-19-event-3942561.html |title=BCCI to seek government clearance to host 2018 Asia Cup in India after losing rights for U-19 event |access-date=24 August 2017 |work=FirstPost}}</ref> In April 2018, [[Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], the Crown Prince of [[Abu Dhabi]], asked if the BCCI and ACC would consider hosting the tournament in Abu Dhabi, in a bid to ensure Pakistan's participation.<ref name="Nahyan">{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/cricket/uae-sheikh-asks-bcci-acc-to-stage-asia-cup-in-the-gulf/articleshow/63651670.cms |title=UAE Sheikh asks BCCI, ACC to stage Asia Cup in the Gulf |access-date=9 April 2018 |work=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>

Pakistan were scheduled to host the [[2018 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup]] ahead of the tournament in April.<ref name="Pakistan">{{cite web |url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/pakistan-to-host-emerging-asia-cup-in-2018/275977 |title=Pakistan to host Emerging Asia Cup in 2018 |access-date=30 October 2017 |work=Wisden India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029164245/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/pakistan-to-host-emerging-asia-cup-in-2018/275977 |archive-date=29 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> With the announcement that the Asia Cup would be played in the United Arab Emirates, the Emerging Teams Asia Cup was moved to December 2018, with Sri Lanka co-hosting the tournament with Pakistan.<ref name="UAE"/>

==Format==
The schedule and format of the tournament was announced on 24 July 2018, with the six teams split into two groups of three.<ref name="TOI">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/news/asia-cup-2018-no-break-for-india-in-group-stage-will-face-qualifier-and-pakistan-on-consecutive-days/articleshow/65122993.cms |title=Asia Cup 2018: No break for India in group stage; will face qualifier and Pakistan on consecutive days |work=Times Of India |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> The top two teams from each of the groups progressed to the Super Four section of the tournament.<ref name="TOI"/> From there, the top two teams of the Super Four section played each other in the final.<ref name="TOI"/> Initially, the team that finishes second in Group A were scheduled to play their first Super Four game in Abu Dhabi. However, India would be based in Dubai, irrespective of where they finish in the pool.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24721861/sarfraz-ahmed-miffed-skewed-asia-cup-scheduling |title=Sarfraz miffed by skewed Asia Cup scheduling |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref> On 19 September 2018, the [[Asian Cricket Council]] (ACC) revised the schedule for the Super Four section<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/211665-acc-releases-new-schedule-for-super-four-stage-of-asia-cup |title=ACC releases new schedule for Super Four stage of Asia Cup |work=Geo TV |access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref> The captains of Bangladesh and Pakistan were both critical of the ACC's new schedule.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/asia-cup-2018-sarfraz-mortaza-unhappy-with-super-fours-schedule-1882607.html |title=Sarfraz, Mortaza Unhappy With Super Fours Schedule |work=News18 |access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/asia-cup-2018/news/even-mad-person-would-be-upset-says-mash-fixture-change-1635946 |title=Even a mad person would be upset, says Mash on fixture change |work=The Daily Star |access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref>

==Teams==
* {{cr|AFG|2013}}, ICC Full Member
* {{cr|BAN}}, ICC Full Member
* {{cr|IND}}, ICC Full Member
* {{cr|PAK}}, ICC Full Member
* {{cr|SL}}, ICC Full Member
* {{cr|HK}}, [[2018 Asia Cup Qualifier]]

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; margin:auto"
|-
! {{cr|AFG|2013}}<ref name="AfgSquad">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24553340/afghanistan-pick-four-spinners-asia-cup |title=Afghanistan pick four spinners for Asia Cup |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref> (12)
! {{cr|BAN}}<ref name="BanSquad">{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/838744 |title=Mohammad Mithun, Ariful Haque in Bangladesh squad for Asia Cup 2018 |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref> (11)
! {{cr|HK}}<ref name="HKSquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.hkcricket.org/en/media/news/anshuman-rath-to-lead-hong-kong-into-the-2018-unimoni-asia-cup |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910131513/http://www.hkcricket.org/en/media/news/anshuman-rath-to-lead-hong-kong-into-the-2018-unimoni-asia-cup |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2018 |title=Anshuman Rath to lead Hong Kong into the 2018 Unimoni Asia Cup |work=Hong Kong Cricket |access-date=10 September 2018 }}</ref> (19)
! {{cr|IND}}<ref name="IndSquad">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24541558/india-rest-virat-kohli-asia-cup-rahul-sharma-lead-uncapped-khaleel-ahmed-called-up |title=India rest Virat Kohli for Asia Cup, Rohit Sharma to lead; uncapped Khaleel Ahmed called up |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 September 2018}}</ref> (1)
! {{cr|PAK}}<ref name="PakSquad">{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/844507 |title=Shaheen Afridi included in Pakistan squad for Asia Cup 2018 |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=4 September 2018}}</ref> (8)
! {{cr|SL}}<ref name="SLSquad">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24542849/lasith-malinga-recalled-asia-cup |title=Lasith Malinga recalled for Asia Cup |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 September 2018}}</ref> (3)
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Asghar Afghan]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Javed Ahmadi]]
* [[Munir Ahmad]]
* [[Yamin Ahmadzai]]
* [[Aftab Alam (cricketer)|Aftab Alam]]
* [[Ihsanullah]]
* [[Rashid Khan]]
* <s>[[Wafadar Momand]]</s>
* [[Mohammad Nabi]]
* [[Gulbadin Naib]]
* [[Rahmat Shah]]
* [[Hashmatullah Shahidi]]
* [[Mohammad Shahzad]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Samiullah Shinwari]]
* [[Sayed Shirzad]]
* [[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]]
* [[Najibullah Zadran]]
|
* [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Shakib Al Hasan]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Litton Das]]
* [[Ariful Haque]]
* [[Mominul Haque]]
* [[Abu Hider]]
* [[Rubel Hossain]]
* [[Tamim Iqbal]]
* [[Nazmul Islam]]
* [[Imrul Kayes]]
* [[Mahmudullah]]
* [[Mehedi Hasan|Mehidy Hasan Miraz]]
* [[Mohammad Mithun]]
* [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mustafizur Rahman]]
* [[Mosaddek Hossain]]
* [[Soumya Sarkar]]
* [[Najmul Hossain Shanto]]
|
* [[Anshuman Rath]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Tanwir Afzal]]
* [[Nadeem Ahmed]]
* [[Tanveer Ahmed (cricketer)|Tanveer Ahmed]]
* [[Haroon Arshad]]
* [[Christopher Carter (cricketer)|Christopher Carter]]
* [[Babar Hayat]]
* [[Aftab Hussain]]
* [[Raag Kapur]]
* [[Aizaz Khan]]
* [[Ehsan Khan (cricketer)|Ehsan Khan]]
* [[Nizakat Khan]]
* [[Waqas Khan]]
* [[Cameron McAuslan]]
*[[Scott McKechnie]]
* [[Ehsan Nawaz]]
* [[Kinchit Shah]]
|
* [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Khaleel Ahmed]]
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
* [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]
* [[Deepak Chahar]]
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])<ref name="Rohit" group="n">[[MS Dhoni]] captained India in last match against [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] in Super 4 stage.</ref>
* [[Kedar Jadhav]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Dinesh Karthik]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Siddarth Kaul]]
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[KL Rahul]]
* [[Manish Pandey]]
* [[Ambati Rayudu]]
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
* [[Hardik Pandya|<s>Hardik Pandya</s>]]
* <s>[[Axar Patel]]</s>
* [[Shardul Thakur|<s>Shardul Thakur</s>]]
|
* [[Sarfaraz Ahmed]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]], [[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Shaheen Afridi]]
* [[Asif Ali (cricketer, born 1991)|Asif Ali]]
* [[Hasan Ali (cricketer)|Hasan Ali]]
* [[Mohammad Amir]]
* [[Faheem Ashraf]]
* [[Babar Azam]]
* [[Junaid Khan (cricketer)|Junaid Khan]]
* [[Shadab Khan]]
* [[Usman Khan Shinwari|Usman Khan]]
* [[Shoaib Malik]]
* [[Shan Masood]]
* [[Mohammad Nawaz (cricketer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]
* [[Haris Sohail]]
* [[Imam-ul-Haq]]
* [[Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)|Fakhar Zaman]]
|
* [[Angelo Mathews]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Amila Aponso]]
* [[Dushmantha Chameera]]
* <s>[[Dinesh Chandimal]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])</s>
* [[Akila Dananjaya]]
* [[Niroshan Dickwella]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* <s>[[Danushka Gunathilaka]]</s>
* [[Shehan Jayasuriya]]
* [[Suranga Lakmal]]
* [[Lasith Malinga]]
* [[Kusal Mendis]]
* [[Dilruwan Perera]]
* [[Kusal Perera]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Thisara Perera]]
* [[Kasun Rajitha]]
* [[Dasun Shanaka]]
* [[Dhananjaya de Silva]]
* [[Upul Tharanga]]
|}

Before the start of the tournament, [[Wafadar Momand]] was ruled out of Afghanistan's squad due to injury and was replaced by [[Yamin Ahmadzai]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricket.af/acb-news-info/680 |title=Wafadar ruled out of Asia Cup |work=Afghanistan Cricket Board |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225011836/http://www.cricket.af/acb-news-info/680%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Mominul Haque]] was added to Bangladesh's squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tigercricket.com.bd/2018/09/06/asia-cup-uae-2018-mominul-haque-included-in-bangladesh-squad/ |title=Asia cup UAE 2018: Mominul Haque included in Bangladesh Squad |work=Bangladesh Cricket Board |access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref> [[Dinesh Chandimal]] and [[Danushka Gunathilaka]] were ruled out of Sri Lanka's squad due to injury. They were replaced by [[Niroshan Dickwella]] and [[Shehan Jayasuriya]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/846449 |title=Dinesh Chandimal ruled out of Asia Cup |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=10 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/847998 |title=Shehan Jayasuriya replaces injured Danushka gunathilaka in Sri Lanka's Asia Cup squad |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref> Bangladesh's [[Tamim Iqbal]] suffered a wrist injury in the opening match and was ruled out of the rest of the tournament.<ref name="Tamim">{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/849556 |title=Tamim Iqbal ruled out of Asia Cup |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-07 |title=Terms and Conditions for the Use of the Bookmaker's Services |url=https://betvisabd.net/terms-and-conditions/ |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=betvisabd.net |language=en-US}}</ref>

After the conclusion of the India-Pakistan match in the group stage, [[Hardik Pandya]], [[Axar Patel]], and [[Shardul Thakur]] were all ruled out of India's squad for the rest of the tournament due to injuries. They were replaced by [[Ravindra Jadeja]], [[Deepak Chahar]], and [[Siddarth Kaul]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24739225/hardik-pandya-axar-patel-shardul-thakur-all-asia-cup-injury |title=Hardik, Axar, Shardul all out of Asia Cup with injury |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref> At the Super Four stage of the tournament, [[Soumya Sarkar]] and [[Imrul Kayes]] were added to Bangladesh's squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24753981/soumya-sarkar,-imrul-kayes-added-bangladesh-asia-cup-squad |title=Soumya Sarkar, Imrul Kayes added to Bangladesh's Asia Cup squad |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 September 2018}}</ref> [[Shakib Al Hasan]] was ruled out of Bangladesh's final Super Four match, and the rest of the tournament, due to an injury he initially sustained in January 2018, during the [[2017–18 Bangladesh Tri-Nation Series#Final|final]] of the [[2017–18 Bangladesh Tri-Nation Series|Bangladesh Tri-Nation Series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24802439/injured-shakib-al-hasan-flies-home-being-ruled-asia-cup |title=Injured Shakib Al Hasan flies home after being ruled out of Asia Cup |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=26 September 2018}}</ref>

==Match officials==
The ICC appointed the following [[Umpire (cricket)|umpires]] and [[match referee]]s for all thirteen matches. Six match officiating umpires were from participating countries of the [[Asia Cup]] who are the members of [[International Panel of Umpires and Referees|ICC International Panel of Umpires]], four umpires were from neutral countries, while the remaining two umpires belonged to the [[Elite Panel of ICC Umpires]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/cricket/match-officials/umpire-appointments|title=ICC Umpire Appointments for Asia Cup 2018| work= International Cricket Council |access-date=21 September 2018}}</ref>

; Match Referees
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[David Boon]]
* {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Andy Pycroft]]

{{col-begin}}
{{col-1-of-2}}
; Umpires from participating nations
* {{flagicon|AFG|2013}} [[Ahmed Shah Pakteen]]
* {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Anisur Rahman (cricketer)|Anisur Rahman]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nitin Menon]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]]
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Ahsan Raza]]
* {{flagicon|SL}} [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]]
{{col-2-of-2}}
; Umpires from neutral countries
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Rod Tucker]]
* {{flagicon|SA}} [[Marais Erasmus]]
* {{flagicon|SA}} [[Shaun George (cricketer)|Shaun George]]
* {{flagicon|WIN}} [[Gregory Brathwaite]]
{{col-end}}

==Venues==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:0 auto"
|-
! colspan="2" | United Arab Emirates
|-
! style="width:30%" | [[Dubai]]
! style="width:34%" | [[Abu Dhabi]]
|-
| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]]
| [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]]
|-
| Coordinates: {{coord|25|2|48|N|55|13|8|E|}}
| Coordinates: {{coord|24|23|47|N|54|32|26|E}}
|-
| Capacity: 25,000
| Capacity: 20,000
|-
|Matches: 8
|Matches: 5
|-
| [[File:Dubai Sports City Pak vs Aussies.jpg|200px]]
| [[File:Pakvind123.JPG|200px]]
|}

==Group stage==
[[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] faced [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] in the opening game of the tournament at the [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]].<ref name="SchICC">{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/788518|title=Asia Cup 2018 Revealed: Asia Cup Schedule |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> It was Bangladesh's first match in the United Arab Emirates since April 1995, when they faced [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in the [[1995 Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8532/preview/1153243/bangladesh-vs-sri-lanka-1st-match-group-b-asia-cup |title=Akila, Chandimal absence gives slight edge to Bangladesh |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref>

In Group B, Sri Lanka were eliminated from the tournament, after losing both of their matches. Therefore [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] and Bangladesh progressed to the Super Four section of the competition.<ref name="AfgSL">{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/852628 |title=Afghanistan knock Sri Lanka out of the Asia Cup |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=17 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1159673.html |title=Rahmat, spinners knock Sri Lanka out of Asia Cup |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 September 2018}}</ref> In Group A, [[Hong Kong national cricket team|Hong Kong]] also lost both of their matches, meaning that [[India national cricket team|India]] and Pakistan progressed to the Super Fours.<ref name="HKInd">{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/853271 |title=Hong Kong give India a scare, but Dhawan century proves just enough |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=18 September 2018}}</ref>

===Group A===
{{2018 Asia Cup Group A}}
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 September 2018
| time = 15:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|HK}}
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| score1 = 116 (37.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aizaz Khan]] 27 (47)
| wickets1 = [[Usman Khan Shinwari|Usman Khan]] 3/19 (7.3 overs)
| score2 = 120/2 (23.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Imam-ul-Haq]] 50[[not out|*]] (69)
| wickets2 = [[Ehsan Khan (cricketer)|Ehsan Khan]] 2/34 (8 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153244.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Shaun George (cricketer)|Shaun George]] (SA) and [[Ahmed Shah Pakteen]] (Afg)
| motm = [[Usman Khan Shinwari|Usman Khan]] (Pak)
| toss = Hong Kong won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Babar Azam]] (Pak) became the joint second-fastest, in terms of innings, to reach 2,000 runs in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/104087/asia-cup-2018-red-hot-pakistan-swat-hong-kong-aside |title=Red-hot Pakistan swat Hong Kong aside |work=CricBuzz |access-date=16 September 2018}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 September 2018
| time = 15:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|HK}}
| score1 = 285/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 127 (120)
| wickets1 = [[Kinchit Shah]] 3/39 (9 overs)
| score2 = 259/8 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nizakat Khan]] 92 (115)
| wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 3/46 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 26 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153246.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Anisur Rahman (cricketer)|Anisur Rahman]] (Ban) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (Ind)
| toss = Hong Kong won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Khaleel Ahmed]] (Ind) made his ODI debut.
* [[Nizakat Khan]] and [[Anshuman Rath]] made the highest ever partnership for Hong Kong in ODIs (174).<ref name="HKInd"/>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 September 2018
| time = 15:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 162 (43.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Babar Azam]] 47 (62)
| wickets1 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 3/15 (7 overs)
| score2 = 164/2 (29 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 52 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Shadab Khan]] 1/6 (1.3 overs)
| result = India won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153247.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL)
| motm = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] (Ind)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = This was India's biggest win, in terms of balls remaining, against Pakistan in ODIs (126).<ref name="PakInd">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8532/report/1153247/india-vs-pakistan-5th-match-group-asia-cup |title=Bhuvneshwar, Jadhav's three-wicket hauls set up easy win for India |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref>
}}

===Group B===
{{2018 Asia Cup Group B}}
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 September 2018
| time = 15:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 261 (49.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] 144 (150)
| wickets1 = [[Lasith Malinga]] 4/23 (10 overs)
| score2 = 124 (35.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dilruwan Perera]] 29 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Mustafizur Rahman]] 2/20 (6 overs)
| result = Bangladesh won by 137 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153243.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] (Ban)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = This was Sri Lanka's lowest total against Bangladesh in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24692719/stats-bangladesh-pull-their-biggest-odi-win-away-home |title=Bangladesh pull off their biggest ODI win away from home |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=16 September 2018}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 September 2018
| time = 15:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG|2013}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 249 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rahmat Shah]] 72 (90)
| wickets1 = [[Thisara Perera]] 5/55 (9 overs)
| score2 = 158 (41.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Upul Tharanga]] 36 (64)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 2/26 (7.2 overs)
| result = Afghanistan won by 91 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153245.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Rahmat Shah]] (Afg)
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = This was Sri Lanka's first loss against Afghanistan in ODIs.<ref name="AfgSL"/>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 September 2018
| time = 15:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG|2013}}
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| score1 = 255/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hashmatullah Shahidi]] 58 (92)
| wickets1 = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] 4/42 (10 overs)
| score2 = 119 (42.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] 32 (55)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 2/13 (9 over)
| result = Afghanistan won by 136 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153248.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Rashid Khan]] (Afg)
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Abu Hider]] and [[Najmul Hossain Shanto]] (Ban) both made their ODI debuts.
}}

==Super Four==
In the penultimate round of Super Four matches, India beat Pakistan by nine wickets and Bangladesh beat Afghanistan by three runs. Therefore, India progressed to the final of the tournament and Afghanistan were eliminated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/860252 |title=Bangladesh edge out Afghanistan in last-ball thriller |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8532/report/1153252/afghanistan-vs-bangladesh-4th-match-super-four-asia-cup |title=Mustafizur defends seven in last over to knock out Afghanistan |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref> In the final Super Four match, Bangladesh beat Pakistan by 37 runs to advance to the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/sport/cricket/bangladesh-stun-pakistan-to-reach-asia-cup-final-and-set-up-showdown-with-india-1.774419 |title=Bangladesh stun Pakistan to reach Asia Cup final and set up showdown with India |work=The National |access-date=26 September 2018}}</ref>

In India's last Super Four match, against Afghanistan, captain [[Rohit Sharma]] and vice-captain [[Shikhar Dhawan]] were both rested for the match. [[MS Dhoni]] was named captain of the side in their absence, and became the first cricketer to lead India 200 times in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/asia-cup-2018-ms-dhoni-creates-history-leads-india-for-200th-time/story-rWefNdxoLUZx4OukUqlnaK.html |title=Asia Cup 2018: MS Dhoni creates history, leads India for 200th time |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref> Dhoni became the oldest player to lead India in an ODI.<ref name="IndAfg">{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/asia-cup-2018-super-4s-match-5-india-vs-afghanistan-statistical-highlights/ |title=Asia Cup 2018: Super-4s, Match 5, India vs Afghanistan – Statistical Highlights |work=Crictracker |access-date=26 September 2018}}</ref> The match finished in a [[Result (cricket)#Tie|tie]], the first time this had occurred in the Asia Cup.<ref name="IndAfg"/> It was also the first time that Afghanistan were involved in a [[List of tied One Day Internationals|tied game in ODIs]].<ref name="IndAfg"/>
{{2018 Asia Cup Super Four}}
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 September 2018
| time = 15:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 173 (49.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mehedi Hasan]] 42 (50)
| wickets1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 4/29 (10 overs)
| score2 = 174/3 (36.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 83[[not out|*]] (104)
| wickets2 = [[Rubel Hossain]] 1/21 (5 overs)
| result = India won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153249.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 September 2018
| time = 15:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG|2013}}
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| score1 = 257/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hashmatullah Shahidi]] 97[[not out|*]] (118)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammad Nawaz (cricketer)|Mohammad Nawaz]] 3/57 (10 overs)
| score2 = 258/7 (49.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Imam-ul-Haq]] 80 (104)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 3/46 (10 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153250.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Shaun George (cricketer)|Shaun George]] (SA)
| motm = [[Shoaib Malik]] (Pak)
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Shaheen Afridi]] (Pak) made his ODI debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 September 2018
| time = 15:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 237/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shoaib Malik]] 78 (90)
| wickets1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 2/29 (10 overs)
| score2 = 238/1 (39.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 114 (100)
| wickets2 =
| result = India won by 9 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153251.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (Ind)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (Ind) took his 50th wicket in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/860143 |title=Dhawan and Sharma make short work of Pakistan |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=23 September 2018}}</ref>
* [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind) scored his 7,000th run in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/sports-details/SN/9189/rohit-sharma-completes-7000-runs-in-odi.html |title=Rohit Sharma completes 7000 runs in ODI |work=India Blooms |access-date=23 September 2018}}</ref>
* Rohit Sharma and [[Shikhar Dhawan]]'s partnership of 210 was India's highest — while batting second, against Pakistan and in their Asia Cup history — for the first wicket.<ref name="IndPakS4">{{cite web |title=India's biggest win by wickets against Pakistan |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24773817 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
* This was India's biggest win against Pakistan in terms of wickets (9).<ref name="IndPakS4"/>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 September 2018
| time = 15:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|AFG|2013}}
| score1 = 249/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mahmudullah]] 74 (81)
| wickets1 = [[Aftab Alam (cricketer)|Aftab Alam]] 3/54 (10 overs)
| score2 = 246/7 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Hashmatullah Shahidi]] 71 (99)
| wickets2 = [[Mustafizur Rahman]] 2/44 (9 overs)
| result = Bangladesh won by 3 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153252.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Mahmudullah]] (Ban)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Nazmul Islam]] (Ban) made his ODI debut.
* [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] (Ban) took his 250th wicket in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/asia-cup-2018-bangladesh-vs-afghanistan-statistical-highlights-of-afg-innings/story-zVs1BoTOVbcCMTuU3xvtfP.html |title=Asia Cup 2018, Bangladesh vs Afghanistan: Statistical highlights of AFG innings |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 September 2018
| time = 15:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG|2013}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 252/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mohammad Shahzad]] 124 (116)
| wickets1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 3/46 (10 overs)
| score2 = 252 (49.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[KL Rahul]] 60 (66)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Nabi]] 2/40 (10 overs)
| result = Match tied
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153253.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Anisur Rahman (cricketer)|Anisur Rahman]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Mohammad Shahzad]] (Afg)
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Deepak Chahar]] (Ind) made his ODI debut.
* [[MS Dhoni]] (Ind) played in his 200th ODI as captain.<ref name="MSD200">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ms-dhoni-captain-india-vs-afghanistan-asia-cup-2018-1348784-2018-09-25 |title=MS Dhoni captains India for 200th time in one-day internationals |work=India Today |access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref>
* This was the first tied ODI in the history of the Asia Cup and the first tied ODI featuring Afghanistan.<ref name="IndAfg"/>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 September 2018
| time = 15:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| score1 = 239 (48.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] 99 (116)
| wickets1 = [[Junaid Khan (cricketer)|Junaid Khan]] 4/19 (9 overs)
| score2 = 202/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Imam-ul-Haq]] 83 (105)
| wickets2 = [[Mustafizur Rahman]] 4/43 (10 overs)
| result = Bangladesh won by 37 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153254.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| umpires = [[Shaun George (cricketer)|Shaun George]] (SA) and [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] (Ban)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = This was Bangladesh's first win against Pakistan in the Asia Cup in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8532/report/1153254/bangladesh-vs-pakistan-6th-match-super-four-asia-cup-2018-19 |title=Mushfiqur Rahim and Mustafizur Rahman lift Bangladesh into Asia Cup final|work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=27 September 2018}}</ref>
}}

==Final==
{{main|2018 Asia Cup Final}}
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 September 2018
| time = 15:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 222 (48.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Litton Das]] 121 (117)
| wickets1 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 3/45 (10 overs)
| score2 = 223/7 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 48 (55)
| wickets2 = [[Rubel Hossain]] 2/26 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1153255.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL)
| motm = [[Litton Das]] (Ban)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Litton Das]] (Ban) scored his first century in ODIs.<ref name="LD">{{cite web|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/asia-cup-2018-final-liton-das-slams-maiden-odi-hundred-5378390/ |title=Asia Cup 2018 final: Liton Das slams maiden ODI hundred |work=The Indian Express |access-date=28 September 2018}}</ref>
}}

==Statistics==
===Most runs===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre;"
|-
! Player !! [[Innings#Cricket|Innings]] !! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] !! [[Batting average (cricket)|Average]] !! SR !! HS
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
! 342
|68.40 || 102.08 || 127
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohit Sharma]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
! 317
|105.66 || 93.51 || 111[[not out|*]]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Mushfiqur Rahim]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
! 302
|60.40 || 81.18 || 144
|-

| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|AFG|variant=2013}} [[Mohammad Shahzad]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
! 268
|53.60 || 83.23 || 124
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|AFG|variant=2013}} [[Hashmatullah Shahidi]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
! 263
|65.75 || 72.25 || 97[[not out|*]]
|-
|-class="sortbottom"
| scope="row" colspan=6 | Source: <ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12497&type=tournament |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN |title= Asia Cup 2018 — Most Runs — Records |access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>
|}

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre;"
|-
! Player !! [[Innings#cricket|Innings]] !! [[Wicket]]s !! Overs !! BBI !! Econ.
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|AFG|variant=2013}} [[Rashid Khan]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
! 10
|46.1 ||46/3 || 3.72
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Mustafizur Rahman]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
! 10
|42 ||45/4 || 4.4
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
! 10
|58 ||45/3 ||4.08
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
! 8
|34.5 ||37/3 || 3.67
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
! 7
|35 ||29/4 || 4.45
|-
|-class="sortbottom"
| scope="row" colspan=6 |Source: <ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=12497&type=tournament|work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN |title=Asia Cup 2022 — Most Wickets — Records |access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/scores/series/1153237/season/2018/asia-cup Series home at ESPN Cricinfo]

{{Asia Cup}}
{{International cricket in 2018–19}}
{{2018–19 in Indian cricket}}

[[Category:Asia Cup]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:2018 in Emirati cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2018–19]]
[[Category:September 2018 sports events in Asia|Asia Cup]]

Poonam Jhawer

2023-07-19T12:20:15Z

Subrata: Article formulated.

{{Short description|Indian actress, singer, model and film producer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Poonam Jhawer
| image = Poonam Jhawer.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|08|14}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bio |first1=Wiki |title=Poonam Jhawer Biography, Age, Wiki, Height, Weight, Boyfriend, Family & More - |url=https://www.wikibionet.com/poonam-jhawer/}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actress, film producer
| years_active =
| known_for = [[Mohra]] (1994)
| notable_works =
}}

'''Poonam Jhawer''' is an Indian actress, singer, model and film producer. She made her Bollywood debut with the film [[Mohra]] (1994). She is known for his performance in films like Aanch (2003), [[OMG – Oh My God!]] (2012) and Jiyaala (1998).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hollywood debut for Poonam? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hollywood-debut-for-poonam/articleshow/16784320.cms?_gl=1*wm0k2l*_ga*YW1wLWxuY3RnR0szbmhLM3lFTkQyZlVLQ1E.&from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=महाकाल के दरबार पहुंची अभिनेत्री पूनम झावर, बाबा से मांगा अच्छा पति और जल्द शादी का आशीर्वाद |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/ujjain-actress-poonam-jhawer-reached-mahakal-temple-ujjain-seek-smart-husband-blessing-mpns-4332507.html |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पूनम झावर का जन्मदिन: काफी बदल गया है 'ना कजरे की धार' वाली एक्ट्रेस का लुक, अब भी इनकी अदाओं पर मर मिटते हैं लोग |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/poonam-jhawer-mohra-actress-know-interesting-facts-how-she-appeared-with-akshay-kumar-and-suniel-shetty |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

==Films ==
* Tilak (1992)
* Aandha Intaquam (1993)
* [[Mohra]] (1994)
* Chand Sa Mukhda (1997) shortfilm
* Love Story 98 (1998)
* Jiyaala (1998)
* [[Aanch]] (2003)
* Kis Kis Ko Bataoon Apni Prem Kahaniyan (2005) shortfilm
* Tauba Tauba (2006) shortfilm
* Laila Main Laila (2006) shortfilm
* Aankho Main Jalwa Hai (2009) shortfilm
* B & W the Black and White Fact (2011)
* [[OMG – Oh My God!|OMG: Oh My God!]] (2012) as Gopi Maiyya

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb name}}

[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Suparna Bhattacharya

2023-07-17T00:45:25Z

Subrata: Added a new contribution to the website.

{{Short description|Indian computer scientist}}
{{Use mdy dates|cs1-dates=ly}}
{{Use list-defined references}}
'''Suparna Bhattacharya''' is an Indian computer scientist known for her contributions to the [[Linux kernel]], and also interested in applications of [[big data]] in [[artificial intelligence]]. She is an [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise]] Fellow at [[HP Labs]].{{r|hpef}}

==Education and career==
Bhattacharya is the daughter of C. G. Bhattacharya, a statistician at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]].{{r|hpef}} She earned an undergraduate degree in electronics and electrical communication at [[IIT Kharagpur]],{{r|acm}} in 1993.{{r|ises}}

Next, she worked for [[IBM]] from 1993 until 2014. She was elected to the [[IBM Academy of Technology]] in 2005,{{r|acm}} and promoted to Senior Technical Staff Member in 2006, the first woman at that level in IBM India.{{r|wit}} She moved internally to [[IBM Research]] in 2012.{{r|acm}} While working for IBM, she completed a Ph.D. in computer science and automation at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc),{{r|acm}} in 2013,{{r|ises}} winning the IISc Alumni gold medal for her dissertation on power-aware software.{{r|hpef}}

After moving to Hewlett Packard as a distinguished technologist,
she was named as an HPE Fellow in 2023.{{r|hpef}}

==Recognition==
Bhattacharya was named to the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] in 2020.{{r|hpef}} She was elected as an [[IEEE Fellow]] in 2022, "for contributions to Linux kernel for enterprise and advanced data processing systems".{{r|if}}

In 2020, IEEE India recognized her as their Woman Technologist of the Year.{{r|ises}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name=acm>{{citation|url=https://india.acm.org/education/learning/esp/suparna-bhattacharya|title=Suparna Bhattacharya, Eminent Speaker|publisher=ACM India|access-date=2023-07-15}}</ref>

<ref name=hpef>{{citation|url=https://community.hpe.com/t5/advancing-life-work/labs-newest-fellow-tests-the-boundaries-of-linux-and-trustworthy/ba-p/7181009|title=Labs’ Newest Fellow Tests the Boundaries of Linux and Trustworthy AI|publisher=Hewlett Packard Enterprise|access-date=2023-07-15}}</ref>

<ref name=if>{{citation|url=https://services27.ieee.org/fellowsdirectory/home.html|title=IEEE Fellows directory|publisher=IEEE|access-date=2023-07-15}}</ref>

<ref name=ises>{{citation|url=https://ieee-ises.org/2021/women-in-engineering-wie/|title=IEEE-iSES 2021 Women in Engineering|type=Panelist biography|work=IEEE ISES|year=2021|publisher=IEEE|access-date=2023-07-15}}</ref>

<ref name=wit>{{citation|url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/witexhibit/wit_decade_2000.html|title=WIT Decade 2000|work=IBM Women in technology|publisher=IBM|access-date=2023-07-15}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{citation|url=https://developer.hpe.com/blog/reflections-on-helping-linux-become-enterprise-ready/|title=Reflections on helping Linux become enterprise-ready|type=Interview with Bhattacharya|first=Dale|last=Rensing|publisher=HPE Developer|access-date=2023-07-15}}
*{{Google Scholar id|ubLpnh4AAAAJ}}

{{Authority control|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Suparna}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:Indian women computer scientists]]
[[Category:Linux kernel programmers]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Fellow Members of the IEEE]]

List of gurdwaras in Europe

2023-05-30T14:06:07Z

Subrata: Just published a comprehensive article.

#REDIRECT [[List of gurdwaras]]

Rashtrakuta dynasty

2022-12-17T21:30:19Z

Subrata:

{{short description|Dynasty in South India (6th to 10th centuries)}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta
| common_name = Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta
| status = Empire
| status_text = Empire
| government_type = Monarchy
| year_start = 753 CE
| year_end = 982 CE
| event_pre = Earliest Rashtrakuta records
| date_pre = 753 CE
| p1 = Chalukya dynasty
| flag_p1 = Badami-chalukya-empire-map.svg
| s1 = Western Chalukya Empire
| flag_s1 = Western-chalukya-empire-map.svg
| image_map = Indian Rashtrakuta Empire map.svg
| image_map_caption = {{legend|#FF9F80|Core extent of Rashtrakuta Empire, 800 CE, 915 CE.}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=146, map XIV.2 (h)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183}}</ref>
| capital = [[Manyakheta]]
| common_languages = [[Kannada language|Kannada]] [[Sanskrit]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]] [[Jainism]] [[Buddhism]]<ref name="buddha">The Rise and Decline of [[Buddhism]] in India, K.L. Hazara, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1995, pp288–294</ref> 
| leader1 = [[Dantidurga]]
| leader2 = [[Indra IV]]
| year_leader1 = 735–756
| year_leader2 = 973–982
| title_leader = [[Maharaja]]
| today = [[India]]
}}
{{Rashtrakuta Manyakheta Kings Infobox}}
'''Rashtrakuta''' ([[IAST]]: ''{{IAST|rāṣṭrakūṭa}}'') (r. 753-982 CE) was a royal Indian [[dynasty]] ruling large parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]] between the sixth and 10th centuries. The earliest known Rashtrakuta [[Indian inscriptions|inscription]] is a 7th-century [[copper plate grant]] detailing their rule from manapur a city in Central or West India. Other ruling Rashtrakuta clans from the same period mentioned in inscriptions were the kings of [[Achalpur|Achalapur]] and the rulers of [[Kannauj]]. Several controversies exist regarding the origin of these early Rashtrakutas, their native homeland and their language.

The Elichpur clan was a [[feudatory]] of the [[Badami Chalukyas]], and during the rule of [[Dantidurga]], it overthrew Chalukya [[Kirtivarman II]] and went on to build an empire with the [[Gulbarga]] region in modern [[Karnataka]] as its base. This clan came to be known as the Rashtrakutas of [[Manyakheta]], rising to power in [[South India]] in 753 AD. At the same time the [[Pala Empire|Pala dynasty]] of [[Bengal]] and the [[Prathihara|Prathihara dynasty]] of [[Malwa]] were gaining force in eastern and northwestern India respectively. An Arabic text, ''Silsilat al-Tawarikh'' (851), called the Rashtrakutas one of the four principal empires of the world.<ref name="siraf">Reu (1933), p39</ref>

This period, between the eighth and the 10th centuries, saw a [[tripartite struggle]] for the resources of the rich [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic plains]], each of these three empires annexing the seat of power at Kannauj for short periods of time. At their peak the Rashtrakutas of [[Manyakheta]] ruled a vast empire stretching from the [[Ganges|Ganges River]] and [[Yamuna River]] [[doab]] in the north to [[Kanyakumari]] in the south, a fruitful time of political expansion, architectural achievements and famous literary contributions. The early kings of this dynasty were influenced by [[Hinduism]] and the later kings by [[Jainism]].

During their rule, [[Jain]] mathematicians and scholars contributed important works in [[Kannada]] and [[Sanskrit]]. [[Amoghavarsha I]], the most famous king of this dynasty wrote ''[[Kavirajamarga]]'', a landmark literary work in the Kannada language. Architecture reached a milestone in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] style, the finest example of which is seen in the [[Kailasa Temple, Ellora|Kailasanatha Temple]] at [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]] in modern [[Maharashtra]]. Other important contributions are the Kashivishvanatha temple and the Jain Narayana temple at [[Pattadakal]] in modern Karnataka, both of which are [[UNESCO World Heritage Sites]].

==History==
{{Further|Origin of the Rashtrakuta dynasty|Carnatic expansion|Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty}}
The origin of the Rashtrakuta dynasty has been a controversial topic of Indian history. These issues pertain to the origin of the earliest ancestors of the Rashtrakutas during the time of Emperor [[Ashoka]] in the 2nd century [[Common Era|BCE]],<ref name="arattas">[[Bisheshwar Nath Reu|Reu]] (1933), pp1–5</ref> and the connection between the several Rashtrakuta dynasties that ruled small kingdoms in northern and central India and the Deccan between the 6th and 7th centuries. The relationship of these medieval Rashtrakutas to the most famous later dynasty, the Rashtrakutas of [[Manyakheta]] (present-day Malkhed in the [[Kalaburagi district]], Karnataka state), who ruled between the 8th and 10th centuries has also been debated.<ref name="connect">Altekar (1934), pp1–32</ref><ref name="connect1">Reu (1933), pp6–9, pp47–53</ref><ref name="study1" />

The sources for Rashtrakuta history include medieval [[Indian inscriptions|inscriptions]], ancient literature in the [[Pali]] language,<ref name="pali">Reu (1933), p1</ref> contemporaneous literature in Sanskrit and [[Kannada]] and the notes of the Arab travellers.<ref name="sources">Kamath (2001), p72</ref> Theories about the dynastic lineage (''[[Suryavansha|Surya Vamsa]]''—Solar line and ''[[Chandravansha|Chandra Vamsa]]''—Lunar line), the native region and the ancestral home have been proposed, based on information gleaned from inscriptions, royal emblems, the ancient clan names such as "Rashtrika", epithets (''Ratta'', ''Rashtrakuta'', ''Lattalura Puravaradhiswara''), the names of princes and princesses of the dynasty, and clues from relics such as coins.<ref name="study1">Kamath (2001), p72–74</ref><ref name="study">Reu (1933), pp1–15</ref> Scholars debate over which ethnic/linguistic groups can claim the early Rashtrakutas. Possibilities include the [[Kannadiga]],<ref name="Kanisetti">{{cite book |author1=Anirudh Kanisetti|year=2022|title=Lords of the Deccan: Southern India from the Chalukyas to the Cholas |url=|location=India|publisher=Juggernaut |page=193|isbn=978-93-91165-0-55|quote=It is most likely that they were Kannada-speaking military aristocrats settled at a strategic point in modern-day Maharasthra by the Chalukyas or some other powerful group, perhaps to keep an eye on trade routes and various tribal peoples.}}</ref><ref name="kann">A Kannada dynasty was created in [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]] under the rule of Badami Chalukyas (Altekar 1934, p21–26)</ref><ref name="kann2">Kamath 2001, p72–3</ref><ref name="latur">Singh (2008), p556</ref><ref name="banavasi">{{cite book |last=Shetty|first=Sadanand Ramakrishna|title=Banavasi Through the Ages|url=|location=Banavasi (India)|publisher=Printwell|page=121}}:"The community of the land tillers or agriculturists was known as Vokkaligas. The importance given to the cultivation of land is amply demonstrated by the fact that numerous tanks were dug and irrigation facilities were provided at various places. Some of the Rashtrakuta inscriptions found in the Banavasi province have the depiction of a plow. It is viewed that the Rashtrakutas were originally prosperous cultivators who later dominated the political scene. Some of the inscriptions refer to them as "Kutumbinah" which is interpreted as cultivators."</ref> [[Reddi]],<ref name="red">A.C. Burnell in Pandit Reu (1933), p4</ref> the [[Maratha]],<ref name="mar">C.V. Vaidya (1924), p171</ref><ref name="mar1">D.R.Bhandarkar in Reu, (1933), p1, p7</ref> the tribes from the [[Punjab region]],<ref name="pun">Hultzsch and Reu in Reu (1933), p2, p4</ref> or other north western ethnic groups of India.<ref name="raj">[[John Faithfull Fleet|J. F. Fleet]] in Reu (1933), p6</ref>

Scholars however concur that the rulers of the imperial dynasty in the 8th to 10th century made the [[Kannada language]] as important as Sanskrit. Rashtrakuta inscriptions use both Kannada and Sanskrit (historians [[Sheldon Pollock]] and Jan Houben claim they are mostly in Kannada),<ref name="language">Kamath (2001), p73</ref><ref name="language1">Pollock 2006, p332</ref><ref name="houb">Houben(1996), p215</ref><ref name="language2">Altekar (1934), p411–3</ref><ref name="dal">Dalby (1998), p300</ref> and the rulers encouraged literature in both languages. The earliest existing Kannada literary writings are credited to their court poets and royalty.<ref name="credit">Sen (1999), pp380-381</ref><ref name="Jaina_literature">During the rule of the Rashtrakutas, literature in Kannada and Sanskrit flowered (Kamath 2001, pp 88–90)</ref><ref name="Jaina_literature1">Even royalty of the empire took part in poetic and literary activities – Thapar (2003), p334</ref><ref name="Jaina_literature2">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp17–18, p68</ref> Though these Rashtrakutas were [[Kannadiga]]s,<ref name="banavasi"/><ref name="study1" /><ref name="kanna">Altekar (1934), pp21–24</ref><ref name="kanna1">Possibly Dravidian Kannada origin (Karmarkar 1947 p26)</ref><ref name="mas">Masica (1991), p45-46</ref><ref name="ravi">Rashtrakutas are described as Kannadigas from Lattaluru who encouraged the Kannada language (Chopra, Ravindran, Subrahmanian 2003, p87)</ref><ref name="Kanisetti"/> they were conversant in a northern Deccan language as well.<ref>{{cite book|title=Rashtrakuta Dynasty|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&q=Rashtrakuta&pg=PA286|author=Hoiberg and Ramchandani|publisher=Students Britannica| isbn=978-0-85229-760-5|year=2000}}</ref>

The heart of the Rashtrakuta empire included nearly all of [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]] and parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]], an area which the Rashtrakutas ruled for over two centuries. The Samangadh copper plate grant (753) confirms that the feudatory King [[Dantidurga]], who probably ruled from Achalapura in [[Berar Province|Berar]] (modern [[Achalpur|Elichpur]] in Maharashtra), defeated the great Karnatic army (referring to the army of the [[Badami Chalukyas]]) of Kirtivarman II of [[Badami]] in 753 and took control of the northern regions of the Chalukya empire.<ref name="karnatik">Reu (1933), p54</ref><ref name="karnata">From Rashtrakuta inscriptions call the Badami Chalukya army ''Karnatabala'' (power of ''Karnata'') (Kamath 2001, p57, p65)</ref><ref name="achala">Altekar in Kamath (2001), p72</ref> He then helped his son-in-law, [[Pallava]] King [[Nandivarman II]] regain [[Kanchi]] from the Chalukyas and defeated the Gurjaras of [[Malwa]], and the rulers of [[Odisha|Kalinga]], [[Kosala]] and [[Srisailam]].<ref name="srisila">Sastri (1955), p141</ref><ref name="Gulbarga">Thapar (2003), p333</ref>

Dantidurga's successor [[Krishna I]] brought major portions of present-day Karnataka and [[Konkan]] under his control.<ref name="kon">Sastri (1955), p143</ref><ref name="secure">Sen (1999), p368</ref> During the rule of [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]] who took control in 780, the kingdom expanded into an empire that encompassed all of the territory between the [[Kaveri River]] and [[Central India]].<ref name="kon" /><ref name="abdication">Desai and Aiyar in Kamath (2001), p75</ref><ref name="abd">Reu (1933), p62</ref><ref name="panindia">Sen (1999), p370</ref> He led successful expeditions to Kannauj, the seat of northern Indian power where he defeated the Gurjara [[Pratihara]]s and the [[Pala Empire|Palas]] of Bengal, gaining him fame and vast booty but not more territory. He also brought the [[Eastern Chalukyas]] and [[Gangas]] of [[Talakad]] under his control.<ref name="kon" /><ref name="effectively">The Rashtrakutas interfered effectively in the politics of Kannauj (Thapar 2003), p333</ref> According to Altekar and Sen, the Rashtrakutas became a pan-India power during his rule.<ref name="panindia" /><ref name="All-India">From the Karda inscription, a ''[[digvijaya (conquest)|digvijaya]]'' (Altekar in Kamath 2001, p75)</ref>

===Expansion===
{{South Asia in 800 CE||The Rashtrakutas and neighbouring polities in South Asia circa 800 CE.<ref name="JES">{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=31, 146|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=068}}</ref>}}
The ascent of Dhruva Dharavarsha's third son, [[Govinda III]], to the throne heralded an era of success like never before.<ref name="era">The ablest of the Rashtrakuta kings (Altekar in Kamath 2001, p77)</ref> There is uncertainty about the location of the early capital of the Rashtrakutas at this time.<ref name="earlycapital">Modern Morkhandi ([[Mayurkhandi]] in [[Bidar district]] (Kamath 2001, p76)</ref><ref name="earlycapital1">modern Morkhand in Maharashtra (Reu 1933, p65)</ref><ref name="earlycapital2">Sooloobunjun near Ellora (Couseris in Altekar 1934, p48). Perhaps Elichpur remained the capital until Amoghavarsha I built Manyakheta. From the Wani-Dmdori, Radhanpur and Kadba plates, Morkhand in Maharashtra was only a military encampment, from the Dhulia and Pimpen plates it seems Nasik was only a seat of a viceroy, and the Paithan plates of Govinda III indicate that neither Latur nor Paithan was the early capital.(Altekar, 1934, pp47–48)</ref> During his rule there was a three way conflict between the Rashtrakutas, the Palas and the Pratiharas for control over the Gangetic plains. Describing his victories over the Pratihara Emperor Nagabhatta II and the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] Emperor [[Dharmapala of Bengal|Dharmapala]],<ref name="kon" /> the Sanjan inscription states the horses of Govinda III drank from the icy waters of the Himalayan streams and his war elephants tasted the [[sacred waters]] of the [[Ganges]].<ref name="icy">Kamath 2001, MCC, p76</ref><ref name="Himalayas">From the Sanjan inscriptions, {{cite web|title=The Rashrakutas|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/rashtrakutas/|author=Dr. Jyotsna Kamat|publisher=1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri|access-date=20 December 2006}}</ref> His military exploits have been compared to those of [[Alexander the Great]] and [[Arjuna]] of [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="arjuna">Keay (2000), p199</ref> Having conquered Kannauj, he travelled south, took firm hold over Gujarat, Kosala ([[Kosala|Kaushal]]), [[Mysore|Gangavadi]], humbled the [[Pallavas]] of Kanchi, installed a ruler of his choice in [[Vengi]] and received two statues as an act of submission from the king of [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] (one statue of the king and another of his minister). The Cholas, the [[Pandyas]] and the Kongu Cheras of Karur all paid him tribute.<ref name="kerela">From the Nesari records (Kamath 2001, p76)</ref><ref name="kerela1">Reu (1933), p65</ref><ref name="statue">Sastri (1955), p144</ref><ref name="peru">Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013), p95, ''Perumāḷs of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy: Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cēra Perumāḷs of Makōtai (c. AD 800 – AD 1124).'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks</ref> As one historian puts it, the drums of the Deccan were heard from the Himalayan caves to the shores of the Malabar Coast.<ref name="arjuna" /> The Rashtrakutas empire now spread over the areas from [[Cape Comorin]] to [[Kannauj]] and from [[Banaras]] to [[Bharuch]].<ref name="hima">"The victorious march of his armies had literally embraced all the territory between the Himalayas and Cape Comorin" (Altekar in Kamath 2001, p77)</ref><ref name="lord">Sen (1999), p371</ref>

The successor of Govinda III, [[Amoghavarsha I]] made [[Manyakheta]] his capital and ruled a large empire. Manyakheta remained the Rashtrakutas' regal capital until the end of the empire.<ref name="newcapital">Which could put to shame even the capital of gods-From Karda plates (Altekar 1934, p47)</ref><ref name="newcapital1">A capital city built to excel that of [[Indra]] (Sastri, 1955, p4, p132, p146)</ref><ref name="newcapital2">Reu 1933, p71</ref> He came to the throne in 814 but it was not until 821 that he had suppressed revolts from [[Feudatory|feudatories]] and ministers. Amoghavarsha I made peace with the [[Western Ganga dynasty]] by giving them his two daughters in marriage, and then defeated the invading [[Eastern Chalukyas]] at Vingavalli and assumed the title ''Viranarayana''.<ref name="vira">from the Cambay and Sangli records. The Bagumra record claims that Amoghavarsha saved the "Ratta" kingdom which was drowned in an "ocean of Chalukyas" (Kamath 2001, p78)</ref><ref name="vinga">Sastri (1955), p145</ref> His rule was not as militant as that of Govinda III as he preferred to maintain friendly relations with his neighbours, the Gangas, the Eastern Chalukyas and the Pallavas with whom he also cultivated marital ties. His era was an enriching one for the arts, literature and religion. Widely seen as the most famous of the Rashtrakuta Emperors, [[Amoghavarsha I]] was an accomplished scholar in Kannada and Sanskrit.<ref name="scholar">Narasimhacharya (1988), p1</ref><ref name="rhetoric" /> His ''Kavirajamarga'' is considered an important landmark in Kannada poetics and ''Prashnottara Ratnamalika'' in Sanskrit is a writing of high merit and was later translated into the Tibetan language.<ref name="rhetoric1">Reu (1933), p38</ref> Because of his religious temperament, his interest in the arts and literature and his peace-loving nature, he has been compared to the emperor [[Ashoka]] and called "Ashoka of the South".<ref name="Ashoka">Panchamukhi in Kamath (2001), p80</ref>

During the rule of [[Krishna II]], the empire faced a revolt from the Eastern Chalukyas and its size decreased to the area including most of the Western [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and Gujarat.<ref name="reduce">Sastri (1955), p161</ref> Krishna II ended the independent status of the Gujarat branch and brought it under direct control from Manyakheta. [[Indra III]] recovered the dynasty's fortunes in central India by defeating the Paramara and then invaded the [[doab]] region of the [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna River|Jamuna]] rivers. He also defeated the dynasty's traditional enemies, the Pratiharas and the Palas, while maintaining his influence over [[Vengi]].<ref name="reduce" /><ref name="pala">From the writings of [[Adikavi Pampa]] (Kamath 2001, p81)</ref><ref name="regain">Sen (1999), pp373-374</ref> The effect of his victories in Kannauj lasted several years according to the 930 copper plate inscription of Emperor [[Govinda IV]].<ref name="control">Kamath (2001), p82</ref><ref name="control1">The Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta gained control over Kannauj for a brief period during the early 10th century (Thapar 2003, p333)</ref> After a succession of weak kings during whose reigns the empire lost control of territories in the north and east, [[Krishna III]] the last great ruler consolidated the empire so that it stretched from the [[Narmada River]] to [[Kaveri River]] and included the northern Tamil country (Tondaimandalam) while levying tribute on the king of Ceylon.<ref name="kanchi">From the Siddalingamadam record of 944 – Krishna III captured Kanchi and Tanjore as well and had full control over northern Tamil regions (Aiyer in Kamath 2001, pp82–83)</ref><ref name="kanchi11">From the Tirukkalukkunram inscription – Kanchi and Tanjore were annexed by Krishna III. From the Deoli inscription – Krishna III had feudatories from Himalayas to Ceylon. From the Laksmeshwar inscription – Krishna III was an incarnation of death for the Chola Dynasty (Reu 1933, p83)</ref><ref name="kanchi100">Conqueror of Kanchi, (Thapar 2003, p334)</ref><ref name="tanjai">Conqueror of Kanchi and Tanjore (Sastri 1955, p162)</ref><ref name="last">Sen 1999), pp374-375</ref>

===Decline===

In 972 A.D.,<ref name="Chandra">{{cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Satish|title=History of Medieval India|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Limited|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7|pages=19–20}}</ref> during the rule of [[Khottiga Amoghavarsha]], the [[Paramara]] King [[Siyaka]] Harsha attacked the empire and plundered Manyakheta, the capital of the Rashtrakutas. This seriously undermined the reputation of the Rastrakuta Empire and consequently led to its downfall.<ref name="Amoghavarsha IV">{{cite web|title=Amoghavarsha IV|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050671/Manyakheta|publisher=2007 Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=25 April 2007}}</ref> The final decline was sudden as [[Tailapa II]], a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta ruling from Tardavadi province in modern [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]], declared himself independent by taking advantage of this defeat.<ref name="Tailapa">The province of Tardavadi in the very heart of the Rashtrakuta empire was given to Tailapa II as a ''fief'' (provincial grant) by Rashtrakuta [[Krishna III]] for services rendered in war (Sastri 1955, p162)</ref><ref name="tailapa1">Kamath (2001), p101</ref> Indra IV, the last emperor, committed [[Sallekhana]] (fasting unto death practised by Jain monks) at [[Shravanabelagola]]. With the fall of the Rashtrakutas, their feudatories and related clans in the Deccan and northern India declared independence. The [[Western Chalukyas]] annexed Manyakheta and made it their capital until 1015 and built an impressive empire in the Rashtrakuta heartland during the 11th century. The focus of dominance shifted to the [[Krishna River]] – [[Godavari River]] doab called [[Vengi]]. The former feudatories of the Rashtrakutas in western Deccan were brought under control of the Chalukyas, and the hitherto-suppressed Cholas of Tanjore became their arch enemies in the south.<ref name="yadgir">Kamath (2001), pp100–103</ref>

In conclusion, the rise of Rashtrakutas of [[Manyakheta]] had a great impact on India, even on India's north. Sulaiman (851), [[Al-Masudi]] (944) and Ibn Khurdadba (912) wrote that their empire was the largest in contemporary India and Sulaiman further called it one among the four great contemporary empires of the world.<ref name="contemp">Reu (1933), p39–41</ref><ref name="reded">Keay (2000), p200</ref><ref name="Imperial">Kamath (2001), p94</ref> According to the travelogues of the Arabs Al Masudi and Ibn Khordidbih of the 10th century, "most of the kings of Hindustan turned their faces towards the Rashtrakuta king while they were praying, and they prostrated themselves before his ambassadors. The Rashtrakuta king was known as the "King of kings" (''Rajadhiraja'') who possessed the mightiest of armies and whose domains extended from Konkan to Sind."<ref name="Burjor">[[Burjor Avari]] (2007), ''India: The Ancient Past:''
A History of the Indian Sub-Continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200'', pp.207–208, Routledge, New York, {{ISBN|978-0-415-35615-2}}''</ref> Some historians have called these times an "Age of Imperial Kannauj". Since the Rashtrakutas successfully captured Kannauj, levied tribute on its rulers and presented themselves as masters of North India, the era could also be called the "Age of Imperial Karnataka".<ref name="Imperial" /> During their political expansion into central and northern India in the 8th to the 10th centuries, the Rashtrakutas or their relatives created several kingdoms that either ruled during the reign of the parent empire or continued to rule for centuries after its fall or came to power much later. Well known among these were the Rashtrakutas of [[Gujarat]] (757–888),<ref name="guj">Reu (1933), p93</ref> the [[Ratta dynasty|Rattas]] of [[Saundatti]] (875–1230) in modern Karnataka,<ref name="kar">Reu (1933), p100</ref> the Gahadavalas of Kannauj (1068–1223),<ref name="gaha">Reu (1933), p113</ref> the Rashtrakutas of [[Rajasthan]] (known as Rajputana) and ruling from Hastikundi or Hathundi (893–996),<ref name="has">Reu (1933), p110</ref> Dahal (near [[Jabalpur]]),<ref name="Dah">Jain (2001), pp67–75</ref> [[Rathore]]s of Mandore (near [[Jodhpur]]), the [[Rathore]]s of Dhanop,<ref name="dhan">Reu (1933), p112</ref> Rashtraudha dynasty of Mayuragiri in modern Maharashtra<ref name="mayur">De Bruyne (1968)</ref> and Rashtrakutas of Kannauj.<ref name="kannau">Majumdar (1966), pp50–51</ref> [[Rajadhiraja Chola]]'s conquest of the island of Ceylon in the early 11th century CE led to the fall of four kings there. According to historian K. Pillay, one of them, King Madavarajah of the [[Jaffna kingdom]], was an usurper from the Rashtrakuta Dynasty.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pillay|first1=K. |year=1963 |title=South India and Ceylon |publisher=[[University of Madras]] |oclc=250247191}}</ref>

==Administration==
{{Karnataka History}}
Inscriptions and other literary records indicate the Rashtrakutas selected the crown prince based on heredity. The crown did not always pass on to the eldest son. Abilities were considered more important than age and chronology of birth, as exemplified by the crowning of Govinda III who was the third son of king Dhruva Dharavarsha. The most important position under the king was the Chief Minister (''Mahasandhivigrahi'') whose position came with five insignia commensurate with his position namely, a flag, a conch, a fan, a white umbrella, a large drum and five musical instruments called ''Panchamahashabdas''. Under him was the commander (''Dandanayaka''), the foreign minister (''Mahakshapataladhikrita'') and a prime minister (''Mahamatya'' or ''Purnamathya''), all of whom were usually associated with one of the feudatory kings and must have held a position in government equivalent to a premier.<ref name="archive">whose main responsibility was to draft and maintain inscriptions or ''Shasanas'' as would an archivist. (Altekar in Kamath (2001), p85</ref> A ''Mahasamantha'' was a feudatory or higher ranking regal officer. All cabinet ministers were well versed in political science (''Rajneeti'') and possessed military training. There were cases where women supervised significant areas as when Revakanimaddi, daughter of [[Amoghavarsha I]], administered Edathore ''Vishaya''.

The kingdom was divided into ''Mandala'' or ''Rashtras'' (provinces). A ''Rashtra'' was ruled by a Rashtrapathi who on occasion was the emperor himself. Amoghavarsha I's empire had sixteen ''Rashtras''. Under a ''Rashtra'' was a ''[[Vishaya]]'' (district) overseen by a Vishayapathi. Trusted ministers sometimes ruled more than a ''Rashtra''. For example, Bankesha, a commander of [[Amoghavarsha I]] headed [[Banavasi]]-12000, Belvola-300, Puligere-300, Kunduru-500 and Kundarge-70, the suffix designating the number of villages in that territory. Below the ''Vishaya'' was the ''Nadu'' looked after by the Nadugowda or Nadugavunda; sometimes there were two such officials, one assuming the position through heredity and another appointed centrally. The lowest division was a ''Grama'' or village administered by a ''Gramapathi'' or ''Prabhu Gavunda''.<ref name="mandala">Kamath (2001), p86</ref>

The Rashtrakuta army consisted of large contingents of infantry, horsemen, and elephants. A standing army was always ready for war in a cantonment (''Sthirabhuta Kataka'') in the regal capital of Manyakheta. Large armies were also maintained by the feudatory kings who were expected to contribute to the defense of the empire in case of war. Chieftains and all the officials also served as commanders whose postings were transferable if the need arose.<ref name="army">From the notes of Al Masudi (Kamath 2001, p88)</ref>

The Rashtrakutas issued coins (minted in an ''Akkashale'') such as ''Suvarna'', ''Drammas'' in silver and gold weighing 65 [[Grain (measure)|grains]], ''Kalanju'' weighing 48 grains, ''Gadyanaka'' weighing 96 grains, ''Kasu'' weighing 15 grains, ''Manjati'' with 2.5 grains and ''Akkam'' of 1.25 grain.<ref name="coins">Kamath (2001), p88</ref>

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Rashtrakuta empire of Manyakheta}}
[[File:Kasivisvanatha temple at Pattadakal.jpg|thumb|right|Kashivishvanatha temple at [[Pattadakal]], Karnataka]]
The Rashtrakuta economy was sustained by its natural and agricultural produce, its manufacturing revenues and moneys gained from its conquests. Cotton was the chief crop of the regions of southern Gujarat, [[Khandesh]] and Berar. Minnagar, Gujarat, [[Ujjain]], [[Paithan]] and Tagara were important centres of textile industry. [[Muslin]] cloth were manufactured in Paithan and [[Warangal]]. The cotton yarn and cloth was exported from [[Bharuch|Bharoch]]. White [[Calico (textile)|calicos]] were manufactured in [[Burhanpur]] and Berar and exported to [[Persia]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]], [[Khazaria]], [[Arabia]] and [[Egypt]].<ref name="trade">Altekar (1934), p356</ref> The Konkan region, ruled by the feudatory Silharas, produced large quantities of [[betel]] leaves, coconut and rice while the lush forests of Mysore, ruled by the feudatory [[Gangas]], produced such woods as sandal, timber, teak and ebony. Incense and perfumes were exported from the ports of [[Thane|Thana]] and Saimur.<ref name="trade1" />

The Deccan was rich in minerals, though its soil was not as fertile as that of the Gangetic plains. The copper mines of [[Cudappah]], [[Bellary]], Chanda, Buldhana, Narsingpur, [[Ahmadnagar]], Bijapur and [[Dharwar]] were an important source of income and played an important role in the economy.<ref name="trade2">Altekar (1934), p355</ref> Diamonds were mined in Cudappah, Bellary, [[Kurnool]] and [[Golconda]]; the capital Manyakheta and Devagiri were important diamond and jewellery trading centres. The leather industry and tanning flourished in Gujarat and some regions of northern Maharashtra. [[Mysore]] with its vast elephant herds was important for the ivory industry.<ref name="trade3">From notes of Periplus, Al Idrisi and Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p357)</ref>

The Rashtrakuta empire controlled most of the western sea board of the subcontinent which facilitated its maritime trade.<ref name="trade1">Altekar (1934), p354</ref> The Gujarat branch of the empire earned a significant income from the port of Bharoch, one of the most prominent ports in the world at that time.<ref name="trade4">Altekar (1934), p358</ref> The empire's chief exports were cotton yarn, cotton cloth, muslins, hides, mats, indigo, incense, perfumes, [[betel nut]]s, coconuts, sandal, teak, timber, sesame oil and ivory. Its major imports were pearls, gold, dates from Arabia, slaves, [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] wines, tin, lead, [[topaz]], [[storax]], sweet clover, flint glass, [[antimony]], gold and silver coins, singing boys and girls (for the entertainment of the royalty) from other lands. Trading in horses was an important and profitable business, monopolised by the Arabs and some local merchants.<ref name="trade5">Altekar (1934), p358–359</ref> The Rashtrakuta government levied a shipping tax of one golden ''Gadyanaka'' on all foreign vessels embarking to any other ports and a fee of one silver ''Ctharna'' ( a coin) on vessels travelling locally.<ref name="trade21" />

Artists and craftsman operated as corporations (guilds) rather than as individual business. Inscriptions mention guilds of weavers, oilmen, artisans, basket and mat makers and fruit sellers. A [[Saundatti]] inscription refers to an assemblage of all the people of a district headed by the guilds of the region.<ref name="trade7">Altekar (1934), p368</ref> Some guilds were considered superior to others, just as some corporations were, and received royal charters determining their powers and privileges. Inscriptions suggest these guilds had their own militia to protect goods in transit and, like village assemblies, they operated banks that lent money to traders and businesses.<ref name="trade9">Altekar (1934), p370–371</ref>

The government's income came from five principal sources: regular taxes, occasional taxes, fines, income taxes, miscellaneous taxes and tributes from feudatories.<ref name="trade10">Altekar (1934), p223</ref> An emergency tax was imposed occasionally and were applicable when the kingdom was under duress, such as when it faced natural calamities, or was preparing for war or overcoming war's ravages. Income tax included taxes on [[crown land]], wasteland, specific types of trees considered valuable to the economy, mines, salt, treasures unearthed by prospectors.<ref name="trade11">Altekar (1934), p213</ref> Additionally, customary presents were given to the king or royal officers on such festive occasions as marriage or the birth of a son.<ref name="trade23">From the Davangere inscription of Santivarma of Banavasi-12000 province (Altekar 1934, p234</ref>

The king determined the tax levels based on need and circumstances in the kingdom while ensuring that an undue burden was not placed on the peasants.<ref name="trade14">From the writings of Chandesvara (Altekar 1934, p216)</ref> The land owner or tenant paid a variety of taxes, including land taxes, produce taxes and payment of the overhead for maintenance of the Gavunda (village head). Land taxes were varied, based on type of land, its produce and situation and ranged from 8% to 16%. A Banavasi inscription of 941 mentions reassessment of land tax due to the drying up of an old irrigation canal in the region.<ref name="trade15" /> The land tax may have been as high as 20% to pay for expenses of a military frequently at war.<ref name="trade16">From the notes of Al Idrisi (Altekar (1934), p223</ref> In most of the kingdom, land taxes were paid in goods and services and rarely was cash accepted.<ref name="trade18">From the Begumra plates of Krishna II (Altekar 1934, p227</ref> A portion of all taxes earned by the government (usually 15%) was returned to the villages for maintenance.<ref name="trade15">Altekar (1934), p222</ref>

Taxes were levied on artisans such as potters, sheep herders, weavers, oilmen, shopkeepers, stall owners, brewers and gardeners. Taxes on perishable items such as fish, meat, honey, medicine, fruits and essentials like fuel was as high as 16%.<ref name="trade21">Altekar (1934), p230</ref> Taxes on salt and minerals were mandatory although the empire did not claim sole ownership of mines, implying that private mineral prospecting and the quarrying business may have been active.<ref name="trade26">Altekar (1934), p242</ref> The state claimed all such properties whose deceased legal owner had no immediate family to make an inheritance claim.<ref name="trade27">From the writings of Somadeva (Altekar 1934, p244)</ref> Other miscellaneous taxes included ferry and house taxes. Only Brahmins and their temple institutions were taxed at a lower rate.<ref name="trade22">From the Hebbal inscriptions and Torkhede inscriptions of Govinda III (Altekar 1934, p232</ref>

==Culture==

===Religion===
The Rashtrakuta kings supported the popular religions of the day in the traditional spirit of religious tolerance.<ref name="tole">"Wide and sympathetic tolerance" in general characterised the Rashtrakuta rule (Altekar in Kamath 2001, p92)</ref> Scholars have offered various arguments regarding which specific religion the Rashtrakutas favoured, basing their evidence on [[Indian inscriptions|inscriptions]], coins and contemporary literature. Some claim the Rashtrakutas were inclined towards [[Jainism]] since many of the scholars who flourished in their courts and wrote in [[Sanskrit]], [[Kannada]] and a few in [[Apabhramsha]] and [[Prakrit]] were Jains.<ref name="writer">Kamath (2001), p92</ref> The Rashtrakutas built well-known Jain temples at locations such as Lokapura in [[Bagalkot district]] and their loyal feudatory, the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]], built Jain monuments at [[Shravanabelagola]] and [[Kambadahalli]]. Scholars have suggested that Jainism was a principal religion at the very heart of the empire, modern Karnataka, accounting for more than 30% of the population and dominating the culture of the region.<ref name="population">Altekar in Kamath (2001), p92</ref> King Amoghavarsha I was a disciple of the Jain [[acharya]] [[Jinasena]] and wrote in his religious writing, ''Prashnottara Ratnamalika'', "having bowed to Varaddhamana ([[Mahavira]]), I write Prashnottara Ratnamalika". The mathematician [[Mahavira (mathematician)|Mahaviracharya]] wrote in his ''Ganita Sarasangraha'', "The subjects under Amoghavarsha are happy and the land yields plenty of grain. May the kingdom of King Nripatunga Amoghavarsha, follower of Jainism ever increase far and wide." Amoghavarsha may have taken up Jainism in his old age.<ref name="grain">Reu (1933), p36</ref><ref name="grain1">The Vaishnava Rashtrakutas patronised Jainism (Kamath 2001, p92)</ref>

However, the Rashtrakuta kings also patronized [[Hinduism]]'s followers of the [[Shaivism|Shaiva]], [[Vaishnava]] and [[Shaktism|Shakta]] faiths. Almost all of their inscriptions begin with an invocation to god [[Vishnu]] or god [[Shiva]]. The [[Sanjan (Gujarat)|Sanjan]] inscriptions tell of King Amoghavarsha I sacrificing a finger from his left hand at the [[Mahalakshmi Temple (Kolhapur)|Lakshmi temple]] at [[Kolhapur]] to avert a calamity in his kingdom. King Dantidurga performed the ''Hiranyagarbha'' (horse sacrifice) and the Sanjan and [[Khambhat|Cambay]] plates of King [[Govinda IV]] mention [[Brahmin]]s performing such rituals as ''[[Rajasuya]]'', ''Vajapeya'' and ''Agnishtoma''.<ref name="ritual">Kamath (2001), p91</ref> An early [[copper plate grant]] of King Dantidurga (753) shows an image of god Shiva and the coins of his successor, King Krishna I (768), bear the legend ''Parama Maheshwara'' (another name for Shiva). The kings' titles such as ''Veeranarayana'' showed their Vaishnava leanings. Their flag had the sign of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers, perhaps copied from the Badami Chalukyas.<ref name="ganga">Reu (1933), p34</ref> The famous Kailasnatha temple at Ellora and other rock-cut caves attributed to them show that the Hinduism was flourishing.<ref name="ritual" /> Their family deity was a goddess by name ''Latana'' (also known as ''Rashtrashyena'', ''Manasa'' ''Vindyavasini'') who took the form of a falcon to save the kingdom.<ref name="falcon">Reu (1933, p34</ref> They built temples with icons and ornamentation that satisfied the needs of different faiths. The temple at Salotgi was meant for followers of Shiva and Vishnu and the temple at Kargudri was meant for worshipers of Shiva, Vishnu and Bhaskara ([[Surya]], the sun god).<ref name="writer" />

In short, the Rashtrakuta rule was tolerant to multiple popular religions, [[Jainism]], Vaishnavaism and Shaivism. [[Buddhism]] too found support and was popular in places such as [[Dambal]] and [[Balligavi]], although it had declined significantly by this time.<ref name="buddha">The Rise and Decline of [[Buddhism]] in India, K.L. Hazara, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1995, pp288–294</ref> The decline of Buddhism in South India began in the 8th century with the spread of [[Adi Shankara]]'s [[Advaita]] philosophy.<ref name="decrease">A 16th-century Buddhist work by Lama Taranatha speaks disparagingly of Shankaracharya as close parallels in some beliefs of Shankaracharya with Buddhist philosophy was not viewed favourably by Buddhist writers (Thapar 2003, pp 349–350, 397)</ref> [[Islamic]] contact with South India began as early as the 7th century, a result of trade between the Southern kingdoms and [[Arab]] lands. [[Jumu'ah|Jumma]] [[Masjid]]s existed in the Rashtrakuta empire by the 10th century<ref name="jumma">From the notes of 10th-century Arab writer Al-Ishtakhri (Sastri 1955, p396)</ref> and many Muslims lived and mosques flourished on the coasts, specifically in towns such as [[Kayalpattanam]] and [[Nagore]]. Muslim settlers married local women; their children were known as [[Mappila]]s (''Moplahs'') and were actively involved in [[horse trading]] and manning shipping fleets.<ref name="jumma1">From the notes of Masudi (916) (Sastri 1955, p396)</ref>

===Society===
{{See also|Society of Rashtrakuta empire of Manyakheta}}
Chronicles mention more [[caste]]s than the four commonly known castes in the Hindu social system, some as many as seven castes.<ref name="caste">From the notes of Magasthenesis and Strabo from Greece and Ibn Khurdadba and Al Idrisi from Arabia (Altekar 1934, p317)</ref> [[Al-Biruni]], the famed 10th century Persian / central Asian [[Indology|Indologist]] mentions sixteen castes including the four basic castes of [[Brahmins]], [[Kshatriya]], [[Vaishya]] and [[Sudras]].<ref name="caste1">From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p317)</ref> The ''Zakaya'' or ''Lahud'' caste consisted of communities specialising in dance and acrobatics.<ref name="caste3">Altekar (1934), p318</ref> People in the professions of sailing, hunting, weaving, cobblery, basket making and fishing belonged to specific castes or subcastes. The ''Antyajas'' caste provided many menial services to the wealthy. Brahmins enjoyed the highest status in Rashtrakuta society; only those Kshatriyas in the ''Sat-Kshatriya'' sub-caste (noble Kshatriyas) were higher in status.<ref name="caste4">From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p324)</ref><ref name="caste10">From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, pp330–331)</ref>

The careers of Brahmins usually related to education, the judiciary, astrology, mathematics, poetry and philosophy<ref name="caste6">From the notes of Alberuni, Altekar (1934) p325</ref> or the occupation of hereditary administrative posts.<ref name="caste7">From the notes of Abuzaid (Altekar 1934, p325)</ref> Also Brahmins increasingly practiced non-Brahminical professions (agriculture, trade in betel nuts and martial posts).<ref name="caste8">From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p326)</ref> Capital punishment, although widespread, was not given to the royal Kshatriya sub-castes or to Brahmins found guilty of heinous crimes (as the killing of a Brahmin in medieval Hindu India was itself considered a heinous crime). As an alternate punishment to enforce the law a Brahmin's right hand and left foot was severed, leaving that person disabled.<ref name="caste9">Altekar (1934), p329</ref>

By the 9th century, kings from all the four castes had occupied the highest seat in the monarchical system in Hindu India.<ref name="caste11">From the notes of Yuan Chwang, Altekar (1934), p331</ref> Admitting Kshatriyas to [[Vedic period|Vedic]] schools along with Brahmins was customary, but the children of the Vaishya and [[Shudra]] castes were not allowed. Landownership by people of all castes is recorded in inscriptions<ref name="caste12">From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p332, p334)</ref> Intercaste marriages in the higher castes were only between highly placed Kshatriya girls and Brahmin boys,<ref name="caste15">From the notes of Ibn Khurdadba (Altekar 1934, p337)</ref> but was relatively frequent among other castes.<ref name="caste16">From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p337)</ref> Intercaste functions were rare and dining together between people of various castes was avoided.<ref name="caste17">From the notes of Al Masudi and Al Idrisi (Altekar 1934, p339)</ref>

Joint families were the norm but legal separations between brothers and even father and son have been recorded in inscriptions.<ref name="caste18">From the Tarkhede inscription of Govinda III, (Altekar 1934, p339)</ref> Women and daughters had rights over property and land as there are inscriptions recording the sale of land by women.<ref name="caste19">Altekar (1934), p341</ref> The arranged marriage system followed a strict policy of early marriage for women. Among Brahmins, boys married at or below 16 years of age and the brides chosen for them were 12 or younger. This age policy was not strictly followed by other castes.<ref name="caste20">From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p342)</ref> [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] (a custom in which a dead man's widow would [[Self-immolation|immolate]] herself on her husband's funeral [[pyre]]) was practiced but the few examples noted in inscriptions were mostly in the royal families.<ref name="caste22">From the notes of Sulaiman and Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p343)</ref> The system of shaving the heads of widows was infrequent as epigraphs note that widows were allowed to grow their hair but decorating it was discouraged.<ref name="caste23">Altekar (1934), p345</ref> The remarriage of a widow was rare among the upper castes and more accepted among the lower castes.<ref name="caste24">From the notes of Ibn Khurdadba (Altekar 1934, p346)</ref>

In the general population men wore two simple pieces of cloth, a loose garment on top and a garment worn like a ''[[dhoti]]'' for the lower part of the body. Only kings could wear [[turban]]s, a practice that spread to the masses much later.<ref name="caste26">Altekar (1934), p349</ref> Dancing was a popular entertainment and inscriptions speak of royal women being charmed by dancers, both male and female, in the king's palace. [[Devadasi]]s (girls were "married" to a deity or temple) were often present in temples.<ref name="caste27">Altekar (1934), p350</ref> Other recreational activities included attending animal fights of the same or different species. The [[Atakur inscription]] ([[hero stone]], ''virgal'') was made for the favourite hound of the feudatory Western Ganga King Butuga II that died fighting a wild boar in a hunt.<ref name="caste29">Altekar (1934), p351</ref> There are records of game preserves for hunting by royalty. Astronomy and astrology were well developed as subjects of study,<ref name="caste29" /> and there were many superstitious beliefs such as catching a snake alive proved a woman's chastity. Old persons suffering from incurable diseases preferred to end their lives by drowning in the sacred waters of a pilgrim site or by a ritual burning.<ref name="caste30">From the notes of Ibn Kurdadba (Altekar 1934, p353)</ref>

===Literature===
{{See also|Rashtrakuta literature}}
[[File:Jain Narayana temple1 at Pattadakal.jpg|thumb|right|Jain Narayana temple at [[Pattadakal]], [[Karnataka]]]]
[[Kannada language|Kannada]] became more prominent as a literary language during the Rashtrakuta rule with its script and literature showing remarkable growth, dignity and productivity.<ref name="language2" /><ref name="Jaina_literature" /><ref name="Jaina_literature2" /> This period effectively marked the end of the classical Prakrit and Sanskrit era. Court poets and royalty created eminent works in Kannada and Sanskrit that spanned such literary forms as prose, poetry, rhetoric, the Hindu epics and the life history of Jain [[Tirthankara|tirthankars]]. Bilingual writers such as [[Asaga]] gained fame,<ref name="asaga">Warder A.K. (1988), p. 248</ref> and noted scholars such as the [[Mahāvīra (mathematician)|Mahaviracharya]] wrote on pure mathematics in the court of King Amoghavarsha I.<ref name="mahavira">Kamath (2001), p89</ref><ref name="ganita">"Mathematical Achievements of Pre-modern Indian Mathematicians", Putta Swamy T.K., 2012, chapter=Mahavira, p.231, Elsevier Publications, London, {{ISBN|978-0-12-397913-1}}</ref>

''[[Kavirajamarga]]'' (850) by King [[Amoghavarsha I]] is the earliest available book on rhetoric and poetics in Kannada,<ref name="rhetoric">Kamath (2001), p90</ref><ref name="rhetoric1" /> though it is evident from this book that native styles of Kannada composition had already existed in previous centuries.<ref name="amog">The ''Bedande'' and ''Chattana'' type of composition (Narasimhacharya 1988, p12)</ref> ''Kavirajamarga'' is a guide to poets (''Kavishiksha'') that aims to standardize these various styles. The book refers to early Kannada prose and poetry writers such as [[Durvinita]], perhaps the 6th-century monarch of [[Western Ganga Dynasty]].<ref name="earlyprose">It is said ''Kavirajamarga'' may have been co-authored by Amoghavarsha I and court poet Sri Vijaya (Sastri 1955, pp355–356)</ref><ref name="earlyprose1">Other early writers mentioned in ''Kavirajamarga'' are Vimala, Udaya, Nagarjuna, Jayabhandu for Kannada prose and Kavisvara, Pandita, Chandra and Lokapala in [[Kannada]] poetry (Narasimhacharya 1988, p2)</ref><ref name="earlyprose2">Warder A.K. (1988), p240</ref>

The Jain writer [[Adikavi Pampa]], widely regarded as one of the most influential [[Kannada]] writers, became famous for ''[[Adipurana]]'' (941). Written in [[champu]] (mixed prose-verse style) style, it is the life history of the first Jain ''tirthankara'' [[Lord Rishabha|Rishabhadeva]]. Pampa's other notable work was ''[[Vikramarjuna Vijaya]]'' (941), the author's version of the Hindu epic, [[Mahabharata]], with [[Arjuna]] as the hero.<ref name="bharata">Sastri (1955), p356</ref> Also called ''Pampa Bharata'', it is a eulogy of the writer's patron, King [[Chalukyas of Vemulavada|Chalukya]] Arikeseri of [[Vemulwada, Karimnagar District|Vemulawada]] (a Rashtrakuta feudatory), comparing the king's virtues favorably to those of Arjuna. Pampa demonstrates such a command of classical Kannada that scholars over the centuries have written many interpretations of his work.<ref name="kanepic">L.S. Seshagiri Rao in Amaresh Datta (1988), p1180</ref>

Another notable Jain writer in Kannada was [[Sri Ponna]], patronised by King Krishna III and famed for ''Shantipurana'', his account of the life of Shantinatha, the 16th Jain tirthankara. He earned the title ''Ubhaya Kavichakravathi'' (supreme poet in two languages) for his command over both Kannada and Sanskrit. His other writings in Kannada were ''Bhuvanaika-ramaabhyudaya'', ''Jinaksharamale'' and ''Gatapratyagata''.<ref name="rhetoric" /><ref name="ubhaya">Narasimhacharya (1988, p18</ref> Adikavi Pampa and Sri Ponna are called "gems of Kannada literature".<ref name="bharata" />
[[File:kavi file2.jpg|thumb|left|A stanza from the 9th century Kannada classic [[Kavirajamarga]], praising the people for their literary skills]]

Prose works in [[Sanskrit]] was prolific during this era as well.<ref name="Jaina_literature"/> Important mathematical theories and axioms were postulated by [[Mahavira (mathematician)|Mahaviracharya]], a native of [[Gulbarga]], who belonged to the Karnataka mathematical tradition and was patronised by King Amoghavarsha I.<ref name="mahavira"/> His greatest contribution was ''Ganitasarasangraha'', a writing in 9 chapters. Somadevasuri of 950 wrote in the court of [[Arikesari II]], a feudatory of Rashtrakuta [[Krishna III]] in [[Vemulwada, Karimnagar District|Vemulavada]]. He was the author of ''[[Yashastilaka|Yasastilaka champu]]'', ''Nitivakyamrita'' and other writings. The main aim of the ''champu'' writing was to propagate Jain tenets and ethics. The second writing reviews the subject matter of ''Arthashastra'' from the standpoint of Jain morals in a clear and pithy manner.<ref name="artha">Sastri (1955), p314</ref> Ugraditya, a Jain ascetic from Hanasoge in the modern Mysore district wrote a medical treatise called ''Kalyanakaraka''. He delivered a discourse in the court of Amoghavarsha I encouraging abstinence from animal products and alcohol in medicine.<ref name="cuisine">S.K. Ramachandra Rao, (1985), Encyclopedia of Indian Medicine: Historical perspective, pp100-101, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, {{ISBN|81-7154-255-7}}</ref><ref name="veg">Narasimhachar (1988), p11</ref>

Trivikrama was a noted scholar in the court of King Indra III. His classics were ''Nalachampu'' (915), the earliest in champu style in Sanskrit, ''Damayanti Katha'', ''Madalasachampu'' and Begumra plates. Legend has it that Goddess [[Saraswati]] helped him in his effort to compete with a rival in the king's court.<ref name="artha" /> [[Jinasena]] was the spiritual preceptor and [[guru]] of [[Amoghavarsha I]]. A theologian, his contributions are ''Dhavala'' and ''Jayadhavala'' (written with another theologian [[Virasena]]). These writings are named after their patron king who was also called Athishayadhavala. Other contributions from Jinasena were ''Adipurana,'' later completed by his disciple Gunabhadra, ''Harivamsha'' and ''Parshvabhyudaya''.<ref name="mahavira"/>

===Architecture===
{{further|Ellora Caves}}
[[File:Kailasha temple at ellora.JPG|thumb|Kailasanath Temple at Ellora, Maharashtra|249x249px]]
The Rashtrakutas contributed much to the architectural heritage of the Deccan. Art historian Adam Hardy categorizes their building activity into three schools: Ellora, around Badami, Aihole and Pattadakal, and at Sirval near Gulbarga.<ref name="hardy1">Hardy (1995), p111</ref>
The Rashtrakuta contributions to art and architecture are reflected in the splendid rock-cut cave temples at Ellora and Elephanta, areas also occupied by Jain monks, located in present-day [[Maharashtra]]. The Ellora site was originally part of a complex of 34 Buddhist caves probably created in the first half of the 6th century whose structural details show [[Pandyan]] influence. Cave temples occupied by Hindus are from later periods.<ref name="rockcut">{{cite book
| first= K.V. Soundara
| last= Rajan
| year= 1998
| title= Rock-cut Temple Styles'
| publisher=Somaily Publications
| location=Mumbai, India
| pages= 19, 115–116
| isbn= 81-7039-218-7}}</ref>

The Rashtrakutas renovated these Buddhist caves and re-dedicated the rock-cut shrines. Amoghavarsha I espoused Jainism and there are five Jain cave temples at [[Ellora]] ascribed to his period.<ref>{{cite web|title=Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|url=http://www.indoarch.org/place.php?placelink=R%3D4%2BS%3D15%2BP%3D180%2BM%3D962|author=Takeo Kamiya|publisher=Gerard da Cunha-Architecture Autonomous, India|access-date=18 April 2007}}</ref> The most extensive and sumptuous of the Rashtrakuta works at [[Ellora]] is their creation of the monolithic [[Ellora Kailasanathar Temple|Kailasanath Temple]], a splendid achievement confirming the "Balhara" status as "one among the four principal Kings of the world".<ref name="reded" /> The walls of the temple have marvellous sculptures from Hindu mythology including [[Ravana]], [[Shiva]] and [[Parvathi]] while the ceilings have paintings.

The Kailasanath Temple project was commissioned by King Krishna I after the Rashtrakuta rule had spread into South India from the Deccan. The architectural style used is ''Karnata Dravida'' according to Adam Hardy. It does not contain any of the ''Shikharas'' common to the ''Nagara'' style and was built on the same lines as the Virupaksha temple at [[Pattadakal]] in Karnataka.<ref name="Dravidian">{{cite web|title=Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent,20 September 1996 |url=http://www.indoarch.org/place.php?placelink=R%3D4%2BS%3D15%2BP%3D180%2BM%3D0|author=Takeo Kamiya|publisher=Gerard da Cunha-Architecture Autonomous, Bardez, Goa, India|access-date=10 November 2006}}</ref><ref name="hardy2">Hardy (1995), p327</ref> According to art historian Vincent Smith, the achievement at the Kailasanath temple is considered an architectural consummation of the monolithic rock-cut temple and deserves to be considered one of the wonders of the world.<ref name="Freak">Vincent Smith in {{cite web|title=Society, Religion and Economic condition in the period of Rashtrakutas|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm|author=Arthikaje, Mangalore|publisher=1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc|access-date=20 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104095148/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm |archive-date=4 November 2006}}</ref> According to art historian Percy Brown, as an accomplishment of art, the Kailasanath temple is considered an unrivalled work of rock architecture, a monument that has always excited and astonished travellers.<ref name="rocky">Percy Brown and James Fergusson in {{cite web|title=Society, Religion and Economic condition in the period of Rashtrakutas|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm|author=Arthikaje, Mangalore|publisher=1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc|access-date=20 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104095148/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm |archive-date=4 November 2006}}</ref>[[File:Kuknur Navalinga temples.JPG|thumb|left|Dravidian style architecture. Top view of Navalinga Temples at [[Kuknur]], [[Karnataka]]|292x292px]]While some scholars have claimed the architecture at [[Elephanta Caves|Elephanta]] is attributable to the [[Kalachuri]], others claim that it was built during the Rashtrakuta period.<ref name="others">Kamath (2001), p93</ref> Some of the sculptures such as ''Nataraja'' and ''Sadashiva'' excel in beauty and craftsmanship even that of the Ellora sculptures.<ref name="trinity">Arthikaje in {{cite web|title=Society, Religion and Economic condition in the period of Rashtrakutas|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm|author=Arthikaje, Mangalore|publisher=1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc|access-date=20 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104095148/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm |archive-date=4 November 2006}}</ref> Famous sculptures at Elephanta include ''Ardhanarishvara'' and ''Maheshamurthy''. The latter, a three faced bust of Lord Shiva, is {{convert|25|ft|m|0}} tall and considered one of the finest pieces of sculpture in India. It is said that, in the world of sculpture, few works of art depicting a divinity are as balanced.<ref name="trinity-2">Grousset in {{cite web|title=Society, Religion and Economic condition in the period of Rashtrakutas|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm|author=Arthikaje, Mangalore|publisher=1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc|access-date=20 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104095148/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm |archive-date=4 November 2006}}</ref>

In [[Karnataka]] their most famous temples are the ''Kashivishvanatha'' temple and the Jain Narayana temple at [[Pattadakal]], a [[UNESCO]] World Heritage site.<ref name="karnataka_whs">{{cite web|title=Reclaiming past glory |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/feb272007/spectrum1437452007226.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518044912/http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/feb272007/spectrum1437452007226.asp |archive-date=18 May 2008|author=Vijapur, Raju S.|publisher=Spectrum|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=27 February 2007}}</ref><ref name="hardy10">Hardy (1995), p.341</ref> Other well-known temples are the Parameshwara temple at Konnur, Brahmadeva temple at Savadi, the Settavva, Kontigudi II, Jadaragudi and Ambigeragudi temples at [[Aihole]], Mallikarjuna temple at Ron, Andhakeshwara temple at Huli ([[Hooli]]), Someshwara temple at [[Sogal]], Jain temples at Lokapura, [[Navalinga Temple (Kukkanur)|Navalinga temple]] at [[Kuknur]], Kumaraswamy temple at Sandur, numerous temples at Shirival in [[Gulbarga]],<ref name="hardy1000">Hardy (1995), p344-345</ref> and the ''[[Trikuteshwara]]'' temple at [[Gadag]] which was later expanded by [[Kalyani Chalukyas]]. Archeological study of these temples show some have the stellar (multigonal) plan later to be used profusely by the [[Hoysalas]] at [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] and [[Halebidu]].<ref name="karnatakatemples">Sundara and Rajashekar, {{cite web|title=Society, Religion and Economic condition in the period of Rashtrakutas|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm|author=Arthikaje, Mangalore|publisher=1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc|access-date=20 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104095148/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm |archive-date=4 November 2006}}</ref> One of the richest traditions in Indian architecture took shape in the Deccan during this time which Adam Hardy calls ''Karnata dravida'' style as opposed to traditional Dravida style.<ref name="Karnatadravida">Hardy (1995), p5 (introduction)</ref>

===Language===
[[File:Old Kannada inscription in the mantapa of Navalinga temple at Kuknur.jpg|thumb|right|9th century ''[[Old Kannada]]'' inscription at Navalinga temple in [[Kuknur]], Karnataka|286x286px]]
With the ending of the [[Gupta Dynasty]] in northern India in the early 6th century, major changes began taking place in the Deccan south of the Vindyas and in the southern regions of India. These changes were not only political but also linguistic and cultural. The royal courts of peninsular India (outside of [[Tamilakam]]) interfaced between the increasing use of the local [[Kannada language]] and the expanding Sanskritic culture. Inscriptions, including those that were bilingual, demonstrate the use of Kannada as the primary administrative language in conjunction with Sanskrit.<ref name="language1"/><ref name="houb"/> Government archives used Kannada for recording pragmatic information relating to grants of land.<ref name="grant">Thapar (2002), pp393–4</ref> The local language formed the ''desi'' (popular) literature while literature in Sanskrit was more ''marga'' (formal). Educational institutions and places of higher learning (''ghatikas'') taught in Sanskrit, the language of the learned Brahmins, while Kannada increasingly became the speech of personal expression of devotional closeness of a worshipper to a private deity. The patronage Kannada received from rich and literate Jains eventually led to its use in the [[devotional movements]] of later centuries.<ref name="rich">Thapar (2002), p396</ref>

Contemporaneous literature and inscriptions show that Kannada was not only popular in the modern Karnataka region but had spread further north into present day southern Maharashtra and to the northern Deccan by the 8th century.<ref name="change">Vaidya (1924), p170</ref> Kavirajamarga, the work on poetics, refers to the entire region between the [[Kaveri River]] and the [[Godavari River]] as "[[Kannada]] country".<ref name="country">Sastri (1955), p355</ref><ref name="god1">Rice, E.P. (1921), p12</ref><ref name="god2">Rice, B.L. (1897), p497</ref> Higher education in Sanskrit included the subjects of [[Veda]], ''Vyakarana'' (grammar), ''Jyotisha'' (astronomy and astrology), ''Sahitya'' (literature), ''Mimansa'' (Exegesis), ''Dharmashastra'' (law), ''Puranas'' (ritual), and ''Nyaya'' (logic). An examination of inscriptions from this period shows that the ''[[Kavya]]'' (classical) style of writing was popular. The awareness of the merits and defects in inscriptions by the archivists indicates that even they, though mediocre poets, had studied standard classical literature in Sanskrit.<ref name="defect">Altekar (1934), p404</ref> An inscription in Kannada by King [[Krishna III]], written in a poetic Kanda metre, has been found as far away as [[Jabalpur]] in modern [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="language" /> Kavirajamarga, a work on poetics in Kannada by [[Amoghavarsha I]], shows that the study of poetry was popular in the Deccan during this time. Trivikrama's Sanskrit writing, ''Nalachampu'', is perhaps the earliest in the ''champu'' style from the Deccan.<ref name="vikram">Altekar (1934), p408</ref>

{{Clear}}<gallery mode="packed" caption="[[Kailasa temple, Ellora]]" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="210">
Ellora Caves, India, Kailash Temple, Majestic Interior.jpg|Interior and arcades
Ellora Cave 16 si0308.jpg|[[Kailasa temple, Ellora|Kailasa temple]], is one of the largest [[Indian rock-cut architecture|rock-cut]] ancient [[Hindu temple]]s located in [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]].
Indra Sabha Ellora Temple Maharashtra India.jpg|[[Shikhara]] of Indra Sabha at Ellora.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Gadag]]
* [[Kalyani Chalukyas]]
* [[Kuknur]]
* [[Pattadakal]]
* [[Prithvi-vallabha]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
'''Books'''
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last= [[Anant Sadashiv Altekar|Altekar]]|first= Anant Sadashiv |title= The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during C. 750 A.D. to C. 1000 A.D|orig-year=1934|year=1934|publisher= Oriental Book Agency|location=Poona|oclc=3793499}}
*{{cite book |last1= Chopra|first1= P.N.|last2= Ravindran|first2= T.K.|last3=Subrahmanian|first3= N|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Chand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn= 81-219-0153-7}}
*{{cite book |last= De Bruyne|first= J.L.|title= Rudrakavis Great Poem of the Dynasty of Rastraudha|orig-year=1968|year= 1968|publisher= EJ Brill}}
*{{cite book |last=Dalby |first= Andrew |title= Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages |orig-year=1998|year=2004|publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn = 0-231-11569-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Hardy|first=Adam |title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation-The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries|orig-year=1995|year=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn= 81-7017-312-4}}
*{{cite book |last= Houben|first= Jan E.M.|title= Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit language |orig-year=1996|year= 1996|publisher= Brill|isbn= 90-04-10613-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Jain|first= K.C.|title= Bharatiya Digambar Jain Abhilekh|orig-year=2001|year= 2001|publisher= Digambar Jain Sahitya Samrakshan Samiti|location=Madhya Pradesh }}
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
*{{cite book |last= Karmarkar|first= A.P.|title= Cultural history of Karnataka : ancient and medieval|orig-year=1947|year=1947|publisher= Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha|location= Dharwar|oclc= 8221605 }}
*{{cite book |last= Keay|first= John|title= India: A History|orig-year=2000|year=2000|publisher= Grove Publications|location= New York|isbn= 0-8021-3797-0}}
*{{cite book |last= Majumdar|first= R.C.|title= The Struggle for Empire|orig-year=1966|year= 1966|publisher= Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}
*{{cite book |last=Masica |first= Colin P.|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |orig-year=1991|year=1991|publisher= Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-29944-6 }}
*{{cite book |last= Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= 81-206-0303-6}}
*{{cite book |last= [[Bishweshwar Nath Reu|Reu]]|first= Pandit Bisheshwar Nath|title= History of the Rashtrakutas (Rathodas)|orig-year=1933|year=1997|publisher= Publication Scheme|location= Jaipur|isbn= 81-86782-12-5}}
*{{cite book |last= Pollock|first= Sheldon |title= The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India|orig-year=2006|year=2006 |publisher=University of California Press|location= Berkeley|isbn= 0-520-24500-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Rao|first=Seshagiri, L.S|editor=Amaresh Datta|title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 2|orig-year=1988|year=1988|chapter=Epic (Kannada)|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1194-7}}
*{{cite book |last= Rice|first= E.P.|title= Kannada Literature|orig-year=1921|year=1982|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi |isbn= 81-206-0063-0}}
*{{cite book |last= Rice|first= B.L.|title= Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1|orig-year=1897|year=2001|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= 81-206-0977-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Sen|first= Sailendra Nath |title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization |orig-year=1999|year=1999|publisher= New Age Publishers|isbn=81-224-1198-3}}
*{{cite book |last= Singh|first=Upinder|title= A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India:From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|orig-year=2008|year=2008|publisher= Pearsons Education|location= India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0}}
*{{cite book |last= Thapar|first= Romila|title= Penguin History of Early India: From origins to AD 1300|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Penguin|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-14-302989-4}}
*{{cite book |last= Vaidya|first= C.V.|title= History of Mediaeval Hindu India (Being a History of India from 600 to 1200 A.D.)|orig-year=1924|year=1979|publisher= Oriental Book Supply Agency|location= Poona|oclc= 6814734 }}
* {{cite book |last= Warder|first= A.K.|author-link= A. K. Warder|title= Indian Kavya Literature|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|isbn= 81-208-0450-3}}
{{refend}}
'''Web'''
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web|author=Arthikaje|title=The Rashtrakutas|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka18.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104123203/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka18.htm|archive-date=4 November 2006 |publisher=OurKarnataka.Com|work=History of karnataka|access-date=31 December 2006}}
* {{cite web|last=Kamat|first=Jyotsna|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/deckings.htm|title=The Rashtrakutas|access-date=3 February 2007|work=Dynasties of the Deccan}}
* {{cite web |last=Sastri & Rao|first=Shama & Lakshminarayan|url=http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_9/rashtrakutas.html|title=South Indian Inscriptions-Miscellaneous Inscriptions in Kannada|access-date=3 February 2007|work=Rashtrakutas}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Rashtrakuta}}
* [http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110707080339/http://asi.nic.in/ Archaeological Survey of India]

{{featured article}}

{{Middle kingdoms of India}}

{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Telangana}}

[[Category:Rashtrakuta dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of India]]
[[Category:Former countries in South Asia]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:History of Marathwada]]
[[Category:8th century in India]]
[[Category:9th century in India]]
[[Category:10th century in India]]
[[Category:Medieval Karnataka]]
[[Category:8th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:753 establishments]]
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[[Category:982 disestablishments]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 750s]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 980s]]

Maitraka dynasty

2022-12-10T10:53:03Z

Subrata: Created an inspiring work.

{{Short description|Dynasty that ruled western India from c. 475 to 767}}

{{Infobox country
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Maitrakas of Valabhi
|common_name = Maitraka Empire
|era =
|status =
|event_start = Established
|year_start = c. 475 CE
|date_start =
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|event_end = Disestablished
|year_end = c. 776 CE
|date_end =
|p2 = Gupta Empire
|flag_p2 = Map_of_the_Gupta_Empire.png
|p1 = Western Satraps
|flag_p1 = Map_of_the_Western_Satraps.png
|p3 = Traikutaka dynasty
|flag_p3 = Map_of_ancient_India_during_Gupta_emperor_Kumaragupta_I's_reign.jpg
|s1 = Chavda dynasty
|flag_s1 = Saurashtra_region_within_Gujarat_India_relief_map.jpg
|s2 = Saindhava dynasty
|flag_s2 = Saurashtra_region_within_Gujarat_India_relief_map.jpg
|s3 =
|flag_s3 =
|image_flag =
|flag_type =
|image_map = South Asia historical AD590 EN.svg
|image_map_caption = Maitrakas (in blue) and their contemporaries in India in 590 AD
|capital = [[Vallabhi]]
|common_languages = [[Sanskrit]] Prakrit Sauraseni Apabhramsa
|religion = [[Hinduism]] ([[Shaivism]]){{snf|Virji|1955|p=225–229}}
|government_type = Monarchy
|leader1 = Bhatarka
|year_leader1 = c. 475-c. 493 CE
|leader2 = Siladitya VI
|year_leader2 = c. 762-c. 776 CE
|title_leader = Paramabhataraka
|legislature =
|image_coat = Valabhi (Saurashtra) drachms. Late 5th-8th century Capped head right in Ksatrapa style Trident; Brahmi legend around.jpg
|coa_size = 300px
|symbol_type =Coinage of Valabhi (Saurashtra), late 5th-8th century CE. Capped head right in [[Western Satraps|Ksatrapa]] style. Trident with Brahmi legend around.
}}
The '''Maitraka dynasty''' ruled western India (now [[Gujarat]]) from approximately 475 to approximately 776 CE from their capital at [[Vallabhi]]. With the sole exception of Dharapaṭṭa (the fifth king in the dynasty), who followed the [[Mithraism|Mithraic]] [[Mystery religion|mysteries]]{{snf|Virji|1955|p=17–18}}, they were followers of [[Shaivism]]. Their origin is uncertain but they were probably [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravanshi Kshatriyas]].

Following the decline of the [[Gupta Empire]], Maitraka dynasty was founded by ''Senapati'' (general) Bhaṭārka, who was a military governor of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] under Gupta Empire, who had established himself as the independent around 475 CE. The first two Maitraka rulers Bhaṭārka and Dharasena I used only the title of ''Senapati'' (general). The third ruler Droṇasiṁha declared himself as the ''Maharaja''.<ref name="Raychaudhuri2006">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC|title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty|author=Hemchandra Raychaudhuri|publisher=Cosmo Publications|year=2006|isbn=978-81-307-0291-9|pages=534–535}}</ref> During the reign Dhruvasena I, [[Jain councils|Jain council at Vallabhi]] was probably held. The next ruler Dharapaṭṭa is the only ruler considered as a sun-worshipper. King Guhasena stopped using the term ''Paramabhattaraka Padanudhyata'' along his name like his predecessors, which denotes the cessation of displaying of the nominal allegiance to the Gupta overlords. He was succeeded by his son Dharasena II, who used the title of ''Mahadhiraja''. His son, the next ruler Śilāditya I Dharmāditya was described by [[Xuanzang|Hiuen Tsang]], visited in 640 CE, as a "monarch of great administrative ability and of rare kindness and compassion". Śilāditya I was succeeded by his younger brother Kharagraha I.<ref name="Mahajan">Mahajan V.D. (1960, reprint 2007). ''Ancient India'', S.Chand & Company, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-219-0887-6}}, pp.594-6</ref> Virdi copperplate grant (616 CE) of Kharagraha I proves that his territories included [[Ujjain]]. During the reign of the next ruler, Dharasena III, north Gujarat was included in this kingdom. Dharasena II was succeeded by another son of Kharagraha I, Dhruvasena II, Balāditya. He married the daughter of [[Harshavardhana|Harṣavardhana]]. His son Dharasena IV assumed the imperial titles of ''Paramabhattaraka Mahrajadhiraja Parameshvara Chakravartin''. Sanskrit poet Bhatti was his court poet. The next powerful ruler of this dynasty was Śilāditya II. During the reign of Śilāditya V, Arabs probably invaded this kingdom. The last known ruler of this dynasty was Śilāditya VI.<ref name="Raychaudhuri2006" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Ancient India.|last=Mahajan|first=Vidya Dhar|publisher=S Chand & Co Ltd|isbn=978-8121908870|pages=594–596|oclc=941063107}}</ref>

Maitrakas set up a [[Vallabhi University]] which came to be known far and wide for its scholastic pursuits and was compared with the [[Nalanda University]]. They came under the rule of [[Harsha|Harṣa]] of [[Vardhana dynasty]] in the mid-seventh century, but retained local autonomy, and regained their independence after Harṣa's death. After repeated attacks by Arabs from the sea, the kingdom had weakened considerably. The dynasty ended by 783 CE. Apart from legendary accounts which connect fall of Vallabi with the Tajjika (Arab) invasions, no historical source mention how the dynasty ended.<ref name="Majumdar1954">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Th8KAQAAIAAJ|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Classical age|publisher=G. Allen & Unwin|year=1954|editor=Pusalkar|editor-first=A. D.|editor-link=R. C. Majumdar|volume=III|page=150|editor-last2=Majumdar|editor-first2=Ramesh Chandra}}</ref>

More than hundred temples of this period are known, mostly located along the western coast of Saurashtra.<ref name=":0" />

==Origin==
[[File:Maitrakas of Valllabhi Family Tree.png|thumb|Genealogical Tree of Maitrakas|400px]]
Early scholars like Fleet had misread copperplate grant and considered Maitrakas as some foreign tribe defeated by Bhaṭārka. Bhagwanlal Indraji believed that Maitrakas were foreign tribe while Bhaṭārka, who defeated them, belonged to the indigenous dynasty. Later readings corrected that Bhaṭārka was himself Maitraka who had succeeded in many battles. The earlier scholars had suggested the name Maitraka is derived from [[Mithra]], the [[Sun]] or [[solar deity]], and their supposed connection to [[Mitra (Vedic)|Mihira]] [[Mithraism|and their sun-worshiping inclination]].<ref>Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay, p 245, Bhau Daji (by Asiatic Society of Bombay, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Bombay Branch).</ref><ref>Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, 1904, p 142, 476, by Bombay (India : State); A Concise History of the Indian People, 1950, p 106, H. G. (Hugh George) Rawlinson.</ref><ref>Advanced History of India, 1971, p 198, G. Srinivasachari; History of India, 1952, p 140.</ref><ref>Views of Dr Fleet, Dr V. A. Smith, H. A. Rose, Peter N. Stearns and other scholars</ref><ref>See: The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911, p 164, [[Vincent Arthur Smith|Dr Vincent Arthur Smith]]</ref><ref>History of India, 1907, 284 [[A. V. Williams Jackson]], [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]], Vincent Arthur Smith, Stanley Lane-Poole, H. M. (Henry Miers) Elliot, William Wilson Hunter, Alfred Comyn Lyall.</ref><ref>Also: Journal of the United Service Institution of India, United Service Institution of India, p331.</ref>

Though [[Mitra (Vedic)|Mitra]] and Mihira are synonyms for the sun, the Sanskrit literature does not use it in sense of sun-worshipers. Dharapaṭṭa is the fifth and the only king of all Maitraka kings connected with sun-worship. All other kings were followers of [[Shaivism]].{{snf|Virji|1955|p=17–18}}

The copperplate grants do not help in identifying their origin, they describe only that the dynasty was born from a war-like tribe whose capital was at [[Vallabhi]] and they were [[Shaiva]]s. Chinese traveler [[Xuanzang|Hieun-Tsang]] visited Vallabhi during the second quarter of the 7th century had described the ruler as a Kshatriya.<ref name="GBP">{{cite book|editor=James Macnabb Campbell|editor-link=James Macnabb Campbell|title=History of Gujarát|chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm|series=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|volume=I. Part I.|year=1896|publisher=The Government Central Press|pages=85–86|chapter=I. THE CHÁVAḌÁS (A. D. 720–956.)}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> Later Mahayana Buddhist work ''Manju-Shri-Mula-Kalpa'' had described them as Varavatya Yadava. The late Jain traditional work ''Shatrunjaya-Mahatmaya'' of Dhaneshwara describes Śilāditya as the Yadavas of [[Lunar dynasty|Lunar race]].{{snf|Virji|1955|p=19}}

Virji concludes that Maitrakas were a Kshatriya of [[Chandravanshi|Lunar race]] and their origin was probably from [[Mitra dynasty (Mathura)|Mitra dynasty]] which once ruled region around [[Mathura]] (now in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India). Several scholars like Benerjee, D. Shastri, [[D. R. Bhandarkar]] agree with her conclusion.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=19}}

==Vallabhi==
The Maitrakas ruled from their capital at [[Vallabhi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Nanavati|first1=J. M.|last2=Dhaky|first2=M. A.|title=The Maitraka and the Saindhava Temples of Gujarat|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.321094|journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum|volume=26|pages=3–83|doi=10.2307/1522666|jstor=1522666}}</ref> They came under the rule of [[Harsha|Harṣa]] in the mid-7th century, but retained local autonomy, and regained their independence after Harṣa's death.<ref>History and Culture of Indian People, Classical age, p 150, (Ed) Dr A. D. Pusalkar, Dr [[R. C. Majumdar]].</ref>

When [[I Ching (monk)|I-Tsing]], another Chinese traveller, visited Vallabhi in the last quarter of the seventh century, he found Vallabhi as a great center of learning including [[Buddhism]]. Gunamati and Sthiramati were two famous Buddhist scholars of Vallabhi in the middle of the seventh century. Vallabhi was famous for its liberalism and the students from all over the country, including the Brahmana boys, visited it to have higher education in secular and religious subjects. We are told that the graduates of Valabhi were given higher executive posts.

The [[Charan|Charanas]] of the region connect themselves with the last Maitraka ruler Śilāditya VI.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Śāstrī |first=Hariprasāda Gaṅgāśaṅkara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeVjAAAAMAAJ |title=Gujarat Under the Maitrakas of Valabhī: History and Culture of Gujarat During the Maitraka Period, Circa 470-788 A.D. |publisher=Oriental Institute |pages=101 |language=en}}</ref> Goddess [[Khodiyar]] is considered a contemporary figure of the period when the Vallabhi kingdom declined in the 8th century AD.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Sudipta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0rME6RjC1sC |title=Gir Forest and the Saga of the Asiatic Lion |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-183-2 |language=en |quote=The Charans came next after the Ahirs and the existence of their goddess Khodiyar , a contemporary figure of the period when the Vallabhi kingdom declined in the 8th century AD , reveals the fact that the Charans came to Saurashtra before 1000 AD.}}</ref>

==History==
===Bhaṭārka===
[[File:Maitrakas of Valabhi.in the name of Bhatarkah. Circa 475-700 CE.jpg|thumb|300px|Coinage of Bhaṭārka (Maitrakas of Valabhi). ''Obverse'': Head of the kings facing right. ''Reverse'': [[Trishula]] trident (symbol of [[Shiva]]) with legend in the [[Brahmi script]]: ''Rájño Mahákshatrapasa Bhatárakasa Mahesara–Śrí Bhaṭṭárakasa'' "Of the illustrious, the Shaivaite, Bhattaraka, the great king; the great [[Satrap|Kshtrapa]]; the Lord and devotee of [[Maheshwara]]."{{snf|Virji|1955|p=225–229}}]]
The ''Senapati'' (general) Bhaṭārka, was a military governor of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] [[peninsula]] under [[Gupta Empire]], who had established himself as the independent ruler of Gujarat approximately in the last quarter of 5th century when the Gupta empire weakened. He continued to use the title of ''Senapati'' (general). Apart from his military accomplishments, not much is known from the copper-plates. He was Śaiva according to the title ''Parama-Maheshwara'' used for him in grants by his descendants. It seems that he transferred the capital from Girinagar ([[Girnar]]) to Vallabhi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sinha|first=Nandini|title=Early Maitrakas, Landgrant Charters and Regional State Formation in Early Medieval Gujarat|journal=Studies in History|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=151–163|doi=10.1177/025764300101700201|s2cid=162126329 }}</ref> The legends of all Valabhi coins are marked with ''Sri-Bhaṭārka''. Almost all the Maitraka inscriptions start with his name. He is known only from the copperplate inscriptions of descendants.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=21–25}}

===Dharasena I===
[[File:Coinage of Dharasena (Maitraka, 570-606 CE, Gujarat), National Museum, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|left|Coinage of Dharasena (Maitraka, 570-606 CE, Gujarat), on the model of the [[Western Satraps]]. National Museum, New Delhi.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=225–229}}]]
Bhaṭārka was succeeded by his eldest son Dharasena I who also used only the title of ''Senapati'' (general). He reigned approximately from 174 to 180 Valabhi Era (VE) (c. 493 - c. 499 CE). It seems that he further consolidated power in weakening [[Gupta Empire]]. the Maitrkas had a marriage alliance with [[Harishena|Harisena]], the [[Vakataka dynasty|Vakataka]] king of Avanti who had himself captured many regions formerly under Guptas. Chandralekha, who is described in ''Dharasanasara'' of Devasena as the daughter of the king of Ujjayani and the queen of Dhruvasena I.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=26–27}}

===Droṇasiṁha===
Droṇasiṁha (c. 499 - c. 519 CE) was a younger brother of Dharasena I. He had declared himself as the ''Maharaja'' known from his copperplate dated 183 VE (502 CE). It is known that his coronation was attended by some higher authority, probably [[Vakataka]] as they had a marriage alliance.<ref name="HRC">Roychaudhuri, H.C. (1972). ''Political History of Ancient India'', University of Calcutta, Calcutta, pp.553-4</ref>{{snf|Virji|1955|p=28–30}}

{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Eran pillar inscription of Bhanugupta
| image1 = Eran_pillar_of_Goparaja_(detail).jpg
| caption1 = Eran pillar
| image2 = Eran_pillar_inscription_of_Goparaja.jpg
| caption2 = [[Eran]] stone pillar inscription.
| image3 = Bhanugupta Eran stone pillar inscription.jpg
| caption3 = Rubbing of the inscription.
| footer=The [[Bhanugupta|Eran stone pillar inscription]] of [[Bhanugupta]] mentions a "very big and famous battle" between the Guptas and the Maitrakas.
}}
According to the [[Eran]] inscription of [[Gupta Empire]] ruler [[Bhanugupta]] (new revised translation published in 1981),<ref name="CII"/> Bhanugupta and his chieftain or noble Goparaja participated in a battle against the "Maittras" in 510 CE, thought to be the Maitrakas (the reading being without full certainty, but "as good as certain" according to the authors).<ref name="CII"/> This would directly allude to the conflict between the Maitrakas and the Guptas during the reign of Droṇasiṁha. The inscription reads:

{{blockquote|
*(Verses 3-4) (There is) the glorious [[Bhanugupta]], a distinguished hero on earth, a mighty ruler, brave being equal to Partha. And along with him Goparaja, following (him) without fear, having overtaken the Maittras and having fought a very big and famous battle, went to heaven, becoming equal to Indra, the best of the gods; and (his) devoted, attached, beloved, and beauteous wife, clinging (to him), entered into the mass of fire (funeral pyre).
|[[Eran|Eran inscription]] of Bhanugupta, 510 CE.<ref name="CII">Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.3 (inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108395 Main text p.352sq]</ref>}}

It is also around this time, or soon after, that the [[Alchon Huns]] king [[Toramana]] invaded [[Malwa]], leading to his mention as "ruler of the earth" in the [[Eran boar inscription of Toramana]].

===Dhruvasena I===
Dhruvasena I was the third son of Bhaṭārka and the younger brother of Droṇasiṁha. He reigned c. 519 - c. 549 CE. During his rule, [[Yashodharman]] of [[Malwa]] had defeated [[Harisena]] of the [[Vakataka dynasty]], as well as the [[Huna Kingdom|Huna]] king [[Mihirakula]] (in 528 CE). Dhruvasena probably had to acknowledge to overlord-ship of Yashodharman. It is known that they had regained their glory as Yashodharman's rule was short lived and was supplanted by the Guptas.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=31–33}}

In these grants, Dhruvasena's father Bhaṭárka and his elder brothers are described as 'great Máheśvaras' that are followers of Śiva, while Dhruvasena himself is called 'Paramabhágavata', the great Vaiṣṇava. He must be liberal in religious beliefs. In the 535 CE grant, he had made an arrangement for a Buddhist monastery at Valabhi built by his Buddhist niece Duḍḍá (or Lulá?). He had made several grants to Brahmanas of [[Vadnagar]]. The [[Vallabhi council|Jain council at Vallabhi]] was probably held during his rule which was arranged by his wife Chandralekha. During these days, he had lost his son as the Vallabhi council has condoled on loss.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=33–34}}<ref name=GBP/> ''[[Kalpa Sūtra|Kalpa Sutra]]'', the Jain text, was compiled probably during the reign of Dhruvasena, 980 or 993 years after the death (''[[Moksha (Jainism)|Nirvana]]'') of [[Mahavira]]. Kalpa Sutra mentions that the public reading of it started at Anandapura (Vadnagar) to relieve Dhruvasena from the grief of the death of his son.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=75}} Based on his grants, it known that his kingdom extended from Dwarika to Valabhi, whole Saurashtra peninsula and as far as Vadnagar in the north.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=34}}

During his rule, the Garulakas or Garudakas had accepted the Maitrkas as their overlord. The Garulaka had captured [[Dvārakā|Dwarika]] probably with help of the Maitrakas. They probably has an emblem of the [[Garuda]] and it his clear from their grants that they were Vaishnavas. They had made grants to Brahmanas and Buddhists alike.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=33–34}}

===Dharapaṭṭa===
Dhruvasena I was succeeded by his younger brother Dharapaṭṭa who reigned for a very short period, c. 549 to c. 553. He must be old when he ascended to the throne as his elder brothers ruled before him and thus his reign may have been short. He is the only ruler described as ''Paramaditya-Bhakta'', the devotee of the sun god. He is known by the copperplate grants of his grandson.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=35–37}}

===Guhasena===
[[File:Five Bronzes Valabhipur.jpg|thumb|Five Jain Bronzes recovered from [[Vallabhi]] ]]
Dharapaṭṭa was succeeded by Guhasena who reigned from c. 553 to c. 569 CE. He must be great king as the all later ruler from Śilāditya I to the last ruler records his name in grants.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=38}}

Guhasena stopped using the term ''Paramabhattaraka Padanudhyata'' along his name like his predecessors, which denotes the cessation of displaying of the nominal allegiance to the Gupta overlords. He had assumed the title of ''Maharajadhiraja''. During his early rule, the Maitraka kingdom was invaded by Maukhara or Maukhari king Ishwaravarman. The Raivataka (Girnar) hill is mentioned in his Jaunpur stone inscription but who won the war is unclear as the inscription is fragmentary. It is assumed that Guhasena must have repelled the attack.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=38–42}}

All his copper-plates record donations to Buddhist monasteries. He was a devotee of Shiva as mentioned in his grants and the copperplate bore the symbol of the [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]], the vehicle of Shiva. He was interested in Buddhism in his last years of reign which is known from his grants. Guhasena wrote poems in Sanskrit, Prakrit and Saurseni Apabhramsa.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=38–42}}

Early historians had considered [[Gahlot]]s (Gohil) of Mewar ([[Guhila dynasty|Guhilas of Medapata]]) as his descendants. [[James Tod]] had recorded one such legend but epigraph evidence does not support the assumption. Virji also makes the point that Gahlots were Brahmanas as per their inscriptions while the Maitrakas were Kshatriyas.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=38–42}}

===Dharasena II===
[[File:Maliya inscription of Dharasena II Year 252.jpg|thumb|300px|Maliya inscription of Dharasena II of the year 252 (571 CE).<ref>Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol 3 [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.358795 p.164ff]</ref>]]
Gahasena was succeeded by his son Dharasena II, who used the title of ''Samanta'' in his early grants and later readopts the title of ''Maharaja'' and later again as ''Mahasamanta''. He reigned from 569 to 589–90 CE. It is considered that he had become subordinate to Maukhari ruler [[Ishanavarman]] for sometime between which reflect in the changes in titles. From Haraha inscription it known that Ishanavarman held sway over several rulers and Dharasena may have had to submit to him.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=42–45}}

He had made land grants to Brahmanas noted in his copperplate grants. One of his grants of 254 or 257 VE mentions solar eclipse which had helped in establish the dating of the Valabhi Era (VE). His one grant mentions Sthiramati, the Buddhist monk mentioned by Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang. One independent grant dated 574 CE made by Garulaka king Simhaditya is also found at [[Palitana]] along with him.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=42–45}}

===Śīlāditya I===
[[File:Coinage of Shiladitya with Head of King and Geometric Designs (Maitraka, 606AD - 616CE, Gujarat) in National Museum, Delhi.jpg|thumb|left|Coinage of Śilāditya (Maitraka, 606-616 CE, Gujarat), with head of king and geometric designs. National Museum, New Delhi.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=225–229}}]]
Dharasena II was succeeded by Śīlāditya I who is also called Dharmāditya, the "sun of Dharma". He reigned from c. 590 - 615 CE. ''Manju-Sri-Mula-Kalpa'' assigns him thirty years. The ''Śatruñjaya Máhátmya'' has a prophetic account of one Śíláditya who will be a propagator of religion in Vikrama Saṃvat 477 (420 CE). The work is comparatively modern and does not correspond to chronology and dating of Maitraka kingdom. Although no reliance can be placed on the date still his second name Dharmáditya gives support to his identification with the Śíláditya of the Máhátmya.<ref name=GBP/>{{snf|Virji|1955|p=46–47}} Based on ''Manju-Sri-Mula-Kalpa'' and his grants, it is known that his rule extended from [[Malwa]] to the oceans of [[Kutch]] in western India.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=47}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction =vertical
| total_width = 250px
| caption_align = centre
| image1 = Maitraka plate 1.jpg
| image2 = Maitraka plate 2.jpg
| footer = Copper plate grant issued by Śīlāditya I, dated year 290 [?] aśvayuja badi 10 recording a donation of villages and lands.
}}
He was Shaiva. The one of his grant, to a temple of Śiva, has for its Dútaka the illustrious Kharagraha apparently the brother and successor of the king. He had made grants to sun temple and Buddhist monks show that he tolerated and respected Buddhism also. The writer of one of the grants is mentioned as the minister of peace and war Chandrabhaṭṭi; the Dútaka or causer of the gift in two of the Buddhist grants is Bhaṭṭa Ádityayaśas apparently some military officer. The Jain work ''Śatruñjaya Máhátmya'' mentions that its author was his preceptor. His equal treatment to all religions justifies his title ''Dharmāditya''. The ''Śatruñjaya Máhátmya'', though exaggerated, mentions that he had expelled some Buddhists from his kingdom sympathetic to his rival [[Harsha|Harṣa]]. He is praised in accounts of Hiuen Tsang as a "monarch of great administrative ability and of rare kindness and compassion".<ref name=GBP/>{{snf|Virji|1955|p=58–59}}<ref name="Mahajan"/>

He had a son named Derabhaṭṭa. He was succeeded by his younger brother Kharagraha I. It seems that there must have been a contest between his elder brother Upendra and him but finally Kharagraha I had succeeded. Derabhaṭṭa is mentioned to had helped Śilāditya is conquering some region between Sahya and Vindhya. He probably had helped Pulakeshin in a war against Kalachuris and may be gained the region as a result. He may have ruled the region independently till his death. His son and successor Śilāditya may have ruled the region as an arrangement with his brother Karagraha. A queen named Janjika is mentioned in one of copperplates which may be a wife of Śilāditya I.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=59–61}}

===Kharagraha I===
Śilāditya I was succeeded by his younger brother Kharagraha I, also known as Ishwaragraha.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=63–64}}<ref name="Mahajan"/> Virdi copperplate grant (616 CE) of Kharagraha I proves that his territories included [[Ujjain]] which is mentioned as "victorious camp". He was probably in a continued struggle with Harṣa started during the reign of his brother. He was Śaiva and reigned c. 615 - 621 CE.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=63–64}}

===Dharasena III===
Kharagraha was succeeded by his son Dharasena III. He reigned from c. 621 to 627 CE. His only grant is made from the military camp at Kheṭaka ([[Kheda]]). Chapala mentioned in ''Manju-Sri-Mula-Kalpa'' as a successor of Śilāditya must be Dharasena III according to Virji while Jayaswal consider him as Kharagraha. He was Śaiva too. He had some gain in north Gujarat. He must have lost some power as his neighbouring kingdoms; Chalukya and Harshvardhan were in constant struggle.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=65–69}}

===Dhruvasena II Balāditya===
{{South Asia in 600 CE|right|Location of the Gurjaras, and neighbouring South Asian polities circa 600 CE, after the retreat of the [[Alchon Huns]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=26,146|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=063}}</ref>|{{Annotation|57|121|[[File:Long Fine Rectangle (plain).png|47px]]}}}}
After death of Dharasena III, he was succeeded by his younger brother Dhruvasena II also known as Balāditya, the "rising son". He reigned from c. 627-641 CE. He was well versed in grammar and the science of polity. Hiuen Tsang had written "a lively and hasty disposition and his wisdom and statecraft were shallow". He further adds that "he had attached himself to the precious three recently", viz. the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha of [[Buddhism]]. he had made grants to Buddhist Viharas and Hindu temples alike. He used the title of ''Paramamaheshwara'', thus Shaiva. He had renewed the grant to the Kottammhikadevi, a Hindu temple, by his ancestor Droṇasiṁha. Dadda II, the [[Gurjaras of Lata|Gurjara king of Lata]] had mentioned that he had given refuge to the Maitraka ruler in a struggle with Harṣa. But it is unclear that he was Dhruvasena II or Dharasena IV. Huien Tsang had mentioned that he had married the daughter of [[Harshavardhana|Harṣavardhan]] of Kanauj, probably as the marriage allegiance.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=71–75}}<ref name=":0" />

His rule extended to [[Ratlam]], a town west of [[Ujjain]] so whole modern central and north Gujarat were under the Maitrakas.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=71–75}}

===Dharasena IV===
Dharasena IV succeeded Dhruvasena II and reigned from c. 641 to 650 CE. He had subdued [[Gurjaras of Lata]] (south Gujarat) as he has issued copperplate grants from [[Bharuch]]. he had assumed the imperial titles of ''Paramabhattaraka Mahrajadhiraja Parameshvara Chakravartin''. He had made grants to Buddhist Viharas and Brahmanas. He was a patron of scholars and the master archer. Probably during his reign, the Bhatti, the author of ''Bhattikavya'' or ''Ravanavadha'', flourished. It is a grammatical poem.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=71–80}}

As Dharasena IV had no son, the succession transferred to the elder branch, Derabhaṭṭa lineage. He was succeeded by Dhruvasena III.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=80}}

===Dhruvasena III===
[[File:Parsvanatha with two other tirthankaras, yaksha and yakshi, Maitraka, 9th Century, Akota, Gujarat, National Museum, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Parsvanatha with two other tirthankaras, yaksha and yakshi, Maitraka, 9th Century, Akota, Gujarat, National Museum, New Delhi]]
Dhruvasena III was a son of Derabhaṭṭa. He reigned from c. 650 to 654-655 CE. He had dropped the title of ''Chakravartin'' and was Shaiva. He may have lost his sway on Lata region to Chalukyas.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=81–82}}

===Kharagraha II===
Kharagraha II Dharamaditya was a successor of his younger brother Dhruvasena II. He had made a grant from military camp at Pulindaka which suggest that he was in a continued struggle with Chalukyas. He reigned from c. 655 to 658. He had no son.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=83–84}}

===Śilāditya II===
Śilāditya was a son of Śilāditya, the elder brother of Kharagraha II. As Kharagraha II had no son, he assumed the throne. He reigned from c. 658 to 685 CE. He has mentioned his father Derabhaṭṭa in his grants. He had probably recovered the Lata region from the Sendraka governor under the Chalukyas. The Chalukyas recovered the region under Vikramaditya I and placed his son [[Chalukyas of Navasarika#Dharashraya Jayasimhavarman|Dharashraya Jayasimha]] as its governor. The region was still ruled by [[Gurjaras of Lata]] and Dadda III was probably in the constant struggle with the Maitrakas.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=85–88}}

Arab historians mention that the Arab commander Ismail had attacked the [[Ghogha]] in 677 CE (AH 57) but give no details. He must have been defeated by Śilāditya II.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=88}}

===Śilāditya III===
Śilāditya was a son and the successor of Śilāditya II. He reigned from c. 690 - 710 CE. Probably during this period, [[Panchasar]] held by Jayasekhara of [[Chavda dynasty]] was attacked.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=90–93}}

===Muslim invasions and decline===
====Śilāditya IV====
[[File:Arab-Gujarat campaigns 724-740 CE.png|thumb|300px|right|Campaigns from the [[Caliphal province of Sind]] into [[Gujarat]] (724-740 CE). Śilāditya IV was affected by the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]] and the [[Umayyad campaigns in India]].
{{legend|yellow|Desert areas ([[Thar Desert]])}}
{{legend|#DEB887|[[Caliphal province of Sind]] (712-854 CE)}}
{{legend|#E0FFFF|Maitraka Kingdom (c.475–c.776 CE)}}
]]
Śilāditya IV was a son of Śilāditya III who probably had Dharasena as his personal name. He ruled from c. 710 to 740 CE. Chalukya king Vikramaditya II had captured the Kheṭaka region from the Maitrakas with the presumed help of Jayabhatta IV, the Gurjara king of Lata. Sanjan plate of 733 CE informs that [[Rashtrakuta]] Indra I had forcefully married Chalukya princess Bhvanaga at Kaira (Kheda) so the region must be under them then.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=94}}

Biladuri, the Arab historian informs that the Maitraka kingdom was invaded by the Arabs under [[Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri|Junaid]], Governor of the [[Caliphal province of Sind]], during the Caliphate of Hisham (724-743 CE).<ref name="CAP148">{{cite book |last1=Petrie |first1=Cameron A. |title=Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=978-1-78570-304-1 |page=148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbQWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT148-149 |language=en}}</ref> The invasion was carried out in 735-736 CE, and mentioned by the Gurjaras of Lata. The Muslims invaded all of the Gurjara region of north and south.<ref name="CAP148"/> The Navsari plate of [[Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin]] mentions that the Tajjika (Arabs) had destroyed the Kachchelas (of [[Kutch]]), [[Saindhava]]s, Surastra, Chavotkata ([[Chavda dynasty|Chavda]]s), Mauryas and Gurjaras (of Lata) and proceeded towards the Deccan. Jayabhatta helped the Maitrakas in battle at Valabhi at which they had defeated the Arabs but eventually lost. Finally at [[Navsari]], the confederate army led by Chalukya troops routed the Arabs. Pulakeshin was awarded the titles of ''Dakshinapatha Svadharna'', the solid pillar of the Deccan, ''Amvarta Kanivartayitr'', the Repeller of the Unrepellable and ''Avanijanashraya'', the refuge of the people.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=94–96}}

====Śilāditya V====
After the Arab invasion, the fragmented western states were organised under Śilāditya V. Malwa was lost to [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s before the invasion. He probably had tried to recover Malwa as one of his grant (760 CE) is made from military camp at Godraka ([[Godhra]]). He must have failed to recover Malwa but nonetheless recovered the Kheṭaka (Kheda) region. He had to face another invasion of the Tajjika (Arabs) from the sea in 759 CE fighting for [[Umayyad campaigns in India|Umayyad Caliphate]]. The naval fleet under Amarubin Jamal was sent by Hasham, the governor of Sindh to the coast of Barda (the Barda hills near [[Porbandar]]). The invasion was defeated by the naval fleet of the [[Saindhava]] dynasty which was in allegiance with the Maitrakas. He reigned from c. 740 -762 CE.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=97–100}}

====Śilāditya VI Dhrubhaṭa====
[[File:Valabhi (Saurashtra) coinage. Late 5th-8th century Capped head right in Ksatrapa style Trident; Brahmi legend around.jpg|thumb|Valabhi (Saurashtra) drachms. Late 5th-8th century CE. Capped head right in [[Western Satraps|Ksatrapa]] style. Trident with Brahmi legend around.]]
Śilāditya VI, also known as Dhrubhaṭa, reigned c. 762 to c. 776 CE. As he had issued a grant from Anandpura (Vadnagar), it is assumed that he was on expansion again taking advantage of the prevailing situation in Rastrakutas and was in a struggle with the Gurjara-Pratiharas. Saurashtra was again invaded by the Tajjikas (Arabs) in 776 CE (AH 159). They captured the township of Barada but the epidemic broke out. The Arabs had to return and the Caliph had decided to stop further attempt to enter India. Agguka I of the [[Saindhava]] dynasty had claimed in his inscription a victory thus they had to withdraw. The Maitraka dynasty ended by c. 783 CE.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=101–102}}<ref name="HRC"/><ref name="Mahajan"/><ref name=Richards>
{{cite journal |last= Richards |first= J.F. |year= 1974|title= The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia|journal= Journal of South Asian Studies|volume= 4|issue= 1|pages= 91–109|doi= 10.1080/00856407408730690}}</ref> Apart from legendary accounts which connects fall of Vallabi with the Tajjika (Arab) invasions, no historical source mention how the dynasty ended.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=102–105}}

The governors of Girinagar (Girnar) and Vamanasthali ([[Vanthli]]) became independent and established their own dynasty on the fall of Vallabhi.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=105}}

==Religion==
The Maitrakas were follower of the [[Shiva]] except Dhruvasena I who was [[Vaishnava|Vaiṣnava]] and Dharapaṭṭa who was sun-worshiper. They all used title of ''parama-maheshwara'' before the names of king except those two. It is evident from the use of symbols like [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]], the Bull and [[Trishula]], the trident in their coins and inscriptions. There were presence of Vaishnavism and Goddess worship under their rule. There were large number of Buddhist Viharas in the Maitraka kingdom. Jains held their important Valabhi council here. The Maitrakas were tolerant to all religions and made donations and grants to all of them without partiality.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=165–186}}

==Administration==
[[File:Administrative divisions in the Maitraka kingdom.png|thumb|Administrative divisions in the Maitraka kingdom|300px]]
There were administrative divisions managed by head of the division and helped by his subordinates. The highest division ''[[Vishaya]]'' were headed by Rashtrapati or Amatya and the lowest division ''Grama'' (equivalent to village) was headed by Gramakuta.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=230–247}}

Maitrakas set up a [[Vallabhi University]] which came to be known far and wide for its scholastic pursuits and was compared with the [[Nalanda University]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924005633130|title=Universities in ancient India|last=Apte|first=D. G.|publisher=Faculty of Education and Psychology, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|year=1950|location=Raopura, Vadodara|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924005633130/page/n51 44]–47|via=Cornell University Library}}</ref>

==Architecture==
===Temples and monuments===
;Mentioned in the literary sources
The copper plate inscriptions of Maitrakas mentions religious edifices, Brahmanical as well as Buddhist. Some Buddhist monuments were constructed by the Maitrakas themselves. Some Brahmanical shrines includes Shiva temple at Vatapadra in Saurashtra (before 609 CE), Bhartishwara temple (extant in 631 CE), Goddess Kotammahika temple at Trisangamaka (extant in 639 CE, built during or before reign of Droṇasiṁha), Pandurarya temple at Hathab in Saurashtra (502 CE inscription). Other temples include [[Saptamatrika]] temple at Madasara-sthali (extant in 676 CE), Sun temple at Vatapadra (609 CE) and Bhadreniyaka (611 CE); all in Saurashtra.<ref name=":0" />

Several Buddhist monuments were built by Maitrakas. Majority of them were built in and around Vallabhi. Bhataraka probably the Bhataraka-vihara. Princess Dudda, sister of Dhruvasena I, built Dudda-vihara around the onset of the sixth century. Before 605 CE, Śilāditya I built Śilāditya-vihara Vamsakata in Saurashtra. Abhyantarika-vihara (before 567 CE) was built by a lady Mimma. Kakka Mankila added Kakka-vihara to Dudda-vihara mandala before 589 CE and another Gohaka-vihara was built there before 629 CE. The Yakshasura-vihara for nuns at Vallabhi was built around middle of the sixth century. Before 549 CE, Ajita, a merchant, built Ajita-vihara, probably besides the Yakshasura-vihara. Purnabhatta-vihara was built by Purnabhatta before 638 CE to the later group. Skandabhatta II, grandson of Mahasandhivigrahaka Sandabhatta I, built a Sandabhatta-vihara at Yodhavaka.<ref name=":0" />

Literary sources also mention some [[Jain temples|temples]] dedicated to the [[Arihant (Jainism)|Jinas]]. Around 601 CE, [[Shantinatha]] temple at Vallabhi existed. At the time of destruction of Vallabhi, the images of [[Chandraprabha]], [[Rishabhanatha|Adinatha]], [[Parshwanatha]] and [[Mahavira]] were transferred to safer places. The temples of Parshwanatha and Shantinatha existed at Vardhamana ([[Wadhwan]]) and Dostatika as well as probably the temple of Yakshi [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] on the summit of Mount [[Girnar]].<ref name=":0" />

Most of the constructions in this period were made of non-durable materials like bricks and wood. None of them survives now.<ref name=":0" />
;Extant temples
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Old temple, general view from the north-west, Gop, Gujarat.jpg|[[Gop Temple]]
File:Firangi Deval, Bhavnagar district, Gujarat, India.jpg|[[Firangi Deval]] at Kalsar
File:Dharashnvel Temple (Magderu), From East.jpg|[[Magderu]], Dhrasanvel, Okhamandal
File:General view of ruined temples at Sonkansari pond, Ghumli, Saurashtra.jpg|Ruined temples at Sonkansari, [[Ghumli]]
File:Sonkansari Bhanvad 01.JPG|Temple at Sonkansari, Ghumli
</gallery>
The architecture is in continuum of earlier Gupta period architecture found in caves at [[Uparkot Caves|Uparkot]] and [[Khambhalida Caves|Khambhalida]]. More than hundred temples of this period is known. Almost all of them are located along the coastal belt of the western [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]] except the one at Kalsar and few temples in the Barda hills region. Several temples of them are located in the territories controlled by the [[Saindhava]]s.<ref name=":0" />

The extant temples of this period are the [[Gop Temple|temple at Gop]], Sonkansari ([[Ghumli]]), Pachtar, Prachi, [[Firangi Deval]] at Kalsar, group of temples at Vasai near [[Dwarka]], Kadvar, [[Bileshwar]], [[Sutrapada]], Visavada, Kinderkheda, Pata, Miyani, [[Pindara Group of Temples|Pindara]], Khimrana, two temples at Dhrasanvel ([[Magderu]] and Kalika Temple), two temples near Dhrewad ([[Kalika Mata Temple, Old Dhrewad|Kalika Mata Temple]]), Gayatri temple and Naga temple and Sun temple at Pasnavada, early temples at Junagadh, Gosa, Boricha, Prabhas Patan, Savri, Navadra, Suvarnatirth temple at [[Dwarka]], Jhamra, Degam near [[Porbandar]], Sarma near [[Bagasara-Ghed|Ghed]]. Other extant temples include the temple groups at Khimeshwara, [[Shrinagar, Porbandar|Shrinagar]], [[Nandeshwara]], Balej, Bhansara, Odadar; and the shrines at Bokhira, Chhaya, Visavada, Kuchadi, [[Ranavav]], Tukada, Akhodar, Kalavad, [[Bhanvad]], Pasthar, and [[Porbandar]].<ref name=":0" />

Two ''[[Temple tank|kund]]''s are known of this period, at Kadvar and Bhansara. The Shaivaite monastery at the Khimeshwara group of temples is the oldest known Brahminical monastery of India, preceding three centuries to that in central India.<ref name=":0" />

These temples are austere in their design and simple in decoration. They are important in architectural study to know the origin of Nagara-style ''shikhara'' and the beginning of their complex designs in temple architecture. These temples also point to the second of the two early Gujarat temple architecture schools; the north Gujarat early Nagara style and the Saurashtra style which initially influenced and ultimately ousted by the evolving Nagara style. The Saurashtra style disappeared by the tenth century.<ref name=":0" />

==Coinage==
[[File:Drachm of the Matraikas of Valabhi.jpg|thumb|Drachm of the Matraikas of Valabhi.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=225–229}}]]
The Maitrakas continued coinage styles established by their predecessors; the Guptas and the [[Western Kshatrapa]]s. Large number of copper and silver coins are found in Vallabhi and elsewhere. There are two types of coins found. The first were 6" in diameter and weighted 29 grains. They were perhaps earlier coins modeled after the Western Kshatrapa coins. Later coins were similar to the Gupta coins in shape, size and legends. Like Gupta coins, they were not made of pure silver but silver-coated.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=225–229}}

The obverse of coin had the head of the kings facing right, as in Kshatrapa coins, but no legends or date. The reverse had [[Trishula]], the trident, the emblem of [[Shiva]]. An axe (''parashu'') is added in reverse of some later coins. These symbols are surrounded by the legend in debased characters of [[Brahmi script]].{{snf|Virji|1955|p=225–229}} It reads, {{cquote|''Rájño Mahákshatrapasa Bhatárakasa Mahesara–Śrí Bhaṭṭárakasa'' or ''Rájño, Mahákshatrapasa Bhatarakasa Mahesara Śrí Śarvva Bhaṭṭárakasa'' Translation: "[This is a coin] of the illustrious the Shaivaite, Bhattaraka, the great king; the great Kshtrapa; the Lord and the devotee of Maheshwara.{{snf|Virji|1955|p=225–229}}}}

==List of rulers==
[[File:An Inscribed Copper plate of the Maitraka dynasty.jpg|thumb|An inscribed copper-plate of the Maitraka dynasty]]
{{History of Gujarat}}
The list as follows:<ref name="Mahajan"/>
* Bhaṭārka (c. 470-c. 492)
* Dharasena I (c. 493-c. 499)
* Dronasinha (also known as Maharaja) (c. 500-c. 520)
* Dhruvasena I (c. 520-c. 550)
* Dharapaṭṭa (c. 550-c. 556)
* Gruhasena (c. 556-c. 570)
* Dharasena II (c. 570-c. 595)
* Śīlāditya I (also known as Dharmāditya) (c. 595-c. 615)
* Kharagraha I (c. 615-c. 626)
* Dharasena III (c. 626-c. 640)
* Dhruvasena II (also known as Balāditya) (c. 640-c. 644)
* Chakravarti king Dharasena IV (also known with the titles Param Bhaṭārka, Maharajadhiraja, Parameshwara) (c. 644-c. 651)
* Dhruvasena III (c. 650-c. 654-655)
* Kharagraha II (c. 655-c. 658)
* Śīlāditya II (c. 658- c. 685)
* Śīlāditya III (c. 690- c. 710)
* Śīlāditya IV (c. 710- c. 740)
* Śīlāditya V ( c. 740- c. 762)
* Śīlāditya VI Dhrubhaṭa ( c. 762- c. 776)

==See also==
* [[Chaulukya dynasty]]
* [[Meenas]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last=Virji|first=Krishnakumari Jethabhai|title=Ancient history of Saurashtra: being a study of the Maitrakas of Valabhi V to VIII centuries A. D.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57287|series=Indian History and Culture Series|year=1955|publisher=Konkan Institute of Arts and Sciences}}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-0805-8 |ref={{sfnref|Kailash Chand Jain|1991}} }}
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.325015/page/n1|title=ગુજરાતનો રાજકીય અને સાંસ્કૃતિક ઇતિહાસ: મૈત્રક કાલ અને અનુ-મૈત્રક કાલ|publisher=Bholabhai Jeshingbhai Institute of Learning and Research|year=1974|editor-last=Parikh|editor-first=Rasiklal Chhotalal|editor-link=Rasiklal Parikh|series=Research Series - Book No. 68|volume=III|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|trans-title=Political and Cultural History of Gujarat: Maitraka Era and Post-Maitraka Era|editor-last2=Shastri|editor-first2=Hariprasad Gangashankar|editor-link2=Hariprasad Shastri|language=gu}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:History of Gujarat]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 5th century]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 8th century]]

Human rights in India

2022-07-12T00:59:02Z

Subrata: Wrote an enlightening manuscript.

{{short description|Overview of the observance of human rights in India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Politics of India}}
'''Human rights in India''' is an issue complicated by the country's large size and population as well as its diverse culture, despite its status as the world's largest [[sovereign]], [[Secularism in India|secular]], [[democratic republic]]. The [[Constitution of India]] provides for [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]], which include [[freedom of religion]]. Clauses also provide for [[freedom of speech]], as well as separation of executive and judiciary and freedom of movement within the country and abroad. The country also has an independent judiciary<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/hands-off-supreme-court-tells-govt-reaffirming-its-primacy-in-judicial-appointments |title=Hands off, supreme court tells govt, reaffirming its primacy in judicial appointments |work=Free Press Journal |access-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307125931/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/hands-off-supreme-court-tells-govt-reaffirming-its-primacy-in-judicial-appointments |archive-date=7 March 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-worry-till-judiciarys-independence-is-maintained-chief-justice-of-india-1251654|title=No Worry Till Judiciary's Independence is Maintained: Chief Justice of India |work=NDTV|access-date=2019-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812100623/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-worry-till-judiciarys-independence-is-maintained-chief-justice-of-india-1251654|archive-date=12 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as bodies to look into issues of human rights.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Act in Block Grant teachers' issue: NHRC to OHRC|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/act-in-block-grant-teachers-issue-nhrc-to-ohrc.html|website=The Pioneer|access-date=2019-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101355/https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/act-in-block-grant-teachers-issue-nhrc-to-ohrc.html|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 2016 report of [[Human Rights Watch]] accepts the above-mentioned facilities but goes to state that India has "serious human rights concerns. Civil society groups face harassment and government critics face intimidation and lawsuits. Free speech has come under attack both from the state and by interest groups. Muslim and Christian minorities accuse authorities of not doing enough to protect their rights. The government is yet to repeal laws that grant public officials and security forces impunity from prosecution for abuses."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/asia/india|title=India|access-date=2016-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806103618/https://www.hrw.org/asia/india|archive-date=6 August 2016|url-status=live |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=India: Events of 2015 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/india|access-date=2016-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813101210/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/india|archive-date=13 August 2016|url-status=live |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>

==Chronology of events==
{{expand section}}
{{prose|section}}
{| class=wikitable
| 1950 || The [[Constitution of India]] establishes a sovereign [[democratic republic]] with universal adult franchise. Part 3 of the Constitution contains a [[Fundamental Rights in India|Bill of Fundamental Rights]] enforceable by the Supreme Court and the High Courts. It also provides for reservations for previously disadvantaged sections in education, employment and political representation.
|-
| 1952 || [[Criminal Tribes Act]]s repealed by government, former "criminal tribes" categorized as "[[Denotified tribes of India|denotified]]" and [[Habitual Offender Laws#India|Habitual Offenders Act]] (1952) enacted.
|-
| 1955 || The Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955.<ref>{{cite wikisource |wslink=Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955 |publisher=[[Parliament of India]]}}</ref> Reform of family law concerning Hindus gives more rights to Hindu women.
|-
| 1958 || [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958]]<ref name=HRW-21Nov2007>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2007/11/20/india-repeal-armed-forces-special-powers-act |title=India: Repeal the Armed Forces Special Powers Act, Law Provides Impunity for Human Rights Abuses, Fuels Cycles of Violence |publisher=Human Rights Watch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621030418/https://www.hrw.org/news/2007/11/20/india-repeal-armed-forces-special-powers-act |archive-date=21 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1973 || [[Supreme Court of India]] rules in ''[[Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala|Kesavananda Bharati case]]'' that the basic structure of the Constitution (including many fundamental rights) is unalterable by a constitutional amendment.
|-
| 1975–1977 || [[Indian Emergency (1975–1977)|State of Emergency in India]]. Extensive rights violations take place.
|-
| 1978 || SC rules in ''Menaka Gandhi v. Union of India'' that the right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution cannot be suspended even in an emergency.
|-
| 1978 || Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act, 1978<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=Amnesty International |url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA20/019/2000/en/2d3c57fe-df2b-11dd-a3b7-b978e1cb2058/asa200192000en.html |title=India: The Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act - a threat to human rights |id=AI Index ASA 20/019/2000 |archive-date=28 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828194748/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA20/019/2000/en/2d3c57fe-df2b-11dd-a3b7-b978e1cb2058/asa200192000en.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,NATLEGBOD,,IND,3ae6b52014,0.html |title=Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act, 1978 (Act No. 6 of 1978) ''[India]'' |publisher=National Legislative Bodies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010075127/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,NATLEGBOD,,IND,3ae6b52014,0.html |archive-date=10 October 2012 |url-status=dead |via=Refworld}}</ref>
|-
| 1984 || [[Operation Blue Star]] and the subsequent [[1984 Anti-Sikh riots]]
|-
| 1984 || 2006 Extrajudicial disappearances in Punjab by the police
|-
| 1985–1986 || The [[Shah Bano]] case, where the Supreme Court recognised the Muslim woman's right to maintenance upon divorce, sparks protests from Muslim clergy. To nullify the decision of the Supreme Court, the [[Rajiv Gandhi]] government enacted [[The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986]]
|-
| 1987 || [[Hashimpura massacre]] during communal riots in [[Meerut]].
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989]]'' is passed.
|-
| {{nowrap|1989–present}} || [[Kashmiri insurgency]] sees [[ethnic cleansing]] of [[Kashmiri Pandits]], desecrating Hindu temples, killing of Hindus and Sikhs, and abductions of foreign tourists and government functionaries. (See: [[Ethnic cleansing of Kashmiri Hindus]])
|-
| 1992 || A constitutional amendment establishes [[Panchayati raj in India|Local Self-Government (Panchayati Raj)]] as a third tier of governance at the village level, with one-third of the seats reserved for women. Reservations were provided for scheduled castes and tribes as well.
|-
| 1992 || [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid]] occurred after a political rally at the site turned violent.
|-
| 1993 || [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]] is established under the ''Protection of Human Rights Act''.
|-
| 2001 || Supreme Court passes extensive orders to implement the right to food.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.righttofoodindia.org/ |title=Right to Food Campaign |access-date=5 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103010355/http://righttofoodindia.org/ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2002 || [[2002 Gujarat riots]] which claimed at least a thousand lives of Muslims and Hindus.
|-
| 2005 || A powerful ''[[Right to Information Act]]'' is passed to give citizen's access to information held by public authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.righttoinformation.info/ |title=National Campaign for People's Right to Information (NCPRI) |access-date=5 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225200240/http://www.righttoinformation.info/ |archive-date=25 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2005 || ''[[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)]]'' guarantees universal right to employment.
|-
| 2006 || Supreme Court orders police reforms in response to the poor human rights record of Indian police.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/stories/20070209001909400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203091048/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/stories/20070209001909400.htm |archive-date=2007-02-03 |url-status=dead |last=Raghavan |first=R.K. |title=Police Reforms ordered by Supreme Court |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |volume=24 |issue=2 }}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || [[Delhi High Court]] declares that [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]], which outlaws a range of unspecified "unnatural" sex acts, is unconstitutional when applied to homosexual acts between private consenting individuals, effectively decriminalising homosexual relationships in India.<ref name="India decriminalises gay sex">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-03/india/28152338_1_penile-non-vaginal-gays-rights-bisexuals-and-transgenders | first1=Manoj | last1=Mitta | first2=Smriti | last2=Singh | title=India decriminalises gay sex | date=3 July 2009 | access-date=1 July 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609061158/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-03/india/28152338_1_penile-non-vaginal-gays-rights-bisexuals-and-transgenders | archive-date=9 June 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | url-status=dead }}</ref> See also: [[Homosexuality in India]].
|-
|2013 || [[Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013|Criminal Law (Amendment) Act]] was passed by the [[Lok Sabha]] on 19 March 2013, and by the Rajya Sabha on 21 March 2013, which provides for amendment of [[Indian Penal Code]], [[Indian Evidence Act]], and [[Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (India)|Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973]] on laws related to [[Sex and the law|sexual offences]].
|-
|2015 || [[Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015|Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act]] was passed by both the Houses of the Parliament. This act aims to curb [[black money]], or undisclosed foreign assets and income and imposes tax and penalty on such income.
|}

==Civil liberties==
In 2021, [[Freedom House]] ranked India as ''partly free,'' at 67 points (0-100, higher is better), in its annual [[Freedom in the World]] rankings on political rights and civil liberties.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=India loses its status as 'free' in Freedom House's 2021 report|url=https://scroll.in/latest/988481/india-loses-its-status-as-free-under-freedom-houses-2021-rankings|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

{{As of|2019|since=y}} and {{As of|2023|lc=y}}, annual reports on the state of democracy around the world Sweden-based [[V-Dem Institute]] classified India as an [[electoral autocracy|''electoral autocracy'']] because of "restrictions on multiple facets of democracy" such as civil society groups and free speech.<ref>https://www.v-dem.net/documents/16/dr_2019_CoXPbb1.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.v-dem.net/documents/12/dr_2021.pdf</ref> The 2023 report stated that, "The process of autocratisation seems to have slowed down considerably or even stalled in India but after turning into autocracies."<ref>[https://www.v-dem.net/documents/30/V-dem_democracyreport2023_highres.pdf https://www.v-dem.net/documents/30/V-dem_democracyreport2023_lowres.pdf]</ref> India was previously classified as a [[Electoral democracy|''electoral democracy'']] up until 2018.<ref>https://www.v-dem.net/documents/17/dr_2018.pdf</ref>

==Use of torture by police==
The Asian Centre for Human Rights estimated that from 2002 to 2008, over four people per day died while in police custody, with "hundreds" of those deaths being due to police use of [[torture]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-34225620080625 |work=Reuters| title=Hundreds die of torture in India every year – report |access-date=2010-09-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113222345/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-34225620080625 |archive-date=2016-01-13}}</ref> According to a report written by the Institute of Correctional Administration in Punjab, up to 50% of police officers in the country have used physical or mental abuse on prisoners.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070313/punjab1.htm |title=Torture main reason of death in police custody |newspaper=The Tribune |first=Saurabh |last=Malik |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303182313/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070313/punjab1.htm |archive-date=3 March 2009 |access-date=15 May 2011}}</ref> Instances of torture, such as through a lack of sanitation, space, or water have been documented in West Bengal as well.<ref>{{cite web |title=Custodial deaths in West Bengal and India's refusal to ratify the Convention against Torture |publisher=[[Asian Human Rights Commission]] |url=http://www.ahrchk.net/statements/mainfile.php/2004statement/146/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925200948/http://www.ahrchk.net/statements/mainfile.php/2004statement/146/ |archive-date=25 September 2008}}</ref>

A report by the National Campaign Against Torture (NCAT), an international human rights body revealed as many as 1,731 [[custodial death]]s recorded in India in 2019. Victims were mostly from vulnerable communities, Dalits, Muslims and Adivasis.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=M. Y.|title=Nobody knows how many Indians die in custody because official figures vary wildly |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/nobody-knows-how-many-indians-die-in-custody-because-official-figures-vary-wildly|access-date=2021-03-11|website=The National Herald}}</ref> During the 10-year period to 2019–20, the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) reported, on average, 139 police custody cases and 1,576 judicial custody cases annually. In the eight years to 2019–20, the NHRC reported more than 1,500 judicial custody deaths each year.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Paliath|first=Shreehari |title=Five deaths in police custody every day over 10 years, but few convictions |work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/five-deaths-in-police-custody-every-day-over-10-years-but-few-convictions-120080600355_1.html|access-date=2021-03-11}}</ref>

==Religious violence==
{{Main|Religious violence in India}}
Communal conflicts between religious groups (mostly between [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]]) have been prevalent in India since around the time of its independence from [[British Raj|British rule]]. Communal riots took place during the [[partition of India]] between Hindus/Sikhs and Muslims where large numbers of people were killed in large-scale violence.

The [[1984 Anti-Sikh Riots]] was a four-day period during which Sikhs were massacred in India. According to some estimates state that more than 2,000 were killed. Investigations by various committess appointed both by the government and independent civil societies have found complicity on the part of Indira Gandhi's Congress party.<ref>{{cite web |title=India: No Justice for 1984 Anti-Sikh Bloodshed |publisher=Humar Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/10/29/india-no-justice-1984-anti-sikh-bloodshed}}</ref> Other incidents include the 1987 [[Hashimpura massacre]] during communal riots in [[Meerut]], where it was alleged that 19 members of the [[Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary|Provincial Armed Constabulary]] shot 42 Muslim youths in cold blood, and dumped their bodies in a nearby irrigation canal, 1992 [[Bombay riots]] and the [[2020 Delhi riots]], which resulted in the death of about 53 people, 36 among whom were Muslims and 15 were Hindus.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pasha |first1=Seema |title=Ground Report: As Amit Shah Praises Delhi Police, Riot Victims Tell a Different Story |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/delhi-riots-amit-shah-muslims-delhi-police |website=The Wire }}</ref> It is commonly believed that the riots were incited by a threatening speech and an ultimatum targeted towards peaceful [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|anti-CAA protesters]] by [[Kapil Mishra]], a BJP politician from Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Roots of the Delhi Riots: A Fiery Speech and an Ultimatum |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/26/world/asia/delhi-riots-kapil-mishra.html |last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Raj |first2=Suhasini |last3=Yasir |first3=Sameer }}</ref> The Supreme Court of India blamed the Delhi police for "unprofessionalism" during the Delhi riots and directly indicated that the police was waiting for the Central Government of India led by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] to give them instructions, instead of acting independently and conscientiously. In the hearing, Justice K.M. Joseph said – "Look at how police acts in the UK. If somebody makes an inflammatory remark, they swing into action. They don't wait for orders. Police should not be looking for here and there for nods".<ref>{{cite web |title=Supreme Court Slams Delhi Police for 'Unprofessionalism' While Handling Riots |url=https://thewire.in/law/supreme-court-delhi-police-independence-unprofessionalism |website=The Wire }}</ref>

According to official figures, [[2002 Gujarat riots]] ended with 1,044 dead, 223 missing, and 2,500 injured. Of the dead, 790 were Muslim and 254 Hindu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gujarat riot death toll revealed |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4536199.stm|publisher=BBC|access-date=19 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-date=6 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106234202/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4536199.stm}}</ref><ref name=Ganguly>{{cite web|last=Ganguly|first=Meenakshi|title=India: A Decade on, Gujarat Justice Incomplete |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/02/24/india-decade-gujarat-justice-incomplete|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=4 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106032210/https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/02/24/india-decade-gujarat-justice-incomplete|archive-date=6 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Unofficial sources estimate that up to 2,000 people died.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?|journal=Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics|page=16 |url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf|access-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204131058/http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf|archive-date=4 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> There were instances of [[Rape in India|rape]], children being burned alive, and widespread looting and destruction of property. It is believed to have been incited by the [[Godhra train burning]], where 59 people (who were mostly returning from [[Ayodhya]] after a religious celebration at the [[Babri Masjid demolition]] site) were burnt to death.<ref>{{cite news |title=Eleven sentenced to death for India Godhra train blaze |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12605659 |access-date=1 March 2011}}</ref> Subsequently, circulation of false news in local newspapers alleging [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] hand in the attacks and that the local Muslims conspired with them,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=John |title=The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security. |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-66744-9 |page=233}}</ref> and also about false stories of kidnap and rape of Hindu women by Muslims further inflamed the situation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hibbard |first1=Scott W. |title=Religious Politics and Secular States: Egypt, India, and the United States. |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-9669-9 |page=171}}</ref> Numerous accounts describe the attacks to be highly coordinated with mobile phones and government issued printouts listing the homes and businesses of Muslims. Although many calls to the police were made from victims, they were told by the police that "we have no orders to save you. In many cases, the police led the charge, using gunfire to kill Muslims who got in the mobs' way. According to a 2002 Human Rights Watch report, a key [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] state minister is reported to have taken over police control rooms in Ahmedabad on the first day of the carnage, issuing orders to disregard pleas for assistance from Muslims. Portions of the Gujarati language press meanwhile printed fabricated stories and statements openly calling on Hindus to avenge the Godhra attacks. Also in many cases, under the guise of offering assistance, the police led the victims directly into the hands of their killers.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Narula |first1=Smita |title=We Have No Orders To Save You |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/india/gujarat.pdf |magazine=Human Rights Watch |volume=14 |number=3 (C)}}</ref> The then [[Chief minister (India)|Chief minister]] of Gujarat, [[Narendra Modi]] was cleared of the accusations levied against him by a local court based on the investigation carried out by a Special Investigation Team.<ref name="The Wall Street Journal">{{cite news |last1=Mandhana |first1=Niharika |title=Court Clears Narendra Modi in Riots Case |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/12/26/court-clears-narendra-modi-in-riots-case/}}</ref> However, this report was challenged by Zakia Jafri, whose husband Ahsan Jafri, a former Congress politician, was killed by a mob in Ahmedabad city. Ms. Jafri claimed the investigation had revealed sufficient evidence to implicate Mr. Modi and 62 others.<ref name="The Wall Street Journal"/> The Supreme Court of India, subsequently turned down a plea challenging the clean cheat given to Modi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Supreme Court turns down plea questioning clean chit to Modi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/highlights/story/supreme-court-turns-down-plea-questioning-clean-chit-to-modi-188546-2014-04-11 |website=India Today }}</ref> The 2020 report by the [[USCIRF|United States Commission for International religious freedom]] designated India as a [[Country of Particular Concern]]<ref>{{cite web |title=United States Commission on International Religious Freedom – India Chapter (2020 Annual report) |url=https://www.uscirf.gov/reports-briefs/annual-report-chapters-and-summaries/india-chapter-2020-annual-report |publisher=USCIRF}}</ref>

==Caste related issues==
{{Main|Caste system in India|Caste politics in India|Caste-related violence in India}}

Contemporary India, however, has seen the influence of caste start to decline. This is partly due to the spread of education to all castes which has had a democratising effect on the political system. However, this "equalising" of the playing field has not been without controversy. The [[Mandal Commission]] and its quotas system has been a particularly sensitive issue. It has been argued by Professor Dipankar Gupta that the role of castes in Indian elections have been overplayed.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-caste-bogey-in-election-analysis/article5811003.ece |title=The caste bogey in election analysis, Dipankar Gupta, March 21, 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=19 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612213127/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-caste-bogey-in-election-analysis/article5811003.ece |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live |last1=Gupta |first1=Dipankar }}</ref>

More recently there has been a flux in caste politics, mainly caused by [[economic liberalisation in India]]. This upsurge in lower-caste empowerment was accompanied in some regions by a spike in the level of corruption.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?283752 |title=www.outlookindia.com | How Some Gather Silver In The Fog |access-date=2016-03-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811041518/http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?283752 |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref> This was partly due to lower caste perceiving development programs and rule of law as tools used by the upper caste to subjugate lower castes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/3u2QUPuXBEFPaBQXU2R8mJ/When-will-the-BrahminBania-hegemony-end.html |title=When will the Brahmin-Bania hegemony end? |access-date=19 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205082229/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/3u2QUPuXBEFPaBQXU2R8mJ/When-will-the-BrahminBania-hegemony-end.html |archive-date=5 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Amnesty International]] says "it is the responsibility of the Indian government to fully enact and apply its legal provisions against discrimination on the basis of caste and descent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGUSA2005100705001&lang=e|title=India's Unfinished Agenda: Equality and Justice for 200 Million Victims of the Caste System|year=2005|access-date=5 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119011513/http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang=e&id=ENGUSA2005100705001|archive-date=19 November 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Denotified tribes of India]], along with many [[nomadic tribes in India|nomadic tribes]] collectively 60 million in population, continue to face social stigma and economic hardships, despite the fact [[Criminal Tribes Act]] 1871, was repealed by the government in 1952 and replaced by [[Habitual Offender Laws#India|Habitual Offenders Act]] (HOA) (1952), as effectively it only created a new list out of the old list of so-called "criminal tribes. These tribes even today face the consequences of the 'Prevention of Anti-Social Activity Act' (PASA), which only adds to their everyday struggle for existence as most of them live [[Below Poverty Line|below poverty line]]. [[National Human Rights Commission (India)|National Human Rights Commission]] and UN's anti-discrimination body [[Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]] (CERD) have asked the government to repeal this law as well, as these former "criminalised" tribes continue to suffer oppression and social ostracization at large and many have been denied SC, ST or OBC status, denying them access to [[Reservation in India|reservations]] which would elevated their economic and social status.<ref name=dis>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/folio/fo0007/00070240.htm
|title=Dishonoured by history
|author=Meena Radhakrishna
|work=[[The Hindu]] folio: Special issue with the Sunday Magazine
|access-date=31 May 2007
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706074246/http://www.hinduonnet.com/folio/fo0007/00070240.htm
|archive-date=6 July 2007
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/4972 |last=Mohapatra |first=Subash |title=Repeal the Habitual Offenders Act and affectively rehabilitate the denotified tribes, UN to India |work=[[Asian Tribune]] |url-status=usurped |archive-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320135916/http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node%2F4972}}</ref><ref name=sus>{{cite magazine|last=Viswanathan |first=S. |url-status=dead |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1912/19120450.htm |archive-date=2008-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202171820/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1912/19120450.htm |title=Suspects forever: Members of the "denotified tribes" continue to bear the brunt of police brutality |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=8–21}}</ref>

==Freedom of expression==
{{Main|Freedom of expression in India}}
According to the estimates of [[Reporters Without Borders]], India ranks 122nd worldwide in 2010 on the press freedom index (down from 105th in 2009). The press freedom index for India is 38.75 in 2010 (29.33 for 2009) on a scale that runs from 0 (most free) to 105 (least free).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2010,1034.html |title=Press Freedom Index 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605092647/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2010,1034.html |archive-date=6 June 2014 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2009,1001.html |title=Press Freedom Index 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230930/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2009%2C1001.html |archive-date=30 September 2015 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> In 2014 India was down ranked to 140th worldwide (score of 40.34 out of 105) but despite this remains one of the best scores in the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2014 |title=Press Freedom Index 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214120404/http://rsf.org/index2014/en-index2014.php |archive-date=14 February 2014 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref>

The [[Indian Constitution]], while not mentioning the word "press", provides for ''"the right to freedom of speech and expression"'' (Article 19(1) a). However this right is subject to restrictions under subclause (2), whereby this freedom can be restricted for reasons of "[[sovereignty]] and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, preserving decency, preserving morality, in relation to contempt of court, [[defamation]], or incitement to an offence". Laws such as the [[Official Secrets Act (India)|Official Secrets Act]] and [[Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002|Prevention of Terrorism Act]]
<ref name=pota>{{cite web
|title = The Prevention of Terrorism Act 2002
|url = http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/actandordinances/POTA.htm
|access-date = 30 November 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120412153523/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/document/actandordinances/POTA.htm
|archive-date = 12 April 2012
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
(POTA) have been used to limit press freedom. Under POTA, person could be detained for up to six months before the police were required to bring charges on allegations for terrorism-related offenses. POTA was repealed in 2004, but was replaced by amendments to [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act|UAPA]].<ref>{{cite journal| first=Anil| last=Kalhan |ssrn=970503|title=Colonial Continuities: Human Rights, Antiterrorism, and Security Laws in India|year=2006|journal=Columbia Journal of Asian Law |volume=20 |page=93 |id=Fordham Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 970503}}</ref> The Official Secrets Act 1923 was abolished after right to information act 2005

For the first half-century of independence, media control by the state was the major constraint on press freedom.
[[Indira Gandhi]] famously stated in 1975 that [[All India Radio]] is "a Government organ, it is going to remain a Government organ".<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/Media/freedom-press.htm|title = Freedom of the Press|journal = PUCL Bulletin|publisher = People's Union for Civil Liberties|date = July 1982|author1 = |access-date = 30 November 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180411055721/http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/Media/freedom-press.htm|archive-date = 11 April 2018|url-status = dead}}</ref>

With the liberalisation starting in the 1990s, private control of media has burgeoned, leading to increasing independence and greater scrutiny of government.

Organisations like [[Tehelka]] and [[NDTV]] have been particularly influential, in bringing about the resignation of powerful [[Haryana]] minister [[Venod Sharma]]. In addition, laws like [[Prasar Bharati]] act passed in recent years contribute significantly to reducing the control of the press by the government.

==LGBT rights==
{{Main|LGBT rights in India}}
Until the [[Delhi High Court]] decriminalised consensual private sexual acts between consenting adults on 2 July 2009,<ref name="India decriminalises gay sex"/> homosexuality was considered criminal as per interpretations of the ambiguous [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code|Section 377]] of the 150-year-old Indian Penal Code (IPC), a law passed by the British colonial government. However, this law was very rarely enforced.<ref>{{cite letter |url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/11/india12399.htm |last=Long |first=Scott |recipient=Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh |subject=On the arrest of four men on charges of homosexual conduct in Lucknow |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102002158/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/11/india12399.htm |archive-date=2 November 2008 |author-link=Scott Long |via=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> In its ruling decriminalising homosexuality, the [[Delhi High Court]] noted that existed law conflicted with the fundamental rights guaranteed by the [[Constitution of India]], and such criminalising is violative of Articles 21, 14 and 15 of the Constitution.

On 11 December 2013, homosexuality was again criminalized by a [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] ruling.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shyamantha|first=Asokan|title=India's Supreme Court turns the clock back with gay sex ban|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/11/us-india-rights-gay-idUSBRE9BA05620131211|access-date=23 December 2013|work=[[Reuters]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216040454/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/11/us-india-rights-gay-idUSBRE9BA05620131211|archive-date=16 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 6 September 2018, a five judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court of India, in a landmark judgement, decriminalized homosexuality while extending the ambit of Article 15 to include 'sexual orientation' to prohibit discrimination.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/06/indian-supreme-court-decriminalises-homosexuality#referrer=https://www.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251$s|title=Indian supreme court decriminalises homosexuality|last=Safi|first=Michael|work=The Guardian|access-date=2018-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906161425/https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/06/indian-supreme-court-decriminalises-homosexuality#referrer=https://www.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251$s|archive-date=6 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==By state==

===Assam===
{{main|Human rights abuses in Assam}}

A Human Rights Watch report notes that journalists and human rights activists have been arrested for falsely reporting on human rights abuses. Assam continues to be one of the forefront states where the claims of human rights abuses have been committed by India. Resultant secessionist and pro-independence movements have intensified the political situation, with widespread allegations of human rights abuses being committed by Indian security forces yet without any concrete proofs for allegations. Freedom House stated in their 2013 report on India that journalists in rural areas and regions coping with insurgencies – including Assam – are vulnerable and face pressure from both sides of the conflicts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Over-900-human-rights-violation-cases-pending/articleshow/52616112.cms|title=Over 900 human rights violation cases pending|work=The Times of India|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801042931/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Over-900-human-rights-violation-cases-pending/articleshow/52616112.cms|archive-date=1 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hrdi.in/?p=2312|title=Record of Human Rights Violations in Assam|website=Human Rights Defence International (HRDI)|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511042653/http://www.hrdi.in/?p=2312|archive-date=11 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Punjab===
{{main|Human rights abuses in Punjab, India}}

From 1984 to 1994, the state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] in northern India was engaged in a power struggle between the militant secessionist [[Khalistan movement]] and Indian security forces.<ref name="ENSAAF1">{{cite book|title=Punjab in Crisis: Human Rights in India|publisher=Human Rights Watch|year=1990|url=http://www.ensaaf.org/pdf/reports/HRW-PunjabinCrisis.pdf|access-date=24 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183114/http://www.ensaaf.org/pdf/reports/HRW-PunjabinCrisis.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian government responded to the escalating [[Punjab insurgency]] by launching [[Operation Blue Star]] in 1984, storming the [[Harmandir Sahib]], or Golden Temple complex in [[Amritsar]]—the center of Sikh religious and spiritual life, where some militant groups had retreated. The Operation was controversial and resulted in death of hundreds of civilians, militants and soldiers. After this incident, [[Sikh]] bodyguards assassinated Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], further violence ensued.<ref name="ENSAAF2">{{cite book|last=Kaur|first=Jaskaran|title=Twenty Years of Impunity: The November 1984 Pogroms of Sikhs in India|publisher=Ensaaf|year=2004|url=http://www.ensaaf.org/docs/20years.php|access-date=24 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221181307/http://www.ensaaf.org/docs/20years.php|archive-date=21 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The aftermath of these events were felt for more than a decade.<ref name="SBS">{{cite news|url=http://news.sbs.com.au/dateline/index.php?page=transcript&dte=2002-04-03&headlineid=427|title=India-Who Killed the Sikhs|access-date=2009-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912235435/http://news.sbs.com.au/dateline/index.php?page=transcript&dte=2002-04-03&headlineid=427|archive-date=12 September 2007|url-status=dead|publisher=Dateline}}</ref> According to a [[Human Rights Watch]] report, state security forces adopted "increasingly brutal methods to stem the insurgency, including arbitrary arrests, torture, prolonged detention without trial, [[forced disappearance|disappearances]] and summary killings of civilians and suspected militants".<ref name="ENSAAF1" /> Militant organizations responded with increased violence aimed at civilians, state security forces, and Sikh political leaders deemed to be negotiating with the government.<ref name="ENSAAF1" />

===Jammu and Kashmir===
{{main|Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus|Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir}}
In 1989, a secessionist [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|militant insurgency]] began in the northernmost erstwhile state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Several international agencies, including the [[UN]], have reported human rights violations in Jammu & Kashmir. In a press release the OHCHR spokesmen stated "The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights is concerned about the recent violent protests in Indian-administered Kashmir that have reportedly led to civilian casualties as well as restrictions to the right to freedom of assembly and expression."<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=United Nations |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/1058F3E39F77ACE5C12574B2004E5CE3?opendocument |title=OHCHR calls for restraint in Indian-administered Kashmir |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603155522/http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/1058F3E39F77ACE5C12574B2004E5CE3?opendocument |archive-date=3 June 2012}}</ref> A 1996 [[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) report accused the Indian military and Indian-government backed paramilitaries of "committ[ing] serious and widespread human rights violations in Kashmir".<ref>{{cite web |title=India's Secret Army in Kashmir: New Patterns of Abuse Emerge in the Conflict |publisher=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/05/01/india-s-secret-army-kashmir |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923144602/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/05/01/india-s-secret-army-kashmir |archive-date=23 September 2014}}</ref> HRW has also accused Indian forces of "using rape as a means to punish and humiliate communities".<ref>{{cite web|title=Rape in Kashmir: A crime of war |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/INDIA935.PDF|publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=4 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-date=4 September 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120904012347/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/INDIA935.PDF}}</ref> There have been claims of extra-judicial killings, disappearances, and torture by the police and army in Kashmir by several human rights organisations, including [[Amnesty International]] and HRW.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78871.htm |title=India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008150710/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78871.htm |archive-date=8 October 2019 |url-status=live |work=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2006 |publisher=U.S. Department of State ARCHIVE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6367917.stm |title=Kashmir's extra-judicial killings |work=BBC News |archive-date=8 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208020436/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6367917.stm}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |chapter=Abuses in the Kashmir Valley |chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kashmir/abuses.htm |title=Behind the Kashmir Conflict |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307161725/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kashmir/abuses.htm |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=live |publisher=Human Rights Watch }}</ref> The [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|Armed Forces Special Powers Act]] (AFSPA) which grants the military wide powers of arrest, the right to shoot to kill, and to occupy or destroy property in counterinsurgency operations was applied to Jammu and Kashmir in 1990, and has been applicable since. Indian officials claim that troops need such powers because the army is only deployed when national security is at serious risk from armed combatants. Such circumstances, they say, call for extraordinary measures. Human rights organisations have also asked Indian government to repeal<ref name=HRW-21Nov2007/> the Public Safety Act, since "a detainee may be held in administrative detention for a maximum of two years without a court order."<ref>{{Cite report |chapter=Undermining the Judiciary |chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kashmir/judiciary.htm |title=Behind the Kashmir Conflict |publisher=Human Rights Watch Report |access-date=4 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308034200/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kashmir/judiciary.htm |archive-date=8 March 2016}}</ref> One 2008 report by [[Freedom House]] described Jammu and Kashmir as 'partly free'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom in the World 2008 – Kashmir [India] |url=http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?page=search&docid=487ca21996&skip=0&query=Freedom%20in%20the%20World%202008-kashmir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010075038/http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?page=search&docid=487ca21996&skip=0&query=Freedom%20in%20the%20World%202008-kashmir |archive-date=10 October 2012 |publisher=[[Freedom House]] |via=RefWorld}}</ref>

==Other human rights violations==

Deception detection tests like "[[narcoanalysis]]" (controlled anesthesia), [[brain mapping]], and [[Polygraph|lie detector]] tests were once commonly permitted by Indian courts for crime investigation. Concerns regarding human rights violations in conducting deception detection tests (DDT)s were raised long back and the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] had published guidelines in 2000 for the administration of polygraph tests. However, only few of the investigating agencies were seen to follow these guidelines.<ref name="ddtreport">{{cite journal|last1=Math|first1=SB|year=2011|title=Supreme Court judgment on polygraph, narcoanalysis & brain-mapping: a boon or a bane|journal=Indian J. Med. Res.|volume=134|issue=1 |pages=4–7|pmc=3171915|pmid=21808125}}</ref>

However, on 5 May 2010, the Supreme Court in India (''Smt. Selvi vs. State of Karnataka'') declared that "The test results cannot be admitted in evidence if they have been obtained through the use of compulsion." and "Article 20(3) protects an individual's choice between speaking and remaining silent, irrespective of whether the subsequent testimony proves to be inculpatory or exculpatory" as well as "any information or material that is subsequently discovered with the help of voluntary administered test results can be admitted, in accordance with Section 27 of the Evidence Act, 1872."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Smt. Selvi & Ors Vs State of Karnataka. Smt. Selvi & Ors Vs State of Karnataka Judgment on 5 May 2010. (Criminal Appeal No. 1267 of 2004)|url=https://main.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/36303.pdf|access-date=18 December 2020|website=main.sci.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="ddtreport" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Article 20, clause 3|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/655638/|access-date=18 December 2020|website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>

==Women's rights==
===Muslim women's rights===
{{Expand section}}
One of the vital concerns in India is the discrimination between genders. [[Muslim]] women in India are one of the major groups deprived of their equality within the [[human rights]] framework. Their hardship has derived from cultural and religious reasons. This includes being negatively stereotyped within [[religion]] and even progressive circles. This also includes [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] interpretations and male interpretations of the [[Quran]] and [[Islam]]. Muslim women face a double marginalisation by virtue of being part of a religious, as well as, a gender minority. Intersectional [[feminist]] groups argue that it is important to consider Muslim women's opinions regarding their autonomy or else people might end up stereotyping Muslim women and promoting [[Islamophobia]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Adil|first=Yashfeen |title=Looking Beyond The Stereotypes: Muslim Women in India|website=Feminism in India |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2019/10/16/looking-beyond-stereotypes-muslim-women-india/|access-date=2021-01-12}}</ref>

==== Brief history of Muslim law in India ====

[[Muslim law]] in South Asia is different from Islamic law of [[Sharia]]. Shariat law (shari'a or fiqh) law is seen as a body of religious rules that are set out to manage the lives, in all aspects, of every Muslim. However, in India there are only a few of these laws that are enforced. This is due to India's laws having been modified by traditional English [[common law]] and equitable principles since the beginning of [[Colonial India|British colonial rule]]. It is now called ''Anglo-Muhammadan law''. Although Islamic law is sacred, due to modern political and social developments sacred interpretation of classic Islamic law's in India have changed in response to societal requirements.{{sfnp|Vrinda Narain|2001|p=7}}

The [[Constitution of India]] outlines the [[fundamental right|fundamental rights in India]] to [[Social equality|equality]] under Article 14. Article 15 covers freedom from [[discrimination]] which includes that of [[gender equality]]. However, Article 25 justifies the freedom of religion which safeguards the religious rights of Muslim communities, in turn [[Law of India|Muslim Personal Law]], which is discriminatory between Muslim men and women.{{sfnp|Vrinda Narain|2001|p=36}} The continuance of discrimination within Muslim personal law contravenes that set out in India's constitution, notably articles 14 and 15.{{sfnp|Vrinda Narain|2001|p=43}}

==== Personal law and inequality ====

Even though there is formal recognition of rights within the constitution, Muslim women experience gender inequalities in practice within the sphere of personal law.{{sfnp|Vrinda Narain|2001|p=3}} Personal law enables the continuing practice of giving a lower status to Muslim women in India. Which raises the need for [[legal reform]]. This is hard to achieve because often uniformity of family laws are often upheld by staunch supporters of religious traditions, who tend to keep [[Sunni Islam|traditional Muslim]] practices within the conformity of Islamic ideals.{{sfnp|Syed Mehartaj Bejum|2000|p=190}} The courts also favour to not let constitutional rights intrude in personal law. In the High Court case ''Harvinder Kaur v. Harmander Singh Choudhary'', it was rejected that personal law was discriminatory towards [[Gender inequality in India]] and stated that the "…introduction of Constitutional law into the home is most inappropriate". The ruling can lead to deprivation of all woman in India the fundamental rights within the constitution as it places higher importance to religious laws over equality laws.{{sfnp|Vrinda Narain|2001|p=49}} Personal law discrimination was, on the other hand, positively recognised in the case of ''Amina'', here the court noted that Muslim personal law is discriminatory towards Muslim women, and as such is unconstitutional.{{sfnp|Vrinda Narain|2001|p=51}}

[[Islamic law]] does however provide for certain rights. One example can be seen within a matrimonial deed, or ''Nikahnama''. A ''Nikahnama'' can cover certain rights which pertain to polygamy and the woman's right to enforce a divorce proceeding. This could even include shares in property rights.{{sfnp|Syed Mehartaj Bejum|2000|p=190}} Muslim law for financial support due to divorcement has been codified in the Muslim Women's (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986. Nevertheless, these rights remain minimal. For example, the divorced wife can only receive three months of financial support. Also, the husband of the divorced wife only has to pay child support for 3 months if that child is born within the three-month period, but if they had a child before that then the husband is not obligated to pay any support.{{sfnp|Vrinda Narain|2001|p=28}} Woman's rights in these matters are often not practised due to Muslim women's lack of education toward their rights within the Islamic community.{{sfnp|Syed Mehartaj Bejum|2000|p=191}} Also, Muslim woman in India are not protected when it comes to monogamous marriages, but Muslim men are, protected under the Indian Penal Code.{{sfnp|Vrinda Narain|2001|p=25}}

The [[Human rights commission|Human Rights Commission]] (HRC) under the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] (ICPPR) highlighted religious-based personal laws in India's report in 1997. It was informed that the [[human rights]] framework towards [[multiculturalism]] should be a remedy when addressing clearly biased provisions and practices towards Muslim women in Islamic legal community.{{sfnp|Syed Mehartaj Bejum|2000|p=191}}

==== Muslim women and education ====

Muslim women are often discriminated against due to their lower achievements within the sphere of education, employment and their general economic position. This is because traditionally Muslim women are discriminatingly excluded from participating within the public and private sector.{{sfnp|Syed Mehartaj Bejum|2000|p=191}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
{{col div|colwidth=22em}}
*[[National Human Rights Commission of India]]
*[[Socio-economic issues in India]]
*[[Human rights issues in Northeast India]]
*[[Censorship in India]]
*[[Internet censorship in India]]
*[[The Emergency (India)]]
*[[List of endangered languages in India]]
*[[Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act]] (POTA)
*[[Corruption in India]]
*[[Terrorism in India]]
*[[LGBT rights in Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Gender inequality in India]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
;Sources
* {{cite book |author=Syed Mehartaj Bejum |title=Human Rights in India: Issues and Perspectives |year=2000 |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |place=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7648-136-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mwAiypqmWUC}}
* {{cite book |author=Vrinda Narain |title=Gender and Community: Muslim Women's Rights in India |year=2001 |publisher=University of Toronto Press Incorporated |place=Canada |isbn=978-0-8020-4869-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxBEQpqFy7cC}}

{{Social issues in India}}
{{India topics}}
{{Asia in topic|Human rights in}}

[[Category:Human rights in India| ]]

Citizen of India

2022-05-21T22:26:55Z

Subrata: Shared a valuable publication.

#REDIRECT [[Indian nationality law]]