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Strength training

2026-05-27T16:53:00Z

Subhamaykarjee: started info - done

{{Short description|Exercise to improve strength}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2025}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=3}}
[[File:Small group fitness sessions bundall.jpg|thumb|A gym where various forms of strength training are being practiced. From left: overhead presses, [[battle ropes]], [[Plank (exercise)|planking]], and [[kettlebell]] raises.]]

'''Strength training''', also known as '''weight training''' or '''resistance training''', is [[exercise]] designed to improve [[physical strength]]. It may involve lifting [[Weightlifting|weights]], [[bodyweight exercises]] (e.g., [[Push-up|push-ups]], [[Pull-up|pull-ups]], and [[Squat (exercise)|squats]]), [[isometrics]] (holding a position under tension, like [[Plank (exercise)|planks]]), and [[plyometrics]] (explosive movements like jump squats and box jumps).<ref>{{cite web |title=Strength Training |url=http://www.fitnesshealth101.com/fitness/weight-training/strength-training |website=FitnessHealth101 |access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref>

Training works by [[progressive overload|progressively increasing the force output of the muscles]] and uses a variety of exercises and types of [[:Category:Weight training equipment|equipment]]. Strength training is primarily an [[anaerobic exercise|anaerobic]] activity, although [[circuit training]] also is a form of [[aerobic exercise]].

Strength training can increase [[Skeletal muscle|muscle]], [[tendon]], and [[ligament]] strength as well as [[bone density]], [[metabolism]], and the [[lactate threshold]]; improve [[joint]] and cardiac function; and reduce the risk of injury in athletes and the elderly. For many sports and physical activities, strength training is central or is used as part of their training regimen.
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== Principles and training methods ==

Strength training follows the fundamental principle that involves repeatedly overloading a muscle group. This is typically done by contracting the muscles against heavy resistance and then returning to the starting position. This process is repeated for several repetitions until the muscles reach the point of failure.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schoenfeld BJ, Grgic J, Ogborn D, Krieger JW | title = Strength and Hypertrophy Adaptations Between Low- vs. High-Load Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research | volume = 31 | issue = 12 | pages = 3508–23 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 28834797 | doi = 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002200| s2cid = 24994953 }}</ref> Strength training typically follows the principle of [[progressive overload]], in which muscles are subjected to gradually increasing resistance over time to stimulate adaptation and growth.<ref name="ACSM2021">{{cite book |title=ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription |edition=11th |publisher=Wolters Kluwer |year=2021 |isbn=9781975150181}}</ref> They respond by growing larger and stronger.<ref>{{cite book|title=Exercise Physiology: Human Bioenergetics and Its Applications|url=https://archive.org/details/exercisephysiolo00broo|url-access=registration|vauthors=Brooks GA, Fahey TD, White TP|publisher=Mayfield Publishing Co|year=1996|isbn=978-0-07-255642-1}}</ref>
Beginning strength-trainers are in the process of training the neurological aspects of strength, the ability of the brain to generate a rate of [[neuron]]al [[action potential]]s that will produce a muscular contraction that is close to the maximum of the muscle's potential.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ida |first1=Akito |last2=Sasaki |first2=Kazushige |date=2024 |title=Distinct adaptations of muscle endurance but not strength or hypertrophy to low-load resistance training with and without blood flow restriction |journal=Experimental Physiology |language=en |volume=109 |issue=6 |pages=926–938 |doi=10.1113/EP091310 |issn=1469-445X |pmc=11140179 |pmid=38502540 }}</ref>

=== Proper form ===
[[File:DumbbellDeadlift.JPG|thumb|A [[dumbbell]] [[Squat (exercise)|half-squat]].<ref name="Rippetoe-2005">{{cite book|last= Rippetoe|first= Mark |author-link=Mark Rippetoe|author2=Lon Kilgore |title=Starting Strength|url= https://archive.org/details/startingstrength00ripp|url-access= limited|publisher=The Aasgard Company|year=2005|isbn=978-0-9768054-0-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/startingstrength00ripp/page/n46 46]–49|chapter=Knees}}</ref>]]
Strength training also requires the use of proper or '[[Form (exercise)|good form]]', performing the movements with the appropriate muscle group, and not transferring the weight to different body parts in order to move greater weight (called '[[Cheating#Sports|cheating]]'). An injury or an inability to reach training objectives might arise from poor form during a training set. If the desired muscle group is not challenged sufficiently, the threshold of overload is never reached and the muscle does not gain in strength. At a particularly advanced level, however, "cheating" can be used to break through strength plateaus and encourage [[neurological]] and muscular adaptation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hughes |first1=David C. |last2=Ellefsen |first2=Stian |last3=Baar |first3=Keith |date=June 2018 |title=Adaptations to Endurance and Strength Training |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine |volume=8 |issue=6 |article-number=a029769 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a029769 |issn=2157-1422 |pmc=5983157 |pmid=28490537 }}</ref>

Maintaining proper form is one of the many steps in order to perfectly perform a certain strength training technique. Correct form in weight training improves strength, muscle tone, and maintaining a healthy weight. Improper form can lead to strains and fractures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/weight-training/art-20045842?pg=2|title=Weight training: Do's and don'ts of proper technique - Mayo Clinic|website=www.mayoclinic.org|access-date=2016-06-13}}</ref>

===Stretching and warm-up===
{{Main|Warming up}}
Weight trainers often spend time [[warming up]] before starting their workout, a practice strongly recommended by the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA). A warm-up may include cardiovascular activity such as light stationary biking (a "pulse raiser"), flexibility and joint mobility exercises, static and/or dynamic stretching, "passive warm up" such as applying heat pads or taking a hot shower, and workout-specific warm-up,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kar |first1=Subhabrata |last2=Alok Banerjee |first2=K. |title=Influence of Active and Passive Warming up on Motor Performance of the Athletes |journal=International Journal of Sports Sciences & Fitness |date=July 2013 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=216–234 |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=90508074&site=eds-live&scope=site |access-date=February 25, 2026}}</ref> such as rehearsal of the intended exercise with no weights or light weights. The intended purpose of warming up is to enhance exercise effectiveness and reduce the risk of injury.<ref name="Iversen">{{cite journal |last1=Iversen |first1=VM |last2=Norum |first2=M |last3=Schoenfeld |first3=BJ |last4=Fimland |first4=MS |title=No Time to Lift? Designing Time-Efficient Training Programs for Strength and Hypertrophy: A Narrative Review. |journal=Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) |date=October 2021 |volume=51 |issue=10 |pages=2079–2095 |doi=10.1007/s40279-021-01490-1 |pmid=34125411|pmc=8449772 |s2cid=235419384 }}</ref>

Evidence is limited regarding whether warming up reduces injuries during strength training.<ref name="Iversen"/> As of 2015, no articles existed on the effects of warm-up for upper body injury prevention.<ref name="McCrary">{{cite journal |last1=McCrary |first1=J Matt |last2=Ackermann |first2=Bronwen J |last3=Halaki |first3=Mark |title=A systematic review of the effects of upper body warm-up on performance and injury |journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine |date=July 2015 |volume=49 |issue=14 |pages=935–942 |doi=10.1136/bjsports-2014-094228|pmid=25694615 |s2cid=12818377|doi-access=free }}</ref> For the lower limbs, several programs significantly reduce injuries in sports and military training, but no universal injury prevention program has emerged, and it is unclear if warm-ups designed for these areas will also be applicable to strength training.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herman |first1=Katherine |last2=Barton |first2=Christian |last3=Malliaras |first3=Peter |last4=Morrissey |first4=Dylan |title=The effectiveness of neuromuscular warm-up strategies, that require no additional equipment, for preventing lower limb injuries during sports participation: a systematic review |journal=BMC Medicine |date=December 2012 |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=75 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-10-75|pmid=22812375 |pmc=3408383 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Static stretching can increase the risk of injury due to its analgesic effect and cellular damage caused by it.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Marjorie A. |last2=Hutton |first2=Robert S. |title=Electromyographic investigation of muscle stretching techniques |journal=Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise |date=1980 |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=322–329 |doi=10.1249/00005768-198012050-00004 |pmid=7453508 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The effects of warming up on exercise effectiveness are clearer. For [[One-repetition maximum|1RM (One-repetition maximum)]] trials, an exercise rehearsal has significant benefits. For submaximal strength training (3 sets of 80% of 1RM to failure), exercise rehearsal does not provide any benefits regarding fatigue or total repetitions for exercises such as [[bench press]], squats, and arm curl, compared to no warm-up.<ref name="Iversen"/> Dynamic warm-ups (performed with greater than 20% of maximal effort) enhance strength and power in upper-body exercises.<ref name="McCrary"/> When properly warmed up the lifter will have more strength and stamina since the blood has begun to flow to the muscle groups.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McMillian |first1=Danny J. |last2=Moore |first2=Josef H. |last3=Hatler |first3=Brian S. |last4=Taylor |first4=Dean C. |s2cid=16389590 |title=Dynamic vs. Static-Stretching Warm Up: The Effect on Power and Agility Performance |journal=The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research |date=2006 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=492–9 |doi=10.1519/18205.1 |pmid=16937960 |citeseerx=10.1.1.455.9358 }}</ref> Pulse raisers do not have any effect on either 1RM or submaximal training.<ref name="Iversen"/> Static stretching induces strength loss, and should therefore probably not be performed before strength training. Resistance training functions as an active form of flexibility training, with similar increases in range of motion when compared to performing a static stretching protocol. Static stretching, performed either before or after exercise, also does not reduce muscle soreness in healthy adults.<ref name="Iversen"/>

===Breathing===
Like numerous forms of exercise, weight training has the potential to cause the breathing pattern to deepen. This helps to meet increased oxygen requirements. One approach to breathing during weight training consists of avoiding holding one's breath and breathing shallowly. The benefits of this include protecting against a lack of oxygen, passing out, and increased [[blood pressure]]. The general procedure of this method is to inhale when lowering the weight (the eccentric portion) and exhale when lifting the weight (the concentric portion). However, the reverse, inhaling when lifting and exhaling when lowering, may also be recommended. There is little difference between the two techniques in terms of their influence on [[heart rate]] and blood pressure.<ref>{{cite book | first1 = Steven J | last1 = Fleck | first2 = William J | last2 = Kraemer|title=Designing resistance training programs |isbn=978-0-7360-8170-2 |edition=Fourth | location = Leeds | publisher = Human Kinetics | date = 2014 | page = 12 }}</ref>

On the other hand, for people working with extremely heavy loads (such as [[Powerlifting|powerlifters]]), breathing à la the [[Valsalva maneuver]] is often used. This involves deeply inhaling and then bracing down with the abdominal and lower back muscles as the air is held in during the entire rep. Air is then expelled once the rep is done, or after a number of reps is done. The Valsalva maneuver leads to an increase in intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure. This enhances the structural integrity of the torso—protecting against excessive spinal flexion or extension and providing a secure base to lift heavy weights effectively and securely.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hackett |first1=Daniel A. |last2=Chow |first2=Chin-Moi |date=August 2013 |title=The Valsalva maneuver: its effect on intra-abdominal pressure and safety issues during resistance exercise |journal=Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=2338–2345 |doi=10.1519/JSC.0b013e31827de07d |issn=1533-4287 |pmid=23222073 }}</ref> However, as the Valsalva maneuver increases blood pressure, lowers heart rate, and restricts breathing, it can be a dangerous method for those with hypertension or for those who faint easily.

=== Training volume ===
Training volume is commonly defined as sets × reps × load. That is, an individual moves a certain load for some number of repetitions, rests, and repeats this for some number of sets, and the volume is the product of these numbers. For non-weightlifting exercises, the load may be replaced with ''intensity'', the amount of [[mechanical work|work]] required to achieve the activity. Training volume is one of the most critical variables in the effectiveness of strength training. There is a positive relationship between volume and hypertrophy.<ref name="Schoenfeld2017">{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/02640414.2016.1210197 |title=Dose-response relationship between weekly resistance training volume and increases in muscle mass: A systematic review and meta-analysis |year=2017 |last1=Schoenfeld |first1=Brad J|last2=Ogborn|first2=Dan |last3=Krieger |first3=James W |journal=J Sports Sci |volume=35 |pages=1073–1082|pmid=27433992 |issue=11|s2cid=28012566 }}</ref><ref name="Schoenfeld2019">{{cite journal |doi=10.1249/MSS.0000000000001764 |title=Resistance Training Volume Enhances Muscle Hypertrophy but Not Strength in Trained Men |year=2019 |last1=Schoenfeld |first1=Brad J|last2=Contreras|first2=Bret |last3=Krieger |first3=James |last4=Grgic |first4=Jozo |last5=Delcastillo |first5=Kenneth |last6=Belliard |first6=Ramon |last7=Alto |first7=Andrew |journal=Med Sci Sports Exerc |volume=51 |pages=94–103|pmid=30153194 |issue=1 |pmc=6303131 }}</ref>

The load or intensity is often normalized as the percentage of an individual's [[one-repetition maximum]] (1RM). Due to muscle failure, the intensity limits the maximum number of repetitions that can be carried out in one set, and is correlated with the repetition ranges chosen. Depending on the goal, different loads and repetition amounts may be appropriate:<ref name="Schoenfeld2021"/>

* Strength development (1RM performance): Gains may be achieved with a variety of loads. However, training efficiency is maximized by using heavy loads (80% to 100% of 1RM). The number of repetitions is secondary and may be 1 to 5 repetitions per set.<ref name="Schoenfeld2021"/>
* Muscle growth (hypertrophy): Hypertrophy can be maximized by taking sets to failure or close to failure. Any load 30% of 1RM or greater may be used. The NCSA recommends "medium" loads of 8 to 12 repetitions per set with 60% to 80% of 1RM.<ref name="Schoenfeld2021"/>
* Endurance: Endurance may be trained by performing many repetitions, such as 15 or more per set. The NCSA recommends "light" loads below 60% of 1RM, but some studies have found conflicting results suggesting that "moderate" 15-20RM loads may work better when performed to failure.<ref name="Schoenfeld2021">{{cite journal |last1=Schoenfeld |first1=Brad J. |last2=Grgic |first2=Jozo |last3=Van Every |first3=Derrick W. |last4=Plotkin |first4=Daniel L. |title=Loading Recommendations for Muscle Strength, Hypertrophy, and Local Endurance: A Re-Examination of the Repetition Continuum |journal=Sports |year=2021 |volume=9 |issue=2 |page=32 |doi=10.3390/sports9020032 |pmid=33671664 |pmc=7927075 |issn=2075-4663|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Training to muscle failure is not necessary for increasing muscle strength and muscle mass, but you must get within two to three reps of failure to see proper results.<ref name="Grgic2022">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jshs.2021.01.007 |title=Effects of resistance training performed to repetition failure or non-failure on muscular strength and hypertrophy: A systematic review and meta-analysis |year=2022 |last1=Grgic |first1=Jozo|last2=Schoenfeld|first2=Brad J |last3=Orazem |first3=John |last4=Sabol |first4=Filip |journal=J Sport Health Sci |volume=11 |pages=202–211|pmid=33497853 |issue=2 |pmc=9068575 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last1 = Fisher
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| last2 = Steele
| first2 = John
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| first4 = Glenn R.
| year = 2022
| title = Intensity of effort and momentary failure in resistance training
| journal = Sports
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| pages = 644–647
| pmc = 9729922
| doi = 10.1016/j.jshs.2022.03.002
| doi-access = free
| pmid = 35263685
}}</ref>

=== Movement tempo ===

The speed or pace at which each repetition is performed is also an important factor in strength and muscle gain. The emerging format for expressing this is as a 4-number tempo code such as 3/1/4/2, meaning an eccentric phase lasting 3 seconds, a pause of 1 second, a concentric phase of 4 seconds, and another pause of 2 seconds. The letter X in a tempo code represents a voluntary explosive action whereby the actual velocity and duration is not controlled and may be involuntarily extended as fatigue manifests, while the letter V implies volitional freedom "at your own pace". A phase's tempo may also be measured as the average movement velocity. Less precise but commonly used characterizations of tempo include the total time for the repetition or a qualitative characterization such as fast, moderate, or slow. The [[American College of Sports Medicine|ACSM]] recommends a moderate or slower tempo of movement for novice- and intermediate-trained individuals, but a combination of slow, moderate, and fast tempos for advanced training.<ref name="Wilk">{{cite journal |last1=Wilk |first1=Michal |last2=Zajac |first2=Adam |last3=Tufano |first3=James J. |title=The Influence of Movement Tempo During Resistance Training on Muscular Strength and Hypertrophy Responses: A Review |journal=Sports Medicine |date=August 2021 |volume=51 |issue=8 |pages=1629–1650 |doi=10.1007/s40279-021-01465-2|pmid=34043184 |pmc=8310485 }}</ref>

Intentionally slowing down the movement tempo of each repetition can increase muscle activation for a given number of repetitions. However, the maximum number of repetitions and the maximum possible load for a given number of repetitions decreases as the tempo is slowed. Some trainers calculate training volume using the time under tension (TUT), namely the time of each rep times the number of reps, rather than simply the number of reps.<ref name="Wilk"/> However, hypertrophy is similar for a fixed number of repetitions and each repetition's duration varying from 0.5 s - 8 s. There is however a marked decrease in hypertrophy for "very slow" durations greater than 10 s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schoenfeld |first1=Brad J. |last2=Ogborn |first2=Dan I. |last3=Krieger |first3=James W. |title=Effect of Repetition Duration During Resistance Training on Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Sports Medicine |date=April 2015 |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=577–585 |doi=10.1007/s40279-015-0304-0|pmid=25601394 |s2cid=22641572 }}</ref> There are similar hypertrophic effects for 50-60% 1RM loads with a slower 3/0/3/0 tempo and 80-90% 1RM loads with a faster 1/1/1/0 tempo. It may be beneficial for both hypertrophy and strength to use fast, short concentric phases and slower, longer eccentric phases. Research has not yet isolated the effects of concentric and eccentric durations, or tested a wide variety of exercises and populations.<ref name="Wilk"/>

===Weekly frequency===

In general, more weekly training sessions lead to higher increases in physical strength. However, when training volume was equalized, training frequency had no influence on muscular strength. In addition, greater frequency had no significant effect on single-joint exercises. There may be a fatigue recovery effect in which spreading the same amount of training over multiple days boosts strength gains, but this has to be confirmed by future studies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grgic |first1=Jozo |last2=Schoenfeld |first2=Brad J. |last3=Davies |first3=Timothy B. |last4=Lazinica |first4=Bruno |last5=Krieger |first5=James W. |last6=Pedisic |first6=Zeljko |title=Effect of Resistance Training Frequency on Gains in Muscular Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Sports Medicine |date=22 February 2018 |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=1207–1220 |doi=10.1007/s40279-018-0872-x |pmid=29470825 |s2cid=3447605 |url=https://vuir.vu.edu.au/37695/1/Effect_of_Resistance_TrainingFrequency_on_Gains_in_Muscular_Strength_A_SystematicReview.pdf |access-date=February 25, 2026}}</ref>

For muscle growth, a training frequency of two sessions per week had greater effects than once per week. Whether training a muscle group three times per week is superior to a twice-per-week protocol remains to be determined.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schoenfeld |first1=Brad J. |last2=Ogborn |first2=Dan |last3=Krieger |first3=James W. |title=Effects of Resistance Training Frequency on Measures of Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Sports Medicine |date=21 April 2016 |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=1689–1697 |doi=10.1007/s40279-016-0543-8 |pmid=27102172 |s2cid=207494003 }}</ref>

===Rest period===
The rest period is defined as the time dedicated to recovery between sets and exercises. Exercise causes metabolic stress, such as the buildup of [[lactic acid]] and the depletion of [[adenosine triphosphate]] and [[phosphocreatine]].<ref name="Grgic2018"/> Resting 3–5 minutes between sets allows for significantly greater repetitions in the next set versus resting 1–2 minutes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gonzalez |first1=Adam M. |title=Effect of Interset Rest Interval Length on Resistance Exercise Performance and Muscular Adaptation |journal=Strength & Conditioning Journal |date=December 2016 |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=65–68 |doi=10.1519/SSC.0000000000000257|s2cid=58335780 }}</ref>

For untrained individuals (no previous resistance training experience), the effect of resting on muscular strength development is small and other factors such as volitional fatigue and discomfort, cardiac stress, and the time available for training may be more important. Moderate rest intervals (60-160s) are better than short (20-40 s), but long rest intervals (3–4 minutes) have no significant difference from moderate.<ref name="Grgic2018"/>

For trained individuals, rest of 3–5 minutes<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=de Salles |first1=Belmiro Freitas |last2=Simão |first2=Roberto |last3=Miranda |first3=Fabrício |last4=da Silva Novaes |first4=Jefferson |last5=Lemos |first5=Adriana |last6=Willardson |first6=Jeffrey M. |date=September 2009 |title=Rest Interval between Sets in Strength Training |url=http://link.springer.com/10.2165/11315230-000000000-00000 |journal=Sports Medicine |language=en |volume=39 |issue=9 |pages=765–777 |doi=10.2165/11315230-000000000-00000 |pmid=19691365 |issn=0112-1642|url-access=subscription |access-date=February 25, 2026}}</ref> is sufficient to maximize strength gain, compared to shorter intervals 20s-60s and longer intervals of 5 minutes. Intervals of greater than 5 minutes have not been studied.<ref name="Grgic2018">{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s40279-017-0788-x |title=Effects of Rest Interval Duration in Resistance Training on Measures of Muscular Strength: A Systematic Review |year=2018 |last1=Grgic |first1=Jozo|last2=Schoenfeld |first2=Brad J |last3=Skrepnik |first3=Mislav |last4=Davies |first4=Timothy B |last5=Mikulic |first5=Pavle |journal=Sports Med |volume=48 |pages=137–151|pmid= 28933024 |issue=1|s2cid=20767297 }}</ref> Starting at 2 minutes and progressively decreasing the rest interval over the course of a few weeks to 30s can produce similar strength gains to a constant 2 minutes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Souza |first1=Tácito P |last2=Fleck |first2=Steven J |last3=Simão |first3=Roberto |last4=Dubas |first4=João P |last5=Pereira |first5=Benedito |last6=de Brito Pacheco |first6=Elisa M |last7=da Silva |first7=Antonio C |last8=de Oliveira |first8=Paulo R |title=Comparison Between constant and decreasing rest intervals: influence on maximal strength and hypertrophy |journal=Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research |date=July 2010 |volume=24 |issue=7 |pages=1843–1850 |doi=10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ddae4a|pmid=20543741 |s2cid=17314141 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Grgic2018"/>

Regarding older individuals, a 1-minute rest is sufficient in females.<ref name="Grgic2018"/>

===Order===
The largest increases in strength happen for the exercises in the beginning of a session.<ref name="Nunes2021">{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/17461391.2020.1733672 |title=What influence does resistance exercise order have on muscular strength gains and muscle hypertrophy? A systematic review and meta-analysis |year=2021 |last1=Nunes |first1=João Pedro |last2=Grgic |first2=Jozo |last3=Cunha |first3=Paolo M |last4=Ribeiro |first4=Alex S |last5=Schoenfeld |first5=Brad J |last6=de Salles |first6=Belmiro F |last7=Cyrino |first7=Edilson S |journal=Eur J Sport Sci |volume=21 |pages=149–157 |pmid=32077380 |issue=2|s2cid=211214313 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Supersets are defined as a pair of different exercise sets performed without rest, followed by a normal rest period. Common superset configurations are two exercises for the same muscle group, agonist-antagonist muscles, or alternating upper and lower body muscle groups.<ref name="Krzysztofik">{{cite journal |last1=Krzysztofik |first1=M |last2=Wilk |first2=M |last3=Wojdała |first3=G |last4=Gołaś |first4=A |title=Maximizing Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review of Advanced Resistance Training Techniques and Methods. |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |date=4 December 2019 |volume=16 |issue=24 |page=4897 |doi=10.3390/ijerph16244897 |pmid=31817252 |pmc=6950543 |doi-access=free }} {{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}
</ref> Exercises for the same muscle group (flat bench press followed by the incline bench press) result in a significantly lower training volume than a traditional exercise format with rests.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=W |last2=Ugrinowitsch |first2=C |last3=Stefan |first3=M |last4=Rauch |first4=J |last5=Barakat |first5=C |last6=Shields |first6=K |last7=Barninger |first7=A |last8=Barroso |first8=R |last9=De Souza |first9=EO |title=Repeated Bouts of Advanced Strength Training Techniques: Effects on Volume Load, Metabolic Responses, and Muscle Activation in Trained Individuals. |journal=Sports |date=6 January 2019 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=14 |doi=10.3390/sports7010014 |pmid=30621334 |pmc=6359665 |doi-access=free }}</ref> However, agonist–antagonist supersets result in a significantly higher training volume when compared to a traditional exercise format.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Robbins |first1=Daniel W |last2=Young |first2=Warren B |last3=Behm |first3=David G |title=The Effect of an Upper-Body Agonist-Antagonist Resistance Training Protocol on Volume Load and Efficiency |journal=Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research |date=October 2010 |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=2632–2640 |doi=10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e3826e|pmid=20847705 |s2cid=19670323 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Similarly, holding training volume constant but performing upper–lower body supersets and tri-sets reduce elapsed time but increased [[Rating of perceived exertion|perceived exertion rate]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weakley |first1=JJS |last2=Till |first2=K |last3=Read |first3=DB |last4=Roe |first4=GAB |last5=Darrall-Jones |first5=J |last6=Phibbs |first6=PJ |last7=Jones |first7=B |title=The effects of traditional, superset, and tri-set resistance training structures on perceived intensity and physiological responses. |journal=European Journal of Applied Physiology |date=September 2017 |volume=117 |issue=9 |pages=1877–1889 |doi=10.1007/s00421-017-3680-3 |pmid=28698987|pmc=5556132 |s2cid=253892268 }}</ref> These results suggest that specific exercise orders may allow more intense, more time-efficient workouts with results similar to longer workouts.<ref name="Krzysztofik"/>

===Periodization===
{{See also|Sports periodization}}
Periodization refers to the organization of training into sequential phases and cyclical periods, and the change in training over time. The simplest strength training periodization involves keeping a fixed schedule of sets and reps (e.g. 2 sets of 12 reps of bicep curls every 2 days), and steadily increasing the intensity on a weekly basis. This is conceptually a parallel model, as several exercises are done each day and thus multiple muscles are developed simultaneously. It is also sometimes called ''linear'' periodization, but this designation is considered a misnomer.<ref name=Williams>{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Tyler D. |last2=Tolusso |first2=Danilo V. |last3=Fedewa |first3=Michael V. |last4=Esco |first4=Michael R. |title=Comparison of Periodized and Non-Periodized Resistance Training on Maximal Strength: A Meta-Analysis |journal=Sports Medicine |year=2017 |volume=47 |issue=10 |pages=2083–2100 |doi=10.1007/s40279-017-0734-y |pmid=28497285 |s2cid=41575929 |language=en |issn=1179-2035 }}</ref>

Sequential or block periodization concentrates training into periods ("blocks"). For example, for athletes, performance can be optimized for specific events based on the competition schedule. An annual training plan may be divided hierarchically into several levels, from training phases down to individual sessions. Traditional periodization can be viewed as repeating one weekly block over and over. Block periodization has the advantage of focusing on specific motor abilities and muscle groups.<ref name=Williams/> Because only a few abilities are worked on at a time, the effects of fatigue are minimized. With careful goal selection and ordering, there may be synergistic effects. A traditional block consists of high-volume, low-intensity exercises, transitioning to low-volume, high-intensity exercises. However, to maximize progress to specific goals, individual programs may require different manipulations, such as decreasing the intensity and increasing volume.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Campos GE, Luecke TJ, Wendeln HK, Toma K, Hagerman FC, Murray TF, Ragg KE, Ratamess NA, Kraemer WJ, Staron RS | title = Muscular adaptations in response to three different resistance-training regimens: specificity of repetition maximum training zones | journal = European Journal of Applied Physiology | volume = 88 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 50–60 | date = November 2002 | pmid = 12436270 | doi = 10.1007/s00421-002-0681-6 | s2cid = 21473855 }}</ref>

Undulating periodization is an extension of block periodization to frequent changes in volume and intensity, usually daily or weekly. Because of the rapid changes, it is theorized that there will be more stress on the neuromuscular system and better training effects. Undulating periodization yields better strength improvements on 1RM than non-periodized training.<ref name=Williams/> For hypertrophy, it appears that daily undulating periodization has similar effect to more traditional models.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grgic |first1=Jozo |last2=Mikulic |first2=Pavle |last3=Podnar |first3=Hrvoje |last4=Pedisic |first4=Zeljko |title=Effects of linear and daily undulating periodized resistance training programs on measures of muscle hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=PeerJ |year=2017 |volume=5 |article-number=e3695 |doi=10.7717/peerj.3695 |pmid=28848690 |pmc=5571788 |language=en |issn=2167-8359 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Training splits ===
{{Further|Split weight training}}
A training split refers to how the trainee divides and schedules their training volume, or in other words which muscles are trained on a given day over a period of time (usually a week). Popular training splits include full body, upper/lower, push/pull/legs, and the "bro" split. Some training programs may alternate splits weekly.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QWSn4iKgNo8C&q=strength+training+weekly&pg=PP12|title=Science and Practice of Strength Training, Second Edition|vauthors=Kraemer WJ, Zatsiorsky VM|publisher=Human Kinetics Publishers|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7360-5628-1|location=Champaign, Ill|page=161}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=October 2022}}

=== Exercise selection ===
{{Further|List of weight training exercises}}
Exercise selection depends on the goals of the strength training program. If a specific sport or activity is targeted, the focus will be on specific muscle groups used in that sport. Various exercises may target improvements in strength, speed, agility, or endurance.<ref name="Sheppard">{{cite journal |last1=Sheppard |first1=Jeremy M. |title=Strength and Conditioning Exercise Selection in Speed Development |journal=Strength & Conditioning Journal |date=August 2003 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=26–30 |doi=10.1519/00126548-200308000-00006 |issn=1524-1602|doi-access=free }}</ref> For other populations such as older individuals, there is little information to guide exercise selection, but exercises can be selected on the basis of specific functional capabilities as well as the safety and efficiency of the exercises.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Alex S. |last2=Nunes |first2=João Pedro |last3=Schoenfeld |first3=Brad J. |title=Selection of Resistance Exercises for Older Individuals: The Forgotten Variable |journal=Sports Medicine |date=June 2020 |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=1051–1057 |doi=10.1007/s40279-020-01260-5|pmid=32008175 |s2cid=210985951 }}</ref>

For strength and power training in able-bodied individuals, the NSCA recommends emphasizing integrated or compound movements (multi-joint exercises), such as with free weights, over exercises isolating a muscle (single-joint exercises), such as with machines.<ref name="E4E">{{cite book |title=Essentials of strength training and conditioning |date=2016 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign, IL Windsor, ON Leeds |isbn=978-1-4925-0162-6 |page=444 |edition=Fourth}}</ref> This is due to the fact that only the compound movements improve gross motor coordination and proprioceptive stabilizing mechanisms.<ref name="Sheppard"/> However, single-joint exercises can result in greater muscle growth in the targeted muscles,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mannarino |first1=P |last2=Matta |first2=T |last3=Lima |first3=J |last4=Simão |first4=R |last5=Freitas de Salles |first5=B |title=Single-Joint Exercise Results in Higher Hypertrophy of Elbow Flexors Than Multijoint Exercise. |journal=Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research |date=1 October 2021 |volume=35 |issue=10 |pages=2677–2681 |doi=10.1519/JSC.0000000000003234 |pmid=31268995|s2cid=195798475 }}</ref> and are more suitable for injury prevention and rehabilitation.<ref name="E4E"/> Low variation in exercise selection or targeted muscle groups, combined with a high volume of training, is likely to lead to [[overtraining]] and training maladaptation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grandou |first1=Clementine |last2=Wallace |first2=Lee |last3=Impellizzeri |first3=Franco M. |last4=Allen |first4=Nicholas G. |last5=Coutts |first5=Aaron J. |title=Overtraining in Resistance Exercise: An Exploratory Systematic Review and Methodological Appraisal of the Literature |journal=Sports Medicine |date=April 2020 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=815–828 |doi=10.1007/s40279-019-01242-2|pmid=31820373 |s2cid=208869268 }}</ref> Many exercises such as the [[Squat (exercise)|squat]] have several variations. Some studies have analyzed the differing muscle activation patterns, which can aid in exercise selection.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gene-Morales |first1=Javier |last2=Flandez |first2=Jorge |last3=Juesas |first3=Alvaro |last4=Gargallo |first4=Pedro |last5=Miñana |first5=Iván |last6=Colado |first6=Juan C. |title=A systematic review on the muscular activation on the lower limbs with five different variations of the squat exercise|journal=Journal of Human Sport and Exercise |date=2020 |doi=10.14198/jhse.2020.15.Proc4.28|s2cid=242661004 |doi-access=free |hdl=10045/110844 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

===Joint conditioning and injury prevention===
{{See also| Joint centration}}
Strength training typically incorporates strengthening the muscles of the body. This means that the tension of the muscle when at rest will ordinarily be increased. This also influences the length of the muscle in a relationship known as length-tension. This length-tension of the muscle influences the standard position of the joints it connects to via the tendons. If it is too tight or too loose then the respective joints risk being pulled or falling out of their optimum position which is known as being centrated (centered). The optimum positioning of a joint is gained and maintained by the muscles which influence it, including the agonists and antagonists, being of the correct length-tension and in the appropriate balance of strength with each other. In turn, the optimum joint position means that the muscles length-tension is regulated more efficiently with greater levels of control.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vella |first1=Mark |title=Anatomy for Strength and Fitness Training: An Illustrated Guide to Your Muscles in Action |date=2006 |publisher=McGraw Hill Education |isbn=9780071475334 |page=116}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salles |first=José Inácio |last2=Velasques |first2=Bruna |last3=Cossich |first3=Victor |last4=Nicoliche |first4=Eduardo |last5=Ribeiro |first5=Pedro |last6=Amaral |first6=Marcus Vinicius |last7=Motta |first7=Geraldo |date=March 1, 2015 |title=Strength Training and Shoulder Proprioception |url=https://nata.kglmeridian.com/view/journals/attr/50/3/article-p277.xml |journal=Journal of Athletic Training |language=en |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=277–280 |doi=10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.84 |pmc=4477923 |pmid=25594912}}</ref>

Due to this reciprocal relationship between the muscles and joints, strength training programmes seek to ensure that the muscles are not strengthened in an excessive and disharmonious way which will lead to poor joint alignment (decentration). Where poor joint alignment does occur the amount of force the muscles can apply is reduced, movement control (agility) is reduced, and injury risk is increased especially in regard to wear and tear injuries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Owen |first1=Adam |title=Football Science & Performance Coaching |date=2024 |publisher=Meyer & Meyer |isbn=9781782555346 |location=Maidenhead |chapter=Bilateral full kinetic chain function enhancement}}</ref>

Forms of exercise which seek to specifically improve joint alignment, and thereby increase joint stability and flexibility, include those which emphasise balance and proprioception e.g. standing on one bent leg and looking around the room,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Porter |first1=Stuart |title=A Comprehensive Guide to Sports Physiology and Injury Management: An Interdisciplinary Approach |last2=Wilson |first2=Johnny |date=2021 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-7020-7489-9 |location=London |pages=204–5}}</ref> full range of motion e.g. an overhead press weight training exercise,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Porcari |first1=John P. |title=Exercise Physiology |last2=Bryant |first2=Cedric X. |last3=Comana |first3=Fabio |date=2015 |publisher=F. A. Davis Company |isbn=978-0-8036-2555-6 |pages=332–333}}</ref> and isometric exercises e.g. maintaining a Pilates pose.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Osar |first1=Evan |title=Functional Anatomy of the Pilates Core |last2=Bussard |first2=Marylee |date=2015 |publisher=North Atlantic Books |isbn=978-1583949993 |location=Berkeley |page=117}}</ref> There is a strong focus on ensuring that the correct posture of the body and movement form for the exercise is achieved in order that the position of the joints is optimised throughout.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Owen |first1=Adam |title=Football Science & Performance Coaching |date=2024 |publisher=Meyer & Meyer |isbn=9781782555346 |location=Maidenhead |chapter=Targeted and progressive loading strategies}}</ref>

There is ongoing debate about the effect of lifting heavy weights on the joints with some researchers arguing that this weakens the joints in the long term, especially in regard to ranges of movement which involve extreme ranges of flexion or extension i.e. a deep squat. Conversely, there are also proponents who argue that it strengthens the joints.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pereira Neiva |first1=Henrique |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/60563/strength-training-and-performance-optimization-the-triad-of-physical-psychological-and-physiological-excellence/magazine |title=Frontiers in Sports and Active Living |last2=Pereira |first2=Ana |last3=Rodriguez-Rosell |first3=David |date=2026 |publisher=Frontiers |pages=50–51 |chapter=Impact of the deep squat on articular knee joint structures, friend or enemy? A scoping review |access-date=16 May 2026}}</ref> Due to the greater possibility for heavy weight training to alter the position and alignment of the joints, powerlifters and body builders perform exercises for the stabilising muscles in order to keep the joints optimally positioned and aligned in their sockets. For example, they strengthen the [[rotator cuff muscles]] in order that the top of the [[humerus]] remains centrated in the [[glenoid fossa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Waterbury |first1=Chad |title=Elite Physique: Building a Better Body |date=2022 |publisher=Human Kinetics |isbn=978-1-7182-0378-5 |location=Champaign |page=139}}</ref>

Improved joint conditioning can also be achieved via a conscious attempt to regulate them, through a sense of self-awareness, so that they are aligned and positioned more optimally both when static and during movement. The focus on achieving this as a part of everyday life is ordinarily incorporated into the greater ambition of achieving good posture. Where this has been lost and poor posture is present, there are also therapeutic postural re-education techniques which are designed to regain it.<ref>{{cite book |last1=David J. Magee; James A. Zachazewski; William S. Quillen |title=Pathology and Intervention in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation |date=2009 |publisher=Saunders |location=St. Louis |isbn=978-1-4160-0251-2 |pages=486-487}}</ref>

===Equipment===
Commonly used equipment for resistance training include free weights—including [[dumbbells]], [[barbells]], and [[kettlebells]]—[[weight machines]], and [[resistance band]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://us.humankinetics.com/blogs/excerpt/types-of-resistance-training-equipment | title=Types of resistance training equipment | work = Human Kinetics |access-date=February 25, 2026}}</ref>

Resistance can also be generated by [[inertia]] in [[flywheel training]] instead of by [[gravity]] from weights, facilitating variable resistance throughout the [[range of motion]] and [[eccentric overload]].<ref>{{cite journal
|date = 2018-12-13
|title = Effects of Flywheel Training on Strength-Related Variables: a Meta-analysis
|journal = Sports Medicine - Open
|first1 = Henrik
|last1 = Petré
|author-link = Henrik Petré
|first2 = Fredrik
|last2 = Wernstål
|first3 = C. Mikael
|last3 = Mattsson
|volume = 4
|issue = 1
|page = 55
|doi = 10.1186/s40798-018-0169-5
|pmid = 30547232
|pmc = 6292829
|s2cid = 56485869
|doi-access = free
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|date = 2019-12-14
|title = Flywheel Training in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation: A Clinical Commentary
|journal = International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
|first = Jaap
|last = Wonders
|volume = 14
|issue = 6
|pages = 994–1000
|doi = 10.26603/ijspt20190994
|doi-broken-date = 17 May 2026
|pmid = 31803531
|pmc = 6878857
}}</ref>

Some [[bodyweight exercise]]s do not require any equipment, and others may be performed with equipment such as [[suspension trainer]]s or [[pull-up bar]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=19 Bodyweight Exercises You Can Do At Home for a Quick Workout |url=https://www.verywellfit.com/bodyweight-exercises-3120780 |access-date=19 October 2022 |work=Verywell Fit |language=en}}</ref>

===Types of strength training exercises===
*[[Isometric exercise]]
*[[Isotonic contraction|Isotonic exercise]]
*[[Isokinetic exercise]]

== Aerobic exercise versus anaerobic exercise ==
{{See also|Anaerobic exercise}}
Strength training exercise is primarily [[anaerobic exercise|anaerobic]].<ref name="kraemer">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kraemer WJ | title = Strength training basics: designing workouts to meet patients' goals | journal = The Physician and Sportsmedicine | volume = 31 | issue = 8 | pages = 39–45 | date = August 2003 | pmid = 20086485 | doi = 10.3810/psm.2003.08.457 | s2cid = 5384504 }}</ref> Even while training at a lower intensity (training loads of ≈20-RM), [[anaerobic glycolysis]] is still the major source of power, although [[aerobic exercise|aerobic]] metabolism makes a small contribution.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Knuttgen HG | title = What is exercise? A primer for practitioners | journal = The Physician and Sportsmedicine | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 31–49 | date = March 2003 | pmid = 20086460 | doi = 10.1080/00913847.2003.11440567 | s2cid = 58736006 }}</ref> Weight training is commonly perceived as anaerobic exercise, because one of the more common goals is to increase strength by lifting heavy weights. Other goals such as rehabilitation, weight loss, body shaping, and bodybuilding often use lower weights, adding aerobic character to the exercise.

Except in the extremes, a muscle will fire fibres of both the aerobic or anaerobic types on any given exercise, in varying ratio depending on the load on the intensity of the contraction.<ref name="kraemer"/> This is known as the energy system continuum. At higher loads, the muscle will recruit all muscle fibres possible, both anaerobic ("fast-twitch") and aerobic ("slow-twitch"), to generate the most force. However, at maximum load, the anaerobic processes contract so forcefully that the aerobic fibers are completely shut out, and all work is done by the anaerobic processes. Because the anaerobic muscle fibre uses its fuel faster than the blood and intracellular restorative cycles can resupply it, the maximum number of repetitions is limited.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dynamicchiropractic.com/mpacms/dc/article.php?id=31599|title=Muscle Metabolism: Aerobic vs. Anaerobic| vauthors = Griner T |year=2000|work=[[Dynamic Chiropractic]]|issue=7|volume=18 |access-date=February 25, 2026}}</ref> In the aerobic regime, the blood and intracellular processes can maintain a supply of fuel and oxygen, and continual repetition of the motion will not cause the muscle to fail.

Circuit weight training is a form of exercise that uses a number of weight training exercise sets separated by short intervals. The cardiovascular effort to recover from each set serves a function similar to an aerobic exercise, but this is not the same as saying that a weight training set is itself an aerobic process.

Strength training is typically associated with the production of lactate, which is a limiting factor of exercise performance. Regular endurance exercise leads to adaptations in skeletal muscle which can prevent lactate levels from rising during strength training. This is mediated via activation of [[PGC-1alpha]] which alter the LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) isoenzyme complex composition and decreases the activity of the lactate generating enzyme LDHA, while increasing the activity of the lactate metabolizing enzyme LDHB.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Summermatter S, Santos G, Pérez-Schindler J, Handschin C | title = Skeletal muscle PGC-1α controls whole-body lactate homeostasis through estrogen-related receptor α-dependent activation of LDH B and repression of LDH A | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 110 | issue = 21 | pages = 8738–43 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23650363 | pmc = 3666691 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1212976110 | bibcode = 2013PNAS..110.8738S | doi-access = free }}</ref>

== Nutrition ==
{{Main|Sports nutrition}}
=== Macronutrients ===
Supplementation of [[Protein (nutrient)|protein]] in the diet of healthy adults increases the size and strength of muscles during prolonged resistance exercise training (RET); protein intakes of greater than 1.62 grams per kilogram of body weight a day did not additionally increase fat–free mass (FFM), muscle size, or strength, in a non-energy restricted context. Older lifters may experience less of an effect from protein supplementation on resistance training.<ref name=Morton>{{cite journal |last1=Morton |first1=Robert W |last2=Murphy |first2=Kevin T |last3=McKellar |first3=Sean R |last4=Schoenfeld |first4=Brad J |last5=Henselmans |first5=Menno |last6=Helms |first6=Eric |last7=Aragon |first7=Alan A |last8=Devries |first8=Michaela C |last9=Banfield |first9=Laura |last10=Krieger |first10=James W |last11=Phillips |first11=Stuart M |title=A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults |journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine |date=March 2018 |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=376–384 |doi=10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608|pmid=28698222 |pmc=5867436 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

It is not known how much [[carbohydrate]] is necessary to maximize muscle hypertrophy. Strength adaptations may not be hindered by a [[low-carbohydrate diet]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cholewa |first1=Jason M. |last2=Newmire |first2=Daniel E. |last3=Zanchi |first3=Nelo Eidy |title=Carbohydrate restriction: Friend or foe of resistance-based exercise performance? |journal=Nutrition |year=2019 |volume=60 |pages=136–146 |doi=10.1016/j.nut.2018.09.026 |pmid=30586657 |s2cid=58625613 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0899900718309535 |language=en |issn=0899-9007|url-access=subscription |access-date=February 25, 2026}}</ref>

A light, balanced meal prior to the workout (usually one to two hours beforehand) ensures that adequate energy and amino acids are available for the intense bout of exercise.<ref name="Morton" /> The type of nutrients consumed affects the response of the body, and [[nutrient timing]] whereby protein and carbohydrates are consumed prior to and after workout has a beneficial impact on muscle growth.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Volek JS | title = Influence of nutrition on responses to resistance training | journal = Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 689–96 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15064597 | doi = 10.1249/01.mss.0000121944.19275.c4 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.562.4723 }}</ref> Water is consumed throughout the course of the workout to prevent poor performance due to [[dehydration]]. A protein shake is often consumed immediately<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cribb PJ, Hayes A | title = Effects of supplement timing and resistance exercise on skeletal muscle hypertrophy | journal = Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | volume = 38 | issue = 11 | pages = 1918–25 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17095924 | doi = 10.1249/01.mss.0000233790.08788.3e | citeseerx = 10.1.1.320.6223 }}</ref> following the workout. However, the [[Metabolic window|anabolic window]] is not particularly narrow and protein can also be consumed before or hours after the exercise with similar effects.<ref name="Schoenfeld2017_2">{{cite journal |doi=10.7717/peerj.2825 |title=Pre- versus post-exercise protein intake has similar effects on muscular adaptations |year=2017 |last1=Schoenfeld |first1=Brad Jon|last2=Aragon|first2=Alan |last3=Wilborn |first3=Colin |last4=Urbina |first4=Stacie L |last5=Hayward |first5=Sara E |last6=Krieger |first6=James |journal=PeerJ |volume=5 |article-number=e2825|pmid=28070459 |issue=eCollection 2017|pmc=5214805 |s2cid=3914278 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Glucose (or another simple sugar) is often consumed as well since this quickly replenishes any [[glycogen]] lost during the exercise period.
If consuming recovery drink after a workout, to maximize muscle protein anabolism, it is suggested that the recovery drink contain glucose (dextrose), protein (usually [[whey]]) hydrolysate containing mainly dipeptides and tripeptides, and [[leucine]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Manninen AH | title = Hyperinsulinaemia, hyperaminoacidaemia and post-exercise muscle anabolism: the search for the optimal recovery drink | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 40 | issue = 11 | pages = 900–5 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 16950882 | pmc = 2465040 | doi = 10.1136/bjsm.2006.030031 }}</ref>

=== Hydration ===
As with other sports, weight trainers should avoid [[dehydration]] throughout the workout by drinking sufficient water. This is particularly true in hot environments, or for those older than 65.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water, Water, Everywhere |url=http://www.webmd.com/balance/features/water-water-everywhere |website=WebMD |access-date=February 25, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Metabolism Myth #5 |url=http://health.msn.com/blogs/healthy-diet-fit-body-post.aspx?post=1188190 |publisher=MSN Health |vauthors=Dedomenico M |access-date=February 25, 2026}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="ACSM07">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, Maughan RJ, Montain SJ, Stachenfeld NS |date=February 2007 |title=American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement |journal=Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=377–390 |doi=10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597 |pmid=17277604 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2008-04-02 |title=Busting The 8-Glasses-A-Day Myth |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/busting-the-8-glasses-a-day-myth/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509181638/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/02/eveningnews/main3991145.shtml |archive-date=2013-05-09 |access-date=2020-04-17 |publisher=CBS |vauthors=Cordes N}}</ref><ref name="pmid12376390">{{cite journal |vauthors=Valtin H |date=November 2002 |title="Drink at least eight glasses of water a day." Really? Is there scientific evidence for "8 x 8"? |url=https://geiselmed.dartmouth.edu/news/2002_h2/pdf/8x8.pdf |journal=American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology |volume=283 |issue=5 |pages=R993–1004 |doi=10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2002 |pmid=12376390 |access-date=February 25, 2026}}</ref>

Some athletic trainers advise athletes to drink about {{convert|7|impfloz|mL}} every 15 minutes while exercising, and about {{convert|80|impfloz|L}} throughout the day.<ref name="Johnson-Cane_2002">{{cite book | vauthors = Johnson-Cane D, Glickman J, Cane J | title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Weight Training. | publisher = Penguin | date = December 2002 | isbn = 978-0-02-864433-2 }}</ref>{{rp|23}}

However, a much more accurate determination of how much fluid is necessary can be made by performing appropriate weight measurements before and after a typical exercise session, to determine how much fluid is lost during the workout. The greatest source of fluid loss during exercise is through perspiration, but as long as fluid intake is roughly equivalent to the rate of perspiration, hydration levels will be maintained.<ref name="ACSM07" />

Under most circumstances, [[sports drinks]] do not offer a physiological benefit over water during weight training.<ref name="Johnson-Cane_2002" />{{rp|24}} However, under certain conditions—such as prolonged training sessions lasting over an hour, or when exercising in extremely hot and humid environments—sports drinks containing electrolytes and carbohydrates may help replenish lost salts and provide an energy boost. Ultimately, the ideal hydration approach depends on the individual's training intensity, duration, and personal needs.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sports and Hydration for Athletes: Q&A with a Dietitian |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/nutrition-and-fitness/sports-and-hydration-for-athletes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124212507/https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/nutrition-and-fitness/sports-and-hydration-for-athletes |archive-date=2025-01-24 |access-date=2025-04-29 |language=en}}</ref>

Insufficient hydration may cause lethargy, soreness or [[muscle cramps]].<ref name="Johnson-Cane_2002" />{{rp|75}} The [[urine]] of well-hydrated persons should be nearly colorless, while an intense yellow color is normally a sign of insufficient hydration.<ref name="Johnson-Cane_2002" />{{rp|75}}

=== Supplementation ===
Some weight trainers also take [[ergogenic aid]]s such as [[creatine]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Butts |first1=Jessica |last2=Jacobs |first2=Bret |last3=Silvis |first3=Matthew |title=Creatine Use in Sports |journal=Sports Health |year=2017 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=31–34 |doi=10.1177/1941738117737248 |pmid=29059531 |pmc=5753968 |issn=1941-7381 }}</ref> or [[anabolic steroid]]s to aid muscle growth.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=PEREIRA |first1=Ericson |last2=MOYSES |first2=Samuel Jorge |last3=IGNÁCIO |first3=Sérgio Aparecido |last4=MENDES |first4=Daniel Komarchewski |last5=SILVA |first5=Diego Sgarbi D. A. |last6=CARNEIRO |first6=Everdan |last7=HARDY |first7=Ana Maria Trindade Grégio |last8=ROSA |first8=Edvaldo Antônio Ribeiro |last9=BETTEGA |first9=Patrícia Vida Cassi |last10=JOHANN |first10=Aline Cristina Batista Rodrigues |title=Prevalence and profile of users and non-users of anabolic steroids among resistance training practitioners |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2019 |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=1650 |doi=10.1186/s12889-019-8004-6 |pmid=31818274 |pmc=6902556 |language=en |issn=1471-2458 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In a meta-analysis study that investigated the effects of creatine supplementation on repeated sprint ability, it was discovered that creatine increased body mass and mean power output.<ref name="Glaister-2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Glaister |first1=Mark |last2=Rhodes |first2=Lauren |date=2022-11-01 |title=Short-Term Creatine Supplementation and Repeated Sprint Ability—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=491–500 |doi=10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0072 |pmid=36041731 |s2cid=251952408 |issn=1526-484X|url=https://research.stmarys.ac.uk/id/eprint/5543/1/IJSNEM%20-%20Submitted%20Revision%20-%20July%202022.pdf |access-date=February 25, 2026}}</ref> The creatine-induced increase in body mass was a result of fluid retention.<ref name="Glaister-2022" /> The increase in mean power output was attributed to creatine's ability to counteract the lack of intramuscular [[phosphocreatine]].<ref name="Glaister-2022" /> Creatine does not have an effect on fatigue or maximum power output.<ref name="Glaister-2022" />

== Effects ==
The effects of strength training include greater muscular strength, improved muscle tone and appearance, increased endurance, cardiovascular health, and enhanced bone density.<ref name=":4">{{cite news |title=Strength training: Get stronger, leaner, healthier |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/strength-training/art-20046670 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=16 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> These benefits contribute not only to athletic performance but also to long-term health and independence, especially as individuals age. Regular resistance training supports metabolic function, helps regulate body weight, and can improve mental well-being through the release of [[endorphins]].

===Bones, joints, frailty, posture and in people at risk===
Strength training also provides functional benefits. Stronger muscles improve [[Good posture|posture]],{{vague|date=October 2022}} provide better support for [[joint]]s,{{vague|date=October 2022}} and reduce the risk of injury from everyday activities.<ref name="frailty">{{cite journal |last1=Aguirre |first1=Lina E. |last2=Villareal |first2=Dennis T. |title=Physical Exercise as Therapy for Frailty |journal=Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop Series |year=2015 |volume=83 |pages=83–92 |doi=10.1159/000382065 |pmid=26524568 |pmc=4712448 |isbn=978-3-318-05477-4 |issn=1664-2155 }}{{better source needed|date=October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tieland |first1=Michael |last2=Trouwborst |first2=Inez |last3=Clark |first3=Brian C. |title=Skeletal muscle performance and ageing |journal=Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle |date=19 November 2017 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=3–19 |doi=10.1002/jcsm.12238 |pmid=29151281 |pmc=5803609 |issn=2190-5991 }}</ref>

Progressive resistance training may improve function, [[quality of life]] and reduce pain in people at risk of fracture, with rare adverse effects.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ponzano M, Rodrigues IB, Hosseini Z, Ashe MC, Butt DA, Chilibeck PD, Stapleton J, Thabane L, Wark JD, Giangregorio LM | title = Progressive resistance training for improving health-related outcomes in people at risk of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = Physical Therapy | volume = 101 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–12 | date = February 2021 | article-number = pzaa221 | pmid = 33367736 | doi = 10.1093/ptj/pzaa221 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Weight-bearing exercise also helps to prevent [[osteoporosis]] and to improve bone strength in those with osteoporosis.<ref name="pmid21360219">{{cite journal | vauthors = Body JJ, Bergmann P, Boonen S, Boutsen Y, Bruyere O, Devogelaer JP, Goemaere S, Hollevoet N, Kaufman JM, Milisen K, Rozenberg S, Reginster JY| title = Non-pharmacological management of osteoporosis: a consensus of the Belgian Bone Club | journal = Osteoporosis International | volume = 22 | issue = 11 | pages = 2769–88 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21360219 | pmc = 3186889 | doi = 10.1007/s00198-011-1545-x }}</ref> For many people in [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|rehabilitation]] or with an acquired [[disability]], such as following stroke or orthopaedic surgery, strength training for weak muscles is a key factor to optimise recovery.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ada L, Dorsch S, Canning CG | title = Strengthening interventions increase strength and improve activity after stroke: a systematic review | journal = The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy | volume = 52 | issue = 4 | pages = 241–8 |year = 2006 | pmid = 17132118 | doi = 10.1016/S0004-9514(06)70003-4 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Consistent exercise can actually strengthen bones and prevent them from getting frail with age.<ref name=":4" />

===Mortality, longevity, muscle and body composition===
Engaging in strength training has been linked to a 10–17% reduction in the risk of death from all causes, [[cardiovascular disease]], [[cancer]], [[diabetes]], and [[lung cancer]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Momma |first1=Haruki |last2=Kawakami |first2=Ryoko |last3=Honda |first3=Takanori |last4=Sawada |first4=Susumu S. |date=2022-07-01 |title=Muscle-strengthening activities are associated with lower risk and mortality in major non-communicable diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies|journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine |volume=56 |issue=13 |pages=755–763 |doi=10.1136/bjsports-2021-105061 |issn=1473-0480 |pmc=9209691 |pmid=35228201 }}</ref> Two of its primary effects—muscle growth (hypertrophy) and increased muscular strength—are both associated with improved longevity and lower mortality rates.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fisher |first1=James P. |last2=Steele |first2=James |last3=Gentil |first3=Paulo |last4=Giessing |first4=Jürgen |last5=Westcott |first5=Wayne L. |date=2017-12-01 |title=A minimal dose approach to resistance training for the older adult; the prophylactic for aging |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S053155651730503X |journal=Experimental Gerontology |volume=99 |pages=80–86 |doi=10.1016/j.exger.2017.09.012 |pmid=28962853 |issn=0531-5565|url-access=subscription |access-date=February 25, 2026}}</ref>

Strength training also triggers hormonal changes that may contribute to positive health outcomes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kraemer |first1=Robert R. |last2=Castracane |first2=V. Daniel |date=2015-02-01 |title=Endocrine alterations from concentric vs. eccentric muscle actions: A brief review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0026049514003333 |journal=Metabolism |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=190–201 |doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.024 |pmid=25467839 |issn=0026-0495|url-access=subscription |access-date=February 25, 2026}}</ref> It can help lower both systolic and diastolic blood pressure,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cornelissen |first1=Veronique A. |last2=Smart |first2=Neil A. |date=2013-02-01 |title=Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Journal of the American Heart Association |volume=2 |issue=1 |article-number=e004473 |doi=10.1161/JAHA.112.004473 |issn=2047-9980 |pmc=3603230 |pmid=23525435 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Figueroa |first1=Arturo |last2=Okamoto |first2=Takanobu |last3=Jaime |first3=Salvador J. |last4=Fahs |first4=Christopher A. |date=2019-03-01 |title=Impact of high- and low-intensity resistance training on arterial stiffness and blood pressure in adults across the lifespan: a review |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00424-018-2235-8 |journal=Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology |language=en |volume=471 |issue=3 |pages=467–478 |doi=10.1007/s00424-018-2235-8 |pmid=30426247 |issn=1432-2013|url-access=subscription |access-date=February 25, 2026}}</ref> and positively influence body composition by decreasing [[body fat percentage]], visceral fat, and fat mass.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wewege |first1=M. A. |last2=Desai |first2=I. |last3=Honey |first3=C. |last4=Coorie |first4=B. |last5=Jones |first5=M. D. |last6=Clifford |first6=B. K. |last7=Leake |first7=H. B. |last8=Hagstrom |first8=A. D. |last9=Hagstrom |first9=Mandy |date=2022-02-01 |title=The Effect of Resistance Training in Healthy Adults on Body Fat Percentage, Fat Mass and Visceral Fat: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=Sports Medicine |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40279-021-01562-2|volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=287–300 |doi=10.1007/s40279-021-01562-2 |pmid=34536199 |issn=0112-1642|hdl=1959.4/unsworks_83614 |hdl-access=free |access-date=February 25, 2026}}</ref> These changes are particularly beneficial since excess body fat and its distribution are closely linked to insulin resistance and the development of chronic diseases.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goossens |first=Gijs H. |date=2017 |title=The Metabolic Phenotype in Obesity: Fat Mass, Body Fat Distribution, and Adipose Tissue Function|journal=Obesity Facts |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=207–215 |doi=10.1159/000471488 |issn=1662-4033 |pmc=5644968 |pmid=28564650 }}</ref>

===Neurobiological effects===
Strength training also leads to various beneficial [[neurobiological effects of physical exercise|neurobiological effects]] – likely including functional brain changes, lower [[white matter]] atrophy,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herold |first1=Fabian |last2=Törpel |first2=Alexander |last3=Schega |first3=Lutz |last4=Müller |first4=Notger G. |title=Functional and/or structural brain changes in response to resistance exercises and resistance training lead to cognitive improvements - a systematic review |journal=European Review of Aging and Physical Activity |year=2019 |volume=16 |article-number=10 |doi=10.1186/s11556-019-0217-2 |pmid=31333805 |pmc=6617693 |issn=1813-7253 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[neuroplasticity]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chow |first1=Zi-Siong |last2=Moreland |first2=Ashleigh T. |last3=Macpherson |first3=Helen |last4=Teo |first4=Wei-Peng |title=The Central Mechanisms of Resistance Training and Its Effects on Cognitive Function |journal=Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) |date=December 2021 |volume=51 |issue=12 |pages=2483–2506 |doi=10.1007/s40279-021-01535-5 |pmid=34417978 |s2cid=237247819 |issn=1179-2035 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/20649669 }}</ref> (including some degree of [[BDNF]] expression),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Loprinzi |first1=Paul D. |last2=Moore |first2=Damien |last3=Loenneke |first3=Jeremy P. |title=Does Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Influence Episodic Memory through Unique Mechanisms? |journal=Brain Sciences |date=December 2020 |volume=10 |issue=12 |page=913 |doi=10.3390/brainsci10120913 |pmid=33260817 |pmc=7761124 |language=en |issn=2076-3425|doi-access=free }}</ref> and white matter-related structural and functional changes in neuroanatomy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aagaard |first1=Per |last2=Bojsen-Møller |first2=Jens |last3=Lundbye-Jensen |first3=Jesper |title=Assessment of Neuroplasticity With Strength Training |journal=Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews |date=October 2020 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=151–162 |doi=10.1249/JES.0000000000000229 |pmid=32658038 |s2cid=220501435 |issn=0091-6331|doi-access=free }}</ref> Although resistance training has been less studied for its effect on depression than aerobic exercise, it has shown benefits compared to no intervention.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Jin-Lei |last2=Jiang |first2=Wan-Ting |last3=Wang |first3=Xing |last4=Cai |first4=Zhi-Dong |last5=Liu |first5=Zu-Hong |last6=Liu |first6=Guo-Rong |title=Exercise, brain plasticity, and depression |journal=CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics |date=September 2020 |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=885–895 |doi=10.1111/cns.13385 |pmid=32491278 |pmc=7415205 |issn=1755-5949 }}</ref>

===Lipid and inflammatory outcomes===
Moreover, it also promotes decreases in [[total cholesterol]] (TC), [[triglycerides]] (TG), [[low-density lipoprotein]] (LDL), and [[C-reactive protein]] (CRP) as well as increases in [[high-density lipoprotein]] (HDL) and [[adiponectin]] concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Costa |first1=Rochelle Rocha |last2=Buttelli |first2=Adriana Cristine Koch |last3=Vieira |first3=Alexandra Ferreira |last4=Coconcelli |first4=Leandro |last5=Magalhães |first5=Rafael de Lima |last6=Delevatti |first6=Rodrigo Sudatti |last7=Kruel |first7=Luiz Fernando Martins |title=Effect of Strength Training on Lipid and Inflammatory Outcomes: Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression |journal=Journal of Physical Activity and Health |date=1 June 2019 |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=477–491 |doi=10.1123/jpah.2018-0317 |pmid=31023184 |s2cid=133606401 |issn=1543-5474 }}</ref>

=== Sports performance ===
Stronger muscles improve performance in a variety of sports. Sport-specific training routines are used by many competitors. These often specify that the speed of [[muscle contraction]] during weight training should be the same as that of the particular sport.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Phillips N |year=1997|title=Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning|journal=[[Physiotherapy (journal)|Physiotherapy]]|volume=83|issue=1|page=47|doi=10.1016/s0031-9406(05)66120-2 }}</ref> Strength training can substantially [[injury prevention|prevent sports injuries]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lauersen |first1=Jeppe Bo |last2=Bertelsen |first2=Ditte Marie |last3=Andersen |first3=Lars Bo |title=The effectiveness of exercise interventions to prevent sports injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials |journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine |date=1 June 2014 |volume=48 |issue=11 |pages=871–877 |doi=10.1136/bjsports-2013-092538 |pmid=24100287 |s2cid=1763077 |language=en |issn=0306-3674|doi-access=free |hdl=11250/279729 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> increase [[jump height]] and improve [[change of direction]].

=== Neuromuscular adaptations ===
Strength training is not only associated with an increase in muscle mass, but also an improvement in the nervous system's ability to recruit muscle fibers and activate them at a faster rate.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Hedayatpour |first1=Nosratollah |last2=Falla |first2=Deborah |date=2015 |title=Physiological and Neural Adaptations to Eccentric Exercise: Mechanisms and Considerations for Training |journal=BioMed Research International |language=en |volume=2015 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1155/2015/193741 |doi-access=free |issn=2314-6133 |pmc=4620252 |pmid=26543850 }}</ref> Neural adaptations can occur in the [[motor cortex]], the spinal cord, and/or [[neuromuscular junction]]s. The initial significant improvements in strength amongst new lifters are a result of increased neural drive, motor unit synchronization, motor unit excitability, rate of force development, muscle fiber conduction velocity, and motor unit discharge rate.<ref name=":3" /> Together, these improvements provide an increase in strength separate from [[muscle hypertrophy]].<ref name="Schoenfeld2021" /> Typically, the main barbell lifts – squat, bench, and [[deadlift]] – are performed with a full range of motion, which provides the greatest neuromuscular improvements compared to one-third or two-thirds range of motion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cava |first1=Alejandro |last2=Hernández-Belmonte |first2=Alejandro |last3=Courel-Ibáñez |first3=Javier |last4=Morán-Navarro |first4=Ricardo |last5=González-Badillo |first5=Juan J. |last6=Pallarés |first6=Jesús G. |date=January 2022 |title=Bench Press at Full Range of Motion Produces Greater Neuromuscular Adaptations Than Partial Executions After Prolonged Resistance Training |url=https://journals.lww.com/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003391 |journal=Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=10–15 |doi=10.1519/JSC.0000000000003391 |pmid=31567719 |issn=1064-8011|url-access=subscription |access-date=February 25, 2026}}</ref> However, there are reasons to perform these lifts with less range of motion, particularly in the powerlifting community. By limiting range of motion, lifters can target a specific joint angle in order to improve their sticking points by training their neural drive. Neuromuscular adaptations are critical for the development of strength, but are especially important in the aging adult population, as the decline in neuromuscular function is roughly three times as great (≈3% per year) as the loss of muscle mass (≈1% per year).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lavin |first1=Kaleen M. |last2=Roberts |first2=Brandon M. |last3=Fry |first3=Christopher S. |last4=Moro |first4=Tatiana |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Blake B. |last6=Bamman |first6=Marcas M. |date=2019-03-01 |title=The Importance of Resistance Exercise Training to Combat Neuromuscular Aging |journal=Physiology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=112–122 |doi=10.1152/physiol.00044.2018 |issn=1548-9213 |pmc=6586834 |pmid=30724133 }}</ref> By staying active and following a resistance training program, older adults can maintain their movement, stability, balance, and independence.

== History ==
{{See also|History of physical training and fitness}}

[[File:EarlyBarbell.png|right|thumb|upright|[[Arthur Saxon]] performing a [[Two Hands Anyhow]] with an early [[kettlebell]] and plate-loaded [[barbell]]]]
The genealogy of lifting can be traced back to the beginning of recorded history<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teamusa.org/USA-Weightlifting/Weightlifting101/History-of-Weightlifting|title=The History of Weightlifting |work=USA Weightlifting|publisher=United States Olympic Committee|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130707092816/http://www.teamusa.org/USA-Weightlifting/Weightlifting101/History-of-Weightlifting|archive-date=7 July 2013|access-date=3 September 2018|quote=The genealogy of lifting traces back to the beginning of recorded history where man's fascination with physical prowess can be found among numerous ancient writings. A 5,000-year-old Chinese text tells of prospective soldiers having to pass lifting tests.}}</ref> where humanity's fascination with physical abilities can be found among numerous ancient writings. In many prehistoric tribes, they would have a big rock they would try to lift, and the first one to lift it would inscribe their name into the stone. Such rocks have been found in [[Greece|Greek]] and [[Scotland|Scottish]] castles.<ref name=":5">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/weightlifting|title=Weightlifting {{!}} sport|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2018-04-19}}</ref> Progressive resistance training dates back at least to [[Ancient Greece]], when legend has it that wrestler [[Milo of Croton]] trained by carrying a newborn [[calf (animal)|calf]] on his back every day until it was fully grown. Another Greek, the physician [[Galen]], described strength training exercises using the [[halteres (ancient Greece)|halteres]] (an early form of [[dumbbell]]) in the 2nd century.

Ancient Greek sculptures also depict lifting feats. The weights were generally stones, but later gave way to dumbbells. The dumbbell was joined by the barbell in the later half of the 19th century. Early barbells had hollow globes that could be filled with [[sand]] or [[lead shot]], but by the end of the century these were replaced by the plate-loading barbell commonly used today.<ref name=Todd>Todd, Jan (1995). [http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/IGH/IGH0306/IGH0306c.pdf From Milo to Milo: A History of Barbells, Dumbbells, and Indian Clubs.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731101012/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/IGH/IGH0306/IGH0306c.pdf |date=2012-07-31 }} Iron Game History (Vol.3, No.6).</ref>

Weightlifting was first introduced in the Olympics [[1896 Summer Olympics|in the 1896 Athens Olympic Games]] as a part of track and field, and was officially recognized as its own event in 1914.<ref name=":5" />

The 1960s saw the gradual introduction of [[exercise machine]]s into the still-rare strength training [[gym]]s of the time. Weight training became increasingly popular in the 1970s, following the release of the bodybuilding movie ''[[Pumping Iron]],'' and the subsequent popularity of [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]. Since the late 1990s, increasing numbers of women have taken up weight training; currently, nearly one in five U.S. women engage in weight training on a regular basis.<ref name=U.S.C.D.P.>{{cite web | title = Sculpted trend spurs women to pump iron | date = 20 July 2006 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/13956966|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408013121/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/13956966/|archive-date=8 April 2013| agency = Associated Press | work = [[NBC News]] |access-date=2007-02-01}}</ref>

== Subpopulations ==
===Sex differences ===
Men and women have similar reactions to resistance training with comparable [[effect size]]s for hypertrophy and lower body strength, although some studies have found that women experience a greater relative increase in upper-body strength. Because of their greater starting strength and muscle mass, absolute gains are higher in men.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Brandon M. |last2=Nuckols |first2=Greg |last3=Krieger |first3=James W. |title=Sex Differences in Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research |year=2020 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=1448–1460 |doi=10.1519/JSC.0000000000003521 |pmid=32218059 |s2cid=214681362 |issn=1064-8011|doi-access=free }}</ref> In older adults, women experienced a larger increase in lower-body strength.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Matthew D. |last2=Wewege |first2=Michael A. |last3=Hackett |first3=Daniel A. |last4=Keogh |first4=Justin W. L. |last5=Hagstrom |first5=Amanda D. |title=Sex Differences in Adaptations in Muscle Strength and Size Following Resistance Training in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=Sports Medicine |year=2021 |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=503–517 |doi=10.1007/s40279-020-01388-4 |pmid=33332016 |s2cid=229302688 |language=en |issn=1179-2035|hdl=1959.4/unsworks_83599 |url=https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/9010321d-81c9-47a2-9a76-757156001883/download |hdl-access=free |access-date=February 25, 2026}}</ref>

=== Safety concerns and training related to children ===
[[Orthopedic surgery|Orthopaedic]] specialists used to recommend that children avoid weight training because the [[growth plate]]s on their [[bone]]s might be at risk.
The rare reports of growth plate fractures in children who trained with weights occurred under inadequate supervision or improper form or excess weight.
There have been no reports of injuries to growth plates in youth training programs that follow established guidelines.<ref name="KH">{{cite web |last=Gavin |first=Mary |date=March 2022 |title=Strength Training |url=https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/strength-training.html |website= |access-date=February 25, 2026}}</ref><ref name="NSCA">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsca-lift.org/HotTopic/download/Youth%20Hot%20Topics.pdf|title=Youth Resistance Training| vauthors = Faigenbaum AD |publisher=National Strength and Conditioning Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717045321/http://www.nsca-lift.org/HotTopic/download/Youth%20Hot%20Topics.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2011|url-status=unfit|access-date=18 January 2008}}</ref>
The position of the National Strength and Conditioning Association is that strength training is safe for children if properly designed and supervised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nsca-lift.org/Publications/YouthforWeb.pdf|title=Position statement: Youth Resistance Training|publisher=National Strength and Conditioning Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717045336/http://www.nsca-lift.org/Publications/YouthforWeb.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2011|url-status=unfit|access-date=18 January 2008}}</ref>

The effects of training on youth have been shown to depend on the methods of training being implemented.
Studies from the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research concluded that both Resistance Training and Plyometric training led to significant improvements in peak torque, peak rate of torque development, and jump performance.
Plyometric training also showed a greater improvement in jump performance compared to Resistance training.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=McKinlay |first1=Brandon J. |last2=Wallace |first2=Phillip |last3=Dotan |first3=Raffy |last4=Long |first4=Devon |last5=Tokuno |first5=Craig |last6=Gabriel |first6=David A. |last7=Falk |first7=Bareket |date=November 2018 |title=Effects of Plyometric and Resistance Training on Muscle Strength, Explosiveness, and Neuromuscular Function in Young Adolescent Soccer Players |url=https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2018/11000/Effects_of_Plyometric_and_Resistance_Training_on.6.aspx |journal=The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research |language=en-US |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=3039–3050 |doi=10.1519/JSC.0000000000002428 |pmid=29337833 |issn=1064-8011|url-access=subscription |access-date=February 25, 2026}}</ref>
Another study saw results that suggest that both high-load, low-repetition and moderate-load, high-repetition resistance training can be prescribed to improve muscular fitness in untrained adolescents, as well as the jump height had also increased.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Assunção |first1=Ari R. |last2=Bottaro |first2=Martim |last3=Ferreira-Junior |first3=João B. |last4=Izquierdo |first4=Mikel |last5=Cadore |first5=Eduardo L. |last6=Gentil |first6=Paulo |date=2016-08-10 |title=The Chronic Effects of Low- and High-Intensity Resistance Training on Muscular Fitness in Adolescents |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=11 |issue=8 |article-number=e0160650 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0160650 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4979886 |pmid=27509050|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1160650A }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Kurihara |first1=Toshiyuki |last2=Terada |first2=Masafumi |last3=Numasawa |first3=Shun |last4=Kusagawa |first4=Yuki |last5=Maeo |first5=Sumiaki |last6=Kanehisa |first6=Hiroaki |last7=Isaka |first7=Tadao |date=2021-12-31 |title=Effects of age and sex on association between toe muscular strength and vertical jump performance in adolescent populations |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |article-number=e0262100 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0262100 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8719687 |pmid=34972181|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1662100K }}</ref>

Both plyometrics exercise and resistance training tend to result in better adaptations in the short and long term.<ref name=":0" />
This can be attributed to the effect of neuromuscular development, as well as the principle that it comes faster for adolescents than muscular hypertrophy.
It is crucial to understand this when creating programs for the youth to avoid injury and/or overtraining.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
Since adolescents are still growing and are not done with developing not only musculature but also bone and joint structures.
Younger children are at greater risk of injury than adults if they drop a weight on themselves or perform an exercise incorrectly.
Furthermore, they may lack understanding of, or ignore the safety precautions around weight training equipment.
As a result, supervision of minors is considered vital to ensuring the safety of any youth engaging in strength training.<ref name = KH/><ref name = NSCA/>

=== Older adults ===
Aging is associated with [[sarcopenia]], a decrease in muscle mass and strength.<ref name="Fragala"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Christie J | title = Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults | journal = International Journal of Older People Nursing | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 244–6 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21884490 | doi = 10.1111/j.1748-3743.2011.00291.x }}</ref><ref name="Liu-2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu CJ, Latham NK | title = Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 3 | article-number = CD002759 | date = July 2009 | volume = 2009 | pmid = 19588334 | pmc = 4324332 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD002759.pub2 }}</ref> Resistance training can mitigate this effect,<ref name="Fragala"/><ref name="Liu-2009"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lai |first1=Chih-Chin |last2=Tu |first2=Yu-Kang |last3=Wang |first3=Tyng-Guey |last4=Huang |first4=Yi-Ting |last5=Chien |first5=Kuo-Liong |date=2018-02-17 |title=Effects of resistance training, endurance training and whole-body vibration on lean body mass, muscle strength and physical performance in older people: a systematic review and network meta-analysis |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=367–373 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afy009 |pmid=29471456 |issn=0002-0729|doi-access=free }}</ref> and even the [[oldest old]] (those above age 85) can increase their muscle mass with a resistance training program, although to a lesser degree than younger individuals.<ref name="Fragala"/> With more strength older adults have better health, better [[quality of life]], better physical function and fewer [[Falling (accident)|falls]]. Resistance training can improve physical functioning in older people, including the performance of [[activities of daily living]].<ref name="Liu-2009"/><ref name="Fragala">{{cite journal |last1=Fragala |first1=Maren S. |last2=Cadore |first2=Eduardo L. |last3=Dorgo |first3=Sandor |last4=Izquierdo |first4=Mikel |last5=Kraemer |first5=William J. |last6=Peterson |first6=Mark D. |last7=Ryan |first7=Eric D. |title=Resistance Training for Older Adults: Position Statement From the National Strength and Conditioning Association |journal=The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research |year=2019 |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=2019–2052 |doi=10.1519/JSC.0000000000003230 |pmid=31343601 |s2cid=198492682 |issn=1064-8011|doi-access=free }}</ref> Resistance training programs are safe for older adults, can be adapted for mobility and disability limitations, and may be used in [[assisted living]] settings.<ref name="Fragala"/> Resistance training at lower intensities such as 45% of 1RM can still result in increased muscular strength.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Csapo |first1=R. |last2=Alegre |first2=L. M. |date=2015-08-24 |title=Effects of resistance training with moderate vs heavy loads on muscle mass and strength in the elderly: A meta-analysis |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=995–1006 |doi=10.1111/sms.12536 |pmid=26302881 |s2cid=34659847 |issn=0905-7188 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Endurance training]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Strength training exercises}}
{{Physical exercise}}
{{Sport}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Strength training| ]]
[[Category:Physical exercise]]
[[Category:Bodybuilding]]
[[Category:Anaerobic exercise]]

List of Odia films of 2012

2026-05-06T15:08:15Z

Subhamaykarjee: Added

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 2012:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Release date !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[2012 in film|2012]]'''
|-
| ''ACP Ranvbir'' || Sudhakar Basant|| [[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]||Action, Drama || 19 Oct 2012 || Producer - Bishnupriya Arts & Graphics (Anupras Mohanty, Anubhav Mohanty)
|-
| ''Bad Girl'' || Jay Prakash Mohanty || Lipi, Gourav Kumar ||Action, Drama || 7 Sep 2012 || Producer Anjaneya Media P Ltd. (Prabhat Ku. Pradhan)
|-
| ''Chanda Naa Tame Tara'' || Ramesh Rout|| Deepak Kumar, Prachi (Mumbai) ||Romance || 28 Sep 2012 || Producer D.S.O. Movies (Chittranjan Prusty)
|-
|''[[Emiti Bi Prema Hue]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Nishikant Dalabehera || [[Mihir Das]], [[Riya Dey]], Hadu || [[Action film|Action]], [[Romance film|romance]] ||10 February 2012 || Shiny Creations
|-
| ''[[Gud Boy]]'' ||Jyoti Das||Arindam, Priya, Ipsita||Action, drama || 10 May 2012 ||Producer -Reena Samal, Hrudananda Samal
|-
|''He Sakha''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Asish Bhattacharya || Ashok Bal, Gargi Mohanty, Kabula Mohanty || [[Fantasy]] || 1 January 2012 || Modern Music (Sangram Gajendra)
|-
| ''[[Idiot: I Do Ishq Only Tumse|Idiot]]'' ||[[Ashok Pati]]||[[Babushaan Mohanty]], [[Riya Dey]], [[Mihir Das]]||Drama, Romance || 12 June 2012 ||Sunil Kumar Panda
|-
| ''Jaggu Autowala'' ||James Anthony||Pupinder, Pamela||Action, Drama, Romance || 7 Dec 2012 || Producer - Kalosthenik Entertainment (Pupinder)
|-
|''[[Kebe Tume Nahan Kebe Mu Nahin]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Chakradhar Sahu || Sabyasachi Misra, [[Archita Sahu]], [[Ajit Das]] || [[Action film|Action]], [[family]], [[Romance film|romance]] ||17 February 2012 || Silver Screen Productions
|-
| ''Love Master'' ||Himanshu (Chandi) Parija||[[Babushaan Mohanty]], [[Riya Dey]], Poonam,[[Mihir Das]],[[Pintu Nanda]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Aparajita Mohanty]]|| Drama, Romance || 19 Oct 2012 || Remake of Telugu film ''[[Brindavanam (2010 film)|Brindavanam]]''
|-
| ''[[Luchakali]]'' ||Susant Mani|| [[Babushaan Mohanty]], Sriya, [[Samaresh]] & Megha,[[Bijay Mohanty]]|| Action, drama || 30 March 2012 || Chakadola Productions
|-
|''Matira Bandhana''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Himansu Khatua || [[Mihir Das]] || [[Drama]] ||||
|-
| ''Omm Sai Ram'' || Hara Pattnaik|| [[Sabyasachi Mishra]], Budhaditya, Manas, Prakruti, Koel, Moushumi||Action, drama || 14 Sep 2012 || Producer Susant Ku. Rath
|-
| ''Parshuram'' ||Sudhansu Sahoo||Arindam, Barsha||Action, Drama, Romance || 21 Oct 2012 || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Rowthiram]]'' Associate Director : Tripati Kumar Sahu
|-
| ''Shapath'' ||[[Ashok Pati]]|| Akash, [[Archita Sahu]], Mihir Das|| Action || 13 April 2012 || Magnum Media Pvt. Ltd.
|-
|''[[Raja Jhia Sathe Heigala Bhaba]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||Sudhansu Sahoo||Archita Arindam, Mihir Mahasweta Ray||Romance, drama||10 June 2012 || Producer Sarthak Films Associate Director : Tripati Kumar Sahu
|-
|''Raju Awara''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||Debanand Nayak||Houdhury Jayaprakash Das, Namrta Das||[[Drama film|Drama]]|| 2 March 2012 || Abhaya Jyoti Productions
|-
| ''Rangeela Toka'' |||| Papu, Devjaani|| Comedy, Drama || 27 July 2012 || Producer Oscar Movies (Prabhas Rout)
|-
|''Something Something''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Sudhakar Vasant || [[Anubhav Mohanty|Anubhav]], [[Barsha Priyadarshini]], [[Harihara Mahapatra]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] || 8 January 2012 || Vishnupriyaa Art & Graphics
|-
|''Thukul''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| [[Prashant Nanda]] || [[Babushan|Babushaan Mohanty]], [[Archita Sahu]], [[Sritam Das]], [[Aparajita Mohanty]],[[Prakruti Mishra]]|| [[Romance film|Romance]] || 12 January 2012 || Mitra Creative Arts
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{2012 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|2012]]
[[Category:Lists of 2012 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:2010s in Odisha]]
[[Category:2012 in Indian cinema|Ollywood]]

Senthil filmography

2026-05-05T22:01:11Z

Subhamaykarjee: added a data

{{short description|Filmography of Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
[[File:Senthil at Producer AL Alagappan & Valliammai 60th Wedding Day Function.jpg|thumb|Senthil at wedding function ]]
'''[[Senthil]]''' is an Indian comedian and an actor who appears mostly in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films alongside few [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] language films. He is especially known for his roles alongside [[Goundamani]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190621041043/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/jan/24/goundamani-will-always-be-my-favourite-comedian-1929205.html Goundamani will always be my favourite comedian], newindianexpress.com. Accessed 15 June 2024.</ref>

He ran away from his village at the age of 13 due to his father's fierce scoldings for his problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/interview/73841-comedy-actor-senthil-interview.html|title=''அண்ண்ணே.... கவுண்டமணி அண்ண்ணே...!'' – உருகும் செந்தில்|date=30 November 2016|website=vikatan.com|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630215622/http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/interview/73841-comedy-actor-senthil-interview.html|archive-date=30 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> He first worked in an oil mart, then in a private wine shop as a waiter and then ended up in drama where he started developing his skills.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/senthil-on-his-association-with-goundamani-and-his-comedy-tracks/article26077055.ece|title=Comedy is God's gift to me: Senthil|website=The Hindu|date=24 January 2019 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018063810/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/senthil-on-his-association-with-goundamani-and-his-comedy-tracks/article26077055.ece|archive-date=18 October 2019|last1=Ramanujam |first1=Srinivasa }}</ref>

He made his acting debut with the Tamil film ''Oru Koyil Iru Dheepangal'' of 1979 even though officially his first film was the Malayalam film ''Ithikkara Pakki'', which was released in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/06/08/stories/0908022a.htm|title=From scratch to success|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203156/https://www.thehindu.com/archive/print/2001/06/08/|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2001-06-08|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/2016-whos-still-watching-senthil-goundamani-comedy-youtube-most-tamil-nadu-51635|title=In 2016, who's still watching Senthil, Goundamani comedy on Youtube most|website=The News Minute|date=19 October 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921142820/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/2016-whos-still-watching-senthil-goundamani-comedy-youtube-most-tamil-nadu-51635|archive-date=21 September 2019}}</ref> He slowly entered the Tamil film industry in small characters and finally landed a good role in the film ''[[Malaiyoor Mambattiyan]]''. He has also acted in many popular films as comedian in the Tamil film industry. He usually appears in films with [[Goundamani]] in a [[slapstick]] [[double act]]. Together, they formed a comic pair in many [[Tamil films]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Koundamani-and-I-may-pair-up-again/articleshow/3832517.cms|title='Koundamani and I may pair up again'|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520003419/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Koundamani-and-I-may-pair-up-again/articleshow/3832517.cms|archive-date=20 May 2018|url-status=live|last1=Sangeetha |first1=P. }}</ref>

In 2019, Senthil has started acting in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] tele-serials making his debut with Sun TV's ''[[Rasaathi]]''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/sun-tv-s-new-serial-titles-as-rasathi-pavani-reddy/|title=Sun TV's new serial titled as Rasathi|website=The Indian Express|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921132157/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/sun-tv-s-new-serial-titles-as-rasathi-pavani-reddy/|archive-date=21 September 2019|access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref>

== Tamil films ==
===1970s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1979 || ''Oru Koyil Iru Dheepangal'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Pasi (film)|Pasi]]'' || Aarumugam ||
|-
|}
===1980s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1980
|''[[Ilamai Kolam]]'' || Office watchman ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1981 || ''[[Kilinjalgal]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Mouna Geethangal]]'' || ||
|-
||''Aadugal Nanaigindrana'' || ||
|-
||''[[Indru Poi Naalai Vaa]]'' || Thug ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1982||''[[Gopurangal Saivathillai]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Theerpugal Thiruththapadalam]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Archanai Pookal]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Poi Satchi]]'' || Pandaram ||
|-
||''Manjal Nila'' || ||
|-
||''Nijangal'' || ||
|-
||''[[Thooral Ninnu Pochchu]]'' || Karuppannai ||
|-
||''[[Antha Rathirikku Satchi Illai]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1983 || ''[[Ilamai Kaalangal]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Saatchi (film)|Saatchi]]'' || ||
|-
||''Marupatta Konangal'' || ||
|-
||''[[Aanandha Kummi]] '' || ||
|-
||''Saattai Illadha Pamparam'' || ||
|-
||''[[Bhagavathipuram Railway Gate]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Malaiyoor Mambattiyan]]'' || Bullet ||
|-
| rowspan=18 | 1984 || ''[[Nandri]]'' || Guest appearance ||
|-
||''Thalayanai Mandhiram'' || ||
|-
||''Neram Nalla Neram'' || Roadside restaurant owner ||
|-
||''Mansoru'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kuva Kuva Vaathugal]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ingeyum Oru Gangai]]'' || ||
|-
||''Manmatha Rajakkal'' || ||
|-
||''Madhurai Sooran'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Komberi Mookan]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[24 Mani Neram]]'' || Sidekick ||
|-
||''[[Naan Paadum Paadal]]'' || Laundryman ||
|-
||''[[Nalla Naal]]'' || ||
|-
||''Aval Oru Madhiri'' || ||
|-
||''Aakhri Sangam'' || ||
|-
||''Sathyam Neeye'' || ||
|-
||''[[Vaidehi Kathirunthal]]'' || Komuti Thalaiya ||
|-
||''[[January 1 (1984 film)|January 1]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Ambigai Neril Vanthaal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=31 | 1985 || ''[[Rajathi Rojakili]]'' || Patta Sombu ||
|-
|| ''[[Mannukketha Ponnu]]'' || Ammavasai ||
|-
||''Prema Pasam'' || ||
|-
||''Pattuselai'' || ||
|-
||''[[Urimai]]'' || Ambulimama ||
|-
||''[[Alai Osai]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Kanni Rasi]]'' || Lakshmipathi's friend ||
|-
||''Karaiyai Thodadha Alaigal'' || ||
|-
||''[[Avan (1985 film)|Avan]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Udaya Geetham]]'' || Senthil ||
|-
||''Anbin Mugavari'' || ||
|-
||''[[Hello Yaar Pesurathu]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Geethanjali (1985 film)|Geethanjali]]'' || ||
|-
||''Irandu Manam'' || ||
|-
||''Maruthani'' || ||
|-
||''[[Yaar? (film)|Yaar?]]'' || Master ||
|-
||''Vetrikani'' || ||
|-
||''Selvi'' || ||
|-
||''[[Naane Raja Naane Mandhiri]]'' || Naakuthuruthi ||
|-
||''[[Aagaya Thamaraigal]]'' || ||
|-
||''Annee'' || ||
|-
||''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' || Senthil ||
|-
||''Chithirame Chithirame'' || ||
|-
||''[[Nalla Thambi]]'' || Naidhu ||
|-
||''Raja Yuvaraja'' || ||
|-
||''[[Arthamulla Aasaigal]]'' || ||
|-
||''Sivappu Nila'' || ||
|-
||''Thendral Thodatha Malar'' || ||
|-
||''Thiramai'' || ||
|-
||''[[Neethiyin Marupakkam]]'' || |
|-
|| ''Vesham'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="38" | 1986 || ''[[Karimedu Karuvayan]]''|| ||
|-
||''[[Aayiram Kannudayaal]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Vasantha Raagam]]'' || Chinnamalai ||
|-
||''Badhil Solval Badrakali'' || ||
|-
||''[[December Pookal]]'' || Senthil Kumaran ||
|-
||''[[Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu]]'' || Auction assistant ||
|-
||''[[Amman Kovil Kizhakale]]'' || Kathavarayan ||
|-
||''[[Aayiram Pookkal Malarattum]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Thazhuvatha Kaigal]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Murattu Karangal]]''|| ||
|-
||''[[Anandha Kanneer]]'' || Barber ||
|-
||''[[Uyire Unakkaga]]'' || Shoemaker ||
|-
||''[[Unakkaagave Vaazhgiren]]'' || Pattukottai ||
|-
|| ''Marakka Matten'' || ||
|-
||''[[Manthira Punnagai (1986 film)|Manthira Punnagai]]'' || ||
|-
||''Endravadhu Orunal'' || ||
|-
||''[[Enakku Nane Needipathi]]'' || Arivazhagan ||
|-
||''[[Lakshmi Vandhachu (film)|Lakshmi Vandhachu]]'' || Renga ||
|-
||''[[Vidinja Kalyanam]]'' || Balu's Friend ||
|-
||''Kunguma Pottu'' || ||
|-
||''[[Maragatha Veenai (film)|Maragatha Veenai]]'' || School clerk ||
|-
||''Koyil Yaanai'' || ||
|-
||''Kanne Kaniyamuthe'' || ||
|-
||''Kalamellam Un Madiyil'' || ||
|-
||''[[Namma Ooru Nalla Ooru]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Nilave Malare (film)|Nilave Malare]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Paaru Paaru Pattanam Paaru]]'' || ||
|-
||''Pookkalai Parikkathe'' || ||
|-
||''[[Natpu]]'' || Pathu Paisa ||
|-
||''[[Dharma Pathini (1986 film)|Dharma Pathini]]'' || Ponnusaami's sidekick ||
|-
||''Pudhiya Poovidhu'' || ||
|-
||''[[Piranthaen Valarnthaen]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Rasigan Oru Rasigai]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Kodai Mazhai]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Saadhanai]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Oomai Vizhigal]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Nambinar Keduvathillai]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Mannukkul Vairam]]'' || Sembattai ||
|-
| rowspan=44 | 1987 ||''[[Paadu Nilave]]'' || Thiri Vetti ||
|-
||''[[Raja Mariyadhai]]'' || Watchman ||
|-
||''[[Sirai Paravai]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Solvathellam Unmai (film)|Solvadhellam Unmai]]'' || Geetha's husband ||
|-
||''[[Poo Poova Poothirukku]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Poo Mazhai Pozhiyuthu]]'' || Senthil ||
|-
||''[[Parisam Pottachu]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Ninaive Oru Sangeetham]]'' || Gundulingam ||
|-
||''Nalla Pambu'' || ||
|-
||''[[Mupperum Deviyar]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Megam Karuththirukku]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Manithan (1987 film)|Manithan]]'' || Arivu ||
|-
||''[[Michael Raj]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Krishnan Vandhaan]]'' || Guest Appearance ||
|-
||''Kalyana Kacheri'' || ||
|-
||''[[Enga Ooru Pattukaran]]'' || Vadakku Vinayagam ||
|-
||''[[Chinna Kuyil Paaduthu]]'' || Santhana Pottu Shanmugam ||
|-
||''[[Anjatha Singam]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Ananda Aradhanai]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Velaikkaran (1987 film)|Velaikaran]]'' || Vaiyapuri ||
|-
||''[[Aankalai Nambathey]]'' || Sadaiyandi "Sadai" ||
|-
||''Arul Tharum Ayyappan'' || ||
|-
||''[[Neethikku Thandanai]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Aayusu Nooru]]'' || Perumal ||
|-
||''[[Idhu Oru Thodar Kathai]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Iniya Uravu Poothathu]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Ivargal Indiyargal]]'' || Manager ||
|-
||''Vazhga Valarga'' || ||
|-
||''[[Ullam Kavarntha Kalvan]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Thaye Neeye Thunai]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Thulasi (1987 film)|Thulasi]]'' || ||
|-
||''Rekha'' || ||
|-
||''[[Poovizhi Vasalile]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Ore Ratham]]'' || ||
|-
||''Oorkuruvi'' || ||
|-
||''Ninaikka Therindha Maname'' || ||
|-
||''[[Kizhakku Africavil Sheela]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Velundu Vinaiyillai]]'' || Gnanam ||
|-
||''[[Shankar Guru (1987 film)|Shankar Guru]]'' || [[Sub-inspector|S.I.]] Karuvayan ||
|-
||''[[Veeran Veluthambi]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Velicham]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Uzhavan Magan]]'' || Chinna Durai's friend ||
|-
||''[[Theertha Karaiyinile]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Thangachi]]'' || Azhagu ||
|-
| rowspan=37 | 1988 ||''[[Shenbagame Shenbagame]]'' || Thavil performer ||
|-
||''[[Enga Ooru Kavalkaran]]'' || Senthil Kumaran ||
|-
||''[[Ennai Vittu Pogaathe]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Raasave Unnai Nambi]]'' || Azhagesan ||
|-
||''[[Oruvar Vaazhum Aalayam]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Kan Simittum Neram]]'' || Kannayiram (Kanna) ||
|-
||''Kalyana Paravaigal'' || ||
|-
||''[[Poonthotta Kaavalkaaran]]'' || Azhagu || Guest Appearance
|-
||''[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (1988 film)|En Vazhi Thani Vazhi]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Kunguma Kodu]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Kai Naattu]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Ithu Engal Neethi]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Irandil Ondru]]'' || ||
|-
||''Jadikketha Moodi'' || ||
|-
||''[[Kaalaiyum Neeye Maalaiyum Neeye]]'' || ||
|-
||''Koil Mani Osai'' || ||
|-
||''Manaivi Oru Mandiri'' || ||
|-
||''[[Naan Sonnathey Sattam]]'' || Kabali ||
|-
||''[[Paatti Sollai Thattathe]]'' || Sub-Inspector ||
|-
||''Poovum Puyalum'' || ||
|-
||''Sakkarai Pandhal'' || ||
|-
||''[[Senthoora Poove]]'' || Gopal ||
|-
||''[[Thambi Thanga Kambi]]'' || Karuppu ||
|-
||''[[Ullathil Nalla Ullam]]'' || Acolyte of Michael Raj ||
|-
||''[[Thaimel Aanai]]'' || Fisherman of Rangukuppam ||
|-
||''[[Uzhaithu Vaazha Vendum]]'' || Peter's employee ||
|-
||''Valaikappu'' || ||
|-
||''Sudhanthira Nattin Adimaigal'' || ||
|-
||''Thanka Kalasam'' || ||
|-
||''[[Namma Ooru Nayagan]]'' || Vellaiappan ||
|-
||''Neruppu Nila'' || ||
|-
||''Pattikattu Thambi'' || ||
|-
||''Paimarakappal'' || ||
|-
||''[[Paarthal Pasu]]'' || ||
|-
||''Palaivanathil Pattampoochi'' || ||
|-
||''[[Oorai Therinjikitten (film)|Oorai Therinjikitten]]'' || Rajan's friend ||
|-
|| ''[[Nethiyadi]]'' ||Palakatchi Pachaippan ||
|-
| rowspan=19 | 1989||''[[Manasukketha Maharasa]]'' || ||
|-
||''Samsarame Saranam'' || ||
|-
||''[[Ore Oru Gramathiley]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Paattukku Oru Thalaivan]]'' || Azhagu ||
|-
||''Orey Thai Orey Kulam'' || ||
|-
||''[[Kaaval Poonaigal]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Thangamana Raasa]]'' || Alagusundaram ||
|-
||''[[Enne Petha Raasa]]'' || Theatre employee ||
|-
||''[[Raaja Raajathan]]'' || Muthupandi ||
|-
||''[[Karagattakaran]]'' || Naadhas ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/celebrating-30-years-of-karagattakaran/articleshow/69812835.cms|title=Celebrating 30 Years of Karagattakaran|website=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820092247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/celebrating-30-years-of-karagattakaran/articleshow/69812835.cms|archive-date=20 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
||''Engal Annan Varattum'' || ||
|-
||''[[Enga Ooru Mappillai]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Athaimadi Methaiadi]]'' || Mohana's husband ||
|-
||''[[Ninaivu Chinnam]]'' || Aandava ||
|-
||''[[Paandi Nattu Thangam]]'' || Vinayagam ||
|-
||''[[Anbu Kattalai]]'' || ||
|-
||''Padicha Pulla'' || ||
|-
||''[[Thendral Sudum]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Meenakshi Thiruvilayadal]]'' || Kundotharan ||
|-
|}

===1990s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan=33 | 1990||''[[Palaivana Paravaigal]]'' ||Peruchali ||
|-
||''[[Madurai Veeran Enga Saami]]''|| Balusamy ||
|-
||''[[Ulagam Pirandhadhu Enakkaga]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Durga (1990 film)|Durga]]'' ||Vellaiyan ||
|-
||''[[Amman Koil Thiruvizha]]''|| ||
|-
||''[[Aatha Naan Pass Ayittaen]]''|| ||
|-
||''[[Thalattu Padava]]''|| ||
|-
||''[[Paattukku Naan Adimai]]''|| ||
|-
||''[[Pulan Visaranai]]''|| Police officer (guest appearance) ||
|-
||''Aavathellam Pennale''|| ||
|-
||''[[Inaindha Kaigal]]''||Mani||
|-
||''[[Ooru Vittu Ooru Vanthu]]''||Tamilarasu's assistant ||
|-
||''[[Enga Ooru Aattukkaran]]''|| ||
|-
||''[[Nalla Kaalam Porandaachu]]'' ||Karapothi||
|-
||''Enakku Oru Neethi''|| ||
|-
||''[[Thangaikku Oru Thalattu]]''||Arumugam||
|-
||''[[Namma Ooru Poovatha]]''|| Ekabaram's sidekick ||
|-
||''Silambu''|| ||
|-
||[[Jagathalaprathapan (1990 film)|Jagathalaprathapan]]|| Kittu ||
|-
||''[[En Veedu En Kanavar]]''|| ||
|-
||''Vetrimalai''|| ||
|-
||''[[Thangathin Thangam]]''|| ||
|-
||''Mudhalaliyamma''|| ||
|-
||''[[Periya Veetu Pannakkaran]]''|| ||
|-
||''[[Periya Idathu Pillai]]''|| ||
|-
||''[[Maruthu Pandi]]''|| ||
|-
||''Aalay Pathu Malai Mathu''|| ||
|-
||''[[Mallu Vetti Minor]]''|| ||
|-
||''[[Puthu Paatu]]''|| ||
|-
||''[[Paalam (1990 film)|Paalam]]''|| ||
|-
||''[[Paattali Magan]]''|| ||
|-
||''Neengalum Herodhan''|| ||
|-
||''[[Sathan Sollai Thattathe]]''||Sathaiya/Sathan ||
|-
| rowspan=35 | 1991||''Thai Poosam''|| ||
|-
||''[[Thoothu Po Chellakkiliye]]''|| ||
|-
||''[[Cheran Pandiyan]]''||Thangam||
|-
||''[[Thayamma]]''||Azhagappan ||
|-
||''[[Kumbakarai Thangaiah]]''|| ||
|-
||''[[Sendhoora Devi]]''|| Vathalagundu Vaiyapuri||
|-
||''[[Thangamana Thangachi]]''|| ||
|-
||''Nenjamundu Nermaiundu''|| ||
|-
||''Naan Valartha Poove''|| ||
|-
||''[[Kaaval Nilayam]]''|| Harichandran ||
|-
||''[[Adhikari (film)|Adhikari]]''|| ||
|-
||''Naan Pudicha Mappillai''|| ||
|-
||''[[Naadu Adhai Naadu]]''|| ||
|-
||''[[Pondatti Sonna Kettukanum]]''|| Villager ||
|-
||''[[Pondatti Pondattithan]]''|| Sabapathy ||
|-
||''[[Thalattu Ketkuthamma]]''|| Pulipandi ||
|-
||''[[Marikozhundhu]]''|| Building constructor's assistant||
|-
||''[[Mill Thozhilali]]''|| ||
|-
||''Mookuthi Poomelay''|| ||
|-
|| ''[[Vaidehi Kalyanam]]'' || Thangamuthu ||
|-
||''[[Vetri Karangal]]''|| ||
|-
||''Vaasalile Oru Vennila''|| ||
|-
||''[[Annan Kaattiya Vazhi]]''|| ||
|-
||''[[Dharma Durai (1991 film)|Dharma Durai]]''|| ||
|-
||''[[Anbu Sangili]]''|| Mathrubootham ||
|-
||''[[Archana IAS]]''|| ||
|-
||''Apoorva Naagam''|| ||
|-
||''[[Maanagara Kaaval]]''|| Alagappan ||
|-
||''[[Oyilattam (film)|Oyilattam]]''|| ||
|-
||''[[En Rasavin Manasile]]''|| ||
|-
||''[[Enga Ooru Sippai]]''|| ||
|-
||''Oorellam Un Paatu''|| ||
|-
||''Eeswari''|| ||
|-
|| ''[[Nallathai Naadu Kekum]]'' || Palani ||<ref>{{Citation |title=Nallathey Nadu Ketkum {{!}} M.G.R Super hit Tamil movie {{!}} Jeppiaar,Bathma Priya,Gouthami,Rekha | date=17 November 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4-Gc2SVYoY |language=en |access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
|-
||''[[Aatha Un Koyilile]]''|| Pichumani ||
|-
| rowspan=33 | 1992|| ''[[Senbaga Thottam]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Naalaya Seidhi]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Magudam]]'' || Manasthan ||
|-
||''[[Pandithurai]]'' || Chola ||
|-
||''Thangarasu'' || ||
|-
||''Kasthuri Manjal'' || ||
|-
||''[[Thanga Manasukkaran]]'' || Sundal ||
|-
||''[[Idhuthanda Sattam]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Nadodi Pattukkaran]]'' || Uyaram ||
|-
||''[[Villu Pattukaran]]'' || Thangappan ||
|-
||''[[Solaiyamma]]'' || Minor ||
|-
||''[[David Uncle]]'' || Panniraj ||
|-
||''[[Pattathu Raani]]'' || Rayappan ||
|-
||''[[Abhirami (1992 film)|Abhirami]]'' || Ramkanth (Ramasamy) ||
|-
||''[[Oor Mariyadhai|Oor Mariyaathai]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Deiva Vaakku]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Therku Theru Machan]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Unna Nenachen Pattu Padichen]]'' || Kuppusamy ||
|-
||''[[Periya Gounder Ponnu]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Annan Ennada Thambi Ennada]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Unnai Vaazhthi Paadugiren]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Ellaichami]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Government Mappillai]]'' || Chokka ||
|-
||''[[Onna Irukka Kathukanum]]'' || Pichumani ||
|-
||''[[Endrum Anbudan]]'' || Estry ||
|-
||''[[Chinna Pasanga Naanga]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Chinna Thayee]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Chinna Gounder]]'' || Vellai's assistant || <ref name="auto"/>
|-
||''[[Chinnavar]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Sevagan]]'' || Kanakambaram ||
|-
||''[[Rendu Pondatti Kaavalkaaran]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Thaali Kattiya Raasa]]'' || Tea stall employee ||
|-
||''[[Natchathira Nayagan]]'' || Thiruvasagam's assistant ||
|-
| rowspan=24 | 1993 || ''[[Paarambariyam]]'' || Broker Kanthasamy ||
|-
||''[[Thangakkili]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Prathap (1993 film)|Prathap]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Uthama Raasa]]'' || Vellayathevan ||
|-
||''[[Maharasan]]'' || Cook ||
|-
||''[[Ezhai Jaathi]]'' || Petha Perumal ||
|-
||''[[Dharma Seelan]]'' || Dindigul Sahayam ||
|-
||''[[Band Master]]'' || Albert ||
|-
||''[[Chinna Jameen]]'' || Vellasamy ||
|-
||''[[Athma (film)|Athma]]'' || Meiyappan ||
|-
||''[[Ponnumani]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Porantha Veeda Puguntha Veeda]]'' || Mohana's husband ||
|-
||''[[Nallathe Nadakkum]]'' || Boologam ||
|-
||''[[Manikuyil]]'' || Chinna Gounder ||
|-
||''[[Amma Ponnu]]'' || Nallathambi ||
|-
||''[[Rakkayi Koyil]]'' || Barber ||
|-
||''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]'' || Babloo ||
|-
||''[[Sabash Babu]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Rojavai Killathe]]'' || T.V.Thandavarayan ||
|-
||''[[Koyil Kaalai]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Kattabomman (film)|Kattabomman]]'' || Pazhani ||
|-
||''[[Uzhavan]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Yajaman]]'' || Azhagiri ||
|-
||''[[Sakkarai Devan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=26 | 1994||''[[Honest Raj]]'' || Velu ||
|-
||''[[Nattamai]]'' || Nattamai's paternal uncle ||
|-
||''[[Magudikkaran]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Periya Marudhu (film)|Periya Marudhu]]'' || Azhaguraman ||
|-
||''[[Dhuruva Natchathiram (1993 film)|Dhuruva Natchathiram]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Vanaja Girija]]'' || Kuppuswamy ||
|-
||''[[Jai Hind (1994 film)|Jai Hind]]'' || DIG of police ||
|-
||''[[Jallikattu Kaalai]]'' || Punnakku ||
|-
||''[[Sivantha Malar]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Veera (1994 film)|Veera]]'' || Ravikanth ||
|-
||''[[Veera Padhakkam]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Varavu Ettana Selavu Pathana]]'' || Rahim ||
|-
||''[[Raja Pandi]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Rajakumaran (film)|Rajakumaran]]'' || Postman ||
|-
||''[[Rasigan]]'' || Kapooram ||
|-
||''[[Mettupatti Mirasu]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Sathyavan]]'' || Mani ||
|-
||''[[Nila (1994 film)|Nila]]'' || Dinku ||
|-
||''[[Nammavar]]'' || Perumal ||
|-
||''[[Thai Maaman]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Thaai Manasu]]'' || Sakkarai ||
|-
||''[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]]'' || Karumbaayiram ||
|-
||''[[Senthamizh Selvan]]'' || Vellaichamy ||
|-
||''[[Seeman (film)|Seeman]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Chinna Madam]]'' || Alexander ||
|-
||''[[Sethupathi IPS]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=34 | 1995||''[[Veluchami]]'' || Kannan ||
|-
|''[[Naan Petha Magane]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Thotta Chinungi]]'' || Pinky ||
|-
||''[[Vishnu (1995 film)|Vishnu]]'' || Muthu ||
|-
||''[[Karnaa]]'' || Driver ||
|-
||''[[Murai Maman]]'' || Chinna Thambi ||
|-
||''[[Mr. Madras]]'' || Ponnusamy ||
|-
||''[[Periya Kudumbam]]'' || Post Man Dhandapani ||
|-
||''[[Muthukulikka Vaariyala]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Raja Enga Raja]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Lucky Man (1995 film)|Lucky Man]]'' || [[Chitragupta]] ||
|-
||''[[Murai Mappillai]]'' || Sumesh ||
|-
||''[[Ragasiya Police]]'' || Harichandran ||
|-
||''[[Mannai Thottu Kumbidanum]]'' || Tyre ||
|-
||''[[Thirumoorthy]]'' || Azhagesan ||
|-
||''[[Sindhu Bath]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Thedi Vandha Raasa]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Asuran (1995 film)|Asuran]]'' || Srinivasan ||
|-
||''[[Thamizhachi]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Chinna Vathiyar]]'' || Astrologer's friend ||
|-
||''[[Chandralekha (1995 film)|Chandralekha]]'' || Ulaganathan ||
|-
||''Sandhaikku Vantha Kili'' || ||
|-
||''[[Kolangal (1995 film)|Kolangal]]''|| Muruga ||
|-
||''[[Coolie (1995 film)|Coolie]]'' || Ponnusamy/Munusamy/Munusamy's son ||
|-
||''[[Neela Kuyil]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Marumagan]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Maa Manithan (1995 film)|Maa Manithan]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Varraar Sandiyar]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[En Pondatti Nallava]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Paattu Vaathiyar]]'' || Pulipandi ||
|-
||''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'' || Thennappan ||
|-
||''[[Muthu Kaalai]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Nadodi Mannan (1995 film)|Nadodi Mannan]]'' ||||
|-
||''[[Kattumarakaran]]'' ||||
|-
| rowspan=18 | 1996||''[[Amman Kovil Vaasalile]]'' ||||
|-
||''[[Namma Ooru Raasa]]'' ||||
|-
||''[[Pudhu Nilavu]]'' ||||
|-
||''[[Poovarasan]]'' || Samuthiram ||
|-
||''[[Ullathai Allitha]]'' || Viswanathan's manager ||
|-
||''[[Enakkoru Magan Pirappan]]'' || Muthu ||
|-
||''[[Gnanapazham]]'' || Aazhagu Aarthi's car driver ||
|-
||''[[Nethaji]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Senathipathi]]'' || Veera Bahu ||
|-
||''[[Nattupura Pattu]]'' || Chinna Karuppan ||
|-
||''[[Avathara Purushan]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Vishwanath (1996 film)|Vishwanath]]'' || Shankarlal ||
|-
||''[[Mahaprabhu (film)|Mahaprabhu]]'' || Vicky ||
|-
||''[[Coimbatore Mappillai]]'' || White ||
|-
||''[[Parambarai]]'' || Kanayiram ||
|-
||''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'' || Panneerselvam ||
|-
||''[[Katta Panchayathu]]'' || Chinna Thambi ||
|-
||''[[Selva (film)|Selva]]'' || Magic Guruji ||
|-
| rowspan=14 | 1997||''[[Roja Malare]]'' || Babu ||
|-
||''[[Themmangu Paattukaaran]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Rettai Jadai Vayasu]]'' || Pangali ||
|-
||''[[Gopura Deepam]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Pudhayal]]'' ||||
|-
||''[[Janakiraman]]'' ||||
|-
||''[[Aahaa Enna Porutham]]'' || Jack-an-Jill ||
|-
||''[[Vallal]]'' || Worker ||
|-
||''[[Nesam]]'' || Thanikachalam ||
|-
||''[[Dharma Chakkaram]]'' || Palani ||
|-
||''[[Pasamulla Pandiyare]]'' || Appusamy ||
|-
||''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]'' || Arivazhagan ||
|-
||''[[Thaali Pudhusu]]'' || 'Leg' Dada ||
|-
||''[[Nalla Manasukkaran]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1998 ||''[[Aval Varuvala]]'' || Michael Jackson ||
|-
||''[[Ninaithen Vandhai]]'' || Swapna's and Savithri's uncle ||
|-
||''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar]]'' || Kumbudraswamy and Kuppuswamy ||
|-
||''[[En Aasai Rasave]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Veeram Vilanja Mannu]]'' || Andiappan ||
|-
||''[[En Uyir Nee Thaane]]'' || Nicolas ||
|-
||''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'' || Juno ||
|-
||''[[Bhagavath Singh (film)|Bhagavath Singh]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Natpukkaga]]'' || Kunnan ||
|-
||''[[Taraka Ramudu|Velli Nilave]]'' ||||
|-
| rowspan=16 | 1999||''[[Thodarum]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Azhagarsamy]]'' ||||
|-
||''[[Ponvizha]]'' ||||
|-
||''[[Nesam Pudhusu]]'' || Chithappu ||
|-
||''[[Padayappa]]'' || Alagapuri Azhagesan ||
|-
||''[[Ethirum Pudhirum]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Pudhu Kudithanam]]'' || Azhagu ||
|-
||''[[Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum]]'' || Anuja's husband ||
|-
||''[[Kanmani Unakkaga]]'' || Kandha ||
|-
||''[[Ullathai Killathe]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Kudumba Sangili]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Hello (1999 film)|Hello]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Suyamvaram]]'' || Panchabootham ||
|-
||''[[Poomaname Vaa]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Maravathe Kanmaniye]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Suriya Paarvai]]'' || Pichai Perumal / Sundaram ||
|-
|}

===2000s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan=11 | 2000 || ''[[Simmasanam]]'' || Kandhasamy ||
|-
|| ''[[Karisakattu Poove]]'' || Chinnayya ||
|-
|| ''[[Unnai Kann Theduthey]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Veeranadai]]'' ||||
|-
|| ''[[Kannaal Pesavaa]]'' || Nelson Mandela ||
|-
|| ''[[Krodham 2]]'' ||||
|-
|| ''[[Vaanathaippola]]'' || Hotel Owner Manikkavel ||
|-
|| ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' || Himself || Cameo
|-
|| ''[[Puratchikkaaran]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kannan Varuvaan (2000 film)|Kannan Varuvaan]]'' || Sooravali ||
|-
|| ''[[Palayathu Amman]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2001 || ''[[Ullam Kollai Poguthae]]'' || Himself || Cameo
|-
|| ''[[Kottai Mariamman]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Vadagupatti Maapillai]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Vedham]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Seerivarum Kaalai]]'' || Police Constable ||
|-
|| ''[[Samudhiram]]'' || M. Tharmaraj ||
|-
|| ''[[Azhagana Naatkal]]'' || Mahali ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2002 || ''[[Raajjiyam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Andipatti Arasampatti]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Vivaramana Aalu]]'' || Politician ||
|-
|| ''[[Samasthanam]]'' || Mani ||
|-
|| ''[[Padai Veetu Amman]]'' || Sadaiyaandi ||
|-
|| ''[[Devan (film)|Devan]]'' || Police officer ||
|-
|| ''[[I Love You Da]]'' || Raju's Grandfather ||
|-
|| ''[[Virumbugiren]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=12 | 2003 || ''[[Soori (2003 film)|Soori]]'' || Surya's friend ||
|-
|| ''[[Iyarkai]]'' || Bar owner ||
|-
|| ''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]'' || College canteen incharge ||
|-
|| ''[[Chokka Thangam]]'' || Servant ||
|-
|| ''[[Anbe Anbe]]'' || Punniyakodi ||
|-
|| ''[[Punnagai Poove]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]'' || Maadasamy ||
|-
|| ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' || Anna Veri Kannaiyan || Guest appearance
|-
|| ''[[Aalukkoru Aasai]]'' || Arivazhagan's grandfather ||
|-
|| ''[[Yes Madam (2003 film)|Yes Madam]]'' || Arvind Swamy ||
|-
|| ''[[Military (film)|Military]]'' || Aravind Swamy ||
|-
|| ''[[Super Da]]'' || ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Neranja Manasu]]'' || Ayyanar's uncle ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006 || ''[[Kai Vandha Kalai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vanjagan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2008 || ''[[Satyam (2008 film)|Satyam]]'' || Paneerselvam ||
|-
|| ''Ayyavazhi'' || ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Engal Aasan]]'' || 'Aanikkaal' Ramasamy ||
|-
|}

===2010s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2010 || ''[[Siddhu +2]]'' || ||Cameo appearance
|-
|| ''[[Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam]]'' || Rangula Peri ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2015 || ''[[Nathikal Nanaivathillai]]'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Mar/28/film-that-lacks-conviction-734730.html|title=Film that Lacks Conviction|last=Mannath|first=Malini|date=27 March 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Maharani Kottai]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kallappadam]]'' || Sundharamoorthi ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kallappadam/movie-review/46646386.cms|title=KALLAPPADAM MOVIE REVIEW|website=The Times of India|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203201/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kallappadam/movie-review/46646386.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Thiruttu VCD]]'' || Don ||
|-
|| ''[[Athiradi]]'' || Fisherman ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Ennama Katha Vudranunga'' || Priest ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2017 || ''Unnai Thottu Kolla Vaa'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kalavu Thozhirchalai]]'' || Pithambaram ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam]]'' || KP ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/senthil-crucial-role-thaana-serntha-koottam/|title=Senthil Has A 'Crucial' Role in Thaana Serntha Koottam|date=28 November 2016 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921142813/https://silverscreen.in/news/senthil-crucial-role-thaana-serntha-koottam/|archive-date=21 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019 || ''[[Charlie Chaplin 2]]'' || Priest || Guest appearance
|-
|| ''[[Oviyavai Vitta Yaru]]'' || Seetha's caretaker ||
|-
|}

===2020s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan =2 | 2022 || ''Kichi Kichi'' || Managing Director (MD) ||
|-
|| ''[[Pistha (2022 film)|Pistha]]'' || Money donator ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023 || ''[[Dinosaurs (film)|Dinosaurs]]'' || Bus Conductor ||
|-
| ''[[Kick (2023 film)|Kick]]'' || Casio ||
|-
|2024 || ''[[Lal Salaam (2024 film)|Lal Salaam]]'' || Samikkannu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025|| ''[[Kuzhanthaigal Munnetra Kazhagam]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Aghathiyaa]]'' || Rayon ||
|-
|''Vanganna Vanakkanganna'' || ||
|-
|2026 || ''[[Siva Sambo]]'' || Minor Kunju || <ref>{{Cite web |title=சிவ சம்போ - திரைப்பட விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/239972 |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=ta}}</ref>

|-
|}

== Telugu films ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Driver Babu]]''|| Stage drama artiste
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1993 || ''[[Tholi Muddhu]]'' || Swamiji
|-
|''Mogudu Garu''
|Pig pen owner
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Satyam (2008 film)|Salute]]'' || Paneerselvam
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Money Money, More Money]]'' || Dr. Sabhapathi
|-
|}

== Other language films ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|1980
|''Ithikkara Pakki''
|Tribal
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Phool Bane Angaray]]''||Muthuswamy ||[[Hindi]] ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Insaniyat Ke Devta]]''
|Muthuswamy
|[[Hindi]]||
|-
|2009
|[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2009 film)|''Aayirathil Oruvan'']]
|Annachi || [[Malayalam]] ||
|}

==Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel
!References
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Thiravam]]'' || ||[[ZEE5]]
|
|-
|2019-2020||''[[Rasaathi]]''||Alagar Swamy
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|<ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-politician-senthil-to-make-his-tv-debut-with-rasathi/articleshow/71258583.cms|title=Actor-politician Senthil to make his TV debut with 'Rasathi'|website=The Times of India|date=23 September 2019 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017062744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-politician-senthil-to-make-his-tv-debut-with-rasathi/articleshow/71258583.cms|archive-date=17 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2022||''Kaiyum Kalavum''|| ||Sony LIV||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
==Notes==
{{note list}}

{{Portal bar|Film|India}}

[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]

Internment of Chinese Indians

2026-05-04T18:20:04Z

Subhamaykarjee: created article

{{NPOV language|date=April 2020}}
{{Short description|Mass incarceration in India during the Sino-Indian War}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
The '''internment of Chinese Indians''' was the forced relocation and incarceration of 3,000 [[Chinese people in India|Chinese Indians]] in an [[internment]] camp in [[Deoli, Rajasthan|Deoli]], [[Rajasthan]] during [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962.<ref>{{cite news |last=Engineer |first=Tariq |date=3 February 2020 |title=Every country does well by confronting its history |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/things-to-do/every-country-does-well-by-confronting-its-history/articleshow/73882402.cms |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> They were detained without trial as per the [[Defence of India Act, 1962]].<ref>{{cite act |date=12 December 1962 |title=The Defence of India Act, 1962 |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1962-51.pdf |number=51 |access-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829120206/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1962-51.pdf |archive-date=29 August 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The internees were released in a phase by phase manner until the last internee was released in 1967. After the internment, many Chinese Indians (Indians with Chinese ancestry) were resettled with equal rights, and some were deported or coerced to leave India.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Chatterjee |editor-first1=Nilanjana |editor-last2=Chatterjee |editor-first2=Anindita |year=2020 |title=Re-theorising the Indian Subcontinental Diaspora: Old and New Directions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmgDEAAAQBAJ&q=deoli+deport+chinese+indians&pg=PA53 |location=Newcastle-upon-Tyne |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |pages=53 |isbn=978-1-5275-5951-6}}</ref> Nearly all internees had their properties sold off or looted.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Gupta |editor-first1=Amit R. Das |editor-last2=Lüthi |editor-first2=Lorenz M. |year=2017 |title=The Sino-Indian War of 1962: New Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCElDwAAQBAJ&q=Those+released+from+jails+or+the+Deoli+Camp+found+their+properties+sold&pg=PA220 |location=London |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |page=220 |isbn=978-1-138-69320-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Bhattacharya |editor-first1=Jayati |editor-last2=Kripalani |editor-first2=Coonoor |year=2015 |title=Indian and Chinese Immigrant Communities: Comparative Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dr7MBgAAQBAJ&q=deoli+chinese+indians+looted&pg=PA289 |location=London; New York |publisher=Anthem Press |page=289 |isbn=978-1-78308-362-6}}</ref>

Indian officials openly compare the internment of Chinese Indians with the [[internment of Japanese Americans]] during [[World War II]]. However, unlike the [[United States]], the Indian government has not apologised or offered compensation to the internees.<ref name="Abdi" />

==Background==
===Chinese community in India===
{{Main|Chinese people in India}}
The earliest recorded Chinese settlers in [[Company rule in India|British India]] arrived in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in 1780.<ref name="Mazumdar">{{cite magazine |last=Mazumdar |first=Jaideep |date=2010-11-20 |title=The 1962 jailing of Chinese Indians |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/the-1962-jailing-of-chinese-indians |magazine=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]] |access-date=2013-11-17}}</ref> Because of the long history of [[Chinese tea culture|tea cultivation in China]], the British colonial authorities attempted to lure experienced workers from China to work on the newly established tea plantations in [[Colonial Assam|Assam]], starting in 1838.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Rita |author-link=Rita Chowdhury |date=18 November 2012 |title=The Assamese Chinese story |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-assamese-chinese-story/article4106422.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119203741/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-assamese-chinese-story/article4106422.ece |archive-date=19 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other Chinese migrants were refugees from poverty, famine, and disasters in China. By the late 19th century, the people of Chinese origin had gained a reputation as craftsmen and traders in [[East India]]. During [[World War II]] and the [[Chinese Communist Revolution]], a large wave of Chinese war refugees settled in Calcutta, Northern [[Bengal]], and [[Northeast India]].<ref name="Mazumdar" /> By the end of World War II, the Chinese Indian population was estimated by the British colonial government to be 26,250.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D’Souza |first=Dilip |last2=Ma |first2=Joy |date=2020-07-07 |title=Forgotten history —When India put 3000 innocent Chinese-Indians in a camp due to 1962 war |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/when-india-put-3000-innocent-chinese-indians-in-a-camp-due-to-1962-war/456023/ |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Estimates of the ethnic Chinese population in 1962 varied from 20,000 to 60,000.<ref name="Abdi">{{cite magazine |last=Abdi |first=S.N.M. |date=2012-10-22 |title=Without Apologies |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?282589 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=2013-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013083359/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?282589 |archive-date=2012-10-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===1962 Sino-Indian War===
{{Main|Sino-Indian War}}
Following the independence of the [[Republic of India]] in 1947 and the founding of the [[People's Republic of China]] in 1949, the two countries enjoyed a period of friendly relationship, despite having unresolved border disputes in the areas of [[North-East Frontier Agency|NEFA]] and [[Aksai Chin]]. The relationship deteriorated, however, after the construction of [[China National Highway 219|a Chinese highway]] in Aksai Chin in 1957, and India's support of the failed [[1959 Tibetan uprising]] against Chinese rule.<ref name="Calvin">{{cite report |last=Calvin |first =James Barnard |date=April 1984 |title=The China–India Border War (1962) |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/CJB.htm |publisher=Marine Corps Command and Staff College |access-date=2013-11-18 |via=[[GlobalSecurity.org]]}}</ref> The hostilities culminated in the brief 1962 Sino-Indian War, resulting in a Chinese victory but no change in the effective boundary between the two countries. The fighting lasted from 10 October to 20 November 1962.<ref name="Calvin" /> On 21 November, China declared ceasefire and withdrew from NEFA, the larger of the two disputed territories, but kept the smaller Aksai Chin.<ref name="Calvin" />

==Anti-Chinese sentiment==
After the outbreak of the war, the Indian government and some members of academia systematically portrayed the Chinese minority as untrustworthy and deceitful.<ref name="Banerjee">{{cite journal |last=Banerjee |first=Payal |date=December 2007 |title=Chinese Indians in Fire: Refractions of Ethnicity, Gender, Sexuality and Citizenship in Post-Colonial India's Memories of the Sino-Indian War |url=https://indiachinainstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Banerjee-Chinese_Indians_in_Fire.pdf |journal=[[China Report]] |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=437–463 |doi=10.1177/000944550704300404 |s2cid=144452102 |access-date=2013-11-18}}</ref>{{rp|443}} The rising [[Indian nationalism|nationalism in India]] entailed assaults on the ethnic Chinese, including Indian citizens and residents who had lived in India for generations.<ref name="Banerjee" />{{rp|447}} Many Chinese schools and media were shut down, and people of Chinese descent were assaulted by mainstream Indians; their property, restaurants, and shops damaged.<ref name="Banerjee" />{{rp|447}}

The civil liberties of the ethnic Chinese were curtailed. People of Chinese descent were required to report to the authorities for "registration and classification", and it became harder for non-citizens to meet the residency requirements. The legal definition of foreigners was extended to include Indian citizens of Chinese descent.<ref name="Banerjee" />{{rp|446}}

Faced with widespread hostility, many Chinese Indians expressed their support and loyalty for the Indian cause, condemned the Chinese government, and donated to India's defence funds. However, their expressions of support were met with suspicion and contempt.<ref name="Banerjee" />{{rp|447}}

==Internment and deportation==
After the war, India passed the Defence of India Act in December 1962,<ref name="Mazumdar" /> permitting the "apprehension and detention in custody of any person [suspected] of being of hostile origin". The broad language of the act allowed for the arrest of any person simply for having a Chinese surname or a Chinese spouse.<ref name="Griffiths">{{cite magazine |last=Griffiths |first=James |date=2013-08-09 |title=India's Forgotten Chinese Internment Camp |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/08/indias-forgotten-chinese-internment-camp/278519/ |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=2013-11-17}}</ref> Under this law, 10,000 people of Chinese origin were estimated to have been detained from all over India, including Calcutta, [[Bombay]], [[Darjeeling]], [[Kalimpong]], [[Jamshedpur]], and the Northeast. All of them were accused of being spies, but not a single charge has ever been proven.<ref name="Mazumdar" /> The internment of Chinese Indians violated both the [[Constitution of India]] and the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], to which India was an original signatory.<ref name="Griffiths" />

Starting in November 1962, many ethnic Chinese were given the order to leave India within a month.<ref name="Banerjee" />{{rp|447}} About 7,500 people complied and left for various parts of the world, including [[mainland China]], [[Taiwan]], [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], [[Pakistan]], [[Japan]], [[Australia]], the [[United Kingdom]], the United States, and [[Canada]].<ref name="Banerjee"/>{{rp|448}} People who could not raise travel expenses or were unwilling to leave were imprisoned.<ref name="Banerjee"/>{{rp|447}} While some were held in local prisons, thousands more were transported across India to the desert prison camp in [[Deoli, Rajasthan|Deoli]], [[Rajasthan]],<ref name="Griffiths" /> built by the colonial authorities in 1942 as a [[prisoner-of-war camp|POW camp]] for [[Japanese prisoners of war in World War II|Japanese]], German, and Italian [[prisoners of war in World War II|prisoners of war during World War II]].<ref name="Abdi" /> The camp housed 7,000 inmates,<ref name="Mazumdar" /> 60% of whom were children or elderly people.<ref name="Abdi" /> Many POWs, unaccustomed to the hot desert climate, died of [[heat stroke]] and related diseases.<ref name="Mazumdar" />

In 1964, the Deoli prison authorities announced that all internees would be deported to China. The forcible deportations were arbitrary, resulting in the breakup of many families. In many cases parents were separated from their children and never heard from them again.<ref name="Mazumdar" /> The deportations stopped after a few months, and the government offered the remaining inmates the option to migrate to China. Some took the offer, but about 2,500 chose to stay and wait for the chance to return home.<ref name="Mazumdar" />

In 1965, the Indian government began to release the internees. They were allowed to leave the camp in small batches. The last internees were released from Deoli in mid-1967, after four and half years of captivity.<ref name="Mazumdar" /> However, when the internees were transported to their old neighbourhoods, the local governments often did not know what to do with them and kept them in local prisons, in some cases for more than a year.<ref name="Griffiths" />

==Aftermath==
After the internees were freed after years of incarceration, many discovered that their properties had been sold off in their absence, but were only offered tiny sums for compensation. Almost all internees had their homes, shops, and factories plundered or taken over by locals.<ref name="Mazumdar" />

The Chinese population in Calcutta decreased by half, from 20,000 to 10,000. Those who remained were seen as enemies, and most could not hold any job except in the restaurant, tanning, and shoemaking businesses.<ref name="Sen">{{cite news |last=Sen |first=Tansen |date=2005-04-13 |title=Go for a Slight Change of Route |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050413/asp/opinion/story_4590518.asp |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=2013-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930060905/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050413/asp/opinion/story_4590518.asp |archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Moreover, their movements were restricted. Until the mid-1980s, the Chinese Indians were required to report to designated police stations once a month; until the mid-1990s, they had to apply for special permits to travel more than a few kilometres from their homes.<ref name="Mazumdar" />

==Reactions==
Indian officials openly compare the internment of Chinese Indians with the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. However, unlike the United States, the Indian government has refused to apologise or offer compensation to the internees for their incarceration.<ref name="Abdi" />

When asked about his opinion on the issue in 2008, [[Mao Siwei]], China's Consul General in Calcutta, replied that China would rather "look forward and not argue too much about the past".<ref name="Abdi" />

The Indian Chinese Association has been pressuring the Indian government to issue an apology, without success.<ref name="Abdi" /> The Association of India Deoli Camp Internees, a Canadian non-profit group, wrote two open letters to former [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]], but did not receive a reply.<ref name="Griffiths" />

In 2004, Rafeeq Ellias recounted the appalling treatment of the Chinese residents in Calcutta in the documentary film ''The Legend of Fat Mama''.<ref name="Sen" /> The documentary won the [[National Film Awards|Silver Lotus Award]] for best anthropological/ethnographic film at the [[52nd National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite book |date=October 2005 |title=52nd National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/52nd_nff_2005.pdf |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=2013-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193535/http://dff.nic.in/2011/52nd_nff_2005.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-29 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |last=Ma |first=Joy |title=The Deoli Wallahs: The True Story of the 1962 Chinese-indian Internment |last2=D'Souza |first2=Dilip |date=2020 |publisher=Macmillan, an imprint of Pan Macmillan Publishing India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-89109-38-2 |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mazumder |first=Abir L. |date=2024 |title=Becoming Foreigners in 1962: Tracing the History of Citizenship Rights of the Indian-Chinese |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01605976231190014 |journal=Humanity & Society |language=en |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=51–76 |doi=10.1177/01605976231190014 |issn=0160-5976}}<

==External links==
* {{YouTube|pQ2QJSHWOqQ|''The Legend of Fat Mama''}}
* [http://indiadeoli.wixsite.com/1962internment Association of India Deoli Camp Internees]
{{Anti-Chinese sentiment}}
{{China–India relations}}

[[Category:1962 in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Chinese legislation]]
[[Category:Anti-Chinese sentiment in Asia]]
[[Category:China–India relations]]
[[Category:Chinese diaspora in India]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in India]]
[[Category:Internments]]
[[Category:Racism in India]]
[[Category:Sino-Indian War]]

List of reptiles of India

2026-05-04T14:01:37Z

Subhamaykarjee: Info

{{Short description|none}}
There are 852 species of reptiles that have been recorded in India.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Search results {{!}} The Reptile Database |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?location=India&exact%5B0%5D=location&submit=Search |access-date=12 October 2025 |work=Reptile Database}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Daniel |first=J. C. |title=The book of Indian reptiles and amphibians |date=2002 |publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]] |isbn=978-0-19-566099-9 |editor-last=Daniel |editor-first=J. C. |location=Mumbai}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Das |first1=Indraneil |title=A Naturalist's Guide to the Reptiles of India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka |last2=Das |first2=Abhijit |publisher=John Beaufoy publishing |year=2018 |isbn=978-93-86538-02-4}}</ref> About 57.6% of these species are [[endemic]] to the country (represented by "E").<ref name=":0" /> The [[Western Ghats]] and [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] constitute the major endemic zones,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Palot |first=Muhamed Jafer |date=17 November 2015 |title=A checklist of reptiles of Kerala, India |url=http://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/2002 |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=7 |issue=13 |pages=8010 |doi=10.11609/jott.2002.7.13.8010-8022 |issn=0974-7907|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Mohapatra |first1=Pratyush P. |title=Chordata: Reptilia |url=https://zsi.gov.in/uploads/documents/checklist/english/119_REPTILIA.pdf |access-date=4 November 2025 |doi=10.26515/Fauna/1/2023/Chordata |last2=Ray |first2=Sumidh |last3=Sarkar |first3=Sagnik |last4=Deuti |first4=Kaushik |doi-broken-date=4 November 2025 }}</ref> and along with the [[Himalayas]], are amongst the reptilian hotspots.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Malsawmdawngliana |last2=Boruah |first2=Bitupan |last3=Patel |first3=Naitik G. |last4=Lalronunga |first4=Samuel |last5=Zosangliana |first5=Isaac |last6=Lalhmangaiha |first6=K. |last7=Das |first7=Abhijit |date=26 October 2025 |title=An updated checklist of reptiles from Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram, India, with sixteen new distribution records |url=https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/8004 |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=14 |issue=10 |pages=21946–21960 |doi=10.11609/jott.8004.14.10.21946-21960 |issn=0974-7907|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bharali |first1=Manmath |last2=Manab Jyoti Kalita |last3=Sharma |first3=Narayan |last4=Boro |first4=Ananda Ram |date=26 October 2025 |title=A review of 21st century studies on lizards (Reptilia: Squamata: Sauria) in northeastern India with an updated regional checklist |url=https://www.threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/8746 |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=27720–27733 |doi=10.11609/jott.8746.17.10.27720-27733 |issn=0974-7907|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Order Crocodilia ==

=== Family Crocodilidae ===

* [[Mugger crocodile]], ''Crocodylus palustris''
* [[Saltwater crocodile]], ''Crocodylus porosus''

=== Family Gavialiidae ===

* [[Gharial]], ''Gavialis gangeticus''

== Order Testudines ==

=== Family Dermochelyidae ===

* [[Leatherback sea turtle]], ''Dermochelys coriacea''

=== Family Cheloniidae ===

* [[Loggerhead sea turtle]], ''Caretta caretta''
* [[Green sea turtle|Green turtle]], ''Chelonia mydas''
* [[Hawksbill turtle|Hawksbill sea turtle]], ''Eretmochelys imbricata''
* [[Olive ridley|Olive ridley sea turtle]], ''Lepidochelys olivacea''

=== Family Testudinidae ===

* [[Geochelone elegans|Indian star tortoise]], ''Geochelone elegans''
* [[Indotestudo elongata|Elongated tortoise]], ''Indotestudo elongata''
* [[Travancore tortoise]], ''Indotestudo travancorica'' (E)
* [[Manouria emys|Asian brown tortoise]], ''Manouria emys''
* [[Manouria impressa|Impressed tortoise]], ''Manouria impressa''

=== Family Geoemydidae ===

* [[Northern river terrapin]], ''Batagur baska''
* [[Three-striped roofed turtle]], ''Batagur dhongoka''
* [[Red-crowned roofed turtle]], ''Batagur kachuga''
* [[Burmese box turtle]], ''Cuora lineata''
* [[Keeled box turtle]], ''Cuora mouhotii''
* [[Assam box turtle]], ''Cuora praschagi''
* [[Asian leaf turtle]], ''Cyclemys dentata''
* [[Assam leaf turtle]], ''Cyclemys gemeli''
* [[Black pond turtle]], ''Geoclemys hamiltonii''
* [[Oldham's leaf turtle]], ''Cyclemys oldhami''
* [[Brahminy river turtle]], ''Hardella thurjii''
* [[Tricarinate hill turtle]], ''Melanochelys tricarinata''
* [[Indian black turtle]], ''Melanochelys trijuga''
* [[Indian eyed turtle]], ''Morenia petersi''
* [[Brown roofed turtle]], ''Pangshura smithii''
* [[Assam roofed turtle]], ''Pangshura sylhetensis''
* [[Indian roofed turtle]], ''Pangshura tecta''
* [[Indian tent turtle]], ''Panghsura tentoria''

=== Family Trionychidae ===

* [[Southeast Asian softshell turtle]], ''Amyda ornata''
* [[Indian narrow-headed softshell turtle]], ''Chitra indica''
* [[Indian flapshell turtle]], ''Lissemys punctata''
* [[Burmese peacock softshell|Burmese peacock softshell turtle]], ''Nilssonia formosa''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Farkas |first1=BaláZs |last2=Praschag |first2=Peter |date=2025-10-13 |title=First record of the critically endangered Burmese peacock soft-shelled turtle Nilssonia formosa from India (Testudines: Trionychidae) |url=https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5706.3.8 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=5706 |issue=3 |pages=448–450 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5706.3.8 |pmid=41118859 |issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*[[Indian softshell turtle]], ''Nilssonia gangectica''
*[[Indian peacock softshell turtle]], ''Nilssonia hurum''
*[[Leith's softshell turtle]], ''Nilssonia liethii''
*[[Black softshell turtle]], ''Nilssonia nigricans''
*[[Asian giant softshell turtle]], ''Pelochelys cantorii''

== Order Squamata ==

=== Family Eublepharidae ===

* [[West Indian leopard gecko]], ''Eublepharis fuscus''
* [[East Indian leopard gecko]], ''Eublepharis hardwickii''
* [[Leopard gecko]], ''Eublepharis macularius''
* [[Painted leopard gecko]], ''Eublepharis pictus''
* [[Satpura leopard gecko]], ''Eublepharis satpuraensis''

=== Family Gekkonidae ===

* [[Altiphylax stoliczkai|Frontier bow-fingered gecko]], ''Altiphylax stoliczkai''
* [[Sind gecko]], ''Bunopus orientalis''
* [[Indian golden gecko]], ''Calodactylodes aureus'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis aaronbaueri|Thenmala day gecko]]'', Cnemaspis aaronbaueri'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis adii|Adi's day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis adii'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis agamalaiensis|Agamalai day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis agamalaiensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis agarwali|Agarwal's dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis agarwali'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis agayagangai|Agaya Gangai dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis agayagangai'' (E)
* [[Ajija's day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis ajijae'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis amba|Amba dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis amba'' (E)
* [[Amboli day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis amboliensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis anaimalaiensis|Anaimalai dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis anaimalaiensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis anamudiensis|Anaimudi round-eyed gecko]]'', Cnemaspis anamudiensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis anandani|Anandan's day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis anandani'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis andersonii|Andaman round-eyed gecko]], ''Cnemaspis andersonii'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis anuradhae|Anuradha's dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis anuradhae'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis assamensis|Assam day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis assamensis''
* [[Cnemaspis australis|Tirunelveli round-eyed gecko]], ''Cnemaspis australis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis avasabinae|Sabin's Nellore dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis avasabinae'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis azhagu|Thirukurundugi rock gecko]], ''Cnemaspis azhagu'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis balerion|Balerion forest gecko]], ''Cnemaspis balerion'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis bangara|Golden-banded dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis bangara'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis barkiensis|Barki dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis barkiensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis basalticola|Basalt dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis basalticola'' (E)
* [[Beddome's day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis beddomei'' (E)
* [[Boie's day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis boiei'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis brahmaputra|Brahmaputra day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis brahmaputra'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis cavernicola|Cave-dwelling dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis cavernicola'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis chandoliensis|Chandoli dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis chandoliensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis chengodumalaensis|Chengodumala rock gecko]], ''Cnemaspis chengodumalaensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis fantastica|Fantastic dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis fantastica'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis flavigularis|Yellow-throated round-eyed gecko]], ''Cnemaspis flavigularis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis flaviventralis|Yellow-bellied day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis flaviventralis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis fortis|Brave dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis fortis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis galaxia|Galaxy day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis galaxia'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis ganeshaiahi|Ganeshaiah's dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis ganeshaiahi'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis geethaiyerae|Geetha Iyer's dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis geethaiyerae'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis girii|Giri's day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis girii'' (E)
* [[Goan day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis goaensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis gracilis|Slender day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis gracilis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis graniticola|Granite dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis graniticola'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis heteropholis|Strange-scaled round-eyed gecko]], ''Cnemaspis heteropholis'' (E)
* [[Indian day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis indica'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis jackieii|Jackie's day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis jackieii'' (E)
* [[Jerdon's day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis jerdonii'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis kalakadensis|Kalakkad rock gecko]]'', Cnemaspis kalakadensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis kalsubaiensis|Kalsubai dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis kalsubaiensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis kanyakumariensis|Kanyakumari dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis kanyakumariensis'' (E)
* [[Kolhapur day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis kolhapurensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis kottiyoorensis|Kottiyoor day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis kottiyoorensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis koynaensis|Koyna dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis koynaensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis krishnagiriensis|Krishnagiri dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis krishnagiriensis'' (E)
* [[Limaye's day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis limayei'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis lithophilis|Sharavati rock gecko]]'', Cnemaspis lithophilis'' (E)
* [[Coastal day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis littoralis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis maculicollis|Spot-collared dwarf gecko]]'', Cnemaspis maculicollis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis magnifica|Magnificent dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis magnifica'' (E)
* [[Mahabal's day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis mahabali'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis maharashtraensis|Maharashtra dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis maharashtraensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis monticola|Kerala round-eyed gecko]], ''Cnemaspis monticola'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis mundanthuraiensis|Mundanthurai rock gecko]], ''Cnemaspis mundanthuraiensis'' (E)
* [[Mysore day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis mysoriensis'' (E)
* [[Ponmudi day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis nairi'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis nicobaricus|Nicobar day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis nicobaricus'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis nigriventris|Black-bellied dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis nigriventris'' (E)
* [[Nilgiri day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis nilagirica'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis nimbus|Clouded forest gecko]], ''Cnemaspis nimbus'' (E)
* [[Ornate day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis ornata'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis otai|Ota's day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis otai'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis pachaimalaiensis|Pachaimalai dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis pachaimalaiensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis pakkamalaiensis|Pakkamalai dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis pakkamalaiensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis palakkadensis|Palakkad dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis palakkadensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis palanica|Palani dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis palanica'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis persephone|Anaimalai ground-dwelling dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis persephone'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis rajgadensis|Rajgad dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis rajgadensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis ranganaensis|Rangana dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis ranganaensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis rashidi|Rashid's dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis rashidi'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis regalis|Regal dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis regalis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis reticulata|Reticulated dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis reticulata'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis rishivalleyensis|Rishi Valley dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis rishivalleyensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis rubraoculus|Red-eyed dwarf gecko]]'', Cnemaspis rubraoculus'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis rudhira|Scarlet dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis rudhira'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis sahyadriensis|Sahyadri dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis sahyadriensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis sakleshpurensis|Sakleshpur dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis sakleshpurensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis salimalii|Salim Ali's dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis salimalii'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis sanctus|Holy dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis sanctus'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis sathuragiriensis|Sathuragiri dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis sathuragiriensis'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis schalleri|Schaller's Sakleshpur dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis schalleri'' (E)
* [[Cnemaspis shevaroyensis|Shevaroy dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis shevaroyensis'' (E)
* [[Sispara day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis sisparensis'' (E)
*[[Cnemaspis smaug|Smaug round-eyed gecko]]'', Cnemaspis smaug'' (E)
*[[Cnemaspis stellapulvis|Stardust dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis stellapulvis'' (E)
*[[Cnemaspis sundara|Sundar dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis sundara'' (E)
*[[Cnemaspis tenkasiensis|Tenkasi dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis tenkasiensis'' (E)
*[[Cnemaspis thackerayi|Thackeray's dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis thackerayi'' (E)
*[[Cnemaspis tigris|Banded dwarf gecko]]'', Cnemaspis tigris'' (E)
*[[Cnemaspis triedra|Painted dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis triedra'' (E)
*[[Rough-bellied day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis tropidogaster''
*[[Cnemaspis umashaankeri|Umashaanker's dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis umashaankeri'' (E)
*[[Cnemaspis uttaraghati|Northern Hills dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis uttaraghati'' (E)
*[[Cnemaspis valparaiensis|Valparai dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis valparaiensis'' (E)
*[[Cnemaspis vangoghi|Van Gogh's starry dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis vangoghi'' (E)
*[[Cnemaspis vijayae|Vijaya's dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis vijayae'' (E)
*[[Cnemaspis wallaceii|Wallace's dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis wallaceii'' (E)
*[[Cnemaspis wicksi|Captain Wick's dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis wicksi'' (E)
*[[Wynad day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis wynadensis'' (E)
*[[Cnemaspis yelagiriensis|Yelagiri dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis yelagiriensis'' (E)
*[[Yercaud day gecko]], ''Cnemaspis yercaudensis'' (E)
*[[Cnemaspis zacharyi|Zachary's dwarf gecko]], ''Cnemaspis zacharyi'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus aaronbaueri|Aaron Bauer's bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus aaronbaueri'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus adleri|Adler's bow-fingered gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus adleri'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus agarwali|Meghalaya bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus agarwali'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus albofasciatus|Deccan banded gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus albofasciatus'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus aravindi|Aravind's ground gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus aravindi'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus bapme|Garo Hills bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus bapme'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus barailensis|Barail Hills bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus barailensis'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus bengkhuaiai|Bengkhuaia's bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus bengkhuaiai'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus bhupathyi|Bhupathy's bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus bhupathyi'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus camortensis|Camorta bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus camortensis'' (E)
*[[Cayu bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus cayuensis''
*[[Cyrtodactylus chamba|Chamba bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus chamba'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus chengodumalaensis|Coastal Kerala geckoella]], ''Cyrtodactylus chengodumalaensis'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus collegalensis|Kollegal ground gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus collegalensis'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus deccanensis|Banded ground gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus deccanensis'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus exercitus|Meghalayan bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus'' ''exercitus'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus fasciolatus|Banded bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus fasciolatus'' (E)
*[[Sikkimese bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus gubernatoris'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus guwahatiensis|Guwahati bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus guwahatiensis'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus himachalensis|Himachal bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus himachalensis'' (E)
*[[Himalayan bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus himalayanus'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus himalayicus|Darjeeling bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus himalayicus'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus irulaorum|Irula geckoella]], ''Cyrtodactylus irulaorum'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus jaintiaensis|Jaintia bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus jaintiaensis'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus jayadityai|Jayaditya's forest bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus jayadityai'' (E)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bohra |first1=Sanath Chandra |last2=Deb |first2=Arnab |last3=Thongni |first3=Goldenstar |last4=Bhattacharjee |first4=Rupankar |last5=Biakzuala |first5=Lal |last6=Lalremsanga |first6=Hmar Tlawmte |last7=Swargiary |first7=Pranjal |last8=Roy |first8=Rita |date=2026-04-14 |title=A new micro-endemic species of Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the lowlands of Northeast India, with additional morphological notes on Cyrtodactylus khasiensis Jerdon, 1870 based on topotypical specimens from Meghalaya, India |journal=European Journal of Taxonomy |language=en |issue=1048 |pages=265–303 |doi=10.5852/ejt.2026.1048.3255 |doi-access=free |issn=2118-9773}}</ref>
*[[Cyrtodactylus jeyporensis|Jaipore bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus jeyporensis'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus kamengensis|Kameng bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus kamengensis'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus karsticolus|Limestone-dwelling bent toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus karsticola'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus kazirangaensis|Kaziranga bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus kazirangaensis'' (E)
*[[Khasi Hills bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus khasiensis'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus kiphire|Kiphire bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus kiphire'' (E)
*[[Lawder's bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus lawderanus'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus lungleiensis|Lunglei bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus lungleiensis'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus manipurensis|Manipur bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus manipurensis'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus montanus|Jampui bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus montanus'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus nagalandensis|Nagaland bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus nagalandensis'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus namdaphaensis|Namdapha bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus namdaphaensis'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus namtiram|Namtiram bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus namtiram'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus nebulicola|Latpanchar bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus nebulicola'' (E)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Sumidh |last2=Bhupathi |first2=Bharath |last3=Chatterjee |first3=Suvrajyoti |last4=Das |first4=Ritesh |last5=Mohapatra |first5=Pratyush P. |date=2026-04-30 |title=Description of a new species of Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827 (Reptilia, Gekkonidae) from India with redescriptions of the holotypes of C. gubernatoris (Annandale, 1913) and C. himalayicus (Annandale, 1906) |journal=ZooKeys |language=en |issue=1278 |pages=317–338 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.1278.186655 |doi-access=free |issn=1313-2970}}</ref>
*[[Cyrtodactylus nebulosus|Cloudy bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus nebulosus'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus ngengpuiensis|Ngengpui bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus ngengpuiensis'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus ngopensis|Ngopa bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus ngopensis'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus nicobaricus|Car Nicobar bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus nicobaricus'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus raimonaensis|Raimona bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus raimonaensis'' (E)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Basfore |first1=Bijay |last2=Bharali |first2=Manmath |last3=Barman |first3=Rathin |last4=Deka |first4=Sanatan |last5=Islam |first5=Nazrul |last6=Deb |first6=Arnab |last7=Bohra |first7=Sanath Chandra |last8=Bhattacharjee |first8=Rupankar |last9=Das |first9=Madhurima |last10=Hazarika |first10=Arup Kumar |last11=Naorem |first11=Anjana Singha |last12=Purkayastha |first12=Jayaditya |date=2026-04-13 |title=A new species of Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827 (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Kokrajhar District, Assam, India |url=https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5792.2.5 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=5792 |issue=2 |pages=321–337 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5792.2.5 |issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*[[Relict gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus relictus'' (E)
*[[Rishi Valley geckoella]], ''Cyrtodactylus rishivalleyensis'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus rubidus|Red bow-fingered gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus rubidus''
*[[Cyrtodactylus septentrionalis|Northern bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus septentrionalis'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus shivalikensis|Shivalik bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus shivalikensis'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus siahaensis|Siaha bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus siahaensis'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus siangensis|Siang Valley bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus siangensis'' (E)
*[[Forest spotted gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus speciosus'' (E)
*[[Bangalore geckoella]], ''Cyrtodactylus srilekhae'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus tripuraensis|Tripura bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus tripuraensis''
*[[Cyrtodactylus urbanus|Urban bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus urbanus'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus vairengtensis|Vairengte bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus vairengtensis'' (E)
*[[Cyrtodactylus vanarakshaka|Vanarakshaka bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtodactylus vanarakshaka'' (E)
*[[Giri's geckoella]], ''Cyrtodactylus varadgirii'' (E)
*[[Delhi rock gecko]], ''Cyrtopodion aravallensis'' (E)
*[[Cyrtopodion kachhense|Kachh rock gecko]], ''Cyrtopodion kachhense''
*[[Jammu bent-toed gecko]], ''Cyrtopodion mansarulum'' (E)
*[[Salt Range gecko]], ''Cyrtopodion montiumsalsorum''
*[[Cyrtopodion scabrum|Rough rock gecko]], ''Cyrtopodion scabrum''
*[[Cyrtopodion vindhya|Vindhya rock gecko]], ''Cyrtopodion vindhya'' (E)
*[[Dravidogecko anamallensis|Anamalay gecko]], ''Dravidogecko anamallensis'' (E)
*[[Dravidogecko beddomei|Beddome's dravidogecko]], ''Dravidogecko beddomei'' (E)
*[[Dravidogecko coonoor|Coonoor dravidogecko]], ''Dravidogecko coonoor'' (E)
*[[Dravidogecko douglasadamsi|Adam's dravidogecko]], ''Dravidogecko douglasadamsi'' (E)
*[[Dravidogecko janakiae|Janaki's dravidogecko]], ''Dravidogecko janakiae'' (E)
*[[Dravidogecko meghamalaiensis|Meghamalai dravidogecko]], ''Dravidogecko meghamalaiensis'' (E)
*[[Dravidogecko septentrionalis|Waynad dravidogecko]], ''Dravidogecko septentrionalis'' (E)
*[[Dravidogecko smithi|Smith's dravidogecko]], ''Dravidogecko smithi'' (E)
*[[Dravidogecko tholpalli|Kodaikanal dravidogecko]], ''Dravidogecko tholpalli'' (E)
*[[Gehyra mutilata|Common four-clawed gecko]], ''Gehyra mutilata''
*[[Tokay gecko]], ''Gekko gecko''
*[[Gekko horsfieldii|Horsfield's flying gecko]], ''Gekko horsfieldii''
*[[Gekko kuhli|Kuhl's flying gecko]], ''Gekko kuhli''
*[[Gekko lionotum|Smooth-backed gliding gecko]], ''Gekko lionotum''
*[[Gekko mizoramensis|Mizoram parachute gecko]], ''Gekko mizoramensis'' (E)
*[[Gekko nicobarensis|Nicobar gliding gecko]], ''Gekko nicobarensis'' (E)
*[[Gekko stoliczkai|Makachua gecko]], ''Gekko stoliczkai'' (E)
*[[Andaman giant gecko]], ''Gekko verreauxi'' (E)
*[[Aaron Bauer's house gecko]], ''Hemidactylus aaronbaueri'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus acanthopholis|Spiny-scaled rock gecko]], ''Hemidactylus acanthopholis'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus aemulus|Emulous rock gecko]], ''Hemidactylus aemulus'' (E)
*[[White-striped viper gecko]], ''Hemidactylus albofasciatus'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus amarasinghei|Amarasinghe's house gecko]], ''Hemidactylus amarasinghei'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus aquilonius|Northern Burmese half-toed gecko]], ''Hemidactylus aquilonius''
*[[Hemidactylus aravalliensis|Aravalli house gecko]], ''Hemidactylus aravalliensis'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus brookii|Brook's house gecko]], ''Hemidactylus brookii''
*[[Hemidactylus chikhaldaraensis|Chikhaldara brookish gecko]], ''Hemidactylus chikhaldaraensis'' (E)
*[[Central Indian leaf-toed gecko]], ''Hemidactylus chipkali'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus easai|Easa's rock gecko]], ''Hemidactylus easai'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus flavicauda|Mahabubnagar yellow-tailed brookish gecko]], ''Hemidactylus flavicaudus'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus flaviviridis|Northern house gecko]], ''Hemidactylus flaviviridis''
*[[Common house gecko]], ''Hemidactylus frenatus''
*[[Indo-Pacific gecko]], ''Hemidactylus garnotii''
*[[Hemidactylus giganteus|Giant leaf-toed gecko]], ''Hemidactylus giganteus'' (E)
*[[Gleadow's house gecko]], ''Hemidactylus gleadowi''
*[[Graceful leaf-toed gecko]], ''Hemidactylus gracilis'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus graniticolus|Granite rock gecko]], ''Hemidactylus graniticolus'' (E)
*[[Gujarat gecko]], ''Hemidactylus gujaratensis'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus hegdei|Hedge's gecko]], ''Hemidactylus hegdei'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus hemchandrai|Hemachandra's rock gecko]], ''Hemidactylus hemchandrai'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus kangerensis|Kanger Valley rock gecko]], ''Hemidactylus kangerensis'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus kalinga|Kalinga rock gecko]], ''Hemidactylus kalinga'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus kolliensis|Kolli rock gecko]], ''Hemidactylus kolliensis'' (E)
*[[Leschenault's leaf-toed gecko]], ''Hemidactylus leschenaultii''
*[[Hemidactylus maculatus|Spotted leaf-toed gecko]], ''Hemidactylus maculatus'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus mahonyi|Mahony's rock gecko]], ''Hemidactylus mahonyi'' (E)
*[[Smith's bent-toed gecko]], ''Hemidactylus malcolmsmithi'' (E)
*[[Madurai rock gecko]], ''Hemidactylus multisulcatus'' (E)
*[[Murray's house gecko]], ''Hemidactylus murrayi''
*[[Hemidactylus paaragowli|Travancore rock gecko]], ''Hemidactylus paaragowli'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus pakkamalaiensis|Pakkamalai rock gecko]], ''Hemidactylus pakkamalaiensis'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus parvimaculatus|Spotted house gecko]], ''Hemidactylus parvimaculatus''
*[[Hemidactylus paucifasciatus|Few-banded termite hill gecko]], ''Hemidactylus paucifasciatus'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus persicus|Persian leaf-toed gecko]], ''Hemidactylus persicus''
*[[Flat-tailed house gecko]], ''Hemidactylus platyurus''
*[[Hemidactylus prashadi|Bombay gecko]], ''Hemidactylus prashadi'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus quartziticolus|Quartzite brookish gecko]], ''Hemidactylus quartziticolus'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus raya|Deccan rock gecko]], ''Hemidactylus raya'' (E)
*[[Reticulate leaf-toed gecko]], ''Hemidactylus reticulatus'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus rishivalleyensis|Rishi Valley rock gecko]], ''Hemidactylus rishivalleyensis'' (E)
*[[Heyden's gecko]], ''Hemidactylus robustus''
*[[Hemidactylus sahgali|Sahgal's termite hill gecko]], ''Hemidactylus sahgali''
*[[Hemidactylus sankariensis|Sankari brookish gecko]], ''Hemidactylus sankariensis'' (E)
*[[Satara gecko]], ''Hemidactylus sataraensis'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus saxicolus|Saxatile rock gecko]], ''Hemidactylus saxicolus'' (E)
*[[Scaly gecko]], ''Hemidactylus scabriceps''
*[[Hemidactylus sirumalaiensis|Sirumalai rock gecko]], ''Hemidactylus sirumalaiensis'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus siva|Hampi rock gecko]], ''Hemidactylus siva'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus srikanthani|Devarayana Durga Hills half-toed gecko]], ''Hemidactylus srikanthani'' (E)
*[[Dutta's Mahendragiri gecko]], ''Hemidactylus sushilduttai'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus tamhiniensis|Tamhini giant gecko]], ''Hemidactylus tamhiniensis'' (E)
*[[Treutler's gecko]], ''Hemidactylus treutleri'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus triedrus|Blotched house gecko]], ''Hemidactylus triedrus'' (E)
*[[Mediterranean house gecko]], ''Hemidactylus turcicus''
*[[Meghamalai rock gecko]], ''Hemidactylus vanam'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus varadgirii|Giri's brookish gecko]], ''Hemidactylus varadgirii'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus vijayraghavani|Vijayraghvan's rock gecko]], ''Hemidactylus vijayraghavani'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus whitakeri|Whitaker's termite hill gecko]], ''Hemidactylus whitakeri'' (E)
*[[Hemidactylus xericolus|Nalgonda yellow-tailed brookish gecko]], ''Hemidactylus xericolus'' (E)
*[[Kanker rock gecko]], ''Hemidactylus yajurvedi'' (E)
*[[Hemiphyllodactylus arakuensis|Araku slender gecko]], ''Hemiphyllodactylus arakuensis'' (E)
*[[Southern Ghats slender gecko]], ''Hemiphyllodactylus aurantiacus'' (E)
*[[Hemiphyllodactylus goaensis|Goan slender gecko]], ''Hemiphyllodactylus goaensis'' (E)
*[[Hemiphyllodactylus jnana|Jnana slender gecko]], ''Hemiphyllodactylus jnana'' (E)
*[[Hemiphyllodactylus kolliensis|Kolli slender gecko]], ''Hemiphyllodactylus kolliensis'' (E)
*[[Hemiphyllodactylus minimus|Ganjam slender gecko]], ''Hemiphyllodactylus minimus'' (E)
*[[Hemiphyllodactylus nilgiriensis|Nilgiri slender gecko]], ''Hemiphyllodactylus nilgiriensis'' (E)
*[[Hemiphyllodactylus peninsularis|Kalakad Mundanthurai slender gecko]], ''Hemiphyllodactylus peninsularis'' (E)
*[[Hemiphyllodactylus typus|Indopacific slender gecko]], ''Hemiphyllodactylus typus''
*[[Hemiphyllodactylus venkatadri|Venkatadri slender gecko]], ''Hemiphyllodactylus venkatadri'' (E)
*[[Lepidodactylus lugubris|Mourning gecko]], ''Lepidodactylus lugubris''
*[[Microgecko persicus|Persian dwarf gecko]], ''Microgecko persicus''
*[[Andaman day gecko]], ''Phelsuma andamanensis'' (E)

=== Family Agamidae ===

* [[Agasthyagama beddomii|Indian kangaroo lizard]], ''Agasthyagama beddomei'' (E)
* [[Agasthyagama edge|Northern kangaroo lizard]], ''Agasthyagama edge'' (E)
* [[Bronchocela cristatella|Green-crested lizard]], ''Bronchocela cristatella''
* [[Bronchocela cyanopalpebra|Blue-eyed canopy agama]], ''Bronchocela cyanopalpebra'' (E)
* [[Bronchocela danieli|Daniel's forest lizard]], ''Bronchocela danieli'' (E)
* [[Bronchocela nicobarica|Nicobar canopy agama]], ''Bronchocela nicobarica'' (E)
* [[Bronchocela rubrigularis|Camorta canopy agama]], ''Bronchocela rubrigularis'' (E)
* [[Rajasthan toad-headed lizard]], ''Bufoniceps laungwalaensis''
*[[Calotes calotes|Common green forest lizard]], ''Calotes calotes''
*[[Calotes emma|Emma's forest lizard]], ''Calotes emma''
*[[Calotes geissleri|Giessler's forest lizard]], ''Calotes geissleri''
*[[Calotes grandisquamis|Large-scaled forest lizard]], ''Calotes grandisquamis'' (E)
*[[Calotes irawadi|Irrawady forest lizard]], ''Calotes irawadi''
*[[Calotes jerdoni|Yunnan forest lizard]], ''Calotes jerdoni''
*[[Calotes maria|Maria's forest lizard]], ''Calotes maria'' (E)
*[[Calotes medogensis|Medong bloodsucker]], ''Calotes medogensis''
*[[Hardwicke's bloodsucker]], ''Calotes minor''
*[[Calotes mystaceus|Blue-crested lizard]], ''Calotes mystaceus''
*[[Calotes nemoricola|Nilgiri forest lizard]], ''Calotes nemoricola''
*[[Small forest lizard]], ''Calotes paulus'' (E)
*[[Calotes sinyik|Subansiri forest lizard]], ''Calotes sinyik'' (E)
*[[Oriental garden lizard]], ''Calotes versicolor''
*[[Calotes zolaiking|Mizoram montane forest lizard]], ''Calotes zolaiking'' (E)
*[[Coryphophylax brevicauda|Short-tailed bay island forest lizard]], ''Coryphophylax brevicauda'' (E)
*[[Coryphophylax maximiliani|Maximilian's bay island forest lizard]], ''Coryphophylax maximiliani'' (E)
*[[Coryphophylax subcristatus|Short-crested bay island forest lizard]], ''Coryphophylax subcristatus'' (E)
*[[Ota's mountain lizard]], ''Cristidorsa otai''
*[[Smooth-scaled mountain lizard]], ''Cristidorsa planidorsata''
*[[Draco blanfordii|Blandford's flying lizard]], ''Draco blanfordii''
*[[Draco dussumieri|Western Ghats flying lizard]], ''Draco dussumieri'' (E)
*[[Draco maculatus|Spotted flying lizard]], ''Draco maculatus''
*[[Draco norvillii|Norville's flying lizard]], ''Draco norvillii''
*[[Japalura andersoniana|Anderson's mountain lizard]], ''Japalura andersoniana''
*[[Japalura austeniana|Abor hills agama]], ''Japalura austeniana''
*[[Japalura kumaonensis|Kumaon mountain lizard]], ''Japalura kumaonensis''
*[[Japalura major|Large mountain lizard]], ''Japalura major'' (E)
*[[Japalura mictophola|Mixed-scale mountain lizard]], ''Japalura mictophola'' (E)
*[[Japalura sagittifera|Burmese Japalure]], ''Japalura sagittifera''
*[[Japalura tricarinata|Three-keeled mountain lizard]], ''Japalura tricarinata''
*[[Variegated mountain lizard]], ''Japalura variegata''
*[[Laudakia agrorensis|Agror agama]], ''Laudakia agrorensis''
*[[Laudakia dayana|Haridwar agama]], ''Laudakia dayana'' (E)
*[[Laudakia papenfussi|Papenfuss' rock agama]], ''Laudakia papenfussi''
*[[Laudakia tuberculata|Kashmir rock agama]], ''Laudakia tuberculata''
*[[Microauris aurantolabium|Orange-lipped forest lizard]], ''Microauris aurantolabium'' (E)
*[[Monilesaurus acanthocephalus|Spiny-headed lizard]], ''Monilesaurus acanthocephalus'' (E)
*[[Monilesaurus ellioti|Elliot's forest lizard]], ''Monilesaurus ellioti'' (E)
*[[Monilesaurus montanus|Montane forest lizard]], ''Monilesaurus montanus'' (E)
*[[Monilesaurus rouxii|Roux's forest lizard]], ''Monilesaurus rouxii'' (E)
*[[Paralaudakia himalayana|Himalayan agama]], ''Paralaudakia himalayana''
*[[Phrynocephalus reticulatus|Reticulated toad-headed agama]], ''Phrynocephalus reticulatus''
*[[Phrynocephalus theobaldi|Theobald's toad-headed agama]], ''Phrynocephalus theobaldi''
*[[Blanford's rock agama]], ''Psammophilus blanfordanus'' (E)
*[[Peninsular rock agama]], ''Psammophilus dorsalis'' (E)
*[[Pseudocalotes andamanensis|Andaman canopy agama]], ''Pseudocalotes andamanensis'' (E)
*[[Ptyctolaemus gularis|Green fan-throated lizard]], ''Ptyctolaemus gularis''
*[[Ptyctolaemus namdaphaensis|Namdapha fan-throated lizard]], ''Ptyctolaemus namdaphaensis'' (E)
*[[Ptyctolaemus siangensis|Siang fan-throated lizard]], ''Ptyctolaemus siangensis''
*[[Saara hardwickii|Hardwick's spiny-tailed lizard]], ''Saara hardwickii''
*[[Salea anamallayana|Anaimalai spiny lizard]], ''Salea anamallayana'' (E)
*[[Salea horsfieldii|Horsfield's spiny lizard]], ''Salea horsfieldii'' (E)
*[[Sarada darwini|Darwin's large fan-throated lizard]], ''Sarada darwini'' (E)
*[[Sarada deccanensis|Deccan fan-throated lizard]], ''Sarada deccanensis'' (E)
*[[Sarada superba|Superb large fan-throated lizard]], ''Sarada superba'' (E)
*[[Sitana devakai|Devaka's fan-throated lizard]], ''Sitana devakai''
*[[Sitana dharwarensis|Dharwar fan-throated lizard]], ''Sitana dharwarensis'' (E)
*[[Sitana fusca|Dark sitana]], ''Sitana fusca''
*[[Sitana gokakensis|Gokak fan-throated lizard]], ''Sitana gokakensis'' (E)
*[[Sitana kalesari|Kalesar fan-throated lizard]], ''Sitana kalesari'' (E)
*[[Sitana laticeps|Broad-headed fan-throated lizard]], ''Sitana laticeps'' (E)
*[[Sitana marudhamneydhal|Serrated fan-throated lizard]], ''Sitana marudhamneydhal'' (E)
*[[Sitana ponticeriana|Pondicherry fan-throated lizard]], ''Sitana ponticeriana''
*[[Sitana schleichi|Schleich's fan-throated lizard]], ''Sitana schleichi''
*[[Siwalik sitana]], ''Sitana sivalensis''
*[[Sitana spinaecephalus|Spiny-headed fan-throated lizard]], ''Sitana spinaecephalus'' (E)
*[[Sitana sushili|Sushil's fan-throated lizard]], ''Sitana sushili'' (E)
*[[Sitana thondalu|Najarjuna Sagar fan-throated lizard]], ''Sitana thondalu'' (E)
*[[Sitana visiri|Palmleaf fan-throated lizard]], ''Sitana visiri'' (E)
*[[Brilliant ground agama]], ''Trapelus agilis''

=== Family Scincidae ===

* [[Ablepharus flammeus|Flame snake-eyed skink]], ''Ablepharus flammeus'' (E)
* [[Minor snake-eyed skink]], ''Ablepharus grayanus''
* [[Ablepharus himalayanus|Himalayan ground skink]], ''Ablepharus himalayanus''
* [[Ablepharus ladacensis|Ladakh ground skink]], ''Ablepharus ladacensis''
* [[Asian snake-eyed skink]], ''Ablepharus pannonicus''
* [[Ablepharus sikimmensis|Sikkim ground skink]], ''Ablepharus sikimmensis''
* [[Ablepharus tragbulensis|Tragbul ground skink]], ''Ablepharus tragbulensis''
* [[Barkudia insularis|Madras spotted skink]], ''Barkudia insularis'' (E)
* [[Barkudia melanosticta|Vishakapatnam legless skink]], ''Barkudia melanosticta'' (E)
* [[Chalcides pentadactylus|Five-toed cylindrical skink]], ''Chalcides pentadactylus'' (E)
* [[Dasia johnsinghi|Barred tree skink]], ''Dasia johnsinghi'' (E)
* [[Dasia nicobarensis|Nicobar tree skink]], ''Dasia nicobarensis'' (E)
* [[Dasia olivacea|Olive tree skink]], ''Dasia olivacea''
* [[Dasia subcaerulea|Boulenger's tree skink]], ''Dasia subcaerulea'' (E)
* [[Dravidoseps gingeeensis|Gingee leaf-litter skink]], ''Dravidoseps gingeeensis'' (E)
* [[Riopa goaensis|Goan leaf-litter skink]], ''Dravidoseps goaensis'' (E)
* [[Dravidoseps jawadhuensis|Jawadhu leaf-litter skink]], ''Dravidoseps jawadhuensis'' (E)
* [[Dravidoseps kalakadensis|Kalkkad leaf-litter skink]], ''Dravidoseps kalakadensis'' (E)
* [[Subdoluseps nilgiriensis|Nilgiri gracile skink]], ''Dravidoseps nilgiriensis'' (E)
* [[Subdoluseps pruthi|Pruthi's leaf-litter skink]], ''Dravidoseps pruthi'' (E)
* [[Dravidoseps srivilliputhurensis|Srivilliputhur leaf-litter skink]], ''Dravidoseps srivilliputhurensis'' (E)
* [[Dravidoseps tamilnaduensis|Tamil Nadu leaf-litter skink]], ''Dravidoseps tamilnaduensis'' (E)
* [[Eurylepis poonaensis|Poona skink]], ''Eurylepis poonaensis'' (E)
* [[Eurylepis taeniolata|Alpine Punjab skink]], ''Eurylepis taeniolata''
* [[Eutropis allapallensis|Allapalli grass skink]], ''Eutropis allapallensis'' (E)
* [[Eutropis andamanensis|Andaman grass skink]], ''Eutropis andamanensis'' (E)
* [[Eutropis ashwamedhi|Ashwamedh's writhing skink]], ''Eutropis ashwamedhi'' (E)
* [[Eutropis beddomei|Beddome's mabuya]], ''Eutropis beddomei''
* [[Eutropis bibronii|Bibron's skink]], ''Eutropis bibronii''
* [[Eutropis brevis|Günther's grass skink]], ''Eutropis brevis'' (E)
* [[Keeled Indian mabuya]], ''Eutropis carinata''
* [[Eutropis clivicola|Inger's mabuya]], ''Eutropis clivicola'' (E)
* [[Eutropis dattaroyi|Nicobar sun skink]], ''Eutropis dattaroyi'' (E)
* [[Eutropis dawsoni|Tamil Nadu mabuya]], ''Eutropis dawsoni'' (E)
* [[Eutropis innotata|Blanford's mabuya]], ''Eutropis innotata'' (E)
* [[Bronze Mabuya|Bronze mabuya]], ''Eutropis macularia''
* [[Eutropis multifasciata|Common sun skink]], ''Eutropis multifasciata''
* [[Sharma's mabuya]], ''Eutropis nagarjuni'' (E)
* [[Eutropis quadricarinata|Beautiful mabuya]], ''Eutropis quadricarinata''
* [[Eutropis rudis|Rough mabuya]], ''Eutropis rudis''
* [[Eutropis rugifera|Rough-scaled sun skink]], ''Eutropis rugifera''
*[[Eutropis trivittata|Three-banded mabuya]], ''Eutropis trivittata''
*[[Eutropis tytleri|Tytler's mabuya]], ''Eutropis tytleri'' (E)
*[[Eutropis vertebralis|Lined mabuya]], ''Eutropis vertebralis'' (E)
*[[Kaestlea beddomii|Beddome's ground skink]], ''Kaestlea beddomii'' (E)
*[[Two-lined ground skink]], ''Kaestlea bilineata'' (E)
*[[Kaestlea laterimaculata|Side-spotted skink]], ''Kaestlea laterimaculata'' (E)
*[[Kaestlea palnica|Palni ground skink]], ''Kaestlea palnica'' (E)
*[[Kaestlea travancorica|Travancore ground skink]], ''Kaestlea travancorica'' (E)
*[[Lankascincus fallax|Common lanka skink]], ''Lankascincus fallax''
*[[Big-eared lipinia]], ''Lipinia macrotympanum'' (E)
*[[Ophiomorus raithmai|Eastern snake skink]], ''Ophiomorus raithmai''
*[[Protoblepharus apatani|Apatani skink]], ''Protoblepharus apatani'' (E)
*[[White-spotted supple skink]], ''Riopa albopunctata''
*[[Riopa deccanensis|Deccan gracile skink]], ''Riopa deccanensis'' (E)
*[[Riopa guentheri|Günther's writhing skink]], ''Riopa guentheri'' (E)
*[[Riopa lineata|Lined supple skink]], ''Riopa lineata'' (E)
*[[Riopa punctata|Common dotted garden skink]], ''Riopa punctata''
*[[Riopa vosmaerii|Vosmer's writhing skink]], ''Riopa vosmaerii'' (E)
*[[Ristella beddomii|Beddome's cat skink]], ''Ristella beddomii'' (E)
*[[Ristella guentheri|Günther's ristella]], ''Ristella guentheri'' (E)
*[[Ristella rurkii|Rurk's ristella]], ''Ristella rurkii'' (E)
*[[Ristella travancorica|Travancore ristella]], ''Ristella travancorica'' (E)
*[[Scincella macrotis|Large-eared ground skink]], ''Scincella macrotis'' (E)
*[[Scincella reevesii|Reeves' smooth skink]], ''Scincella reevesii''
*[[Spotted Eastern Ghats skink]], ''Sepsophis punctatus'' (E)
*[[Sphenomorphus apalpebratus|Eyelid-lacking forest skink]], ''Sphenomorphus apalpebratus'' (E)
*[[Sphenomorphus courcyanus|Medog skink]], ''Sphenomorphus courcyanus''
*[[Sphenomorphus dussumieri|Dussumier's forest skink]], ''Sphenomorphus dussumieri'' (E)
*[[Sphenomorphus indicus|Indian forest skink]], ''Sphenomorphus indicus''
*[[Sphenomorphus maculatus|Spotted forest skink]], ''Sphenomorphus maculatus''
*[[Subdoluseps bowringii|Bowring's supple skink]], ''Subdoluseps bowringii''
*[[Tropidophorus assamensis|North-eastern water skink]], ''Tropidophorus assamensis''

=== Family Anguidae ===

* [[Dopasia gracilis|Asian glass lizard]], ''Dopasia gracilis''

=== Family Dibamidae ===

* [[Dibamus nicobaricum|Nicobar worm lizard]], ''Dibamus nicobaricum'' (E)

=== Family Varanidae ===

* [[Bengal monitor]], ''Varanus bengalensis''
* [[Yellow monitor]], ''Varanus flavescens''
* [[Desert monitor]], ''Varanus griseus''
* [[Asian water monitor]], ''Varanus salvator''

=== Family Chamaeleonidae ===

* [[Indian chameleon]], ''Chamaeleo zeylanicus''

=== Family Lacertidae ===

* [[Indian fringe-fingered lizard]], ''Acanthodactylus cantoris''
* [[Ophisops agarwali|Agarwal's lacerta]], ''Ophisops agarwali'' (E)
* [[Ophisops beddomei|Beddome's lacerta]], ''Ophisops beddomei'' (E)
* [[Ophisops jerdonii|Snake-eyed lacerta]], ''Ophisops jerdonii''
* [[Ophisops kutchensis|Kutch small-scaled snake-eye]], ''Ophisops kutchensis'' (E)
* [[Ophisops leschenaultii|Leschenault's snake-eye]], ''Ophisops leschenaultii''
* [[Ophisops microlepis|Small-scaled lacerta]], ''Ophisops microlepis''
* [[Ophisops nictans|Lesser snake-eye]], ''Ophisops nictans''
* [[Ophisops pushkarensis|Pushkar small-scaled snake-eye]], ''Ophisops pushkarensis'' (E)
* [[Ophisops venustus|Beautiful lacerta]], ''Ophisops venustus'' (E)
* [[Takydromus haughtonianus|Haughton's long-tailed lizard]], ''Takydromus haughtonianus'' (E)
* [[Takydromus khasiensis|Khasi Hills long-tailed lizard]], ''Takydromus khasiensis''
* [[Takydromus sexlineatus|Asian grass lizard]], ''Takydromus sexlineatus''
* [[Takydromus sikkimensis|Sikkim grass lizard]], ''Takydromus sikkimensis''
* [[Takydromus ultapanensis|Ultapan grass lizard]], ''Takydromus ultapanensis'' (E)

=== Family Acrochordidae ===

* [[Acrochordus granulatus|Little file snake]], ''Acrochordus granulatus''

=== Family Uropeltidae ===

* [[Melanophidium bilineatum|Two-lined black earth snake]], ''Melanophidium bilineatum'' (E)
* [[Melanophidium khairei|Khaire's earth snake]], ''Melanophidium khairei'' (E)
* [[Melanophidium punctatum|Beddome's black earth snake]], ''Melanophidium punctatum'' (E)
* [[Melanophidium wynaudense|Indian black earth snake]], ''Melanophidium wynaudense'' (E)
* [[Platyplectrurus madurensis|Madurai shieldtail]], ''Platyplectrurus madurensis'' (E)
* [[Platyplectrurus trilineatus|Three-lined shieldtail]], ''Platyplectrurus trilineatus'' (E)
* [[Plectrurus aureus|Kerala burrowing snake]], ''Plectrurus aureus'' (E)
* [[Plectrurus guentheri|Günther's burrowing snake]], ''Plectrurus guentheri'' (E)
* [[Plectrurus perrotetii|Nilgiri burrowing snake]], ''Plectrurus perroteti'' (E)
* [[Karnataka burrowing snake]], ''Pseudoplectrurus canaricus'' (E)
*[[Rhinophis fergusonianus|Cardamom Hills earth snake]], ''Rhinophis fergusonianus'' (E)
*[[Rhinophis goweri|Gower's shieldtail]], ''Rhinophis goweri'' (E)
*[[Rhinophis karinthandani|Karinthandan's shieldtail]], ''Rhinophis karinthandani'' (E)
*[[Rhinophis melanoleucus|Black-and-white shieldtail]], ''Rhinophis melanoleucus'' (E)
*[[Rhinophis sanguineus|Salty earth snake]], ''Rhinophis sanguineus'' (E)
*[[Rhinophis siruvaniensis|Siruvani shieldtail]], ''Rhinophis siruvaniensis'' (E)
*[[Rhinophis travancoricus|Tamil Nadu earth snake]], ''Rhinophis travancoricus'' (E)
*[[Teretrurus agumbensis|Agumbe earth snake]], ''Teretrurus agumbensis'' (E)
*[[Teretrurus albiventer|White-bellied earth snake]], ''Teretrurus albiventer'' (E)
*[[Teretrurus hewstoni|Hewston's earth snake]], ''Teretrurus hewstoni'' (E)
*[[Teretrurus periyarensis|Periyar earth snake]], ''Teretrurus periyarensis'' (E)
*[[Teretrurus rhodogaster|Palni Mountain burrowing snake]], ''Teretrurus rhodogaster'' (E)
*[[Purple-red earth snake]], ''Teretrurus sanguineus'' (E)
*[[Teretrurus siruvaniensis|Siruvani Hills earth snake]], ''Teretrurus siruvaniensis'' (E)
*[[Teretrurus travancoricus|Travancore earth snake]], ''Teretrurus travancoricus'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis arcticeps|Tirunelveli earth snake]], ''Uropeltis arcticeps'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis beddomii|Beddome's earth snake]], ''Uropeltis beddomii'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis bhupathyi|Bhupathy's shieldtail]], ''Uropeltis bhupathyi'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis bicatenata|Bicatenate shieldtail]], ''Uropeltis bicatenata'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis broughami|Brougham's earth snake]], ''Uropeltis broughami'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis caudomaculata|Tailspot shieldtail]], ''Uropeltis caudomaculata'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis ceylanica|Kerala shieldtail]], ''Uropeltis ceylanica'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis dindigalensis|Sirumalai Hills earth snake]], ''Uropeltis dindigalensis'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis ellioti|Elliot's earth snake]], ''Uropeltis ellioti'' (E)
*[[Smith's earth snake]], ''Uropeltis grandis'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis guentheri|Madura shieldtail]], ''Uropeltis guentheri'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis jerdoni|Jerdon's shieldtail]], ''Uropeltis jerdoni'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis liura|Günther's earth snake]], ''Uropeltis liura'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis macrolepis|Bombay earth snake]], ''Uropeltis macrolepis'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis macrorhyncha|Anamally earth snake]], ''Uropeltis macrorhyncha'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis maculata|Spotted earth snake]], ''Uropeltis maculata'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis madurensis|Madura earth snake]], ''Uropeltis madurensis'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis myhendrae|Boulenger's earth snake]], ''Uropeltis myhendrae'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis nitida|Southern earth snake]], ''Uropeltis nitida'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis ocellata|Ocellated shieldtail]], ''Uropeltis ocellata'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis petersi|Sheildtail earth snake]], ''Uropeltis petersi'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis phipsonii|Phipson's shieldtail]], ''Uropeltis phipsonii'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis rajendrani|Rajendran's shieldtail]], ''Uropeltis rajendrani'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis rubrolineata|Red-lined earth snake]], ''Uropeltis rubrolineata'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis rubromaculata|Red-spotted earth snake]], ''Uropeltis rubromaculata'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis shorttii|Shevaroy Hills earth snake]], ''Uropeltis shorttii'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis tricuspida|Three-cusped uropeltis]], ''Uropeltis tricuspida'' (E)
*[[Uropeltis woodmasoni|Woodmason's earth snake]], ''Uropeltis woodmasoni'' (E)

=== Family Pythonidae ===

* [[Reticulated python]], ''Malayopython reticulatus''
* [[Burmese python]], ''Python bivittatus''
* [[Indian python]], ''Python molurus''

=== Family Xenopeltidae ===

* [[Xenopeltis unicolor|Sunbeam snake]], ''Xenopeltis unicolor''

=== Family Boidae ===

* [[Eryx conicus|Common sand boa]], ''Eryx conicus''
* [[Eryx johnii|Indian sand boa]], ''Eryx johnii''
* [[Eryx whitakeri|Whitaker's sand boa]], ''Eryx whitakeri'' (E)

=== Family Psammophiidae ===

* [[Psammophis condanarus|Oriental sand snake]], ''Psammophis condanarus''
* [[Psammophis leithii|Pakistani ribbon snake]], ''Psammophis leithii''
* [[Psammophis longifrons|Long sand racer]], ''Psammophis longifrons'' (E)
* [[Schokari sand racer]], ''Psammophis schokari''

=== Family Colubridae ===

* [[Ahaetulla anomala|Variable-colored vine snake]], ''Ahaetulla anomala''
*[[Ahaetulla borealis|Northern Western Ghats vine snake]], ''Ahaetulla borealis'' (E)
*[[Ahaetulla dispar|Günther's vine snake]], ''Ahaetulla dispar'' (E)
*[[Ahaetulla farnsworthi|Farnsworth's vine snake]], ''Ahaetulla farnsworthi'' (E)
*[[Ahaetulla flavescens|Yellow whip snake]], ''Ahaetulla flavescens'' (E)
*[[Ahaetulla isabellina|Wall's vine snake]], ''Ahaetulla isabellina'' (E)
*[[Ahaetulla laudankia|Laudankia vine snake]], ''Ahaetulla laudankia''
*[[Ahaetulla longirostris|Long-snouted vine snake]], ''Ahaetulla longirostris'' (E)
*[[Ahaetulla malabarica|Malabar vine snake]], ''Ahaetulla malabarica'' (E)
*[[Ahaetulla oxyrhyncha|Indian vine snake]], ''Ahaetulla oxyrhynca'' (E)
*[[Ahaetulla perroteti|Western Ghats bronzeback]], ''Ahaetulla perroteti'' (E)
*[[Ahaetulla sahyadrensis|Sahyadri Hills whipsnake]], ''Ahaetulla sahyadrensis'' (E)
*[[Ahaetulla travancorica|Travancore vine snake]], ''Ahaetulla travancorica'' (E)
*[[Amphiesma monticola|Wynad keelback]], ''Amphiesma monticola'' (E)
*[[Buff striped keelback]], ''Amphiesma stolatum''
*[[Anguiculus dicaprioi|DiCaprio's Himalayan snake]], ''Anguiculus dicaprioi'' (E)
*[[Liopeltis rappi|Rapp's Himalayan snake]], ''Anguiculus rappii''
*[[Archelaphe|Bella rat snake]], ''Archelaphe bella''
*[[Atretium|Split keelback]], ''Atretium schistosum''
*[[Blythia hmuifang|Mizoram ground snake]], ''Blythia hmuifang'' (E)
*[[Blyth's reticulated snake]], ''Blythia reticulata''
*[[Boiga andamanensis|Andaman cat snake]], ''Boiga andamanensis'' (E)
*[[Boiga beddomei|Beddome's cat snake]], ''Boiga beddomei'' (E)
*[[Boiga cyanea|Green cat snake]], ''Boiga cyanea''
*[[Boiga dightoni|Pirmad cat snake]], ''Boiga dightoni'' (E)
*[[Boiga flaviviridis|Yellow-green cat snake]], ''Boiga flaviviridis'' (E)
*[[Boiga forsteni|Forsten's cat snake]], ''Boiga forsteni''
*[[Arrowback tree snake]], ''Boiga gocool''
*[[Many-banded tree snake]], ''Boiga multifasciata''
*[[Boiga multomaculata|Many-spotted cat snake]], ''Boiga multomaculata''
*[[Boiga nuchalis|Collared cat snake]], ''Boiga nuchalis'' (E)
*[[Boiga quincunciata|Assamese cat snake]], ''Boiga quincunciata''
*[[Boiga siamensis|Eyed cat snake]], ''Boiga siamensis''
*[[Boiga stoliczkae|Stoliczka's Asian cat snake]], ''Boiga stoliczkae''
*[[Boiga thackerayi|Thackeray's cat snake]], ''Boiga thackerayi'' (E)
*[[Boiga trigonata|Common cat snake]], ''Boiga trigonata''
*[[Boiga wallachi|Nicobar cat snake]], ''Boiga wallachi'' (E)
*[[Indian egg-eating snake]], ''Boiga westermanni''
*[[Calamaria garoensis|Garo Hills reed snake]], ''Calamaria garoensis'' (E)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bharali |first1=Manmath |last2=Sangma |first2=Chesime M. |last3=Amarasinghe |first3=A.A. Thasun |date=2026-04-14 |title=A NEW FOSSORIAL REED SNAKE (SQUAMATA: CALAMARIIDAE: Calamaria) FROM NORTHEAST INDIA, WITH A NOMENCLATURAL SYNOPSIS OF THE Calamaria pavimentata COMPLEX |url=https://www.taprobanica.org/Archives/volume-15-20-2026-31/volume-15-number-1-2026/v15i1-397.html |journal=Taprobanica |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=12–25 |doi=10.47605/tapro.v15i1.397|doi-access=free }}</ref>
*[[Calamaria mizoramensis|Mizoram reed snake]], ''Calamaria mizoramensis'' (E)
*[[Chrysopelea ornata|Ornate flying snake]], ''Chrysopelea ornata''
*[[Chrysopelea paradisi|Paradise flying snake]], ''Chrysopelea paradisi''
*[[Chrysopelea taprobanica|Sri Lankan flying snake]], ''Chrysopelea taprobanica''
*[[Coelognathus flavolineatus|Black copper rat snake]], ''Coelognathus flavolineatus''
*[[Trinket snake]], ''Coelognathus helena''
*[[Radiated ratsnake|Radiated rat snake]], ''Coelognathus radiatus''
*[[Dendrelaphis andamanensis|Andaman bronzeback]], ''Dendrelaphis andamanensis'' (E)
*[[Dendrelaphis ashoki|Ashok's bronzeback]], ''Dendrelaphis ashoki'' (E)
*[[Dendrelaphis bifrenalis|Boulenger's bronzeback]], ''Dendrelaphis bifrenalis''
*[[Dendrelaphis biloreatus|Gore's bronzeback]], ''Dendrelaphis biloreatus''
*[[Dendrelaphis chairecacos|Western Ghats bronzeback]], ''Dendrelaphis chairecacos'' (E)
*[[Dendrelaphis cyanochloris|Blue bronzeback]], ''Dendrelaphis cyanochloris''
*[[Dendrelaphis girii|Giri's bronzeback]], ''Dendrelaphis girii'' (E)
*[[Dendrelaphis grandoculis|Large-eyed bronzeback]], ''Dendrelaphis grandoculis'' (E)
*[[Dendrelaphis humayuni|Nicobar bronzeback]], ''Dendrelaphis humayuni'' (E)
*[[Dendrelaphis proarchos|Eastern bronzeback]], ''Dendrelaphis proarchos''
*[[Dendrelaphis tristis|Common bronzeback]], ''Dendrelaphis tristis''
*[[Eastern trinket snake]], ''Elaphe cantoris''
*[[Elaphe hodgsoni|Himalayan trinket]], ''Elaphe hodgsonii''
*[[Beauty rat snake]], ''Elaphe taeniura''
*[[Mandarin rat snake]], ''Euprepiophis mandarinus''
*[[Checkered keelback]], ''Fowlea piscator''
*[[St. John's keelback]], ''Fowlea sanctijohannis''
*[[Fowlea schnurrenbergeri|Bar-necked keelback]], ''Fowlea schnurrenbergeri''
*[[Fowlea tytleri|Andaman keelback]], ''Fowlea tytleri'' (E)
*[[Liopeltis calamaria|Calamaria reed snake]], ''Gongylosoma calamaria''
*[[Gongylosoma frenata|Günther's reed snake]], ''Gongylosoma frenata''
*[[Gongylosoma nicobariensis|Nicobar reed snake]], ''Gongylosoma nicobariensis'' (E)
*[[Gongylosoma scriptum|Common ring-neck]], ''Gongylosoma scriptum''
*[[Gonyosoma frenatum|Khasi Hills trinket snake]], ''Gonyosoma frenatum''
*[[Gonyosoma oxycephalum|Red-tailed green rat snake]], ''Gonyosoma oxycephalum''
*[[Gonyosoma prasinum|Green bush rat snake]], ''Gonyosoma prasinum''
*[[Hebius clerki|Yunnan keelback]], ''Hebius clerki''
*[[Hebius gilhodesi|Kachin keelback]], ''Hebius gilhodesi''<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Dutta |first1=Sourav |last2=Boruah |first2=Bitupan |last3=Das |first3=Abhijit |date=2026-03-26 |title=New record of two natricine snakes, (Wall, 1925) and Nguyen et al., 2024 (Reptilia: Squamata: Colubridae), from India |url=https://www.threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/10309 |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=28479–28494 |doi=10.11609/jott.10309.18.3.28479-28494 |issn=0974-7907|doi-access=free }}</ref>
*[[Hebius khasiensis|Khasi keelback]], ''Hebius khasiensis''
*[[Hebius lacrima|Crying keelback]], ''Hebius lacrima''
*[[Hebius modestus|Modest keelback]], ''Hebius modestus''
*[[Hebius parallelus|Parallel Yunnan keelback]], ''Hebius parallelus''
*[[Hebius taronensis|Taron keelback]], ''Hebius taronensis''
*[[Hebius venningi|Chin Hills keelback]], ''Hebius venningi''
*[[Herpetoreas davidi|Rakhine keelback]], ''Herpetoreas davidi''<ref name=":1" />
*[[Herpetoreas murlen|Murlen keelback]], ''Herpetoreas murlen'' (E)
*[[Assam keelback]], ''Herpetoreas pealii''
*[[Himalayan keelback]], ''Herpetoreas platyceps''
*[[Sikkim keelback]], ''Herpetoreas sieboldii''
*[[Wall's keelback]], ''Herpetoreas xenura''
*[[Liopeltis stoliczkae|Stoliczka's reed snake]], ''Liopeltis stoliczkae''
*[[Lycodon aulicus|Indian wolf snake]], ''Lycodon aulicus''
*[[Lycodon bicolor|Mackinnon's wolf snake]], ''Lycodon bicolor''
*[[Lycodon deccanensis|Deccan wolf snake]], ''Lycodon deccanensis'' (E)
*[[Lycodon fasciatus|Banded wolf snake]], ''Lycodon fasciatus''
*[[Banded wolf snake|Russell's wolf snake]], ''Lycodon fasciolatus''
*[[Lycodon flavicollis|Yellow-collared wolf snake]], ''Lycodon flavicollis'' (E)
*[[Lycodon flavomaculatus|Yellow-spotted wolf snake]], ''Lycodon flavomaculatus'' (E)
*[[Lycodon gammiei|Gammie's wolf snake]], ''Lycodon gammiei''
*[[Scarce bridle snake]], ''Lycodon gracilis''
*[[Lycodon hypsirhinoides|Andaman wolf snake]], ''Lycodon hypsirhinoides'' (E)
*[[Lycodon irwini|Irwin's wolf snake]], ''Lycodon irwini'' (E)
*[[Lycodon jara|Yellow-speckled wolf snake]], ''Lycodon jara''
*[[Lycodon laoensis|Laotian wolf snake]], ''Lycodon laoensis''
*[[Vellore bridal snake]], ''Lycodon nympha''
*[[White-banded wolf snake]], ''Lycodon septentrionalis''
*[[Lycodon striatus|Barred wolf snake]], ''Lycodon striatus''
*[[Lycodon tiwarii|Tiwari's wolf snake]], ''Lycodon tiwarii'' (E)
*[[Lycodon travancoricus|Travancore wolf snake]], ''Lycodon travancoricus'' (E)
*[[Lycodon zawi|Zaw's wolf snake]], ''Lycodon zawi''
*[[Lytorhynchus paradoxus|Sindh longnose sand snake]], ''Lytorhynchus paradoxus''
*[[Western kukri|Western kukri snake]], ''Oligodon affinis'' (E)
*[[Oligodon albocinctus|Light-barred kukri snake]], ''Oligodon albocinctus''
*[[Oligodon arnensis|Banded kukri snake]], ''Oligodon arnensis''
*[[Oligodon brevicauda|Shorthead kukri snake]], ''Oligodon brevicauda'' (E)
*[[Oligodon catenatus|Assam kukri snake]], ''Oligodon catenatus''
*[[Oligodon cinereus|Black cross-barred kukri snake]], ''Oligodon cinereus''
*[[Oligodon cyclurus|Cantor's kukri snake]], ''Oligodon cyclurus''
*[[Oligodon dorsalis|Bengalese kukri snake]], ''Oligodon dorsalis''
*[[Oligodon erythrogaster|Nagarkot kukri snake]], ''Oligodon erythrogaster''
*[[Oligodon erythrorhachis|Namsang kukri snake]], ''Oligodon erythrorhachis'' (E)
*[[Oligodon juglandifer|Walnut kukri snake]], ''Oligodon juglandifer''
*[[Oligodon kheriensis|Coral-red kukri snake]], ''Oligodon kheriensis''
*[[Oligodon melaneus|Blueberry kukri snake]], ''Oligodon melaneus'' (E)
*[[Oligodon melanozonatus|Abor hills kukri snake]], ''Oligodon melanozonatus''
*[[Oligodon nikhili|Nikhil's kukri snake]], ''Oligodon nikhili'' (E)
*[[Oligodon russelius|Russell's kukri snake]], ''Oligodon russelius''
*[[Oligodon taeniolatus|Streaked kukri snake]], ''Oligodon taeniolatus''
*[[Oligodon theobaldi|Theobald's kukri snake]], ''Oligodon theobaldi''
*[[Oligodon tillacki|Tillack's kukri snake]], ''Oligodon tillacki'' (E)
*[[Oligodon travancoricus|Travancore kukri snake]], ''Oligodon travancoricus'' (E)
*[[Oligodon venustus|Jerdon's kukri snake]], ''Oligodon venustus'' (E)
*[[Oligodon woodmasoni|Andaman black kukri snake]], ''Oligodon woodmasoni'' (E)
*[[Oreocryptophis|Red mountain rat snake]], ''Oreocryptophis porphyraceus''
*[[Platyceps bholanathi|Sharma's racer]], ''Platyceps bholanathi'' (E)
*[[Platyceps gracilis|Graceful racer]], ''Platyceps gracilis'' (E)
*[[Platyceps josephi|Joseph's racer]], ''Platyceps josephi'' (E)
*[[Platyceps plinii|Banded racer]], ''Platyceps plinii''
*[[Platyceps rhodorachis|Jan's cliff racer]], ''Platyceps rhodorachis''
*[[Hardwicke's rat snake]], ''Platyceps ventromaculatus''
*[[Platyceps vittacaudatus|Stripe-tailed racer]], ''Platyceps vittacaudatus'' (E)
*[[Proahaetulla|Keeled vine snake]], ''Proahaetulla antiqua'' (E)
*[[Pseudoxenodon macrops|Big-eyed bamboo snake]], ''Pseudoxenodon macrops''
*[[Doria's green snake]], ''Ptyas doriae''
*[[Ptyas korros|Indochinese rat snake]], ''Ptyas korros''
*[[Oriental rat snake]], ''Ptyas mucosa''
*[[Ptyas nigromarginata|Green rat snake]], ''Ptyas nigromarginata''
*[[Rhabdophis bindi|Bindee keelback]], ''Rhabdophis bindi''
*[[Rhabdophis helleri|Heller's red-necked keelback]], ''Rhabdophis helleri''
*[[Rhabdophis himalayanus|Orange-collared keelback]], ''Rhabdophis himalayanus''
*[[Rhabdophis leonardi|Leonard's keelback]], ''Rhabdophis leonardi''
*[[Rhabdophis nuchalis|Hubei keelback]], ''Rhabdophis nuchalis''
*[[Rhabdophis plumbicolor|Green keelback]], ''Rhabdophis plumbicolor''
*[[Rhabdops aquaticus|Water rhabdops]], ''Rhabdops aquaticus'' (E)
*[[Rhabdops olivaceus|Olive trapezoid snake]], ''Rhabdops olivaceus'' (E)
*[[Nilgiri keelback]], ''Sahyadriophis beddomei'' (E)
*[[Sahyadriophis uttaraghati|Northern Sahyadri keelback]], ''Sahyadriophis uttaraghati'' (E)
*[[Sibynophis bistrigatus|Günther's many-tooth snake]], ''Sibynophis bistrigatus''
*[[Sibynophis collaris|Collared black-headed snake]], ''Sibynophis collaris''
*[[Sibynophis sagittarius|Cantor's black-headed snake]], ''Sibynophis sagittarius''
*[[Sibynophis subpunctatus|Black-headed snake]], ''Sibynophis subpunctatus''
*[[Smithophis arunachalensis|Arunachal rain snake]], ''Smithophis arunachalensis'' (E)
*[[Smithophis atemporalis|Mizo rain snake]], ''Smithophis atemporalis''
*[[Smithophis bicolor|Brown trapezoid snake]], ''Smithophis bicolor''
*[[Smithophis leptofasciatus|Narrow-banded rain snake]], ''Smithophis leptofasciatus'' (E)
*[[Smithophis mizoramensis|Mizoram trapezoid snake]], ''Smithophis mizoramensis'' (E)
*[[Spalerosophis arenarius|Red-spotted royal snake]], ''Spalerosophis arenarius''
*[[Spalerosophis atriceps|Royal snake]], ''Spalerosophis atriceps''
*[[Spalerosophis diadema|Diadem snake]], ''Spalerosophis diadema''
*[[Trachischium apteii|Apte's worm-eating snake]], ''Trachischium apteii'' (E)
*[[Trachischium fuscum|Blackbelly worm-eating snake]], ''Trachischium fuscum''
*[[Trachischium guentheri|Günther's worm-eating snake]], ''Trachischium guentheri''
*[[Trachischium laeve|Olive Oriental slender snake]], ''Trachischium laeve''
*[[Trachischium monticola|Mountain worm-eating snake]], ''Trachischium monticola''
*[[Trachischium sushantai|Sushanta's worm-eating snake]], ''Trachischium sushantai'' (E)
*[[Trachischium tenuiceps|Yellow-bellied worm-eating snake]], ''Trachischium tenuiceps''
*[[Trimerodytes percarinatus|Olive annulate keelback]], ''Trimerodytes percarinatus''
*[[Trimerodytes yunnanensis|Yunnan annulate keelback]], ''Trimerodytes yunnanensis''
*[[Wallaceophis gujaratensis|Wallace's racer]], ''Wallaceophis gujaratensis'' (E)
*[[Wallophis|Indian smooth snake]], ''Wallophis brachyura'' (E)
*[[Xenochrophis cerasogaster|Painted keelback]], ''Xenochrophis cerasogaster''
*[[Triangle keelback]], ''Xenochrophis trianguligerus''

=== Family Elapidae ===

* [[Bungarus andamanensis|Andaman krait]], ''Bungarus andamanensis'' (E)
* [[Bungarus bungaroides|Northeastern hill krait]], ''Bungarus bungaroides''
* [[Common krait]], ''Bungarus caeruleus''
* [[Banded krait]], ''Bungarus fasciatus''
* [[Lesser black krait]], ''Bungarus lividus''
* [[Greater black krait]], ''Bungarus niger''
* [[Bungarus sindanus|Sind krait]], ''Bungarus sindanus''
* [[Bungarus suzhenae|Suzhen's krait]], ''Bungarus suzhenae''
* [[Bungarus walli|Wall's krait]], ''Bungarus walli''
* [[Beddome's coral snake]], ''Calliophis beddomei'' (E)
* [[Calliophis bibroni|Bibron's coral snake]], ''Calliophis bibroni'' (E)
* [[Calliophis castoe|Castoe's coral snake]], ''Calliophis castoe'' (E)
* [[Calliophis melanurus|Indian coral snake]], ''Calliophis melanurus''
* [[Calliophis nigrescens|Black coral snake]], ''Calliophis nigrescens'' (E)
* [[Hydrophis caerulescens|Dwarf seasnake]], ''Hydrophis caerulescens''
* [[Hydrophis curtus|Spine-bellied sea snake]], ''Hydrophis curtus''
* [[Hydrophis cyanocinctus|Annulated sea snake]], ''Hydrophis cyanocinctus''
* [[Hydrophis fasciatus|Striped sea snake]], ''Hydrophis fasciatus''
*[[Spine-bellied sea snake|Hardwicke's spine-bellied sea snake]], ''Hydrophis hardwickii''
*[[Jerdon's sea snake]], ''Hydrophis jerdonii''
*[[Hydrophis lapemoides|Persian Gulf sea snake]], ''Hydrophis lapemoides''
*[[Hydrophis mamillaris|Bombay sea snake]], ''Hydrophis mamillaris''
*[[Hydrophis melanocephalus|Slender-necked sea snake]], ''Hydrophis melanocephalus''
*[[Hydrophis nigrocinctus|Black-banded sea snake]], ''Hydrophis nigrocinctus''
*[[Hydrophis obscurus|Russel's sea snake]], ''Hydrophis obscurus''
*[[Hydrophis ornatus|Ornate reef snake]], ''Hydrophis ornatus''
*[[Yellow-bellied sea snake]], ''Hydrophis platurus''
*[[Hydrophis schistosus|Beaked sea snake]], ''Hydrophis schistosus''
*[[Hydrophis spiralis|Yellow sea snake]], ''Hydrophis spiralis''
*[[Stokes's sea snake]], ''Hydrophis stokesii''
*[[Hydrophis stricticollis|Collared sea snake]], ''Hydrophis stricticollis''
*[[Hydrophis viperinus|Viperine sea snake]], ''Hydrophis viperinus''
*[[Yellow-lipped sea krait]], ''Laticauda colubrina''
*[[Blue-lipped sea krait]], ''Laticauda laticaudata''
*[[Microcephalophis cantoris|Cantor's narrow-headed sea snake]], ''Microcephalophis cantoris''
*[[Microcephalophis gracilis|Narrow-headed sea snake]], ''Microcephalophis gracilis''
*[[Monocled cobra]], ''Naja kaouthia''
*[[Indian cobra]], ''Naja naja''
*[[Caspian cobra]], ''Naja oxiana''
*[[Andaman cobra]], ''Naja sagittifera'' (E)
*[[King cobra]], ''Ophiophagus hannah''
*[[Ophiophagus kaalinga|Western Ghats king cobra]], ''Ophiophagus kaalinga'' (E)
*[[Sinomicrurus gorei|Gore's coral snake]], ''Sinomicrurus gorei''
*[[Sinomicrurus macclellandi|MacClelland's coral snake]], ''Sinomicrurus macclellandi''

=== Family Homalopsidae ===

* [[Cantoria violacea|Cantor's water snake]], ''Cantoria violacea''
* [[Cerberus rynchops|Dog-faced water snake]], ''Cerberus rynchops''
* [[Dieurostus|Kerala mud snake]], ''Dieurostus dussumieri'' (E)
* [[Rainbow water snake]], ''Enhydris enhydris''
* [[Siebold's water snake]], ''Ferania sieboldii''
* [[Fordonia|Crab-eating water snake]], ''Fordonia leucobalia''
* [[Gerarda prevostiana|Gerard's water snake]], ''Gerarda prevostiana''
* [[Homalopsis buccata|Linne's water snake]], ''Homalopsis buccata''
* [[Homalopsis hardwickii|Hardwicke's water snake]], ''Homalopsis hardwickii''
* [[Hypsiscopus plumbea|Boie's mud snake]], ''Hypsiscopus plumbeus''

=== Family Pareidae ===

* [[Pareas andersonii|Anderson's slug snake]], ''Pareas andersonii''
* [[Pareas kaduri|Kadur's slug snake]], ''Pareas kaduri'' (E)
* [[Pareas macularius|Mountain slug snake]], ''Pareas macularius''
* [[Pareas modestus|Small slug snake]], ''Pareas modestus''
* [[Common slug snake]], ''Pareas monticola''
* [[Captain's wood snake]], ''Xylophis captaini'' (E)
* [[Xylophis chenkaruppan|Red-and-black wood snake]], ''Xylophis chenkaruppan'' (E)
* [[Xylophis deepaki|Deepak's wood snake]], ''Xylophis deepaki'' (E)
* [[Xylophis mosaicus|Anamalai wood snake]], ''Xylophis mosaicus'' (E)
* [[Xylophis perroteti|Perrotet's wood snake]], ''Xylophis perroteti'' (E)
* [[Xylophis stenorhynchus|Günther's wood snake]], ''Xylophis stenorhynchus'' (E)

=== Family Psammodynastidae ===

* [[Common mock viper]], ''Psammodynastes pulverulentus''

=== Family Xenodermidae ===

* [[Stoliczkia khasiensis|Khasi earth snake]], ''Stoliczkia khasiensis'' (E)
* [[Stoliczkia vanhnuailianai|Lushai hills dragon snake]], ''Stoliczkia vanhnuailianai'' (E)

=== Family Viperidae ===

* [[Craspedocephalus anamallensis|Anamalai pit viper]], ''Craspedocephalus anamallensis'' (E)
* [[Craspedocephalus gramineus|Common bamboo viper]], ''Craspedocephalus gramineus'' (E)
* [[Craspedocephalus macrolepis|Large-scaled pit viper]], ''Craspedocephalus macrolepis'' (E)
* [[Craspedocephalus malabaricus|Malabarian pit viper]], ''Craspedocephalus malabaricus'' (E)
* [[Craspedocephalus occidentalis|Western bamboo pit viper]], ''Craspedocephalus occidentalis'' (E)
* [[Craspedocephalus peltopelor|Southern large-scaled pit viper]], ''Craspedocephalus peltopelor'' (E)
* [[Craspedocephalus strigatus|Horseshoe pit viper]], ''Craspedocephalus strigatus'' (E)
* [[Craspedocephalus travancoricus|Travancore pit viper]], ''Craspedocephalus travancoricus'' (E)
* [[Russell's viper]], ''Daboia russelii''
* [[Echis carinatus|Saw-scaled viper]], ''Echis carinatus''
* [[Gloydius chambensis|Chamba pit viper]], ''Gloydius chambensis'' (E)
* [[Gloydius himalayanus|Himalayan pit viper]], ''Gloydius himalayanus''
* [[Hypnale hypnale|Hump-nosed viper]], ''Hypnale hypnale''
* [[Macrovipera lebetinus|Levantine viper]], ''Macrovipera lebetinus''
* [[Ovophis monticola|Chinese mountain pit viper]], ''Ovophis monticola''
* [[Ovophis zayuensis|Zayuan pit viper]], ''Ovophis zayuensis''
*[[Protobothrops himalayanus|East Himalayan pit viper]], ''Protobothrops himalayanus''
*[[Protobothrops jerdonii|Jerdon's pit viper]], ''Protobothrops jerdonii''
*[[Protobothrops kaulbacki|Kaulback's pit viper]], ''Protobothrops kaulbacki''
*[[Protobothrops mucrosquamatus|Brown-spotted pit viper]], ''Protobothrops mucrosquamatus''
*[[Trimeresurus albolabris|White-liiped pit viper]], ''Trimeresurus albolabris''
*[[Trimeresurus andersonii|Andaman pit viper]], ''Trimeresurus andersonii'' (E)
*[[Trimeresurus arunachalensis|Arunachal pit viper]], ''Trimeresurus arunachalensis'' (E)
*[[Trimeresurus cantori|Cantor's pit viper]], ''Trimeresurus cantori'' (E)
*[[Trimeresurus davidi|Car Nicobar green pit viper]], ''Trimeresurus davidi'' (E)
*[[Trimeresurus erythrurus|Spot-tailed pit viper]], ''Trimeresurus erythrurus''
*[[Trimeresurus labialis|Island pit viper]], ''Trimeresurus labialis'' (E)
*[[Trimeresurus mayaae|Maya's pit viper]], ''Trimeresurus mayaae'' (E)
*[[Trimeresurus medoensis|Medo pit viper]], ''Trimeresurus medoensis''
*[[Trimeresurus mutabilis|Central Nicobar pit viper]], ''Trimeresurus mutabilis'' (E)
*[[Trimeresurus popeiorum|Pope's pit viper]], ''Trimeresurus popeiorum''
*[[Trimeresurus salazar|Salazar's pit viper]], ''Trimeresurus salazar''
*[[Trimeresurus septentrionalis|Nepal pit viper]], ''Trimeresurus septentrionalis''
*[[Trimeresurus stejnegeri|Stejneger's pit viper]], ''Trimeresurus stejnegeri''
*[[Trimeresurus uetzi|Uetz's pit viper]], ''Trimeresurus'' ''uetzi''
*[[Trimeresurus yunnanensis|Yunnan bamboo pit viper]], ''Trimeresurus yunnanensis''
*[[Tropidolaemus huttoni|Hutton's pit viper]], ''Tropidolaemus huttoni'' (E)

=== Family Leptotyphlopidae ===

* [[Myriopholis blanfordi|Sindh thread snake]], ''Myriopholis blanfordii''
* [[Myriopholis macrorhyncha|Hook-snouted worm snake]], ''Myriopholis macrorhyncha''

=== Family Gerrhopilidae ===

* [[Andaman worm snake]], ''Gerrhopilus andamanensis'' (E)
* [[Beddome's worm snake]], ''Gerrhopilus beddomii'' (E)
* [[Gerrhopilus oligolepis|Few-scaled worm snake]], ''Gerrhopilus oligolepis'' (E)
* [[Gerrhopilus thurstoni|Thurston's worm snake]], ''Gerrhopilus thurstoni'' (E)
* [[Gerrhopilus tindalli|Nilgiri worm snake]], ''Gerrhopilus tindalli'' (E)

=== Family Typhlopidae ===

* [[Günther's blind snake]], ''Argyrophis bothriorhynchus''
* [[Argyrophis diardii|Diard's blind snake]], ''Argyrophis diardii''
* [[Argyrophis oatesii|Andaman blind snake]], ''Argyrophis oatesii''
* [[Grypotyphlops acutus|Beaked blind snake]], ''Grypotyphlops acutus'' (E)
* [[Indotyphlops braminus|Brahminy blind snake]], ''Indotyphlops braminus''
* [[Indotyphlops fletcheri|Fletcher's blind snake]], ''Indotyphlops fletcheri'' (E)
* [[Indotyphlops jerdoni|Jerdon's blind snake]], ''Indotyphlops jerdoni''
* [[Indotyphlops loveridgei|Loveridge's blind snake]], ''Indotyphlops loveridgei'' (E)
* [[Indotyphlops meszoelyi|Darjeeling blind snake]], ''Indotyphlops meszoelyi'' (E)
* [[Indotyphlops pammeces|South India blind snake]], ''Indotyphlops pammeces'' (E)
* [[Indotyphlops tenuicollis|Samagutin blind snake]], ''Indotyphlops tenuicollis''
* [[Pseudoindotyphlops exiguus|Belgaum worm snake]], ''Pseudoindotyphlops exiguus'' (E)
* [[Pseudoindotyphlops porrectus|Slender worm snake]], ''Pseudoindotyphlops porrectus''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of reptiles of Asia|India]]
[[Category:Lists of fauna of India|reptiles]]

Narajole Raj

2026-05-03T07:07:07Z

Subhamaykarjee: Done

The '''Narajole Raj''' was a medieval royal dynasty and later a [[zamindar]]i (estate) during the British period at [[Narajole]] in [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]] district in the state of [[West Bengal]].<ref name="rajbari">{{cite web | url = https://wbtourismgov.in/destination/attractions_activities/paschim_medinipur | title = Attractions of Paschim Medinipur | work = Narajole Rajbari | publisher = Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 August 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kolkata On Wheels|url=https://www.kolkataonwheels.com/post/narajole-history-in-oblivion|access-date=2021-03-06|website=www.kolkataonwheels.com|archive-date=2021-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613085054/https://www.kolkataonwheels.com/post/narajole-history-in-oblivion|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Swarupa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGSuVgPH9T4C&q=sadgop+kornagar&pg=PA289|title=Notions of Nationhood in Bengal: Perspectives on Samaj, C. 1867-1905|date=2009|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-17614-0|language=en}}</ref> The Raja of Narajole was one of the largest landholders in Midnapore.<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Malley |first=Lewis Sydney Steward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3swAQAAIAAJ&q=balarampur+sadgop |title=Midnapore |date=1995 |publisher=West Bengal District Gazetteers, Government of West Bengal |language=en}}</ref> The kings of Narajole had a close link with the rulers of [[Karnagarh Raj|Karnagarh]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Swarupa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9SwCQAAQBAJ|title=Notions of Nationhood in Bengal: Perspectives on Samaj, c. 1867-1905|date=2009-06-24|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-2958-6|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{Bengal Zamindars series}}
According to [[Binoy Ghosh]], Narajole's ruling clan, belonging to the [[Sadgop]] community, was founded by Uday Narayan Ghosh. His great grandson, Raja Kartickram, was honoured with the title 'Roy' by the Mughal emperor. The family used the title till in the eighth generation, when Raja Balwant was honoured with the 'Khan' title for some praise-worthy achievement. Thereafter, they used that title.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Swarupa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGSuVgPH9T4C&q=sadgop+kornagar&pg=PA289|title=Notions of Nationhood in Bengal: Perspectives on Samaj, c. 1867–1905|date=2009|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-17614-0|language=en}}</ref>

Raja Ajit Singh, the last king of the Midnapore [[zamindar]]i, with its headquarters at [[Karnagarh]], died childless in 1749. They were close to the rulers of Narajole. His two queens, who inherited the Midnapore zamindari, ran into great difficulties during the [[Chuar rebellion]] and sought the support of Raja Trilochan Khan of Narajole. After Raja Trilochan Khan's death, the responsibility of looking after the Midnapore zamindari and Rani Shiromani of [[Karnagarh]] (the other queen had died by then) fell successively on Raja Motiram and Raja Sitaram. Rani Shiromani loved Sitaram's eldest son, Anandalal, as her own son and handed over the entire Midnapore zamindari to him in 1800. Anandalal died childless and as per his wishes his brothers became the owners — Nandalal Khan of Narajole Zamindari and Mohanlal Khan of Midnapore Rajbari.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Swarupa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9SwCQAAQBAJ|title=Notions of Nationhood in Bengal: Perspectives on Samaj, c. 1867–1905|date=2009-06-24|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-2958-6|language=en}}</ref>

==The Palace==
===Narjole Rajbari===
Narajole's Rajbari or Garh Narajole, was spread over 500 [[bigha]]s and divided in to the inner and outer segments. The outer segment housed the poorer people, amongst whom were some painter families, who had survived the travails of life and in 1970 continued to produce dolls, painted pots and decorative wall plates. The inner segment was an ‘Indrapuri’ (the palace of heaven) consisting of splendid buildings (including the three-storeyed palace) temples, gardens etc. The large entrance gate lead to a spacious garden, with a temple of the family deity, Sitaramjiu. The drawing rooms were filled with selected country made and foreign showpieces and pictures of the royalty. On the way out, one again got to see a mix of gardens, ponds and residential quarters, with some Shiva temples nearby. There were many other temples. On the southern side were rangmahal, rasmancha and dolmancha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=This Ancient Rajbari Might Soon Be Listed On The Heritage Tourism Map of Incredible India|url=https://www.whatshot.in/kolkata/the-narajole-rajbari-to-carve-out-a-niche-on-the-heritage-tourism-map-c-16133|access-date=2021-03-06|website=Whats Hot|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Dipawali Mitra|date=Jun 30, 2019|title=15th century Rajbari may find place on heritage tourism map {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/15th-century-rajbari-may-find-place-on-heritage-tourism-map/articleshow/70009423.cms|access-date=2021-03-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

===Hawa Mahal===
[[File:Hawa mahal of Narajole Rajbari at West Midnapore district in West Bengal.jpg|thumb]]

The Hawa Mahal (ballroom) is spread over 60 bigha land, surrounded by a parikha. Lankagarh, about a kilometer from main Rajbari houses fifty four temples. A 10-bigha plot was donated for a degree college.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PASCHIM MEDINIPUR - Attractions & activities - West Bengal Tourism, Experience Bengal, Dept. of Tourism, Govt. of W. B.|url=https://wbtourismgov.in/destination/attractions_activities/paschim_medinipur|access-date=2021-03-06|website=wbtourismgov.in}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Narajole Picture Gallery==
<gallery widths="180px" heights="150px">
File:Long shot of of Narajole Rajbari at West Midnapore district in West Bengal.jpg|Narajole Rajbari with 250 rooms
File:Hawa mahal of Narajole Rajbari at West Midnapore district in West Bengal.jpg|Hawa Mahal
File:Hawa mahal of Narajole Rajbari at West Midnapore district in West Bengal 04.jpg|Hawa Mahal
File:Navaratna Govinda Jiu temple inside Narajole Rajbari under Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal 03.jpg|Govinda Jiu temple inside Narajole Rajbari
File:Navaratna Govinda Jiu temple inside Narajole Rajbari under Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal 05.jpg|Govinda Jiu temple
File:Basalt stone sculptures on Navaratna Govinda Jiu temple inside Narajole Rajbari under Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal 11.jpg|Basalt stone sculpture in Gobinda Jiu temple
File:25 pinnacle Rasmancha of Narajole Rajbari in Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal 01.jpg|''Rasmancha'' with 25 pinnacles
File:Durga Dalan inside Narajole Rajbari at Paschim Medinipur district in West Bengal 01.jpg|''Durga Dalan'' inside Narajole Rajbari

</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Narajole]]
*[[Karnagarh Raj]]
*[[Narayangarh Raj]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Palaces in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]

Suri, Birbhum

2026-05-02T15:38:55Z

Subhamaykarjee: added references

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2015}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Suri
| official_name = Siuri
| native_name = সিউড়ি
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = UP Andal-Sainthia MEMU at Siuri.jpg
| photo2a = Suri Municipality at Suri town 02.jpg
| photo2b = Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church, Suri 03.jpg
}}
| image_caption = [[Siuri railway station]], Suri Municipality, Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church, Suri
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3#Asia
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| pushpin_label_position =
| coordinates = {{coord|23.910|N|87.527|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Suri Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jnnurmwestbengal.gov.in/DIS/MUNI_DLB_Suri.htm |title=Suri Municipality |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605032420/http://www.jnnurmwestbengal.gov.in/DIS/MUNI_DLB_Suri.htm |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=19 March 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 15.12
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 71
| population_total = 106,789<ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 7166
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=www.wb.gov.in|access-date=15 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=2 March 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = English<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 731101 (Suri main)
731102 (Hatjan Bazar)
731103 (Barabagan)
731126 (Karidhya)
| area_code = +91 / 03462
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| registration_plate = WB-54
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
| website = {{URL|birbhum.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Suri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Suri]]
}}

'''Suri''' ({{IPAc-en|'|s|ʊər|i}}) (also spelt as '''Siuri''') is a city and a municipality in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It is the headquarters of the [[Birbhum district]]. This city was established during the British Period (1876), makes it one of the oldest municipalities in the State.Suri is a rapidly growing municipality, makes it one the best suitable choices for living among the district people.Suri is the second largest and 2nd most Populous city in [[Birbhum]] District after [[Bolpur]].Suri is the most densely populated city in the district. Located at the banks of [[Mayurakshi River]] and exactly in the centre of the district make this city an Political,cultural,commercial hub. Suri holds the record of biggest [[Kali Puja]] in the district and one of the largest Visarjan of West Bengal. This city is famous for its [[Murabba]] Sweet, which is originally came to Suri from [[Lucknow]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=380| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|53|30|N|87|27|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Suri Sadar subdivision of Birbhum district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, B: Barrage. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|54|46|N|87|29|38|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Karidhya | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Karidhya]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|54|0|N|87|30|28|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Kalipur | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Kalipur, Birbhum]] (CT)|
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|50|20|N|87|41|28|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Ahmedpur | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Ahmedpur, Birbhum]] (CT)|
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|57|16|N|87|18|50|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Rajnagar | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Rajnagar, Birbhum]] (CT)|
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|54|24|N|87|31|38|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Suri | numbered5=M| mark-title5= Suri, Birbhum (M)|shape-color5=black| label-size5=13|label-color5=black 
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|56|30|N|87|40|49|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Sainthia | numbered6=M| mark-title6= [[Sainthia]] (M)|label-color6=#800000
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|48|43|N|87|22|30|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Dubrajpur | numbered7=M| mark-title7= [[Dubrajpur]] (M)|label-color7=#800000
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|59|38|N|87|34|19|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Mohammad Bazar| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Mohammad Bazar, Birbhum]] (R)|shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|52|10|N|87|17|4|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Lokpur| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Lokpur]] (R)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|55|42|N|87|23|6|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Chandrapur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Chandrapur, Birbhum]] (R)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|46|49|N|87|36|26|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Panrui| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Panrui]] (R)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|47|0|N|87|15|56|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Khoyrasol| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Khoyrasol]] (R)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|46|15|N|87|12|20|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Kankartala| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Kankartala]] (R)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|50|7|N|87|27|20|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= BTPP Township| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Bakreswar Thermal Power Plant Township]] (R)|shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|58|39|N|87|35|45|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Angar Garia| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Angar Garia]] (R)|shape-color15=#A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|51|55|N|87|34|43|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Purandarpur| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Purandarpur]] (R)|shape-color16=#A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|46|40|N|87|24|12|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Hetampur|numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Hetampur]] (R)|shape-color17=#A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|49|2|N|87|34|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Abinashpur|numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Abinashpur]] (R)|shape-color18=#A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|48|25|N|87|15|31|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Nakrakonda|numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Nakrakonda]] (R)|shape-color19=#A40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|57|53|N|87|28|22|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Bara Chaturi|numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Bara Chaturi]] (R)|shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|2|48|N|87|34|56|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Deucha|numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Deucha]] (R)|shape-color21=#A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|52|48|N|87|22|12|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Bakreshwar|numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Bakreshwar]] (R)|shape-color22=#A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|55|37|N|87|26|4|E}} | label-pos23=top|label23= Patharchapuri|numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Patharchapuri]] (R)|shape-color23=#A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|56|45|N|87|31|31|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Tilpara |labela24=Barrage| numbered24=B| mark-title24= [[Mayurakshi River#Tilpara Barrage]] (B)|shape-color24=#0048BA
|mark-coord25={{coord|24.0048|87.3818}}| label25=Mayurakshi |labela25=River| label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25=48| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|mark-coord26={{coord|23.7868|87.5254}}| label26=Bakreshwar|labela26= River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=2| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|23.7224|87.3245}}| label27=Ajay River| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=2| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none}}

== Location ==
Suri is located at {{Coord|23.910|N|87.527|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Suri,_Birbhum&params=23.910_N_87.527_E_|title=GeoHack - Suri, Birbhum|website=www.geohack.toolforge.org}}</ref> Suri is 220 km from State capital [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta), 90 km from Durgapur, 34 km from [[Bolpur]]–[[Santiniketan]], 55 km from [[Andal, Paschim Bardhaman|Andal]] and 46 km from [[Rampurhat]] on the [[Andal–Sainthia branch line]] of [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]].<ref>Eastern Railway time table</ref> It is on [[Panagarh–Morgram Highway]].(known as N.H 60, now N.H 14). It has an average elevation of 71 metres (233 feet).<ref name="auto">Suri Saharer Itihas by Sukumar Sinha, Ashadeep Publication</ref> It is situated on the extended part of [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. [[Mayurakshi River#Tilpara Barrage|Tilpara barrage]] on [[Mayurakshi River]] is located 3 km north-west of Suri.

As per the District Census Handbook 2011, Suri covered an area of 9.47 km2.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 1025- 1033 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 16 July 2019}}</ref>

==History==
Prior to the advent of the British in India and their acquisition of the territory of Bengal, Suri was but merely a small village. Yet, the British colonists preferred to choose Suri as the district headquarters of Birbhum, probably owing to convenience of transport and communication. Suri was well-connected to many places via road, however, it is not possible to tell about the conditions of those roads clearly. These roads can be traced in James Rennel's map of the 'Jungleterry District'(1779).<ref name="auto"/>
After the defeat of [[Siraj ud-Daulah]], the Nawab of Bengal, the British placed many puppet-kings in his place. When Mir Quasim was the Nawab, he ordered all the zamindars (landlords) to pay more revenue. At this, the ruler of Rajnagar, Asad Jama Khan disagreed. In December 1760, the army of the Nawab and the British marched together to attack Birbhum. Asad Jama Khan also got prepared with a cavalry of about 5,000 soldiers, and an infantry of nearly 20,000. In the battle, Asad Jama Khan was defeated and his zamindari was snatched. He took shelter amidst the very dense woods of Chotanagpur. There he had a clandestine meeting with a Maratha army general, Shivabhatta, and Shivabhatta joined him with a cavalry of two to three thousand soldiers as well as a large infantry. Another battle was fought near Kariddhya in 1763 in which he was defeated again. Thus, the British got the control of Suri.<ref name="auto"/>
During the early years of the British rule, Bishnupur and Birbhum was administered from Murshidabad. Then, a new district was formed joining Birbhum and Bishnupur, and Suri was made the headquarters. The term "Suri" came from the people who lived here. In bengali"Suri" denotes the people who make alcohol, thus the name. During this time, British officials used the name '(Laat) Hydrabad', the name Suri was also used, but only later.<ref name="auto"/>
G.R. Foley was the first District Collector of Birbhum. He was appointed in 1786. Then, J. Sherburne became the collector and after him, Christopher Keating became the collector.<ref name="auto"/>
Suri Municipality started functioning from 1876. Then, the population of Suri was no more than 7,000. The first Chairman of the municipality was A.A. Owen. Rail transport arrived in Suri in 1913 when the first train started on the route [[Andal]]–[[Sainthia]].<ref>Kamangulo Sab Gelo Koi(Where Have the Cannons Gone), Dayal Sengupta, the Anandabazaar Patrika</ref>

==Economics==
The chief industries of Suri include rice milling, cotton and silk weaving, and furniture manufacture.

In March 2008, a private Kolkata-based firm, Ramsarup Group, unveiled a proposal for large-scale investment in a greenfield power plant and cement manufacturing plant worth Rs 2200 crores (US$550 million) was submitted to the Government of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mjunction.in/market_news/metals/ramsarup_group_plans_siuri_gre.php | title=Ramsarup Group plans Siuri greenfield project | year=2008 | publisher=mJunction| access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> Bakreshwar Thermal Power Plant is around 12 kilometres away from Suri town.

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|title= Population of Suri
|state=
|1901| 8692
|1911|9131
|1921|8915
|1931|10908
|1941|15867
|1951|18135
|1961|22841
|1971|30110
|1981|40783
|1991|54298
|2001|61806
|2011|67864
|2022|106789
|footnote=Source: District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A}}
As of [[2011 Indian Census]], Suri had a total population of 1,06,789, of which 54,589 were males and 52,200 were females. The sex ratio in Suri is 963. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 8,935. The total number of literates in Suri was 94,348, which constituted 88.3% of the population with male literacy of 92.8% and female literacy of 85.7%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Suri was 92.9%, of which male literacy rate was 94.8% and female literacy rate was 89.9%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 28,857 and 927 respectively. Suri had 25385 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Suri |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=358396 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
Suri has a well organized road transport system with both Govt. Bus Service ([[South Bengal State Transport Corporation|SBSTC]], [[North Bengal State Transport Corporation|NBSTC]] & [[West Bengal Transport Corporation|WBTC]]) and private bus service. The town is well connected to major towns and cities like - [[Kolkata]], [[Durgapur, West Bengal|Durgapur]], [[Asansol]], [[Purulia]], [[Bankura]], [[Medinipur]], [[Digha]], [[Massanjore Dam|Massanjore]], [[Rampurhat]], [[Bolpur]], [[Burdwan]], [[English Bazar]], [[Jalpaiguri]], [[Siliguri]], [[Katwa]], [[Balurghat]], [[Raiganj]] etc. through roadway.

[[Siuri railway station|Siuri]] is a model Railway Station. It is situated at the southern part of the town, at Hatjan Bazar. It connects Suri directly with places like [[Howrah]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bardhaman]], [[Durgapur]], [[Guwahati]], [[Rampurhat]], [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]], [[Siliguri]], [[Puri]], [[Chennai]], [[Surat]], [[Jhajha]], [[Asansol]], [[Ranchi]] [[Nagpur]], [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Dimapur]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Purulia]], [[Cuttack]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Raipur]], [[Durg]] etc. Some of the important trains that run via [[Siuri railway station|Siuri]] are,
* [[Vananchal Express]]
* [[Surat–Malda Town Express]]
* [[Ranchi–Kamakhya Express]]
* [[Puri–Kamakhya Weekly Express (via - Adra)|Puri-Kamakhya Express (via Adra)]]
* [[Mayurakshi Fast Passenger]]
* [[Nagaon Express]]
* [[Dibrugarh–Tambaram Express]]
* [[Hool Express]]
* Siuri-Sealdah Memu Express

==Language==
Principal language of communication is Bengali, Hindi and English.

==Education==

=== Colleges ===
[[File:Suri Vidyasagar College.jpg|thumb|[[Suri Vidyasagar College]] main entrance]]
* [[Suri Vidyasagar College]]
* [[Birbhum Mahavidyalaya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://buruniv.ac.in/bunew/MobileTemplate.php?page=Colleges&subpage=All&value=All|title=Affiliated Colleges|website=www.buruniv.ac.in}}</ref>
* [[Birbhum Institute of Engineering & Technology]]
* Sri Ramakrishna Shilpa Vidyapith, also known as "L. C. College
There few Diploma Technical Colleges (private), D.ED. Colleges and B.ED. colleges situated at Suri.
Satsang Mission Medical College, Hospital & Cancer Research Institute is expected to be completed in the next 3 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/foundation-stone-laying-ceremony-of-satsang-mission-medical-college-hospital-cancer-research-institute-along-with-various-projects-held-at-haripur-dham-chandrapur-suri-birbhum/amp/|title = Foundation Stone Laying Ceremony of Satsang Mission Medical College, Hospital & Cancer Research Institute along with various Projects held at Haripur Dham, Chandrapur, Suri, Birbhum}}</ref>

===Schools===
* Total 18 Higher Secondary Schools including [[Birbhum Zilla School]], [[U.P. Public School]], [[Levelfield School]], are there. Others schools are R.T. Girls' High School (established-1884 as River Thompson Girls' High School, Suri Public and Chandragati Mustafi Memorial High School, Suri Benimadhab Institution (established-1917), Kaligati Smriti Narishiksha Niketan, Suri Ramkrishna Vidyapeeth and Muuk-Badhir Vidyalaya (Deaf and Dumb School, established-1936).<ref name="auto"/>

==Libraries==
The first library set up in Suri was the library of Birbhum Zilla School (established-1851). Then, "Ratan Library" was set up by Sibratan Mitra, The Ramaranjan Town Hall and Public Library was set up in 1900. The District Library of Birbhum (established-1955), set up during the implementation of the first five-year plan, stands beside the Vivekanada Library and Ramaranjan Town hall.<ref name="auto"/>

==Civil Administration==
Suri municipality is ninth oldest municipality of West bengal after that of [[Kolkata]],<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Kolkata Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/MunicipalHistoryHome.jsp |website=Kolkata Municipal Corporation |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> [[Uttarpara]],<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Uttarpara – Uttarpara Municipality |url=https://www.uttarparamunicipality.in/history-of-uttarpara.html |website=Uttarpara Municipality |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> [[Shantipur]],<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – Shantipur Municipality |url=https://www.santipurmunicipality.org/about.php#:~:text=Santipur%20Municipality%20is%20the%20second,Vice%2DChairman%20of%20the%20Municipality. |website=Shantipur Municipality |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> [[Howrah]],<ref>{{cite web |title=About Howrah Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.myhmc.in/about-hmc/ |website=Howrah Municipal Corporation |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]],<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – Krishnanagar Municipality |url=https://krishnanagarmunicipality.com/public/about-us |website=Krishnanagar Municipality |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> [[Burdwan]],<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Burdwan Municipality |url=https://www.burdwanmunicipality.gov.in/about.php?subject=History%20of%20Burdwan%20Municipality |website=Burdwan Municipality |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> [[Basirhat]],<ref>{{cite web |title=About Basirhat Municipal Authority |url=https://basirhatmunicipality.in/ |website=Basirhat Municipality |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> and [[Baharampur|Berhampore]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Berhampore Municipality |url=https://www.berhamporemunicipality.org.in/Default.aspx?PageID=103#:~:text=Berhampore%20Municipality%20is%20one%20of,this%20institution%20a%20heritage%20one. |website=Berhampore Municipality |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> It is divided into 21 wards. It was controlled by the [[Indian National Congress]]-[[Trinamool Congress]] alliance. In the 2010 municipal elections, the municipality faced a hung verdict. Later, the Trinamool Congress with 8 councillors, formed the municipal board by taking the support of 6 Congress councillors. In municipal elections of 2015, TMC won 15 seats, INC won 3 seats, and BJP got 1 seat. Municipal Election 2021 Trinamool Congress won all 21 wards.<ref>{{cite web| title = Suri Municipality| url = http://www.surimunicipality.co.in/default.aspx| access-date = 29 May 2020| archive-date = 21 October 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201021152049/http://surimunicipality.co.in/default.aspx| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Local specialities==
Suri is famous for a special sweetmeat called [[Murabba]] & [[South Asian pickle|Achar]] (fruits/vegetables preserved in sugar syrup) comes in a wide number of varieties, which includes ''Murabba of Satamooli''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.modernlifeonline.com/suri-old-and-small-city-in-birbhum-district-you-must-visit/|author=MODERN LIFE ONLINE|title=Suri: Old and Small City In Birbhum District You Must Visit|website=www.modernlifeonline.com|access-date=16 July 2020}}</ref>

==Places of worship==
[[File:Damodar Temple of Suri 3.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Terracota panels. Click on the pic to see more details of the carvings.]]
[[File:Damodar temple of Siuri in Birbhum district of West Bengal 04.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Radha Damodar temple at Sonatopara in Suri]]
“Serious scholars of [[terracotta]] have accepted Birbhum as the place where some of the finest terracotta temples of Bengal are found… the oldest and the finest temple — known as Radha Damodar temple — is in Suri town. It’s a majestic ''[[At-chala|aatchala]]'' dedicated to Damodar, the other name of Shiva.”<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/next-weekend-you-can-be-at-suri/cid/1289489 | title = Next weekend you can be at Suri| first=Somen|last=Sengupta | publisher = The Telegraph, 20 April 2014 |access-date = 26 July 2019}}</ref>

[[David McCutchion|David J. McCutchion]] mentions the ''[[At-chala|aatchala]]'' Radha-Shyam temple built in the 17-18th century, brick-built with ''phulpathar'' facades richly carved.<ref>McCutchion, David J., ''Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal'', first published 1972, reprinted 2017, page 31. The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, {{ISBN| 978-93-81574-65-2}}</ref>

Suri is one of those places where religious harmony is found.

Some famous temples are situated in Suri. Moumachhi Club has established a [[Kali]] temple in Suri, which is unique and grand in this town. Other famous temples are Bamni Kalibari, Bhabatarini Kalibari, Dangalpara Anandapur Sarbajanin Matrimandir and Shib Mandir, Radha Ballav Mandir, Shani Mandir, Damodar Mandir, Rabindrapalli Kalibari, Rakshakali Temple, Kendua Dakshin Para Kali Mandir.

Durga temple of Chattoraj family is a very old and heritage temple of the town. it is situated at Seharapara. A lot of people visit this temple during the Durga Puja. The newly established Shiv Mandir attracts many people of the area. People will love to experience the rituals of the traditional Durga Puja.

Singha Bahini Mandir, situated in Barui-Para is another very old temple which attracts many devotees every day. The traditional-style Durga puja and Kali puja at the Singha Bahini Mandir is also enjoyed by the devotees.

There are a few mosques in Suri and among them, the Masjid at Masjid More and the one at Madrasa Road deserve special mention. Suri is famous for Dargah of Hazrat Data Mehboob Shah. Dargah is flocked by thousands of devotees every day.

There are three churches in this town. The oldest one is [[Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church, Suri]] situated near Lalkuthipara in Suri.

==Festivals==
Every year in Suri there is a very famous fair held, called the 'Barobagan Mela'(Now postponed due to political problems). This historic fair was inaugurated by the then [[Governor of Bengal]] [[Lord Brabourne]]. Religious festivals like Durga Puja, Laxmi Puja, Kali Puja, Diwali, Jagaddhatri Puja, Janmashtami, Eid, Muharram, Christmas are celebrated in Suri. Book-fairs are also held every 3–4 years.
'Suri Utsav' which is an alternative attempt to the famous 'Barobagan Mela' has been started from the year 2023-24. It brings a joyful festival atmosphere to the people of Suri.
The credit of this Suri Utsav Festival goes to the Chairperson of the City.

==Climate==
The climate of the district is generally dry, mild and healthy. The hot weather usually lasts from the middle of March to the middle of the June, the rainy season from the middle of June to the middle of October, and the cold weather from middle of October to the middle of March. They do not always correspond to these limit. The wind is from the south-east in the summer and from the north-west in the winter.
The minimum and maximum temperature data for Suri is given below -
For the Year 2011 (in degree Celsius)-
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Month !! Maximum temperature !! Minimum temperature
|-
| January || 29 || 6
|-
| February || 35 || 11
|-
| March || 40 || 12
|-
| April || 39 || 19
|-
| May || 38 || 20
|-
| June || 39 || 24
|-
| July || 36 || 23
|-
| August || 37 || 24
|-
| September || 36 || 23
|-
| October || 34 || 16
|-
| November || 32 || 14
|-
| December || 30 || 7
|-
| Yearly || 40 || 6
|}<ref name="birbhum.gov.in">http://birbhum.gov.in/DDAgri/PAO.htm#rail {{Dead link|date=August 2022}}</ref>
For the year 2012 (in degree Celsius)-
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Month !! Maximum temperature !! Minimum temperature
|-
| January || 28 || 7
|-
| February || 35 || 8
|-
| March || 40 || 13
|-
| April || 41 || 19
|-
| May || 45 || 22
|-
| June || 48 || 24
|-
| July || 38 || 24
|-
| August || 35 || 24
|-
| September || ... || ...
|-
| October || 35 || 16
|-
| November || 32 || 11
|-
| December || 30 || 7
|-
| Yearly || 46 || 7
|}<ref name="birbhum.gov.in"/>
The average precipitation in Suri is 1307 mm (130.7 cm). It is the lowest in December with an average of 3 mm, while it is the highest in August (299 mm) and in July(297 mm). The average annual temperature is 26.2 °C.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Month !! January !! February !! March !! April !! May !! June !! July !! August !! September !! October !! November !! December
|-
| Rainfall (in mm) || 17 || 14 || 19 || 27 || 66 || 217 || 297 || 299 || 224 || 111 || 13 || 3
|-
| Avg. maximum || 25.8 || 28.5 || 34.3 || 38.2 || 37.0 || 35.2 || 32.1 || 31.9 || 32.3 || 31.7 || 29.2 || 26.2
|-
| Avg. minimum || 11.6 || 14.1 || 19.0 || 23.5 || 25.6 || 26.1 || 25.6 || 25.6 || 25.3 || 22.6 || 16.6 || 12.5
|-
| Daily mean || 18.7 || 21.3 || 26.6 || 30.8 || 31.3 || 30.6 || 28.8 || 28.7 || 28.8 || 27.1 || 22.9 || 19.3
|}

==See also==
*[[Rampurhat]]
*[[Bolpur]]
*[[Asansol]]
*[[Durgapur]]
*[[Basirhat]]
*[[Barrackpore]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Birbhum District}}
{{Birbhum topics}}
{{Temple towns in West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

G. Hampayya Nayak

2026-04-28T15:02:11Z

Subhamaykarjee: added info

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1939)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gaddada Hampayya Nayak Ballatagi
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1939}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Manvi Assembly constituency|Manvi]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = Raja Venkatappa Nayak
| successor =
| term_start1 = 2008
| term_end1 = 2018
| predecessor1 = [[N. S. Boseraju]]
| successor1 = Raja Venkatappa Nayak
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2008-present)
| spouse =
| children =
| father =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| date = April 6
| year = 2025
| source =
}}
'''Gaddada Hampayya Nayak Ballatagi''' (born 1939) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]].<ref name="97% MLAs crorepatis in Karnataka’s new Assembly, 55% have criminal charges: ADR report">{{cite news |title=97% MLAs crorepatis in Karnataka's new Assembly, 55% have criminal charges: ADR report |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/97-mlas-crorepatis-karnataka-new-assembly-55-have-criminal-charges-adr-8612890/ |access-date=21 April 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421094425/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/97-mlas-crorepatis-karnataka-new-assembly-55-have-criminal-charges-adr-8612890/ |archive-date=21 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He is a three-time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] from [[Manvi Assembly constituency]] in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Manvi Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate G Hampayya Nayak Wins From Manvi |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/manvi-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601774 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election 2023: Manvi Assembly Seat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/manvi-1047 |website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref><ref name="Three first-time MLAs enter Assembly from Yadgir and Raichur districts">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=14 May 2023 |title=Three first-time MLAs enter Assembly from Yadgir and Raichur districts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/three-first-time-mlas-enter-assembly-from-yadgir-and-raichur-districts/article66850376.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524210701/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/three-first-time-mlas-enter-assembly-from-yadgir-and-raichur-districts/article66850376.ece |archivedate=24 May 2023 |accessdate=20 January 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=G Hampayya Nayak in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/g-hampayya-nayak-manvi-candidate-s10a055c004/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Manvi">{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1055.htm?ac=55|title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Manvi|date=13 May 2023|work=|access-date=21 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421094116/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1055.htm?ac=55|archive-date=21 April 2025|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

G. Hampayya Nayak has been appointed as Chairman Tungabhadra Command Area Development Authority in 2016.<ref name="21 MLAs to head boards, corporations">{{cite news |date=2 November 2016 |title=21 MLAs to head boards, corporations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/21-MLAs-to-head-boards-corporations/article16091341.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423075123/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/21-MLAs-to-head-boards-corporations/article16091341.ece |archive-date=23 April 2025 |access-date=23 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Nayak is from Manvi, [[Raichur district]], Karnataka. He was born to Gaddada Ramayya Gowda, a farmer. He passed Class 10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=G Hampayya Nayak(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- MANVI (ST)(RAICHUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=8158 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

==Career==
Nayak became an MLA for the third time winning the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] on a Congress ticket from Manvi. He polled 66,922 votes and defeated his nearest rival, A. Bhagavantaray of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by 7,719 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2023 |title=Manvi Election Results 2023 {{!}} Karnataka Election Results {{!}} Elections 2023 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2023/manvi |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> He became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Indian National Congress party. In 2008, he defeated his nearest rival Gangadhar Nayak of the BJP by a margin of 2,519 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manvi Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/manvi-karnataka-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He retained the Manvi seat for Congress in the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] election defeating Raja Venkatappa Nayak of the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] by a margin of 6,987 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Manvi Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/manvi-assembly-constituency/articleshow/99739077.cms |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Then, he lost the next election in [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]], finishing a distant fourth behind eventual winner Raja Venkatappa Nayak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Constituencies List 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/karnataka-election-constituencies-list-2018/manvi-elections-2018-results/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Manvi Constituency Election Results 20182">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/manvi-assembly-constituency/articleshow/99739077.cms|title=Manvi Constituency Election Results 2018|date=13 May 2023|access-date=21 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421093958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/manvi-assembly-constituency/articleshow/99739077.cms|archive-date=21 April 2025|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hampayya, Nayak}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:People from Raichur district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]

Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Tamil Li'l Champs season 5

2026-04-27T12:55:00Z

Subhamaykarjee:

{{Infobox television season
| image = Saregamapa Lil Champs 5.webp
| image_alt = Saregamapa Li'l Champs 5 image with judges
| bgcolour = purple
| caption = Saregamapa Li'l Champs Season 5
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Archana Chandhoke]]
| judges = {{Plainlist|
* [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
* [[Shweta Mohan]]
* [[Saindhavi]]
* [[S. P. Charan]]
* [[Krithi_Shetty| Krithi Shetty]] (guest)
* [[Vijay_Antony|Vijay Antony]] (guest)
* [[Sai_Abhyankkar|Sai Abhyankkar]] (guest)
* [[Karthik_(singer)|Karthik]] (guest)
* [[Sukanya_(actress)|Sukanya (actress)]] (guest)
* [[Gouri_G_Kishan|Gouri G Kishan]] (guest)
* [[Pandiarajan]] (guest)
* [[Vijay_Prakash|Vijay Prakash]] (guest)
* [[Remya_Nambessan|Remya Nambessan]] (guest)
* [[Haricharan]] (guest)
* [[Gangai_Amaran|Gangai Amaran]] (guest)
* [[Snehan]] (guest)
* [[Vivek_(lyricist)|Vivek]] (guest)
* [[S._Ezhil|S. Ezhil]] (guest)
* [[Irfan_(actor)|Irfan (actor)]] (guest)
* [[Pattimandram_Raja|Pattimandram Raja]] (guest)

}}
| winner =
| runner_up =
}}
| num_episodes =
| network = [[Zee Tamil]] [[ZEE5]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2025|12|6}}
| last_aired = present
| prev_season = [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Tamil Li'l Champs season 4|Season 4]]
| next_season = [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Tamil Li'l Champs season 6|Season 6]]
}}

'''''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Tamil Li'l Champs''''' is the 5th season of the Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language musical/singing [[reality television show]] ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil Champs]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li’l Champs Season 5 set to launch soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-season-5-set-to-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/123881522.cms|access-date=14 September 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> The season premiered on [[Zee Tamil]] from 6 December 2025. It features 48 young children between the ages of 5–14 years contestants progressing to the mega auditions and will select the top 24 contestants who will compete on the main show. [[Archana Chandhoke]] is returning as a host for the fourth time in a row.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Tamil brings back ‘Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li’l Champs’ S5|url=https://www.indianbroadcastingworld.com/zee-tamil-brings-back-sa-re-ga-ma/#google_vignette|access-date=9 December 2025 |website=www.indianbroadcastingworld.com|language=en}}</ref>

[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Shweta Mohan]], [[Saindhavi]] and [[S. P. Charan]] continues as judge of the fifth season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Tamil elevates weekend entertainment with Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li’l Champs Season 5 from December 6|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/zee-tamil-elevates-weekend-entertainment-with-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-season-5-from-december-6/|access-date=8 December 2025 |website=www.medianews4u.com|language=en}}</ref> The mega auditions and introduction round saw the five judges along with special judges with well-known playback singers, such as [[Sai Abhyankkar]], [[Haricharan]], [[Gangai Amaran]] and [[Remya Nambessan]]. It premiered on [[Zee Tamil]] on 6 December 2025 on every Saturday and Sunday at 19:30 and is also available on the digital platform [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Tamil to launch ‘Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li’l Champs S5’ on 6 December|url=https://mediabrief.com/zee-tamil-to-launch-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-s5-on-6-december/|access-date=6 December 2025 |website=mediabrief.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Judges ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Judges
!Description
!
|-
|[[Shweta Mohan]]
|[[File:Shweta_Mohan.jpg|146x146px]]
|Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Hindi playback singer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-26 |title=Why has Sujatha Mohan missed a National Award? Daughter Shweta Mohan speaks from the heart, reacts to Kalaimamani award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/why-has-sujatha-mohan-missed-a-national-award-daughter-shweta-mohan-speaks-from-the-heart-reacts-to-kalaimamani-award/articleshow/124154117.cms |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Shweta Mohan has also judged other reality shows, including [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors season 5|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors 5]], Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 4, [[Super Singer 6]], [[Super Singer 7]] and [[Super Singer 9]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-25 |title=Anirudh on board for Super Singer 7 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/anirudh-on-board-for-super-singer-7/articleshow/69038564.cms |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Saindhavi]]
|[[File:Saindhavi_Prakash.jpg|150x150px]]
|A [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] vocalist and Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada [[playback singer]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-25 |title=GV Prakash & Saindhavi’s divorce, Verdict to be out on THIS date, 'Idli Kadai' composer submits no objection |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gv-prakash-saindhavis-divorce-verdict-to-be-out-on-this-date-idli-kadai-composer-submits-no-objection/articleshow/124111274.cms |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Saindhavi is the former wife of music composer, singer and actor [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-18 |title='“It was planned in advance': GV Prakash and Saindhavi enduring bond; The latter reacts to viral performance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/it-was-planned-in-advance-gv-prakash-and-saindhavi-enduring-bond-the-latter-reacts-to-viral-performance/articleshow/124604197.cms |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|[[File:Srinivas02.jpg|150x150px]]
|He is a playback singer in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], Kannada and [[Hindi]] music industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Express |first=Team Cinema |date=2025-07-12 |title=Singer Srinivas hits out against Hindi imposition in Tamil Nadu, defends state’s linguistic identity |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Jul/12/singer-srinivas-hits-out-against-hindi-imposition-in-tamil-nadu-defends-states-linguistic-identity |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He has also judged in several other reality shows such as [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors season 3|Seniors Season 3]], [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Tamil Li'l Champs season 3|Li'l Champs Season 3]], [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors season 2|Seniors Season 2]], [[Super Singer 5]], [[Super Singer 4]], [[Super Singer 3]], [[Super Singer 2]] and [[Super Singer 1]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-01-09 |title=Star Singer: Srinivas goes teary-eyed listening to KS Chithra's soulful rendition of 'Kannamoochi Yenada' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/star-singer-srinivas-goes-teary-eyed-listening-to-ks-chithras-soulful-rendition-of-kannamoochi-yenada/articleshow/106666413.cms |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[S. P. Charan]]
|[[File:S._P._B._Charan.jpg|146x146px]]
|Telugu and Tamil playback singer as well as a host in Padutha Theeyaga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Meera |date=2023-07-18 |title=When singer Srinivas took a song request from Ranil Wickremesinghe, the president of Sri Lanka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/when-singer-srinivas-took-a-song-request-from-ranil-wickremesinghe-the-president-of-sri-lanka/article67093039.ece |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> S. P. Charan is the son of legendary playback singer [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Pics: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil champs judge Saindhavi Prakash's ethnic looks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/web-stories/tamil/in-pics-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-judge-saindhavi-prakashs-ethnic-looks/photostory/102575657.cms |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> He has also judged the popular season of [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Tamil Li'l Champs season 4|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 4]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-26 |title=Aruna Ravindran lifts Super Singer Season 9 trophy, wins Rs 60 lakh worth flat and Rs 10 lakh cash prize |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/aruna-ravindran-wins-super-singer-season-9-8686744/ |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Krithi Shetty]] (guest)
|[[File:Krithi Shetty in 2024 2 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|She is an Indian actress who primarily works in Telugu and Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘Love Insurance Kompany’ actor Krithi Shetty reveals Hollywood movies like ‘Barbie’ and ‘Kill Bill’ changed her perspective |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/love-insurance-kompany-actor-krithi-shetty-reveals-hollywood-movies-like-barbie-and-kill-bill-changed-her-perspective/amp_articleshow/130169633.cms |access-date=2026-04-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Antony]] (guest)
|[[File:Vijay Antony and Arjun at the ‘Kolaigaran’ Press Meet (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|Indian music composer, playback singer, actor, film editor, lyricist, audio engineer, and filmmaker who working predominantly in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-09 |title='Writers must get their due in Tamil cinema': Vijay Antony makes bold call at 'Pookie' press meet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/writers-must-get-their-due-in-tamil-cinema-vijay-antony-makes-bold-call-at-pookie-press-meet/articleshow/128113143.cms |access-date=2026-02-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] (guest)
|[[File:Sukanya.jpg|100px]]
|An Indian actress who mainly works in Tamil and some Malayalam, Kannada, Telugu and Hindi films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-16 |title=Sun TV ordered to pay 10 lakh to actress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sun-tv-ordered-to-pay-10-lakh-to-actress/articleshow/46955348.cms |access-date=2026-02-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gouri G Kishan]] (guest)
|[[File:GauriGKishan.jpg|100px]]
|Indian actress who primarily works in Tamil and Malayalam films.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gouri Kishan Slams Journalist For Bodyshaming Her With Weight Question: "Such A Disgrace" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gouri-kishan-slams-journalist-for-bodyshaming-her-with-weight-question-such-a-disgrace-9591993 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251222010701/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gouri-kishan-slams-journalist-for-bodyshaming-her-with-weight-question-such-a-disgrace-9591993 |archive-date=2025-12-22 |access-date=2026-04-10 |work=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Remya Nambessan]] (guest)
|[[File:RAW01993 copy.jpg|100px]]
|She is an Indian actress and playback singer who primarily works in Tamil and Malayalam films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-26 |title=Ramya Nambessan, Alya Manasa, and Baba Baskar to dazzle in Vinayagar Chaturthi special show 'Maha Sangamam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ramya-nambeesan-alya-manasa-and-baba-baskar-to-dazzle-in-vinayagar-chaturthi-special-show-maha-sangamam/articleshow/123522486.cms |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] (guest)
|[[File:Karthi_rev.JPG|100px]]
|Tamil, Telugu, Hindi and Malayalam playback singer and music composer who has won several national awards.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-29 |title=Tamil singer Karthik to unveil India’s first music NFTs with metaverse concert |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/tamil-singer-karthik-to-unveil-indias-first-music-nfts-with-metaverse-concert/articleshow/90493703.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pandiarajan]] (guest)
|[[File:Actor R Pandiarajan at the Sathuranga Vettai Audio Launch (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|Indian actor, director and comedian who has played leading roles in Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-25 |title=Veteran Actor-Director Pandiarajan makes a special appearance in 'Mounam Pesiyadhe' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/veteran-actor-director-pandiarajan-makes-a-special-appearance-in-mounam-pesiyadhe/articleshow/122900239.cms |access-date=2026-02-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Prakash]] (guest)
|[[File:Vijay_Prakash_performing_at_Karnatak_college_Dharwad.jpg|140x140px]]
|A Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Hindi and Malayalam playback singer and music composer, from [[Mysore]] ([[Karnataka]]).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-21 |title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors Season 5: Judge Vijay Prakash makes surprise entry in Kamal Haasan’s Virumandi avatar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-seniors-season-5-judge-vijay-prakash-makes-surprise-entry-in-kamal-haasans-virumandi-avatar/articleshow/122814850.cms |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Haricharan]] (guest)
|[[File:Haricharan Stage.JPG|100px]]
|He is an Indian Carnatic vocalist and playback singer who primarily works in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Hindi and Kannada cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Museums have the means to ground you while educating you: Haricharan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/museums-have-the-means-to-ground-you-while-educating-you-haricharan/articleshow/110354672.cms |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Snehan]] (guest)
|[[File:Actor_Snehan.jpg|150x150px]]
|Indian poet, politician, lyricist and actor who has worked in the Tamil film industry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-14 |title=Bigg Boss Ultimate, March 13, highlights: Snehan gets evicted from the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-ultimate-march-13-highlights-snehan-gets-evicted-from-the-show/articleshow/90194141.cms |access-date=2026-04-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sai Abhyankkar]] (guest)
|
|Indian composer, playback singer and music composer who primarily works in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-05 |title='Thalaivar 173': Sai Abhyankkar to score music; Sai Pallavi and Kathir in key roles - Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalaivar-173-sai-abhyankkar-to-score-music-sai-pallavi-and-kathir-in-key-roles-report/articleshow/125789609.cms |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gangai Amaran]] (guest)
|
|A Tamil [[lyricist]], music composer, playback singer, screenwriter and film director.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-03 |title=Gangai Amaran faces backlash; Netizens slam the veteran composer for humiliating a fan as video goes viral |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gangai-amaran-faces-backlash-netizens-slam-the-veteran-composer-for-humiliating-a-fan-as-video-goes-viral/articleshow/125052863.cms |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] (guest)
|
|Indian lyricist working on Tamil language films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-16 |title=THIS blockbuster director and his wife got lyricist Vivek emotional on his birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/this-blockbuster-director-and-his-wife-got-lyricist-vivek-emotoional-on-his-birthday/articleshow/75180181.cms |access-date=2026-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[S. Ezhil]] (guest)
|
|Indian film director who works in the Tamil film industry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-12 |title=Director Ezhil and actor Vemal’s Desingu Raja to have a sequel! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-ezhil-and-actor-vemals-desingu-raja-to-have-a-sequel/articleshow/106762324.cms |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]] (guest)
|
|An Indian actor who appears in Tamil serials and films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-26 |title=Irfan and Pavithra’s ‘Vaagai Soodava’ set to premiere soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/irfan-and-pavithras-vaagai-soodava-set-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/127538987.cms |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pattimandram Raja]] (guest)
|
|He is an Indian [[television personality]] popular for his speeches in Tamil [[Talk show|talk shows]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-20 |title=Railways ropes in Pattimandram Raja to dissuade passengers from carrying fireworks on trains |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/railways-ropes-in-pattimandram-raja-to-dissuade-passengers-from-carrying-fireworks-on-trains/articleshow/94986801.cms |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== Contestants ==
Contestants were selected by the judges during the mega auditions round.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height: 25px; width: auto;"
! scope="col" |#
! scope="col" |Name
! scope="col" |Hometown
|-

|-
|1
|'''Mahathi'''
|[[Mayiladuthurai]]
|-
|2
|'''Janavi'''
|[[Malanpur]]
|-
|3
|'''Ligish'''
|[[Tiruvallur]]
|-
|4
|'''Kanishk'''
|[[Vandalur]]
|-
|5
|'''Vishnuvaran'''
|[[Kovilambakkam]]
|-
|6
|'''J. Kiruthiga'''
|[[Mayiladuthurai]]
|-
|7
|'''Akshith Nirupam'''
|[[Coimbatore]]
|-
|8
|'''Sanjay'''
|[[Kumbakonam]]
|-
|9
|'''Shreya Sriram Iyer'''
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|10
|'''Mokshitha Balaji'''
|[[Chennai]]
|-
|11
|'''Pirathiksha'''
|[[Rameswaram]]
|-
|12
|'''Mithra'''
|[[Kanyakumari]]
|-
|13
|'''Abisheka'''
|[[Mayiladuthurai]]
|-
|14
|'''Sukanya Murali'''
|[[Krishnagiri]]
|-
|15
|'''Thanvi'''
|[[Ooty]]
|-
|16
|'''Varun Karthik'''
|[[Coimbatore]]
|-
|17
|'''Medha Meghar'''
|[[Kozhikode]]
|-
|}

== Episodes ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%"
! scope="col" |Epi
! scope="col" |Air Date(s)
! scope="col" |Round Name
! scope="col" |Special Guest(s) & Judge(s)
|-
|1
|6 December 2025
| rowspan="2" | Grand Launch & Mega Auditions
| rowspan="4" | [[Gangai Amaran]] & [[Sai Abhyankkar]] & [[Saindhavi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Tamil boosts weekend entertainment with return of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li’l Champs S5|url=https://www.adgully.com/post/9901/zee-tamil-boosts-weekend-entertainment-with-return-of-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-s5|access-date=14 September 2025 |website=www.adgully.com|language=en}}</ref>

|-
|2
|7 December 2025
|-
|3
|13 December 2025
| rowspan="2" | Mega Auditions
|-
|4
|14 December 2025
|-
|5
|20 December 2025
| rowspan="4" | Introduction Round
| rowspan="4" |[[Haricharan]] & [[Remya Nambessan]]
|-
|6
|21 December 2025
|-
|7
|27 December 2025
|-
|8
|28 December 2025
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/saregamapa-lil-champs-season-5/0-6-4z5869806 ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 5''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Sa Re Ga Ma Pa (Tamil)}}
{{Zee Tamil shows}}
[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Tamil|Champs]]

Pranab Prakash Das

2026-04-24T18:21:53Z

Subhamaykarjee: created a info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Parameswar Sethi
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1972|05|04}}
| parents = [[Ashok Kumar Das]] (father) SandhyaRani Das (mother)
| relatives = Bhabha Prasad Das (brother) [[Arindam Ray]] (brother in law)
}}
'''Pranab Prakash Das''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a three time elected [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]], [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]], and [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Jajpur Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Jajpur Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/jajpur-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916679.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jajpur Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Jajpur Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/jajpur-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is son of [[Ashok Kumar Das]] former MLA from [[Korei Assembly constituency]].

== Personal life ==
Das was born on 4 May 1972 in a wealthy [[Karan (caste)|Zamindar Karan]] family to [[Ashok Kumar Das]] and SandhyaRani Das.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pranab Prakash Das(BJD):Constituency- JAJPUR(JAJPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/odisha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5577 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> His father Ashok Das was close aide of [[Biju Patnaik]] & also former leader of opposition during [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik|Janaki Ballabh Patnaik's]] government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-12-30 |title=Veteran JD(S) leader Ashok Das passes away |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/veteran-jd-s-leader-ashok-das-passes-away/story-4RgmuYoVyV4L91YFQAiyOM_amp.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105171510/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/veteran-jd-s-leader-ashok-das-passes-away/story-4RgmuYoVyV4L91YFQAiyOM_amp.html |archive-date=2022-01-05 |access-date=2025-01-22 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> Das's younger sister married to [[Arindam Roy|Arindam Ray]], an actor turned politician and one of the highest paid actor in [[Ollywood]] industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sourabha |title=Ollywood star Arindam ties knot with Odisha Min's sister |url=https://sambadenglish.com/ollywood-star-arindam-ties-knot-with-odisha-mins-sister/amp |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=sambadenglish.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Pranab Prakash}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

G. Mohan Kumar

2026-04-23T07:18:23Z

Subhamaykarjee: added new bio

{{Short description|Indian public official (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = G. Mohan Kumar
| office = 37th [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]] of India
| image = G. Mohan Kumar (2015).jpg
| caption = Kumar in 2015
| predecessor = [[Radha Krishna Mathur]]
| successor = [[Sanjay Mitra (civil servant)|Sanjay Mitra]]
| term_end = 24 May 2017
| term_start = 25 May 2015
| office2 = [[Secretary to Government of India|Steel Secretary]] of India
| predecessor2 =
| office1 = 37th [[Secretary to Government of India|Defence Production Secretary]] of India
| predecessor1 = G. C. Pati
| successor1 = Ashok Kumar Gupta
| term_end1 = 25 May 2015
| term_start1 = 1 September 2014
| term_end2 = 29 August 2014
| term_start2 = 3 September 2013
| successor2 =
| birth_name = Gopinathan Nair Mohan Kumar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1955|05|27}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gaodisha.gov.in/encroachment/cadre/USER_IAS_cader_view.php|title=IAS Cadre List|website=General Administration Department, [[Government of Odisha]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606011905/http://gaodisha.gov.in/encroachment/cadre/USER_IAS_cader_view.php|archive-date=6 June 2017|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]]
| occupation = Retired [[IAS officer]]
| spouse = Geetha
| children = 2
| parents = M. Gopinathan Nair Sarada
| relations = [[G. Suresh Kumar]] (brother), [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]] (sister-in-law), [[Keerthy Suresh]] (niece)
}}

'''G. Mohan Kumar''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Ji Mohan Kumār''; born 27 May 1955) is a retired 1979 batch [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] of [[Odisha]] cadre. He was the [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]] of India from 2015 to 2017. He also served as the [[Secretary to Government of India|Defence Production Secretary]] as well as the [[Secretary to Government of India|Steel Secretary]] of the country.

==Biography==
Kumar was born on 27 May 1955, to M. Gopinathan Nair, retired professor of NSS College Trivandrum, and Saradamma, Mohan Kumar studied at Government Model School Trivandrum during the 1960s, did his pre-degree at Arts College Trivandrum and BSc in Chemistry at University College Trivandrum. He was selected in the civil services while doing his MSc. Initially, he was selected in the IPS and in his next attempt, he was selected in the IAS cadre in 1979 and was allotted Odisha cadre.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150523/nation-current-affairs/article/family-elated-mohan-kumar’s-new-assignment|title=Family elated at Mohan Kumar's new assignment|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref>

Kumar is married to Geetha, a gynecologist in [[Sree Uthradam Thirunal Hospital]], [[Pattom]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The couple have two daughters. He is the elder brother of noted film actor and producer [[G. Suresh Kumar]], brother-in-law of erstwhile actress [[Menaka Suresh Kumar]] and paternal uncle of the popular film actress [[Keerthy Suresh]].

==Education==
G. Mohan Kumar is a [[Undergraduate education|graduate]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]]) and a [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] ([[Master of Science|MSc]]) in [[Chemistry]] from [[University College Thiruvananthapuram|University College]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14160&PageId=|title=G. Mohan Kumar - Executive Record Sheet|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=121977|title=G Mohan Kumar takes over as the new Defence Secretary|date=25 May 2018|website=[[Press Information Bureau of India]]|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150523/nation-current-affairs/article/family-elated-mohan-kumar%E2%80%99s-new-assignment|title=Family elated at Mohan Kumar's new assignment|date=23 May 2015|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|publication-place=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref> Kumar also has an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA degree]] from the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

==Career==
During the course of his career, Kumar served in various key positions for both the [[Government of India|Union Government]] and the [[Government of Odisha]], such as [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] (Fisheries and Animal Resources Development), Commissioner of Commercial Taxes, Chairman and Managing Director of [[Odisha State Road Transport Corporation]] (OSRTC), Inspector General of Registrations, Managing Director of Odisha Small Industries Corporation (OSIC), Secretary to the [[List of governors of Odisha|Governor of Odisha]], Chief Executive of Odisha Renewable Energy Development Authority, Managing Director of Odisha State Seeds Corporation (OSSC), and as the District Magistrate and Collector of Sambalpur district in the [[Government of Odisha|Odisha Government]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> and as the [[Defence Secretary (India)|Union Defence Secretary]], [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Defence Production Secretary]], [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Steel Secretary]], Special Secretary in the [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation|Ministry of Water Resources]] and as the Chairman of the [[Marine Products Export Development Authority]] in the [[Government of India]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

===Steel Secretary===
Kumar was appointed the [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Steel Secretary]] by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC), he assumed office on 3 September 2013,<ref name=":0" /> and demitted it on 29 August 2014.<ref name=":0" />

===Defence Production Secretary===
Kumar was appointed the [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Defence Production Secretary]] by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC), he assumed office on 1 September 2014,<ref name=":0" /> and demitted on 25 May 2015,<ref name=":0" /> when he was appointed the [[Defence Secretary (India)|Union Defence Secretary]].
[[File:G. M. Kumar, IAS, Manohar Parrikar and Subhash Ramrao Bhamre receiving Narendra Modi.jpg|left|thumb|269x269px|G. Mohan Kumar, [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] [[Manohar Parrikar]] and [[Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence]] Dr. [[Subhash Bhamre]] receiving [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]].]]
[[File:Defence Secretary G Mohan Kumar visiting INS Jalashwa.JPG|thumb|310x310px|G. Mohan Kumar (second-from-right), as [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]], being briefed by the officers of [[Indian Navy]], on his visit to [[INS Jalashwa (L41)|INS Jalashwa]].]]
[[File:U.S. Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel greets Indian Secretary of Defense Production G. Mohan Kumar as he arrives at the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., for a meeting, Sept 140922-F-DT527-017.jpg|left|thumb|284x284px|G. Mohan Kumar with the then [[United States Secretary of Defense]] [[Chuck Hagel]] in September 2014.]]

===Defence Secretary===
Kumar was appointed the [[Defence Secretary (India)|Union Defence Secretary]] by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC) in May 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mohan-Kumar-appointed-new-defence-secretary/articleshow/47386486.cms|title=Mohan Kumar appointed new defence secretary|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=22 May 2015|website=[[The Times of India]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=19 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/mohan-kumar-to-be-next-defence-secretary/|title=Mohan Kumar to be next Defence Secretary|date=23 May 2015|website=[[The Indian Express]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mohan-kumar-is-new-defence-secretary/article7236587.ece|title=Mohan Kumar is new Defence Secretary|date=23 May 2015|website=[[The Hindu]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/g-mohan-kumar-takes-over-as-defence-secretary-after-rk-mathur-ends-two-years-stint-2258744.html|title=G Mohan Kumar takes over as defence secretary after RK Mathur ends two years stint|date=22 May 2015|website=[[Firstpost]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref> he assumed the office of Defence Secretary on 25 May 2015,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/g-mohan-kumar-takes-charge-as-the-new-defence-secretary/articleshow/47419400.cms|title=G Mohan Kumar takes charge as the new Defence Secretary|date=25 May 2015|website=[[The Economic Times]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/g-mohan-kumar-takes-over-as-new-defence-secretary-115052500637_1.html|title=G. Mohan Kumar takes over as new defence secretary|date=25 May 2015|website=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref> and demitted it and simultaneously superannuated from service on 24 May 2017.<ref name=":0" />
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14160&PageId= Executive Record Sheet as maintained by Department of Personnel and Training of Government of India]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, G. Mohan}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Defence secretaries of India]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:District magistrate]]

Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:48Z

Subhamaykarjee: Done...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar
| map_image = 171-Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar.svg
| mla = [[Abu Azmi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Samajwadi Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North East]]
| established = 2008
| electors = 334,203
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 171
}}

'''Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western India.

==Overview==
Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar constituency is one of the 26 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar is a part of the [[Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Vikhroli Assembly constituency|Vikhroli]], [[Ghatkopar West Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar West]], [[Ghatkopar East Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar East]], [[Mulund Assembly constituency|Mulund]] and [[Bhandup West Assembly constituency|Bhandup West]] in the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name=ceo/>

[[Samajwadi Party]] MLA Shri [[Abu Azmi|Abu Asim Azmi]] had secured three consecutive wins in the Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar constituency facing tough competition with opposition parties like [[Shiv Sena]], [[Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi|Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi]], [[Indian National Congress]] and independent candidates like Mohammad Siraj Mohammad Iqbal.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/mankhurd-shivaji-nagar.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|rowspan=4|[[Abu Azmi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar<ref name="Maharashtra Assembly election 2024: Nawab Malik loses by huge margin while daughter Sana Malik poised to win">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Maharashtra Assembly election 2024: Nawab Malik loses by huge margin while daughter Sana Malik poised to win |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-election-2024-nawab-malik-loses-sana-malik-wins/article68902104.ece |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123152754/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-election-2024-nawab-malik-loses-sana-malik-wins/article68902104.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13171.htm |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123153121/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13171.htm |archive-date=23 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Abu Azmi|Abu Asim Azmi]] |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 54,780 |percentage = 31.60% |change={{decrease}}17.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ateeque Ahmad Khan |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 42,027 |percentage = 24.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suresh (Bullet) Patil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 35,263 |percentage = 20.34% |change={{decrease}}10.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Nawab Malik]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 15,501 |percentage = 8.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammed Siraj Shaikh |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 10,479 |percentage = 6.04% |change={{decrease}}1.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagadish Yashwant Khandekar |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,414 |percentage = 3.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waseem Javed Khan |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,689 |percentage = 2.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,213 |percentage = 0.70% |change={{decrease}}0.63 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,753 |percentage = 7.36% |change= {{decrease}}10.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 174,574 |percentage = 52.24% |change= {{increase}}5.40 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 173,361}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 334,203|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Samajwadi Party |loser = Samajwadi Party |swing= {{decrease}}17.22 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Abu Azmi|Abu Asim Azmi]] |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 69,082 |percentage = 48.82% |change={{increase}}15.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vithal Govind Lokare |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 43,481 |percentage = 30.73% |change={{increase}}5.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suraiya Akbar Shaikh |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 10,465 |percentage = 7.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammed Siraj Mohammed Iqbal Shaikh |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,789 |percentage = 6.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khot Ravindra Krishna |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,288 |percentage = 2.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Maruti (Dada) Dharma Gaikwad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,733 |percentage = 1.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,876 |percentage = 1.33% |change={{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khurshed Nazir Khan |party=Independent politician |votes = 949 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,601 |percentage = 18.09% |change= {{increase}}10.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 143,886 |percentage = 47.25% |change= {{increase}}5.57 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 141,515}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 304,526|ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Samajwadi Party |loser = Samajwadi Party |swing= {{increase}}15.85 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Abu Azmi|Abu Asim Azmi]] |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 41,719 |percentage = 32.97% |change={{decrease}}0.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suresh Krushnarao Patil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 31,782 |percentage = 25.12% |change={{increase}}18.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abrahani Yusuf |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,494 |percentage = 21.73% |change={{increase}}0.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajendra Waman Waghmare |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 5,632 |percentage = 4.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Altaf Kazi |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 4,505 |percentage = 3.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suhail Syed Ashraf |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,649 |percentage = 2.88% |change={{decrease}}16.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ranjeet Varma |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 3,108 |percentage = 2.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,338 |percentage = 1.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,937 |percentage = 7.85% |change= {{decrease}}4.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 127,894 |percentage = 41.33% |change= {{decrease}}1.28 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 126,543}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 309,419|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Samajwadi Party |loser = Samajwadi Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.68 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Abu Azmi|Abu Asim Azmi]] |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 38,435 |percentage = 33.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Syed Ahmed (politician)| Dr. Syed Ahmed]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,318 |percentage = 21.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Appasaheb Bhimrao Wagare |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 21,838 |percentage = 19.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Suresh Krishnarao |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,436 |percentage = 8.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shahid Reza Beg |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 6,991 |percentage = 6.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Singh Shailendra Singh Bakebizari |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,267 |percentage = 2.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Ramesh Suresh |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,580 |percentage = 1.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,117 |percentage = 12.36% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 114,221 |percentage = 42.17% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 114,221}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 270,843|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Samajwadi Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==Environment==
Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar has India's oldest and largest landfill, [[Deonar dumping ground|Deonar Dumping Ground]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-11-04|title=Deonar dump ready for Rs 5000-cr makeover|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/deonar-dump-ready-for-rs-5000-cr-makeover/|access-date=2022-01-01|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> It is used to dump the majority of solid waste of Mumbai which is causing various health issues in the region. The current MLA, [[Abu Azmi|Abu Azmi Azmi]], is fighting with the Maharashtra Government over stopping the dumping of solid waste at Deonar Dumping Ground.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/where-does-your-garbage-get-dumped-mr-abu-azmi/17070167 | title=Where does your garbage get dumped, Mr Abu Azmi? | date=25 March 2016 }}</ref> SMS Envoclean Pvt Ltd, Common Biomedical waste Treatment Plant is burning biomedical waste here, which is also dangerous for residents. An Organization Govandi New Sangam Welfare Society fighting in Bombay High Court to relocate that plant from Govandi to MIDC by means of Public Interest Litigation (PIL).

==See also==
* [[Mankhurd]]
* [[Deonar dumping ground|Deonar Dumping Ground]]
*[[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai Suburban district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19.065|72.924|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Shivaji]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Satyanarayan Pawar

2026-04-17T18:58:09Z

Subhamaykarjee: added new post - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Satyanarayan Asharamji Pawar
| occupation = [[Industrialist]]
| children = 2 sons, 3 daughters
| parents = Asharamji Pawar (father)
| birth_place = [[Ujjain]], [[Gwalior State]], [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]]
| birth_name = Satyanarayan Asharamji Pawar
| birth_date = 13 February 1944
| spouse = Smt. Basantibai Pawar (Married, 17 May 1967)
| source = http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3113.htm
| order =
| image = File:Satyanarayan Pawar.gif
| predecessor = [[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]
| caption = Satyanarayan Asharamji Pawar
| constituency = [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujjain]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[8th Lok Sabha]]
| country = [[India]]
| president = [[Zail Singh]]
| prime_minister = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| successor = [[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]
| term_end = 1989
| term_start = 1984
| vice_president = [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Satyanarayan Asharamji Pawar''' is an Indian politician, social worker and former [[Member of Parliament]] of [[8th Lok Sabha]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ujjain: Sadbhavana Diwas; Congress celebrates 77th birth anniversary of Ex-Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/ujjain-sadbhavana-diwas-congress-celebrates-77th-birth-anniversary-of-ex-prime-minister-rajiv-gandhi|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-14|title=उज्जैन लोकसभा सीट: बीजेपी का गढ़ रही धार्मिक नगरी की क्या है स्थिति|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/ujjain-madhya-pradesh-constituency-profile-of-ujjain-loksabha-seat-mpgp-1994821.html|access-date=2022-02-13|website=News18 हिंदी|language=hi}}</ref>

Pawar belongs to [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=करौली. उज्जैन के पूर्व सांसद एवं कोली समाज के राष्ट्रीय |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar|Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/latest-karauli-news-042003-2150116.html |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref> in June 2022, he was appointed as head of [[All India Congress Committee|Central Election Committee]] by [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ujjain Municipal Corporation election; Congress candidate Parmar files nomination without pomp & show |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/ujjain-municipal-corporation-election-congress-candidate-parmar-files-nomination-without-pomp-show |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Ujjain]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Diesel (2025 film)

2026-04-17T12:10:23Z

Subhamaykarjee:

{{short description|2025 Indian film by Shanmugam Muthusamy}}
{{Long plot|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Diesel (2025 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Shanmugam Muthusamy
| writer = Shanmugam Muthusamy
| producer = Devarajulu Markandeyan SP Sankar Kishore. S
| starring = [[Harish Kalyan]] [[Vinay Rai]] [[Athulya Ravi]] [[P. Sai Kumar]]
| cinematography = [[M. S. Prabhu]] [[Richard M. Nathan]]
| editing = San Lokesh
| music = [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
| studio = Third Eye Entertainment SP Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|2025|10|17|df=yes}}
| runtime = 144 minutes<ref>{{cite web |title=Diesel |url=https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMzI2MDkyMDI1MDAwNjY= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260126044849/https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMzI2MDkyMDI1MDAwNjY= |archive-date=26 January 2026 |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Diesel''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama|action thriller]] film written and directed by Shanmugam Muthusamy in his directorial debut and produced by Third Eye Entertainment and SP Cinemas. The film stars [[Harish Kalyan]], [[Athulya Ravi]] and [[Vinay Rai]] in the lead roles with [[Vivek Prasanna]] as the antagonist with an ensemble cast consisting of [[P. Sai Kumar]], [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]], [[Karunas]], [[Ramesh Thilak]], [[Kaali Venkat]], [[Sachin Khedekar]], [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]], [[Thangadurai (actor)|Thangadurai]], and [[Dheena (actor)|KPY Dheena]] in pivotal roles.

The film was officially announced in December 2021. [[Principal photography]] commenced later the same month and wrapped in November 2023. The music was composed by [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]], with cinematography handled by [[M. S. Prabhu]] and [[Richard M. Nathan]]; and editing by San Lokesh. ''Diesel'' was theatrically released on 17 October 2025, coinciding with [[Diwali]].

== Plot ==
In 1979, a {{convert|17|km}} pipeline was installed to transport crude oil, crossing 40 villages and connecting [[Chennai Port|Chennai Harbour]] and [[Ennore]], with the OPC crude oil storage unit. The natives resisted, fearing it would harm their livelihoods and held protests, but the government used its authority by killing two organizers, effectively ending the protests. Manoharan, one of the organizers, secretly tapped the pipeline and began illicitly smuggling crude oil, using the money to benefit the community without revealing his identity. Years later, Manoharan's adopted son, Vasudevan "Diesel Vasu", a chemical engineer, expanded the illicit trade by transporting it to Pathaan's Mumbai refinery, with bribed government officials turning a blind eye. The refined petrol and diesel were then mixed with the legal supply and distributed in Chennai. Vasu further expanded the operation by disguising [[White petrolatum|white petrol]] as ice cubes to evade police detection and channelled the money for welfare activities through his friend, Sedrayan "Jettu".

[[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Mayavel, a ruthless officer, takes bribes from Manoharan, but often clashes with Vasu. Balamurugan, with Mayavel's backing, starts stealing from lorries by bribing drivers, adulterating fuel with coloured water. The adulterated petrol damages vehicle engines, prompting police to investigate the supplying pumps. Vasu discovers Balamurugan's involvement and warns lorry owners. Balamurugan retaliates, using political influence to send a councillor to threaten Vasu, but Vasu resists. A meeting is arranged between Manoharan, Mayavel, Balamurugan, and oil syndicate members. Mayavel threatens to halt Manoharan's dealings unless Balamurugan's business is allowed, challenging anyone to stop Balamurugan from tapping crude oil like Manoharan. Manoharan's oil tankers are confiscated, angering Vasu, who steals Mayavel's jeep to threaten him, despite Manoharan's warnings to stay calm. Mayavel faces heat from superiors and, enraged, attacks Vasu, but Vasu retaliates, severely injuring Mayavel.

Police hunt Vasu, and Manoharan sends Vasu to his friend, Pottu Sekar's custody, but Sekar's wife, Kayal, opposes sheltering Vasu. Vasu and his friend Murthy hide in a mid-ocean boat. Malar, a law student, tests her dream of a mermaid saving her by going into the ocean. When her boat stops for repairs, she falls in, and Vasu rescues her. She learns about Vasu's biological parents, Dillibabu and Neelam, and is surprised when Neelam appears as a mermaid in her dreams. Vasu reveals his past, Dillibabu is Manoharan's best friend who later adopted Vasu after he is killed by police during crude oil smuggling caused by Balamurugan's father while Neelam died due to tsunami thinking about her husband. Malar confesses her love for Vasu. Mayavel recovers and starts his killing spree, humiliating and arresting Manoharan, and sealing his petrol pump. Vasu remains unaware in the ocean, while Balamurugan clears Vasu's slum settlements and takes control of the oil syndicate, bribing and threatening members. Following Jettu's warning about the police, Vasu moves to [[Kakinada Port|Kakinada port]] after sending Malar and friends back to land. Balamurugan brutally kills Jettu and excessively taps around 2 crore litres of oil, prompting a probe under Rudraksh Bhatia, Chief Secretary. Mayavel exploits fishermen's hatred towards Manoharan, learning Vasu's whereabouts, but Vasu and Murthy narrowly escape Mayavel's check and reach [[Chennai]].

Vasu learns of Jettu's death and that they unknowingly travelled with his corpse the previous night. He also discovers Manoharan's arrest and Pathaan's mastermind behind it. Earlier, Pathaan had stated that by bribing the government, he had kept the pipeline open, aiming to build a private Chennai port, with plans to vacate the 5,000-acre area occupied by slum residents. Manoharan severs his ties with Pathaan, while Manoharan had asked not to disclose his arrest to Vasu, fearing for his safety if he returns to Chennai. Manoharan's lawyer, Namachivayam, refuses help, angered by Malar's love for Vasu. Pottu Sekar motivates Vasu to find the missing 2 crore litres of crude oil to expose Pathaan's misdeeds. Rudraksh Bhatia and his team begin their probe, while Vasu apprehends corrupt oil transport in-charge Moorthy, learning Pathaan's plan: moving into battery technology, using surplus [[Lithium]] from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], aiming to lead global battery manufacturing. Since Pathaan needs a harbour for business ease, he looted crude oil, hoarding it secretly to make people switch to his batteries.

Malar secures Lawyer Srinivasan to bail Manoharan out. Mayavel's plans to murder Manoharan in court are thwarted by Vasu after receiving information from Malar. Mayavel humiliates Balamurugan in front of Mahi after learning his side-deal with Pathaan. Vasu deduces that the stolen crude oil is stored in an unused nearby water pipeline and shares this with the slum people. The slum people gain trust in Vasu, realising his past welfare funding through Jettu. Vasu makes the slum women protest by asking for water supply through the idle pipeline by blocking the highways, and makes the slum men block ship entries into Chennai harbour with their boats. Vasu offers Rudraksh Bhatia help retrieve the crude oil and begins to reveal Balamurugan's oil smuggling activities. Fuel scarcity increases, causing concerns, inflation, and daily activities grind to a halt. Pathaan contacts the Union Home Minister to stop the fishermen's protests, and the Union Minister orders Rudraksh Bhatia to halt the probe. Angered, he demands that Vasu reveal the oil's location. In return, Vasu demands Manoharan's release and remove the crude oil pipeline.

Rudraksh Bhatia has Vasu share his demands with the media, showcasing a viral video highlighting the slum's miseries due to the pipeline and effluents. The video sparks public outrage, temporarily suspending Pathaan's private harbour project and triggering inspections at his refinery. Meanwhile, Manoharan is bailed out, and the Chief Minister orders negotiation talks with the protesting slum women. Manoharan's aid to Mahi's toddler reaching the hospital prompts Mahi to rebuke Mayavel's revenge mode. Realizing Balamurugan's manipulation, Mayavel orders him to release the hoarded crude oil, but Pathaan refuses, ordering the control or destruction of the oil and protesters. Vasu has already secretly transferred it via barrels with Bhoominathan's help, moving it to fishermen's boats in the harbour. Police attack the protesting women, and goons target Manoharan simultaneously. Mayavel and Vasu intervene, stopping the brutality, but Bhoominathan is killed in the shootout. Manoharan is killed by Balamurugan, avenging his father, who was killed by Manoharan.

Enraged by the missing crude oil, Balamurugan orders Vasu's death. Pathaan's oil industries are permanently shut down for illicit hoarding, and his harbour is temporarily banned. Vasu is punished with a 2-year sentence for illicit trade and released. The court orders the OPC oil plant and pipeline's permanent removal, restoring slum and fishing activities after 40 years. The film ends with Vasu revealing he killed Balamurugan and his men before serving his prison term, avenging Manoharan's death.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Harish Kalyan]] as Vasudevan "Vasu"
* [[Athulya Ravi]] as Malar ([[Voice-over|Voice dubbed]] by [[Raveena Ravi]])
* [[P. Sai Kumar]] as Manoharan
* [[Vinay Rai]] as [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Mayavel
* [[Karunas]] as Pottu Sekar
* [[Vivek Prasanna]] as Balamurugan
* [[Rishi Rithvik]] as Dillibabu, Manoharan's best friend and Vasu's father
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Pathaan
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Prakash Bhatia, Chief Secretary, OPC Limited
* [[Dheena (actor)|KPY Dheena]] as Murthy
* [[Thangadurai (actor)|Thangadurai]] as Thimingalam
* [[Lollu Sabha Maaran]] as an Advocate Srinivasan
* [[G. Marimuthu]] as Advocate Namachivayam, Malar's father
* [[Subramaniam Siva]] as a [[Councillor]]
* [[Kaali Venkat]] as Bhoominathan, Dillibabu's friend
* [[Prem Kumar (Tamil actor)|Prem Kumar]] as Abdulla, police officer
* [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]] as Mahi, Mayavel's wife
* Surekha Vani as Malar's mother
* [[Vinod Sagar]] as Manoharan's employee
* Ravi Venkatraman as Moorthy, OPC oil transport in charge
* Mathew Varghese as an enquiry officer
* Ajith Koshy as Nedumaran, police officer
* George Vijay Nelson as George, OPC plant officer
* [[A. Govindamoorthy|Pichaikaaran Moorthy]] as Vasu's relative
* [[Munnar Ramesh]] as Vasu's relative
* [[Saravana Sakthi]] as a petrol pump owner
* Subatra Robert as Kayal, Pottu Sekar's wife
* Saranya Ravichandran as Jettu's wife
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Ramesh Thilak]] as Sedrayan "Jettu"
* [[Viji Chandrasekhar]] as an enquiry officer
* [[Stunt Silva]] as Jagan Reddy
* [[Bose Venkat]] as Thirumalai, Tamil Nadu state minister
* [[Aruldoss]] as a Tamil Nadu state minister
* [[Subbu Panchu]] as Tamilarasan [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
* [[Thirumurugan (actor)|Thirumurugan]] as Sivaputhran
* Kumar Natarajan as a Union Minister
* Gopi Kannadasan as a Navy officer
* Apoorva Singh as Neelam, Vasu's mother
* Suma as Union Home Minister
* L. Devadharshan
* Satheeshan Kanjikuzhi
* [[Vetrimaaran]] as the narrator
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In December 2021, [[Harish Kalyan]] who was last seen in ''[[Oh Manapenne!]]'' (2021) was announced to collaborate with Shanmugam Muthusamy for his next film titled pairing with [[Athulya Ravi]] as the lead actress.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=13 December 2021 |title=Harish Kalyan to play a gangster in his next |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/Dec/13/harish-kalyanto-play-a-gangsterin-his-next-2394822.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214084625/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/Dec/13/harish-kalyanto-play-a-gangsterin-his-next-2394822.html |archive-date=14 February 2025 |access-date=8 November 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was produced by Devarajulu Markandeyan, SP Sankar, Kishore. S under his Third Eye Entertainment and SP Cinemas, while the technical team consists of cinematographers [[Richard M. Nathan]] and [[M. S. Prabhu]], editor San Lokesh<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2024 |title=New poster of Harish Kalyan's Diesel out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/29/new-poster-of-harish-kalyans-diesel-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317191317/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/29/new-poster-of-harish-kalyans-diesel-out |archive-date=17 March 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and action choreographers [[Stunt Silva]] and Rajasekhar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2025 |title=Diesel teaser: Harish Kalyan fights the system in this actioner; release date out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/27/diesel-teaser-harish-kalyan-fights-the-system-in-this-actioner-release-date-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008054701/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/27/diesel-teaser-harish-kalyan-fights-the-system-in-this-actioner-release-date-out |archive-date=8 October 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> A first look revealing the title as ''Diesel'' was unveiled in June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2022 |title=சண்முகம் முத்துசாமி இயக்கத்தில் 'டீசல்' - ஆக்‌ஷனில் இறங்கும் ஹரீஷ் கல்யாண் |trans-title=Harish Kalyan to venture into action in Shanmugam Muthusamy's ''Diesel'' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/819822-harish-kalyan-next-movie-diesel-first-look-released.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201111217/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/819822-harish-kalyan-next-movie-diesel-first-look-released.html |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began in December 2021 and took place in locations like [[Chennai]] and [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2022 |title=Harish Kalyan, Athulyaa's film titled 'Diesel'; First-look posters out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-athulyaas-film-titled-diesel-first-look-posters-out/articleshow/92522846.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134022/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-athulyaas-film-titled-diesel-first-look-posters-out/articleshow/92522846.cms |archive-date=4 November 2022 |access-date=29 August 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> By mid-2022, the filming was ongoing in [[Pondicherry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2022 |title=Diesel is a kind of script that no actor wants to miss: Harish Kalyan |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/diesel-is-a-kind-of-script-that-no-actor-wants-to-miss-harish-kalyan/2862b22618624 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008212030/https://www.ottplay.com/news/diesel-is-a-kind-of-script-that-no-actor-wants-to-miss-harish-kalyan/2862b22618624 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> In an interview, Athulya mentioned that the filming took place in [[Cuddalore]] for around 10 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=14 December 2022 |title=Location Diaries: Athulya Ravi for Diesel- A sea of experience |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2022/Dec/14/location-diaries-athulya-ravi-for-diesel-a-sea-of-experience-37710.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007115735/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2022/Dec/14/location-diaries-athulya-ravi-for-diesel-a-sea-of-experience-37710.html |archive-date=7 October 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> By mid-November 2022, it was reported that the filming was nearing completion.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 November 2022 |title=Harish Kalyan & Athulyaa starrer 'Diesel' nearing completion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-athulyaa-starrer-diesel-nearing-completion/articleshow/95551478.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809174242/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-athulyaa-starrer-diesel-nearing-completion/articleshow/95551478.cms |archive-date=9 August 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The pre-climax sequence showcasing a protest was shot with around 500 junior artists.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2023 |title=Shoot at Site: Harish Kalyan turns into an action hero in 'Diesel' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shoot-at-site-harish-kalyan-turns-into-an-action-hero-in-diesel/articleshow/105088824.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250827124026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shoot-at-site-harish-kalyan-turns-into-an-action-hero-in-diesel/articleshow/105088824.cms |archive-date=27 August 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The entire filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] in mid-November 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 November 2023 |title=Harish Kalyan and Athulyaa Ravi's 'Diesel' shooting wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-and-athulyaa-ravis-diesel-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/105163484.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515102252/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-and-athulyaa-ravis-diesel-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/105163484.cms |archive-date=15 May 2024 |access-date=29 August 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Diesel
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
| prev_title = [[ARM (film)|Ajayante Randam Moshanam]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2025
| next_title = [[Mr. X (2026 film)|Mr. X]]
| next_year = 2026
| chronology = [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
| misc = {{Singles
|name = Diesel
|type = soundtrack
|single1 = Beer Song
|single1date = 10 February 2023
|single2 = Dillubaru Aaja
|single2date = 18 February 2025
|single3 = Aaruyire
|single3date = 3 October 2025
}}
}}

The film has music composed by [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2025 |title=Harish Kalyan grooves to STR's Dillubaru Aaja |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/harish-kalyan-grooves-to-strs-dillubaru-aaja-823523 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708074623/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/harish-kalyan-grooves-to-strs-dillubaru-aaja-823523 |archive-date=8 July 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> The first single titled "Beer Song" was released on 10 February 2023 to become an instant hit for its orchestration, lyrics and choreography.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=10 February 2023 |title=Beer Song: This romantic track from Harish Kalyan, Athulya Ravi's Diesel is an instantly likeable melody |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/beer-song-this-romantic-track-from-harish-kalyan-athulya-ravis-diesel-is-an-instantly-likeable-melody/7ddfb0a204670 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620200354/https://www.ottplay.com/news/beer-song-this-romantic-track-from-harish-kalyan-athulya-ravis-diesel-is-an-instantly-likeable-melody/7ddfb0a204670 |archive-date=20 June 2024 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> The second single titled "Dillubaru Aaja" sung by [[Silambarasan]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2025 |title='Diesel' second single 'Dillubaru Aaja': The song from the Harish Kalyan starrer gets fan grooving – WATCH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/diesel-second-single-dillubaru-aaja-the-song-from-the-harish-kalyan-starrer-gets-fan-grooving-watch/articleshow/118358538.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416135308/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/diesel-second-single-dillubaru-aaja-the-song-from-the-harish-kalyan-starrer-gets-fan-grooving-watch/articleshow/118358538.cms |archive-date=16 April 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> and [[Shweta Mohan]] was released on 18 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ashwin |date=18 February 2025 |title=Diesel's peppy second single 'Dillubaru Aaja' features vocals by Silambarasan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/18/diesels-peppy-second-single-dillubaru-aaja-features-vocals-by-silambarasan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620103450/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/18/diesels-peppy-second-single-dillubaru-aaja-features-vocals-by-silambarasan |archive-date=20 June 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The third single titled "Aaruyire" was released on 3 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=3 October 2025 |title=Diesel's third single 'Aaruyire' is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/03/diesels-third-single-aaruyire-is-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007220255/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/03/diesels-third-single-aaruyire-is-out |archive-date=7 October 2025 |access-date=3 October 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aaruyire
| lyrics1 = [[Mohan Rajan]]
| length1 = 02:08
| extra1 = [[Ravi G]]
| title2 = Dillubaru Aaja
| lyrics2 = Rokesh & GKB
| length2 = 04:38
| extra2 = [[Silambarasan]] & [[Shweta Mohan]]
| title3 = King Diesel
| lyrics3 = Mohan Rajan & [[Amogh Balaji]]
| extra3 = [[Arivu]] & Amogh Balaji
| length3 = 03:02
| title4 = Beer Song
| lyrics4 = [[Rokesh]]
| extra4 = [[Gana Guna]]
| length4 = 03:16
| title5 = Aaruyire
| lyrics5 = Mohan Rajan
| extra5 = [[Harish Kalyan]]
| note5 = reprise
| length5 = 02:08
| total_length = 15:12
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Diesel'' was theatrically released on 17 October 2025, coinciding with [[Diwali]], clashing with ''[[Bison Kaalamaadan]]'' and [[Dude (2025 film)|''Dude'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2025 |title=Harish-starrer Diesel joins Deepavali race |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/harish-starrer-diesel-joins-deepavali-race-844746 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829235851/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/harish-starrer-diesel-joins-deepavali-race-844746 |archive-date=29 August 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=ப்ரியா |date=29 August 2025 |title=தீபாவளி வெளியீட்டில் இணைந்தது 'டீசல்' |trans-title=''Diesel'' joins the Diwali race |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1374674-harish-kalyan-film-diesel-to-release-on-diwali-2025.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250912132007/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1374674-harish-kalyan-film-diesel-to-release-on-diwali-2025.html |archive-date=12 September 2025 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> Apart from the original Tamil version, dubbed versions in Telugu and Hindi were planned.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=Makers release a new poster of Harish Kalyan from Diesel |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Jun/29/makers-release-a-new-poster-of-harish-kalyan-from-diesel-45087.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908152629/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Jun/29/makers-release-a-new-poster-of-harish-kalyan-from-diesel-45087.html |archive-date=8 September 2024 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film began streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]] and SimplySouth from 21 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2025 |title='Diesel' OTT release date confrmed: When and where to watch Harish Kalyan's action entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/diesel-ott-release-date-confrmed-when-and-where-to-watch-harish-kalyans-action-entertainer/articleshow/125430853.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228093544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/diesel-ott-release-date-confrmed-when-and-where-to-watch-harish-kalyans-action-entertainer/articleshow/125430853.cms |archive-date=28 February 2026 |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Except nothing ever catches fire. The film plods through its conflicts with a flatness that simply goes through the motions. [...] Harish Kalyan has the looks and the chops that help with screen presence. He's lively and really carries the movie. Vinay Rai plays a steely antagonist, and Karunas lends good support."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Abhinav |date=17 October 2025 |title=Diesel Movie Review: The story that never catches fire |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/diesel/movie-review/124621534.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017134647/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/diesel/movie-review/124621534.cms |archive-date=17 October 2025 |access-date=17 October 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Akshay Kumar of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Diesel is a movie that requires caution regarding its expectations, and it succeeds in parts. The genuine efforts to showcase the struggles in fishermen's livelihood and their living are also worth plaudits. But the poor writing choices create a disconnect between commercial appeal and the story's needs."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=17 October 2025 |title=Diesel Movie Review: Stutters and chugs along despite a full tank |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Oct/17/diesel-movie-review-stutters-and-chugs-along-despite-a-full-tank |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251106213503/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Oct/17/diesel-movie-review-stutters-and-chugs-along-despite-a-full-tank |archive-date=6 November 2025 |access-date=17 October 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "'Diesel' squanders a potentially explosive premise about fishing communities and crude oil theft by drowning it in borrowed ideas, shoddy execution, and technical incompetence."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=17 October 2025 |title=Diesel review: Harish Kalyan's film fails to ignite despite strong premise |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/diesel-movie-review-harish-kalyan-crude-oil-smuggling-fishing-community-2804438-2025-10-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115034101/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/diesel-movie-review-harish-kalyan-crude-oil-smuggling-fishing-community-2804438-2025-10-17 |archive-date=15 November 2025 |access-date=17 October 2025 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Diesel unfortunately becomes a disappointing watch. With too many elements, and deviations in form of unwanted romance and comedy, the focus for Diesel is lost in translation."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=17 October 2025 |title=Diesel review: Harish Kalyan film with lackluster writing is like seized engine |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/diesel-movie-review-harish-kalyan-film-with-lackluster-writing-is-like-a-seized-engine-with-no-returns/b47524299346 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251110134852/https://www.ottplay.com/review/diesel-movie-review-harish-kalyan-film-with-lackluster-writing-is-like-a-seized-engine-with-no-returns/b47524299346 |archive-date=10 November 2025 |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Diesel is a forgettable outing for Harish Kalyan, but you can't help but appreciate the actor for the effort he puts in this all-new space. [...] However, this engine needed more ignition and less imitation of a formula, and perhaps a convincing re-draft and some trust in the audience could have made Harish's efforts worthwhile."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=17 October 2025 |title='Diesel' movie review: Harish Kalyan's ambitious pivot stalls after ignition |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/diesel-movie-review-harish-kalyans-ambitious-pivot-stalls-after-ignition/article70175105.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017123917/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/diesel-movie-review-harish-kalyans-ambitious-pivot-stalls-after-ignition/article70175105.ece |archive-date=17 October 2025 |access-date=17 October 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Prathyush Parasuraman of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote, "What really troubled me was despite the apparent years swallowed by this film's production, it has this fractured texture, where action and reaction feel divorced, as though they do not belong to the same motion. As though the lips and words do not belong to the same dialogue".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parasuraman |first=Prathyush |date=17 October 2025 |title='Diesel' Movie Review: Harish Kalyan Anchors A Lost, Lazy Film |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/diesel-movie-review-harish-kalyan-anchors-a-lost-lazy-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017085527/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/diesel-movie-review-harish-kalyan-anchors-a-lost-lazy-film |archive-date=17 October 2025 |access-date=17 October 2025 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
In India, ''Diesel'' was released alongside ''Dude'' and ''Bison Kaalamaadan''. It opened to {{INRConvert|40|l|year=2025}} domestically, the lowest among the releases.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2025 |title=பைசன், டியூட், டீசல் முதல்நாள் வசூல்... தீபாவளி வெற்றியாளர் யார்? |trans-title=The first day collections of ''Bison'', ''Dude'' and ''Diesel''... Who is the Diwali winner? |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Oct/18/bison-dude-diesel-films-first-day-collection-details-who-is-the-winner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114203112/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Oct/18/bison-dude-diesel-films-first-day-collection-details-who-is-the-winner |archive-date=14 November 2025 |access-date=18 October 2025 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about economic crises]]
[[Category:Films about fishermen]]
[[Category:Films about petroleum]]
[[Category:Films about public opinion]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Prosit Roy

2026-04-16T11:11:34Z

Subhamaykarjee: created article

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prosit Roy
| image = [[File:Prosit Roy.jpg|Prosit Roy]]
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| occupation = Director, producer
| years_active = 2008
}}

'''Prosit Roy''' is an Indian film director, producer and screenwriter. He made his directorial debut in the supernatural horror film [[Pari (2018 Indian film)|''Pari'']] (2018), starring [[Anushka Sharma]], for her production company [[Clean Slate Films]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prosit Roy|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2583101/|access-date=2020-08-02|website=IMDb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Prosit Roy - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/prosit-roy/1083635|access-date=2020-08-02|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Roy was born and brought up in [[Kolkata]], India. Roy belongs to a culturally rooted Bengali family. He hails from a family of performers starting with his grandfather, Pronab Roy, who was a writer and a lyricist. His father is a music professional, and his mother is a dance performer who has performed with [[Uday Shankar]] in the past. He completed his schooling from [[Nava Nalanda High School]] in South Kolkata and earned a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] (B.com) from the prestigious South City College. He is a graduate of the [[University of Calcutta]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

== Career ==
Roy's interest for story telling in his formative years led him to explore the [[film industry]] in Kolkata. Driven by his passion for feature films and the desire to reach a wider audience he moved to [[Mumbai]] to work on professional film sets for training.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Roy has worked with many directors in the past and production houses. He has worked as a director alongside Bollywood big names like [[Vishal Bhardwaj]], [[Ashutosh Gowariker]], [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]] and [[Abbas Tyrewala]] just to name a few. Prosit Roy made his Bollywood debut with the 2008 film ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]'' as an [[assistant director]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Roy directed a short film, Bloody Mustache in 2015. Made on a shoestring budget, Bloody Mustache won acclaim and accolades at various domestic and international film festivals including the [[New York Indian Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-13|title=Turn of Phrase|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/turn-of-phrase/|access-date=2020-08-02|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Bloody Moustache|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4229668/|access-date=2020-08-02}}</ref> He then moved on to direct [[Pari (2018 Indian film)|''Pari'']] – a horror film starring [[Anushka Sharma]], produced by her company [[Clean Slate Filmz]] in 2018. The film won acclaim and was touted to be a trendsetter in the horror film genre of Bollywood.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-03-02|title=Movie Review: Pari|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/review-pari-anushka-sharma-idUSKCN1GE0IS|access-date=2020-08-02}}</ref> He also co-directed the [[Amazon Prime|Amazon Original]] crime thriller web series "[[Paatal Lok]]", which released on 15 May 2020 along with [[Avinash Arun]], created by Sudip Sharma and produced by Anushka Sharma's [[Clean Slate Filmz]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Paatal Lok': 5 interesting revelations from Anushka Sharma produced series trailer {{!}} Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/photo-gallery-paatal-lok-5-interesting-revelations-from-anushka-sharma-produced-series-trailer-2823710|access-date=2020-08-02|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> The web series has been touted as "the best Indian web-series"<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-27|title=Top 5 Indian web series of 2020 so far|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/top-5-indian-web-series-of-2020-so-far-6474099/|access-date=2020-08-02|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> and won rave reviews across the critics and audience. It won the [[Filmfare OTT Awards]] for Best Series among other accolades.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2020: Big Night For Paatal Lok And The Family Man. Complete List Of Winners|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmfare-ott-awards-2020-paatal-lok-off-to-a-great-start-list-of-winners-2340941|access-date=2021-02-27|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Nominations and awards ==
Prosit Roy has been nominated for the [[Screen Awards|Star Screen Awards]], [[Filmfare Awards]] & by [[Zee Cine Awards]] in 2019 as the Most Promising Debut Director & Best Debut Director for his movie [[Pari (2018 Indian film)|''Pari'']] (2018).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prosit Roy|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2583101/awards|access-date=2020-08-02|website=IMDb}}</ref> He won the [[Filmfare OTT Awards]] for Best Director for the series "[[Paatal Lok]]" in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners of Flyx Filmfare OTT Awards 2020|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2020/winners|access-date=2021-02-27|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Director !! Assistant Director !! Associate Director !! Producer !! Writer
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
| 2009 || ''[[What's Your Raashee?|What's your Raashee]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Ek Thi Daayan]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
| 2015 || ''[[All Is Well (2015 film)|All Is Well]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
| 2015 || ''Bloody Moustache'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}|| {{no}}|| {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Phillauri (film)|Phillauri]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Pari (2018 Indian film)|Pari]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}|| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
|TBA || ''[[Chakda 'Xpress]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|}

== Series ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Director !! Producer !! Writer !! Online Streaming Platform
|-
| 2015 || ''Tanlines''|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || [[SonyLIV|Sony Liv]]
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Paatal Lok]]''|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || [[Amazon Prime]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Prosit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Paayum Puli (2015 film)

2026-04-13T16:03:08Z

Subhamaykarjee:

{{short description|2015 film by Suseenthiran}}
{{About|the 2015 film|the 1983 film|Paayum Puli (1983 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Paayum Puli
| image = Paayum Puli 2015.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster of Tamil version
| director = [[Suseenthiran]]
| producer = S. Madhan
| writer = Suseenthiran Arun Balaji Amudeshiver '''(Dialogues)'''
| starring = [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] [[Kajal Aggarwal]] [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] [[Samuthirakani]]
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| cinematography = [[Velraj]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| studio = [[Vendhar Movies]]
| distributor = [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]] Frames Inevitable
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|09|4}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}25 crore<ref name="budget">{{Cite web |last=H. Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=3 September 2015 |title=Box Office Prediction: 'Dynamite', 'Bhale Bhale Magadivoy', 'Jayasurya' Set to Clash this Week |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-prediction-dynamite-bhale-bhale-magadivoy-jayasurya-set-clash-this-week-645302 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903152900/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-prediction-dynamite-bhale-bhale-magadivoy-jayasurya-set-clash-this-week-645302 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=[[International Business Times]] India}}</ref>
}}

'''''Paayum Puli''''' (pouncing tiger/tiger will pounce) is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[action-thriller|action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Suseenthiran]] starring [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] and [[Kajal Aggarwal]], with [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] and [[Samuthirakani]] in supporting roles. The film was produced by [[Vendhar Movies]] and distributed by [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]]. Music for the film was composed by [[D. Imman]]. The cinematography was handled by [[Velraj]] and the editing done by [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]].

Principal photography commenced on 4 March 2015 and lasted for four months. ''Paayum Puli'' was shot predominantly in and around [[Chennai]] and other parts of [[Tamil Nadu]] in 75 working days. The film was released on 4 September 2015 worldwide in its Tamil version as ''Paayum Puli'' and in its Telugu version as ''Jayasurya''.

==Plot==
In [[Madurai]], a gang kidnaps top businessmen in the city and demands a sum of {{INRConvert|2|c}} for their release or the victims will be killed. The dead bodies are placed beneath a bridge. Bhavani and Lal are the main culprits behind the kidnaps. [[sub-inspector|SI]] Albert cracks the case and encounters the kidnappers involved in the kidnap, but gets publicly killed by Bhavani. Jayaseelan is the new [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] who gets deputed in Madurai, and is appointed by the special branch to eliminate Bhavani and his gang in police encounters. He also lives with his father, mother and his brother Selvam. Murugesan is the head constable and a close friend of Jayaseelan.

Meanwhile, Jayaseelan meets Sowmya and falls in love with her. Later, Jayaseelan pretends to hold a meeting with Bhavani and his gang to finalize his commission so he will never interfere in their illegal activities, where he encounters two of Bhavani's men. Bhavani is frightened, knowing that someone has set an eye on him that and he will be the next target. Jayaseelan tracks down Bhavani and kills him. Just before dying, Bhavani challenges Jayaseelan that all of the kidnapping incidents will continue after his death, which leaves Jayaseelan puzzled. It is later revealed that Selvam is actually the mastermind behind all the kidnapping incidents, and is the close friend of Lal. Both are involved in planning the kidnappings and murdering the businessmen, while Bhavani is involved only to execute the plan.

'''Past''': Jayaseelan and Selvam's grandfather Ramasamy is a famous freedom fighter, and is widely respected by the local people. He also serves as a minister for 4 terms and is known for his genuineness and loyalty. However, Ramasamy's son Kumarasamy (Jayaseelan and Selvam's father) is not interested in politics and preferred to stay away from all politics following his father's death. Singarasu, a local politician and Kumarasamy's cousin, decides to bank on Ramasamy's political support for his victory. Singarasu convinces Selvam to support his party, for which Selvam agrees. Singarasu won in the election, became an [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] and a minister for 5 years.

Selvam is encouraged by a few party men to contest for the same MLA seat during the next election, but Singarasu is the man behind the plan and wants to defeat Selvam to show his power. Selvam trusts a few friends, but later understands Singarasu's plan and loses the election, as Singarasu provided money to vote for him to the public. This enrages Selvam, and decides to earn money and use it for election purposes. He makes his lawyer friend Pankaj Lal to earn Singarasu's confidence and collect all the information about his illegal activities, while they also heavily involve in kidnapping rich businessmen in the city and demanding money.

'''Present''': Selvam knows that Jayaseelan is handling the kidnap case. and closely monitors his moves. Sowmya's father, Lakshmi Narayanan, is kidnapped by Selvam and his men demanding money. Narayanan hands the money to Selvam, who appears with a mask in front of him, while collecting the money. The next day, a meeting is arranged between Jayaseelan and Sowmya's family members to discuss their marriage proposal. At that time, Narayanan observes Selvam's mannerisms and doubts that he could be the one who kidnapped him. Selvam understands that Narayanan's suspicion and decides to kill him before he could contact Jayaseelan. Narayanan requests Jayaseelan to meet him immediately, but he ends up being killed by Selvam before that ever happened.

Jayaseelan formulates a plan to find the culprit, where he decides to tap the mobile phones of all the leading businessmen in Madurai so that he can get to know if the kidnapper calls any of them demanding money. A special team is set up to find the persons involved in phone tapping. A businessman gets a call demanding money, and Jayaseelan decides to follow the person without anyone's knowledge. While the businessman is about to hand over the money to Selvam and Lal, Jayaseelan interferes. Selvam and Lal escape and are chased by Jayaseelan. Jayaseelan shoots and arrests Lal, but Selvam shoots himself in his upper arm, stages a scene that someone has shot him and ran away. Jayaseelan admits Selvam in the hospital.

Meanwhile, Lal is killed inside the commissioner office by a hitman employed by Selvam. Jayaseelan and Selvam's father overhears a conversation of Selvam with one of his henchmen on his cell phone and found out that Selvam is the mastermind behind all of the kidnapping incidents. Selvam decides to kill his father. Later, Jayaseelan conducts a secret investigation against Selvam and finds out the truth. He receives evidence that Selvam shot himself based on the number of gunshots heard and also understands that Selvam staged a show that he was shot by the culprit who ran away. Jayaseelan goes to Selvam's hideout and finds a secret room behind where their father is tied to a chair. Jayaseelan saves his father and brings him back home.

Selvam is shocked to know that all of his illegal activities are exposed to his family members. He requests them not to take any action as he will become the next minister after election. Suddenly, Selvam rushes to kill Jayaseelan and his father. Jayaseelan retaliates and hits Selvam. Finally, their father asks Jayaseelan to kill Selvam, saying that it will be a big embarrassment for their family, especially Ramasamy's image in the society if the truth comes out to the public. Jayaseelan agrees and kills Selvam, where he puts his dead body beneath the bridge, where usually the kidnappers place the dead bodies of rich businessmen, staging a scene that Selvam is also killed by the kidnappers demanding money. After this, Jayaseelan encounters Selvam's hitmen, and frames them as the culprit behind the kidnappings and closes the case.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Jayaseelan
* [[Kajal Aggarwal]] as Sowmya, Jayaseelan's love interest (Voice dubbed by [[Raveena Ravi]])
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Murugesan, Jayaseelan's best friend
* [[Samuthirakani]] as Selvaraj (Selvam), Jayaseelan's elder brother, the main antagonist
* [[Aishwarya Dutta]] as Divya, Sowmya's sister
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Lakshmi Narayanan, Sowmya's father
* [[R. K. (actor)|R. K.]] as Minister Singarasu
* [[Murali Sharma]] as Advocate Lal
* [[Anandaraj]] as Inspector Manikandan
* [[Vela Ramamoorthy]] as Kumarasamy, Jayaseelan's and Selvam's father
* [[Sreeja Ravi]] as Jayaseelan's mother
* [[Harish Uthaman]] as Sub-Inspector Albert
* Bangalore Swamy as Bhavani
* [[Yuvina Parthavi]] as Selvam's daughter
* DMJ Rajasimhan as Vettu Rajendran
* [[George Maryan]] as Teacher
* [[D. R. K. Kiran]] as Mahaprabhu
* [[K. S. G. Venkatesh]] as Rathnavel
* Rajalingam as Bhavani's brother
* [[Manoj Kumar]] as Albert's father
* Ramanath Shetty as a businessman
* Krishnamoorthy
* Matthew Varghese as police officer
* [[Velraj]] as Driving Instructor (cameo appearance)
* [[Aruldoss]] in a guest appearance, ACP Jayaseelan's team
* [[Appukutty]] in a guest appearance
* [[T. Siva]] in a guest appearance, person crossing the road
* [[Nikita Thukral]] as special appearance in the [[item song]] "Naan Soodana Mogini"
{{colend}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
After completing the work on ''[[Jeeva (2014 film)|Jeeva]]'' (2014), [[Suseenthiran]] collaborated with [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] after ''[[Pandiya Naadu]]'' (2013) for a film whose script work began in mid August 2014. The technical crew of ''Jeeva'' were planned to be retained for this film. However, cinematographer [[R. Madhi]] was replaced by [[Velraj]] as the former failed to allot callsheets after being signed as the cinematographer of ''[[Srimanthudu]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu brings a change in Vishal's upcoming |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/mahesh-babus-next-brings-a-change-in-vishal-suseenthiran-project.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823123909/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/mahesh-babus-next-brings-a-change-in-vishal-suseenthiran-project.html |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Suseenthiran said in an interview that this was the first script he worked on typically to suit an actor's image.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2014 |title=Vishal and Suseenthiran to work again? |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/vishal-and-suseenthiran-to-work-again--kannada-news-112949 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823123900/http://www.indiaglitz.com/vishal-and-suseenthiran-to-work-again--kannada-news-112949 |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The film, produced under the banner [[Vishal Film Factory]], was said to be on the lines of ''Pandiya Naadu''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2015 |title=Vishal to start Suseenthiran film before Pongal? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-to-start-suseenthiran-film-before-pongal-news-tamil-pbhj1kfjdbdjh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823123856/http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-to-start-suseenthiran-film-before-pongal-news-tamil-pbhj1kfjdbdjh.html |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

[[Vendhar Movies]] was later confirmed to bankroll the film whose production was scheduled to begin after the release of Vishal's ''[[Aambala]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title=A new start for Vishal and Kajal ... |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/a-new-start-for-vishal-suseenthiran-and-kajal-in-10-days.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823123854/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/a-new-start-for-vishal-suseenthiran-and-kajal-in-10-days.html |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Talking about the film's concept, Suseenthiran said that "if someone offends a normal guy, he would definitely retaliate then think about a police officer, who gets affected and offended" forms the major crux of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2015 |title=I wrote 'Paayum Puli' for Vishal:Suseenthiran |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/i-wrote-paayum-puli-for-vishalsuseenthiran-news-tamil-pjckdofhgdbaf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902160738/http://www.sify.com/movies/i-wrote-paayum-puli-for-vishalsuseenthiran-news-tamil-pjckdofhgdbaf.html |archive-date=2 September 2015 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In March 2015, lyricist [[Vairamuthu]] confirmed ''Kaaval Kottam'' as the film's title and [[Madurai]] was chosen as the film's backdrop.<ref name="KK title">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2015 |title='Kaaval Kottam' is the title for Vishal's next |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kaaval-kottam-is-the-title-for-vishal-s-next-news-tamil-pdskSVfcgdaeh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823124512/http://www.sify.com/movies/kaaval-kottam-is-the-title-for-vishal-s-next-news-tamil-pdskSVfcgdaeh.html |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Shortly, the film's title was rechristened as ''Paayum Puli'' after the 1983 Tamil film of the [[Paayum Puli (1983 film)|same name]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2015 |title=Vishal's film with Suseenthiran gets a catchy title! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-s-film-with-suseenthiran-gets-a-catchy-title-news-tamil-pd0kBDbggadgd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823124408/http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-s-film-with-suseenthiran-gets-a-catchy-title-news-tamil-pd0kBDbggadgd.html |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The same was announced by the makers through the official Twitter page on 25 March 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |date=26 March 2015 |title=Vishal Krishna Reddy's next has Rajinikanth-film inspired title |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/vishal-krishna-reddys-next-has-rajinikanth-film-inspired-title/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823124348/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/vishal-krishna-reddys-next-has-rajinikanth-film-inspired-title/ |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Regarding the title selection, Vishal told in an interview that being an action film, he and Suseenthiran found ''Paayum Puli'' apt for the film and approached its owner A. V. M. Balasubramaniam for his consent before declaring the title officially.<ref name="PP Int DC">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=17 July 2015 |title=Paayum Puli will stand out in my career: Vishal |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150717/entertainment-kollywood/article/paayum-puli-will-stand-out-my-career-vishal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823124421/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150717/entertainment-kollywood/article/paayum-puli-will-stand-out-my-career-vishal |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]] and [[Rajeevan]] were signed as the editor and art director respectively. [[Anal Arasu]] and Shobi choreographed the action sequences and the songs respectively.<ref name="detail">{{Cite web |date=27 March 2015 |title=Complete details of Paayum Puli 2015 |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/complete-details-of-paayum-puli-2015-tamil-news-128940.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825150717/http://www.indiaglitz.com/complete-details-of-paayum-puli-2015-tamil-news-128940.html |archive-date=25 August 2015 |access-date=25 August 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Filmmaker R. S. Amudeshwar wrote the film's dialogues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2015 |title=A Don becomes the dialogue writer of Vishal's 'Paayum Puli' |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vishal-kajal-paayum-puli-dialogue-writer-is-amudeshwar-tamil-news-140652.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825145615/http://www.indiaglitz.com/vishal-kajal-paayum-puli-dialogue-writer-is-amudeshwar-tamil-news-140652.html |archive-date=25 August 2015 |access-date=25 August 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> ''Paayum Puli'' was made on a budget of around {{INR}}250 million.<ref name="budget" />

=== Casting ===
{{quote box
| quote = "My character's name in the film is Sowmya. She is a docile, down to earth, humble and very simple girl. She is very afraid of small and simple things. She is scared to cross the road, scared of darkness, scared of ghost. This is the uniqueness character. And though she is scared of the small things she still has the courage and she is brave enough to face the big things in life. This contradiction is very interesting."
| source = Kajal Aggarwal, in an interview with IndiaGlitz in August 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2015 |title=Is Kajal Aggarwal in 'Paayum Puli' like Kamal Haasan in 'Thenali'? |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kajal-aggarwal-character-details-in-paayum-puli-tamil-news-140828.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827153419/http://www.indiaglitz.com/kajal-aggarwal-character-details-in-paayum-puli-tamil-news-140828.html |archive-date=27 August 2015 |access-date=27 August 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 40%
}}
Vishal played the role of Jayaseelan, an undercover police officer in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=15 April 2015 |title=Ad-vantage Vishal |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/advantage-vishal/article7102801.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823125017/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/advantage-vishal/article7102801.ece |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> This was the third time in his career where he was seen playing a police.<ref name="PP Int DC" /> Vishal lost {{convert|10|kg|lb}} to suit this character.<ref name="gulf news">{{Cite web |date=2 September 2015 |title='Paayum Puli', an edge-of-the-seat thriller |url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/south-india/paayum-puli-an-edge-of-the-seat-thriller-1.1576814 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902090403/http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/south-india/paayum-puli-an-edge-of-the-seat-thriller-1.1576814 |archive-date=2 September 2015 |access-date=2 September 2015 |website=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref> After holding talks with [[Shruti Haasan]] for the female lead role, the makers chose [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]], the female lead of ''Pandiya Naadu'', in mid September 2014. Vishal said that this decision was taken considering the scope of the character and also since Suseenthiran wanted an actress who can understand Tamil well.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=19 September 2014 |title=Lakshmi Menon replaces Shruti Hassan in Vishal's next |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140919/entertainment-kollywood/article/lakshmi-menon-replaces-shruti-hassan-vishal%E2%80%99s-next |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823125014/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140919/entertainment-kollywood/article/lakshmi-menon-replaces-shruti-hassan-vishal%E2%80%99s-next |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Menon later expressed her inability to allot callsheets till April 2015 due to her [[Twelfth grade]] examinations and eventually, [[Kajal Aggarwal]] replaced her as the film's female lead in early December 2014 marking her first collaboration with Vishal and second with Suseenthiran after ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2014 |title=Lakshmi out, Kajal in for Suseenthiran's Vishal film |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/lakshmi-out-kajal-in-for-suseenthiran-s-vishal-film-news-tamil-omcqARaebgeif.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823125012/http://www.sify.com/movies/lakshmi-out-kajal-in-for-suseenthiran-s-vishal-film-news-tamil-omcqARaebgeif.html |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2014 |title=It's going to be a first for Vishal and Kajal |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/vishal-and-kajal-for-suseendhiran.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823125010/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/vishal-and-kajal-for-suseendhiran.html |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

Kajal played the role of Soumya, a girl owning a [[plant nursery]] who is scared of everything, including small things such as crossing the roads.<ref name="gulf news" /> Describing her character in the film, Kajal said that despite being sure about what she wants,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Subhaj |date=8 August 2015 |title='My heart is stronger than my head': Kajal Aggarwal |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actor-kajal-aggarwal-about-her-film-career/article7516344.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823133614/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actor-kajal-aggarwal-about-her-film-career/article7516344.ece |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> her character is afraid of even small things due to which she could not relate to the character.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thimmayya |first=Daniel |date=13 August 2015 |title=I've Done Some Dumb Things in My Twenties: Kajal Aggarwal |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Ive-Done-Some-Dumb-Things-in-My-Twenties-Kajal-Aggarwal/2015/08/13/article2971087.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823133401/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Ive-Done-Some-Dumb-Things-in-My-Twenties-Kajal-Aggarwal/2015/08/13/article2971087.ece |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Aishwarya Dutta was signed to play Kajal's sister in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=31 August 2015 |title=Lucky to have worked in 'Paayum Puli': Aishwarya Dutta |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/lucky-to-have-worked-in-paayum-puli-aishwarya-dutta-115083100203_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831150554/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/lucky-to-have-worked-in-paayum-puli-aishwarya-dutta-115083100203_1.html |archive-date=31 August 2015 |access-date=31 August 2015 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> Though [[Samuthirakani]] was initially reported to play the film's antagonist, Vishal later clarified that he would be seen as his brother in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2015 |title=Samuthirakani plays a baddie in Vishal's next? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/samuthirakani-plays-a-baddie-in-vishal-s-next-news-tamil-pdqjHJafiggic.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823125820/http://www.sify.com/movies/samuthirakani-plays-a-baddie-in-vishal-s-next-news-tamil-pdqjHJafiggic.html |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Harish Uthaman]], one of the antagonists of ''Pandiya Naadu'', was signed to play a brief role of a young policeman reportedly inspired by the real life of Sub inspector Alwin Sudhan, who was killed by a gang in [[Tamil Nadu]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=20 July 2015 |title=Harish Uthaman has his hands full in Tamil, Telugu |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/harish-uthaman-has-his-hands-full-in-tamil-telugu/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823125452/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/harish-uthaman-has-his-hands-full-in-tamil-telugu/ |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

[[Soori (actor)|Soori]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[Murali Sharma]] and [[Anandaraj]] were signed to play supporting roles in the film.<ref name="detail" /> [[R. K. (actor)|R. K.]] was signed to play a 55-year-old politician while Soori and Jayaprakash were reported to play Vishal's friend, a constable and Kajal's father, a businessman in the film respectively.<ref name="gulf news" /> [[Nikita Thukral]], who performed an [[item number]] in Vendhar Movies' ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' (2008), was signed to perform a special song in the film.<ref name="Nikita">{{Cite web |last=C. R. |first=Sharanya |date=22 April 2015 |title=Nikita Thukral's item number in Tamil film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Nikita-Thukrals-item-number-in-Tamil-film/articleshow/47010979.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823125450/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Nikita-Thukrals-item-number-in-Tamil-film/articleshow/47010979.cms |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Art director Kiran told IANS in late May 2015 that he would be seen as one of the antagonists in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=23 May 2015 |title=Is Kiran set to make a full-fledged transition to acting? |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/is-kiran-set-to-make-a-full-fledged-transition-to-acting-995673.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823134246/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/is-kiran-set-to-make-a-full-fledged-transition-to-acting-995673.html |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref> [[Sharath Lohitashwa]], who collaborated with Suseenthiran for ''Pandiya Naadu'', and Narasimhan, who was a part of the cast of ''[[Kutti Puli]]'' (2013), were signed as the other two antagonists apart from Kiran.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2015 |title=Dhanush has something special for someone! |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/updates-about-vishals-payum-puli-dhanushs-vip-2-and-nalan-kumarasamys-eskimo-kadhal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823134634/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/updates-about-vishals-payum-puli-dhanushs-vip-2-and-nalan-kumarasamys-eskimo-kadhal.html |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> [[Prinz Nithik]] was signed to play the role of one of the gangsters in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2015 |title=Prinz of darkness |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/prinz-of-darkness/article7066212.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826134633/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/prinz-of-darkness/article7066212.ece |archive-date=26 August 2015 |access-date=26 August 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
After a small delay due to last minute scripting issues, the film's [[principal photography]] commenced on 4 March 2015 at a house set in [[Chennai]] where ''[[Senthoora Poove]]'' (1988) was significantly shot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2015 |title=Vishal and Suseenthiran's new film kick starts today |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-and-suseenthiran-s-new-film-kick-starts-today-news-tamil-pdejjQhdddbdc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826134938/http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-and-suseenthiran-s-new-film-kick-starts-today-news-tamil-pdejjQhdddbdc.html |archive-date=26 August 2015 |access-date=26 August 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Few portions of the film were shot at the [[Avadi#Military establishments|Avadi military camp]] in early April 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2015 |title=Dhanush and Vishal shoot at the same spot |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/dhanushs-vip-2-and-vishals-paayum-puli-at-the-same-palce.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826140639/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/dhanushs-vip-2-and-vishals-paayum-puli-at-the-same-palce.html |archive-date=26 August 2015 |access-date=26 August 2015 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Vishal and Soori along with a few fighters participated in a fight sequence in a mill near [[Sithalapakkam]] in late April 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2015 |title=Soori in a Fight with Vishal? |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/paayum-puli-fight-scene-with-vishal-and-soori-tamil-news-130767.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826140720/http://www.indiaglitz.com/paayum-puli-fight-scene-with-vishal-and-soori-tamil-news-130767.html |archive-date=26 August 2015 |access-date=26 August 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> By 21 April 2015, 40 days of shooting was completed which covered close to 60% of the film. It included some talkie portions, a song, and a fight sequence. The film's unit camped in [[Madurai]] for 35 days starting from mid-May 2015 and Suseenthiran revealed that the entire filming process except for three songs would be completed with that schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2015 |title=Paayum Puli is pouncing fast |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/vishal-suseenthiran-and-team-paayum-puli-to-camp-at-madurai-for-35-days.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826140933/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/vishal-suseenthiran-and-team-paayum-puli-to-camp-at-madurai-for-35-days.html |archive-date=26 August 2015 |access-date=26 August 2015 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

Nikita Thukral's item number was shot in [[Binny and Co.|Binny Mills]] in Chennai, which was choreographed by Shobi and filmed for over five days.<ref name="Nikita" /> The film's third schedule began on 2 May 2015 at Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2015 |title='Paayum Puli' third schedule from today |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/paayum-puli-third-schedule-from-today-news-tamil-pfctiNifaddci.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826140917/http://www.sify.com/movies/paayum-puli-third-schedule-from-today-news-tamil-pfctiNifaddci.html |archive-date=26 August 2015 |access-date=26 August 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The climax stunt sequences were shot in mid May 2015 which Vishal termed as one of the toughest ones in Suseenthiran's films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2015 |title=Vishal is excited about 'Paayum Puli' climax |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-is-excited-about-paayum-puli-climax-news-tamil-pfmpDzcaiiidb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826140924/http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-is-excited-about-paayum-puli-climax-news-tamil-pfmpDzcaiiidb.html |archive-date=26 August 2015 |access-date=26 August 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In late June 2015, a folk song sequence was shot on Vishal, Kajal and others at [[Karaikudi]] and its surrounding locations for three days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2015 |title=Vishal with Kajal Agarwal in Karaikudi |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vishal-and-kajal-agarwal-shoot-song-in-karaikudi-for-paayum-puli-tamil-news-135838.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826140643/http://www.indiaglitz.com/vishal-and-kajal-agarwal-shoot-song-in-karaikudi-for-paayum-puli-tamil-news-135838.html |archive-date=26 August 2015 |access-date=26 August 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Days later, a romantic song was shot on Vishal and Kajal at [[Pollachi]] and its surrounding locales.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2015 |title=Vishal and Kajal romancing in Pollachi |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-and-kajal-romancing-in-pollachi-news-tamil-pgxkuIejjchgj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826135903/http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-and-kajal-romancing-in-pollachi-news-tamil-pgxkuIejjchgj.html |archive-date=26 August 2015 |access-date=26 August 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Upon its completion, the film's unit filmed a few talkie portions at the [[East Coast Road]] in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandian |first=Avinash |date=25 June 2015 |title=The pouncing tiger is relentless |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/vishal-and-team-shoots-for-paayum-puli-non-stop.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826135858/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/vishal-and-team-shoots-for-paayum-puli-non-stop.html |archive-date=26 August 2015 |access-date=26 August 2015 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The last song of the film was shot near [[Mahabalipuram]] for four days commencing from 26 June 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2015 |title=Vishal follows Vijay, gifts 300 gold coins |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-follows-vijay-gifts-300-gold-coins-news-tamil-phbksgcghjeij.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826135902/http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-follows-vijay-gifts-300-gold-coins-news-tamil-phbksgcghjeij.html |archive-date=26 August 2015 |access-date=26 August 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Vishal gifted 300 gold coins to the film's unit after the principal photography was wrapped up on 1 July 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2015 |title=Vishal gifts 300 gold coins to Paayum Puli team |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150701/entertainment-kollywood/article/vishal-gifts-300-gold-coins-paayum-puli-team |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826135859/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150701/entertainment-kollywood/article/vishal-gifts-300-gold-coins-paayum-puli-team |archive-date=26 August 2015 |access-date=26 August 2015 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The shooting was culminated with the traditional pumpkin breaking ritual on 4 July 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2015 |title=Paayum Puli single on July 15? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Paayum-Puli-single-on-July-15/articleshow/47934138.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826134939/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Paayum-Puli-single-on-July-15/articleshow/47934138.cms |archive-date=26 August 2015 |access-date=26 August 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> According to Vishal, ''Paayum Puli'' was shot in 75 working days.<ref name="single">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2015 |title='Paayum Puli' will be Suseenthiran's career best:Vishal |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/paayum-puli-will-be-suseenthiran-s-career-best-vishal-news-tamil-phqkkcifjigbg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823162344/http://www.sify.com/movies/paayum-puli-will-be-suseenthiran-s-career-best-vishal-news-tamil-phqkkcifjigbg.html |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Paayum Puli (soundtrack)}}
The official soundtrack of ''Paayum Puli'' was composed by [[D. Imman]], the lyrics of which were written by [[Vairamuthu]]. The album contained five tracks and the karaoke versions of three of them.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-15 |title=Paayum Puli (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/50mddVoe1ymlM6FGWxSRMn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803133523/https://open.spotify.com/album/50mddVoe1ymlM6FGWxSRMn |archive-date=2020-08-03 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Spotify}}</ref> The song "Silukku Marame" was released as a single track on 3 August 2015 at [[Prasad Studios|Prasad Labs]] in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-07-24 |title=Paayum Puli single on August 3? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/paayum-puli-single-on-july-15/articleshow/47934138.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826134939/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/paayum-puli-single-on-july-15/articleshow/47934138.cms |archive-date=2015-08-26 |access-date=2025-02-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The soundtrack was released on 15 August 2015 at [[Sathyam cinemas]], [[Chennai]], with the presence of the film's cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-08-06 |title=Paayum Puli audio on August 15 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/paayum-puli-audio-on-august-2/articleshow/48095987.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826203612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/paayum-puli-audio-on-august-2/articleshow/48095987.cms |archive-date=2015-08-26 |access-date=2025-02-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Release ==
In early April 2015, Vishal announced that the film would be released worldwide on 17 September 2015 on the eve of [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Vinayagar Chathurthi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2015 |title='Paayum Puli' to release for Vinayagar Chathurthi |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/paayum-puli-to-release-for-vinayagar-chathurthi-news-tamil-pehkWzigcajhi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827142137/http://www.sify.com/movies/paayum-puli-to-release-for-vinayagar-chathurthi-news-tamil-pehkWzigcajhi.html |archive-date=27 August 2015 |access-date=27 August 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It clashed with ''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]'', whose release was postponed from 15 August 2015 to 17 September 2015 due to post-production delays.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2015 |title='Puli' Vs 'Paayum Puli' on September 17 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/puli-vs-paayum-puli-on-september-17-news-tamil-pfmqeUhhdcagi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827142155/http://www.sify.com/movies/puli-vs-paayum-puli-on-september-17-news-tamil-pfmqeUhhdcagi.html |archive-date=27 August 2015 |access-date=27 August 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Upon the completion of the film's shoot, the makers announced that the film's release had been advanced to 4 September 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2015 |title=Vishal announces audio and release plans of 'Paayum Puli' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-announces-audio-and-release-plans-of-paayum-puli-news-tamil-phelWRjijdgdb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827142512/http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-announces-audio-and-release-plans-of-paayum-puli-news-tamil-phelWRjijdgdb.html |archive-date=27 August 2015 |access-date=27 August 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]] acquired the film's Tamil Nadu theatrical distribution rights in mid July 2015 for an undisclosed reasonable price.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2015 |title=Paayum Puli-Snapped by Escape Artists Madan! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/paayum-puli-snapped-by-escape-artists-madan-news-tamil-phrjcXbgbegfh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827142125/http://www.sify.com/movies/paayum-puli-snapped-by-escape-artists-madan-news-tamil-phrjcXbgbegfh.html |archive-date=27 August 2015 |access-date=27 August 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2016 |title=Sun TV Mattu Pongal 2016 Special Movie Paayum Puli 16-1-2016 |url=http://www.citytalkies.in/sun-tv-mattu-pongal-2016-special-movie-paayum-puli-16-1-2016/ |access-date=14 January 2016 |publisher=City Talkies.in}}</ref>

The theatrical trailer with a duration of more than 100 seconds was released on 15 August 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2015 |title=Paayum Puli trailer |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Paayum-Puli-trailer/articleshow/48324772.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827142439/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Paayum-Puli-trailer/articleshow/48324772.cms |archive-date=27 August 2015 |access-date=27 August 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and received a positive response.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2015 |title='Paayum Puli' stills: Will the Vishal-Suseenthiran combination strike gold again? |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/paayum-puli-stills-will-the-vishal-suseenthiran-combination-strike-gold-again-1029630.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827142850/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/paayum-puli-stills-will-the-vishal-suseenthiran-combination-strike-gold-again-1029630.html |archive-date=27 August 2015 |access-date=27 August 2015 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Dhriti |date=7 August 2015 |title=Watch: Action-packed 'Paayum Puli' trailer |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/watch-action-packed-paayum-puli-trailer_1643207.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827142857/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/watch-action-packed-paayum-puli-trailer_1643207.html |archive-date=27 August 2015 |access-date=27 August 2015 |publisher=[[Zee News]]}}</ref> In early August 2015, Javvaji Ramanjaneyulu acquired the rights to the film's Telugu version, which was titled ''Jayasurya''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2015 |title=Vishal turns cop for Jayasurya |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vishal-turns-cop-for-jayasurya-telugu-news-139340.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827142918/http://www.indiaglitz.com/vishal-turns-cop-for-jayasurya-telugu-news-139340.html |archive-date=27 August 2015 |access-date=27 August 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The first look poster of ''Jayasurya'' was launched on 8 August 2015 at Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2015 |title=Vishal's Jayasurya First look launch |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/firstlook-jayasurya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827142914/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/firstlook-jayasurya.html |archive-date=27 August 2015 |access-date=27 August 2015 |publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> A few stills of the film, particularly featuring the lead pair, were released on 27 August 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2015 |title=Vishal and Kajal Agarwal stills from Paayum Puli Movie |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/photos/vishal-kajal-agarwal-stills-paayum-puli-movie-3923-slide-28585 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827142433/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/photos/vishal-kajal-agarwal-stills-paayum-puli-movie-3923-slide-28585 |archive-date=27 August 2015 |access-date=27 August 2015 |website=International Business Times India}}</ref>
=== Financial issues ===
{{see|Lingaa loss issues}}
On 27 August 2015, the Tamil Nadu Theatre Owners Association announced the stalling of the film's release, citing [[Vendhar Movies]]' inability to compensate the losses incurred by the distributors from North and South [[Arcot, Vellore|Arcot]], [[Chengalpet]] and [[Trichy]] due to ''[[Lingaa]]'' (2014), adding that only half of the promised settlement had been reached in aggregate. However, the Tamil Film Producers Council stated that the matter would be brought to the notice of Tamil Nadu's state government to resolve the issue in a democratic way if the exhibitors did not withdraw the red card.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=27 August 2015 |title='Paayum Puli' release stalled |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/paayum-puli-release-stalled/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827142449/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/paayum-puli-release-stalled/ |archive-date=27 August 2015 |access-date=27 August 2015 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Four days later, the Producer's Council lodged a complaint with the Chennai police against the distributor Singaravelan, who, along with a few other theatre owners, announced the stalling of the film's release. In the complaint letter handed over to the city commissioner, the council alleged that Singaravelan had been paid the compensation amount, and that he had made this announcement at the last minute to acquire more money from Vendhar Movies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2015 |title=Paayum Puli in trouble; Singaravelan threatens release |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Paayum-Puli-in-trouble-Singaravelan-threatens-release/articleshow/48757320.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901101157/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Paayum-Puli-in-trouble-Singaravelan-threatens-release/articleshow/48757320.cms |archive-date=1 September 2015 |access-date=1 September 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The council later announced that it would halt the release of any new film across all languages in Tamil Nadu until the issue was resolved.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramaniam |first=Anupama |date=3 September 2015 |title=No new Tamil film screening from Friday |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150903/entertainment-kollywood/article/no-new-tamil-film-screening-friday |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903020538/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150903/entertainment-kollywood/article/no-new-tamil-film-screening-friday |archive-date=3 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

After holding a meeting with the council, Vishal confirmed that ''Paayum Puli'' would have a simultaneous release in both Tamil and Telugu on 4 September 2015 as scheduled.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=3 September 2015 |title=Vishal's 'Paayum Puli' to Release as Per Schedule |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vishals-paayum-puli-release-per-schedule-645204 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903094003/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vishals-paayum-puli-release-per-schedule-645204 |archive-date=3 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=International Business Times India}}</ref> Around 300 to 450 screens across Tamil Nadu were allotted to ''Paayum Puli''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=L. M. |first=Kaushik |date=3 September 2015 |title=The Puli may pounce up to 400 .. |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/paayum-puli-may-release-in-up-to-400-screens-in-tamil-nadu.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903094527/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/paayum-puli-may-release-in-up-to-400-screens-in-tamil-nadu.html |archive-date=3 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2015 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Vishal and Madhan of Escape Artists held a meeting with the distributors in Chengalpet area, who withdrew the red card after a financial settlement. Due to the lateness of the settlement, screening was delayed at Chengalpet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Paayum Puli Chengalpet issue solved |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/paayum-puli-chengalpet-issue-solved-news-tamil-pjel8Bbddgigf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904085507/http://www.sify.com/movies/paayum-puli-chengalpet-issue-solved-news-tamil-pjel8Bbddgigf.html |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=4 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> More than 300 screens throughout [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] were allotted to ''Jayasurya''.<ref name="budget" />

== Reception ==
The film received mixed reviews from critics.

M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and opined that ''Paayum Puli'' "lacks the tautness of ''Pandiya Naadu''", but "packs in enough thrills to keep us glued to our seats".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=5 September 2015 |title=Paayum Puli Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Paayum-Puli/movie-review/48832744.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907234413/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Paayum-Puli/movie-review/48832744.cms |archive-date=7 September 2015 |access-date=5 September 2015 |website=The Times of India}} {{rating|3|5}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[India Today]]'' rated it 2.5 out of 5 and wrote, "When the movie ends...you won't have much to complain about nor to praise. But, in future if someone says a film is like ''Paayum Puli'', you will surely go to that film" and added that the film was "likely to become his (Suseenthiran) seventh medal in his collection of quality movies".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=4 September 2015 |title=Paayum Puli review: Suseenthiran takes a tried-and-tested script to make it look fresh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/paayum-puli-review-suseenthiran-takes-a-tried-and-tested-script-to-make-it-look-fresh-261289-2015-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905012315/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/paayum-puli-review-suseenthiran-takes-a-tried-and-tested-script-to-make-it-look-fresh/1/465817.html |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=live |website=[[India Today]]}} {{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that ''Paayum Puli'' "revels in being an old fashioned product" and added, "Given the sincerity of its efforts and the honesty with which the director Suseenthiran leaves his inimitable stamp in a commercial exterior, it takes its own sweet time to register an impact, but when it does, the film's solidity shows up".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=5 September 2015 |title=Slow and nearly steady |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/slow-and-nearly-steady/article7616887.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905011914/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/slow-and-nearly-steady/article7616887.ece |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=5 September 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

Sudhir Srinivasan of ''The Hindu'' wrote, "For a filmmaker who chose such an atypical beginning, why he goes on to take recourse in a super-typical love angle, only he will know. And then, the twist comes, and you finally get something to be interested in when Jayaseelan finds himself in a cat-and-mouse game with I-can't-tell-you". He added, "Without these ugly distractions, the story would have been much more gripping, and Suseenthiran would’ve had a lot more time to dwell on the villain's descent into evil".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=4 September 2015 |title=Paayum Puli: A few good portions don't make a wholesome meal |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/paayum-puli-a-few-good-portions-dont-make-a-wholesome-meal/article7616230.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904152507/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/paayum-puli-a-few-good-portions-dont-make-a-wholesome-meal/article7616230.ece |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=4 September 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Behindwoods gave the film 2.75 out of 5 stars and stated, "With a strong climax and a concrete closure to the story, ''Paayum Puli'' declares a clear statement". Criticising the pace of the first half and the characterisations, the reviewer wrote "Hero always getting to be the smartest, heroine being a docile, fun-loving person is all an age-old template. Etching characters with depth could have brought in impact to the narration".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=PAAYUM PULI MOVIE REVIEW |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/paayum-puli/paayum-puli-review.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904141600/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/paayum-puli/paayum-puli-review.html |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=4 September 2015 |website=Behindwoods}} {{rating|3|5|score=2.75/5 stars}}</ref> Karthik Keramalu of [[CNN-IBN]] gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and stated, "''Paayum Puli'' finally ends up as a film you’re angry at because it could have gone up several scales but is okay with taking a seat somewhere in the middle".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keramalu |first=Karthik |date=5 September 2015 |title='Paayum Puli' review: The film takes too much time to get its rhythm right |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/paayum-puli-review-the-film-takes-too-much-time-to-get-its-rhythm-right-1075758.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905085523/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/paayum-puli-review-the-film-takes-too-much-time-to-get-its-rhythm-right-1075758.html |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=5 September 2015 |publisher=CNN-IBN}} {{rating|3|5}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and stated that ''Paayum Puli'' "sadly reduces itself to a police drama that fizzles out even before it starts to get impressive".<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=5 September 2015 |title='Paayum Puli': A police drama that fizzles out too early (IANS Review – ***) |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/paayum-puli-a-police-drama-that-fizzles-out-too-early-ians-review-115090500542_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905134355/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/paayum-puli-a-police-drama-that-fizzles-out-too-early-ians-review-115090500542_1.html |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=5 September 2015 |work=Business Standard}} {{rating|3|5}}</ref> IndiaGlitz gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars as well and stated, "Suseenthiran has chosen an emotional action story about brothers on both sides of the law pitted against one another which could have had the audiences at the edge of their seats, but his own screenplay is contrived and lacks the grip that his other movies are famous for" and concluded that ''Paayum Puli'' is "worth watching for Vishal's action and Samuthirakani's acting".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Paayum Puli Movie Review – Pounces big in the climax |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/paayum-puli-review-tamil-movie-review-19636.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904143317/http://www.indiaglitz.com/paayum-puli-review-tamil-movie-review-19636.html |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=4 September 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}} {{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

[[Sify]] called ''Paayum Puli'' a "predictable concoction of a cop story mixed with brother sentiments and the usual commercial trappings of Tamil cinema" and opined that the romance between the lead pair "sticks out like a sore thumb".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Review : Paayum Puli |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/paayum-puli-review--pjerI3afajedd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904142442/http://www.sify.com/movies/paayum-puli-review--pjerI3afajedd.html |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=4 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan, writing for ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'', rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and criticised the film's script and the romance between Vishal and Kajal in the film, calling it "extremely insipid and badly written". She concluded that the film can be watched only if the viewer was a fan of either Vishal or Samuthirakani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=4 September 2015 |title='Paayum Puli' film review: This Vishal-Suseenthiran combo lacks the expected fizz |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-paayum-puli-film-review-this-vishal-suseenthiran-combo-lacks-the-expected-fizz-2121914 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906000725/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-paayum-puli-film-review-this-vishal-suseenthiran-combo-lacks-the-expected-fizz-2121914 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=4 September 2015 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}} {{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Anupama Subramaniam of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' too gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and stated, "With plenty of action and criminals waiting to be apprehended, ''Paayum Puli'' is a pure entertainer, but a weak script will leave you wondering and wandering".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramaniam |first=Anupama |date=5 September 2015 |title=Movie review 'Paayum Puli': A pure entertainer |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150905/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-paayum-puli-pure-entertainer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905091302/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150905/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-paayum-puli-pure-entertainer |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=5 September 2015 |website=Deccan Chronicle}} {{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> S. Saraswathi of [[Rediff.com]] gave 2 out of 5 stars and stated that the film "lacks the subtlety, intrigue and clarity that we have come to associate with director Suseenthiran".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=4 September 2015 |title=Review: Paayum Puli is not very convincing |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-paayum-puli-is-not-very-convincing-south/20150904.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904153207/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-paayum-puli-is-not-very-convincing-south/20150904.htm |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=4 September 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}} {{rating|2|5}}</ref>

Velraj's cinematography is deft and Imam's music fits the bill. Vishal's performance leaves a strong impact. Watch him balance action and sentiment and carry them on his shoulders with ease. Samuthirikaran and Soori have a good amount of screenspace, the former more effective in delivering the goods as he gets a big share in the pie. Murli Sharma, Harish Utthaman, RK and others do their parts well. ''Jayasurya'' may be watched for Vishal's verve-filled performance.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |title=Jayasurya Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/jayasurya/movieshow/61285839.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|25em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|4995748}}

{{Suseenthiran}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:2015 action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suseenthiran]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Jaswant Singh Bawal

2026-04-07T16:37:07Z

Subhamaykarjee: created new bio

{{AI-generated|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jaswant Singh Bawal
| image = Jaswant Singh, Bawal (Politician).jpg
| caption = Jaswant Singh Bawal in 2014
| office = Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly
| term_start = 1996
| term_end = 2000
| constituency = [[Bawal Assembly constituency|Bawal]]
| office1 = Minister for Agriculture, Revenue, P.W.D (B&R), Public Health, Punjab Waqf Board, and Civil Aviation
| term_start1 = 1996
| term_end1 = 1999
| premier1 = [[Bansi Lal]]
| birth_place = [[Rewari district]], [[Haryana]], India
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|25px|link=Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = [[Haryana Vikas Party]] (1996–2000) [[Haryana Janhit Congress]]
| father = [[Ram Prashad]] (Former MLA)
| alma_mater = [[Maharshi Dayanand University]] (B.A.) [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi|University of Delhi]] (LL.B.)
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''Jaswant Singh Bawal''' is an Indian politician and veteran leader from [[Haryana]]. He served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) and held multiple cabinet portfolios (State Minister) in the Government of Haryana. He belongs to a prominent political family in the [[Rewari district]], representing the [[Bawal Assembly constituency]].<ref name="myneta"/>

== Early life and education ==
Jaswant Singh Bawal was born into a political family. His father, '''Ram Prashad''', was a veteran politician who served as the MLA for the Bawal constituency, winning the [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972 election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="eci1972"/>

He completed his Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) from [[Maharshi Dayanand University]] (MDU Rohtak) in 1986. He later pursued legal studies, earning an [[LL.B.]] from the [[University of Delhi]] in 1992.<ref name="myneta"/>

Inspired by his father's legacy, he became active in social and political movements in the Ahirwal region.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

== Political career ==
Bawal's political journey is marked by his long-standing association with the development of the Bawal region and the welfare of the Scheduled Caste (SC) community.

=== 1996 Election and Ministry ===
In the [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]], Bawal contested from the Bawal constituency on a [[Haryana Vikas Party]] (HVP) ticket. He won the seat, defeating Shakuntla Bhagwaria of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="eci1996"/> Following the victory, he was appointed as a Cabinet Minister in the government led by Chief Minister [[Bansi Lal]].

During his tenure as a minister, he held several key portfolios:<ref name="db_2024"/>
* Agriculture
* Revenue
* P.W.D (B&R)
* Public Health
* Punjab Waqf Board
* Civil Aviation
* Fishries

=== Party affiliations ===
Over his career, Bawal has been a significant figure across different political platforms:
* '''[[Haryana Janhit Congress]] (HJC):''' He served as a senior leader and state vice-president for several years.<ref name="ie_rejoin"/>
* '''Indian National Congress:''' He rejoined the Congress in 2014 and again in 2024, citing his ideological roots in the party his father once represented.<ref name="ie_rejoin"/><ref name="db_2024"/>
* '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP):''' He had a brief tenure with the BJP before returning to the Congress fold in May 2024.<ref name="db_2024"/>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Constituency !! Party !! Result
|-
| 1996 || [[Bawal Assembly constituency|Bawal]] || [[Haryana Vikas Party]] || {{gold|Won}}
|-
| 2005 || Bawal || Independent || Lost
|-
| 2014 || Bawal || [[Indian National Congress]] || Lost
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="myneta">{{cite web |url=http://www.myneta.info/haryana2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=692 |title=Jaswant Singh (INC) Profile |publisher=MyNeta.info |access-date=2026-01-10}}</ref>
<ref name="eci1972">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3818-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1972/ |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results in 1972 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2026-01-10}}</ref>
<ref name="eci1996">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1996/haryana/bawal/31/19337/125 |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results in 1996 |publisher=IndiaVotes |access-date=2026-01-10}}</ref>
<ref name="ie_rejoin">{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/former-haryana-minister-quits-hjc-to-rejoin-cong/ |title=Former Haryana Minister quits HJC to rejoin Cong |work=The Indian Express |date=2014-08-14}}</ref>
<ref name="db_2024">{{cite news |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/rewari/news/former-minister-jaswant-bawal-again-joined-congress-left-bjp-133066186.html |title=Former Minister Jaswant Bawal again joined Congress |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=2024-05-25}}</ref>
}}

== See also ==
* [[Bawal Assembly constituency]]
* [[Haryana Vikas Party]]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Rewari district]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1996–2000]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Haryana Vikas Party politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ajit Pal Singh Kohli

2026-04-07T00:43:51Z

Subhamaykarjee: bio - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 16 March 2022
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Patiala Assembly constituency|Patiala]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor = [[Amarinder Singh]]
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Patiala]], [[Punjab]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship = Indian
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
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| blank1 =
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}}
'''Ajit Pal Singh Kohli''' is an Indian politician and businessman. He is a former Mayor of and the MLA from [[Patiala Assembly constituency]]. He is a leader of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] and serves as the party's state spokesman.

==Political career==
Ajit Pal Singh Kohli was elected as the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. He represents the [[Patiala Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He defeated the former two-time Chief Minister of Punjab [[Amarinder Singh]] in the election by a margin of almost 20,000 votes. He previously served as the Mayor of [[Patiala]] [[Patiala Municipal Corporation]] from 2007 to 2012. He was appointed one of the nation's youngest mayors at the age of 28.<ref name="Tribune News 10 March 2022" /><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Business==
He holds proprietorship of The Kohli Group of Companies, which is a business conglomerate.

==Educational Background==
Ajit Pal Singh Kohli attended YPS, Patiala for his school education. He went to [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]], [[Delhi University]] for his undergraduate degree, followed by an M.A. in Political Science from [[Punjabi University, Patiala]].

==Family background==
His grandfather, Jathedar Sardara Singh Kohli, who was a prominent senior Taksali-Akali leader in [[Punjab]], served as the Senior Vice President of the SAD. His father, Sardar Surjit Singh Kohli, was appointed to the same position within the SAD in 2021. His grandfather and father both previously served as cabinet ministers in the [[Government of Punjab, India]]. The family had a seven-decade-long affiliation with [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] before joining [[Aam Aadmi Party]], expressing moral discontent and opposition to the workings of the former. Additionally, his father had resigned from the Punjab cabinet in solidarity with Sardar [[Gurcharan Singh Tohra]], opposing the Badal-led SAD government.<ref name="Tribune News 10 March 2022">{{cite news |title=From Moti Bagh to Nihal Bagh, Patiala Power Centre shifts to house of former Akali-turned AAP leader Ajit Pal Kohli |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/from-moti-bagh-to-nihal-bagh-patiala-power-centre-shifts-to-house-of-former-akali-turned-aap-leader-ajit-pal-kohli-376678 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

==Social Advocacy==
He was a founding member and continues to be a part of the Young Progressive Sikh Forum (YPSF), an initiative for helping the underprivileged and empowering them via various welfare initiatives. He is also a member of the [[Rotary Club]]. He was highlighted for his service to the indigenous communities of [[Patiala]] during the 2020 [[COVID-19]] lockdown.

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Patiala Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly.

==Punjab Assembly Committees==
;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Local Bodies|Committee on Local Bodies]]<ref name="Committee on Local Bodies">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=31&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514033512/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=31&Itemid=119 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Subordinate Legislation|Committee on Subordinate Legislation]]<ref name="Committee on Subordinate Legislation">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=46&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=16 July 2022}}</ref>

==Electoral Performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Patiala Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Patiala Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Patiala
| before= [[Amarinder Singh]] (INC)
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kohli, Ajit Pal Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Niranjani Ahathian

2026-04-05T06:25:23Z

Subhamaykarjee:

{{Short description|Indian costume designer and fashion stylist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Niranjani Agathiyan
| image = Niranjani Sicp 27-23.png
| image_size =
| caption = Agathiyan at the premier of ''[[Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal]]'' in 2020
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|06|08}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Actress, [[costume designer]], [[fashion stylist]]
| website =
| yearsactive = 2014–present
| parents =
| spouse = Desingh Periyasamy
| relatives = Kani Thiru (sister) [[Vijayalakshmi Feroz]] (sister)
}}
'''Niranjani Agathiyan ''' is an Indian actress, [[costume designer]] and [[fashion stylist]] who works in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]]. She is the daughter of film director [[Agathiyan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/niranjani-ahathian-to-act-in-kannum-kannum-kollaiyadithaal.html |title=Niranjani Ahathian to act in Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal |date=9 March 2018 |website=Behindwoods |access-date=21 March 2020 |archive-date=21 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321132849/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/niranjani-ahathian-to-act-in-kannum-kannum-kollaiyadithaal.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
After she gained experience working with [[Nalini Sriram]], Agathiyan worked on ''[[Sigaram Thodu]]'' (2014), ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'' and ''[[Kabali]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/siddharth-has-25-looks-in-kaaviya-thalaivan-soon-itll-be-director-jayam-ravi-writes-s-r-ashok-kumar/article6419596.ece |title=siddharth has 25 looks in kaaviya thalaivan |website=The Hindu |access-date=1 December 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518192257/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/siddharth-has-25-looks-in-kaaviya-thalaivan-soon-itll-be-director-jayam-ravi-writes-s-r-ashok-kumar/article6419596.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== As costume designer ===
*''[[Vaayai Moodi Pesavum]]'' (2014)
*''[[Sigaram Thodu]]'' (2014)
*''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'' (2014)
*''[[Trisha Illana Nayanthara]]'' (2015)
*''[[Kathakali (film)|Kathakali]]'' (2016)
*''[[Pencil (film)|Pencil]]'' (2016)
*''[[kabali (film)|Kaballi]]'' (2016)
*''[[Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal]]'' (2017)
*''[[Bairavaa]]'' (2017)
*''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' (2019)
*''[[Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal]]'' (2020)

=== As actress ===
* ''[[Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal]]'' (2020) as Shreya/Varsha/Thenmozhi

==Awards==
* [[Vijay Awards]] for ''Kaaviya Thalaivan''
* [[Ananda Vikatan]] for ''[[kabali (film)|Kabali]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/english/78546-ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards---2016.html |title=ananda vikatan cinema awards 2016 |website=Vikatan.com |access-date=1 December 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518085511/http://www.vikatan.com/news/english/78546-ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards---2016.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|8240901|name=Niranjani Agathiyan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahathian, Niranjani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian costume designers]]
[[Category:Indian fashion stylists]]
[[Category:Artists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Women artists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian women costume designers]]

{{authority control}}{{Fashion-bio-stub}}

Abhilash Thapliyal

2026-04-02T10:54:53Z

Subhamaykarjee: details - done

{{Short description|Indian actor and radio host}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Abhilash Thapliyal
| image =
| birth_name = Abhilash Thapliyal
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|11|24}}
| birth_place = India
| occupation = Actor, radio jockey, television host
| years_active = 2006–present
| spouse = Anubhooti Panda
}}

'''Abhilash Thapliyal'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/610188/with-stars-his-eyes.html|title=With stars in his eyes|date=6 May 2017|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhilash Thapliyal - Biography |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9623913/bio/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/abhilash-thapliyal-the-muffler-man-is-now-bollywood-bound/18976183|title=Abhilash Thapliyal, The Muffler Man is now Bollywood-bound|date=25 January 2018|website=Mid-day.com|access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref> (born 24 November) is an Indian film actor, radio jockey and TV host. He is known for his prominent roles in '[[Aspirants]] (2021)' as Shwetketu (SK), '[[Kennedy (film)|Kennedy (2023)]]' as Chandan, 'TVF Inmates (2017)' as Sukesh, '[[Faadu (web series)|Faadu - A Love Story]] (2022)' as Roxy and '[[Raksha Bandhan (film)|Raksha Bandhan]] (2022)' as Swapnil. He has been associated with a few Indian and global radio stations,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/on-the-go/170424-rj-abhilash-gets-purab-kohli-furious|title=RJ Abhilash gets Purab Kohli furious|website=Radioandmusic.com|access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref> as well as a few television channels as a voice actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/170221-i-am-not-just-radio-jockey-i-am-more|title=I am not just a radio jockey, I am more than that: Abhilash Thapliyal|website=Radioandmusic.com|access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Radio-Jockey-Abhilash-Starring-In-Makhna-With-Taapsee-Pannu/17-01-2017-111542/|title=Radio Jockey Abhilash Starring In 'Makhna' With Taapsee Pannu|first=Soumya|last=Gupta|website=Businessworld.com|access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref> After being a part of Red FM, Abhilash took a break as a [[Radio personality|Radio Jockey]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/170502-rj-abhilash-moves-out-red-fm-experimenting|title=RJ Abhilash moves out of Red FM for experimenting new things?|website=Radioandmusic.com|access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref> and appeared in [[Aleya Sen]] Sharma's directorial debut film, [[Dil Juunglee]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/taapsee-pannu-saqib-saleem-and-i-bonded-over-delhi-makhna-actor-abhilash-thapliyal-4566329/|title=Taapsee Pannu, Saqib Saleem and I bonded over Delhi: Makhna actor Abhilash Thapliyal|date=12 March 2017|website=Indianexpress.com|access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/entertainment/in-other-news/140217/celebs-playing-cupid.html|title=Celebs playing Cupid|date=14 February 2017|website=Asianage.com|access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref> alongside [[Taapsee Pannu]] and [[Saqib Saleem]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/internet-sensation-mufflerman-bags-movie-with-taapsee-pannu/articleshow/57001383.cms|title=Internet sensation MufflerMan bags movie with Taapsee Pannu|website=Mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com|access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref>

The film ''Kennedy'', directed by [[Anurag Kashyap]], premiered at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/radio-host-abhilash-thapliyal-makes-debut-at-cannes-film-festival-with-anurag-kashyap-directed-film-premiere-101684669623594.html |title=Abhilash Thapliyal makes Cannes debut |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Thapliyal belongs to Pauri Garhwal in Uttarakhand.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-abhilash-doing-debue-by-hindi-film-dil-janglee-17551986.html |title=Actor Abhilash Thapliyal background |work=Dainik Jagran |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref>

His father served as an officer in the Indian Army while his mother is a homemaker.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/abhilash-thapliyal-while-growing-up-my-only-objective-was-to-be-an-army-officer-like-my-father/articleshow/80326804.cms |title=Abhilash wanted to join army |work=The Times of India |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref>

He completed his schooling at Army Public School and Kendriya Vidyalaya and later graduated in journalism and mass communication from the [[University of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hindi.firstpost.com/entertainment/rj-abhilash-thapliyal-opes-up-on-his-journey-from-a-radio-jockey-to-starring-in-dil-junglee-with-tapsee-pannu-and-saqeeb-salim-87172.html |title=Interview with RJ Abhilash |work=Firstpost |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref>

==Career==

===Radio career===
Thapliyal began his career in radio while studying at Delhi University.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/abhilash-thapliyal-reveals-why-he-chose-to-quit-radio/articleshow/125181147.cms |title=Abhilash Thapliyal reveals why he chose to quit radio |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

He worked with radio stations including Radio Tarang, [[Radio One (India)|Radio One]], [[Fever 104 FM]] and [[Red FM 93.5]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/170221-i-am-not-just-radio-jockey-i-am-more |title=RJ Abhilash career |work=Radio and Music}}</ref>

Between 2010 and 2015 he hosted the radio show ''Dilli Ke Do Dabangg'' on Fever 104 FM.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/on-the-go/170424-rj-abhilash-gets-purab-kohli-furious |title=RJ Abhilash radio show |work=Radio and Music}}</ref>

With an evening drive time slot on [[92.7 Big FM]], he is known as the Mumbai Ka Sabse Bada Struggler with a dedicated listener-ship base of more than 2 million everyday. <ref>{{cite web
|title=Abhilash Thapliyal
|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9623913/
|website=IMDb
|access-date=11 March 2026
}}</ref>

===Acting career===
Thapliyal made his Hindi film debut in ''[[Dil Juunglee]]'' (2018) alongside [[Taapsee Pannu]] and [[Saqib Saleem]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/taapsee-pannu-saqib-saleem-and-i-bonded-over-delhi-makhna-actor-abhilash-thapliyal-4566329/ |title=Dil Juunglee debut |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>. He gained recognition for portraying Shwetketu “SK” Jha in the web series ''[[Aspirants (web series)|Aspirants]]'' (2021).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/meet-tvf-aspirants-sk-aka-actor-abhilash-thapliyal |title=SK character |work=The Quint}}</ref>. He later appeared in films including ''[[Raksha Bandhan (film)|Raksha Bandhan]]'' and ''[[Blurr]]'' in 2022. In 2023 he appeared in ''[[Kennedy (film)|Kennedy]]'', directed by [[Anurag Kashyap]], which premiered at the [[Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/radio-host-abhilash-thapliyal-makes-debut-at-cannes-film-festival-with-anurag-kashyap-directed-film-premiere-101684669623594.html |title=Cannes debut |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He later appeared in the sports drama film ''[[Maidaan]]'' (2024) starring [[Ajay Devgn]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-abhilash-thapliyal-discusses-maidaan-reveals-he-lost-chance-to-play-pk-banerjee-in-ajay-devgn-film-3085977 |title=Abhilash Thapliyal discusses Maidaan |work=DNA India}}</ref>

===Aspirants Season 3===
In 2026 he reprised his role as Shwetketu “SK” Jha in the third season of ''Aspirants'', which premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/prime-video-sets-premiere-date-for-aspirants-season-3-tvf-show-naveen-kasturiya/article70695111.ece |title=Aspirants Season 3 release |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Dil Juunglee]]'' || Prashant
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Raksha Bandhan (film)|Raksha Bandhan]]'' || Swapnil
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Blurr]]'' || Chander
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Kennedy (film)|Kennedy]]'' || Chandan
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Maidaan]]'' || Dev Matthew
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
|-
| 2017 || ''TVF Inmates'' || Sukesh
|-
| 2021–present || ''[[Aspirants (web series)|Aspirants]]'' || Shwetketu “SK” Jha
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Faadu (web series)|Faadu – A Love Story]]'' || Roxy
|-
| 2023 || ''Shehar Lakhot'' || Antariksh Tyagi
|-
| 2023 || ''SK Sir Ki Class'' || Shwetketu “SK” Jha
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
|-
| 2014 || World Kabaddi League (Sony Six) || Host
|-
| 2016 || He Thand Rakh (MTV) || Actor
|-
| 2018 || Entertainment Ki Raat (Colors TV) || Actor
|-
| 2018 || Comedy Circus (Sony Entertainment Television) || Actor
|-
| 2019 || Apna News Aayega (Sony SAB) || Actor
|-
| 2022 || ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]'' || Guest
|}

===Radio===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Station !! Role
|-
| 2006 || [[BIG FM 92.7]] || RJ Hunt finalist
|-
| 2007 || Radio Tarang || Radio jockey
|-
| 2008–2010 || UTV || Voice actor
|-
| 2010 || [[Radio One (India)|Radio One]] || Creative writer / promo producer
|-
| 2010–2015 || [[Fever 104 FM]] || Radio jockey
|-
| 2016–2017 || [[Red FM 93.5]] || Radio jockey
|-
| 2019–present || [[BIG FM 92.7]] || Radio jockey
|}

==Awards and recognition==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Award !! Organisation !! Notes
|-
| 2013 || New York Festivals Award || Fever 104 FM || Radio programming
|-
| 2014 || New York Festivals Award || Fever 104 FM || Radio programming
|-
| 2015 || Abby Award || Goa Fest || Radio
|-
| 2017 || Promax Award || MTV India || Actor
|-
| 2018 || Vdonxt Award || The Quint || Digital performance
|-
| 2025 || State recognition for contribution to entertainment || Government of Uttarakhand || Actor
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thapliyal, Abhilash}}

[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Indian radio presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:People from Uttarakhand]]

Torpedo Advanced Light Shyena

2026-03-31T21:43:29Z

Subhamaykarjee:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{infobox weapon
| name = Shyena
| image = BEML stall at Defexpo 2016.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Advanced Light Torpedo Shyena
| type = Lightweight [[anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] [[torpedo]]<ref name="Torpedo Advanced Light (TAL) DARDO"/>
| is_vehicle =
| service =
| wars = 
| spec_label =
| length = {{convert|2.75|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| diameter = {{convert|324|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| origin = [[India]]
| is_ranged = yes
| is_bladed =
| is_explosive = yes
| is_artillery =
| is_missile = yes
| is_UK =
| used_by = See ''[[Torpedo Advanced Light (TAL) Shyena#Operators|Operators]]''
| designer = [[Naval Science and Technological Laboratory]]<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" />
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] [[Larsen & Toubro Limited]]
| production_date = March 2012 – present
| number = 2,000+
| weight = {{convert|220|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| filling = [[High explosive]]
| filling_weight = {{convert|50|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| detonation =
| yield = 
| engine = Electric
| engine_power =
| pw_ratio =
| transmission =
| payload_capacity =
| suspension =
| clearance =
| fuel_capacity =
| vehicle_range = {{convert|19|km|nmi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news | url =https://affairscloud.com/india-successfully-conducts-maiden-flight-trial-of-indigenous-torpedo-shyena/ | website =Affairs Cloud | title =India successfully conducts maiden flight trial indigenous torpedo 'Shyean' | access-date =23 July 2021 | archive-date =22 July 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20210722231943/https://affairscloud.com/india-successfully-conducts-maiden-flight-trial-of-indigenous-torpedo-shyena/ | url-status =live }}</ref>
| speed = 45+ knots (83+ km/h, 50+ mp/h)
| guidance = [[Acoustic homing]] (active/passive)
| steering = 
| depth = >450 m (>1,480 ft)<ref name="Torpedo Advanced Light (TAL) DARDO"/>
| launch_platform = Ships, helicopters<ref name="Torpedo Advanced Light (TAL) DARDO"/>
}}

The '''Torpedo Advanced Light (TAL) Shyena''' ([[Sanskrit]]: श्येन, "Falcon or Hawk"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wiktionary|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8|url-status=live|website=[[Wiktionary]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126151010/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8 |archive-date=26 January 2021 }}</ref>) is the first indigenous advanced lightweight [[Anti-submarine weapon|anti-submarine]] [[torpedo]] of [[India]], developed by the [[Naval Science and Technological Laboratory]] (NSTL) of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) for the [[Indian Navy]]. The lightweight torpedo can be launched by ships, helicopters and previously the now retired [[Ilyushin Il-38]], named after the divine hawk identified with [[Agni]].<ref name="rakshak">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-4/joseph.html |title=Modern Torpedoes And Countermeasures |access-date=2012-02-20 |publisher=BHARAT RAKSHAK MONITOR Volume 3(4) |date=January–February 2001 |author=Austin Joseph |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222222226/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-4/joseph.html |archive-date=2012-02-22 }}</ref><ref name=spsnf>{{cite web|title=Indian Navy to receive Indigenous Light Torpedo SHYENA |url=http://www.spsnavalforces.net/exclusive/?id=18&h=Indian-Navy-to-receive-Indigenous-Light-Torpedo-SHYENA |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130222040521/http://www.spsnavalforces.net/exclusive/?id=18&h=Indian-Navy-to-receive-Indigenous-Light-Torpedo-SHYENA |url-status=usurped |archive-date=22 February 2013 |publisher=SPS Naval Forces |access-date=13 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Torpedo Advanced Light (TAL) DARDO">{{cite news | url =https://www.drdo.gov.in/torpedo-advanced-light-tal | title =Torpedo Advanced Light (TAL) | website =DRDO | location =New Delhi | access-date =23 July 2021 | archive-date =22 July 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20210722231232/https://www.drdo.gov.in/torpedo-advanced-light-tal | url-status =live }}</ref>

Shyena also utilizes [[SMART (missile)|SMART missile]] as long-range delivery platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Negi |first=Manjeet |date=2024-05-01 |title=Long-range anti-submarine missile system successfully tested |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/drdo-successfully-tests-long-range-smart-anti-submarine-missile-system-2533905-2024-05-01 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Introduction==
Shyena is a processor-based torpedo which incorporates solid-state electronics, digital technology and has been equipped with an integrated active/passive sensors for [[Homing torpedo|homing]]. It is capable of being launched from a helicopter or surface vessels. Its key design feature are maneuverability and ability to transition from warm to cold medium to ensure a hunt and kill.<ref name="rakshak" /><ref name=spsnf /> The development period of the torpedo was quite long, starting in the 1990s, and concluding with its induction into the Indian Navy on 3 March 2012. On that date, the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] [[A. K. Antony|A.K. Antony]] handed over the first consignment of TAL to the Navy in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name=spsnf />

== Design and development==

Development of this missile was started by the [[Naval Science and Technological Laboratory]] (NSTL) in 1990s, under the Advanced Experimental Torpedo (TAE) program.<ref name=spsnf /><ref name="express">{{Cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19970604/15550553.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122144303/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19970604/15550553.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-22 |title=Indian Navy's own torpedo 'Shyena' ready for trials |access-date=2012-02-20 |work=The Indian Express|year=1997 |author=Vishwanath Hiremathpune }}</ref> It is an advanced capability torpedo and is heavily based on the Whitehead [[A244-S]] torpedo.<ref name="rakshak"/> NSTL had faced a difficult task of developing a torpedo which could sustain its efficiency, in particular the maneuverability and structural integrity while travelling from the air medium to water after being launched from the air. The computers perform their respective tasks, which are the successful launch of the torpedo, the homing of the target and its control and finally the recording of the data for analysis.<ref name="rakshak"/>

Shyena is electrically propelled, and can target submarines with a speed of 33 [[Knot (unit)|knots]] with endurance of six minutes in both shallow and deep waters. It can operate at depths of a few hundred metres and has self-homing, i.e. it can home in on targets by passive/active homing and explode on impact. Once launched, it can perform pre-programmed search patterns for available targets. The torpedo weighs around 220 kg.<ref name=spsnf />

==Deployment==
By 1998, ''Shyena'' was ready for trials, and it was tested 24 times by the NSTL from 1998 to 2000. During trials, thrust was laid on monitoring of various factors through four computers fitted on board Shyena.<ref name="express" /> User evaluation tests with designed and engineered models of the TAL took place in 2003–2005. The tests convinced the Navy of the system's capabilities. Ninety-five per cent of the components were indigenous except a few integrated circuits and sensors. The Navy ordered 25 units, and was considered likely to order more. The TAL is currently being manufactured by [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] at its Visakhapatnam unit.<ref name=spsnf /><ref>{{cite news |author=T. S. Subramanian |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/torpedo-akash-missile-to-be-handed-over-to-navy-and-iaf-on-saturday/article2951593.ece |title=Torpedo, Akash missile to be handed over to Navy and IAF on Saturday |work=The Hindu |date=2012-03-02 |access-date=2013-04-05 |archive-date=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215044814/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/torpedo-akash-missile-to-be-handed-over-to-navy-and-iaf-on-saturday/article2951593.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 8 March 2021, the Indian Navy successfully conducted ''Shyena's'' maiden flight trial with a parachute system from the [[Ilyushin Il-38]] maritime patrol aircraft. While NSTL developed the Torpedo Release Mechanism (TRM) and [[Fire Control System]] (FCS) for the launch, the parachute which would deployed on its way to descent to the water by the TRM was developed by the [[Aerial Delivery Research and Development Establishment]] (ADRDE).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/lightweight-torpedo-test-fired-successfully/article34022882.ece|title=Lightweight torpedo test-fired successfully|work=The Hindu|date=9 March 2021|last1=Bhattacharjee|first1=Sumit|access-date=9 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310073028/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/lightweight-torpedo-test-fired-successfully/article34022882.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Advanced Light-Weight Torpedo (ALWT) ==
Advanced Light-Weight Torpedo (ALWT) is the 2nd generation of Shyena [[Anti-submarine weapon|anti-submarine]] [[torpedo]]. The torpedo is developed by [[Naval Science and Technological Laboratory]] (NSTL).<ref name=":0">{{Cite tweet |number=1653712681449426944 |user=indiannavy |title=#IndianNavy & #NSTL undertook a successful hover drop of Advance Light Weight Torpedo #02May 23 from a SeaKing 42B. Designed & developed by #NSTL, with safe release & separation achieved... |date=2023-05-03 |access-date=2025-09-25}}</ref> It can be launched from ship, helicopter or from a fixed wing aircraft. Based on inputs from the platform's sonar and Fire Control System inputs, certain preset parameters are given to the torpedo prior to launch in order to ensure the target is in a favourable position to acquire, home in and destroy the it.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Year End Review – 2020 Ministry of Defence |date=2021-01-01 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1685437 |quote=Advanced Light weight Torpedo (ALWT) is an anti-submarine torpedo launched from ship, helicopter or from a fixed wing aircraft. The presence of enemy target is detected by the sonar onboard a ship or an aircraft. |access-date=2025-09-25}}</ref> The torpedo boasts a dual-speed capability for which it has a range of {{Convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} at {{cvt|25|kn|km/h|order=}} and a range of {{Convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} at {{cvt|50|kn|km/h|order=}}. It uses sea-water powered battery which eliminates the requirement of pre-launch charging.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The ALWT will also form the warhead of the [[SMART (missile)|SMART]] [[anti-submarine missile]] along with a parachute-based release system.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Supersonic Missile-Assisted Release of Torpedo system successfully flight-tested by DRDO off the Odisha coast |date=2024-05-01 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2019266 |quote=The system carries advanced light-weight torpedo as payload along with parachute-based release system. |access-date=2025-09-25}}</ref> The torpedo is meant to replace [[Mark 46 torpedo]] in the Indian Navy's inventory. The torpedo will also be integrated on the [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|Boeing P-8I Neptune]] fleet of the Indian Navy for [[anti-submarine warfare]] operations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Indian Navy must finalise its torpedo requirements as new generation torpedoes are now beginning to emerge |url=https://forceindia.net/feature-report/undersea-attack/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-17 |title=BEL's Advanced Lightweight Torpedo (ALWT) Clears User Trials, Set to Revolutionize Anti-Submarine Warfare |url=https://defence.in/threads/bels-advanced-lightweight-torpedo-alwt-clears-user-trials-set-to-revolutionize-anti-submarine-warfare.8433/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Defence.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=India's P-8I Aircraft to be Armed with Indigenous Dual-Speed Light Torpedo to Bolster Aerial Anti-Submarine Defence |url=https://defence.in/threads/indias-p-8i-aircraft-to-be-armed-with-indigenous-dual-speed-light-torpedo-to-bolster-aerial-anti-submarine-defence.9557/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Defence.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

In March 2020, two dynamic trials including homing and guidance logics was conducted. ALWT had consistently achieved satisfactory homing range including 3 steer away with increased target range & reduced target strength.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Year End Review – 2020 Ministry of Defence |date=2021-01-01 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1685437 |quote=During the month of March 2020, two nos of dynamic trials including homing and guidance logics was conducted. ALWT has consistently achieved good homing range including 3 steer away with increased target range & reduced target strength. |access-date=2025-09-25}}</ref> On 2 May 2023, the Navy and NSTL undertook a hover drop test of the ALWT from a [[Westland Sea King#India|Sea King 42B]]. The objectives of the trials, safe release & separation, was achieved.<ref name=":0" /> As of July 2024, the ALWT had reportedly completed all its user trials.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2025 |title=2023-24 Annual Report |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_2023-24-new-23-9-2025.pdf |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>

By 22 September 2025, the procurement of the torpedoes was cleared by the Defence Procurement Board, chaired by the [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]], and has now been forwarded to the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), chaired by the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]], for further discussion and evaluation of the project. Both of the development and user trials by the Indian Navy has been concluded. If the Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) is cleared by the DAC, the project will proceed to serial production stage likely to be undertaken by [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Srinjoy |date=2025-09-22 |title=India Strengthens Defence Self-Reliance with DRDO Torpedo, Tejas Engine Push |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/indian-navy-defence-procurement-board-advanced-light-weight-torpedo-alwt-drdo-dac-defence-minister-rajnath-singh-article-152872661 |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Srinjoy |date=2025-08-29 |title=Torpedoes, Smart Ammo, 100 Guns On The Agenda For Next DAC Meet After Operation Sindoor Success |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/torpedoes-smart-ammo-100-guns-on-the-agenda-for-next-dac-meet-after-operation-sindoor-success-article-152545738 |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

The project was cleared by the DAC on 23 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=DAC clears proposals, worth about Rs 79,000 crore, to enhance the capability of the Armed Forces |date=2025-10-23 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2181814 |access-date=2025-10-23}}</ref>

== Exports ==
In March 2017, India signed a $37.9 million deal to supply ''Shyena'' to the [[Myanmar Navy]].<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/03/india-to-supply-torpedoes-to-myanmar/|title=India to Supply Torpedoes to Myanmar|last=Diplomat|first=Prashanth Parameswaran, The|work=The Diplomat|access-date=2017-04-29|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190848/https://thediplomat.com/2017/03/india-to-supply-torpedoes-to-myanmar/|url-status=live}}</ref> The first batch of 20 torpedoes were delivered in July 2019.<ref name="TDMN">{{cite web|first1=Ankit|last1=Panda|access-date=2020-04-21|title=India Delivers Initial Batch of Indigenously Built Torpedoes to Myanmar Navy|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/india-delivers-initial-batch-of-indigenously-built-torpedoes-to-myanmar-navy/|website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=16 July 2019|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028005735/https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/india-delivers-initial-batch-of-indigenously-built-torpedoes-to-myanmar-navy/|url-status=live}}</ref>

BDL signed a third and fourth export contract for the ''Shyena'' torpedo in 2019 to an undisclosed friendly country. The value of the contract is {{INRConvert|455.27|c|lk=on|year=2019}} and {{INRConvert|1.43|c|year=2021}} respectively. The order is planned to be executed in 2020–21.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bdl-india.in/sites/default/files/2020-09/BDL%20AR%2019-20.pdf|title=Annual Report 2019-20 BDL|publisher=BDL India|access-date=11 October 2020|archive-date=15 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015212826/https://bdl-india.in/sites/default/files/2020-09/BDL%20AR%2019-20.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

BDL has signed a total of 5 export orders for Shyena torpedoes to an undisclosed friendly country(s). Four orders has been successfully delivered while the fifth one is under execution in 2021–22.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bdl-india.in/sites/default/files/2022-10/Annual%20Report%202021-22.pdf|title=Annual Report 2021-22|publisher=BDL India|date=2022-09-01}}</ref>

==Operators==
[[File:Shyena advance light torpedo operators.png|thumb|300px|Map of Shyena torpedo operators in blue]]
;{{IND}}
*[[Indian Navy]]<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2020 |title=Enhancing Indian Defence Exports |url=https://www.sidm.in/files/1582713845_Enhancing_Indias_export.pdf |journal=Society of Indian Defence Manufacturers |pages=27 |access-date=15 May 2023 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430111547/https://www.sidm.in/files/1582713845_Enhancing_Indias_export.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
;{{MMR}}
*[[Myanmar Navy]]<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-steps-up-supply-of-military-equipment-to-myanmar-to-counter-china/articleshow/57815200.cms | title=India steps up supply of military equipment to Myanmar to counter China | first=Rajat | last=Pandit | date=24 March 2017 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=19 January 2020 | archive-date=22 May 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522104310/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-steps-up-supply-of-military-equipment-to-myanmar-to-counter-china/articleshow/57815200.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TDMN"/>
**[[Kyan Sittha-class frigate]]
**[[Anawrahta-class corvette]]
**[[Yan Nyein Aung-class submarine chaser]]

== Coverage==
In his book "''Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems''", [[Eric Wertheim]] has described the Shyena as an up-and-coming torpedo developed by the DRDO.<ref name="Wertheim2007">{{cite book|author=Eric Wertheim|title=Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJunjRvplU4C&pg=PA288|date=March 2007|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-59114-955-2|page=288}}</ref>

''Pursuit and Promotion of Science'', a report published by [[Indian National Science Academy]] mentions Shyena as an advanced experimental torpedo.<ref>{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/insa/ch31.pdf |chapter=31 Defence Research and Development Organisation |title=Pursuit and Promotion of Science : The Indian Experience |page=4 |publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]] |oclc=52079109 |access-date=27 February 2012 |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025000248/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/insa/ch31.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[APR-3E torpedo]] – Russian equivalent
* [[A244-S]] – Italian equivalent
* [[Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedo]] – US Navy's equivalent
* [[MU90 Impact]] – French/Italian equivalent
* [[Sting Ray (torpedo)]] – British equivalent
* [[Yu-7 torpedo]] – Chinese equivalent
* [[Chung Sang Eo|K745 Chung Sang Eo]] – South Korean equivalent
* [[Type 97 light weight torpedo (G-RX4)]] – Japanese equivalent

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{Indian missiles}}

[[Category:Torpedoes of India]]
[[Category:Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Aerial torpedoes]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2010s]]

M. V. Krishnappa

2026-03-25T19:01:18Z

Subhamaykarjee: improved formatting as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian politician (1918–1980)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
[[File:M. V. Krishnappa Lok Sabha photo.jpg|thumb|M.V. Krishnappa]]
[[File:Sri Lakshmi Venkateshwara Swamy Temple, Bangaru Tirupathi.jpg|thumb|Renovation and expansion at Sri Lakshmi Venkateshwara Swamy Temple by M. V. Krishnappa at Bangaru Tirupathi, Hulkuru (Guttahalli)]]
'''Mothakapalli Venkatarame Gowda Krishnappa''' (1 July 1918 – 1 August 1980), popularly known and referred to as M.V.K. was an Indian Freedom Fighter, Indian National Congress Politician, Social Reformer and Educationist, rendered immense service for the upliftment of the rural masses throughout his illustrious career, the contributions of Krishnappa to Karnataka in general and Kolar & Chikkaballapur Districts, in particular, are noteworthy and impressive and is a household name to the people of these regions, particularly the farming community and the underprivileged cherish his memory in gratitude.

He was a visionary who placed the well-being of the underprivileged at the heart of his ideals, believing that their progress and upliftment were essential to the nation's future.

== Early life and education ==
The ancestors of M.V.K. were close associates of Magadi Kempe Gowda and were custodians of his royal mint. They hailed from a hamlet called Roddam which is presently in Pavagada Taluk of Tumkur District. The ancestors of M.V.K. settled in Mothakpalli in Mulbagal Taluk of Kolar District, Karnataka. Even today the M.V.K. family is popularly known as Roddagaru Vokkaliga's indicating the place of their origin.

Into this contented self-made religious family of agriculturists was born a third baby boy on 1/06/1918 to Venkatrame Gowda & Changamma, he was named Krishne Gowda, however, the boy re-christened himself at the age of 12 to M.V. Krishnappa. The ethical values nurtured through Folk Tales, Puranas and the lives of great men narrated by the grandmother to all the household children assembled, left a lasting impression on the young mind of Krishnappa.

Krishnappa had his primary education in his native village Mothakpalli, Middle School at Bangarpet and High School at KGF. He had a college education at the Intermediate College, Bangalore and Degree in Law from Maharaja's College Mysore.

== Quit India Movement & Freedom Struggle ==
During his high school days at KGF, he noticed the inhuman condition under which the miners of the internationally reputed Tylor & Tylor company were working, the company indulged in notorious exploitative methods and extracted work from the miners, though the company was earning significantly high profits it did not provide basic amenities to the miners and any occasional demands from them were suppressed, the young spirit of Krishnappa couldn't tolerate this oppression and he took up the cause of the miners and organized the agitated miners into a single unified unit and launched a movement for realizing their rights with the company. Tylor & Tylor initially didn't care for this but the young Krishnappa remained incognito and intensified the agitation in the face of this agitation, the powerful English Company, which had the full support of the authorities, was compelled to yield. The miners finally gained their right to basic amenities and this struggle was to be the first eventful accomplishment in the life of Krishnappa and helped him to shape and sharpen his skills of leadership and laid a strong life-lasting foundation for the future agitations he was to launch along with fellow Freedom Fighters K.C.Reddy for the liberation of the country and the merging of Princely State Of Mysore with the Union Of India.

The coming of M.K. Gandhi into the political scenario of India changed the course of the Freedom Struggle as well as Freedom Fighters respectively including the young Krishnappa. During his college days, Krishnappa was instrumental in urging young students to take up the cause and join the Quit India Movement against the British Raj, Seetharama Shantananda, a young student who gave up his dream of becoming a scholar and joined the movement under the leadership of Krishnappa recalled and wrote in the “Quit India Golden Jubilee Memoirs” that “Krishnaanna (Krishnappa being his first name and "Anna" in the local language being big brother) was a leader of an outstanding merit who inculcated the spirit of Patriotism in myself which ultimately made me jump into the freedom movement”. In 1939 Satyagraha movement started in KGF under the guidance of M.V.Krishnappa, M. Ramakrishnan, and Doraiswami of Kolar, the goal of the Satyagraha Camp was to intensify the agitation.

== Political career ==
Belonging to the [[Indian National Congress]], Krishnappa was elected to the Lower House of Indian Parliament, the First [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Kolar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolar]] from 1952 to 1957 at the age of 31,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Mysore | title=First Lok Sabha Mysore | publisher=Lok Sabha | accessdate=28 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613213755/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Mysore | archive-date=13 June 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> subsequently elected to Second Lok Sabha from [[Tumkur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tumkur]] from 1957 to 1962,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Mysore | title=Second Lok Sabha Mysore | publisher=Lok Sabha | accessdate=28 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613213755/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Mysore | archive-date=13 June 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> re-elected from Tumkur to the Third Lok Sabha from 1962 to 1967, elected from [[Hoskote (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoskote]] from 1967 to 1970, re-elected from Hoskote from 1971 to 1977 from [[Mysore State]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Mysore | title=Fifth Lok Sabha Mysore | publisher=Lok Sabha | accessdate=28 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613213755/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Mysore | archive-date=13 June 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Mysore | title=Fourth Lok Sabha Mysore | publisher=Lok Sabha | accessdate=28 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613213755/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Mysore | archive-date=13 June 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and from [[Chikballapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikballapur]] in Karnataka in 1977–1979.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/808.htm | title=6th Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile | publisher=Lok Sabha | accessdate=28 July 2014}}</ref>

He vacated his seat [[Tumkur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tumkur]] in 1962<ref>[http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/751.htm Third Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile JAIN, SHRI AJIT PRASAD]</ref> to make way for [[Ajit Prasad Jain]], who had lost from [[Kairana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kairana]] in [[1962 Indian general election]]s against [[Yashpal Singh (politician)|Yashpal Singh]], an [[Independent politician|Independent candidate]].<ref>[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4113-general-election-1962-vol-i-ii/ General Election, 1962 (Vol I, II)]</ref> Subsequently, he was inducted in [[S. R. Kanthi cabinet]] (1962) with Law & Parliamentary Affairs and Labour Portfolio,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baligar |first1=Manu|title=ಪ್ರತಿಭಾವಂತ ಸಂಸದೀಯ ಪಟುಗಳ ಬದುಕು ಬರಹಮಾಲಿಕ: ಎಸ್. ಆರ್. ಕಂಠಿ |url=http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/elib/pdf/eresources/S%20R%20KANTHI.pdf |website=Karnataka Legislative Assembly |publisher=kla.kar.nic.in |accessdate=12 December 2019}}</ref> also nominated to [[Mysore Legislative Council]] on 14 May 1962 and remained as [[Karnataka Legislative Council|MLC]] till 6 March 1967 when he resigned following the nomination to Lok Sabha from [[Hoskote (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoskote]] in [[1967 Indian general election|1967]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LccQAQAAMAAJ&q=M.+V.+Krishnappa+times+of+india | title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who | year=1976 | pages=711}}</ref> He was inducted to [[Third Nijalingappa ministry]] in 1962 and was given the Revenue Portfolio till he was re-elected to Lok Sabha in 1967. He was instrumental in the Renovation and expansion of [[Bangaru Tirupathi|Sri Lakshmi Venkateshwara Swamy Temple, Bangaru Tirupathi]], [[Hulkuru|Guttahalli]], [[Kolar district]].

[[B. Rangappa]] was later nominated as MLC to his vacated seat on 3 May 1967 and got retired on 18 May 1970.

Krishnappa died in Bangalore on 1 August 1980, aged 62.<ref>{{cite journal |date=4 August 1980 |title=Obituary References |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2565/1/lsd_07_03_04-08-1980.pdf|journal=Lok Sabha Debates |series=Third Series |volume=8 |issue=42 |pages=11}}</ref>

==Family==
His brother [[M. V. Venkatappa]] was also a politician and was the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] speaker from 1999 to 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/presiding-officers-meet-from-june-19/article27851301.ece |title= Presiding Officers' meet from June 19|date=8 June 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/mothakapalli-bids-adieu-to-venkatappa/article4851662.ece |title=Mothakapalli bids adieu to Venkatappa |date=2013-06-26 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2018-10-21}}</ref> They were born in a [[Vokkaliga]] family.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gowda|first=H.H.Annaiah|date=5 September 1971|title=Vokkaligas|magazine=The Illustrated Weekly Of India Vol.92, No.27-39(july-sept)1971|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110098/page/n617/mode/1up?q=Vokkaligas|location=Bombay|publisher=Times of India Press|pages=11–13}}</ref>

His nephew [[Rajeev Gowda]], (son of [[M. V. Venkatappa]]) was also an Indian politician and academician. He was a former member of parliament in the Rajya Sabha from 26 June 2014 till 25 June 2020 and a national spokesperson for the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rajeevgowda.in/technology-to-transform-teaching/ |title=Technology to transform teaching | Rajeev Gowda |accessdate=2013-12-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115130444/http://rajeevgowda.in/technology-to-transform-teaching/ |archivedate=15 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/chat/view/mv-rajeev-gowda/2096.html | title=Is the Food Security Bill a mere election gimmick? | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312051705/http://ibnlive.in.com/chat/view/mv-rajeev-gowda/2096.html | archive-date=12 March 2015 }} MV Rajeev Gowda</ref><ref name="IIMB">{{cite web | url=http://www.iimb.ernet.in/centre-public-policy/people/faculty-profiles-all/rajeev-gowda | title=Indian Institute of Management Bangalore | IIM Bangalore }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/808.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnappa, M. V.}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (U) politicians]]

Lahnda

2026-03-22T19:18:04Z

Subhamaykarjee: slightly updated intro per sources and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Group of Punjabi language varieties}}
{{About|the linguistic grouping of Punjabi’s western varieties|other uses|Western Punjabi (disambiguation)}}
{{For|the scripts|Laṇḍā scripts}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Lahnda
| altname = Western Punjabi
| acceptance = classification disputed
| ethnicity = [[Punjabis]]{{efn|including all [[Ethnographic group|ethnographic groups]] such as [[Hindkowans]], [[Pahari people (Kashmir)|Paharis]], and [[Saraikis]]}}
| region = {{Hlist|[[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]]|[[Hazara region|Hazara]]|[[Azad Kashmir]]}}
| speakers = 118 million
| date = 2025
| ref = {{efn|Includes almost all dialects indigenous to Pakistan, including [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]]; but excludes the [[Punjabi dialects and languages#Eastern Punjabi|Eastern Punjabi dialects]] which are indigenous to India<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2025|title=The 10 Most Spoken Languages In The World In 2025 |url=https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/the-10-most-spoken-languages-in-the-world|website=babbel.com}}</ref>}}
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Northwestern zone|Northwestern]]
| fam5 = [[Punjabi dialects|Punjabi]]
| ancestor = 
| ancestor2 = 
| child1 = [[Dhanni dialect|Dhanni]]{{efn|name='Transitional'|The dialect's status is that of being transitional between Western Punjabi and Central Punjabi.}}
| child2 = '''[[Hindko]]'''
| child3 = [[Inku]] {{extinct}}
| child4 = [[Jhangvi dialect|Jhangvi]]{{efn|name='Transitional'}}
| child5 = [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]]{{efn|Although regarded as a separate group as ''Central Punjabi'' by many, the Pakistani subdialects of Majhi are regarded by ''[[Ethnologue]]'' and others to be included in the Lahnda group.<ref name=e26>{{e26|lah}}</ref>{{sfn|Shackle|1979|p=198}}}}
| child6 = [[Pahari-Pothwari]]{{efn|name='Transitional'}}
| child7 = '''[[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]'''
| child8 = [[Shahpuri dialect|Shahpuri]]{{efn|name='Transitional'}}
| child9 = [[Thali dialect|Thali]]{{efn|name='Transitional'}}
| children = ''classification disputed''
| map =
| mapalt =
| mapcaption =
| iso2 = lah
| iso3 = lah
}}
{{Punjabis}}

'''Lahnda''' ({{langx|pa|Laehndā}}, {{IPA|pa|lɛ˦n.d̪äː|pron}}, {{lit|western}}),{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɑː|n|d|ə}};<ref>{{OED|Lahnda}}</ref> [[Shahmukhi]]: {{nq|لہندا}}, [[Gurmukhi]]: ਲਹਿੰਦਾ}} also known as '''Lahndi''' or '''Western Punjabi''',{{efn|{{langx|pa|Laehndī Panjābī}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zograph |first=G. A. |title=Languages of South Asia: A Guide |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9781000831597 |edition=Reprint |pages=52 |chapter=Chapter 3 |quote=LAHNDA – Lahnda (Lahndi) or Western Panjabi is the name given to a group of dialects spread over the northern half of Pakistan. In the north, they come into contact with the Dardic languages with which they share some common features, In the east, they turn gradually into Panjabi, and in the south into Sindhi. In the south-east there is a clearly defined boundary between Lahnda and Rajasthani, and in the west a similarly well-marked boundary between it and the Iranian languages Baluchi and Pushtu. The number of people speaking Lahnda can only be guessed at: it is probably in excess of 20 million.}}</ref>}} is a group of [[Punjabi dialects|Punjabi]] [[Variety (linguistics)|language varieties]] within the [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|north-western branch]] of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language family, spoken in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Hazara region|Hazara]], and [[Azad Kashmir]] regions of [[Pakistan]]. It is defined in the [[ISO 639]] standard as a "[[ISO 639 macrolanguage|macrolanguage]]"<ref name=e26/> or as a "series of dialects" by other authors.{{sfn|Masica|1991|pp=17–18}}{{efn|For the difficulties in assigning the labels "language" and "dialect", see {{harvtxt|Shackle|1979}} for Punjabi and {{harvtxt|Masica|1991|pp=23–27}} for [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] generally.}} Its validity as a [[Genetic relationship (linguistics)|linguistic genetic grouping]] is not certain.{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=18}} The terms "Lahnda" and "Western Punjabi" are [[exonyms]] employed by linguists, and are not used by the speakers themselves, who refer to their respective dialects or simply the language "Punjabi".{{sfn|Masica|1991|pp=17–18}}

Lahnda includes the following dialects: [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] (spoken mostly in southern [[Pakistani Punjab]] by about 26 million people); the [[Jatki language|Jatki]] dialects (simply referred to as "Punjabi" by their ~50 million speakers,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2021 |title=Census-2017 District Wise |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/census-2017-district-wise |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> spoken in the [[Bar region]] of [[Central Punjab]]) i.e. [[Jhangvi dialect|Jhangvi]], [[Shahpuri dialect|Shahpuri]] and [[Dhani dialect|Dhanni]]; the diverse varieties of [[Hindko]] (with almost five million speakers in north-western Punjab and neighbouring regions of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], especially [[Hazara region|Hazara]]); [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari/Pothwari]] (with 3.5 million speakers predominantly on the [[Pothohar Plateau]] of northern Punjab, as well as [[Azad Kashmir]] and parts of Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]); [[Khetrani language|Khetrani]] (transitional with [[Sindhi languages|Sindhi]], 20,000 speakers in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]); and [[Inku language|Inku]] (a possibly extinct language of Afghanistan).<ref name=e26/> ''[[Ethnologue]]'' also subsumes under Lahnda a group of varieties that it labels as "Western Punjabi" ([[ISO 639-3]] code: ''pnb'') – the [[Majhi dialect]]s transitional between Lahnda and [[Punjabi dialects#Eastern Punjabi|Eastern Punjabi]]; these are spoken by about 66 million people.<ref name=e26>{{e26|lah}}</ref>{{sfn|Shackle|1979|p=198}} ''[[Glottolog]]'', however, regards only the [[Shahpuri dialect|Shahpuri]], [[Dhanni dialect|Dhanni]] and [[Jhangvi dialect|Jatki]] dialects as "Western Punjabi" within the "Greater Panjabic" family, distinguishing it from the Lahnda varieties ("Hindko-Siraiki" and "Paharic").<ref>{{cite web | url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/west2386 | title=Glottolog 5.0 - Western Panjabi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hind1274 | title=Glottolog 5.0 - Hindko-Siraiki}}</ref>

==Name==
''Lahnda'' means "western" in Punjabi. It was coined by [[William St. Clair Tisdall]] (in the form ''Lahindā'') probably around 1890 and later adopted by a number of linguists — notably [[George Abraham Grierson]] — for a dialect group that had no general local name.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Grierson|first=George A.|year=1930|title=Lahndā and Lahndī|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=5|issue=4|pages=883–887|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00090571|s2cid=160784067 }}</ref>{{rp|883}} This term has currency only among linguists.{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=18}}

==Development==
[[Fariduddin Ganjshakar|Baba Farid]] (c. 1188–1266), a celebrated and revered Punjabi Sufi saint of the 12th century, composed poetry in the Lahnda lect.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johar |first=Surinder Singh |title=Guru Gobind Singh : a multi-faceted personality |date=1999 |publisher=M.D. Publications |isbn=81-7533-093-7 |location=New Delhi |pages=56 |oclc=52865201}}</ref>

[[Mian Muhammad Bakhsh]] (c. 1830 – 1907) is another Punjabi poet who composed poetry in a mixture of both the Eastern and Lahnda varieties of Punjabi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2019 |title=Mian Muhammad Bakhsh – A great Punjabi Sufi Poet |url=https://nation.com.pk/30-Aug-2017/mian-muhammad-bakhsh-a-great-punjabi-sufi-poet |access-date=3 May 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322044412/https://nation.com.pk/30-Aug-2017/mian-muhammad-bakhsh-a-great-punjabi-sufi-poet |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

[[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] (in the south) and [[Hindko]] (in the northwest) have been cultivated as literary standards.<ref name="Shackle 2010">{{cite book|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Shackle|chapter=Lahnda|page=635|year=2010|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Keith|editor2-last=Ogilvie|editor2-first=Sarah|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|location=Oxford|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780080877754}}</ref> The development of the standard written Saraiki began in the 1960s.{{sfn|Rahman|1997|p=838}}{{sfn|Shackle|1977}} The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki speakers since 1981, and Hindko speakers from 2017, prior to which both were represented by Punjabi in general.{{sfn|Javaid|2004|p=46}}

==Classification==
Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from other Punjabi linguistic groups, such as a future tense in ''-s-''. Like [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], Saraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called ''Panjistani'' or (ambiguously) ''Pahari'', is more like [[Majhi dialect|Central Punjabi]] in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Central Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko.<ref name="Shackle 2010" />
[[File:Linguistic map of India, showing the areas where Indo-Aryan languages are spoken, published in the 'Imperial Gazetteer of India' (Vol. XXVI, Atlas; 1931 revised edition; plate no. 13).jpg|thumb|Lahnda depicted on a linguistic map of India, showing the areas where Indo-Aryan languages are spoken, published in the 'Imperial Gazetteer of India' (Vol. XXVI, Atlas; 1931 revised edition; plate no. 13).]]
Sindhi and Punjabi groups (including Lahnda) form a [[dialect continuum]] with no clear-cut boundaries. ''[[Ethnologue]]'' classifies the western forms of Central Punjabi and the dialects transitional between Lahnda and Central Punjabi as Lahnda, so that the Lahnda–Eastern Punjabi isogloss approximates the Pakistani–Indian border.<ref>{{e18|lah}}</ref>

== Script ==
Lahndi-speaking [[Sikhs]] employ the [[Gurmukhi]] script for recording the language rather than the Perso-Arabic-based [[Shahmukhi]] script.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smirnov |first=Yuri Andreyevich |title=The Lahndi Language |publisher=Nauka Publishing House, Central Department of Oriental Literature |year=1975 |pages=28 |quote=Lahndi-speaking Sikhs frequently use the Gurmukhi alphabet to write texts in the language.}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite journal|last = Javaid|first = Umbreen|year = 2004|url = https://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/english/Online_contents/Vol.%20XL%20No.2%20JRH%20July%202004.pdf|title = Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab|journal = Journal of Research (Humanities)|volume=40|issue=2|pages=45–55|location=Lahore|publisher = Department of English Language & Literature, University of the Punjab}} (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)
* {{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7}}
* {{cite journal| last = Rahman| first = Tariq| author-link = Tariq Rahman| year = 1997| title = Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan| journal = Asian Survey| volume = 37| issue =9| pages = 833–839| doi=10.2307/2645700| jstor = 2645700}}
* {{cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = Siraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan| journal = Modern Asian Studies| issn = 0026-749X| volume = 11| issue = 3| pages = 379–403| date = 1977| jstor = 311504| doi=10.1017/s0026749x00014190| s2cid = 144829301}}
* {{cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab| journal = Transactions of the Philological Society| date = 1979| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x| issn = 0079-1636| volume = 77| issue = 1| pages = 191–210}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Singh Gill|first=Harjeet|year=1973|title=Linguistic Atlas Of The Punjab|publisher=Department of Anthropological Linguistics, Punjabi University, Patiala|pages=205}}
* {{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Duni|title=ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਦਾ ਵਿਆਕਰਣ|year=1964|publisher=Publication Bureau, Panjab University, Chandigarh|pages=290}}
* {{cite book|last=Bhardwaj|first=Mangat Rai|title=Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|pages=487|isbn=978-1-315-76080-3}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Malik|first1=Moazzam Ali|last2=Abbas|first2=Furrakh|last3=Noreen|first3=Khadija|title=A comparative study of acoustic cues of Punjabi velar plosives in Majhi and Lehandi|journal=Hamdard Islamicus|volume=43|issue=2|year=2020|pages=1564–1571|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345953281}}
* {{cite journal|last=Hussain|first=Qandeel|title=Phonation differences in the stop laryngeal contrasts of Jangli (Indo-Aryan)|url=https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/jsal/index.php/fasal/article/view/239|journal=(Formal) Approaches to South Asian Languages|volume=1|issue=1|year=2022}}
* {{cite journal|last=Karamat|first=Nayyara|title=Phonemic Inventory of Punjabi|journal=Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing|year=2001|pages=179–188|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.1248 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Malik|first1=Moazzam Ali|last2=Kokub|first2=Iqra|title=Segmental study of Punjabi glottal fricative /H/|url=https://clrjournal.com/ojs/index.php/clrjournal/article/view/10|year=2020|volume=2|issue=1|journal=Competitive Linguistic Research Journal|pages=1–17}}

== External links ==
* [http://llmap.org/assets/maps/LinguisticSurveyIndia/lahnpanj.jpg Map of Lahnda dialects] from [[G.A. Grierson|Grierson's]] early 20th-century [[Linguistic Survey of India]]

{{Punjabi dialects}}
{{Languages of Pakistan}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Punjabi dialects]]
[[Category:Punjabi language in Pakistan]]

List of dams and reservoirs in India

2026-03-19T09:59:02Z

Subhamaykarjee: improve formatting additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|none}}
This page shows the state-wise list of '''[[dam]]s and [[reservoir]]s in [[India]]'''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Headworks_(Dam,_Barrage,Weir,_Anicut,_Lift) | title=Head works (Dam, Barrage, Weir, Anicut) in India | work=[[Government of India]] | access-date=9 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921052447/http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Headworks_(Dam,_Barrage,Weir,_Anicut,_Lift) | archive-date=21 September 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="National register of dams in India" /> As of July, 2019, total number of large dams in [[India]] is 5,334.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://orissadiary.com/india-has-5334-completed-and-operational-large-dams-while-411-large-dams-are-under-construction-says-bishweswar-tudu/ | title=India has 5334 completed and operational large dams while 411 large dams are under construction, says Bishweswar Tudu | date=August 2022 }}</ref> About 447 large dams are under construction in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NATIONAL REGISTER OF LARGE DAMS |url=https://cwc.gov.in/sites/default/files/NRLD_04012017.pdf |access-date=17 Oct 2025 |website=cwc.gov.in}}</ref> In terms of number of dams, India ranks third after [[China]] and the United States.
[[File:Pong Dam, Himachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|[[Pong Dam|Pong dam]], built over [[Beas River|Beas river]] in [[Kangra district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]]]]

==Andhra Pradesh==
{{main|List of dams and reservoirs in Andhra Pradesh}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
!Dam/Reservoir !! River !! Location !! Type !! Height !! Length !! No. of gates !! Storage capacity (tmcft)!! Reservoir area (km2)!! Year of completion!! Purpose
|-
| [[Dowleswaram Barrage]] || [[Godavari River]] || [[Rajahmundry]], [[East Godavari district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]||[[Barrage (dam)|Barrage]]||{{Convert|4.572|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}||{{Convert|5837|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}||186||5.14 tmcft (including dead storage) ||63.5 km2||1850|| [[Irrigation]] & [[Water supply]]
|-
| [[Jalaput Dam]] || [[Godavari River]] || [[Jalaput village]], [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] & [[Masonry dam]]||{{Convert|60.65|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}||{{Convert|419|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}||10||34.273 tmcft||97.12 km2||2000|| [[Hydroelectric]] & [[Irrigation]]
|-
| [[Polavaram Project|Polavaram Dam]] || [[Godavari River]] || [[Polavaram, Eluru district|Polavaram]], [[Eluru district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]||[[Embankment dam|Earth-fill]] & [[Masonry dam]]||{{Convert|39.28|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}||{{Convert|2,914|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}||48 ||194 tmcft||600 km2|| Under construction|| [[Hydroelectric]], [[Irrigation]] & [[Water supply]]
|-
| [[Prakasham Barrage]] || [[Krishna River]] || [[Vijayawada]], [[NTR district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] ||[[Barrage (dam)|Barrage]]||{{Convert|3.66|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}||{{Convert|1223.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}||70||3 tmcft||30.36 km2||1855|| [[Irrigation]] & [[Water supply]]
|-
| [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]] || [[Krishna River]] || [[Nagarjuna Sagar]], [[Palnadu district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] || [[Embankment dam|Earth-fill]] & [[Masonry dam]] ||{{Convert|124|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}||{{Convert|1,550|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}||26||312 tmcft ||181.051 km2||1967|| [[Hydroelectric]] & [[Irrigation]]
|-
| [[Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond]] ||[[Krishna River]]|| [[Nagarjuna Sagar]], [[Palnadu district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| [[Embankment dam|Earth-fill]] & [[Masonry dam]] ||{{Convert|62.48|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ||{{Convert|10|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}|| ||6 tmcft ||120.67 km2|| 2014 || [[Irrigation]] & [[Water supply]]
|-
| [[Srisailam Dam]] ||[[Krishna River]]|| [[Sri Sailam]], [[Nandyal district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] || [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] & [[Masonry dam]] ||{{Convert|145.10|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ||{{Convert|512|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}|| 13 || 216 tmcft ||200 km2||1981|| [[Hydroelectric]], [[Irrigation]] & [[Water supply]]
|-
| [[Veligonda Project|Nallamalasagar Reservoir]] || [[Krishna River]] ||[[Prakasham district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]||[[Embankment dam|Earth-fill]]||{{Convert|11.7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}|||| ||43.5 tmcft||||Under construction || [[Irrigation]] & [[Water supply]]
|-
| [[Telugu Ganga]] || [[Krishna River]] || [[Atmakur, Kurnool district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| || || || || || ||2004|| [[Irrigation]] & [[Water supply]]
|-
| [[Gandikota Reservoir]] || [[Penna River]] ||[[Kadapa]], [[Kadapa district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| || || || || 26.85 tmcft || ||2013||[[Irrigation]] & [[Water supply]]
|-
| [[Sunkesula|Sunkesula Barrage]] || [[Tungabhadra River]] ||[[Kurnool]], [[Kurnool district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]||[[Barrage (dam)|Barrage]]||{{Convert|163|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}||{{Convert|1,300|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}||30||1.25 tmcft||60 km2||1861|| [[Irrigation]] & [[Water supply]]
|-
| [[Pothireddypadu Reservoir|Velgodu Reservoir]] || [[Tungabhadra River]]|| [[Velgode|Velgodu]], [[Kurnool district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]|| || || || || 10.14 tmcft || || ||
|-
| [[Handri-Neeva|Handri Neeva Project]] || [[Tungabhadra River]] || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Alaganur Reservoir]]|| [[Tungabhadra River]] || |||| || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Rajolibanda Diversion Scheme|Rajolibanda]]|| [[Tungabhadra River]] || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Sangam Barrage]] || [[Penna River]] |||| || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Mylavaram Dam]] || [[Penna River]] || || || || || || 9.98 tmcft || || ||
|-
| [[Somasila Dam]] || [[Penna River]] || [[Somasila village]], [[Nellore district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] || [[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]] & [[Gravity dam]]||128 ft|| {{Convert|760|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}|| || 78 tmcft || ||1989||[[Irrigation]] & [[Water supply]]
|-
| [[PABR Dam]] || [[Penna River]] || || || || || ||9.78 tmcft || ||2002||
|-
| [[MPR Dam]] || [[Penna River]] || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Chitravathi Reservoir]]|| [[Penna River]] || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Cheyyeru Reservoir]]|| [[Penna River]] || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Nellore anicut]]|| [[Penna River]] || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Veligallu Dam Reservoir]] || [[Papagni River]] || |||| || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Gundlakamma Reservoir Project|Gundlakamma Reservoir]]||[[Gundlakamma River]] |||| || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Jeedipalli Reservoir]]||[[Handri-Neeva|Handri River]] || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Brahmamsagar Dam]]|| [[Handri-Neeva|Handri River]] |||| || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Thandava Dam]]|| [[Thandava River]]|| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Upper Sileru Dam]]|| [[Sabari River]] || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Donkarayi Dam|Donkarayi Project]]|| [[Sileru River|Sabari River]] || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Kandaleru Dam]] || [[Kandaleru River]]|| || || || || ||68 tmcft || || ||
|-
| [[Gandipalem Project]]|| [[Manneru River]]|| |||| || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Tatipudi Reservoir]] ||[[Gosthani River]] || |||| || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Yeleru Reservoir]]|| [[Yeleru River]]|| || || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Kanithi Balancing Reservoir|Kanithi Reservoir]] || [[Yeleru River]]|| |||| || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Gotta Barrage]]|| [[Vamsadhara River]] || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Kalyani Dam]] || [[Swarnamukhi|Swarnamukhi River]] || |||| || || || || || 1977 ||
|-
| [[Jhanjavati Project]]||[[Nagavali River]] || |||| || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Thotapalli Barrage]]
|| [[Nagavali River]]|| || || || || || || ||2015||
|-
| [[Madduvalasa Reservoir]]|| [[Nagavali River]] |||| || || || || || || 2002 ||
|-
| [[Narayanapuram Project]]||[[Nagavali River]] |||||| || || || || || ||
|-
|}

==Arunachal Pradesh==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! River !! Dam !! Height !! Length !! Type !! Storage capacity !! Reservoir area !! Year of completion
|-
| Ranganadi River || [[Ranganadi Dam|Ranganadi]] || {{convert|68|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|344.75|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] || {{Convert|21280|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|1600000|m2|acre|0|abbr=on}} || 2003
|-
|[[Dibang River|Dibang]]
|[[Dibang Dam|Dibang]]
|288 m
|
|Concrete gravity
|
|
|Under Construction
|-
|}

==Assam==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! [[List of rivers of India|River]] !! Dam !! Height !! Length !! Type !! Storage capacity !! Reservoir area !! Status
|-
| [[Pagladiya River]] || [[Pagladia Dam|Pagladia]]|| {{Convert|26.2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|230|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || [[Rock-fill dam|Rock-fill]] || || || In progress
|-
| [[Kopili River|Kopili]] || [[Kopili Hydro Electric Project|Khandong]] || {{Convert|66|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|243|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] || || || Completed <ref name="neepco website">[http://neepco.co.in/neepco/ Link Text]{{full|date=June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Umrong Nalah]]|| [[Kopili Hydro Electric Project|Umrong]] || {{Convert|30|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|143|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] || || || Completed <ref name="neepco website"/>
|-
| [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]] || [[Subansiri Lower Dam]] || {{Convert|130|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|284|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] || {{Convert|1.365|km3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|33.5|km2|acre|0|abbr=on}} || In progress
|-
| [[Borpani River]]|| [[Karbi Langpi Dam]]|| {{Convert|35|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|197|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] || || || Completed <ref name="neepco website"/>
|-
|}

== Chhattisgarh ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! River !! Dam !! Height !! Length !! Type !! Storage capacity !! Reservoir area !! Year of completion
|-
| [[Arpa (river), Chhattisgarh|Arpa]]
|Khutaghat Reservoir||
||
||
||
|| || 1930
|-
| [[Mahanadi]] || [[Dudhawa Dam]] || 24.53 m
|| 2,906.43 m
|| || || || 1964
|-
| [[Mahanadi]] || [[Gangrel Dam]] || 30.4
5 m
|| 1,800 m
|| Embankment, earth-fill
|| 910,500,000 m³
|| 95 km2
||1979
|-
| [[Hasdeo River|Hasdev]] || [[Hasdeo Bango Dam|Minimata Hasdeo Bango]] || {{Convert|87|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|2509.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || [[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]] & [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] || {{Convert|3416000000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|18490000|m2|acre|0|abbr=on}} || 1990
|-
| [[Kotri River|Kotri]]
| [[Kherkatta Reservoir]]|| 20 m
|| 610 m
|| Embankment, earth-fill
|| 2,955,000 m³
|| || 1981
|-
| [[Seonath River|Shivnath]] || [[Mongra Barrage]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chhattisgarh water resources department|url=http://www.cgwrd.in/organisation/photo-gallery/category/1-dams-a-barrages.html|title=Chhattisgarh Water Resources Department - Photo Gallery - Dams & Barrages|access-date=2014-01-20|archive-date=2014-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092549/http://www.cgwrd.in/organisation/photo-gallery/category/1-dams-a-barrages.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> || || || || || ||2008
|-
|Sillari River || [[Murrum Silli Dam]] || 34.15 m
|| 2591 m
|| Embankment, earth-fill
|| 165,340,000 m³
|| 25 km2
||1923
|-
| [[Sondur River|Sondur]] || [[Sondur Dam]] || || || || || || 1988
|-
|Tandula and Sukh nala || [[Tandula Dam]] || || || || 312,250,000 m³
|| ||1921
|-
|}

== Bihar ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!River
!Length (m)
!Max Height (m)
!Basin
!Completion Year
!Type
![[Districts of Bihar|District]]
!Purpose
|-
!1
|[[Ajay Dam]]
|[[Ajay River|Ajay]]
|518.3
|39.02
|Ganga
|1989
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]]
|[[Jamui district|Jamui]]
|Irrigation
|-
!2
|[[Amrity Dam]]
|
|166.16
|16.65
|Ganga
|1965
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]]
|[[Jamui]]
|Irrigation
|-
!3
|[[Badua Dam]]
|[[Badua River|Badua]]
|457.32
|56.66
|Ganga
|1965
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]]
|[[Banka district|Banka]]
|Irrigation
|-
!4
|[[Barnar Dam]]
|
|282.7
|76.75
|Ganga
|Under Construction
|[[Gravity dam|Gravity]] & Masonry
|[[Jamui]]
|Irrigation
|-
!5
|[[Baskund Dam]]
|Baskund
|67.07
|17.68
|Ganga
|1984
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]]
|[[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]]
|Irrigation
|-
!6
|[[Belharna Dam]]
|Belharna
|411.58
|30.1
|Ganga
|1987
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]]
|[[Jamui]]
|Irrigation
|-
!7
|[[Bilasi Dam]]
|Bilasi
|169.8
|19.97
|Ganga
|2001
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]]
|[[Jamui]]
|Irrigation
|-
!8
|[[Chandan Dam]]
|Chandan
|1555
|40.4
|Ganga
|1968
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]]
|[[Jamui]]
|Irrigation
|-
!9
|[[Durgawati Dam]]
|Durgawati
|1615.4
|46.3
|Ganga
|Under Construction
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]]
|[[Kaimur district|Kaimur]] ([[bhabua]])
|Irrigation
|-
!10
|[[Gaighat Dam]]
|Baghara
|
|
|Ganga
|Proposed
| -
|[[Munger district|Munger]]
|
|-
!11
|[[Jalkund Dam]]
|Jalkund
|631.1
|15.99
|Ganga
|1968
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]]
|[[Munger district|Munger]]
|Irrigation
|-
!12
|[[Job Dam]]
|Job
|1616
|18.9
|Ganga
|1977
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]]
|[[Nawada district|Nawada]]
|Irrigation
|-
!13
|[[Kailash Ghati Dam]]
|Kailash Ghati
|183
|25.9
|Ganga
|1980
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]]
|[[Jamui]]
|Irrigation
|-
!14
|[[Khargpur Lake Dam]]
|Man
|221.04
|26.53
|Ganga
|1876
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]]
|[[Munger district|Munger]]
|Irrigation
|-
!15
|[[Kohira Dam]]
|Kohira
|265.24
|16
|Ganga
|1962
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]] / [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] & Masonry
|[[Kaimur district|Kaimur]] ([[bhabua]])
|Irrigation
|-
!16
|[[Kolmahadeo Dam]]
|Kolmahadev(bhusari)
|157
|19.2
|Ganga
|1966
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]]
|[[Nawada district|Nawada]]
|Irrigation
|-
!17
|[[Morwy Dam]]
|Morwe
|533.53
|25.56
|Ganga
|1960
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]]
|[[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]]
|Irrigation
|-
!18
|[[Nagi Dam]]
|[[Nagi River|Nagi]]
|1884
|113.5
|Ganga
|1958
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]]
|[[Jamui]]
|Irrigation
|-
!19
|[[Nakti Dam]]
|Nakti
|990.85
|23.61
|Ganga
|1980
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]]
|[[Jamui]]
|Irrigation
|-
!20
|[[Orhni Dam]]
|[[Orni River|Orni]]
|686
|23.774
|Ganga
|2000
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]]
|[[Jamui]]
|Irrigation
|-
!21
|[[Phulwaria Dam]]
|[[Tilaiya River|Tilaiya]]
|1135
|25.66
|Ganga
|1988
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]]
|Nawada
|Irrigation
|-
!22
|[[Sindhwarni Dam]]
|Man
|125.76
|21.34
|Ganga
|Under Construction
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]]
|[[Munger district|Munger]]
|Irrigation
|-
!23
|[[Srikhandi Dam]]
|Srikhandi
|205.8
|16.65
|Ganga
|1965
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]]
|[[Jamui]]
|Irrigation
|-
!24
|[[Upper Kiul Dam]]
|Kiul
|3673
|30.48
|Ganga
|2004
|[[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]]
|[[Jamui]]
|Irrigation
|}

== Goa ==

<ref name="National register of dams in India">{{cite web | url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/New%20NRLD.pdf | title=National register of dams in India | work=[[Government of India]] | access-date=July 9, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920223122/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/new%20nrld.pdf | archive-date=September 20, 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
![[List of rivers of India|River]] !! Dam !! Height !! Length !! Type !! Storage capacity !! Reservoir area !! Complete
|-
|[http://mygoldengoa.com/amthane-dam-pirna-bicholim/ Amthane Nala] || [[Amthane Dam|Amthane]]|| {{Convert|25.21|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|450|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || [[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]] || {{Convert|5970000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|680000|m2|acre|0|abbr=on}} || 1987
|-
|[[Gunuleni Nala]]|| [[Anjunem Dam|Anjunem]]|| {{Convert|43|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|185|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || [[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]] & [[Gravity dam|Gravity]]|| {{Convert|44830000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|2530000|m2|acre|0|abbr=on}} || 1989
|-
| || [[Moisal Dam|Moisal]]|| {{Convert|20|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|230|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || [[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]] || {{Convert|4570000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|530000|m2|acre|0|abbr=on}} || 1989
|-
| || [[Chapoli Dam]]|| {{Convert|25.50|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|760|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || [[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]] || {{Convert|9980000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|1100000|m2|acre|0|abbr=on}} || 2000
|-
|[[Sanguem River|Sanguem]]|| [[Salaulim Dam|Salaulim]] || {{Convert|42.70|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|1004|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} || [[Earth-fill dam|Earth-fill]] & [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] || {{Convert|234361000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on}} || {{Convert|29640000|m2|acre|0|abbr=on}} || 2000
|-
|}

==Gujarat==
Gujarat has over 200 dams with reservoirs that are large enough to be of particular concern in disaster preparedness planning.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarat: Disaster Management Plan: Operation of gates and rule curve levels for Irrigation Projects|publisher=Narmada, Water Resources, Water Supply and Kalpsar Department|url=http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/downloads/disaster_man_plan_1.8.pdf}}</ref> These include:

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! River !! Dam !! Height !! Length !! Type !! Storage capacity !! Reservoir area !! Complete
|-
| [[Vishwamitri river]] || [[Ajwa]] || || 5,000 meters || || || || early 20th century
|-
| [[West Banas-Anjana River]]|| [[Dantiwada Dam]] || 61 meters || 4,832 meters|| || || || 1965
|-
| [[Chaudhari River]]|| [[Hemil dam]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| Mitti River || [[Mitti Dam]] || || 4,405 meters || || || || 1983
|-
| Rangholi River || [[Ranghola dam]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Narmada River]] || [[Sardar Sarovar Project|Sardar Sarovar Dam]] || 138.68 meters || 1,210 m (3,970 ft) || Gravity || 9.5 km3 || 375.33 km2 || 17 September 2017
|-
|[[Bhadbhut barrage]]
|
|
|Barrage
|
|
|2025
|-
| Narmada River || Virangna Lakshmibai Dam || 38 meters || 4,256 meters || Embankment, earth-fill || || || 1987
|-
|[[Sabarmati River]]
|[[Dharoi dam]]
|45.87 metres
|1,207 metres
|Gravity
|
|
|1978
|-
| [[Tapti River]]|| [[Ukai Dam]] || 80.772 meters|| 4,927 m (16,165 ft) || || || |52,000 hac|| 1972
|- sabarmati river dharai dam
|}

== Haryana ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! River !! Dam !! Height !! Length !! Type !! Storage capacity !! Reservoir area !! Complete !! Location
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Yamuna]]|| [[Hathni Kund Barrage]] || || 360 m|| || || || 1999 || [[Yamunanagar district]]
|-
| [[Palla barrage]] || || || || || || || [[Faridabad district]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Sahibi River]] || [[Masani barrage]] || || || || || 500 acre || 1989 || [[Masani]], [[Rewari District]]
|-
| [[Tajewala Barrage]] ||27.73 m (91.0 ft) || 360 m (1,180 ft) || || || || 1873 || [[Yamuna Nagar District]]
|-
| Anangpur stream || [[Anangpur Dam]] || 7m || 50m || [[Gravity dam|Gravity]]|| || | || 9th century by king [[Anangpal Tomar]] || [[Surajkund]], Faridabad
|-
| [[Kaushalya river]] || [[Kaushalya Dam]] || || || [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] || || || 2012 || [[Pinjore]]
|-
| [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar Rivers]] || [[Ottu barrage]] || || || || || || 1896 || [[Ottu, Haryana|Ottu]], [[Sirsa district]]
|-
| [[Somb river]] || [[Pathrala barrage]] || 34 m (112 ft) || 460 m (1,510 ft)|| || || || 1876 || [[Yamunanagar district]]
|}

== Himachal Pradesh ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! River !! Dam !! Height !! Length !! Type !! Storage capacity !! Reservoir area !! Complete !! Location
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Satluj River]] || [[Bhakra Dam]] ||226m (741 ft )
|520m||[[Gravity dam|Gravity]]
|9.340 km3
|168.35 km2
|1963||[[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
|-
|[[Koldam Dam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Nathpa Dam]] || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Tons River]]|| [[Kishau Dam]] || || || || || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Baspa River]] || [[Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Plant|Karcham Dam]]|| || || || || || ||
|-
|[[Sangla Dam]]|| || || || || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Beas River]] || [[Pandoh Dam]] || || || || || || ||
|-
|[[Pong Dam]] || || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Ravi River]]|| [[Chamera Dam]] || || || || || || ||
|-||chamba||
|}

== Jammu and Kashmir ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! River !! Dam !! Height !! Length !! Type !! Storage capacity !! Reservoir area !! Complete
|-
| [[Chenab River|Chenab]] || [[Salal Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Suru River (Indus)|Suru]] || [[Chutak Hydroelectric Plant]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Chenab River|Chenab]]|| [[Dul Hasti Hydroelectric Plant]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Neelum River|Kishanganga]]|| [[Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant]] || || || ||7.55 MCM|| ||Construction completed, commissioning awaited
|-
| [[Indus River|Indus]] || [[Nimoo Bazgo Hydroelectric Plant]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Chenab River|Chenab]]||[[Ratle Hydroelectric Plant]] || || || ||23.86 MCM|| ||Under construction<ref>{{Cite web|title=Violating IWT India starts Ratle Dam's construction|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/583790-violating-iwt-india-starts-ratle-dam-s-construction|access-date=2020-07-23|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jhelum River]] || [[Uri Dam|Uri- II Dam]]
[[Tulbul Project]]
| ||
| ||6.34 MCM|| ||
|-
| [[Chenab River|Chenab]]|| [[Baglihar Dam]] || || || ||52 MCM|| ||
|-
|}

== Jharkhand ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! River !! Dam !! Height !! Length !! Type !! Storage capacity !! Reservoir area !! Complete
|-

| [[Swarnarekha River|Swarnarekha]] || [[Getalsud Dam]] || 35 m
| || || || 717 km2
|
|-
| [[Swarnarekha River|Swarnarekha]] || [[Chandil Dam]] || 56.8 m
|720.10 m || Earthen/ Gravity & Masonry||1963M cu m||56.46 km2||1978
|-
| [[Swarnarekha River|Swarnarekha]] || [[Dhurwa Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Konar River|Konar]] || [[Konar Dam]] || 48.77 m || 4,535 m || || ||27.92 km2||
|-
| [[Barakar River|Barakar]] || [[Maithon Dam]] || 50 m || 4,789 m || || ||65 km2|| 1957
|-
| [[Damodar River|Damodar]] || [[Panchet]] || || || || || ||
|-
| Damodar || [[Tenughat Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
| Barakar || [[Tilaiya Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
| Damodar || [[Khandoli Dam]] || || || || || ||
|- Chandil dam Swarnarekha river Height-56.8 m Length 720 m Volume-1866 (TCM)
|-
| [[Mayurakshi River|Mayurakshi]] || [[Massanjore Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Ajay River|Ajay]] || Punasi Dam|| || || || || ||
|}

== Karnataka ==
{{Main|List of dams and reservoirs in Karnataka}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Dam/Reservoir !! River !! Location !! Storage capacity !! Reservoir level !! Height of dam !! Length of dam!! No. of gates !! Type !! Reservoir area !! Year of completion !! Purpose
|-
| [[Almatti Dam]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Almatti_Dam_D04310 | title=Almatti Dam | publisher=India-WRIS | access-date=27 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425131601/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Almatti_Dam_D04310 | archive-date=25 April 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.kbjnl.com/Comp-Dam-Almatti | title=Almatti Dam | publisher=Krishna Bhagya Jala Nigam Limited | access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> || [[Krishna River|Krishna]]|| [[Basavana Bagevadi|Basavana Bagevadi taluk]], [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]]|| 123.25 tmcft ||519.6 m || 49.29 m || 1564.85 m || 26 ||[[Embankment dam|Earth-fill]], [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] & [[Masonry dam]] || 540.11 km2||1999 || [[Irrigation]] & [[Hydroelectricity|Hydroelectric]]
|-
| [[Basava Sagara|Basava Sagara Dam]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Narayanapura_Dam_D04315 | title=Basava Sagara (Narayanapur Dam) | publisher=India-WRIS | access-date=27 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323041857/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Narayanapura_Dam_D04315 | archive-date=23 March 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.kbjnl.com/Narayanpur | title=Basava Sagara (Narayanapur Dam) | publisher=Krishna Bhagya Jala Nigam Limited | access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> || [[Krishna River|Krishna]]|| Narayanapur, [[Shorapur]] Taluk, [[Yadgir district]] || 37.965 tmcft ||492.252 m || 29.72 m || 10637.52 m|| 30||[[Embankment dam|Earth-fill]], [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] & [[Masonry dam]] || 132.06 km2|| 1982 || [[Irrigation]] & [[Hydroelectricity|Hydroelectric]]
|-
| [[Bhadra Dam]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Bhadra_Dam_D04426 | title=Bhadra Dam | publisher=India-WRIS | access-date=27 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925005457/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Bhadra_Dam_D04426 | archive-date=25 September 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://waterresources.kar.nic.in/salient_features_badrareservoir.htm | title=Bhadhra Reservoir Project | publisher=KARNATAKA WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT | access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> || [[Bhadra]] || [[Lakkavalli]], [[Tarikere|Tarikere taluk]], [[Chikkamagaluru district]] || 71.50 tmcft ||186 ft ||194 ft || 1708 m|| 4||[[Embankment dam|Earth-fill]], [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] & [[Masonry dam]] || 112.508 km2|| 1965 || [[Irrigation]] & [[Hydroelectricity|Hydroelectric]]
|-
| [[Tungabhadra Pull UP Dam]]<ref name="India-WRIS Tungabhadra Dam">{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Tungabhadra_Dam_D05483 | title=Tungabhadra Dam | publisher=India-WRIS | access-date=27 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040926/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Tungabhadra_Dam_D05483 | archive-date=6 January 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> || [[Tungabhadra]]|| [[Hammigi]], [[Gadag district]] || 254.44 tmcft || 511.50 m || NA m || 402.00 m|| 27 ||[[Embankment dam|Earth-fill]], [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] & [[Masonry dam]] || 19850 (hectare)  (Sq. km.) || 2010|| [[Irrigation]] & [[Hydroelectricity|Hydroelectric]]
|-
|-
| [[Tungabhadra Dam]]<ref name="India-WRIS Tungabhadra Dam" /> || [[Tungabhadra]]|| [[Hospet]], [[Bellary district]] || 132.47 tmcft ||497.74 m ||49.39 m || 2443 m|| 33||[[Embankment dam|Earth-fill]], [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] & [[Masonry dam]] || 378 km2|| 1953 || [[Irrigation]] & [[Hydroelectricity|Hydroelectric]]
|-
| [[Krishna Raja Sagara|Krishna Raja Sagara Dam]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Krishnarajasagar_Dam_D05445 | title=Krishnarajasagar Dam | publisher=India-WRIS | access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> || [[Kaveri]] || [[Mandya]]|| 49.452 tmcft || 124.80 ft ||42.62 m || 2621 m|| 152||[[Gravity dam|Gravity]] & [[Masonry dam]] || 107.808 km2|| 1931 || [[Irrigation]] & [[Hydroelectricity|Hydroelectric]]
|-
| [[Linganamakki Dam]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Linganamakki_Dam_D05448 | title=Linganamakki Dam | publisher=India-WRIS | access-date=27 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426080030/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Linganamakki_Dam_D05448 | archive-date=26 April 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> || [[Sharavathi river|Sharavathi]] ||Linganamakki, [[Sagara, Karnataka|Sagara Taluk]], [[Shimoga district]]|| 156.62 tmcft || 554.43 m ||61.26 m || 2749.29 m|| 11||[[Embankment dam|Earth-fill]], [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] & [[Masonry dam]] || 317.28 km2|| 1964 || [[Hydroelectricity|Hydroelectric]]
|-
| [[Harangi Reservoir]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Harangi_Dam_D05143 | title=Harangi Dam | publisher=India-WRIS | access-date=27 July 2016 | archive-date=24 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924193850/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Harangi_Dam_D05143 | url-status=dead }}</ref> || Harangi || Hudgur, [[Somwarpet|Somawarapete taluk]], [[Kodagu district]]|| 8.07 tmcft || 871.42 m ||53 m || 845.8 m|| 4||[[Embankment dam|Earth-fill]], [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] & [[Masonry dam]] || 19.081 km2|| 1982 || [[Irrigation]] & [[Hydroelectricity|Hydroelectric]]
|-
| [[Shanti Sagara]] || Haridra || [[Channagiri|Channagiri taluk]], [[Davanagere district]]|| 3.5 tmcft || 27 ft m ||27 ft || 290 m|| 2||[[Embankment dam|Earth-fill]] || 27 km2|| - || [[Irrigation]]
|-
| [[Raja Lakhamagowda dam]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://waterresources.kar.nic.in/salient_features_ghataprabha.htm | title=Ghataprabha Dam | publisher=waterresources.kar.nic.in | access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> || [[Ghataprabha River|Ghataprabha]] || [[Hidkal]], [[Hukkeri|Hukkeri taluk]], [[Belgaum district]]|| 51.16 tmcft || 745.79 m ||53.34 m || 10183 m|| 10||[[Embankment dam|Earth-fill]], [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] & [[Masonry dam]] || 63.38 km2|| 1977 || [[Irrigation]] & [[Hydroelectricity|Hydroelectric]]
|-
| [[Renuka Sagara|Renuka Sagara Dam]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://waterresources.kar.nic.in/salient_features_malaprabha.htm | title=Malaprabha Dam | publisher=waterresources.kar.nic.in | access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> || [[Malaprabha River|Malaprabha]] || [[Navilatirtha|Navilutheertha]], [[Saundatti|Saundatti taluk]], [[Belgaum district]]|| 37.73 tmcft || 633.83 m ||43.13 m || 154.52 m|| 4||[[Gravity dam|Gravity]] & [[Masonry dam]] || 54.97 km2|| 1972 || [[Irrigation]] & [[Hydroelectricity|Hydroelectric]]
|-
| [[Kadra Dam]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Kadra_Dam_D05175 | title=Kadra Dam | publisher=India-WRIS/ | access-date=27 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429222500/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Kadra_Dam_D05175 | archive-date=29 April 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> || [[Kali River (Karnataka)|Kali]] || [[Karwar]], [[Uttara Kannada|Uttara Kannada district]]|| 13.74 tmcft || 34.50 m ||40.50 m || 2313 m|| 8||[[Embankment dam|Earth-fill]], [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] & [[Masonry dam]] || 32.48 km2|| 1997 || [[Hydroelectricity|Hydroelectric]]
|-
| [[Supa Dam]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Supa_Dam_D04595 | title=Supa Dam | publisher=India-WRIS/ | access-date=15 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428185216/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Supa_Dam_D04595 | archive-date=28 April 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> || [[Kali River (Karnataka)|Kali]] || [[Joida]], [[Uttara Kannada|Uttara Kannada district]]|| 147.54 tmcft || 564 m ||101 m || 331.29 m|| 3|| [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] & [[Masonry dam]] || 124 km2|| 1987 || [[Hydroelectricity|Hydroelectric]]
|-
| [[Kanva Reservoir]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Kanva_Dam_D05443 | title=Kanva Dam | publisher=India-WRIS/ | access-date=15 October 2016 | archive-date=19 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019092845/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Kanva_Dam_D05443 | url-status=dead }}</ref> || Kanva || [[Channapatna]], [[Ramanagara district]]|| 0.85 tmcft || - ||22.57 m || 1422 m|| -|| [[Embankment dam|Earth-fill]] || 4.37 km2|| 1946 || [[Irrigation]]
|-
| [[Kodasalli Dam]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Kodasalli_Dam_D05176 | title=Kodasalli Dam | publisher=India-WRIS/ | access-date=15 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429224331/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Kodasalli_Dam_D05176 | archive-date=29 April 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> || [[Kali River (Karnataka)|Kali]] || [[Joida]], [[Uttara Kannada|Uttara Kannada district]]|| 10.14 tmcft || 75.5 m ||52.1 m || 534 m|| 9|| [[Embankment dam|Earth-fill]], [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] & [[Masonry dam]] || 20.85 km2|| 2000 || [[Hydroelectricity|Hydroelectric]]
|-
| [[Vani Vilasa Sagara]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Vanivilasa_Sagar_Dam_D05492 | title=Vani Vilasa Sagara Dam | publisher=India-WRIS/ | access-date=21 October 2016}}</ref> || [[Vedavathi]] || Marikanive, [[Hiriyur]] [[Taluk]], [[Chitradurga district]]|| 28.34 tmcft || 652.28 m ||43.28 m || 405.4 m||2 || [[Embankment dam|Earth-fill]], [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] & [[Masonry dam]] || 87.63 km2|| 1907 || [[Irrigation]] & [[Hydroelectricity|Hydroelectric]]
|-
|}

== Kerala ==
{{Main|List of dams and reservoirs in Kerala}}

<mapframe text="Dams in Kerala" width="300" height="350" zoom="8" latitude="9.8696" longitude="76.8399" align="right">
[
{
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.144167,9.528611, ] },
"properties": {
"title": "[[Mullaperiyar Dam]]",
"description": "[[File:Mullapperiyardam.jpg |200px]]",
"marker-symbol": "dam",
"marker-size": "large",
"marker-color": "0050d0"
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.976111,9.842778 ] },
"properties": {
"title": "[[Idukki Dam]]",
"description": "[[File:IdukkiDamConcaveSide.jpg|200px]]",
"marker-symbol": "dam",
"marker-size": "large",
"marker-color": "0050d0"
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.966944,9.845278] },
"properties": {
"title": "[[Cheruthoni Dam]]",
"description": "[[File:Cheruthoni004.jpg|200px]]",
"marker-symbol": "dam",
"marker-size": "large",
"marker-color": "0050d0"
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.896111,9.802942] },
"properties": {
"title": "[[Kulamavu Dam]]",
"description": "[[File:View on Kulamavu Dam Reservoir.jpg |200px]]",
"marker-symbol": "dam",
"marker-size": "large",
"marker-color": "0050d0"
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 77.124,10.106] },
"properties": {
"title": "[[Mattupetty Dam]]",
"description": "[[File:Mattupetty Dam.jpg|200px]]",
"marker-symbol": "dam",
"marker-size": "large",
"marker-color": "0050d0"
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.9548034,9.962278] },
"properties": {
"title": "[[Lower Periyar Dam]]",
"marker-symbol": "dam",
"marker-size": "large",
"marker-color": "0050d0"
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.9968439,9.9829676] },
"properties": {
"title": "[[Kallarkutty Dam]]",
"description": "[[File:Kallar kutty005.jpg|200px]]",
"marker-symbol": "dam",
"marker-size": "large",
"marker-color": "0050d0"
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.705833,10.221667] },
"properties": {
"title": "[[Idamalayar Dam]]",
"description": "[[File:Idamalayar Dam.jpg |200px]]",
"marker-symbol": "dam",
"marker-size": "large",
"marker-color": "0050d0"
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.1763,10.0218] },
"properties": {
"title": "[[Anayirankal Dam]]",
"description": "[[File:Anayirankal dam.jpg |200px]]",
"marker-symbol": "dam",
"marker-size": "large",
"marker-color": "0050d0"
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.19,10.14] },
"properties": {
"title": "[[Kundala Dam]]",
"description": "[[File:Kundala Dam and Lake.JPG |200px]]",
"marker-symbol": "dam",
"marker-size": "large",
"marker-color": "0050d0"
}
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [76.662222,10.136389] },
"properties": {
"title": "[[Bhoothathankettu]]",
"description": "[[File:Bhoothathankettu Dam.jpg |200px]]",
"marker-symbol": "dam",
"marker-size": "large",
"marker-color": "0050d0"
}
}

]
</mapframe>
There are 44 rivers in Kerala, and 42 dams and reservoirs. The dams and reservoirs in Kerala include Solaiyar Dam, Kakkayam Dam, Idamalayar Dam, Peringalkuthu Dam and Kakki Reservoir.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+District Wise
!District
!Number of Dams
|-
|Ernakulam
|2
|-
|Idukki
|12
|-
|Kannur
|1
|-
|Kollam
|1
|-
|Kozhikode
|2
|-
|Palakkad
|11
|-
|Pathanamthitta
|4
|-
|Thiruvananthapuram
|3
|-
|Thrissur
|4
|-
|Wayanad
|2
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''42'''
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Serial number
![[River]]
!Name
!Area (km2)
![[District]]
!Co-ordinate
!Altitude (m)
|-
|1.
|[[Bharathapuzha River]]
|[[Malampuzha Dam]]
|align="right"|23.13
|[[Palakkad District|Palakkad]]
|{{coord|10.84|N|76.69|E}}
|104
|-
|2.
|Bharathapuzha River
|[[Mangalam Dam (dam)|Mangalam Dam]]
|align="right"|'''3.93'''
|'''Palakkad'''
|{{coord|10.51|N|76.54|E}}
|72
|-
|3.
|Bharathapuzha River
|[[Meenkara Dam]]
|align="right"|'''2.59'''
|'''Palakkad'''
|{{coord|10.62|N|76.80|E}}
|152
|-
|4.
|Bharathapuzha River
|[[Chulliar Dam]]
|align="right"|'''1.59'''
|'''Palakkad'''
|{{coord|10.59|N|76.77|E}}
|143
|-
|5.
|Bharathapuzha River
|[[Pothundi Dam]]
|align="right"|'''3.63'''
|'''Palakkad'''
|{{coord|10.54|N|76.63|E}}
|93
|-
|6.
|Bharathapuzha River
|[[Walayar Dam]]
|align="right"|'''2.59'''
|'''Palakkad'''
|{{coord|10.84|N|76.86|E}}
|197
|-
|7.
|[[Siruvani River]]
|[[Siruvani Dam]]
|align="right"|
|Palakkad
|
|
|-
|8.
|Bharathapuzha River
|[[Kanjirapuzha Dam]]
|align="right"|5.12
|Palakkad
|{{coord|10.98|N|76.55|E}}
|90
|-
|9.
|[[Chalakkudy River]]
|[[Parambikulam Dam|Parambikulam]]
|align="right"|20.92
|Palakkad
|{{coord|10.39|N|76.8|E}}
|545
|-
|10.
|[[Chalakkudy River]]
|[[Thunakkadavu Dam]]
|align="right"|2.83
|Palakkad
|{{coord|10.433|N|76.784|E}}
|565
|-
|11.
|[[Chalakkudy River]]
|[[Peruvaripallam Dam|Peruvaaripallam Dam]]
|align="right"|
|Palakkad
|{{coord|10.447|N|76.77|E}}
|565
|-
|12.
|Chalakkudy River
|[[Sholayar Dam]]
|align="right"|8.70
|[[Thrissur]]
|10° 17' 76° 45'
|
|-
|13.
|[[Chalakkudy River]]
|[[Peringalkuthu Dam]]
|align="right"|2.63
|[[Thrissur]]
|
|
|-
|14.
|[[Kallada River]]
|[[Thenmala Dam]]
|align="right"|25.90
|[[Kollam]]
|09° 57' 77° 4'20"
|
|-
|15.
|[[Karamana River]]
|[[Aruvikkara Dam]]
|align="right"|2.58
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|08° 28' 77° 58'
|
|-
|16.
|[[Karuvanoor River]]
|[[Peechi Dam]]
|align="right"|12.63
|[[Thrissur]]
|{{coord|10.53|N|76.39|E}}
|73
|-
|17.
|[[Keecheri River]]
|[[Vazhani Dam]]
|align="right"|2.55
|[[Thrissur]]
|10° 40' 76° 15'
|
|-
|18.
|[[Kuttiady River]]
|[[Kuttiady Dam]]
|align="right"|10.52
|[[Kozhikode]]
|11° 36' 75° 49'27"
|
|-
|19.
|[[Neyyar River]]
|[[Neyyar Dam]]
|align="right"|15.00
|Thiruvananthapuram
|08° 32' 77° 08'
|
|-
|20.
|[[Pamba River]]
|[[Pamba Dam]]
|align="right"|5.70
|[[Pathanamthitta]]
|09° 20' 76° 53'
|
|-
|21.
|[[Pamba River]]
|[[Kakki Reservoir|Kakki]]
|align="right"|18.00
|Pathanamthitta
|9°17′N 77°15′E
|981m
|-
|22.
|[[Periyar River]]
|[[Idukki Dam]]
|align="right"|61.60
|[[Idukki]]
|09° 48' 76° 53'
|720
|-
|23.
|[[Periyar (river)|Periyar River]]
|[[Ponmudi Dam]]
|align="right"|2.60
|Idukki
|09° 55' 77° 05'
|
|-
|24.
|Periyar River
|[[Anayirankal Dam]]
|align="right"|4.33
|Idukki
|10° 0' 77° 0'
|
|-
|25.
|Periyar River
|[[Kundala Dam]]
|align="right"|2.30
|Idukki
|10° 0' 77° 0'
|
|-
|26.
|Periyar River
|[[Mattupetty Dam|Mattupatti Dam]]
|align="right"|3.24
|Idukki
|10° 05' 77° 05'
|
|-
|27.
|Periyar River
|[[Sengulam Dam]]
|align="right"|0.33
|Idukki
|10° 00' 77° 05'
|
|-
|28.
|Periyar River
|[[Neriamangalam Dam]]
|align="right"|4.13
|[[Ernakulam]]
|
|
|-
|29.
|Periyar River
|[[Bhoothathankettu|Bhoothathankettu Dam]]
|align="right"|6.08
|[[Ernakulam]]
|
|
|-
|30.
|Periyar River
|Periyar Lake
|align="right"|28.90
|Idukki
|10° 10' 76° 15'
|
|-
|31.
|[[Valapattanam River]]
|[[Pazhassi Dam]]
|align="right"|6.48
|[[Kannur]]
|
|
|-
|32.
|[[Karamana River]]
|[[Peppara Dam]]
|align="right"|5.82
|Thiruvananthapuram
|
|
|-
|33.
|[[Thodupuzha River]]
|[[Malankara Dam]]
|align="right"|11.00
|Idukki
|
|
|-
|34.
|[[Kurumali River]]
|[[Chimmony Dam]]
|align="right"|85.067
|Thrissur
|10.4391°N 76.4604°E
|
|-
|35.
|[[Kabini River]]
|[[Banasura Sagar Dam]]
|align="right"|
|Wayanad
|
|
|-
|36.
|[[Korapuzha|Karapuzha River]]
|[[Karapuzha Dam]]
|align="right"|
|Wayanad
|
|
|-
|37.
|Periyar River
|[[Mullaperiyar Dam]]
|align="right"|
|Idukki
|
|
|-
|38.
|Periyar River
|[[Cheruthoni Dam]]
|align="right"|
|Idukki
|
|
|-
|39.
|[[Periyar (river)|Periyar River]]
|[[Kulamavu Dam]]
|align="right"|
|Idukki
|
|
|-
|40.
|[[Erattayar Lake]]
|[[Erattayar Dam]]
|align="right"|
|Idukki
|
|
|-
|41.
|[[Kuttiyadi River]]
|[[Kakkayam Dam]]
|align="right"|7.15
|[[Kozhikode]]
|
|
|-
|42.
|[[Chelakkara River]]
|[[Asurankundu Dam|Asurankund Dam]]
|align="right"|7.15
|[[Thrissur]]
|10.6855° N, 76.2955° E
|-
|}

==Madhya Pradesh==

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! River !! Dam !! Height !! Length !! Type !! Storage capacity !! Reservoir area !! Complete
|-Ayan Mishra [Umaria]

| [[Son River]] || [[Bansagar Dam]] || 49 m || 3600 m || || 1,024,000 m3|| ||
|-AYAN MISHRA [UMARIA]
| [[Narmada River]] || [[Bargi Dam]] || 64 m || 750 m || || 50,000,000 m3 || ||
|-
| Narmada River
|[[Maheshwar Hydro Power Dam]] || || || || || Under Construction ||
|-
|[[Indirasagar]] || 92 m || 653 m || ||9,750,000,000 m3
| ||
|-
| Narmada river||[[Omkareshwar Dam]] || 33 m || 949 m|| gravity|| || ||
|-
| [[Barna River]] || [[Barna Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Kaliasote river]]|| [[Bhadbhada Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Wainganga River|Wainganga]] || [[Bheemgarh Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Kutni river]]|| [[kutni Dam, Khajwa]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Kutni river]]|| [[kutni dam, Madhya Pradesh]]|| 25m || || || || ||
|-
| [[Chambal River|Chambal]] || [[Gandhi Sagar Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Halali River]] || [[Halali Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Kolar River (Madhya Pradesh)|Kolar River]]|| [[Kolar Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Betwa River|Betwa]] || [[Rajghat Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Tawa River|Tawa]] || [[Tawa Reservoir]] || || || || || ||
|-
| Sank || [[Tigra Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
| || [[Kerwa Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Sindh River]] || [[Madikheda Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Parbati River (Madhya Pradesh)|Parvati River]]|| [[Harshi Dam]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Pench River]] || [[Machagora Dam]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Newaj River]] ||mohanpura Dam|| || || || || ||
|}

== Manipur ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! River !! Dam !! Height !! Length !! Type !! Storage capacity !! Reservoir area !! Complete
|-
| [[Khuga River]] || [[Khuga dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Barak River]] || [[Tipaimukh Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
|}

==Maharashtra==
{{Main|List of dams and reservoirs in Maharashtra}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
!Name of dam !! Year completed !! River !! Location !! Type !! Height (m) !! Length (m) !! Volume content (103m3) !! Gross storage capacity (103m3) !! Reservoir area (103m2) !! Effective storage capacity (103m3) !! Purpose !! Designed spillway capacity (m3/s)
|-
| [[Dhamapur Dam|Dhamapur]] || 1530 || Malvan || Sindhudurg || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 11 || 217 || 2687 || || || || Irrigation || 9.85 ||
|-
|[[Powai Lake|Powai]]
|1799
|Mithi
|Mumbai
|[[Earthfill Dam|Earthfill]]
|12
|
|
|
|
|
|Water Supply
|
|
|-
| [[Vihar Dam|Vihar]] || 1860 || Vihar || Mumbai || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 25.6 || 817 || 353 || 41459.00 || 7270 || 41410.00 || Water Supply ||

|-
| [[Ekrukh Dam|Ekrukh]] || 1871 || Adela || Solapur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 21.4500|| 2360 || 130 || 61170.00 || || 61170.00 || Irrigation Water Supply || 1239
|-
| [[Shirsufal Dam|Shirsufal]] || 1879 || local || Pune, Baramati || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 20.11 || 741 || || 10100.00 || 1601 || 9520.00 || Irrigation || 112
|-
| [[Tulshi Dam|Tulshi]] || 1879 || Tulshi || Mumbai || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 26 || 186 || || 10429.00 || 1350 || 10273.00 || Water supply || 640
|-
| [[Khadakwasla Dam|Khadakwasla]] || 1880 || Mutha || Pune, Khadakwasala || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 32.9 || 1539 || 1170 || 86000.00 || 14800 || 56000.00 || Irrigation Water supply || 2755
|-
|Ashti Dam, Mohol|Ashti || 1883 || Ashti || Solapur, Mohol || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 17.6 || 3871 || || 40000.00 || || 23000.00 || Irrigation || 1359
|-
| [[Mhaswad Dam|Mhaswad]] || 1887 || Man || Satara, Man || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 24 || 2473 || || 47880.00 || 16251 || 46210.00 || Irrigation || 4321.41
|-
| [[Tansa Dam|Tansa]] || 1892 || Tansa || Mumbai || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 41 || 2804 || 2670 || 208700.00 || 19.1 || 184600.00 || Water supply || 1188.6
|-
| [[Shetfal Dam|Shetfal]] || 1901 || Shetfal Nalla || Pune, Indapur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 20.11 || 3211 || 173 || 17360.00 || 3498 || 1693.00 || Irrigation ||
|-
| [[Khairbandha Dam|Khairbandha]] || 1903 || Fattepur || Gondia || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 18.16 || 2205 || 243.52 || 16798.00 || 4147 || 15953.00 || Irrigation || 363.3
|-
| [[Pathari Dam|Pathari]] || 1905 || local || Solapur, Barshi || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 18.43 || 2070 || || 11880.00 || || 11620.00 || Irrigation || 512
|-
| [[Chankapur Dam|Chankapur]] || 1911 || [[Girna River|Girna]] || Kalwan || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 41 || 3705 || 2123 || 79690.00 || 10320 || 76850.00 || Irrigation || 2237
|-
| [[Ramtek Dam|Ramtek]] || 1913 || Sur || Ramtek || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 22.2 || 229 || 1300 || 105130.00 || 21270 || 103000.00 || Irrigation || 515
|-
| [[Chandpur Dam|Chandpur]] || 1915 || Chandpur || Tumsar || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 19 || 1051 || 80.36 || 29025.00 || 9072 || 28879.00 || Irrigation || 339.25
|-
| [[Walwan Dam|Walwan]] || 1916 || Indrayani || Pune, Lonavala || [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 26.36 || 1356 || 182 || 72500.00 || 14250 || 72122.00 || Hydroelectricity || 171
|-
| [[Darna Dam|Darna]] || 1916 || Darna || Nashik, Igatpuri || [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 28 || 1634 || 1886.1 || 226870.00 || 34750 || 209820.00 || Irrigation || 3336
|-
| [[Bodalkasa Dam|Bodalkasa]] || 1917 || Bhagdeogoti || Tiroda || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 19.2 || 510 || 107.62 || 17392.00 || 6450 || 16454.00 || Irrigation || 206.63
|-
| [[Asolamendha Dam|Asolamendha]] || 1918 || local || Shindewadi || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 18.08 || 1376.52 || 350 || 67015.00 || 1880 || 56375.00 || Irrigation || 758
|-
| [[Shirvata Dam|Shirvata]] || 1920 || Indrayani || Pune, Lonavala || [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 38.71 || 2212 || 460 || 185980.00 || 13.08 || 185110.00 || Hydroelectricity || 593
|-
| [[Thokarwadi Dam|Thokarwadi]] || 1922 || Indrayani || Pune, Maval || [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 59.44 || 741 || 212 || 363700.00 || 24.3 || 321200.00 || Hydroelectricity || 546
|-
| [[Chorkhamara Dam|Chorkhamara]] || 1923 || Sasanda || Tiroda || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 21.05 || 1178 || 300 || 21051.00 || 5235 || 20800.00 || Irrigation || 264.94
|-
| [[Ghorazari Dam|Ghorazari]] || 1923 || Gorazari || Nagbhir || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 23.55 || 731.7 || 90 || 45080.00 || 976 || 38000.00 || Irrigation || 320
|-
| [[Bhandardara Dam|Bhandardara]] || 1926 || Paravara || Ahmednagar || [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 82.35 || 2717 || 335 || 312400.00 || 743.18 || 307310.00 || Irrigation || 1503
|-
| [[Bhatghar Dam|Bhatghar]] || 1927 || Velvandi || Pune, Bhor || [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 57.92 || 1625 || 650 || 670650.00 || 31900 || 666000.00 || Irrigation Hydroelectricity || 1599
|-
| [[Mulshi Dam|Mulshi]] || 1927 || Mula || Pune, Mulashi || [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 48.8 || 1533.38 || || 52230.00 || 3802 || || Hydroelectricity || 1892
|-
| [[Mas Dam|Mas]] || 1932 || Mas || Khamgaon || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 17.71 || 663 || 399 || 17500.00 || 4810 || 15040.00 || Irrigation || 1753
|-
| [[Ghanewadi Dam|Ghanewadi]] || 1935 || Kundlika || Jalna || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 15 || 836 || || 14440.00 || || || Water Supply ||
|-
| [[Visapur Dam|Visapur]] || 1936 || Hanga || Srigonda || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 26 || 2692 || 130 || 33320.00 || || 33320.00 || Irrigation || 2627
|-
| [[Radhanagari Dam|Radhanagari]] || 1954 || Bhogawati || Radhanagari || [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 42.68 || 1143 || || 236810.00 || 18218 || 220000.00 || Irrigation Hydroelectricity || 1133
|-
| [[Lower Vaitarna Dam|Vaitarna (Modaksagar)]] || 1954 || Vaitarna || Mumbai || [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 82 || 567.07 || 0.06 || 204980.00 || 8.39 || 174790.00 || Water supply || 5660
|-
| [[Purmepeda Dam|Purmepeda]] || 1955 || Bori || Dhule || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 24.7 || 1500 || 525 || 13550.00 || 303 || 12960.00 || Irrigation || 2141
|-
| [[Khasapur Dam|Khasapur]] || 1956 || local || Paranda || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 23.78 || 1882 || || 19830.00 || 430 || 15830.00 || Irrigation || 2863
|-
| [[Dheku Dam|Dheku]] || 1960 || Dheku || Vaijapur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 20 || 2421 || 137 || 14000.00 || 447 || 12160.00 || Irrigation || 1945
|-
| [[Sindphana Dam|Sindphana]] || 1963 || Sindphana || Patoda || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 19.05 || 1937 || 12593 || 12600.00 || 5068 || 10810.00 || Irrigation || 1857
|-
| [[Ekburji Dam|Ekburji]] || 1964 || Chandrabhaga || Washim || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 23.7 || 830 || 566 || 14100.00 || 218 || 11960.00 || Irrigation || 1001
|-
| [[Khelocala Dam|Khelocala]] || 1964 || Khelocala || Sillod || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 21 || 759 || 588 || 13000.00 || 3678 || 11070.00 || Irrigation || 1518
|-
| [[Upper Dudhana Dam|Upper Dudhana]] || 1964 || Dudhana || Jalna || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 18 || 2750 || 965 || 15000.00 || 445 || 13010.00 || Irrigation || 1912
|-
| [[Koyna Dam|Koyna]] || 1964 || Koyna || Patan || [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 103 || 805 || 1555 || 2797400.00 || 11535 || 2640000.00 || Hydroelectricity || 3883
|-
| [[Harni Dam|Harni]] || 1965 || local || Osmanabad, Tuljapur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 16.55 || 3059 || || 13580.00 || 317 || 11180.00 || Irrigation || 1647
|-
| [[Gangapur Dam|Gangapur]] || 1965 || Godavari || Nashik || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 36.59 || 3902 || 4612 || 215880.00 || 22860 || 203880.00 || Irrigation || 2293
|-
| [[Chandani Dam|Chandani]] || 1965 || Chandani || Osmanabad, Paranda || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 17.18 || 1920 || 289 || 20700.00 || 813 || 15220.00 || Irrigation || 3030
|-
| [[Bor Dam|Bor]] || 1965 || Bor || Bori || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 36.28 || 1158 || 2474 || 138750.00 || 13506 || 127420.00 || Irrigation || 3058
|-
| [[Ghod Dam|Ghod]] || 1965 || Ghod || Shirur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 29.6 || 3300 || 1020 || 216300.00 || 30992 || 154800.00 || Irrigation || 7419
|-
| [[Tisangi Dam|Tisangi]] || 1966 || local || Solapur, Pandharpur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 20.82 || 2866 || || 24460.00 || || 22760.00 || Irrigation || 410
|-
| [[Wunna Dam|Wunna]] || 1966 || Wunna || Nagpur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 18.18 || 2525 || 390 || 23560.00 || 569 || 21640.00 || Irrigation || 1326.64
|-
| [[Galhati Dam|Galhati]] || 1966 || Galhati || Ambad || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 13.1 || 2987 || || 13840.00 || || || Irrigation || 2152
|-
| [[Mangi Dam, India|Mangi]] || 1966 || Kanola || Solapur, Karmala || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 22.95 || 1475 || || 32720.00 || || 32720.00 || Irrigation || 2232
|-
| [[Mehakari Dam|Mehakari]] || 1966 || Mehakari || Ashti || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 27.63 || 1308 || 163.5 || 16130.00 || 38 || 13000.00 || Irrigation || 2233
|-
| [[Wan Dam, Ambejogai|Wan]] || 1966 || Wan || Beed, Ambejogai || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 19 || 2798 || 1358 || 25180.00 || || 2190.00 || Irrigation || 2340
|-
| [[Bhudihal Dam|Bhudihal]] || 1966 || Belwan || Solapur, Sangola || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 18.5 || 2975 || || 32050.00 || || 27950.00 || Irrigation || 2350
|-
| [[Nawegaonbandh Dam|Nawegaonbandh]] || 1967 || local || Navegaon || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 11.58 || 625 || || 45943.00 || 10344 || 29590.00 || Irrigation || 124.2
|-
| [[Pandherbodi Dam|Pandherbodi]] || 1967 || local || Umrer || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 15.24 || 1769 || 284 || 13860.00 || 425 || 13120.00 || Irrigation || 432
|-
| [[Kurje Dam|Kurje (Dhapcheri)]] || 1967 || local || Dahanu || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 22.96 || 2507.76 || 846.12 || 39050.00 || 5620 || 38085.00 || Irrigation Water Supply || 598
|-
| [[Nalganga Dam|Nalganga]] || 1967 || Nalganga || Malkapur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 29.8 || 2516 || 1500 || 71860.00 || 10980 || 70540.00 || Irrigation || 2158
|-
| [[Sukhana Dam|Sukhana]] || 1968 || Sukhana || Aurangabad || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 16.92 || 446 || 68 || 21340.00 || 6782 || 18480.00 || Irrigation || 2101
|-
| [[Kurnur Dam|Kurnur]] || 1968 || Bori || Osmanabad, Tuljapur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 23.7 || 1206 || 45 || 35240.00 || 570 || 32670.00 || Irrigation || 2190
|-
| [[Manar Dam|Manar]] || 1968 || Manar || Kandhar || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 27 || 2592 || 1557 || 139000.00 || 2559 || 128700.00 || Irrigation || 8778
|-
| [[Yeldari Dam|Yeldari]] || 1968 || Purna || Yeldari || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 51.2 || 4232 || || 934310.00 || 101540 || 809660.00 || Irrigation Hydroelectricity || 10477
|-
| [[Siddheshwar Dam|Siddheshwar]] || 1968 || Purna || Siddeshwar || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 38.26 || 6353.2 || 907.2 || 250850.00 || 40580 || 80940.00 || Irrigation || 10789
|-
| [[Kundrala Dam|Kundrala]] || 1969 || local || Mukhed || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 18.5 || 999 || 370 || 14680.00 || 253 || 12990.00 || Irrigation || 811
|-
| [[Gharni Dam|Gharni]] || 1969 || Gharni || Sirur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 15.24 || 956 || || 25080.00 || || 22460.00 || Irrigation || 1882
|-
| [[Dolwahal Dam|Dolwahal (Weir)]] || 1969 || Kundlika || Roha || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 12.5 || 543 || 1943 || 10070.00 || 3230 || 1840.00 || Irrigation Water Supply || 3030
|-
| [[Girna Dam|Girna]] || 1969 || [[Girna River|Girna]] || Nandgaon || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 54.56 || 963.17 || 2042 || 608980.00 || 60040 || 525920.00 || Irrigation Hydroelectricity || 8433
|-
| [[Malangaon Dam|Malangaon]] || 1970 || Kan || Sakri || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 23.78 || 1141 || 500 || 13023.00 || 248 || 11325.00 || Irrigation || 1075
|-
| [[Karwand Dam|Karwand]] || 1970 || Arunanadi || Sirpur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 39.3 || 2966 || 1191 || 33840.00 || || 31500.00 || Irrigation || 2461
|-
| [[Itiadoh Dam|Itiadoh]] || 1970 || Garvi || Arjuni || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 29.85 || 505 || 911 || 288830.00 || 46910 || 225120.00 || Irrigation Hydroelectricity || 3230
|-
| [[Sirpur Dam|Sirpur]] || 1970 || Bagh || Deori || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 24.69 || 2840 || 1195 || 203840.00 || 32970 || 192520.00 || Irrigation || 3633
|-
| [[Pujaritola Dam|Pujaritola]] || 1970 || Bagh || Amgaon || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 19.2 || 2661 || 664 || 65110.00 || 17650 || 48690.00 || Irrigation || 4246.88
|-
| [[Terna Dam|Terna]] || 1970 || Terna || Osmanabad || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 15 || 2651 || 186 || 22910.00 || 380 || 18630.00 || Irrigation ||
|-
| [[Morna Gureghar Dam|Morna]] || 1971 || local || Patur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 28.65 || 600 || 1109 || 44740.00 || 4930 || 41460.00 || Irrigation || 1631
|-
| [[Gyanganga Dam|Gyanganga]] || 1971 || Gyanganga || Khamgaon || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 35.73 || 639 || 1380 || 36270.00 || 4151 || 33930.00 || Irrigation || 1742
|-
| [[Upper Pus Dam|Upper Pus (Pus)]] || 1971 || Pus || Yavatmal, Pusad || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 42 || 744 || 1980 || 113920.00 || 8953 || 91260.00 || Irrigation || 4007
|-
| [[Malkhed Dam|Malkhed]] || 1972 || Kholad || Chandur Rly || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 17.05 || 1422 || 481 || 10900.00 || 6717 || 8960.00 || Irrigation Water Supply || 1108
|-
| [[Panshet Dam|Tanajisagar (Panshet)]] || 1972 || Ambi || Velhe || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 63.56 || 1039 || 4190 || 303000.00 || 15645 || 294000.00 || Irrigation Water supply || 1162.4
|-
| [[Pawana Dam|Pawana]] || 1972 || Pawana || Pune, Pawananagar|| [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 42.37 || 1329 || 1989 || 30500.00 || 2365 || 241000.00 || Hydroelectricity Water supply || 1250
|-
| [[Kalyangirija Dam|Kalyangirija]] || 1972 || Kalyangirija || Jalna || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 22.07 || 1183 || 520 || 10160.00 || 568 || 8469.00 || Irrigation || 1310
|-
| [[Bhojapur Dam|Bhojapur]] || 1972 || Mahalungi || Nashik, Sinnar || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 32.41 || 733 || 449 || 13730.00 || 3352 || 10700.00 || Irrigation || 1488
|-
| [[Saikheda Dam|Saikheda]] || 1972 || Khuni || Pandharkawada || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 23.77 || 1740 || 909 || 38511.00 || 836 || 27184.00 || Irrigation || 2671
|-
| [[Mula Dam|Mula]] || 1972 || Mula || Ahmadnagar, Rahuri || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 48.17 || 2856 || 7594 || 736320.00 || 53600 || 608890.00 || Irrigation || 5947
|-
| [[Upper Vaitarna Dam|Upper Vaitarana]] || 1973 || Vaitarna || Nashik, Igatpuri || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 41 || 2531 || 1520 || 331630.00 || 37130 || 331000.00 || Irrigation || 1440
|-
| [[Panzara Dam|Panzara]] || 1973 || Panzara || Sakri || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 33.5 || 1430 || 1597 || 43500.00 || 5590 || 35800.00 || Irrigation || 1768
|-
| [[Yeralwadi Dam|Yeralwadi]] || 1973 || Yerala || Satara, Khatav || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 19.5 || 2115 || 663 || 33020.00 || || 18060.00 || Irrigation || 2083
|-
| [[Manyad Dam|Manyad]] || 1973 || Manyad || Chalisgaon || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 45 || 1677 || 896.5 || 53980.00 || 8710 || 40257.00 || Irrigation || 3755
|-
| [[Chulbandh Dam|Chulbandh]] || 1974 || Chulbandh || Gondia || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 22.08 || 465 || 130 || 21458.00 || 3750 || 16540.00 || Irrigation || 846.11
|-
| [[Dhamna Dam|Dhamna]] || 1974 || local || Bhokardan || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 13 || 2560 || 443 || 10730.00 || 433 || 8490.00 || Irrigation || 1414
|-
| [[Dina Dam|Dina]] || 1974 || Dina || Charmoshi || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 21.49 || 3137 || 957 || 61150.00 || 13765 || 55940.00 || Irrigation || 1671
|-
| [[Kanoli Dam|Kanoli]] || 1974 || Bori || Dhule || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 24.5 || 459 || 290 || 11900.00 || 217 || 8450.00 || Irrigation || 1840
|-
| [[Nazare Dam|Nazare]] || 1974 || Karha || Pune, Purandar || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 22.54 || 2021 || 1010 || 22316.00 || 3890 || 16650.00 || Irrigation Water Supply || 2425
|-
| [[Karanjwan Dam|Karanjwan]] || 1974 || Kadwa || Dindori || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 39.31 || 2483 || 1960 || 175580.00 || 18420 || 166220.00 || Irrigation || 2724
|-
| [[Katepurna Dam|Katepurna]] || 1974 || Katepurna || Mahan Barshi Takali || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 29.5 || 2000 || 693 || 97670.00 || 12430 || 86350.00 || Irrigation Water Supply || 2783
|-
| [[Kolkewadi Dam|Kolkewadi]] || 1975 || Local Nallah || Chiplun || [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 64 || 497 || 576 || 36220.00 || 167 || 11220.00 || Hydroelectricity || 1081
|-
| [[Nirguna Dam|Nirguna]] || 1975 || Nirguna || Patur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 25.7 || 1800 || 124 || 32290.00 || 4760 || 28840.00 || Irrigation || 1678
|-
| [[Karpara Dam|Karpara]] || 1975 || Karpara || Jintur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 16.66 || 1046 || 344 || 27320.00 || 778 || 24700.00 || Irrigation || 2033
|-
| [[Palkhed Dam|Palkhed]] || 1975 || Kadva || Nashik, Dindori || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 34.75 || 4110 || 1228 || 230100.00 || 5760 || 212400.00 || Irrigation || 4592
|-
| [[Kanholibara Dam|Kanholibara]] || 1976 || Krishna || Hingana || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 21.05 || 1365 || 115.3 || 22213.00 || 333 || 19820.00 || Irrigation || 1141
|-
| [[Vir Baji Pasalkar Dam|Vir Baji Pasalkar(Varasgaon)]] || 1976 || Mosi || Pune, Velhe || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 63.4 || 785 || 10550 || 374000.00 || 24200 || 275000.00 || Irrigation Hydroelectricity || 1416
|-
| [[Alwandi Dam|Alwandi]] || 1976 || Vaitarna || Nashik, Igatpuri || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 37.8 || 2548 || 930 || 353750.00 || 37130 || 331110.00 || Irrigation || 1420
|-
| [[Adhala Dam|Adhala]] || 1976 || Adhala || Akola || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 40 || 623 || 1437 || 30000.00 || 2306 || 27600.00 || Irrigation || 1582
|-
| [[Tiru Dam|Tiru]] || 1976 || Tiru || Osmanabad || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 21 || 1851 || 311 || 23320.00 || 690 || 15401.00 || Irrigation || 1985
|-
| [[Kamthikhairy Dam|Kamthikhairy (Pench)]] || 1976 || Pench || Nagpur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 32 || 1876 || 4928 || 230000.00 || 23653 || 180000.00 || Irrigation Water Supply || 12000
|-
| [[Jayakwadi Dam|Jayakwadi]] || 1976 || Godavari || Aurangabad, Paithan || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 41.3 || 10415 || 13410 || 2909000.00 || 39800 || 2170000.00 || Irrigation Hydroelectricity || 18153
|-
| [[Jakapur Dam|Jakapur]] || 1977 || local || Latur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 14.8 || 2257 || 322 || 10176.00 || || || Irrigation || 1305
|-
| [[Pargaon Ghatshil Dam|Pargaon Ghatshil]] || 1977 || Kinha || Pargaon Ghatshil || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 22.46 || 911.65 || 297 || 12450.00 || 3740 || || Irrigation || 1467
|-
| [[Dhom Dam|Dhom]] || 1977 || Krishna || Wai || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 50 || 2478 || 6335 || 382270.00 || 2498 || 331100.00 || Irrigation Hydroelectricity || 1778.29
|-
| [[Suki Dam|Suki]] || 1977 || Suki || Khiroda || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 42 || 716 || 1430 || 50170.00 || 366 || 39860.00 || Irrigation || 2336
|-
| [[Hingani Dam|Hingani (Pangaon)]] || 1977 || Bhogawati || Solapur, Barshi || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 21.87 || 2193 || 74 || 45510.00 || || 31970.00 || Irrigation || 2435
|-
| [[Yedgaon Dam|Yedgaon]] || 1977 || Kukadi || Pune, Junnar || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 29.74 || 4511 || 1004 || 93430.00 || 1700 || 79270.00 || Irrigation || 3844
|-
| [[Bori Dam|Bori]] || 1977 || Bori || Parola || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 20 || 3365 || 5534 || 40960.00 || 8460 || 25020.00 || Irrigation || 4206
|-
| [[Adan Dam|Adan]] || 1977 || Aran || Karanja || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Rock-fill dams|Rockfill]] || 30.13 || 755 || 1428 || 78320.00 || 10520 || 67250.00 || Irrigation || 4623
|-
| [[Januna Dam|Januna]] || 1978 || local || Barshi Takali || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 11.95 || 390 || 150 || 11310.00 || 404 || 1180.00 || Irrigation || 260
|-
| [[Makardhokada Dam|Makardhokada]] || 1978 || Amb || Umrer || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 18.81 || 1645 || 652.87 || 21356.00 || 322 || 19931.00 || Irrigation || 450
|-
| [[Matoba Dam|Matoba]] || 1978 || Bhima|| Pune, Daund || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 17.5 || 1662 || 45.6 || 45200.00 || 1900 || 37100.00 || Irrigation || 476
|-
| [[Tulshi Dam|Tulshi]] || 1978 || Tulshi || Radhanagari || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 48.68 || 1512 || 25 || 98290.00 || 533 || 89910.00 || Irrigation Hydroelectricity || 640
|-
| [[Khandeshar Dam|Khandeshar]] || 1978 || Vali || Osmanabad || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 17.14 || 1257 || 305 || 10840.00 || 3000 || 8820.00 || Irrigation || 800
|-
| [[Karadkhed Dam|Karadkhed]] || 1978 || local || Degloor || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 19 || 1454 || 498 || 12000.00 || 289 || 10980.00 || Irrigation || 1148
|-
| [[Ambadi Dam|Ambadi]] || 1978 || Sivana || Aurangabad, Kannad || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 20 || 2210 || 707 || 12000.00 || || 9420.00 || Irrigation || 1412
|-
| [[Barvi Dam|Barvi]] || 1978 || Kalyanthane || Thane || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 48.78 || 746 || || 178580.00 || 0.04 || 176940.00 || Water Supply || 1585
|-
| [[Waghadi Dam|Waghadi]] || 1978 || Waghadi || Ghatanji || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 26 || 960 || 773 || 41110.00 || 6580 || 35360.00 || Irrigation || 1815
|-
| [[Aner Dam|Aner]] || 1978 || Aner || Shivpur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 47 || 2275 || 3162 || 103270.00 || || 58914.00 || Irrigation || 4318
|-
| [[Waghad Dam|Waghad]] || 1979 || Kalwan || Nashik, Dindori || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 45.6 || 952 || 1783 || 76480.00 || 526 || 70000.00 || Irrigation || 1610
|-
| [[Koradi Dam|Koradi]] || 1979 || Koradi || Buldhana, Mehkar || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 19.31 || 900 || 1193 || 22500.00 || 6465 || 15120.00 || Irrigation || 2446
|-
| [[Kawadas Dam|Kawadas (Pickup)]] || 1979 || local || Thane, Javhar || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 28.08 || 630 || 180 || 13700.00 || 5480 || 9970.00 || Irrigation || 3700
|-
| [[Mandohol Dam|Mandohol]] || 1979 || Mandohol || Parner || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 27.07 || 739 || 426 || 11300.00 || 199.51 || 8780.00 || Irrigation || 11420
|-
| [[Pethwadaj Dam|Pethwadaj]] || 1980 || local || Kandhar || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 19.5 || 1260 || 495 || 11600.00 || 2970 || 9040.00 || Irrigation || 1185
|-
| [[Haranbari Dam|Haranbari]] || 1980 || [[Mosam River|Mosam]] || Satana || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 34 || 1419 || 2375 || 34780.00 || 5540 || 33020.00 || Irrigation || 1312
|-
| [[Kelzar Dam|Kelzar]] || 1981 || Aram || Satana || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 32.5 || 1236 || 1622 || 17100.00 || 1660 || 16210.00 || Irrigation || 832.4
|-
| [[Uma Dam|Uma]] || 1981 || Uma || Murtijapur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 20.42 || 2140 || 434 || 14010.00 || 2600 || 11690.00 || Irrigation || 1340
|-
| [[Sonal Dam|Sonal]] || 1981 || Aran || M Pir || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 19.6 || 1114 || 698 || 20270.00 || || 16920.00 || Irrigation || 1368
|-
| [[Masoli Dam|Masoli]] || 1981 || Masoli || Gangakhed || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 24.84 || 1086 || 626 || 34080.00 || 6970 || 27390.00 || Irrigation || 2028
|-
| [[Goki Dam|Goki]] || 1981 || Goki || Darwha || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 23.06 || 1572 || 658 || 50220.00 || 11360 || 42710.00 || Irrigation Water supply || 2066
|-
| [[Yelavi Dam|Yelavi]] || 1982 || local || Sangli, Jath || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 15.25 || 764 || 111 || 22260.00 || || 2180.00 || Irrigation || 557
|-
| [[Rangawali Dam|Rangawali]] || 1982 || Rangawali || Dhule || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 25.63 || 1878 || 1289 || 15020.00 || 329 || 12890.00 || Irrigation || 1168
|-
| [[Ozarkhed Dam|Ozarkhed]] || 1982 || Unanda || Nashik, Dindori || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 35.3 || 3266 || 2052 || 67950.00 || 6880 || 60320.00 || Irrigation || 1610
|-
| [[Tawarja Dam|Tawarja]] || 1982 || Tawarja || Latur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 14.3 || 2222 || 361 || 20520.00 || 741 || 16950.00 || Irrigation || 1903
|-
| [[Tillari (Main) Dam|Tillari (Proj.)]] || 1982 || Tillari || Sawantwadi || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 73 || 943 || 9274 || 462170.00 || 16250 || 447290.00 || Irrigation Water supply || 2465
|-
| [[Manjara Dam|Manjara]] || 1952|| Manjara || Beed, Kalamb || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 25 || 4203 || 2213 || 250700.00 || || 173320.00 || Irrigation || 6000
|-
| [[Isapur Dam|Isapur]] || 1982 || Penganga || Nanded || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 57 || 4120.1 || 11216 || 1254000.00 || || 951000.00 || Irrigation || 10480
|-
| [[Hatnur Dam|Hatnur]] || 1982 || Tapi || Jalgaon, Bhusawal || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 25.5 || 2580 || 3850 || 388000.00 || 48160 || 255000.00 || Irrigation || 26415
|-
| [[Chandai Dam|Chandai]] || 1983 || Chandai Nalla || Varora || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 11.91 || 1830 || 181 || 13200.00 || 523 || 10690.00 || Irrigation || 842.85
|-
| [[Alandi Dam|Alandi]] || 1983 || Alandi || Nashik || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 29.3 || 1690 || 2782 || 29600.00 || 55900 || 27820.00 || Irrigation || 1002
|-
| [[Borna Dam|Borna]] || 1983 || Borna || Beed, Ambejogai || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 22.3 || 866 || 460 || 10908.00 || 2191 || 9060.00 || Irrigation || 1249
|-
| [[Wadaj Dam|Wadaj]] || 1983 || Meena || Pune, Junnar || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 30.7 || 1875 || 1009 || 36000.00 || 467 || 33200.00 || Irrigation || 1426
|-
| [[Chargaon Dam|Chargaon]] || 1983 || Chargaon || Varora || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 14.4 || 3065 || 428 || 21700.00 || 12921.9 || 19866.00 || Irrigation || 1450.5
|-
| [[Pothara Dam|Pothara]] || 1983 || Pothara || Hinganghat || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 14.21 || 2220 || 318 || 38400.00 || 13900 || 34720.00 || Irrigation || 1732
|-
| [[Burai Dam|Burai]] || 1983 || Burai || Sakri || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 30.6 || 1013 || 168 || 21330.00 || 31440 || 14210.00 || Irrigation || 2149
|-
| [[Erai Dam|Erai]] || 1983 || Erai || Chandrapur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 30 || 1620 || 985 || 226500.00 || 58000 || 193000.00 || Water supply || 2610
|-
| [[Bhatsa Dam|Bhatsa]] || 1983 || Bhatsa || Thane, Shahapur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 88.5 || 959 || 18250 || 976150.00 || 2725 || 942115.00 || Irrigation Water supply || 5342
|-
| [[Lower Pus Dam|Lower Pus]] || 1983 || Pus || Mahagaon || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 28 || 3346 || 6167 || 81160.00 || 15890 || 59630.00 || Irrigation || 5437
|-
| [[Natuwadi Dam|Natuwadi]] || 1984 || Tr.of Charti || Khed || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 45.25 || 900 || 22.3 || 28080.00 || 2000 || 27230.00 || Irrigation || 690.73
|-
| [[Manikdoh Dam|Manikdoh]] || 1984 || Kukadi || Pune, Junnar || [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 51.8 || 930 || 596 || 308060.00 || 18434 || 283070.00 || Irrigation Hydroelectricity || 1439
|-
| [[Kolar Dam|Kolar]] || 1984 || Kolar || Saoner || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 30.11 || 2910 || 1084 || 35380.00 || 6430 || 31320.00 || Irrigation || 1598.2
|-
| [[Kordi Dam|Kordi]] || 1985 || Kordi || Navapur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 27.75 || 1952 || 923 || 11690.00 || 1677 || 10300.00 || Irrigation || 735
|-
| [[Amalocalalla Dam|Amalocalalla]] || 1985 || Amalocalalla || Rajura || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 37.75 || 1607 || 133.4 || 22700.00 || 3703 || 21200.00 || Irrigation || 1067
|-
| [[Morna Dam, Shirala|Morna (Shirala)]] || 1985 || Morna || Shirala || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 31.2 || 1115 || 793 || 21160.00 || 3203 || 15150.00 || Irrigation || 1075
|-
| [[Tillari (Main) Dam|Tillari (Main)]] || 1986 || Tillari || Chandgad || [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 38.05 || 485 || 250 || 113266.00 || 9290 || 92020.00 || Hydroelectricity || 1028
|-
| [[Kalyan Dam|Kalyan]] || 1986 || Kalyan || Jalna || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 16.49 || 1554 || 492 || 15360.00 || 533 || 10360.00 || Irrigation || 1315
|-
| [[Girija Dam|Girija]] || 1986 || Girija || Aurangabad, Khultabad || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 19.1 || 3060 || 70 || 24500.00 || 775 || 21230.00 || Irrigation || 1649
|-
| [[Ujani Dam|Ujani]] || 1980 || Bhima|| Solapur, Tembhurni|| [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] ||56.4 ||2534 || ||3140000.00 ||337000.00 ||1517000.00 || Irrigation || 15717
|-
| [[Kundlika Dam|Kundlika]] || 1986 || Kundlika || Beed, Majalgaon || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 28.45 || 1403 || || 46350.00 || 6850 || || Irrigation || 2751
|-
| [[Kanher Dam|Kanher]] || 1986 || Wenna || Satara || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 50.34 || 1954 || 6308 || 286000.00 || 18.63 || 271680.00 || Irrigation Hydroelectricity || 3203
|-
| [[Sina Dam|Sina]] || 1986 || Sina || Ahmadnagar, Karjat || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 28.5 || 1580 || 681.5 || 67950.00 || 12834 || || Irrigation || 4450
|-
| [[Dham Dam|Dham]] || 1986 || Dham || Arvi || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 33.35 || 1728 || 2737 || 72460.00 || 7780 || 62510.00 || Irrigation || 5416.6
|-
| [[Wandri Dam|Wandri]] || 1987 || Wandri || Thane, Palghar || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 29.6 || 1336 || 1206 || 36510.00 || 4438 || 34710.00 || Irrigation || 567
|-
| [[Raigavan Dam|Raigavan]] || 1987 || local || Beed, Kalam || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 19.74 || 2090 || || 12703.00 || 4920 || 11259.00 || Irrigation || 1411
|-
| [[Dhamni Dam|Dhamni (Surya)]] || 1987 || Surya || Dhamni, Palghar || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 59 || 1563 || 1270 || 285310.00 || 16130 || 273350.00 || Irrigation Hydroelectricity || 2696
|-
| [[Majalgaon Dam|Majalgaon]] || 1987 || Sindphana || Beed, Majalgaon || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 31.19 || 6488 || 5759 || 453640.00 || 78130 || 311300.00 || Irrigation Hydroelectricity || 14500
|-
| [[Khekaranalla Dam|Khekaranalla]] || 1988 || KhekaraNalla || Kalmeshwar || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 24.5 || 330 || 306 || 26325.00 || 5566 || 23810.00 || Irrigation || 1343
|-
| [[Kalisarar Dam|Kalisarar]] || 1988 || Kalisarar || Salekasa || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 25.52 || 830 || 697 || 30460.00 || 6500 || 27750.00 || Irrigation || 1402
|-
| [[Khairi Dam|Khairi]] || 1989 || Kar || Ahmadnagar, Jamkhed || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 18.91 || 1210 || 54 || 15110.00 || 492 || 13743.00 || Irrigation || 1962
|-
| [[Totladoh Dam|Totladoh]] || 1989 || Pench || Ramtek || [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 74.5 || 680 || 972 || 1241109.00 || 77710 || 1091000.00 || Hydroelectricity || 12072
|-
| [[Adol Dam|Adol]] || 1990 || Adola || Borala || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 18.47 || 1725 || 479 || 15270.00 || 3141 || || Irrigation || 1274
|-
| [[Shahanoor Dam|Shahanoor]] || 1990 || Shahanoor || AnjangaonSurji || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 57.81 || 828 || 3446 || 47850.00 || 2970 || 46040.00 || Irrigation Water Supply || 2406
|-
| [[Lower Wunna Dam|Lower Wunna (Nand)]] || 1990 || Nand || Nagpur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 16.25 || 2513 || 1833 || 62182.00 || 21642 || 53182.00 || Irrigation || 5238
|-
| [[Nagyasakya Dam|Nagyasakya]] || 1992 || Panzan || Nandgaon || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 23.09 || 1440 || 292 || 15620.00 || 4050 || 11240.00 || Irrigation || 51.55
|-
| [[Sakol Dam|Sakol]] || 1992 || local || Latur, Udgir || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 17.65 || 1425 || 371 || 12689.00 || 4256 || 10950.00 || Irrigation || 1178
|-
| [[Borgaon Dam|Borgaon]] || 1993 || local || Yavatmal || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 20 || 830 || 1404 || 14040.00 || 288 || 12224.00 || Irrigation || 686
|-
| [[Pakadiguddam Dam|Pakadiguddam]] || 1993 || Deogad || Chandrapur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 19 || 1814 || 1067 || 13307.00 || 2579 || 11800.00 || Irrigation || 803
|-
| [[Devargan Dam|Devargan]] || 1993 || Devari || Latur, Udgir || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 15.58 || 1715 || || 13410.00 || 4010 || 10670.00 || Irrigation || 1136
|-
| [[Upper Wardha Dam|Upper Wardha]] || 1993 || Wardha || Amrawati || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 46.2 || 5920 || 6500 || 786480.00 || 93122 || 614800.00 || Irrigation Hydroelectricity Water supply || 19457
|-
| [[Bokani Dam|Bokani]] || 1994 || local || Latur, Udgir || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 17.03 || 1440 || || 13460.00 || 3170 || 8590.00 || Irrigation || 1258.8
|-
| [[Benitura Dam|Benitura]] || 1994 || local || Latur, Omerga || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 13.48 || 1780 || || 12810.00 || || || Irrigation || 1614
|-
| [[Sakat Dam|Sakat]] || 1994 || Dudhana || Osmanabad, Paranda || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 19.8 || 2775 || || 14430.00 || 4340 || 13440.00 || Irrigation || 1686
|-
| [[Tembhapuri Dam|Tembhapuri]] || 1994 || Nagzari || Aurangabad || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 16.42 || 5300 || 809 || 21260.00 || 8495 || 19000.00 || Irrigation || 2038
|-
| [[Arunawati Dam|Arunawati]] || 1994 || Arunawati || Yavatmal, Digras || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 29.5 || 5170 || 4412 || 198395.00 || 39290 || 169675.00 || Irrigation || 8525
|-
|Sankh
|1995
|Local
|Jath, Sangli
|Earthfill
|17.66
|3282
|743
|
|
|
|Irrigation
|3226
|-
| [[Waldevi Dam|Waldevi]] || 1995 || Waldevi || Nashik || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 36.4 || 1890 || 1304 || 33720.00 || 3437 || 32050.00 || Irrigation || 809
|-
| [[Tisgaon Dam|Tisgaon]] || 1995 || Parashri || Nashik, Dindori || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 24.9 || 1674 || 1080 || 15140.00 || 292 || 12440.00 || Irrigation || 1744
|-
| [[Mukane Dam|Mukane]] || 1995 || Aaundha || Nawapur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 26.93 || 1530 || 2271 || 214160.00 || 3018 || 203970.00 || Irrigation || 1938
|-
| [[Masalga Dam|Masalga]] || 1996 || local || Latur, Nilanga || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 10.26 || 2023 || || 14670.00 || 3696 || || Irrigation || 996
|-
| [[Vishwamitri Dam|Vishwamitri]] || 1996 || Vishwamitri || Patur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 21.06 || 1275 || 565 || 10116.00 || 1766 || || Irrigation || 1332
|-
| [[Jam Dam|Jam]] || 1996 || Jam || Katol || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 24 || 3460 || 107 || 28050.00 || 7565 || 23550.00 || Irrigation || 1564
|-
| [[Kadwa Dam|Kadwa]] || 1997 || Kadwa || Nashik, Igatpuri || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 31.84 || 1660 || 1245 || 59590.00 || 6705 || 52910.00 || Irrigation || 2821
|-
| [[Bahula Dam|Bahula]] || 1997 || Bahula || Tumsar || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 17 || 5280 || 847 || 20030.00 || 581 || 16330.00 || Irrigation || 3802
|-
| [[Lower Wunna Dam|Lower Wunna (Wadgaon)]] || 1997 || Wadgaon || Nagpur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 23.65 || 5330 || 2998 || 152600.00 || 36138 || 136000.00 || Irrigation || 10877
|-
| [[Bholavali]] || 1998 || Mandangad || Ratnagiri || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || || || || || || || Irrigation ||
|-
| [[Kashypi Dam|Kashypi]] || 1998 || Kashyapi || Rajapur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 41.75 || 1291 || 2761 || 52690.00 || 2867 || 52430.00 || Irrigation || 799
|-
| [[Purnaneopur Dam|Purnaneopur]] || 1998 || Purna || Aurangabad, Kannad || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 16.6 || 2725 || 506 || 11380.00 || 3848 || 9340.00 || Irrigation || 1184
|-
| [[Punegaon Dam|Punegaon]] || 1998 || Unanda || Sangli, Tasgaon || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 24.14 || 1803 || 991 || 20399.00 || 3646 || 17750.00 || Irrigation || 1332
|-
| [[Sonwad Dam|Sonwad]] || 1998 || Sonwad || Sindkheda || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 18.58 || 4699 || 614 || 12690.00 || 3434 || 9530.00 || Irrigation || 1349
|-
| [[Narangi Dam|Narangi]] || 1998 || local || Vaijapur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 16.5 || || || 13290.00 || || || Irrigation || 2296
|-
| [[Bor Dahegaon Dam|Bor Dahegaon]] || 1998 || local || Vaijapur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 16.7 || || || 13400.00 || || || Irrigation || 2510
|-
| [[Mun Dam|Mun]] || 1998 || Mun || Buldhana, Khamgaon || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 30.2 || 1466 || 1362 || 42480.00 || 4527 || 36830.00 || Irrigation || 3623
|-
| [[Awashi Dam|Awashi]] || 1999 || local || Ratnagiri, Dapoli || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 36.51 || 350 || 894 || 11151.00 || 831 || 10440.00 || Irrigation || 221.18
|-
| [[Vadiwale Dam|Vadiwale]] || 1999 || Kundali || Pune, Lonavala|| [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 29 || 485.64 || 8.73 || 40870.00 || 3558 || 30390.00 || Irrigation || 746.82
|-
| [[Anjanapalshi Dam|Anjanapalshi]] || 1999 || Anjana || Aurangabad, Kannad || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 19.4 || 1952 || 937 || 15550.00 || 3887 || 13740.00 || Irrigation || 1167
|-
| [[Pimpalgaon Joge Dam|Pimpalgaon Joge]] || 1999 || AR || Pune, Junnar || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 28.6 || 1560 || 2010 || 235520.00 || 263000 || 110240.00 || Irrigation || 1943.7
|-
| [[Savatri Dam|Savatri]] || 1999 || Savatri || Ratnagiri, Poladpur || [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 33.62 || 320 || 196 || 29450.00 || 2700 || 26360.00 || Water supply || 3919.79
|-
| [[Kalammawadi Dam|Dudhaganga]] || 1999 || Dudhaganga || Kolhapur, Radhanagri || [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 73.08 || 1280 || 1605 || 719120.00 || 679110 || 25360.00 || Water supply || 1940
|-
| [[Temghar Dam|Temghar]] || 2000 || Mutha || Pune, Lavarde || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 42.5 || 1075 || 1188 || 107900.00 || 55512 || 101010.00 || Irrigation || 626.5
|-
| [[Dongargaon Dam|Dongargaon]] || 2000 || local || Rajura || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 23 || 572 || 285 || 14180.00 || 3757 || 12440.00 || Irrigation || 840
|-
| [[Hetwane Dam|Hetwane]] || 2000 || Bhogeshwari || Raigadh, Pen || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 48.2 || 675 || 144980 || 147490.00 || 6740 || 137625.00 || Irrigation Water Supply || 1084
|-
| [[Gunjwani Dam|Gunjwani]] || 2000 || Kanand || Pune, Velhe || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 52.82 || 1730 || 6871 || 104690.00 || 6410 || 104480.00 || Irrigation || 1175
|-
| [[Chilewadi Dam|Chilewadi]] || 2000 || Mandvi || Pune, Junnar || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 62.56 || 440 || 36.23 || 27170.00 || 67410 || 24610.00 || Irrigation || 1680
|-
| [[Nira Devghar Dam|Nira Devghar]]|| 2000 || Nira || Pune, Bhor || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 58.53 || 2430 || 99.38 || 337390.00 || 14307 || 332130.00 || Irrigation || 1852
|-
| [[Kar Dam|Kar]] || 2000 || Kar || Wardha || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 25.13 || 1067 || 265.06 || 25960.00 || 4480 || 21060.00 || Irrigation || 2314
|-
| [[Dimbhe Dam|Dimbhe]] || 2000 || Ghod || Pune, Ambegaon || [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 67.21 || 852 || 1151.23 || 38220.00 || 17547 || 35391.00 || Irrigation || 2872
|-
| [[Bhama Asakhed Dam|Bhama Asakhed]] || 2000 || Bhama || Pune, Chakan || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 51 || 1425 || 6183 || 230473.00 || 21630 || 217100.00 || Irrigation || 3431.72
|-
| [[Wan Dam, Akola|Wan]] || 2000 || Wan || Akola || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 67.65 || 500 || 599 || 83465.00 || 4391 || 81955.00 || Irrigation Hydroelectricity Water supply || 3874
|-
| [[Berdewadi Dam|Berdewadi]] || 2001 || local || Lanja || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 61.19 || 656 || 1796.2 || 15841.00 || 871 || 15356.00 || Irrigation || 296
|-
| [[Chitri Dam|Chitri]] || 2001 || Chitri || Kolhapur, Ajara || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 55.1 || 1710 || 2606 || 53414.00 || 2931 || 52359.00 || Irrigation || 571
|-
| [[Uttarmand Dam|Uttarmand]] || 2001 || Uttarmand || Satara, Patan || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 46.45 || 1389 || || 24925.00 || 2393 || || Irrigation || 824
|-
| [[Jamkhedi Dam|Jamkhedi]] || 2001 || Jamkhedi || Dhule, Sakri || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 29.62 || 1750 || 710 || 14450.00 || 2081 || 12290.00 || Irrigation || 1113
|-
| [[Bhivargi Dam|Bhivargi]] || 2001 || Patan || Sangli, Jath || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 15.85 || 1606 || || 11200.00 || || 8630.00 || Irrigation ||
|-
| [[Madan Dam|Madan]] || 2002 || Waghadinalla || Arvi || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 26.55 || 1291 || 976.14 || 11460.00 || || 10460.00 || Irrigation || 662.5
|-
| [[Babhulgaon Dam|Babhulgaon]] || 2003 || local || Solapur, Barshi || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 16.93 || 16.5 || 56100 || 56100.00 || 2270 || || Irrigation || 1046
|-
| [[Chargad Dam|Chargad]] || 2003 || Chargad || Amravati || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 24.5 || 3740 || 1095 || 12005.00 || 2842 || 8266.00 || Irrigation Water Supply || 1107.5
|-
| [[Andra Valley Dam|Andra Valley]] || 2003 || Andra || Pune, Maval || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 40.45 || 330 || 207.86 || 83310.00 || 7421 || 82750.00 || Irrigation || 1110
|-
| [[Pentakali Dam|Pentakali]] || 2003 || Penganga || Buldhana, Mehkar || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 27.5 || 990 || 694.35 || 67355.00 || 12870 || 59976.00 || Irrigation || 6476
|-
| [[Kudnur Dam|Kudnur]] || 2005 || local || Chandgad || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 20.99 || 316 || 208.68 || 11925.00 || 214 || 1062.00 || Irrigation || 58.24
|-
| [[Deogad Dam|Deogad]] || 2005 || Karli Nalla || Phonda || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 54.68 || 1784 || 6200 || 100428.00 || 5731 || 98020.00 || Irrigation Hydroelectricity || 2078
|-
| [[Shivana Takli Dam|Shivana Takli]] || 2005 || Shivna || Kannad || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 17.7 || 4524 || 622 || 39360.00 || 887 || 38190.00 || Irrigation || 4415
|-
| [[Popatkhed Dam|Popatkhed]] || 2005 || Dather || Akot || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 42.6 || || || 12192.00 || || 10709.00 || Irrigation ||
|-
| [[Morbe Dam|Morbe]] || 2006 || Dhavari || Khalapur || [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 59.1 || 3420 || 18075 || 19089.00 || 9780 || 160.01 || Water supply || 690.4
|-
| [[Lalocalalla Dam|Lalocalalla]] || 2006 || local || Samudrapur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 13.9 || 3385 || 407.67 || 29515.00 || 9039 || 27613.00 || Irrigation || 925
|-
| [[Morana Dam|Morana (Gureghar)]] || 2006 || Morana || Patan || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 47.02 || 420 || || 39550.00 || 31.27 || 36990.00 || Irrigation || 1360.11
|-
| [[Tarandale Dam|Tarandale]] || 2007 || local || Kankawali || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 48 || 400 || || 10800.00 || || 9810.00 || || 147.7
|-
| [[Kalmodi Dam|Kalmodi]]|| 2007 || Arala || Khed || [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 40.6 || 104 || 139.28 || 42670.00 || 2710 || 42670.00 || Irrigation || 963.21
|-
| [[Sina Kolegaon Dam|Sina Kolegaon]] || 2007 || Sina || Osmanabad, Paranda || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 36.6 || || 234 || 150490.00 || 1529 || 89340.00 ||Irrigation || 7689
|-
| [[Katangi Dam|Katangi]] || || Katanginalla || Goregaon || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 13.65 || 2360 || 464.12 || 11120.00 || 31.02 || 9400.00 || Irrigation || 845.5
|-
| [[Bham Dam|Bham]] || || Tapi || Dharni || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 67.5 || 10982 || || 378,000.00 || 1551.6 || 378,000.00 || Irrigation || 445
|-
| [[Sarang Kheda Dam|Sarang Kheda]] || || Waki || Nashik, Sinnar || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 34.5 || 1081 || 76.2 || 75800.00 || 7203 || 70550.00 || Irrigation || 563
|-
| [[Chenna Dam|Chenna]] || || Chenna || Gadchiroli || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 33 || 740 || 413 || 14800.00 || 1930 || 14790.00 || Irrigation || 602
|-
| [[Madan Dam|Madan]] || || local || Madan || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 26.5 || 1413 || 773 || 11460.00 || || 10560.00 || Irrigation || 662
|-
| [[Godavari Dam|Godavari]] || || Darna || Nashik, Igatpuri || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 34.75 || 1028 || 3007 || 46730.00 || 2565 || 40790.00 || Irrigation || 662
|-
| [[Karwappa Dam|Karwappa]] || || Karwappa || Gadchiroli || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 35 || 1416 || 991 || 32560.00 || 4454 || 32560.00 || Irrigation || 841
|-
| [[Manikpuri Dam|Manikpuri]] || || Waki || Nandurbar, Shahada || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 42.84 || 888 || 1453 || 14760.00 || 650 || 13450.00 || Irrigation || 912
|-
| [[Lower Tapi Dam|Lower Tapi]] || || Kadwa || Nashik || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 21.8 || 860 || 303.72 || 16460.00 || 3150 || 11470.00 || Irrigation || 983
|-
| [[Bhavali Dam|Bhavali]] || || Bham || Thane, Shahapur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 33.97 || 1550 || 329 || 75050.00 || 4980 || 69760.00 || Irrigation || 990
|-
| [[Jamkhed Dam|Jamkhed]] || || local || Mukhed || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 16.9 || 1605 || 44 || 10230.00 || || 8150.00 || Irrigation || 1019
|-
| [[Nagan Dam|Nagan]] || || Nagan || Navapur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 29.24 || 2940 || 1800 || 25150.00 || 3334 || 22760.00 || Irrigation || 1103
|-
| [[Talamba Dam|Talamba]] || || Karli || Kudal || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 57.41 || 2955 || 7343 || 308750.00 || 21350 || 285630.00 || Irrigation Hydroelectricity || 1354.47
|-
| [[Wakod Dam|Wakod]] || || Nagzari || Aurangabad || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 14.28 || 2975 || 577 || 12050.00 || 4480 || 11400.00 || Irrigation || 1380
|-
| [[Mahamadwadi Dam|Mahamadwadi]] || || Gad river || Konakwadi || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 59.33 || 1590 || 12000 || 93374.00 || 4243 || 91399.00 || Irrigation Hydroelectricity || 1678
|-
| [[Lower Panzara Dam|Lower Panzara (Akkalp)]] || || Punad || Kalwan || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 33.28 || 706 || 1114 || 39750.00 || 3123 || 36990.00 || Irrigation || 1791
|-
| [[Waki Dam|Waki]] || || Godavari || Pachora || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 51.87 || 869 || 4582 || 53730.00 || 2054 || 53340.00 || Irrigation || 1808
|-
| [[Dara Dam|Dara]] || || Shiwan || Nandurbar || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 31.3 || 4828 || 2410 || 24180.00 || 2070 || 21700.00 || Irrigation Water Supply || 1864
|-
| [[Upper Kadwa Dam|Upper Kadwa]] || || Manyad || Nandgaon || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 32.92 || 1470 || 471.66 || 14010.00 || 238 || 9460.00 || Irrigation || 2032
|-
| [[Gomai Dam|Gomai]] || || Gomai || Nandurbar, Shahada || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 23.9 || 5596 || 1391 || 28104.00 || 5920 || 20352.00 || Irrigation || 2049
|-
| [[Utawali Dam|Utawali]] || || Utawali || Buldhana, Mehkar || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 26.05 || 2112 || 1910 || 20808.00 || 3642 || || Irrigation || 2336
|-
| [[Chandrabhaga Dam, Amravati|Chandrabhaga]] || || Chandrabhaga || Amravati || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 44.7 || 1573 || 2952 || 41427.00 || 3262 || 41248.00 || Irrigation Hydroelectricity Water supply || 2476
|-
| [[Tultuli Dam|Tultuli]] || || Khobragadi || Gadchiroli || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 21.59 || 5280 || 2745 || 225051.00 || 50920 || 216948.00 || Irrigation || 3460
|-
| [[Purna Dam|Purna]] || || Purna || Amravati || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 38 || 3120 || 1277 || 41759.00 || 5880 || 35370.00 || Irrigation Hydroelectricity Water supply || 3906
|-
| [[Anjneri Dam|Anjneri]] || || Panzara || Sakri || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 32.3 || 3137 || 4326 || 107790.00 || 14815 || 87870.00 || Irrigation || 4332
|-
| [[Nawatha Dam|Nawatha]] || || Burai || Dhule || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 29 || 2610 || 1427 || 36930.00 || 7360 || 33910.00 || Irrigation || 4342
|-
| [[Human Dam|Human]] || || Human || Chandrapur || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 28 || 3222 || 2448 || 313731.00 || 80930 || 313731.00 || Irrigation || 9242
|-
| [[Prakasha Barrage Dam|Prakasha Barrage]] || || Tapi || Nandurbar || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 39.5 || 1070 || 179 || 325000.00 || 3850 || 248210.00 || Irrigation || 16071
|-
| [[Lower Wardha Dam|Lower Wardha]] || || Wardha || Wardha || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 27.8 || 9464 || 2639 || 253340.00 || 54654 || 216870.00 || Irrigation || 20788
|-
| [[Dhaner Dam|Dhaner]] || || Tapi || Burhanpur || [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 27.7 || 425 || || 141000.00 || 170 || 141000.00 || Irrigation || 21083
|-
| [[Nanduri Dam|Nanduri]] || || Tapi || Ama Local Nallaher || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]] || 20 || 2186 || 1381.25 || 42056.00 || 575.36 || 35780.00 || Irrigation Water supply || 49299.5
|-
| [[Sulwade Barrage Dam|Sulwade Barrage]] || || Tapi || Nandurbar, Shahada || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 27.73 || 688 || 226 || 63640.00 || 11870 || 62110.00 || Irrigation || 50517
|-
| [[Wadishewadi Dam|Wadishewadi]] || || Tapi || Nandurbar, Shahada || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 36.5 || 614.5 || 324 || 92190.00 || 18230 || 91810.00 || Irrigation || 50529
|-
| [[Dehali Dam|Dehali]] || || Tapi || Sind Kheda || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 28.26 || 5349 || 1762 || 65060.00 || 1229 || 65060.00 || Irrigation Water Supply || 64227
|-
| [[Gosi kd Dam|Gosi (Kd)]] || || Wainganga || Bhandara || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 22.5 || 1135 || 3828 || 769483.00 || 22258 || 376592.00 || Irrigation || 67000
|-
| [[Punad Dam|Punad]] || || Delhi || Nandurbar, Akkalkuva || [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] || 29.62 || 1820 || 123 || 19080.00 || 2202 || 17290.00 || Irrigation ||
|}

== Mizoram ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! River !! Dam !! Height !! Length !! Type !! Storage capacity !! Reservoir area !! Complete
|-
| Serlui|| [[Serlui B Dam]] || || || || || || River Serlui
|-
| Sonai|| [[Tuirial Dam]]
|- River Sonai
|}

== Odisha ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! River !! Dam !! Height !! Length !! Type !! Storage capacity !! Reservoir area !! Complete
|-
| [[Sileru River|Sileru]] || [[Balimela Reservoir]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]] || [[Hirakud Dam]] ||60.96 m ||4,800 m ||[[Embankment dam|Earth-fill]], [[Gravity dam|Gravity]] & [[Masonry dam]] ||195.68 m ||192.024 m ||1957
|-
| Sileru || [[Jalaput Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-

| [[Sabari River|Sabari]] || [[Kolab Dam]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Sankh River|Sankh]] || [[Mandira Dam]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Jonk River|Jonk]] || [[Patora Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Brahmani River|Brahmani]] || [[Rengali Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Indravati]] ||[[Indravati Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Salia River]]||[[Salia Dam]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Sono River]]||[[Sunei Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
| [[Kala River]]||[[Kala Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
|}

== Punjab ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! River !! Dam !! Height !! Length !! Type !! Storage capacity !! Reservoir area !! Complete
|-
|Damsal River
|[[Damsal Dam]]
|26.5 meters
|160 meters
|[[Embankment dam|Earth-fill]]
|
|1,920 hectares
|2001
|-
| [[Ravi River]] || [[Ranjit Sagar Dam]] || |160 meters || |617 meters
|Earth-cum-concrete gravity dam |||3,280 million cubic meters || |8,700 hectares || |2001
|-
|[[Ravi River]]
|[[Shahpurkandi Dam]] || |55.5 meters || |700 meters || |Gravity || |230 million cubic meters || |5,000 hectares || |2025
|-
|}

== Rajasthan ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! River !! Dam !! Height !! Length !! Type !! Storage capacity !! Reservoir area !! Complete
|-
| [[Chambal River|Chambal]] || [[Jawahar Sagar Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
|[[Chambal River|Chambal]]
|[[Gandhi Sagar Dam]]
|-
|[[Chambal River|Chambal]]||[[Kota Barrage]] || || || || || ||
|-
|[[Chambal River|Chambal]]||[[Rana Pratap Sagar dam]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| Chavli || Chavli Dam|| || || || ||HIMMAT GARH
|2006
|-
| [[Mahi River|Mahi]] || [[Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
| Jakham ||[[Jakham Dam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Kali Sindh River|Kalisindh]]
|[[Kalisindh Dam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Banas River|Banas]]
|[[Bisalpur Dam]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Orai
|[[Bassi dam]]
|
|1044 metres
|Earthed
|
|
|1987
|-
|}

==Sikkim==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! River !! Dam !! Height !! Length !! Type !! Storage capacity !! Reservoir area !! Complete
|-
|Rangit River || [[Rangit Dam]] || || || || || ||
|-
|}

== Tamil Nadu ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! River !! Dam !! Height !! Length !! Type !! Storage capacity !! Reservoir area !! Complete.
|-
| [[Noyyal River|Noyyal]] || [[Aathupalayam Dam]]|| || || || || ||1992 (closed 1995 due to pollution)
|-
| || [[Aliyar Reservoir]] || || || || 3.869 TMC Ft
|| ||1969
|-
| || [[Amaravathi Dam]] || || || || 4 TMC ft
|| ||1957
|-
| [[Bhavani River|Bhavani]] || [[Bhavanisagar Reservoir]] || || || || 32.8 TMC ft
|| ||1955
|-
| || [[Gomukhinadhi Reservoir]] || || || || || ||1965
|-
|-
| Bhavani || [[Kodiveri Dam]] || || || || || ||17th Century
|-
| [[Kaveri]] || [[Mettur Dam]] || || || || 93.4 TMC ft
|| ||1934
|-
| || [[Lower Anicut]] (Built by British) || || || || || ||19th century
|-
| || [[Kallanai Dam]] (Built by Chola) || || || || || ||2nd century AD
|-
| || [[Nallathangal Dam]] || || || || || ||2007
|-
| Noyyal || [[Orathuppalayam Dam]] || || || || || ||1992
|-
| || [[Pechiparai Reservoir]] || || || || || ||1906
|-
| || [[Perunchani Reservoir]] || || || || || ||1952
|-
| || [[Puzhal aeri|Puzhal Reservoir]] || || || || || ||1876
|-
| || [[Sathanur Reservoir]] || || || || || ||1958
|-
| || [[Solaiyar Dam]]|| || || || || ||1965
|-
| [[Vaigai River|Vaigai]] || [[Vaigai Dam]]|| || || || || ||1959
|-
| || [[Vaigai Reservoir]] || || || || || ||1959
|-| Thenpennai || [[KRP Dam]] || || || || || ||1958
|-
| [[Thamirabarani River|Thamirabarani]] || Manimuthar Dam & Karaiyar Dam(Papanasam Reservoir)|| || || || || ||1957
|-
|}

== Telangana ==
{{Main|List of dams and reservoirs in Telangana}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! River !! Dam !! Height !! Length !! Type !! Storage capacity !! Reservoir area !! Complete
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Sriram Sagar Project]] |||| || ||90.31 || || 1977
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Singur Dam]] |||| || ||29.91 || || 1989
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Nizam Sagar]] |||| || ||17.8 || || 1931
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Yellampalli]] |||| || ||20.17 || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Lower Manair Dam]] |||| || ||24.07 || || 1985
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Mid Manair Dam]] |||| || ||25.87 || || 2017
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Upper Manair Dam]] |||| || ||2.2 || || 1985
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Medigadda Barrage]] |||| || ||16.17 || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Annaram Barrage]] |||| || ||11.9 || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Sundilla Barrage]] |||| || ||5.11 || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Kadam Reservoir]]|| || || ||7.6 || || 1958
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Sri Komaram Bheem Project]] |||| || || || || 2011
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Dummugudem Lift Irrigation Scheme]] |||| || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Vattivagu Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Pranahita Chevella]] |||| || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Icchampally Project]] |||| || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Swarna Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Sathnala Dam]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Nawabpet Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Tapaspalli Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Pocharam Dam Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Manjeera Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Devadula project]] |||| || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Pakhala Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Palakurthy Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Kinnerasani Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Kanthapally Barrage]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Alisagar Reservoir]]|| || || || || || 1931
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Alisagar Lift Irrigation Scheme]]|| || || || || || 2002
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Lower Penganga River Irrigation Project]]|| || || || || || 1997
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Lendi Dam]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Sadarmat]]|| || || ||1.58 || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Pedavagu]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Neelwai]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Ralevagu]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Gollavagu]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Suddavagu]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Chelmelavagu Project (NTR Sagar)]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[PP Rao Project]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Krishna River]] || [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]] |||| || ||312.04 || || 1967
|-
| [[Krishna River]] || [[Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond]] |||| || || || ||
|-
| [[Krishna River]] || [[Srisailam Dam]] |||| || ||215.807 || || 1984
|-
| [[Krishna River]] || [[Srisailam tail pond]]|| || || || || || u/c
|-
| [[Krishna River]] || [[Jurala Project]] |||| || ||9.66 || || 1995
|-
| [[Krishna River]] || [[Pulichinthala Project]] |||| || ||45.77 || ||
|-
| [[Krishna River]] || [[Lower Jurala HEP]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Krishna River]] || [[Rajolibanda Dam]] |||| || || || || 1956
|-
| [[Krishna River]] || [[Dindi Reservoir]] |||| || || || ||
|-
| [[Krishna River]] || [[Osman Sagar Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Krishna River]] || [[Himayath Sagar]] |||| || || || ||
|-
| [[Krishna River]] || [[Musi Reservoir]] |||| || || || ||
|-
| [[Krishna River]] || [[Koilsagar]] |||| || || || ||
|-
| || [[Mathadivagu Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Krishna River]] || [[Shankara Samudram Balancing Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Krishna River]] || [[Alimineti Madhava Reddy Project]] |||| || || || ||
|-
| [[Krishna River]] || [[Udaya Samudram Balancing Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| || [[Peddadevulapally Balancing Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Krishna River]] || [[Ramanpad reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Krishna River]] || [[Gundrevula reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Krishna River]] || [[Singotam reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Krishna River]] || [[Jonnalaboguda reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| [[Godavari River]] || [[Pulkurthy Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| || [[Salivagu Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| || [[Nashkal Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| || [[Mylaram Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| || [[Chakunta Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| || [[Chalivagu Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| || [[Narsingapur Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| || [[Bheemghanpur Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| || [[Rangaiah-Yerraiah Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| || [[Wyra Reservoir]] |||| || || || ||
|-
| [[Krishna River]] || [[Palair Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
| || [[Shanigaram Reservoir]] |||| || || || ||
|-
| || [[Thotapally Reservoir]]|| || || || || ||
|-
|}

== Uttarakhand ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Dam !! River !! Height !! Length !! Type !! Installed Capacity !! Reservoir area !! Completion Year
|-
| [[Ichari Dam]]
|Tons
|
|-
| [[Koteshwar Dam]]
||[[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi]]
|| {{Convert|97.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|| {{Convert|300|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|| [[gravity dam|Gravity]]
|| 400 MW
|| {{Convert|29|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}
|| 2011
|-
|| [[Maneri Dam]]
|| [[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi]]
|| {{Convert|39|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|| {{Convert|127|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|| [[gravity dam|Gravity]]
|| 90 MW at Tiloth Power Plant
|| {{convert|1.8|km2|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Tapovan Vishnugad Dam]]
|| [[Dhauliganga River|Dhauliganga]]
||
||
|| [[run of the river hydroelectricity|Run of the River]]
|| 520 MW
|| No Reservoir
|| Under Construction
|-
| [[Tehri Dam]]
|| [[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi]] || {{convert|260|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|| {{convert|575|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|| [[Embankment Dam|Embankment]] Earth and Rock fill
|| 1000 MW
|| {{convert|52|km2|abbr=on}}
|| 2006
|-
| [[Ramganga Dam|Ramganga Dam(Kalagarh Dam)]]
|| [[Ramganga River|Ramganga]]
|| {{convert|128|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|| {{convert|630|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|| [[Embankment Dam|Embankment]] Earth and Rock fill
|| 198 MW
|| {{convert|78.31|km2|abbr=on}}
|| 1974
|-
| [[Vishnuprayag Dam]]
||[[Alaknanda River|Alaknanda]]
|| {{Convert|17|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|| {{Convert|57|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|| [[run of the river hydroelectricity|Run of the River]]
|| 400 MW
||
|| 2006
|}

===Barrages===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Barrage !! River !! Headworks of !! Installed Capacity !! Reservoir area !! Completion Year
|-
| [[Asan Barrage]]
||[[Yamuna River|Yamuna]]
|| Hathnikund Barrage downstream
|| 30 MW at Kulhal Power Station
72 MW at Khara Power Station
|| {{Convert|4|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}
|| 1967
|-
| Banbasa Barrage
|| [[Sharda River|Sharda]]
|| Upper Ganges Canal
||
||
|| 1983
|-
| [[Bhimgoda Barrage]]
|| [[Ganga River|Ganga]]
|| Upper Ganges Canal
|| 20.4 MW at Pathri Power Plant
9.3 MW at Mohammadpur Power Plant
||
|| 1983
|-
| [[Dakpathar Barrage]]
||[[Yamuna River|Yamuna]]
|| Shakti Canal
|| 33.75 MW at Dhakrani Power Plant
51 MW at Dhalipur Power Plant
|| {{Convert|29|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}
|| 1965
|-
|| [[Joshiyara Barrage]]
|| [[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi]]
|| Dharasu Power Plant downstream
|| 304 MW at [[Dharasu Power Station]]
||
|| 2008

|-
|| [[Kosi Barrage]]
|| [[Kosi River]]
|| Kosi downstream
|| 600 KW at [[Dharasu Power Station]]
||
|| 2012

|-
| [[Pashulok Barrage]]
|| [[Ganga River|Ganga]]
|| Chilla Power Plant downstream
|| 144 MW at Chilla Power Plant
||
|| 1980
|-
| Tanakpur Barrage
|| [[Sharda River|Sharda]]
|| Banbasa Barrage downstream
|| 120 MW
||
|| 1989

|}

== West Bengal ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! River !! Dam !! Height !! Length !! Gates !! Storage capacity !! Reservoir area !!
|-
| [[Damodar River]] || [[Durgapur Barrage]] || 42.25 m || 692 m || 48 || || 729,000 m3 ||
|-
| [[Ganges River]] || [[Farakka Barrage]] || 36 m || 2304 m || 123 || || 1,65,606,000 m3||
|-
| [[Damodar River]] || [[Panchet Dam]] || 36 m || 1225 m || 36 || || 900,000 m3 ||
|-
| [[Barakar River]] || [[Maithon Dam]] || 30 m || 900 m || 20 || || 841,000 m3 ||
|-
| [[Kangsabati River]] || [[Mukutmanipur Dam]] || 26 m || 400 m || 16 || || 576,000 m3||
|-
|-[[Bakreshwar River]] || [[Bakreshwar Dam]] || 26 m || 225 m || 9 || || 265,000 m3||
|-
| [[Teesta River]] || [[Teesta Barrage]] || 26 m || 2025 m || 60 || || 1,024,000 m3||
|-
|-[[Bhagirathi River]] || [[Jangipur Barrage]] || 26 m || 400 m || 20 || || 78,265,000 m3||
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[List of largest reservoirs in India]]
* [[List of lakes of India]]
* [[List of rivers of India by discharge]]
* [[Kalpasar Project]]
* [[Indian Rivers Inter-link]]
* [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act]]
* [[Irrigation in India]]
* [[National Water Policy]]
* [[Water scarcity in India]]
* [[Water supply and sanitation in India]]
* [[Water pollution in India]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dams and reservoirs in India}}
{{Asia topic|List of dams and reservoirs in}}
{{Dams and Reservoirs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dams and Reservoirs In India, List Of}}
[[Category:Lists of dams in India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of dams and reservoirs by country|I]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in India|Dams and reservoirs]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in India|*]]

Guntur

2026-03-12T10:21:55Z

Subhamaykarjee: minor changes

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Guntur
| other_name = Garthapuri
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = GunturCollage06022017.jpg
| image_caption = Clockwise from Top Left: [[Guntur Medical College]], General Hospital, Iskcon Temple, [[Guntur Municipal Corporation]], Chuttugunta Centre, One-Town Centre, A park with pond in Gujjanagundla.
| etymology =
| nickname = Land of Chillies <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipsocon2023.co.in/venue.php |title=IPSOCON 2023 |access-date=2024-03-17 |publisher=IPSOCON}}</ref>
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|16.3008|N|80.4428|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coastal Andhra]]
| established_title =
| established_date = 
| founder =
| established_title1 = Incorporated (Municipality)
| established_date1 = 1866
| established_title2 = Incorporated (Corporation)
| established_date2 = 1994
| named_for =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = {{Plain list|
*[[Guntur Municipal Corporation]]
*[[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]]
}}
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Kovelamudi Ravindra
| leader_title1 = [[Guntur (Lok Sabha constituency)|MP]]
| leader_name1 = [[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani]] ([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="cdma"/>
| area_total_km2 = 159.46
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="cdma">{{Cite web |url=https://cdma.ap.gov.in/en/about-guntur-municipal-corporation |title=About Guntur Municipal corporation |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=CDMA, GoAP |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317094958/https://cdma.ap.gov.in/en/about-guntur-municipal-corporation |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_total = 743354
| pop_est_as_of =
| pop_est_footnotes =
| population_est =
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh|3rd (in Andhra Pradesh)]] [[List of cities in India by population|64th (in India)]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro_footnotes =
| population_metro = 1,028,667
| population_blank1_title =
| population_blank1 =
| population_demonym = {{hlist|Gunturian|Gunturodu}}
| population_note = 
| demographics_type1 = Literacy
| demographics1_title1 = Literates
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Literacy rate
| demographics1_info2 =
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 522001
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91-863
| registration_plate_type =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|AP]]
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Nominal GDP]](2023-24)
| blank_info_sec1 = {{INRConvert|27230|c|year=2024}}<ref>https://des.ap.gov.in/MainPage.do?mode=menuBind&tabname=publications {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2025}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://cdma.ap.gov.in/en/guntur}}
| official_name =
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = {{Plain list|
[[Guntur district|Guntur]]
}}
| leader_party = [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| elevation_m = 33
| native_name =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_caption =
}}

'''Guntur''' ({{audio|Te-గుంటూరు.oga|pronunciation}}), natively spelt as '''Gunturu''', is a city in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and the administrative headquarters of [[Guntur district]]. The city is part of the [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]] and is located on the [[Eastern Coastal Plains]] approximately {{convert|14|miles}} south-west of the state capital [[Amaravati]]. According to data from the [[2011 Census of India]], Guntur had a population of 743,354 in that year, making it the [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population|third-most-populous city]] in the state,<ref name="cdma"/> and occupies {{convert|159.46|km2|sqmi|abbr=off}} of land. The city is the heartland of the state, located in the center of Andhra Pradesh and making it a central part connecting different regions.

The city is home to numerous state government offices and agencies. being part of the district capital and being in close proximity to the state capital [[Amaravati]]. The city is about 1100 miles south of the national capital [[New Delhi]]. It is classified as a ''Y-grade'' city as per the [[Pay Commission#Seventh Pay Commission|Seventh Central Pay Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Classification of Cities for the purpose of HRA with effect from 1 April 2015 — CENTRAL GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES NEWS|url=https://7thpaycommissionnews.in/classification-of-cities-for-the-purpose-of-hra-with-effect-from-1-4-2015/|website=7thpaycommissionnews.in|access-date=1 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030172022/https://7thpaycommissionnews.in/classification-of-cities-for-the-purpose-of-hra-with-effect-from-1-4-2015/|archive-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> It is the 24th most densely populated city in the world and 11th in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/territories/andhra-pradesh-population|title = Guntur population density|date = 21 November 2021}}</ref> Guntur is estimated to have current population of around 0.9 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=Guntur population estimate|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/guntur-population|access-date=21 November 2021|work=World Population Review}}</ref>

Guntur serves as a major hub for the export of [[Chili pepper|chilli]], [[cotton]] and [[tobacco]], and has the largest chilli-market yard in Asia.<ref name="largestchilliyard">{{Cite news|title=Chillies lose sting, exports & Guntur markets only hope – The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/chillies-lose-sting-exports-guntur-markets-only-hope/articleshow/2055828.cms|access-date=27 May 2017|work=The Economic Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403124710/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/chillies-lose-sting-exports-guntur-markets-only-hope/articleshow/2055828.cms|archive-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> It is also a major hub for transport, education, medicine and commercial activities in the state.<ref name="Education Hub">{{Cite news|title=Guntur Educational Hub|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/guntur-krishna-turn-educational-hub-598826|access-date=12 March 2021|work=The Hans India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405162834/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/guntur-krishna-turn-educational-hub-598826|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref> Ancient temples and sites near the city include [[Kondaveedu Fort]], [[Amararama|Amareswaraswamy temple]], and [[Undavalli Caves]], and Sri Bramarambha Malleswara Swamy Temple at [[Pedakakani]].

== Etymology ==
In [[Sanskrit]] documents, Guntur was referred to as ''Garthapuri''; in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], "Guntlapuri" means "a place surrounded by water ponds".<ref name="district profile">{{Cite web|title=District Profile|url=http://guntur.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/district-profile|website=Guntur Municipal Corporation|access-date=6 June 2017|archive-date=14 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514110956/http://guntur.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/district-profile|url-status=dead}}</ref> The settlement might have been near a pond (Telugu: "gunta"); hence "gunta uru" means "pond village". Another source refers to "kunta", a land-measuring unit, which may have transformed to "kunta uru" and later to "Guntur".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Pullaiah|first1=T.|title=Flora of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India|date=2000|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=9788187498162|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kHNgLyXbJUC&q=guntur+revenue+division+headquarters&pg=PA2|access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref>

== History ==

The ancient [[Puranas|Vedic puranas]], going back to the [[Treta Yuga]] and [[Dvapara Yuga]], mention [[Sitanagaram]] and the [[Guttikonda Bilam|Guttikonda caves]] near Guntur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://guntur.nic.in/|title=Welcome to the Guntur district website|access-date=27 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008183724/http://guntur.nic.in/history.html|archive-date=8 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Garthapuri2.jpg
| image2 = Nagalipi1.jpg
| image3 = Nagalipi2.jpg
| image4 = Agasteeswara temple.jpg
| align = center
| total_width = 400
| caption1 =
| caption_align = center
| footer = Sivalayam temple in old city and inscriptions
| footer_align = center
}}

The region was historically known for [[Buddhism]]; the first [[Kalachakra]] ceremony was performed by [[Gautama Buddha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kalacakra.org/history/khistor2.htm|title=Kālacakra history|work=kalacakra.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211023333/http://www.kalacakra.org/history/khistor2.htm|archive-date=11 February 2021}}</ref> Agastyeshwara temple is one of the oldest temples in the city; according to a local legend, [[Agastya]] built it in the [[Treta Yuga]] around a ''[[swayambhu]] [[Lingam|linga]]''. Inscriptions on the side of Naga Muchalinda, a sculpture unearthed in 2018 in the compound of the temple, are in Naga Lipi, an ancient script from the third century [[Common Era|CE]]. Based on this discovery, Emani Sivanagi Reddy, archaeologist and Buddhist scholar believes this region served as a Buddhist site contemporary to [[Nagarjunakonda]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=3rd Century Buddhist sculpture unearthed in Old Guntur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/3rd-century-buddhist-sculpture-unearthed-in-old-guntur/article25786642.ece |date=2018-12-20 |access-date=2024-03-16 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529213422/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/3rd-century-buddhist-sculpture-unearthed-in-old-guntur/article25786642.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

The earliest reference to Guntur is found in inscriptions by [[Ammaraja I]] (922–929 CE), the Vengi [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyan]] king.<ref name="district profile"/> According to an inscription in Sri Narasimha Swami temple at Ramachandra Agraharam, Tirumala Dasa Mahapatra—the local ruler of the [[Gajapathi]] king [[Kapileswara Gajapathi]]—gave donations to the temple of Mulastha Mallikarjuna Deva in 1485 CE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Temple inscriptions R.Agraharam|date=20 May 2019 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/may/20/archaeologist-deciphers-gajapathi-period-guntur-temple-inscription-1979182.html|publisher=New Indian Express|access-date=15 August 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032633/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/may/20/archaeologist-deciphers-gajapathi-period-guntur-temple-inscription-1979182.html|archive-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>

Prior to the [[British Raj]], Guntur has been ruled by the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]], [[Andhra Ikshvaku]]s, [[Vishnukundinas]], [[Pallavas]], [[Vengi Chalukya]]s, [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya kings]], [[Reddi Kingdom|Reddy kings]], [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapathi kings]], and [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar kings]], [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams of Hyderabad]], [[French India]], and the [[East India Company|British East India Company]].{{Sfn|HDHV|2016|p=02-2}} The British East India Company took over the [[Kondaveedu Fort]] in 1788 and abandoned it in the early 19th century in favour of Guntur, which was made the headquarters of a district named after it.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} The district was abolished in 1859 and reconstituted in 1904.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

The city rapidly became a major market for agricultural produce from the surrounding countryside due to the opening of the railway link in 1890. The expansion continued post [[Indian independence movement|independence]] as well and was concentrated in what is now called New Guntur, with many urban areas such as [[Brodipet]], [[Arundelpet]] and suburban areas like Pattabhipuram, Chandramoulinagar, Sitaramanagar, and Brindavan Gardens. In 2012, the city limits were expanded with the merger of surrounding ten villages, namely [[Nallapadu]], Pedapalakaluru, Ankireddipalem, Adavitakkellapadu, [[Gorantla, Guntur|Gorantla]], Pothuru, Chowdavaram, Etukuru, [[Budampadu]] and [[Reddypalem, Guntur|Reddypalem]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merger of gram panchayats in Guntur Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.gunturcorporation.org/townplanning/gos/GO_279_12072012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126163918/http://gunturcorporation.org/TownPlanning/gos/GO_279_12072012.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2013 |access-date=22 September 2015 |website=Guntur Municipal Corporation |publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department}}</ref>

The High Court was setup in Guntur when [[Andhra State]] was formed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/07/06/stories/2004070601210900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050216090615/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/07/06/stories/2004070601210900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2005|title=Former High Court July 06, 1954| location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 July 2004}}</ref> It was moved to [[Hyderabad]] after the formation of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/meet-to-press-for-high-court-bench-at-guntur/article3183383.ece|title=High Court bench requirement|work=The Hindu | location=Chennai, India|date=25 February 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405165337/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/meet-to-press-for-high-court-bench-at-guntur/article3183383.ece|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref> After the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|bifurcation of the state]] a new [[Andhra Pradesh High Court|High Court]] is set up in the capital region of the residual state near Guntur.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/andhra-pradesh-high-court-returns-home-to-guntur-after-62-years/articleshow/67278307.cms
|title=New High Court|work=[[The Times of India]]| location=Visakhapatnam|date=31 December 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405165436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/andhra-pradesh-high-court-returns-home-to-guntur-after-62-years/articleshow/67278307.cms|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref>

Guntur is the place of discovery of [[helium]]; they discovered this in 1869 from observations of the [[solar eclipse]] of 18 August 1868 by the French astronomer [[Pierre Janssen]].<ref>{{citation|last=Leggett|first=Hadley|title=Helium Discovered During Total Solar Eclipse|date=18 August 2009|url=https://www.wired.com/2009/08/dayintech_0818/|publisher=wired.com|access-date=18 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408223041/http://www.wired.com/2009/08/dayintech_0818/|archive-date=2014-04-08|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3024c.image.r=comptes-rendus+hebdomadaires+Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Sciences.f836.langFR|journal=C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris|volume=67|pages=836–41|year=1868|access-date=28 July 2014|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411093013/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3024c.image.r=comptes-rendus+hebdomadaires+Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Sciences.f836.langFR|url-status=live}}</ref> Allen Olliver Becker's family from Guntur was among the survivors of the Titanic ship disaster.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel |first=Valhayasi Pandey |date=2012-04-12 |title=Guntur to New York. Aboard the Titanic |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-titanic-has-an-india-connection/20120412.htm |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Rediff.com |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317055207/https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-titanic-has-an-india-connection/20120412.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Hills-near-Guntur-City.jpg|thumb|Scenic hills to the West of the city]]
Guntur is located at {{Coord|16.29|N|80.43|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Guntur.html|title=Falling Rain Genomics-Guntur|publisher=Falling Rain Genomics Inc.|access-date=12 July 2014|archive-date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427124626/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Guntur.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It has an average [[elevation]] of {{convert|33|m|ft|abbr=out}} and is situated on the plains. There are few hills in the surrounding suburban areas and Perecherla Reserve Forest is located in the city's north-west. Guntur lies approximately {{convert|30|km|abbr=out}} south of [[Amaravati]], the capital of Andhra Pradesh.

=== Climate ===

According to the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen-Geiger climate classification system]], the climate in Guntur is [[tropical climate|tropical]] with dry winters (Aw). The average temperature is warm-to-hot year round. The summer season, especially May and June, has the highest temperatures, which are usually followed by [[Monsoon|monsoon rains]]. During the winter season, running from November to February, the weather is usually dry with little-to-no rainfall. The wettest month is July. The average annual temperature is {{Convert|28.5|C}} and annual rainfall is about {{convert|905|mm|in|0}}. Rain storms and cyclones are common in the region during the rainy season, which starts with the monsoons in early June. Cyclones may occur any time of the year but occur most commonly between May and November.{{Sfn|HDHV|2016|p=02-5}}

Guntur has been ranked 11th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Historical population
| source = (1981–2011)<ref name="ulb"/>
| 1981 | 367,699
| 1991 | 471,051
| 2001 | 514,461
| 2011{{efn|prior to merger of neighbouring villages in 2012}}| 670,073
}}

Based on the [[2011 Census of India]], after a merger of nearby villages in 2012, Guntur had a population of {{formatnum:743354}}.<ref name="cdma" /> The 2023 estimate of the city population is 9,81,000.<ref name="municipality survey 2023">{{Cite web |title=Guntur population likely to cross 10 lakh mark soon |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/jun/09/guntur-population-likely-to-cross-10-lakh-mark-soon-2583332.html |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |date=9 June 2023 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703195305/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/jun/09/guntur-population-likely-to-cross-10-lakh-mark-soon-2583332.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is classified as a ''Y-grade'' city under the [[Pay Commission#Seventh Pay Commission|Seventh Central Pay Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Classification of Cities for the purpose of HRA with effect from 1 April 2015|url=https://7thpaycommissionnews.in/classification-of-cities-for-the-purpose-of-hra-with-effect-from-1-4-2015/|website=7thpaycommissionnews.in|access-date=1 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030172022/https://7thpaycommissionnews.in/classification-of-cities-for-the-purpose-of-hra-with-effect-from-1-4-2015/|archive-date=30 October 2020}}</ref>

Based on the 2011 census data prior to the city's expansion in 2012, [[Telugu language|Telugu]] is the most-widely spoken language with {{formatnum:545928}} native speakers, followed by {{formatnum:109574}} [[Urdu]] speakers. A significant minority speak [[Hindi]], [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name="language">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Town Level |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16_Town.html |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=13 May 2019}} ''Select "Andhra Pradesh" from the download menu. Data for "Guntur (M+OG)" is at row 12602 of the excel file.''</ref> The religious demographic consists of {{formatnum:522030}} [[Hindus]] (77.91%), {{formatnum:120974}} [[Muslims]] (18.05%), {{formatnum:21787}} [[Christians]] (3.25%), {{formatnum:2312}} [[Jainism|Jains]] (0.35%) and {{formatnum:2605}} (0.82%) did not state any religion.<ref name="religion">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=13 May 2019}} ''Select "Andhra Pradesh" from the download menu. Data for "Guntur (M+OG)" is at row 2682 of the excel file.''</ref> One of the supposedly [[lost tribes of Israel]] called [[Bene Ephraim]] has a presence in Guntur; there is a [[Jews|Jewish]] [[synagogue]] at Kothareddypalem near [[Chebrolu, Guntur district|Chebrolu]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Children of Ephraim: being Jewish in Andhra Pradesh|journal=Anthropology Today|volume=26 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1849132|access-date=24 May 2015|last1=Egorova|first1=Yulia}}</ref>

== Governance ==
=== Civic administration and politics ===
[[File:Guntur-municipal-corporation2017.jpg|thumb|Municipal Corporation Office, Guntur]]

The city's local authority is [[Guntur Municipal Corporation]] (GMC), which at over 150 years old, is one of India's oldest municipalities.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Jonathan |first1=P. Samuel |title=Guntur to get 24X7 water supply soon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Guntur-to-get-24X7-water-supply-soon/article16083207.ece |access-date=25 April 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=27 October 2016 |language=en-IN|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405164038/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Guntur-to-get-24X7-water-supply-soon/article16083207.ece |archive-date=5 April 2021 }}</ref> It was constituted in 1886, when the city had a population of 25,000; the city was upgraded to a third-grade municipality in 1891, a first-grade municipality in 1917, a special-grade municipality in 1952, and a selection-grade municipality in 1960. In 1994, Guntur was upgraded as a [[municipal corporation]] and its first local election was held in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timeline |url=http://210.212.227.99/about_gmc/timeline.html |access-date=25 April 2019 |website=gunturcorporation.org}}</ref> The city is divided into 57 revenue wards.<ref name="ulb">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Information of ULBs and UDAs |url=http://www.dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/ulbs/List%20of%20ULBs-27-2-2019.pdf |website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=29 May 2019 |page=3 |date=27 February 2019|archive-date=2022-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408091521/http://www.dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/ulbs/List%20of%20ULBs-27-2-2019.pdf|url-status=dead }}</ref> During the financial year 2018–19, the corporation had a budget of {{INRConvert|1004|c|lk=on|year=2018}}.<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 March 2018|title=GMC civic chief passes 1,004 cr budget|work=The Hans India|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-03-30/GMC-civic-chief-passes-1004-cr-budget/370496|url-status=live|access-date=29 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405164236/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-03-30/GMC-civic-chief-passes-1004-cr-budget/370496|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref>

Guntur is one of thirty-one cities in the state to be a part of water-supply-and-sewerage-services mission known as [[Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation]] (AMRUT).<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Vadlapatla |first1=Sribala |date=11 August 2015 |title=Amaravati among 31 AP cities selected for Amruth development |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Amaravati-among-31-AP-cities-selected-for-Amruth-development/articleshow/48431080.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405164748/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Amaravati-among-31-AP-cities-selected-for-Amruth-development/articleshow/48431080.cms |archive-date=5 April 2021 |access-date=18 December 2015 |work=The Times of India |location=Hyderabad}}</ref> The city was certified as open defecation free as part of [[Swachh Bharat Mission]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2016 |title=Guntur is now officially 'Open Defecation-Free' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/231216/guntur-is-now-officially-open-defaecation-free.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122133350/http://www.deccanchronicle.com:80/nation/current-affairs/231216/guntur-is-now-officially-open-defaecation-free.html |archive-date=22 November 2017 |access-date=15 January 2017 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> In the 2023 [[Swachh Survekshan]] rankings, Guntur was ranked fourth in India,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Four national awards for AP in the Swachh Survekshan 2023 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120124/four-national-awards-for-ap-in-the-swachh-survekshan-2023.html |access-date=13 March 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=12 January 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313021101/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120124/four-national-awards-for-ap-in-the-swachh-survekshan-2023.html |url-status=live }}</ref> rising from its ranking of 129th in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swachh Survekshan 2018 |url=http://swachhsurvekshan2018.org/Rankings/Morethan1Lakh |access-date=25 April 2019 |website=swachhsurvekshan2018.org |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419001402/http://swachhsurvekshan2018.org/Rankings/Morethan1Lakh |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Guntur District Court, India.jpg|thumb|District Court Complex]]

Guntur is the headquarters of [[Guntur East mandal|Guntur East]] and [[Guntur West mandal]]s in [[Guntur revenue division]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-03-31/Guntur-urban-divided-into-east-west-mandals/370772|title=Guntur urban divided into east, East mandals|last1=India|first1=The Hans|date=31 March 2018|work=thehansindia.com|access-date=26 April 2019|location=Guntur|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405162937/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-03-31/Guntur-urban-divided-into-east-west-mandals/370772|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref> The city is a major part of [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/ap-capital-region-development-authority-comes-into-being/article6739396.ece|title = AP Capital Region Development Authority comes into being|date = 31 December 2014|access-date = 11 February 2015|newspaper = The Hindu|location = Hyderabad|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210224195837/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/ap-capital-region-development-authority-comes-into-being/article6739396.ece|archive-date = 24 February 2021}}</ref> It is represented in the federal government by [[Guntur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guntur Lok Sabha constituency]],<ref name="loksabha">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|publisher=National Informatics Centre|page=31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref> and at state level by [[Guntur East (Assembly constituency)|Guntur East]] and [[Guntur West (Assembly constituency)|Guntur West]] assembly constituencies.

=== Municipal finance ===
As per the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]], the Guntur Municipal Corporation reported a total revenue of ₹2.76 billion (US$0.33 billion), a total expenditure of ₹1.91 billion (US$0.23 billion), a total tax revenue of ₹1.15 billion, a total own revenue of ₹2.45 billion, and total grants of ₹0.05 billion in 2022–23. Taxes contributed to 41.7% of the revenue, while the remaining income came from non-tax sources such as grants and other municipal revenues.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guntur Municipal Corporation city finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/guntur |work=Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref>

=== Other offices ===
As part of the [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]], Guntur houses many state offices and agencies such as [[Andhra Pradesh Forest Department]] and the Agricultural Marketing Department, and regional office of the [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Crime Investigation Department]].<ref name="departments" /> The AP State Judicial Preview offices are located at Nagarampalem.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AP Judicial Preview|url=http://www.judicialpreview.ap.gov.in/|website=judicialpreview.ap.gov.in|access-date=24 October 2019|archive-date=24 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024172851/http://www.judicialpreview.ap.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> Guntur group of the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] is located at Syamalanagar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NCC of Guntur|url=http://www.gunturncc.com/|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404130400/http://www.gunturncc.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> The city also hosts an [[Indian Army]] recruitment and training centre.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Army-recruitment-rally/article15145016.ece|title=Army recruitment rally|work=The Hindu|access-date=17 January 2008|location=Guntur|date=17 January 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405165140/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Army-recruitment-rally/article15145016.ece|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref> The city's passport office was opened in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/passport-seva-kendra-opened/article23841999.ece|title=Passport Seva Kendra opened|work=The Hindu|access-date=5 May 2018|location=Guntur|date=5 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109041554/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/passport-seva-kendra-opened/article23841999.ece|archive-date=9 November 2020}}</ref>

== Healthcare, utilities and policing ==
[[File:Government General Hospital, Guntur.jpg|thumb|Government General Hospital, Sambasivapet]]

Guntur has several urban healthcare centres and about 200 private hospitals, including several specialty centres.{{Sfn|HDHV|2016}} The Government General Hospital (GGH) is the city's main tertiary healthcare provider.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Development of Government Hospital|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/rs-500-cr-for-development-of-guntur-general-hospital-717509?infinitescroll=1|access-date=13 December 2021|work=New Indian Express|archive-date=13 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213165434/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/rs-500-cr-for-development-of-guntur-general-hospital-717509?infinitescroll=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

The city's main source of drinking water is Guntur Channel, which draws water from the [[Krishna River]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guntur Channel |url=https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/static/approjects/guntur_channel.html |website=irrigationap.cgg.gov.in |access-date=25 April 2019 |archive-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425054052/https://irrigationap.cgg.gov.in/wrd/static/approjects/guntur_channel.html |url-status=live }}</ref> An extension of this channel is being planned to increase coverage of the city and the capital region.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/may/29/guntur-channel-extension-survey-works-completed-1820791.html|title=Guntur Channel Extension|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 May 2018|location=Guntur|date=30 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405164450/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/may/29/guntur-channel-extension-survey-works-completed-1820791.html|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref> Summer storage tanks are located in [[Sangam Jagarlamudi]], and [[Vengalayapalem]] reservoir is the other source of water to the city.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Water crisis looms over Guntur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Water-crisis-looms-over-Guntur/article14026329.ece |access-date=25 April 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=29 January 2016 |location=Guntur |language=en-IN|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405164558/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Water-crisis-looms-over-Guntur/article14026329.ece |archive-date=5 April 2021 }}</ref> The city's electricity is provided by [[Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited]] (APSPDCL).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Summer blues: Electricity demand reaches its peak |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/apr/20/summer-blues-electricity-demand-reaches-its-peak-1966532.html |access-date=13 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=20 April 2019 |location=Guntur|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405164650/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/apr/20/summer-blues-electricity-demand-reaches-its-peak-1966532.html |archive-date=5 April 2021 }}</ref>

Guntur police uses surveillance and central monitoring control systems with high-resolution cameras at important traffic junctions.<ref>{{Cite news|title=traffic and safety|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ai-based-signalling-system-to-end-traffic-woes-in-guntur/article31034422.ece|access-date=13 December 2021|work=The Hindu|archive-date=13 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213174945/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ai-based-signalling-system-to-end-traffic-woes-in-guntur/article31034422.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Police ask restaurants and malls to up security|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/may/12/police-ask-restaurants-and-malls-to-up-security-1975745.html|access-date=13 December 2021|work=New Indian Express|archive-date=13 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213174945/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/may/12/police-ask-restaurants-and-malls-to-up-security-1975745.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Economy ==
[[File:Guntur vegetable market.jpg|thumb|right|A shop at Kannavari Thota Vegetable and Fruit Market]]

The GDP per capita of Guntur City is USD $8,786.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metroverse {{!}} Harvard Growth Lab |url=https://metroverse.cid.harvard.edu/city/8584/overview |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=metroverse.cid.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref>

Guntur forms a part of the [[East Coast Economic Corridor]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/industries/industrial-regions-8-major-industrial-regions-of-india/14159/ | title=Industrial Corridor | date=27 November 2013 | access-date=16 May 2014 | archive-date=31 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331213143/http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/industries/industrial-regions-8-major-industrial-regions-of-india/14159/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Due to its status as the district capital and part of the state capital region, Guntur houses many state offices and agencies, including the headquarters of the Agricultural Marketing Department,<ref name="departments">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Guntur-will-be-HQ-of-agri-department-Minister/article14425818.ece|title=Departments moving to new Capital Region|work=The Hindu|date=16 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405165729/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Guntur-will-be-HQ-of-agri-department-Minister/article14425818.ece|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref> the Tobacco Board and the [[Spices Board]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Bhupen |title=Bengal Opposes Tea Board of India headquarter shift To Assam |url=https://www.apnnews.com/bengal-opposes-tea-board-of-india-headquarter-shift-to-assam/ |access-date=25 April 2019 |work=APN News |date=8 October 2018 |location=Guwahati|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405165918/https://www.apnnews.com/bengal-opposes-tea-board-of-india-headquarter-shift-to-assam/ |archive-date=5 April 2021 }}</ref>

India is the world's biggest exporter of chillies and much of this is grown around Guntur.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://in.thedollarbusiness.com/magazine/dry-red-chilli-nothing-chilly-about-these-little-red-devils/20034 |title=Dry Red Chilli – Nothing chilly about these little red devils |date=2015-05-01 |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=The Dollar Business |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313021958/https://in.thedollarbusiness.com/magazine/dry-red-chilli-nothing-chilly-about-these-little-red-devils/20034 |url-status=live}}</ref> The city's Agriculture Market Committee Market Yard in Guntur is the largest [[Chili pepper|chilli]] yard in Asia; in 2023, its sales exceeded sales {{INRConvert|10000|c|abbr=on}} during that year's trading season.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Jonathan|first1=P. Samuel|title=Trading at Guntur chilli marketyard comes to a halt|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/trading-at-guntur-chilli-yard-comes-to-a-halt/article8365792.ece|access-date=27 May 2017|work=The Hindu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317133238/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/trading-at-guntur-chilli-yard-comes-to-a-halt/article8365792.ece|archive-date=17 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="largestchilliyard" /> There are also several spinning mills on the outskirts of the city.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Jonathan |first1=P. Samuel |title=Highway connectivity set to improve in Guntur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/highway-connectivity-set-to-improve-in-guntur/article25809979.ece |access-date=25 April 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=23 December 2018 |language=en-IN|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108103442/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/highway-connectivity-set-to-improve-in-guntur/article25809979.ece |archive-date=8 November 2020 }}</ref>

== Culture ==

Residents of Guntur are referred as ''Gunturians''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Braving chill, Gunturians walk with enthusiasm|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Braving-chill-Gunturians-walk-with-enthusiasm/article14019104.ece|access-date=3 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=25 January 2016|location=Guntur|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405170205/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Braving-chill-Gunturians-walk-with-enthusiasm/article14019104.ece|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref> Cultural events with focus on literature and poetry are regularly organised.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/folk-art-fete-in-guntur/article3086666.ece|title=Folk art fete in Guntur |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India|date=7 August 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311222104/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/folk-art-fete-in-guntur/article3086666.ece|archive-date=11 March 2021}}</ref> Venkateswara Vignana Mandiram and Annamaiah Kalavedika are popular venues for cultural programs. In 2021, a new venue called Gurram Jashua Kala Pranganam was being constructed.<ref>{{Cite news|title=New Kala Pranganam at Guntur|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/minister-reviews-jashua-kala-pranganam-project/article32681203.ece|access-date=23 November 2021|work=The Hindu|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123165314/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/minister-reviews-jashua-kala-pranganam-project/article32681203.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The city observes many festivals such as [[Rama Navami]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Rama Navami festival in Guntur|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/srirama-navami-celebrated-on-a-grand-scale/article4636700.ece|access-date=16 October 2017|work=The Hindu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117003730/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/srirama-navami-celebrated-on-a-grand-scale/article4636700.ece|archive-date=17 November 2017}}</ref> [[Hanuman Jayanti|Hanuman Jayanthi]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Hanuman Jayanthi in Guntur|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/guntur-special-pujas-performed-to-mark-hanuman-jayanti-623048|access-date=24 November 2021|work=The Hans India}}</ref> [[Maha Shivaratri]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Guntur: Maha Shivarathri festival|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/250217/guntur-mahashivratri-fervour-everywhere.html|access-date=17 November 2017|work=Deccan Chronicle|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813051130/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/250217/guntur-mahashivratri-fervour-everywhere.html|archive-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Vinayaka Chavithi]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Vinayaka Chavithi festivities in Guntur|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2015-09-17/Vinayaka-Chavithi-festivities-in-Guntur/176332|access-date=17 November 2017|work=The Hans India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813051131/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2015-09-17/Vinayaka-Chavithi-festivities-in-Guntur/176332|archive-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> [[Navaratri|Vijaya Dasami]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Navaratri in Guntur|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/temples-decked-up-for-navaratri-festivities-in-guntur/article5206200.ece|access-date=11 November 2017|work=The Hindu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830191348/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/temples-decked-up-for-navaratri-festivities-in-guntur/article5206200.ece|archive-date=30 August 2014}}</ref> [[Diwali|Deepawali]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Diwali celebrated with gaiety in AP, Telangana|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2015-11-12/Diwali-celebrated-with-gaiety-in-AP-Telangana/186016|access-date=4 October 2016|work=The Hans India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813051128/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2015-11-12/Diwali-celebrated-with-gaiety-in-AP-Telangana/186016|archive-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> [[Holi]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Gaiety, colour, fervour mark Holi festivities|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/gaiety-colour-fervour-mark-holi-festivities/article8390879.ece|access-date=4 October 2016|work=The Hindu|date=24 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324023155/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/gaiety-colour-fervour-mark-holi-festivities/article8390879.ece|archive-date=24 March 2016}}</ref> [[Ugadi]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Sahiti Vasanthotsavam on Ugadi|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/sahiti-vasanthotsavam-on-ugadi/article4597499.ece|access-date=22 November 2017|work=The Hindu|date=9 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831090250/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/sahiti-vasanthotsavam-on-ugadi/article4597499.ece|archive-date=31 August 2014}}</ref> [[Eid al-Adha|Eid]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Nation Celebrates Eid-ul-Adha with Religious Fervour|url=http://www.sakshipost.com/news/2016/09/13/nation-celebrates-eid-ul-adha-with-religious-fervour|access-date=4 October 2016|work=Sakshipost|date=13 September 2016}}</ref> [[Krishna Janmashtami|Krishnastami]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Gaiety, fervour mark Krishna Janmashtami|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2017/aug/15/gaiety-fervour-mark-krishna-janmashtami-1643356.html|access-date=11 November 2017|work=New Indian Express|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813051126/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2017/aug/15/gaiety-fervour-mark-krishna-janmashtami-1643356.html|archive-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> [[Christmas]],<ref>{{cite news|title=CM Chandrababu for Guntur today|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2014-12-24/CM-Chandrababu-for-Guntur-today/122666|access-date=4 October 2016|work=The Hans India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128020452/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2014-12-24/CM-Chandrababu-for-Guntur-today/122666|archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> [[Kartik Purnima|Karthika Pournami]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Karthika pournami celebrations in Guntur|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-11-24/Karthika-Pournami-celebrated-in-Guntur/446803|access-date=24 November 2021|work=The Hans India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Karthika pournami in Guntur|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/nov/17/surya-lanka-gears-up-for-karthika-pournami-2384668.html|access-date=24 November 2021|work=New Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Cityscape ===
The major commercial and residential areas in the city include Arundelpet, Lakshmipuram and Brodipet. Other major areas of the city are Koretapadu, Navabharath Nagar, Pattabhipuram, Syamalanagar and Vidyanagar, Autonagar, [[Gorantla, Guntur|Gorantla]], [[Pedapalakaluru]], [[Nallapadu]], [[Budampadu]] and [[Chowdavaram, Guntur|Chowdavaram]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Samuel Jonathan |first1=P |date=24 July 2014 |title=Guntur looking skyward |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/guntur-looking-skyward/article6242690.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309124420/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/guntur-looking-skyward/article6242690.ece |archive-date=9 March 2021 |access-date=28 February 2016 |work=The Hans India |location=Vijayawada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Guntur Inner Ring Road Inaugurated by Kiran|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/feb/17/Guntur-Inner-Ring-Road-Inaugurated-by-Kiran-576626.html|access-date=3 March 2016|work=The New Indian Express|date=17 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813051130/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/feb/17/Guntur-Inner-Ring-Road-Inaugurated-by-Kiran-576626.html|archive-date=13 August 2019}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Baudha Sree Archaeological Museum in Guntur.jpg
| image2 = Jinnah tower guntur.jpg
| align= center
| caption1 = Baudhasree Archaeological Museum, AC College Road, Kannavari Thota
| caption2 = Jinnah Tower, MG Road
| image3 = Chuttugunta center, Guntur.jpg
| caption3 = Chuttugunta center in Guntur
| width3= 268
| width2= 220
}}

[[Jinnah Tower]] on Mahatma Gandhi Road is a rare monument related to [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], founder of Pakistan, in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/07/stories/2003090701152000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031027094440/http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/07/stories/2003090701152000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2003-10-27|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2003-09-07|title=Tower of harmony in Guntur}}</ref> Guntur has 17 parks, some of which are maintained by the municipal corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Other parks in Guntur city !!|url=http://www.gunturcorporation.org/about_gmc/other_parks.html|website=Guntur Municipal Corporation|access-date=23 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924024653/http://www.gunturcorporation.org/about_gmc/other_parks.html|archive-date=2016-09-24|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Nagaravanam, a part of Perecherla Reserve Forest, was developed on the outskirts of the city as a park.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nagara Vanam Park at Guntur|url=http://www.uniindia.com/cm-inaugurates-nagara-vanam-park-at-guntur/states/news/1037130.html|access-date=14 November 2017|work=United News India|date=14 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217044720/http://www.uniindia.com:80/cm-inaugurates-nagara-vanam-park-at-guntur/states/news/1037130.html|archive-date=17 February 2020}}</ref>

{{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=220|frame-height=180|text=Tourist attractions and landmarks in Guntur (Interactive map)
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|type3=point|coord3={{coord|16.2963| 80.4410}}|marker3=museum |title3=Baudhasree Architectural Museum
|type4=point|coord4={{coord|16.3149| 80.3539}}|marker4=park-alt1|title4=Nagaravanam
|type5=point|coord5={{coord|16.30132| 80.4807}}|marker5=park-alt1|title5=NTR Manasa Sarovaram
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Tourist attractions in Guntur include the Sri Ganga Parvathi Sametha Agastheswara Temple. In the old city, notable sites include Gandhi Park, the Baudhasree architectural museum, Nagaravanam, and NTR Manasa Sarovaram. Nearby ancient temples and heritage sites include the [[Amararama|Amareswaraswamy temple]], [[Undavalli Caves]], Sri Bramarambha Malleswara Swamy Temple at [[Pedakakani]], and [[Kondaveedu Fort]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hill festival|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2019-01-11/Kotappakonda-fest-to-promote-eco-awareness/473270|access-date=30 December 2019|work=The Hans India|date=30 December 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230152404/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2019-01-11/Kotappakonda-fest-to-promote-eco-awareness/473270|archive-date=30 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Hill festival Kondaveedu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/kondaveedu-hill-festival-from-today/article26285046.ece|access-date=30 December 2019|work=The Hindu|date=30 December 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230152407/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/kondaveedu-hill-festival-from-today/article26285046.ece|archive-date=30 December 2019}}</ref> The [[Uppalapadu Bird Sanctuary]] is located {{cvt|10|km}} from the city, while [[Suryalanka Beach]] is approximately {{cvt|60|km}} away.

Agastheswara Sivalayam, situated in Guntur’s old city, is a temple devoted to Lord Shiva. It holds historical significance with inscriptions in the ancient "Naga Lipi" script, dating back to 1100 AD. The temple is among the most well-known in the region. According to local legends, the sage [[Agastya|Rishi Agastya]] constructed the temple during the [[Treta Yuga]], centered around a naturally occurring Swayambhu Linga, which led to the temple's name.{{sfn|Rao|2014|p=11}} Constructed in the early 20th century, [[Jinnah Tower]] is a notable monument in Guntur dedicated to [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the founder of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blog: Finding Kamala Nehru in Pakistan, Jinnah in Guntur |url=https://www.ndtv.com/blog/finding-kamala-nehru-in-pakistan-jinnah-in-guntur-764557 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> This impressive heritage structure features six pillars and an open dome, showcasing typical architectural styles of Muslim design from that era. Strategically located on Mahatma Gandhi Road, one of the city's main arterial road, the tower serves as a symbol of peace and harmony, reflecting the secular values embraced by the local community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/07/stories/2003090701152000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031027094440/http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/07/stories/2003090701152000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 November 2024|title=Tower of harmony in Guntur}}</ref>

== Environment ==
[[File:Guntur-Lake.jpg|thumb|Gujjanagundla lake]]
[[File:Manasarovar in Guntur City.jpg|thumb|right|NTR Manasa Sarovaram park, Nandivelugu Road]]

In 2019, pollution levels in Guntur city were at a moderate level when compared with other major cities.<ref>{{Cite news|title=pollution in Guntur|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/070917/pollution-in-guntur-is-less-unido.html|access-date=27 October 2021|work=Deccan Chronicle|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027144418/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/070917/pollution-in-guntur-is-less-unido.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There have been many efforts to increase awareness and keep the city clean,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Effort to get clean city tag for Guntur|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/will-make-every-effort-to-get-clean-city-tag-for-guntur-mp/article32755395.ece|access-date=27 October 2021|work=The Hindu|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027144904/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/will-make-every-effort-to-get-clean-city-tag-for-guntur-mp/article32755395.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> including a 100-day cleanup drive in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Clean drive Guntur|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/oct/21/100-day-clean-drive-take-up-in-guntur-2373946.html|access-date=27 October 2021|work=New Indian Express|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027151051/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/oct/21/100-day-clean-drive-take-up-in-guntur-2373946.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A plastic-waste-to-fuel conversion plant was set up in the city; fuel from the plant was used for vehicles run by the GMC.<ref>{{Cite news|title=GMC uses fuel from Waste-to-Fuel plant|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2020/dec/20/guntur-municipal-corporation-vehicles-now-run-on-fuel-generated-from-plastic-waste-2238734.html|access-date=27 October 2021|work=New Indian Express|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027145600/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2020/dec/20/guntur-municipal-corporation-vehicles-now-run-on-fuel-generated-from-plastic-waste-2238734.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Waste to Fuel Plant at Guntur|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/plastic-waste-now-fuels-gmc-fleet-of-vehicles/article33349345.ece|access-date=27 October 2021|work=The Hindu|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027145600/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/plastic-waste-now-fuels-gmc-fleet-of-vehicles/article33349345.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The GMC started using electric vehicles for domestic garbage collection in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=GMC gets electric vehicles|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/guntur-gmc-to-procure-220-e-autos-soon-709351|access-date=27 October 2021|work=The Hans India|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027150717/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/guntur-gmc-to-procure-220-e-autos-soon-709351|url-status=live}}</ref> E-auto rickshaws were introduced in the city to reduce air and noise pollution; many electric charging stations have been set up across the city for this purpose.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Electric charging stations|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/oct/12/nine-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-to-come-up-in-guntur-1884424.html|access-date=27 October 2021|work=New Indian Express|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027175615/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/oct/12/nine-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-to-come-up-in-guntur-1884424.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Efforts to reduce plastic use in the city and replace it with environment-friendly materials like jute, paper and cloth have been made.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Reducing plastic usage|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/nov/04/guntur-municipal-corporation-to-impose-ban-on-plastic-from-november-11-2379538.html|access-date=4 November 2021|work=New Indian Express|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104154934/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/nov/04/guntur-municipal-corporation-to-impose-ban-on-plastic-from-november-11-2379538.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, United Nations Human Settlement Program planners recommended implementation of larger parks, mass transit with metro trains and electric bus systems, and improvements to city expansion plans.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Key issues with Guntur development|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sustainable-city-strategy-for-guntur-flags-key-issues/article37964506.ece|access-date=23 December 2021|work=The Hindu|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223192814/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sustainable-city-strategy-for-guntur-flags-key-issues/article37964506.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Transport==
Local transport in Guntur includes privately operated [[auto rickshaw]]s, taxi cabs, minibuses and government-run [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]] buses.<ref name="localtransport">{{Cite news|title=Private operators eat into APSRTC's income|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/250217/private-operators-eat-into-apsrtcs-income.html|access-date=24 May 2017|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=25 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406040936/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/250217/private-operators-eat-into-apsrtcs-income.html|archive-date=6 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/aug/17/auto-rickshaw-drivers-charge-double-fare-1510037.html|title=Auto-rickshaw drivers charge double fare|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=24 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406035356/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/aug/17/Auto-rickshaw-drivers-charge-double-fare-1510037.html|archive-date=6 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-fleet-of-city-buses-in-guntur/article7560407.ece|title=New fleet of city buses in Guntur|author=Staff Reporter|date=20 August 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=21 May 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405174439/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-fleet-of-city-buses-in-guntur/article7560407.ece|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref> Auto rickshaws operating on a sharing basis are the cheapest form of transport for students and workers. [[NTR bus station]] and an adjacent minibus station accommodate more than 2,000 buses every day, about half of them from depots in the erstwhile united district.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/guntur-separate-bus-stand-for-vijayawada-buses-602978|title=Mini bus station to run buses towards vijayawada|date=6 February 2020|website=The Hans India|language=en|access-date=6 April 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405174603/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/guntur-separate-bus-stand-for-vijayawada-buses-602978|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/mar/29/mini-bus-station-at-guntur-to-help-ease-traffic-congestion-1794185.html|title=Mini bus station at Guntur to help ease traffic congestion|website=The New Indian Express|date=29 March 2018 |access-date=21 May 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405174527/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/mar/29/mini-bus-station-at-guntur-to-help-ease-traffic-congestion-1794185.html|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref> Plans for e-Bus Bay centres in the city were proposed in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Civic body to set up 20 e-Bus Bay Centres in Guntur, panel formed|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/aug/31/civic-body-to-set-up-20-e-bus-bay-centres-in-guntur-panel-formed-2352115.html|access-date=27 October 2021|work=New Indian Express|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027180113/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/aug/31/civic-body-to-set-up-20-e-bus-bay-centres-in-guntur-panel-formed-2352115.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Roads ===
The city has a total of {{Convert|893.00|km|abbr=on}} of roads.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Details of Roads in each ULB of Andhra Pradesh|url=http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp|website=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department|access-date=27 June 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801101300/http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp|archive-date=1 August 2016}}</ref> [[Inner Ring Road, Guntur|Mahatma Gandhi Inner Ring Road]] is a {{convert|6.34|km|mi|abbr=out|adj=on}} [[arterial road]] that starts on [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2014 |title=AP CM inaugurates phase I & II of Guntur inner ring road |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ap-cm-inaugurates-phase-i-ii-of-guntur-inner-ring-road-114021600601_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162958/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ap-cm-inaugurates-phase-i-ii-of-guntur-inner-ring-road-114021600601_1.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=3 March 2016 |work=Business Standard |location=Hyderabad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 2014 |title=Guntur Inner Ring Road Inaugurated by Kiran |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/feb/17/Guntur-Inner-Ring-Road-Inaugurated-by-Kiran-576626.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813051130/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/feb/17/Guntur-Inner-Ring-Road-Inaugurated-by-Kiran-576626.html |archive-date=13 August 2019 |access-date=4 June 2016 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The inner ring road, along with Guntur Bypass, and sections of national and state highways, encircles the city. The arterial city roads include Grand Trunk Road, JKC College Road, Lakshmipuram Road, Pattabhipuram Road and Palakaluru Road. The GMC identified Amaravati Road, Lalapuram Road, Medical Club Road, Chuttugunta Road and Palakaluru Road for double-laning, and many other roads for widening to accommodate traffic.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Main roads in Guntur city to be double-laned |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/andhra-pradesh/2019/Jul/11/main-roads-in-guntur-city-to-be-double-laned-2002414.html |date=2019-07-11 |access-date=2024-03-12 |publisher=The New Indian Express |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312055703/https://www.newindianexpress.com/andhra-pradesh/2019/Jul/11/main-roads-in-guntur-city-to-be-double-laned-2002414.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[National highways of India|National highways]] (NH), [[List of state highways in Andhra Pradesh|state highways]] (SH) and major district roads pass through Guntur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=3.4 Infrastructure |url=http://www.gunturcorporation.org/Adminx/Development_Plan.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711122514/http://www.gunturcorporation.org/Adminx/Development_Plan.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2019 |access-date=24 May 2017 |website=Guntur Municipal Corporation |page=19}}</ref> NH16, part of [[AH45|Asian Highway 45]] and [[Golden Quadrilateral]] with Guntur Bypass connects to [[Chennai]] and [[Kolkata]] on the east coast of India. NH167A and [[State Highway 2 (Andhra Pradesh)|SH2]] connect Guntur with [[Macherla]] and [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Two Guntur-Hyderabad highway stretches get NH status |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/2-guntur-hyd-highway-stretches-get-nh-status/articleshow/81727516.cms |publisher=[[Times of India]] |agency=TNN |author=Samdani MN |date=28 March 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515112457/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/2-guntur-hyd-highway-stretches-get-nh-status/articleshow/81727516.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[National Highway 544D (India)|NH544D]] connects Guntur with [[Anantapur]] and towards [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] on [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH44]]. [[State Highway 48 (Andhra Pradesh)|SH48]] connects Guntur with the coast through [[Bapatla]] and [[Chirala]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Samuel Jonathan|first1=P|title=Nizampatnam backwaters beckon adventure geeks|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nizampatnam-backwaters-beckon-adventure-geeks/article7736196.ece|access-date=29 February 2016|work=The Hindu|date=8 October 2015|location=Guntur|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627190043/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nizampatnam-backwaters-beckon-adventure-geeks/article7736196.ece|archive-date=27 June 2020}}</ref> Major district roads link Guntur with [[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Amaravati]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Guntur hogs limelight, bags two Central institutes|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/guntur-hogs-limelight-bags-two-central-institutes/article8013427.ece|access-date=25 June 2016|work=The Hindu|date=21 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405175248/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/guntur-hogs-limelight-bags-two-central-institutes/article8013427.ece|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref> [[Nandivelugu]], [[Tenali]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=It's rain's turn to torment Guntur|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/jun/11/its-rains-turn-to-torment-guntur-938947.html|access-date=25 June 2016|work=The New Indian Express|date=11 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163459/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/jun/11/Its-rains-turn-to-torment-Guntur-938947.html|archive-date=12 June 2018}}</ref> [[Mangalagiri]], and [[Parchur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= APRDC|url=http://aprdc.ap.gov.in/UI/Profile.aspx|website=Andhra Pradesh Road Development Corporation|publisher=Roads and Buildings Department|access-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109221321/http://aprdc.ap.gov.in/UI/Profile.aspx|archive-date=9 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Rail===
Guntur's main railway stations are {{rws|Guntur Junction}}, {{rws|Nallapadu}} and {{rws|New Guntur}}.<ref name="rail">{{Cite news|title=Connected Guntur will spur growth|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151221/nation-current-affairs/article/connected-guntur-will-spur-growth|access-date=4 June 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=21 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502114408/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151221/nation-current-affairs/article/connected-guntur-will-spur-growth|archive-date=2 May 2019}}</ref> Stations at {{rws|Namburu}}, [[Perecherla]] and {{rws|Pedakakani Halt}} serve as satellite stations.<ref name="misses metro">{{Cite news|title=Guntur misses metro rail project|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140922/nation-current-affairs/article/capital-talk-guntur-misses-metro-rail-project|access-date=28 August 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=22 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406050905/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140922/nation-current-affairs/article/capital-talk-guntur-misses-metro-rail-project|archive-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> [[MEMU]] and local train services between Guntur and Vijayawada are used by thousands of university students and public.<ref name="misses metro"/> The Rail Vikas Bhavan{{clarify|reason=What does "Vikas Bhaven" mean?|date=May 2024}} at Pattabhipuram is the headquarters of [[Guntur railway division]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/jul/04ap.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: Paswan to inaugurate new railway division at Guntur|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050247/http://www.rediff.com/news/jul/04ap.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> [[Guntur Junction railway station|Guntur railway station]] is well connected with [[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada]] and [[Tenali Junction railway station|Tenali railway stations]].

===Air===
[[Vijayawada Airport]], the nearest airport to Guntur, is {{cvt|54|km}} away.<ref name="Businessline">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/gannavaram-airport-named-after-amaravati/article9475939.ece|title=Gannavaram Airport to be named as Amaravati airport|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=12 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405174832/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/gannavaram-airport-named-after-amaravati/article9475939.ece|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref>

===Gallery===
{{Gallery
|title=
|width=220 | height=180
|align=center
|footer=
|File:NTR Bus Station Bepartye Block.jpg|[[NTR bus station|NTR Bus Station, Thamma Rangareddy Nagar]]
|File:Mahatma Gandhi Inner Ring Road, Guntur.jpg|Mahatma Gandhi Inner Ring Road at its starting point of Autonagar on [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH16]]
|File:Gunturstation.jpg|[[Guntur Junction railway station]], Sambasivapet
}}

== Education and research ==
[[File:Guntur-Agri-University.jpg|thumb|right|Guntur Agricultural University campus]]

Primary and secondary education is provided by government and private schools. Aided schools were either transferred to government or became private in 2020 as per a government mandate.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |website=ap.gov.in |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |archive-date= 7 November 2016 }}</ref> According to the school information report for the academic year 2021-22, more than one lakh, thirty thousand (130,000) students were enrolled in over 450 schools in the city and about 695,476 students are enrolled in the schools in the district.<ref>{{Cite web|title=School Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls#|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154343/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls|archive-date=8 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Student Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getVillageReportsList&mandalCode=281726&mandalName=GUNTUR|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Child info 2015–16, District School Education – Andhra Pradesh|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108200839/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getVillageReportsList&mandalCode=281726&mandalName=GUNTUR|url-status=dead}}</ref> The medium of instruction in municipal corporation schools was switched to English from the year 2016-2017.<ref name="municipal_schools">{{Cite news|title=74 GMC schools switch to English medium – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/74-GMC-schools-switch-to-English-medium/articleshow/53203336.cms|access-date=23 September 2016|work=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203095858/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/74-GMC-schools-switch-to-English-medium/articleshow/53203336.cms|archive-date=3 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Mallikarjun|first1=Y.|title=Classrooms in State-run schools set to go digital|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/classrooms-in-staterun-schools-set-to-go-digital/article8293878.ece|access-date=23 September 2016|work=The Hindu|date=29 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228154844/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/classrooms-in-staterun-schools-set-to-go-digital/article8293878.ece|archive-date=28 December 2019}}</ref>

The public library system in Guntur is supported by the government and the district central library is located at Arundalpet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Public Libraries in Guntur|url=http://publiclibraries.ap.nic.in/distwise/guntur.html|access-date=31 March 2017|archive-date=21 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621050024/http://publiclibraries.ap.nic.in/distwise/guntur.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Annamayya library was set up with 1 lakh books that were donated by bibliophile [[Lanka Suryanarayana]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indianarrative.com/culture-news/passion-for-books-leads-to-library-of-2-lakh-books-in-andhra-pradeshs-guntur-113273.html |title=Passion for books leads to library of 2 lakh books in Andhra Pradesh's Guntur |date=2023-02-27 |access-date=2024-03-11 |publisher=India Narrative |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311062502/https://www.indianarrative.com/culture-news/passion-for-books-leads-to-library-of-2-lakh-books-in-andhra-pradeshs-guntur-113273.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Hindu College, Guntur|Hindu College]] and [[Andhra Christian College]] were established during the [[British Raj]] for higher education. [[Jagarlamudi Kuppuswamy Chowdary College]], [[RVR & JC College of Engineering]], Tellakula Jalayya Polisetty Somasundaram College (TJPS College), Government College for Women and St. Joseph's College of Education for Women are autonomous colleges.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Autonomous colleges list|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/colleges/autonomous_colleges-list.pdf|website=Universities Grants Commission|access-date=27 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018071151/http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/colleges/autonomous_colleges-list.pdf|archive-date=18 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Guntur Medical College]] is one of the oldest medical colleges in the state.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=MCI team inspects Guntur Medical College|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/mci-team-inspects-guntur-medical-college/article8246146.ece|access-date=27 September 2016|work=The Hindu|date=17 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201045638/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/mci-team-inspects-guntur-medical-college/article8246146.ece|archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> Several higher education institutes such as Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, [[Katuri Medical College]], [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri]], [[Acharya Nagarjuna University]] and [[Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University]] have campuses near the city.

A regional [[Agmark]] laboratory,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Information on Right to Information Act, 2005 Pertaining to Directorate of Marketing & Inspection|url=http://www.agmarknet.nic.in/right_info2.htm#Rules,%20Regulations,%20instructions,%20manuals%20and%20records%20held%20by%20it%20or|website=Agricultural Marketing|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021203742/http://www.agmarknet.nic.in/right_info2.htm#Rules,%20Regulations,%20instructions,%20manuals%20and%20records%20held%20by%20it%20or|url-status=live}}</ref> and a regional station of the [[Central Tobacco Research Institute]] of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] are located in Guntur.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bureau|first1=Our|title=Tobacco Board sets export target at Rs 10,000 cr|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/Tobacco-Board-sets-export-target-at-Rs-10000-cr/article20870831.ece|access-date=4 October 2016|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=22 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405175644/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/Tobacco-Board-sets-export-target-at-Rs-10000-cr/article20870831.ece|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref> The city hosts many national, and state-level conferences and expos on the economy, agriculture and technology.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bureau|first1=Our|title=Tech expo in Guntur|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2017/dec/04/vignan-varsity-hosts-tech-expo-1717828.html|access-date=28 December 2017|work=New Indian Express|date=4 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228232258/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2017/dec/04/vignan-varsity-hosts-tech-expo-1717828.html|archive-date=28 December 2017}}</ref>

== Media ==
''[[Eenadu]]'', ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]'' and ''[[Andhra Jyothi]]'' are the most-popular Telugu daily newspapers in terms of circulation in the united Andhra Pradesh and the top-three Telugu news sites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highest circulated dailies, weeklies & magazines amongst member publications (across languages) |url=http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JJ%202022%20Highest%20Circulated%20%28across%20languages%29.pdf |access-date=8 March 2023 |website=Auditbureau |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408045534/http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JJ%202022%20Highest%20Circulated%20(across%20languages).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Webometric analysis of Telugu news paper websites: An evaluative study using Alexa Internet |journal=International Journal of Digital Library Services |last1=KT |first1=Naheem |last2=M |first2=Saraswati Rao |issue=2 |volume=7 |year=2017 |issn=2250-1142}}</ref> The newspapers ''Surya'' and ''[[Vaartha]]'' are published from Guntur.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.davp.nic.in/writereaddata/u869.pdf |title=Print media newspapers list eligible for advt. release |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=DAVP |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314005528/https://www.davp.nic.in/writereaddata/u869.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', ''[[The Hans India]]'' and ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' are a few of the English-language daily newspapers that are circulated in Guntur.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

== Sports ==

Sporting infrastructure in Guntur includes Brahmananda Reddy Stadium for [[tennis]], [[badminton]], [[volleyball]], athletics, and [[gymnastics]];<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Jonathan|first1=P. Samuel|title=Kids learn the basics of tennis|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/kids-learn-the-basics-of-tennis/article8648369.ece|access-date=29 September 2016|work=The Hindu|date=26 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526010115/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/kids-learn-the-basics-of-tennis/article8648369.ece|archive-date=26 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Guntur athletic trials|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/guntur-athletic-trials/article7634817.ece|access-date=29 September 2016|work=The Hindu|date=10 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405175930/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/guntur-athletic-trials/article7634817.ece|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref> and NTR Municipal Indoor Stadium for [[table tennis]] and volleyball.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Place for TT at NTR indoor stadium|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/Place-for-TT-at-NTR-indoor-stadium/article14492394.ece|access-date=29 September 2016|work=The Hindu|date=16 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405180023/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/Place-for-TT-at-NTR-indoor-stadium/article14492394.ece|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Volleyball tournament off to a smashing start in Guntur|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/volleyball-tournament-off-to-a-smashing-start-in-guntur/article8278892.ece|access-date=29 September 2016|work=The Hindu|date=25 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405180057/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/volleyball-tournament-off-to-a-smashing-start-in-guntur/article8278892.ece|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref> A [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]] pool is proposed to be added to Brahmananda Reddy Stadium<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Nod for swimming pool at BR stadium in Guntur|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nod-for-swimming-pool-at-br-stadium-in-guntur/article4797193.ece|access-date=29 September 2016|work=The Hindu|date=9 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611001921/http://www.thehindu.com:80/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nod-for-swimming-pool-at-br-stadium-in-guntur/article4797193.ece|archive-date=11 June 2013}}</ref> and a [[boxing]] ring is being planned for NTR municipal stadium.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Young boxers from Guntur district win laurels|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/young-boxers-from-guntur-district-win-laurels/article6571119.ece|access-date=29 September 2016|work=The Hindu|date=6 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405180200/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/young-boxers-from-guntur-district-win-laurels/article6571119.ece|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref>

Guntur has hosted sporting events such as the All India Senior Tennis Association,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=AISTA tennis tourney gets under way|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/aista-tennis-tourney-gets-under-way/article8176872.ece|access-date=29 September 2016|work=The Hindu|date=1 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405180231/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/aista-tennis-tourney-gets-under-way/article8176872.ece|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref> the All India Sub Junior Ranking Badminton Tournament,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Badminton tourney gets under way|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/badminton-tourney-gets-under-way/article7781956.ece|access-date=29 September 2016|work=The Hindu|date=20 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405180322/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/badminton-tourney-gets-under-way/article7781956.ece|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref> the All India Invitation Volleyball Tournament,<ref name="The Hindu" /> the Ganta Sanjeeva Reddy Memorial Trophy<ref>{{Cite news|title=Swimming championships from July 10 – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Swimming-championships-from-July-10/articleshow/52912438.cms|access-date=29 September 2016|work=The Times of India|date=25 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104033824/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Swimming-championships-from-July-10/articleshow/52912438.cms|archive-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> and the Inter-district Master Aquatic Championship.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Inter-district Master Aquatic Championship inaugurated|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-07-10/Inter-district-Master-Aquatic-Championship-inaugurated/241139|access-date=29 September 2016|work=The Hans India|date=10 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905002945/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-07-10/Inter-district-Master-Aquatic-Championship-inaugurated/241139|archive-date=5 September 2017}}</ref> The city was also a host for the Khelo India programme for junior-level national sports in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Correspondent|first1=Special|title=Khelo India: Nellore, Guntur chosen venues|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Khelo-India-Nellore-Guntur-chosen-venues/article16920349.ece|access-date=15 January 2017|work=The Hindu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222153321/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Khelo-India-Nellore-Guntur-chosen-venues/article16920349.ece|archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> The city hosts mini-marathons and {{cvt|10|km}} walks.<ref>{{Cite news|title=10K Walk Guntur|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2019-01-28/10K-walk-flagged-off-in-Guntur/483224?infinitescroll=1|access-date=23 November 2021|work=The Hans India|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123160518/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2019-01-28/10K-walk-flagged-off-in-Guntur/483224?infinitescroll=1|url-status=live}}</ref> International sports personalities from Guntur include cricketer [[Ambati Rayudu]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ambati Rayudu|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/33141.html|website=Cricinfo|access-date=29 September 2016|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203005037/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/33141.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and badminton player [[Srikanth Kidambi]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Jonathan|first1=P. Samuel|title=Guntur lad scripts history in badminton|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/guntur-lad-scripts-history-in-badminton/article6605242.ece|access-date=29 September 2016|work=The Hindu|date=17 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405180537/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/guntur-lad-scripts-history-in-badminton/article6605242.ece|archive-date=5 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bhatt|first1=Shephali|title=Srikanth Kidambi: On losing temporary limelight and keeping permanent focus on the game – The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/srikanth-kidambi-on-losing-temporary-limelight-and-keeping-permanent-focus-on-the-game/articleshow/54500986.cms|access-date=29 September 2016|work=The Economic Times|date=25 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910201943/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/srikanth-kidambi-on-losing-temporary-limelight-and-keeping-permanent-focus-on-the-game/articleshow/54500986.cms|archive-date=10 September 2017}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
* [[Guntur Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Guntur district]]
* [[APCRDA]]
* [[List of people from Guntur|List of People from Guntur]]
* [[Largest Indian cities by GDP]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===

* {{Cite news|title=Guntur Municipal Corporation Situation analysis report|last=HDHV|year=2016|url=http://guntur.cdma.ap.gov.in/sites/default/files/City%20Sanitation-Plan%20.pdf|access-date=13 June 2018|work=guntur.cdma.ap.gov.in|archive-date=13 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613161332/http://guntur.cdma.ap.gov.in/sites/default/files/City%20Sanitation-Plan%20.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book
| last1=Rao
| first1=Dr. P. Purnachandra
| title=Chronicle of Guntur District Tourism
| year=2023
| publisher=[[Acharya Nagarjuna University]]
| isbn=
| edition= 1
| location=Guntur
}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Guntur}}
{{Wikivoyage|Guntur City}}
*[https://overpass-turbo.eu/s/1IPS OSM map overlaid with Guntur Municipal Corporation limits, Guntur bypass and Inner Ring Road]

{{Guntur topics}}
{{Guntur district}}
{{Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Mandal headquarters in Guntur district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Guntur| ]]
[[Category:Towns in Guntur district]]
[[Category:Cities in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Guntur district]]
[[Category:District headquarters of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cities in Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]]
[[Category:Articles expanded in Collaboration with ANU, Guntur]]

Ananda (film)

2026-03-09T20:33:27Z

Subhamaykarjee: done - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ananda
| image = Ananda (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Vara Mullapudi
| writer = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]] (dialogue)
| screenplay =
| story = [[Srinu Vaitla]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Anandam]]'' by [[Srinu Vaitla]]}}
| producer = [[Ramoji Rao]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Naveen Mayur]]
*[[Ruthika]]
*[[Rajesh Nataranga]]
*Jhansi Subbaiah
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = P. K. H. Das
| editing = Manohar
| music = [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
| studio = [[Usha Kiran Movies]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|2|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ananda''''' is a 2003 Indian Kannada-language [[romantic film|romantic]] [[drama film|drama]] film directed by Vara Mullapudi. A remake of the Telugu-language film ''[[Anandam]]'', the film stars [[Naveen Mayur]], [[Ruthika]], [[Rajesh Nataranga]], and Jhansi Subbaiah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/straight-answers/articleshow/585063.cms|title=Straight Answers|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 March 2004|access-date=25 November 2023|archive-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125204928/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/straight-answers/articleshow/585063.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was a box office success and ran for fifty days.<ref name="I">{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/varamullapudi.html|title=Vara Mullapudi - Telugu cinema interview - Telugu film director|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=26 November 2023|date=4 February 2008|archive-date=26 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126111357/https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/varamullapudi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Naveen Mayur]] as Kiran
*[[Ruthika]] as Aishwarya
*[[Rajesh Nataranga]] as Raja
* Jhansi Subbaiah as Deepika
* [[Anant Nag]]
* [[Vanitha Vasu]]
* [[Dwarakish]]
* [[Padma Vasanthi]]
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] as College Student
* [[Sanketh Kashi]] as Professor
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]]
* Venu
* Rakesh
* [[M. S. Umesh]]
*Shobha
* Niranjan
}}
==Production==
The film marked the directorial debut of Vara Mullapudi, son of Telugu screenwriter [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]].<ref name="I"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Rajesh Ramanath]], who reused all of the songs from the original.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ananda – ಆನಂದ (2003/೨೦೦೩) |url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2017/01/18/ananda-2003/ |website=Kannada Movies Info |access-date=25 November 2023 |date=18 January 2017 |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125210232/https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2017/01/18/ananda-2003/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[K. Kalyan]]
| title1 = Chikki Chikki Cham
| extra1 = Badri Prasad
| length1 = 4:05
| title2 = Kannu Theredaro
| extra2 = Badri Prasad, [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Monalisa Monalisa
| extra3 = Sudha Sampath, [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Preethi Andre Enoo Andre
| extra4 = Badri Prasad, Naga Chandrika, Rajesh Ramnath
| length4 =
| title5 = Yaradaro (male)
| extra5 = Badri
| title6 = Yaradaro Kandeera (female)
| extra6 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| total_length =
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "This film is a welcome relief for cine-goers and has come to their rescue notwithstanding the fact that Ananda is a remake of the Telugu superhit film ''[[Anandam]]''. Yes, this one a relief for those people who have been longing to see a good Kannada film in the theatre".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ananda (Kannada) |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb16/filmr.asp |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205162726/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb16/filmr.asp |archive-date=5 December 2003 |date=16 February 2003 |access-date=25 November 2023 |url-status=deviated }}</ref> A critic from ''Viggy'' wrote that "In a nut shell, a good remake film - must see for Naveen fans. A good teenage and family entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_anand.asp|title=Anand film review|work=Viggy|access-date=25 November 2023|archive-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125204037/http://www.viggy.com/english/review_anand.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|14677362}}

[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:2003 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]

Chehra (1946 film)

2026-03-03T23:14:08Z

Subhamaykarjee: minor improved page to improve readability and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Chehra
| image =

| caption =
| director = Rajendra Sharma
| producer = H.K Malhotra
| writer = S. K Ojma
| narrator =
| starring = Surrya Zulfi Najma Kaneez
| music = M.A Mukhtar
| cinematography = Mozelle Zamir
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1946}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Chehra ''''' is a [[Bollywood]] [[film]]. It was released in [[Bollywood films of 1946|1946]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com|publisher=Gomolo.com|accessdate=25 April 2013|title=Bollywood Hindi Movie, Latest Movies Release, Review & News, Actor Actress Photo Pics & Videos Gallery|archive-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814141558/http://www.gomolo.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=25 April 2013|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1946 films]]
[[Category:1946 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1946 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1946 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Viral Prapancham

2026-03-03T09:08:21Z

Subhamaykarjee: added new post - done

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Brijesh Tangi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Viral_Prapancham.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Brijesh Tangi
| writer = {{plain list|
* Brijesh Tangi
* Vijaya
* Lalith Bankupally
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = {{plain list|
* Akhil Tangi
* GS
* Anil Moduga
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Priyanka Sharma]]
* [[Nitya Shetty]]
* [[Sai Ronak]]
* Sunny Naveen
}}
| cinematography = Varun Ankarla
| editing = GS
| music = Gyaani
| studio = {{plain list|
* Revolutionary Talkies
* Anil Moduga Films
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|3|7|df=y}}
| runtime = 97 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Viral Prapancham''''' ({{Translation|Viral universe}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[screenlife]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film co-written and directed by Brijesh Tangi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aithagoni.raju@asianetnews.in |title=Viral Prapancham Movie Review: డిజిటల్‌ ప్రేమ కొంపముంచిందా?.. 'వైరల్‌ ప్రపంచం' మూవీ రివ్యూ |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/viral-prapancham-movie-review-in-telugu-arj-ssrbqb |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=Asianet News Telugu |language=te}}</ref> The film features Priyanka Sharma, [[Nitya Shetty]], [[Sai Ronak]] and Sunny Naveen in lead roles.

The film was released on 7 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-06 |title=Experimental film 'Viral Prapancham' gears up for release |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/experimental-film-viral-prapancham-gears-up-for-release |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Aditi and Swapna are two young girls, who develop online relationship with their boyfriends. The film portrays the consequences of Online and distant relationships.

==Cast==
* [[Priyanka Sharma]] as Swapna
* [[Nitya Shetty]] as Aditi
* [[Sai Ronak]] as Ravi
* Sunny Naveen as Praveen

== Music ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = Rambabu Gosala
| all_music = Gyaani
| title1 = Enni Rangulo
| length1 = 3:12
| extra1 = Lakshmi Meghana
| title2 = Gaayame
| length2 = 4:24
| extra2 = Sindhuja Srinivasan
| title3 = Oopiraadakundhile
| length3 = 2:46
| extra3 = Gyaani
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Viral Prapancham'' was released on 7 March 2025.

[[Andhra Jyothi|''Andhra Jyothi'']] gave a positive review with particular praise towards story and narration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-03-08 |title=Viral Prapancham: టెక్నాలజీతో వచ్చే సమస్యలతో వైరల్‌ ప్రపంచం.. {{!}} Viral prapancham movie review avm |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/film-reviews/viral-prapancham-movie-review-avm-61485.html |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref> [[News18 Telugu|''News18 Telugu'']] rated the film 2.75 out of 5 and echoed the same.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-07 |title=Viral Prapancham Movie: 'వైరల్ ప్రపంచం' మూవీ రివ్యూ.. సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే? |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/viral-prapancham-movie-review-bh-2732630.html |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=telugu.news18.com |language=te}}</ref> [[NTV (India)|NTV]] gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2025-03-07 |title=#Viral Prapancham Review: #వైరల్ ప్రపంచం రివ్యూ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/viral-prapancham-review-and-rating-in-telugu-766122.html |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=14851344|title=Viral Prapancham}}
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Films about social media]]
[[Category:Screenlife films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about online dating]]

Indo–Saint Lucians

2026-02-24T02:45:39Z

Subhamaykarjee: created article

{{Short description|Residents of Saint Lucia of Indian ancestry}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox ethnic group|
|group= Indo-Saint Lucians
|image=
|caption=
|population= Approx. 3,000
|popplace= [[Saint Lucia]] (Approx. 3,000)<ref name=cia/>
|langs= [[English language|English]], [[Saint Lucian Creole|Saint Lucian Creole French]], [[Caribbean Hindustani|Hindustani]]
|rels= [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Sikhism]]
|related= [[Indo-Caribbeans]]
}}

'''Indo–Saint Lucians''' or '''Indian–Saint Lucians''', are [[Saint Lucia|Saint Lucians]] whose ancestry lies within the country of [[India]], primarily from the [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]] and [[Awadh]] regions in the modern-day Indian states of [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[North India|Northern India]]. In 1859, the British began transporting indentured workers from [[British Raj|British India]] to work on plantation estates in [[Saint Lucia]], which had become a British colony in 1814. The first ship carrying 318 indentured workers from India, the ''Palmyra'', arrived in Saint Lucia on 6 May 1859, and the last ship carrying Indian indentured workers, the ''Volga'', arrived on 10 December 1893.

In total, 13 ships transported nearly 4,500 Indian indentured workers to Saint Lucia between 1859 and 1893, excluding those who died during the voyage. About 2,075 workers returned to India, while the rest remained in Saint Lucia or emigrated to other Caribbean nations such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]] and [[Guyana]]. The last indenture contracts expired in 1897, and by the end of the 19th century, Saint Lucia had a population of 2,560 free Indians. Many Indians who had completed their indenture periods were unable to return home as they did not have sufficient funds to do so. The Indians that remained in Saint Lucia are the origin of the Indo-Saint Lucian community.

As of 2013, people of Indian descent are a minority ethnic group in Saint Lucia, accounting for 2.4% of the country's population. An additional 11.9% of the country is multiracial, predominantly of Indian and African descent.<ref name=cia>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-lucia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020038/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-lucia |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2021 |title=CIA - The World Factbook -- Saint Lucia |access-date=2013-05-13 |publisher=CIA }}</ref>

==History==
{{see|Indian indenture system}}
European colonialists established [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugarcane plantations]] in the [[West Indies]] in the 17th century using [[Atlantic slave trade|African slave labour]]. Following the abolition of slavery in [[British West Indies|British West Indian colonies]] in 1838, [[plantation]] owners in the region sought to find alternate sources of labour. In 1859, the British began transporting indentured workers from India to work on plantation estates in Saint Lucia, which had become a British colony in 1814.<ref name="Business Standard"/>

Most of the workers came from rural areas of the modern-day Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh. In India, they had been agricultural labourers and small farmers. Most of them belonged to lower castes and were poor, however, they were not the poorest people in their native villages. The majority of them owned cattle and property in India. They emigrated to the West Indies primarily for economic reasons, intending to make money there and return to India with their savings. Others, in particular the female indentured workers, saw the work as a "vehicle for emancipation" believing that their indenture period was a path to attaining personal and economic freedom. Nearly two-thirds of all indentured Indian women were widows, former prostitutes, single mothers, or had been deserted by their husbands or had run away from unhappy marriages. The conditions of the Indian workers on plantation estates was poor, and on average, 25-30% of all workers suffered from [[malaria]] or [[spleen disease]] at any given point of time. The first Indian settlements in Saint Lucia were established near the [[sugar estate]]s where they worked namely, Pierrot, Augier, Belle Vue and Cacao around the [[Vieux Fort Quarter|Vieux Fort]] factory; La Caye and Dennery near the [[Dennery Quarter|Dennery]] factory; Marc and Forestiere near the Cul-de-Sac factory, and [[Anse La Raye]] near the [[Roseau, Saint Lucia|Roseau]] factory. A small Indian village also came up in Balca, near to [[Balembouche|Balenbouche]] estate.<ref name="Harmsen"/>

The first ship carrying 318 indentured workers from India, the ''Palmyra'', arrived in Saint Lucia on 6 May 1859.<ref name="Hyacinth-Gideon">{{cite book|last1=Hyacinth-Gideon|first1=C.|title=Saint Lucia|date=29 July 2014|publisher=Author House|isbn=9781496984838|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPA6BAAAQBAJ|access-date=21 April 2017|language=en}}</ref> This group was indentured for a period of three years, and most were re-indentured in 1864. Not much is known about the conditions under which workers were re-indentured or had their contracts extended. The next ship, the ''Francis Ridley'' brought 261 Indian workers in June 1857. This group was also re-indentured in 1864. More Indian workers arrived on the island in 1860. The ''Victor Emmanuel'' brought 367-393 workers to Saint Lucia on 15 February and the ''Zemindar'' carried 293-316 workers on 10 April 1860. The indenture period of the Indians brought on board these two ships ended in 1863, but all of them were re-indentured. There were an estimated 1,215 Indian indentured workers in Saint Lucia by the end of 1860, of whom 242 died by the end of 1861. At least one Indian worker was reported to have absconded from Saint Lucia. British Colonial Administrator Breen of Saint Lucia attributed the high mortality rate to the poor conditions provided to workers on the Roseaux Valley estates owned by William Muter. The birth of 50 Indian children on the island brought the total Indian population in the country to 1,202 by the end of 1861. The ''Ulysses'' transported 287-320 Indians from [[Calcutta]] and arrived in Saint Lucia in February 1862. The population of Indians on the islands reached 1,463 by the end of 1862. A new hospital system for indentured workers was established in 1862, after the high mortality rates under the previous system of medical care. Saint Lucia had 1,304 and 1,325 Indians by the end of 1863 and 1864 respectively.<ref name="Ancestry.com">{{cite web|last1=Sidney|first1=Drouilhet|title=RootsWeb: CARIBBEAN-L Names of Ships Transporting East Indian Laborers|url=http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/CARIBBEAN/1997-05/0863272561|website=Ancestry.com|access-date=21 April 2017|date=28 March 1997}}</ref>

The Indian workers who had arrived aboard the ''Victor Emmanuel'' and the ''Zemindar'' completed their five-year indenture period by the end of 1865. The Indians who arrived on board the Palmyra completed their indenture period in May 1857. Per the terms of their contract, they could choose to avail a free passage to India or could receive a free grant of land from the colonial [[Governor of Saint Lucia]]. The Indian population totaled 1,207, of whom only 251 were still indentured by the end of 1867. Only the Indian workers that had arrived on board the ''Ulysses'' had not completed their indenture period. The majority of the Indian workers who had completed their indenture period requested to return to India. However, the Governor of Saint Lucia wanted them to remain in Saint Lucia and offered cash in exchange for forfeiting the right to return. Four hundred Indians took up the Governor's offer, while 230 officially registered to return to India by the end of 1867. 451 Indians returned to India aboard the ''Ganges'' at the end of that year, and 298 returned on board the ''Lincelles'' in November 1868. The ''Lincelles'' voyage cost the British colonial government [[Pound sterling|£]]3,600 ({{Inflation|UK|1807|1868|fmt=eq|cursign=[[Pound sterling|£]]}}). The government also spent £3,097 ({{Inflation|UK|3097|1868|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}) to pay 425 Indians who had chosen to forfeit their right of return. 162 Indians returned to India in January 1870.<ref name="Ancestry.com" />

Around 1,500 Indian indentured workers arrived in Saint Lucia between 1859 and 1869, of whom only 300 remained on the island. The majority of Indians who forfeited their right of return to India, chose to use the cash they received from the Governor to emigrate to other Caribbean nations, particularly those with large Indian populations. The exodus of Indians from the island caused labour shortages for plantation estates that were heavily dependent on Indian labour. Fearing that some estates may collapse, the government introduced a new scheme to persuade Indians to remain in Saint Lucia in 1870. Under the new policy, Indian workers (and their children) would be entitled to a free return voyage to India if they agreed to remain in Saint Lucia for at least 3 years, register with authorities periodically, and only pursue agricultural occupations. By 1870, plantation owners were successful in replacing some of the Indian workforce with [[Barbadians]]. The ''Harkaway'' transported 162 Indians back to India in 1871. This was the last group of Indians entitled to free return.<ref name="Ancestry.com" />

Illness resulted in a large group of Indians, around 340, being admitted to hospitals in 1878. In April of the same year, 580 Indian workers arrived in Saint Lucia aboard the ''Lucindas'' to help replace the ill workers. The ''Chetah'', ''Foyle'' and ''Bann'' brought 221, 67, and 316 workers to the country in 1879, 1880, and 1881 respectively. The ''Jamuna'' returned 95 people back to India in 1883. Between 1881 and 1883, Saint Lucia was unable to obtain Indian labourers due to competition from larger Caribbean countries, and considered importing [[Chinese people|Chinese]] workers instead. Saint Lucia was able to obtain 626 Indians workers on board the ''Bracadille'' in 1884. However, the ship, which had departed from Calcutta, had to be quarantined on arrival due to a [[1881–1896 cholera pandemic|cholera outbreak]] on board. This in turn resulted in some neighbouring countries quarantining Saint Lucia. Many of the Indians on board the ''Bracadille'' were admitted to Saint Lucian hospitals the following year, and they were deemed to be in the poorest physical state of any Indian workers that had come to the island. The ''Poonah'' transported 306 Indian indenture workers to Saint Lucia in 1885.<ref name="Ancestry.com" />

A [[Canadian Presbyterian Mission]] to Indian immigrants in [[Trinidad]] established three schools for Indian children in Saint Lucia in 1887. [[Creole people|Creole]] children were also enrolled in the schools. The ''Moy'', ''Rone'', and ''Hereford'' returned 327, 132, and 21 Indians back to India in 1888, 1889, and 1890 respectively. In 1889 or 1890, the Victoria Hospital treated 1,301 Indians for various illnesses. The ''SS Roumania'' brought 554 Indians to Saint Lucia on 31 March 1891. The ship sailed from Calcutta via the [[Suez Canal]] making it the first ship to transport immigrants to the West Indies via that route. The ''SS Roumania'' had 309 male and 126 female adults, 7 children, 105 infants on board. Three births and five deaths occurred during the voyage, and one birth and one death occurred at the [[Castries]] harbour before the passengers had disembarked. Most of the passengers, particularly the children, were malnourished and had to be admitted to the hospital directly. A further 19 children and 3 adults would die at the hospital.<ref name="Ancestry.com" />

By the end of 1891, Saint Lucia had an Indian population of 2,523 Indians – 1,849 [[Hindus]], 475 [[Christians]], and 199 [[Muslims]]. Indian workers who had been brought to Saint Lucia in 1881 and had completed their indenture period were unable to avail their right of return to India in 1891 because the colonial government failed to procure any transportation for them. However, the government reserved a 627-acre plot of land near the Castries to establish a settlement for Indians. The government sold 5 to 10 acres of land to each Indian at a cost of about £1 ({{Inflation|UK|1|1891|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}) per acre payable in installments over a five-year period. Administrator in Chief V. Skipton Gouldsbury noted, "I hope to be able before long to establish the nucleus of another Indian [[coolie]] settlement in the neighborhood of Vieux Fort at the south end of the island, and am having lands surveyed in that locality for that purpose." Indians that remained in Saint Lucia began investing in the country in 1891. They made large deposits in savings banks, purchased livestock, and some bought property in the Castries region. The country had 5 schools catering to Indian children by the end of 1891.<ref name="Ancestry.com" />

The ''Jumna'' returned 137–139 workers who had completed their indenture period back to India in August 1892. The workers also received a total of £2,138 ({{Inflation|UK|2138|1892|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}) in cash. Colonial authorities closed the Indian school located at the Central Factory Estate at the end of 1892, re-opened it in February 1893, before closing it permanently in October 1893. A colonial government record from 1893 also noted that Indians who were absent from plantations estates without leave or those who refused work could face imprisonment.<ref name="Ancestry.com" />

The last ship carrying indentured Indian immigrants, the ''Volga'', departed Calcutta with 730 Indians on board – 554 adults, 395 males and 159 females. The vessel arrived off the coast of Castries harbour on the night of 10 December 1893. However, the ship ran aground at the [[Vigie]] Point, then [[capsize]]d and sank. Fortunately, the limited wind and a comparatively smooth sea allowed the ship's lifeboats and people at the shore to rescue all passengers. Only 156 of the ship's passengers remained in Saint Lucia, as the remaining were scheduled to be transported to Jamaica. 487 Indians sailed for Jamaica aboard the ''Jumna'' on 22 December 1893.<ref name="Business Standard" /><ref name="Ancestry.com" /> The remains of the ''Volga'' are believed to lie at the bottom of a [[cove]] in the Vigie Peninsula. The cove is known as "''tou deewee''", meaning "rice hole" in [[Antillean Creole|French Creole]], because oral accounts of the ship stated that it was carrying bags of rice, some of which reportedly washed on shore.<ref name="Business Standard" /> All of the Indians who arrived on the ''SS Roumania'' and the ''Volga'' had to remain in Saint Lucia because they did not have sufficient funds to return to India, and the fund set up by the colonial government to repatriate Indian workers had no money left.<ref name="Harmsen" />

The ''[[British Peer (ship)|British Peer]]'' returned 450 immigrants, including 40 children, to India in September 1894. They received a total of £2,989 ({{Inflation|UK|2989|1894|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}) from the colonial government. At the end of 1894, 889 Indian workers completed their indenture period. Of these workers, 317 accepted the government's scheme to remain in the country, while 36 remained in the country without claiming compensation from the government. 708 Indians remained indentured in Saint Lucia at the end of 1894, and 721 the following year. Four Indian schools functioned in Saint Lucia with a total of 233 students in 1894 and 211 in 1895. At the end of 1896, 149 Indians remained indentured in the country.<ref name="Ancestry.com" />

In total, 13 ships transported 4,354 Indian indentured workers to Saint Lucia between 1859 and 1893, excluding those who died during the voyage.<ref name="Business Standard">{{cite news|title=Caribbean island of St. Lucia observes Indian Arrival Day|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/caribbean-island-of-st-lucia-observes-indian-arrival-day-113051400291_1.html|website=Business Standard India|access-date=21 April 2017|date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Hyacinth-Gideon"/> About 2,075 workers returned to India, while the rest remained in Saint Lucia or emigrated to other Caribbean nations such as Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana.<ref name="Business Standard" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://repeatingislands.com/2009/05/07/st-lucia%E2%80%99s-indian-arrival-day/|title=St. Lucia's Indian Arrival Day|date=May 7, 2009|website=Repeating Islands|access-date=21 April 2017|archive-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424085806/https://repeatingislands.com/2009/05/07/st-lucia%E2%80%99s-indian-arrival-day/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The last indenture contracts expired in 1897, and by the end of the 19th century, Saint Lucia had a population of 2,560 free Indians. Many Indians who had completed their indenture periods were unable to return home as they did not have sufficient funds to do so. The Indians that remained in Saint Lucia are the origin of the Indo-Saint Lucian community.<ref name="Harmsen">{{cite web|url=https://www.slucia.com/visions/2002/indian.html|title=THE EAST INDIAN LEGACY IN ST LUCIA|date=2002|website=slucia.com|last1=Harmsen|first1=Jolien|access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref>

== Indian Arrival Day ==
{{main|Indian Arrival Day}}
The Indian Diaspora of St. Lucia, an association promoting Indo-Saint Lucian heritage, organized the first Indian Arrival Day celebrations in Saint Lucia on 6 May 2013. The association is campaigning for the Saint Lucian government to officially declare 6 May as Indian Arrival Day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.stlucianewsonline.com/indian-diaspora-of-saint-lucia-aims-to-keep-indian-heritage-and-culture-alive/|title=Indian Diaspora of Saint Lucia aims to keep Indian heritage and culture alive|work=St. Lucia News Online|access-date=2017-04-21|language=en-us|archive-date=28 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328023105/https://www.stlucianewsonline.com/indian-diaspora-of-saint-lucia-aims-to-keep-indian-heritage-and-culture-alive/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsreporter.in/caribbean-island-of-st-lucia-observes-indian-arrival-day-56086|title=Caribbean island of St. Lucia observes Indian Arrival Day - NewsReporter.in|website=www.newsreporter.in|access-date=2017-04-21|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143034/https://www.newsreporter.in/caribbean-island-of-st-lucia-observes-indian-arrival-day-56086|url-status=dead}}</ref> Many other Caribbean nations observe Indian Arrival Day annually to commemorate the date when the first Indians arrived in their respective countries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/731545/across-the-west-indies-melas-and-dances-celebrate-the-contributions-of-pioneering-indian-girmityas|title=Across the West Indies, melas and dances celebrate the contributions of pioneering Indian girmityas|last=Singh|first=Shubha|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2021-12-19|date=1 June 2015|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[India–Saint Lucia relations]]
* [[Dougla people|Dougla]]
* [[Afro–Saint Lucians]]

== References and footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian diaspora}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indo-Saint Lucian}}
[[Category:Indian diaspora in the Caribbean|Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Saint Lucia]]

Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha

2026-02-22T09:37:49Z

Subhamaykarjee:

{{Short description|Member of the lower house of the Indian Parliament}}
{{Distinguish|Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha}}
{{Other uses|Member of Parliament (India)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Member
| body = Parliament, Lok Sabha
| native_name =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 150px
| flagborder =
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| insignia = Lok Sabha.svg
| insigniasize = 210px
| insigniacaption = Logo of The Lok Sabha
| image = Glimpses of the new Parliament Building, in New Delhi (2).jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| alt = [[Lok Sabha]], the meeting place of the members.
| incumbent = [[18th Lok Sabha]]
| incumbentsince = 4 June 2024
| type = Member of Parliament
| status = Active
| department = [[Parliament of India]]
| style = *Honourable (Inside India)
*His/Her Excellency (Outside India)
| member_of = [[Lok Sabha]]
| reports_to = [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]
| residence =
| seat = [[Parliament of India]]
| nominator =
| appointer = Elect by Citizens of respective Constituencies in India
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength = 5 years; renewable
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument = Article 81 of [[Constitution of India]]
| precursor = [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
| formation = {{start date and age|1950|01|26|df=y|p=y}}
| first = [[1st Lok Sabha]]
| abolished =
| succession =
| abbreviation = MP
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary = {{INRConvert|124000}} (incl. allowances) per month<ref name="Salaries, allowances and facilities to Members">{{cite news|title=Salaries, allowances and facilities to Members|publisher=[[Lok Sabha]] website|access-date=15 August 2016|url=http://164.100.47.192/loksabha/writereaddata/Updates/EventLSS_635627139100708482_English%20FACILITIES64p.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823110733/http://164.100.47.192/loksabha/writereaddata/Updates/EventLSS_635627139100708482_English%20FACILITIES64p.pdf|archive-date=23 August 2016}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://sansad.in/ls}}
}}
{{Politics of India}}

A '''Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha''' ([[abbreviated]]: '''MP''') is the representative of a legislative constituency in the [[Lok Sabha]]; the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]]. Members of parliament of Lok Sabha are chosen by direct [[Elections in India|elections]] on the basis of the [[Universal suffrage|adult suffrage]]. The maximum permitted strength of members of parliament in the Lok Sabha is 550. This includes the maximum 530 members to represent the constituencies and [[States and union territories of India|states]] and up to 20 members to represent the [[Union territory|union territories]] (both chosen by [[Elections in India|direct elections]]). Between 1952 and January 25, 2020, two seats were reserved for members of the [[Anglo-Indian]] community. The current elected strength of the Lok Sabha is 543. The party—or coalition of parties—having a majority in the Lok Sabha chooses the [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref name="Lok Sabha">{{cite news|title=Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]|access-date=16 July 2016|url=http://loksabha.nic.in/|archive-date=11 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011022229/http://loksabha.nic.in/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lok Sabha, House of people">{{cite news|title=Lok Sabha, House of people|publisher=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=16 July 2016|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm|archive-date=1 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201063345/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Members of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha)">{{cite news|title=Members of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha)|publisher=elections.in|access-date=16 July 2016|url=http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/member-of-parliament.html|archive-date=2 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202160515/http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/member-of-parliament.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

All Members of Lok Sabha rank 21st in the [[Order of precedence in India|Order of Precedence of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Order of Precedence of India |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/table_of_precedence.pdf |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]}}</ref>

==History==
The first instance of member of parliament equivalent in India dates back to 9 December 1946, the day [[Constituent Assembly of India]] was formed with the purpose of drafting a [[Indian Constitution|constitution for India]]. As opposed to be elected on the basis of [[universal suffrage|adult suffrage]], the Constituent Assembly of India consisted of indirectly elected representatives and were not categorised between [[Rajya Sabha]] and [[Lok Sabha]]. [[Muslim]]s and [[Sikh]]s were given special representation as [[Minority group|minorities]]. The Constituent Assembly of India took 2 years, 11 months and 18 days to draft the constitution for [[History of the Republic of India|independent India]] and was dissolved in 1949.<ref name="History of Indian Parliament Elections (Lok Sabha)">{{cite news|title=History of Indian Parliament Elections (Lok Sabha)|publisher=factly.in|access-date=19 August 2016|url=https://factly.in/history-indian-elections/|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916052846/https://factly.in/history-indian-elections/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 26 January 1950, the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]] came into force and the [[Indian general election, 1951–52|first general elections]] (under the new constitution) were held in 1951–1952.<ref name="Our Parliament">{{cite news|title=Our Parliament|publisher=[[Parliament of India]] website|access-date=19 August 2016|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p1.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517025653/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p1.html|archive-date=17 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[1st Lok Sabha]] was constituted on 17 April 1952 and had 489 [[Electoral district|constituencies]], thereby first set of elected members of parliament of [[Lok Sabha]] in India.<ref name="1951 election">{{cite news|title=1951 election |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website |access-date=19 August 2016 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archive-date=8 October 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Statistical Report On General Elections, 1951">{{cite news|title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1951 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website |access-date=20 August 2016 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archive-date=4 April 2014 }}</ref>

==Eligibility criteria==
According to the article 84 of the Indian Constitution:

A person shall not be qualified to be chosen to fill a seat in Parliament unless he -

(a) is a citizen of India, and makes and subscribes before some person authorised in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule;

(b) is, in the case of a seat in the Council of States, not less than thirty years of age and, in the case of a seat in the House of the People, not less than twenty-five years of age; and

(c) possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament.

==Disqualification grounds==
A person would be ineligible for being a Member of the Lok Sabha if the person;
* Holds any office of profit under the [[Government of India]] (other than an office permitted by Parliament of India by law).
* Is of unsound mind.
* Is an [[Insolvency|insolvent]].
* Has ceased to be a [[citizen of India]].
* Is so disqualified by any law made by the Indian parliament.
* Is so disqualified on the ground of [[defection]].
* Has been [[convicted]], among other things, for promoting enmity between different groups.
* Has been convicted for offence of [[bribery]].
* Has been punished for preaching and practising social crimes such as [[untouchability]], [[dowry]], or [[Sati (practice)|sati]].
* Has been convicted for an offence and sentenced to imprisonment of more than two years.
* Has been dismissed for corruption or for disloyalty to the state (in case of a government servant).<ref name="Members of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha)"/><ref name="The Indian Parliament"/>

==Term==
The term of a member of parliament of Lok Sabha is five years from the date appointment for its first meeting. During a [[state of emergency]], the term however can be extended by the [[Parliament of India]] by law for a period not exceeding one year at a time. After the state of emergency ends, the extension cannot exceed beyond a period of six months.<ref name="Lok Sabha term">{{cite news|title=Lok Sabha term|publisher=[[Government of India]] website|access-date=16 July 2016|url=https://india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/lok-sabha|archive-date=18 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818072448/https://india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/lok-sabha|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Responsibilities of members of parliament==
Broad responsibilities of the members of parliament of Lok Sabha are;
* [[Legislative]] responsibility: To pass [[Law of India|Laws of India]] in the Lok Sabha.
* [[Separation of powers#India|Oversight]] responsibility: To ensure that the executive (i.e. government) performs its duties satisfactorily.
*Representative responsibility: To represent the views and aspirations of the people of their constituency in the Parliament of India (Lok Sabha).
* [[Power of the purse]] responsibility: To approve and oversee the revenues and expenditures proposed by the government.
* The [[Union Council of Ministers]], who are also members of parliament have an additional responsibility of the executive as compared to those who are not in the Council of Ministers.<ref name="The Indian Parliament">{{cite news|title=The Indian Parliament|publisher=prsindia.org|access-date=16 July 2016|url=http://www.prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/about-parliament/the-indian-parliament-198/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610045012/http://www.prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/about-parliament/the-indian-parliament-198|archive-date=10 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Salary, allowances and entitlements==
India paid {{INRConvert|176|c|lk=on|year=2015}} to its 543 Lok Sabha members in salaries and expenses over 2015, or just over {{INRConvert|2.7|l|lk=on|year=2015}} per month per member of parliament in including pensions to dependents of ex MPs .<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/data/government-spends-rs-27-lakh-a-month-per-mp/article7699415.ece |title=MP pay jumped to 2.7 lakh per month in 2015 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 September 2015 |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923164954/http://www.thehindu.com/data/government-spends-rs-27-lakh-a-month-per-mp/article7699415.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The Salary, allowances and pension of Member of the Lok Sabha is governed by the Members of Parliament Act, 1954. The act is in pursuance to the constitutional provisions where article 106 of the [[Constitution of India]] provides that the members of either House of Parliament shall be entitled to receive such salaries and allowances as may from time to time be determined by [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] by law.

The rules governing salaries, allowances and facilities such as medical, housing, telephone facilities, daily allowance etc... is looked after by a joint committee of both the houses ([[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Rajya Sabha]]). The committee is constituted from time to time after consultation with the Government of India.<ref name="Salaries, allowances and facilities to Members"/>

==Strength==
[[File:Wahlkreise in Indien.svg|thumb|The map of 543 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in which elections are conducted for the current 18th Lok Sabha]]
Article 81 of the [[Constitution of India]] 1949 has specified maximum strength of members of parliament in the Lok Sabha to be 552. The number of members of parliament is distributed among the [[States and union territories of India|States]] in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each State and the population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States.<ref name="Lok Sabha: House of the People">{{cite news|title=Lok Sabha: House of the People|publisher=[[Parliament of India]] website|access-date=30 August 2016|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm|archive-date=1 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201063345/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Out of the maximum permitted strength,
*Not more than 530 members to be chosen by direct [[Elections in India#History of Lok Sabha elections|election]] from territorial constituencies in the Indian [[States and union territories of India#States|states]].
*Not more than 20 members to represent the [[States and union territories of India#Union territories|union territories]], chosen in such manner as [[Parliament of India]] may by law provide.
*Total permitted maximum strength of '''550''' members.<ref name="Lok Sabha"/><ref name="Lok Sabha, House of people"/>
{{Blockquote
|quote = ''"Strength of Member of Parliament in Lok Sabha as defined in Article 81 of the Constitution of India"'',
:'''(1)''' Subject to the provisions of article 331, the House of the People shall consist of
::(a) not more than 530 (five hundred and thirty members) chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the States, and
::(b) not more than 20 (twenty members) to represent the Union territories, chosen in such manner as Parliament may by law provide.
:'''(2)''' For the purposes of sub-clause (a) of clause (1),
::(a) there shall be allotted to each State a number of seats in the House of the People in such manner that the ratio between that number and the population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States; and
::(b) each State shall be divided into territorial constituencies in such manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it is, so far as practicable, the same throughout the State:
::(Provided that the provisions of sub-clause (a) of this clause shall not be applicable for the purpose of allotment of seats in the House of the People to any State so long as the population of that State does not exceed six millions.)
:'''(3)''' In this article, the expression "population" means the population as ascertained at the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published:
:(Provided that the reference in this clause to the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published shall, until the relevant figures for the first census taken after the year 2026 have been published).
::(i) for the purposes of sub-clause (a) of clause (2) and the proviso to that clause, as a reference to the 1971 census; and
::(ii) for the purposes of sub-clause (b) of clause (2) as a reference to the 2001 census.
|author = Ministry of Law and Justice
|source = ''[[Constitution of India]]'' (Part V—The Union.—Article 81.)<ref name="Article 81 (page 39 & 40)">{{cite news|title=Article 81 (page 39 & 40)|publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]]|access-date=16 Jul 2016|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-4March2016.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416084719/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-4March2016.pdf|archive-date=2016-04-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

===Members of the Lok Sabha===
{{main article|List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha}}

Members of the lower house of the Indian Parliament ([[Lok Sabha]]) were elected in the [[2024 Indian general election|Indian general election, 2024]] held in April–June 2024. The total strength of the [[18th Lok Sabha]] is 544, against the then-approved strength of 552.<ref>{{cite web|title=Notification by Election Commission|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2014/mar/d2014030501.pdf|access-date=15 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630221007/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2014/mar/d2014030501.pdf|archive-date=30 June 2014}}</ref>

===Number of constituencies: 1951–2024===
The following is a list of the number of constituencies in the Lok Sabha in each election year, beginning in 1951. The numbers '''do not''' include two seats from the [[Anglo-Indian]] community, to which individuals were nominated by the President of India.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! #!![[Lok Sabha]] !! Date !! Constituencies
|-
| 1 || [[1st Lok Sabha]] || Apr 1951 || 489
|-
| 2 || [[2nd Lok Sabha]] || Apr 1957 || 494
|-
| 3 || [[3rd Lok Sabha]] || Apr 1962 || 494
|-
| 4 || [[4th Lok Sabha]] || Mar 1967 || 520
|-
| 5 || [[5th Lok Sabha]] || Mar 1971 || 518
|-
| 6 || [[6th Lok Sabha]] || Mar 1977 || 542
|-
| 7 || [[7th Lok Sabha]] || Jan 1980 || 542
|-
| 8 || [[8th Lok Sabha]] || Dec 1984 || 541
|-
| 9 || [[9th Lok Sabha]] || Dec 1989 || 529
|-
| 10 || [[10th Lok Sabha]] || Jun 1991 || 534
|-
| 11 || [[11th Lok Sabha]] || May 1996 || 543
|-
| 12 || [[12th Lok Sabha]] || Mar 1998 || 543
|-
| 13 || [[13th Lok Sabha]] || Oct 1999 || 543
|-
| 14 || [[14th Lok Sabha]] || May 2004 || 543
|-
| 15 || [[15th Lok Sabha]] || May 2009 || 543
|-
| 16 || [[16th Lok Sabha]] || May 2014 || 543
|-
| 17 || [[17th Lok Sabha]] || May 2019 || 543
|-
| 18 || [[18th Lok Sabha]] || June 2024
| 543
|}

===Anglo-Indian reservation===
{{main|Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha}}

In January 2020, the Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Parliament and [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislatures]] of India was discontinued by the 126th Constitutional Amendment Bill of 2019, when enacted as [[One Hundred and Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India#:~:text=The One Hundred and Fourth, Lok Sabha and State Legislative|104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anglo Indian Representation To Lok Sabha, State Assemblies Done Away; SC-ST Reservation Extended For 10 Years: Constitution (104th Amendment) Act To Come Into Force On 25th Jan|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/215637.pdf|access-date=25 January 2020|website=egazette.nic.in|archive-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127122526/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/215637.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/government/anglo-indian-mps.html|title=Anglo Indian Members of Parliament (MPs) of India – Powers, Salary, Eligibility, Term|website=www.elections.in|access-date=8 September 2020|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125055300/https://www.elections.in/government/anglo-indian-mps.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, the maximum permitted strength of the Lok Sabha was reduced from 552 to 550.

==See also==
*[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha]]
* [[Constitution of India]]
* [[Parliament of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{Government of India}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
{{National bicameral legislatures}}
{{National lower houses}}
{{Parliament of India}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of India| ]]

Jan Pahad Dargah

2026-02-17T04:34:40Z

Subhamaykarjee:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}

'''Jan Pahad Saidulu Dargah''' is a [[dargah]] situated in [[Palakeedu Mandal]] in [[Suryapet district]] in [[Telangana]], India.<ref>{{cite news |title= Devotees throng dargah|url= http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/24/stories/2009012450770200.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110919165215/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/24/stories/2009012450770200.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 19 September 2011|newspaper= [[The Hindu]]|date= 2009-01-24|access-date=18 February 2012}}</ref> People from different religious faiths visit the holy shrine on the occasion of the annual Urs festival.<ref>{{cite news |title= Candidates seek divine intervention|url= http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/25/stories/2009032551190200.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121107085247/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/25/stories/2009032551190200.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 7 November 2012|newspaper= [[The Hindu]]|date= 2009-03-25|access-date=18 February 2012}}</ref>

The dargah is built on the tomb of saint Mohinuddin alias Shaheed and Jan Pahad Saidulu. [[Qawwali]], ''Sandal Sharif'' ceremonial procession and other special rituals mark the Urs festivities.

[[Thoroughfare|Route]] : 20 km distance from Nereducharla Mandal Headquarters. And another route from Miryalaguda Via Damaracherla ( Damaracherla is on Addanki - Narketpally State Highway) . Janapahad Dargah is 9 km away from Damaracherla. Autos and buses are available from Neredcharla and Damarcharla.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|16.72864|79.70632|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:Suryapet district]]
[[Category:Barelvi]]
[[Category:Dargahs in Telangana]]

{{Hindu-stub}}
{{India-religious-struct-stub}}

Ranjan Sen

2026-02-10T02:56:06Z

Subhamaykarjee: created pg

{{Short description|Indian biophysicist}}
{{distinguish|text=Indian Army diplomat, [[Binay Ranjan Sen]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ranjan Sen
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1967}}
| birth_place = [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Biophysics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]] | [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]]}}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Calcutta]] | [[Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics]] | [[National Institute of Genetics]] | [[National Institutes of Health]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | Dipak Dasgupta | Robert Weisberg }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[prokaryotic]] [[Transcription (biology)|transcription]]
| awards = {{ublist| 2007 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] }}
}}
'''Ranjan Sen''' (born 1967) is an Indian microbiologist, biophysicist and a senior scientist as well as the head of the Laboratory of Transcription at the [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]]. Known for his studies in the field of [[prokaryotic]] [[Transcription (biology)|transcription]], Sen is an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]. The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences in 2007.

== Biography ==
[[File:Kolkata univ jeroje.jpg|thumb|125px|left|University of Calcutta]]
Ranjan Sen, born in 1967<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |title=NASI fellows |date=2017-12-21 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-12-21 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316043224/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |url-status=dead }}</ref> in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], earned the post-graduate degree of MSc in molecular biology and biophysics in 1991 from the [[University of Calcutta]] and did his doctoral studies on the ''conformational changes of E.coli RNA polymerase during transcription initiation'' under the guidance of Dipak Dasgupta at the [[Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics]] to secure a PhD in 1996.<ref name="CDFD :: Transcription :: Ranjan Sen">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cdfd.org.in/labpages/ranjan_sen.html |title=CDFD :: Transcription :: Ranjan Sen |date=2017-12-27 |website=www.cdfd.org.in |access-date=2017-12-27 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> His post-doctoral work was, first at the laboratory of Nobuo Shimamoto of the [[National Institute of Genetics]] during 1995–98 and later, with Robert Weisberg at the [[National Institutes of Health]] during 1998–2001. On his return to India in 2002, he joined the [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]] (CDFD) as a scientist. He continues at the institution, holding the position of a scientist grade IV and heads the ''Lab of Transcription'' where he hosts several scientists and scholars.<ref name="CDFD :: Transcription :: Group">{{Cite journal |date=2017-12-27 |title=CDFD :: Transcription :: Group |url=http://www.cdfd.org.in/labpages/transcription_group.html}}</ref> He also serves as the director-in-charge of CDFD.<ref name="Indian fellow - Sen">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P18-1793 |title=Indian fellow - Sen |date=2017-12-21 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-12-21}}</ref>

During his post-doctoral days in Japan, Sen worked on the ''kinetics of abortive transcription in prokaryotes'' and proposed the concept of ''branched pathway during transcription initiation process''.<ref name="CDFD :: Transcription :: Ranjan Sen" /> While in the US, he furthered his work by focusing on transcription [[antitermination]] mechanisms by PUT RNA. At CDFD, the team led by him is involved in the studies of antitermination in [[prokaryotes]], combining physical, chemical, biological and genetic techniques.<ref name="CDFD :: Transcription :: Research">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cdfd.org.in/labpages/transcription.html |title=CDFD :: Transcription :: Research |date=2017-12-27 |website=www.cdfd.org.in |access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.ca/citations?user=T9bP0v0AAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2017-11-23 |publisher=Google Scholar |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles has listed 60 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ranjan_Sen5 |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017-12-21 |access-date=2017-12-21}}</ref> He is also a member of the Task Force on Biotechnology set up by the [[Science and Engineering Research Board]] of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]].<ref name="CDFD :: Transcription :: Research" />

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2007<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> the same year as he was elected as a member of the [[Guha Research Conference]].<ref name="CDFD :: Transcription :: Research" /> The [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] elected him as a fellow in 2011<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2017-12-17 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-12-17 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and he received the elected fellowship of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 2017.<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017-12-26 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-12-26}}</ref> He is also a recipient of several research fellowships which included GRIP Grant of the [[National Institutes of Health]] (2002), Senior Research Fellowship of [[Wellcome Trust]] (2003) and the Swarnajayanti Fellowship of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] (2006).<ref name="Swarna Jayanthi Fellowship">{{Cite web |url=http://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/sjaward06-07.pdf |title=Swarna Jayanthi Fellowship |date=2017-11-11 |publisher=Department of Science and Technology |access-date=2017-11-11}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last1=Chalissery |first1=Jisha |last2=Banerjee |first2=Sharmistha |last3=Bandey |first3=Irfan |last4=Sen |first4=Ranjan |title=Transcription Termination Defective Mutants of Rho: Role of Different Functions of Rho in Releasing RNA from the Elongation Complex |journal=Journal of Molecular Biology |volume=371 |issue=4 |pages=855–872 |doi=10.1016/j.jmb.2007.06.013|pmid=17599352 |pmc=1950744 |year=2007 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Chalissery |first1=Jisha |last2=Muteeb |first2=Ghazala |last3=Kalarickal |first3=Nisha C. |last4=Mohan |first4=Shalini |last5=Jisha |first5=V. |last6=Sen |first6=Ranjan |title=Interaction Surface of the Transcription Terminator Rho Required to Form a Complex with the C-Terminal Domain of the Antiterminator NusG |journal=Journal of Molecular Biology |volume=405 |issue=1 |pages=49–64 |doi=10.1016/j.jmb.2010.10.044|pmid=21040729 |year=2011 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Cheeran |first1=Anoop |last2=Suganthan |first2=Rajan Babu |last3=Swapna |first3=G. |last4=Bandey |first4=Irfan |last5=Achary |first5=M.Sridhar |last6=Nagarajaram |first6=H.A. |last7=Sen |first7=Ranjan |title=Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase Mutations Located Near the Upstream Edge of an RNA:DNA Hybrid and the Beginning of the RNA-exit Channel are Defective for Transcription Antitermination by the N Protein from Lambdoid Phage H-19B |journal=Journal of Molecular Biology |volume=352 |issue=1 |pages=28–43 |doi=10.1016/j.jmb.2005.06.052|year=2005 |pmid=16061258 }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Rho factor]]
* [[Escherichia coli]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Biology}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |last1=Shashni |first1=Rajesh |last2=Mishra |first2=Saurabh |last3=Kalayani |first3=B. Sudha |last4=Sen |first4=Ranjan |date=2012 |title=Suppression of in vivo Rho-dependent transcription termination defects: evidence for kinetically controlled steps (full text) |journal=Microbiology |volume=158 |issue=6 |pages=1468–1481 |doi=10.1099/mic.0.056804-0|doi-access=free |pmid=22442304 }}

{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Ranjan}}
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Indian biophysicists]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:National Institutes of Health people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]

Shandilya Vidya

2026-02-09T08:11:08Z

Subhamaykarjee: added info

{{Short description|Doctrine of the sage Shandilya}}

'''Shandilya Vidya''' ([[Sanskrit]]: शाण्डिल्यविद्या, [[Romanization|Romanised]]: ''Śāṇḍilya Vidyā''), as detailed in the [[Chandogya Upanishad]], is a doctrine attributed to the Vedic sage [[Brahmarshi]] [[Shandilya (Rishi)|Shandilya]] that emphasizes the importance of meditating on [[Brahman]], the all-encompassing reality.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Śāṇḍilya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_64oAAAAYAAJ&q=sandilya+vidya |title=The aphorisms of Sandilya: with the commentary of Swapneswara |date=1861 |publisher=C.B. Lewis, Baptist Mission Press |language=en}}</ref> It highlights the concept of Brahman as the source, sustenance, and dissolution of the universe, and suggests that one's state after death is determined by their will and desires cultivated during life. The vidya also explores the nature of the Self, describing it as both infinitesimally small and infinitely vast, encompassing everything within.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Gurumayum Ranjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORYOsJHi53sC&q=sandilya+vidya |title=The Idealistic Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda |date=1987 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2020-04-29 |title=Sandilya Vidya |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/sandilya-vidya/article31466638.ece |access-date=2025-07-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Warder |first=A. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zw1UD1Mj9DwC&q=shandilya+vidya |title=A Course in Indian Philosophy |date=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1244-4 |language=en}}</ref>

The famous quotes of Shandilya Vidya

{{Blockquote|text="सर्वं खल्विदं ब्रह्म"
* English translation "All this is Brahman"|author=Shandilya|title=Shandilya Vidya|source=Chandogya Upanishad}}

== Description ==
The Shandilya Vidya is the part of Chandogya Upanishad. It is mentioned in the Section 14 of the third chapter of the Upanishad.<ref name=":0" /> It is also repeated with some textual variations in the text [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] (x. 6. 3).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> It is also taught in the ''Agnirahasya'' and the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bādarāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pvbtAAAAIAAJ |title=The Vedāntasūtras with the Śrībhāṣya of Rāmānujācārya |date=2000 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0460-7 |language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Dr Radhakrishnan]], Shandilya Vidya affirms the oneness of the individual soul ([[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]]) and the supreme Brahman.<ref name=":2" /> He mentioned in his commentary on the [[Vedanta]] philosophy that the Sandilya Vidya does not distinguish between the lower and the higher Brahman.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S. |title=The Vedanta Philosophy and the Doctrine of Maya |journal=The International Journal of Ethics |date=1914 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=431–451 |doi=10.1086/intejethi.24.4.2376777 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/intejethi.24.4.2376777 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is the revelation of the Supreme Being and the essence of the entire [[Upanishads|Upanishad]] wisdom.<ref name=":3" />

The concept of the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] and the supreme [[Brahman]] and their unity was first realised by the sage Shandilya. His insight on the concept of the Atman and the supreme Brahman was called as Shandilya Vidya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Puthenthara |first=Dr Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xe-vDQAAQBAJ&q=Shandilya+Vidya |title=Tat Tvam Asi |date=2013-05-21 |publisher=D C Books |isbn=978-93-81699-23-2 |language=en}}</ref>

== Contents ==
In the text Chandogya Upanishad, the Shandilya Vidya contains four verses.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Swahananda |first=Swami |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5056 |title=Chandogya upanisad |date=1956 |publisher=Ramakrishna Math, Madras}}</ref>

The first verse starts with the opening statement "All this is Brahman,". It is the fundamental declaration that the Brahman is the ultimate reality, the supreme cosmic spirit, the ground of all existence. In the verse it is further said that the Universe comes forth from the Brahman, merges and breathes in it. Therefore one should meditate the Brahman with a calm mind. Further it is said that a man in fact is made up of willpower. He becomes whatever he wishes in this world when he leaves here. Hence, keeping this knowledge in mind, he should build his willpower.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_AYAAAAYAAJ&q=The+four+verses+of+Shandilya+Vidya |title=The Sacred Books of the East Described and Examined: Philosophic and law books: Selections from the Upanishads. Bhagavad Gita. Vedanta Sara. Yoga Sastra. Laws of Manu. 1st ed. 1895 |date=1898 |publisher=Christian Literature Society of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

The second verse states about the inner self ([[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]]). According to the second verse, "He who is made up of mind, whose body is subtle, whose form is light, whose thoughts are true, whose nature is like the ''Akaasha'' (space), who created this universe, who follows all righteous desires, who bears all pleasant smells, who is endowed with all tastes, who never speaks and who is without greed, agitation and eagerness, He is my Self (Atman) within the inner self."<ref name=":4" />

In the third verse, the dimension (size) of the Atman or the Brahman has been compared with the available examples of lager to largest and smaller to smallest objects in the universe. And finally it has been declared that the Atman and the supreme Brahman are beyond these all sizes.<ref name=":4" />

In the fourth verse, Shandilya declared that the self (Atman) is the Brahman. When one goes from here, he will certainly go to the supreme Brahman; He who has such faith and in whom there is no doubt will surely attain the ultimate Brahman.<ref name=":4" />

Similarly in the text [[Shatapatha Brahmana]], Shandilya Vidya is the part of ''Agnirahasya''. It is briefly described in the two verses of the third Brahmana of the sixth chapter in the tenth Khanda of the text Shatapatha Brahmana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archive |first=Internet Sacred Text |title=Satapatha Brahmana Part IV (SBE43): Tenth Kâ<I&g... {{!}} Sacred Texts Archive |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe43/sbe4373.htm |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=Internet Sacred Text Archive |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Hinduism]]
[[Category:Indian philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Vedas]]

Raja

2026-02-08T13:48:02Z

Subhamaykarjee: adjust lead further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Monarch or princely ruler in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia}}
{{Other uses|Raja (disambiguation)|Rajah (disambiguation)|Rajan (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}


[[File:Jai Singh and Shivaji.jpg|thumb|[[Jai Singh I]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]] receiving [[Shivaji]] a day before concluding the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]] (12 June 1665), Shivaji was later conferred with the title of ''Raja'' by emperor Aurangzeb.<ref name="f819">{{cite book | last=Eraly | first=A. | title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls | publisher=Penguin Books Limited | year=2007 | isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT672 | access-date=2024-10-27 | page=672}}</ref>]]

{{Royal and noble ranks of West, Central, Southern Asia, and North Africa}}
'''Raja''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|dʒ|ɑː}}; from [[IAST]] ''{{IAST|rājan-}}'') is a noble or royal [[Sanskrit]] title historically used by some [[Indian subcontinent|Indian]] rulers and monarchs and highest-ranking nobles. The title was historically used in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]].

The title has a long history in [[South Asia]] and [[History of Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]], being attested from the ''[[Rigveda]]'', where a ''{{IAST|rājan-}}'' is a [[Rigvedic tribes|ruler]], see for example the [[Battle of the Ten Kings|''{{IAST|daśarājñá yuddhá}}'']], the "Battle of Ten Kings".

The title has equivalent [[cognate]]s in other [[Indo-European languages]], notably the Latin [[Rex (title)|Rex]] and the [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] Rix.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCone |first=Kim |date=1998 |title='King' and 'Queen' in Celtic and Indo-European |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30007840 |journal=Ériu |volume=49 |pages=1–12 |jstor=30007840 |issn=0332-0758}}</ref>

The [[Marathi people|Maratha]] title "[[Maratha titles|Rao]]" (or "Rao") functions as both a given name and an honorific title, derived from words like the Sanskrit "Rājā" meaning "king," is a associated with the [[Kshatriya|Kshatriya varna]] and can be considered a Kshatriya title.<ref name="f819">{{cite book | last=Eraly | first=A. | title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls | publisher=Penguin Books Limited | year=2007 | isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT672 | access-date=2024-10-27 | page=672}}</ref>{{copyedit inline|date=February 2026}}

== Raja-ruled Indian states ==
{{princely states topics}}
While most of the [[British Raj|Indian]] [[salute states]] (those granted a [[Salute#Heavy arms: gun salutes|gun salute]] by the [[The Crown|British Crown]]) were ruled by a [[Maharaja]] (or variation; some promoted from an earlier Raja- or equivalent style), even exclusively from 13 guns up, a number had Rajas:

'''Hereditary salutes of 13-guns'''

* the Raja of [[Benares State|Benares]]
* the Raja of [[Nabha State|Nabha]]
; Hereditary salutes of 11-gun
* the Raja of [[Sathasi Raj]]
* the Raja of [[Raigarh State|Raigarh]]
* the Raja of [[Ali Rajpur State|Ali Rajpur]]
* the Raja of [[Bilaspur State|Bilaspur]]
* the Raja of [[Chamba State|Chamba]]
* the Raja of [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]]
* the Raja of [[Jhabua State|Jhabua]]
* the Raja of [[Mandi State|Mandi]]
* the Raja of [[Manipur Kingdom|Manipur]]
* the Raja of [[Narsinghgarh State|Narsinghgarh]]
* the Raja of [[Pudukkottai State|Pudukkottai]]
* the Raja of [[Rajgarh State|Rajgarh]]
* the Raja of [[Sangli State|Sangli]]
* the Raja of [[Sailana State|Sailana]]
* the Raja of [[Samthar State|Samthar]]
* the Raja of [[Sitamau State|Sitamau]]
* the Raja of [[Suket State|Suket]]

; Hereditary salutes of 9-guns (11-guns personal) :
* the Raja of [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]]
* the Raja of [[Bhor State|Bhor]]

; Hereditary salute of 9-guns (11-guns local) :
* the Raja of [[Savantwadi State|Savantwadi]]

; Hereditary salutes of 9-guns :
* the Raja of [[Baraundha State|Baraundha]]
*the Raja of [[Jawhar State|Jawhar]]
; Hereditary salute of 9-guns<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIzJDQAAQBAJ&q=jawhar+9+guns+salute&pg=PA167|title=The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1939|last=Epstein|first=M.|date=2016-12-23|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230270688}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbI-AQAAIAAJ&q=jawhar+9+guns+salute&pg=PA10|title=The Pioneer Mail and Indian Weekly News|date=1921}}</ref>
* the Raja of [[Chhota Udepur State|Chhota Udepur]]
* the Raja of [[Khilchipur State|Khilchipur]]
* the Raja of [[Maihar State|Maihar]]
* the Raja of [[Mudhol State|Mudhol]]
* the Raja of [[Nagod State|Nagod]]
* the Raja of [[Sant State|Sant]]
* the Raja of [[Shahpura State|Shahpura]]

; Personal salute of 9-guns :
* the Raja of [[Bashahr State|Bashahr]]

== List of Rajas in Bali ==
{{Main|List of monarchs of Bali}}

===Rajas of [[Gelgel]]===
''[[Warmadewa Dynasty]]''
*[[Sri Kesari Warmadewa|Śri Kesari Warmadewa]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 914)
*[[Sri Ugrasena|Ugrasena]] (fl. 915–942)
*[[Tabanendra Warmadewa]] (fl. 955–967)
*Indrajayasingha Warmadewa (co-regent, fl. 960)
*[[Janasadhu Warmadewa]] (fl. 975)
*[[Śri Wijaya Mahadewi]] (queen, fl. 983)
*[[Mahendradatta|Gunapriya Dharmapatni]] (queen, before 989–1007)
*[[Udayana Warmadewa|Dharma Udayana Warmadewa]] (fl. 989–1011) [husband]
*[[Śri Ajñadewi]] (queen, fl. 1016)
*[[Marakata Pangkaja|Dharmawangsa Wardhana Marakatapangkaja]] (fl. 1022–1025) [son of Dharma Udayana]
*[[Airlangga]] (c. 1025–1042; King in [[Java]] from 1019) [brother]
*[[Anak Wungsu|Anak Wungçu]] (fl. 1049–1077) [brother]
*[[Śri Maharaja Walaprabhu]] (between 1079 and 1088)
*[[Śri Maharaja Sakalendukirana Laksmidhara Wijayottunggadewi]] (queen, fl. 1088–1101)
*Śri Suradhipa (fl. 1115–1119)
''Jaya Dynasty''
*[[Jayasakti|Śri Jayaśakti]] (fl. 1133–1150)
*[[Ragajaya]] (fl. 1155)
*[[Jayapangus]] (fl. 1178–1181)
*[[Arjayadengjayaketana]] (queen, fl. 1200)
*[[Haji Ekajayalancana]] (co-regent fl. 1200) [son]
*[[Bhatara Guru Śri Adikuntiketana]] (fl. 1204)
*[[Adidewalancana]] (fl. 1260)
*Queen of Bali, name unknown (?–1284) – in 1284, [[Kertanegara of Singhasari|Kertanegara]] attacked Bali and captured the queen of Bali<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Norman Miksic |author2=Goh Geok Yian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjklDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA464 |page=464|title=Ancient Southeast Asia |date=2016-10-14 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-27904-4}}</ref>
''[[Singasari]] subjugates Bali'' 1284
*Rajapatih Makakasar Kebo Parud (Governor, fl. 1296–1300)
''Native rulers reemergence''
*Mahaguru Dharmottungga Warmadewa (before 1324–1328)
*Walajayakertaningrat (1328-?) [son]
*Śri Astasura Ratna Bumi Banten (fl. 1332–1337)
''[[Majapahit]] conquers Bali'' 1343

''Dynasty of [[Samprangan]] and [[Gelgel, Indonesia|Gelgel]]''
*[[Sri Aji Kresna Kepakisan]] (14th century or c. 1471?; King of Bali in [[Samprangan]])
''Vassalage under Majapahit'' 1343-c. 1527
*[[Dalem Samprangan]] (14th century or c. 1502?) [son]
*[[Dalem Ketut]] (late 14th century or c. 1520?; King of Bali in [[Gelgel, Indonesia|Gelgel]]) [brother]
*[[Dalem Baturenggong]] (mid 16th century) [son]
*[[Dalem Bekung]] (fl. 1558–1578 or 1630s) [son]
*[[Dalem Seganing]] (c. 1580–1623 or ?-1650) [son]
*[[Dalem Di Made]] (1623–1642 or 1655–1665) [son]
*[[Dewa Pacekan]] (1642–1650; position uncertain) [son]
*[[Dewa Cawu]] (1651-c. 1655, died 1673; position uncertain) [uncle]
*[[Anglurah Agung]] (usurper c. 1665–1686)

===Rajas of [[Mengwi]]===

*[[Agung Anom|Gusti Agung Śakti (Gusti Agung Anom)]] (c. 1690–1722)
*Gusti Agung Made Alangkajeng (1722-c. 1740) [son]
*Gusti Agung Putu Mayun (1740s) [nephew]
*Gusti Agung Made Munggu (1740s–1770/80) [brother]
*Gusti Agung Putu Agung (1770/80-1793/94) [son]
*[[Gusti Ayu Oka Kaba-Kaba]] (regent 1770/80-1807) [mother, grandmother]
*Gusti Agung Ngurah Made Agung I (1807–1823) [son of Gusti Agung Putu Agung]
*Gusti Agung Ngurah Made Agung II Putra (1829–1836) [son]
*Gusti Agung Ketut Besakih (1836-1850/55) [brother]
*''Dutch suzerainty'' 1843–1891
*[[Gusti Ayu Istri Biang Agung]] (1836–1857) [widow of Gusti Agung Ngurah Made Agung Putra]
*Gusti Agung Ngurah Made Agung III (1859–1891) [descendant of Gusti Agung Putu Mayun]
*''Mengwi destroyed by Klungkung, Badung, Gianyar and Tabanan'' 1891

===Rajas of [[Tabanan Regency|Tabanan]]===

*Śri Magade Nata [son]
*Gusti Ngurah Langwang (Prabhu Singasana) [son]
*Gusti Ngurah Tabanan (Prabhu Winalwan) [son]
*Gusti Wayahan Pamedekan (?-1647) [son]
*Gusti Made Pamedekan (1647-c. 1650) [brother]
*Gusti Ngurah Tabanan (Prabhu Winalwanan) (second time, c. 1650-?)
*Prabhu Nisweng Panida (?-1654?) [son of Gusti Made Pamedekan]
*Gusti Made Dalang (1654?-?) [brother]
*Gusti Nengah Malkangin [son of Gusti Wayahan Pamedekan]
*Gusti Bolo di Malkangin [son of Prabhu Winalwanan]
*Gusti Agung Badeng (regent late 17th century) [son-in-law of Gusti Made Pamedekan]
*Prabhu Magada Śakti (c. 1700) [son of Prabhu Nisweng Panida]
*Anglurah Mur Pamade [son]
*Gusti Ngurah Sekar (fl. 1734) [son]
*Gusti Ngurah Gede [son]
*Gusti Ngurah Made Rai (?-1793) [brother]
*Gusti Ngurah Rai Penebel (1793-c. 1820) [brother]
*Gusti Ngurah Ubung (c. 1820) [son]
*Gusti Ngurah Agung I (c. 1820–1843) [grandson of Gusti Ngurah Made Rai]
*''Dutch suzerainty'' 1843–1906
*Gusti Ngurah Agung II (1843–1903) [son]
*Gusti Ngurah Rai Perang ( Gusti Ngurah Agung III)(1903–1906) [son]
*''Dutch conquest'' 1906
*Cokorda Ngurah Ketut (1929–1939) [nephew]
*Gusti Ngurah Wayan (Jero Kompyang Tabanan) (regent 1939–1944)
*Cokorda Ngurah Gede (1944–1950, ''kepala'' 1950–1955, died 1987) [son of Cokorda Ngurah Ketut]
*''Tabanan incorporated in the Indonesian unitary state'' 1950
*Cokorda Anglurah Tabanan (titular head of the dynasty 21 March 2008 – ...) [son]

===Rajas of [[Karangasem Regency|Karangasem]]===

*Gusti Nyoman Karang (c. 1600)
*Anglurah Ketut Karang [son]
*Anglurah Nengah Karangasem (late 17th century) [son]
*Anglurah Ketut Karangasem (fl. 1691–1692) [brother]
*Anglurah Made Karang [son of Anglurah Nengah Karangasem]
*Gusti Wayahan Karangasem (fl. 1730) [son of Anglurah Ketut Karangasem]
*Anglurah Made Karangasem Śakti (Bagawan Atapa Rare) (1730s) [son of Anglurah Made Karang]
*Anglurah Made Karangasem (1730s–1775) [son]
*Gusti Gede Ngurah Karangasem (1775–1806) [grandson]
*Gusti Gede Ngurah Lanang (1806–1822) [nephew]
*Gusti Gede Ngurah Pahang (1822) [grandson of Gusti Gede Ngurah Karangasem]
*Gusti Gede Ngurah Lanang (second time 1822–1828; died 1837)
*Gusti Bagus Karang (1828–1838; died 1839) [son of Gusti Gede Ngurah Karangasem]
*Gusti Gede Ngurah Karangasem (1838–1849) [nephew]
*''[[Lombok]] overlordship in Karangasem'' 1849–1894
*Gusti Made Jungutan (Gusti Made Karangasem) (vassal ruler 1849–1850) [former [[punggawa]] (local chief)]
*Gusti Gede Putu (vassal ruler 1850–1893) [nephew of Lombok raja]
*Gusti Gede Oka (vassal ruler 1850–1890) [brother]
*Gusti Gede Jelantik (1890–1908; died 1916) [brother]
*[[Anak Agung Agung Anglurah Ketut Karangasem]] (1908–1950; died 1966) [son of Gusti Gede Putu]
*''Karangasem incorporated in the Indonesian unitary state'' 1950
*Anak Agung Gde Jelantik (''kepala'' 1951–1958) [son]

===Rajas of [[Jembrana Regency|Jembrana]]===

''Agung Dynasty''
*Gusti Agung Basangtamiang (17th century) [son of Gelgel minister Gusti Agung Widya]
*Gusti Brangbangmurti [son]
*Gusti Gede Giri (c. 1700) [son]
*Gusti Ngurah Tapa [son]
*Gusti Made Yasa [brother]
*Gusti Gede Andul (first half of the 18th century) [son]
''Dynasty from Mengwi''
*Gusti Ngurah Agung Jembrana (mid 18th century) [grandson of Gusti Agung Sakti of Mengwi]
*Gusti Ngurah Batu (regent ?-1766) [son]
*Gusti Gede Jembrana (1766-?) [nephew]
*Gusti Putu Andul (before 1797–1809) [son]
*Gusti Rahi (regent for Badung, fl. 1805)
*Kapitan Patimi (regent, Buginese, c. 1805–1808)
*Gusti Wayahan Pasekan (regent c. 1812–1814)
*Gusti Made Pasekan (regent c. 1812–1814) [brother]
*Gusti Putu Sloka (1809–1835) [son of Gusti Putu Andul]
*Gusti Alit Mas (regent c. 1835–1840)
*Gusti Putu Dorok (regent c. 1835–1840) [great-grandson of Gusti Ngurah Batu]
*Gusti Made Penarungan (regent c. 1840–1849)
*Gusti Ngurah Made Pasekan (regent c. 1840–1849)
*''Dutch suzerainty'' 1843–1882
*Gusti Putu Ngurah Sloka (1849–1855; died 1876) [son of Gusti Putu Sloka]
*Gusti Ngurah Made Pasekan ([[patih]] 1849–1855; raja 1855–1866)
*Anak Agung Made Rai (regent 1867–1882; died 1905) [grandson of Gusti Putu Andul]
*''Dutch direct rule in Jembrana'' 1882–1929
*Anak Agung Bagus Negara (1929–1950, ''kepala'' 1950–1960; died 1967) [grandson of Anak Agung Made Rai]
*''Jembrana incorporated in the Indonesian unitary state'' 1950

===Rajas of [[Buleleng Regency|Buleleng]]===

''Dynasty of Panji Śakti''
*[[Gusti Panji Sakti|Gusti Panji Śakti]] (c. 1660-1697/99)
*Gusti Panji Wayahan Danurdarastra (1697/99-1732) [son]
*Gusti Alit Panji (1732-c. 1757/65) [son]
*''Dependent on Mengwi'' first half of the 18th century
*Gusti Ngurah Panji (in Sukasadda c. 1757/65) [son]
*''Dependent on Karangasem'' c. 1757–1806
*Gusti Ngurah Jelantik (in [[Singaraja]] c. 1757/65-c. 1780) [brother]
*Gusti Made Jelantik (c. 1780–1793) [son]
*Gusti Made Singaraja (1793-?) [nephew]
''Karangasem Dynasty''
*Anak Agung Rai (?-1806) [son of Gusti Gede Ngurah Karangasem]
*Gusti Gede Karang (1806–1818) [brother]
*Gusti Gede Ngurah Pahang (1818–1822) [son]
*Gusti Made Oka Sori (1822–1825) [nephew of Gusti Gede Karang]
*Gusti Ngurah Made Karangasem (1825–1849) [nephew of Gusti Gede Karang]
''Dynasty of Panji Śakti''
*Gusti Made Rai (1849, 1851–1853) [great-great-grandson of Gusti Ngurah Panji]
*''Dependency of Bangli'' 1849–1854
*Gusti Ngurah Ketut Jelantik (1854–1873; regency 1853–1861; died 1893) [descended from Gusti Ngurah Jelantik]
*''Dutch direct rule'' 1882–1929
*Anak Agung Putu Jelantik (regent 1929–1938; ''anak agung'' 1938–1944) [descended from Gusti Ngurah Jelantik]
*[[Pandji Tisna|Anak Agung Nyoman Panji Tisna]] (1944–1947) [son]
*Anak Agung Ngurah Ketut Jelantik (1947–1950; died 1970) [brother]
*''Buleleng incorporated in Indonesian unitary state'' 1950
*[[Pandji Tisna|Anak Agung Nyoman Panji Tisna]] (''kepala'' 1950–1958; died 1978)

===Rajas of [[Gianyar Regency|Gianyar]]===

*Dewa Manggis I Kuning (chief of Pahang)
*Dewa Manggis II Pahang (chief of Pahang) [son]
*Dewa Manggis III Bengkel (chief of Bengkel) [son]
*Dewa Manggis IV Jorog (Raja of Gianyar c. 1771–1788) [son]
*Dewa Manggis V di Madya (c. 1788–1820) [son]
*Dewa Manggis VI di Rangki (c. 1820–1847) [son]
*Dewa Manggis VII di Satria (1847–1884; died 1891) [son]
*''Dependency of Klungkung'' 1884–1891
*Dewa Pahang (1891–1896) [son]
*Dewa Manggis VIII (Dewa Gede Raka until 1908) (1896–1912) [brother]
*Ide Anak Agung Ngurah Agung (ruler (''anak agung'') 1913–1943) [son]
*[[Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung|Ide Anak Agung Gede Agung]] (1943–1946; died 1999) [son]
*Ide Anak Agung Gede Oka (1946–1950, ''kepala'' 1950–1958; died 1993) [brother]
*''Gianyar incorporated in the Indonesian unitary state'' 1950

===Rajas of [[Sukawati]] and [[Ubud]]===

''Dynasty from Klungkung''
*Dewa Agung Anom (Raja of Sukawati before 1713–1733)
*Dewa Agung Gede Mayun Dalem Patemon (1733-before 1757) [son]
*Dewa Agung Gede Sukawati (c. 1757) [son]
*Dewa Agung Made Pliatan (second half of 18th century) [brother]
''Lordship of Ubud, under Gianyar suzerainty''
*Cokorda Putu Kandel (c. 1800) [son]
*Cokorda Sukawati (19th century) [son]
*Cokorda Rai Batur (fl. 1874) [son]
*Cokorda Gede Sukawati (before 1889–1919) [son]
*[[Tjokorda Gde Raka Soekawati|Cokorda Gede Raka Sukawati]] (1919–1931; died 1967) [son]
*Cokorda Gede Agung Sukawati (1931–1950; died 1978) [brother]
*''Gianyar with Ubud incorporated in Indonesian unitary state'' 1950

===Rajas of Pamecutan in [[Badung Regency|Badung]]===

''Dynasty from Tabanan''
*Prabhu Bandana, Arya Notor Wanira (17th century) [son of Shri Magade Nata, King of Tabanan]
*Gusti Ngurah Papak [son]
*Gusti Jambe Pule (c. 1660–1683) [son]
*''Split in a Jambe and Pamecutan line'' 1683
*Gusti Jambe Merik (1683-?) [son]
*Gusti Jambe Ketewel [son]
*Gusti Jambe Tangkeban (c. 1757) [son]
*Gusti Jambe Aji [son]
*Gusti Jambe Ksatria (?-1780) [son]
''Rajas of Pamecutan''
*Gusti Macan Gading (1683-?) [son of Gusti Jambe Pule]
*Kyai Anglurah Pamecutan Śakti (fl. 1718) [son]
*Kyai Anglurah Pamecutan Mur ing Ukiran [son]
*Kyai Anglurah Pamecutan Bhija [son]
*''Split in a Pamecutan and Den Pasar line'' c. 1780
*Kyai Agung Gede Raka (?-1813) [son]
*Kyai Anglurah Pamecutan Mur ing Gedong (1813–1829) [son]
*Anak Agung Lanang (1829–1840) [grandson of Kyai Anglurah Pamecutan Bhija]
*Kyai Agung Gede Woka Mur ing Madarda (1840–1851) [son]
*Cokorda Agung Pamecutan (ruler (''cokorda'') 1851–1906) [nephew]
*''Dutch conquest of Badung with Pamecutan'' 1906
*Cokorda Ngurah Gede Pamecutan (of entire Badung 1946–1950, ''kepala'' 1950–1959; died 1986) [grandnephew]
*''Badung included in the Indonesian unitary state'' 1950

===Rajas of Kasiman in Badung===

*Gusti Ngurah Gede Kasiman (1813–1861) [son of Gusti Ngurah Made Pamecutan of Den Pasar]
*Gusti Ngurah Ketut Geledog (1861–1904) [son]
*Anak Agung Ngurah Mayun (1904–1906)
*''Dutch conquest of Badung with Kasiman'' 1906
*Gusti Ngurah Made (lord (''punggawa'') 1927–1954; died 1959) [son]

===Rajas of [[Denpasar]] in Badung===

*[[Gusti Ngurah Made Pemecutan|Gusti Ngurah Made Pamecutan (Kaleran)]] (before 1780–1817) [great-grandson of Kyai Anglurah Pamecutan Sakti]
*Gusti Ngurah Made Pamecutan Dewata di Satria (1817–1828) [son]
*''Domination by Kasiman'' 1829–1861
*Gusti Ngurah Gede Oka (titular raja 1829-1842/48) [son]
*Gusti Ngurah Made Pamecutan (titular raja, mid 19th century) [brother]
*Gusti Gede Ngurah Pamecutan (Cokorda Alit Ngurah I) (1861–1890) [son]
*Cokorda Alit Ngurah II (ruler (''cokorda'') 1890–1902) [son]
*Cokorda Made Agung (1902–1906) [brother]
*''Dutch conquest of Badung'' 1906
*Cokorda Alit Ngurah III (of entire Badung 1929–1946; died 1965) [son of Cokorda Alit Ngurah II]
*''Rulership goes to Pamecutan line'' 1946

===Rajas of [[Bangli Regency|Bangli]]===

*Dewa Gede Tangkeban I (of Nyalian ?-1804)
*Dewa Rai (c. 1804–1815)
*Dewa Gede Tangkeban II (c. 1815–1833) [son of Dewa Gede Tangkeban I]
*Dewa Gede Tangkeban III (1833–1875) [son]
*Dewa Gede Oka (1875–1880) [son]
*Dewa Gede Ngurah (1881–1892) [brother]
*Dewa Gede Cekorda (1894–1911) [brother]
*Dewa Gede Rai (regent 1913–1925) [brother]
*Dewa Gede Taman (regent 1925–1930) [grandson of Dewa Gede Tangkaban III]
*Dewa Putu Bukian (caretaker 1930–1931) [grandson of Dewa Gede Tangkaban III]
*Anak Agung Ketut Ngurah (ruler (''anak agung'') 1931–1950, ''kepala'' 1950–1960; died 1961) [son of Dewa Gede Cekorda]
*''Bangli is included in the Indonesian unitary state'' 1950

== Rajadharma ==
[[File:Nainsukh 2013GB2044 jpg l.jpg|thumb|300px|Raja Dhruv Dev of [[Jammu]] assesses a horse, by [[Nainsukh]], {{circa|1740s}}; it was usual for horses to be shown off in front of a white sheet, to better appreciate their form.]]{{Main|Rajadharma}}

{{See also|Dharma|Dharmaraja (disambiguation){{!}}Dharmaraja}}
Rajadharma is the dharma that applies to the king, or the raja. [[Dharma]] is that which upholds, supports, or maintains the order of the universe and is based on truth.<ref>Lariviere, 1989</ref> It is of central importance in achieving order and balance within the world and does this by demanding certain necessary behaviors from people.

The king served two main functions as the raja: obligatory and religious.<ref name="auto">Kane, p.101</ref> The religious functions involved certain acts for propitiating gods, removing dangers, and guarding dharma, among other things. The obligatory functions involved helping prosperity (such as during times of famine), dealing out even-handed justice, and protecting people and their property. Once he helped the Vibhore to reach his goal by giving the devotion of his power in order to reduce the poverty from his kingdom.<ref name="auto"/>

Protection of his subjects was seen as the first and foremost duty of the king. This was achieved by punishing internal aggression, such as thieves among his people, and meeting external aggression, such as attacks by foreign entities.<ref>Kane, p.56</ref> Moreover, the king possessed executive, judicial, and legislative dharmas, which he was responsible for carrying out. If he did so wisely, the king believed that he would be rewarded by reaching the pinnacle of the abode of the [[Surya|Sun]], or heaven.<ref>Lariviere, p.19</ref> However, if the king carried out his office poorly, he feared that he would suffer [[Naraka|hell]] or be struck down by a deity.<ref>Kane, p.96</ref> As scholar Charles Drekmeier notes, "dharma stood above the king, and his failure to preserve it must accordingly have disastrous consequences". Because the king's power had to be employed subject to the requirements of the various ashramas and [[Varna (Hinduism)|varnas']] dharma, failure to "enforce the code" transferred guilt on to the ruler, and according to Drekmeier some texts went so far as to justify revolt against a ruler who abused his power or inadequately performed his dharma. In other words, dharma as both the king's tool of coercion and power, yet also his potential downfall, "was a two-edged sword".<ref>Drekmeier, p.10</ref>

The executive duty of the king was primarily to carry out punishment, or ''[[Daṇḍa (Hindu punishment)|daṇḍa]]''.<ref name="auto1">Kane, p.21</ref> For instance, a judge who would give an incorrect verdict out of passion, ignorance, or greed is not worthy of the office, and the king should punish him harshly.<ref name="auto2">Lariviere, p.18</ref> Another executive dharma of the king is correcting the behavior of [[brahmin]]s that have strayed from their dharma, or duties, through the use of strict punishment.<ref>Lariviere, p.48</ref> These two examples demonstrated how the king was responsible for enforcing the dharmas of his subjects, but also was in charge of enforcing rulings in more civil disputes.<ref name="auto3">Derrett, p.598</ref> Such as if a man is able to repay a creditor but does not do so out of mean-spiritedness, the king should make him pay the money and take five percent for himself.<ref>Lariviere, p.67</ref>

The judicial duty of the king was deciding any disputes that arose in his kingdom and any conflicts that arose between [[dharmasastra|dharmashastra]] and practices at the time or between dharmashastra and any secular transactions.<ref>Kane, p.9</ref> When he took the judgment seat, the king was to abandon all selfishness and be neutral to all things.<ref>Lariviere, p.10</ref> The king would hear cases such as thefts, and would use dharma to come to a decision.<ref>Lariviere, p.8</ref> He was also responsible for making sure that the witnesses were honest and truthful by way of testing them.<ref name="auto2"/> If the king conducted these trials according to dharma, he would be rewarded with wealth, fame, respect, and an eternal place in [[svarga|heaven]], among other things.<ref>Lariviere, p.9</ref> However, not all cases fell upon the shoulders of the king. It was also the king's duty to appoint judges that would decide cases with the same integrity as the king.<ref>Lariviere, p.20</ref>

The king also had a legislative duty, which was utilized when he would enact different decrees, such as announcing a festival or a day of rest for the kingdom.<ref>Kane, p.98</ref>

Rajadharma largely portrayed the king as an administrator above all else.<ref name="auto4">Kane, p.31</ref> The main purpose for the king executing punishment, or danda, was to ensure that all of his subjects were carrying out their own particular dharmas.<ref name="auto1"/> For this reason, rajadharma was often seen as the root of all dharma and was the highest goal.<ref>Kane, p.3</ref> The whole purpose of the king was to make everything and everyone prosper.<ref>Kane, p.11</ref> If they were not prospering, the king was not fulfilling his dharma.<ref>Kane, p.62</ref> He had to carry out his duties as laid down in the science of government and "not act at his sweet will."<ref name="auto4"/> Indeed, in the major writings on dharma (i.e. [[dharmasastra]], etc.), the dharma of the king was regarded as the "capstone" of the other varnas' dharma both due to the king's goal of securing the happiness and prosperity of his people<ref>Derret, p.599</ref> as well as his ability to act as the "guarantor" of the whole social structure through the enforcement of ''[[Daṇḍa (Hindu punishment)|daṇḍa]]''.<ref>Drekmeier, p.10-11</ref>

In contemporary India, an idea pervades various levels of Hindu society: the "Ramarajya", or a kind of Hindu [[Satya Yuga|Golden Age]] in which through his strict adherence to rajadharma as outline in the Hindu epics and elsewhere, [[Rama]] serves as the ideal model of the perfect Hindu king. As Derrett put it, "everyone lives at peace" because "everyone knows his place" and could easily be forced into that place if necessary.<ref name="auto3"/>

== See also ==

* [[Maratha titles]]
* [[Rao (title)]]
* [[Raje]]
* [[Deshmukh]]
* [[Devaraja]]
* [[Maharaja]]
* [[Rana (title)]]
* [[Babu (title)]]
* [[Rawal (title)]]
* [[Zamindar]]
* [[Monarchy in ancient India]]
* [[King]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* Derrett, J.D.M. "Rajadharma." ''The Journal of Asian Studies'', Vol. 35, No. 4 (Aug. 1976), pp. 597–609
* Drekmeier, Charles. ''Kingship and Community in Early India.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 1962.
* Kane, Pandurang Vaman. 1968. History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Mediæval Religious and Civil Law in India. [2d ed.] rev. and enl. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.
* Lariviere, Richard W. 1989. "The Naradasmrti." University of Pennsylvania Studies on South Asia.

== External links ==
{{EB1911 poster|Raja}}

{{salute states}}
{{Head offices of state and government of Indonesia}}
{{Head offices of state and government of the Philippines}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Rajas| ]]
[[Category:Heads of state in Asia]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]
[[Category:Titles in Bangladesh]]
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[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]
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Hasakothur

2026-02-08T11:18:31Z

Subhamaykarjee:

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=August 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2012}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hasakothur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18|48|1|N|78|30|56|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Mandal]]
| parts = [[Kammar pally]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name1 = Revathi gangadhar
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4574
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=606436|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=3 September 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 503 308
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-8463
| registration_plate = TS–16
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 53.4%
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hasakothur''' (renamed from '''MuthyalaKothur''' in 1960s) is a village in the [[Kammarpally]] mandal in the [[Nizamabad district]] in the state of [[Telangana]] in [[India]].

There are 1230 households and 4,574 population is there in village as per 2011 [[census]], in that 2,215 are male and 2,359 are female.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=606436 2011 census]</ref>

== History ==
The area which village is located under Asmaka janapada ([[Assaka]]).<ref>Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (1972) ''Political History of Ancient India'', University of Calcutta, mumbai, p.80</ref> of early Indian [[Vedic period]], later it is under part of the [[Satavahana dynasty]].

== Agriculture ==
Most of the people living in this village are farmers. The main crops cultivated are [[Rice]], [[Turmeric]] (pasupu), [[Sweetcorn]] (mokka jonna), [[Pearl millet]] (sajja), [[millet]] (Jonna), [[Soya bean]] and [[Peanut|Groundnut]]. The water resources for cultivation are bore wells, agricultural wells. This village has its own lake.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Nizamabad district]]

Geeta Luthra

2026-02-07T19:20:43Z

Subhamaykarjee: added post

{{Short description|Senior advocate in the Supreme Court of India}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Geeta Luthra
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| alma_mater = [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]], [[University of Cambridge]] ([[Master of Laws|LLM]]), ([[MPhil]])
| occupation = [[Senior Counsel|Senior Advocate]] at the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Geeta Luthra''' is a [[Senior Counsel|Senior Advocate]] in the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name="Singh 2018"/>

==Career==

Luthra began practicing law in the 1980s.<ref name="Sarda2020">{{cite news |last1=Sarda |first1=Kanu |title=Geeta Luthra: Together with guts and wits |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/mar/08/geeta-luthra-together-with-guts-and-wits-2113810.html |access-date=11 February 2021 |agency=New Indian Express |date=20 March 2020}}</ref> For thirty years, she practiced law with Senior Advocate [[Pinky Anand]].<ref name="Rasheed">{{cite web |last1=Rasheed |first1=Mustafa |title=Women in Law: Interview of Senior Advocate Geeta Luthra with Her Forum |url=https://www.lawctopus.com/women-in-law-geeta-luthra/ |website=Lawctopus |access-date=11 February 2021 |date=September 1, 2020}}</ref> Luthra's legal practice experience includes criminal law, arbitration law, constitutional law, human rights and economic offenses.<ref name="DD">{{cite web |title=Geeta Luthra |url=https://difficultdialogues.in/geeta-luthra/ |website=Difficult Dialogues |access-date=11 February 2021 |date=2018 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125043031/http://difficultdialogues.in/geeta-luthra/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her cases have included women's maintenance and property rights, bail in offenses against women, and the right for transgender people to serve in the paramilitary forces in India.<ref name="Sarda2020"/> She has also provided free legal services, including for female prison inmates in Bihar.<ref name="Singh 2018" /><ref name="Rasheed" /> In 2018, Luthra told the ''[[ThePrint]]'', "Everyone deserves a chance at a fair trial," and "It is not my place to say what is right and what is wrong, I have always strived to work for a true sense of fairness. That is what makes me tick."<ref name="Singh 2018" />

Luthra currently represents former Union Minister [[M. J. Akbar]] in the criminal defamation case he filed against [[Priya Ramani]] for sexual harassment allegations she made against him during the [[Me Too movement (India)|MeToo movement in India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saran |first1=Mekhala |title=Akbar-Ramani Case: How a Journalist Was Tried for Saying #MeToo |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/law/mj-akbar-priya-ramani-case-background-explained-verdict-10-february |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=The Quint |date=February 10, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=FP Staff |title='Factually incorrect, mala fide': MJ Akbar's lawyer Geeta Luthra presents rejoinder in defamation suit against Priya Ramani |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/factually-incorrect-mala-fide-mj-akbars-lawyer-geeta-luthra-presents-rejoinder-in-defamation-suit-against-priya-ramani-8999371.html |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=FirstPost |date=November 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=FP Staff |title=MJ Akbar's counsel makes closing arguments in Priya Ramani defamation case; next hearing on 24 Dec |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/mj-akbars-counsel-makes-closing-arguments-in-priya-ramani-defamation-case-says-former-ministers-reputation-was-tarnished-9136221.html |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=FirstPost |date=December 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Priyadarshini |first1=Anna |title=Priya Ramani's Vogue article about sexual harassment is 'fictitious', MJ Akbar's lawyer |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/01/18/priya-ramanis-vogue-article-about-sexual-harassment-is-fictitious-mj-akbars-lawyer |access-date=22 January 2021 |work=Newslaundry |date=January 18, 2021}}</ref> She also has represented [[Tarun Tejpal]] since 2013<ref>{{cite news |title=Hearing resumes on Tejpal's anticipatory bail plea |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/hearing-resumes-on-tejpals-anticipatory-bail-plea/article23155868.ece |access-date=11 February 2021 |agency=The Hindu Businessline |date=30 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tarun Tejpal granted interim bail, lawyers slammed in court |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tarun-tejpal-granted-interim-bail-lawyers-slammed-in-court-542833 |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=NDTV |agency=AllIndia |date=November 30, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Hari |title=Indian Editor Is Arrested in Assault of Employee |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/01/world/asia/indian-editor-arrest.html |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=November 30, 2013}}</ref> and Rajiv Kocher, brother-in-law of [[Chanda Kochhar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Court directs withdrawal of lookout notice against Chanda Kochhar's brother-in-law |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/court-directs-withdrawal-of-look-out-circular-against-chanda-kochhars-brother-in-law/articleshow/69690188.cms |access-date=11 February 2021 |agency=Economic Times |date=7 June 2019}}</ref> In 2016, Luthra represented Shashi Shekhar Thakur in the Delhi High Court.<ref name="Singh 2018" /> She has also represented Dubai-based businessman Rajeev Saxena.<ref>{{cite news |last1=FE Online |title=BREAKING: AgustaWestland accused Rajeev Saxena extradited to India |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/breaking-agustawestland-accused-rajeev-saxena-extradited-to-india/1459637/ |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=Financial Express |date=January 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Rajiv Saxena, Co-Accused in the AgustaWestland Case? |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/rajiv-saxena-accused-agusta-westland-vvip-chopper-scam |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=The Quint |date=February 12, 2019}}</ref>

In 2021, Luthra was one of two senior advocates who appeared in the Supreme Court on behalf of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] leader and lawyer [[Ashwini Kumar Upadhaya|Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay]], who filed a petition seeking the uniform application of gender and religion-neutral adoption and guardianship laws throughout India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Abraham |title=Plea in Supreme Court seeks religion, gender neutral adoption process |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/plea-in-supreme-court-seeks-religion-gender-neutral-adoption-process-101611932404323.html |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=January 29, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SC agrees to examine plea for gender & religion neutral uniform law on adoption, guardianship |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sc-agrees-to-examine-plea-for-gender-religion-neutral-uniform-law-on-adoption-guardianship/articleshow/80588947.cms |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=The Economic Times |agency=Press Trust India |date=January 29, 2021}}</ref> Luthra also represented the [[National Commission for Women]] (NCW) in its Supreme Court challenge to a Bombay High Court case involving a man accused of groping a 12-year-old girl, where the verdict was an acquittal due to a lack of "skin-to-skin" contact.<ref>{{cite news |title=NCW says skin-to-skin contact verdict 'perverse interpretation', SC issues notice |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=800228 |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=Daijiworld |date=February 10, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Skin to skin contact: SC agrees to hear NCW's plea against Bombay HC verdict |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/skin-skin-contact-sc-agrees-075256859.html |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=Yahoo News |agency=Press Trust India |date=February 9, 2021}}</ref>

== Commentary ==
Luthra has argued for statutory safety and privacy while implementing apps like [[Aarogya Setu]], which are claimed to be in public health interest.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Luthra |first1=Geeta |title=Covid-19: Balance between civil liberties and public health |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/covid-19-balance-between-civil-liberties-and-public-health/ |website=The Daily Guardian |access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref> In 2017, she provided commentary as a human rights lawyer to ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' after the Supreme Court ruled that the right to privacy is a fundamental right.<ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=SC ruling on privacy will have wider implications, say experts |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/sc-ruling-privacy-will-wider-implications-say-experts-1502458334.html |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=The Statesman |date=August 24, 2017}}</ref> In 2019, she spoke with Faye D'Souza of ''[[Times Now]]'' about the right to vote.<ref>{{cite news |last1=D'Souza |first1=Faye |title=Faye D'Souza speaks to Senior Advocate Geeta Luthra on the 'Right to Vote' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/mirror-now/politics/faye-dsouza-speaks-to-senior-advocate-geeta-luthra-on-the-right-to-vote-exclusive/28733 |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=TimesNowNews |date=April 12, 2019}}</ref> In 2019, Luthra provided commentary to ''[[The Print]]'' about an order from a Nanded family court that included a provision for a man to donate sperm to his estranged wife or have his refusal be used as grounds for divorce.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mandhani |first1=Apoorva |title=What if roles are reversed? Debate on court ordering man to give sperm to estranged wife |url=https://theprint.in/india/what-if-roles-are-reversed-debate-on-court-ordering-man-to-give-sperm-to-estranged-wife/255693/ |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=ThePrint |date=June 28, 2019}}</ref>

In 2020, Luthra participated in a public debate about capital punishment with other attorneys that was hosted by the Delhi High Court Women Lawyers Forum.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ravi |first1=Niharika |title=Delhi High Court Women Lawyers Forum Debates Death Penalty |url=https://www.theleaflet.in/delhi-high-court-women-lawyers-forum-debates-death-penalty/# |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=The Leaflet |date=December 19, 2020}}</ref> In 2020, Luthra spoke out about the [[anti-conversion law]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Is anti-conversion law becoming a political tool? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/times-now/india/is-anti-conversion-law-becoming-a-political-tool-the-big-story/84953 |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=TimesNowNews |date=December 28, 2020}}</ref>

==Associations==

Luthra is the Vice-President of the Indian Council of Arbitration.<ref>{{cite web |title=About ICA |url=http://www.icaindia.co.in/index.htm |website=Indian Council of Arbitration |access-date=13 February 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613090826/https://www.icaindia.co.in/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is a member of the International Academy of Family Lawyers<ref>{{cite web |title=Geeta Luthra |url=https://www.iafl.com/find-a-lawyer/search-results/?forename=Geeta&surname=Luthra |website=International Academy of Family Lawyers |access-date=13 February 2021}}</ref> and LawAsia.<ref name="DD"/>

== Education ==
Luthra graduated from [[Lady Shri Ram College]] with a BA in Political Science in 1977<ref>{{cite web |title=Distinguished Alumnae |url=https://lsr.edu.in/distinguished-alumnae/ |website=Lady Shri Ram College |access-date=12 February 2021 |date=2019}}</ref> and graduated from the [[University of Cambridge]] with an LLM and M.Phil. after winning the Inlaks scholarship.<ref name="Singh 2018">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Nandita |title=The LSR graduate who's a lawyer representing both MJ Akbar and Tarun Tejpal |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/the-lsr-graduate-whos-a-lawyer-representing-both-mj-akbar-and-tarun-tejpal/137633/ |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=The Print |date=October 20, 2018}}</ref> While at Cambridge, [[Elihu Lauterpacht]] was one of her teachers.<ref name="Singh 2018"/> She studied law at Campus Law Centre, [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]].<ref name="Singh 2018"/>

==Personal life==
Luthra's father, K.K. Luthra, was a senior advocate, and her brother [[Sidharth Luthra]] is senior advocate<ref name="Singh 2018"/> who has said Luthra helped support the start of his law practice.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nangia |first1=Tarun |title=Siddharth Luthra and his mother |url=https://www.newsx.com/national/siddharth-and-his-mother.html |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=NewsX |date=January 15, 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115170746/https://www.newsx.com/national/siddharth-and-his-mother.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Luthra's daughter Shivani has also joined the legal profession.<ref name="Sarda2020" /><ref name="Rasheed" />

== External links ==
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=DESssC7a1Rs Domestic violence and allied laws: How to tackle] (LCI webinar by Geeta Luthra, April 28, 2020)
* [https://sayfty.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sayfty-Survivors-Toolkit.pdf The Sayfty Survivors’ Toolkit] (a resource for survivors of sexual assault in India, with substantive contributions by Geeta Luthra)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Luthra, Geeta}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Senior Counsel]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]

Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran

2026-02-04T03:37:59Z

Subhamaykarjee: added new details

{{short description|Indian mythological television series}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = [[Mythological]] [[Drama]]
| creator = [[Nikhil Dwivedi]]
| developer = Vikas Kapoor
| based_on = {{plainlist|
*[[Bhagavata Purana]]
*[[Bhagavad Gita]]
*[[Mahabharata]]
*[[Ramayana]]
}}
| writer = Vikas Kapoor
| director = Kamal Monga
| creative_director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| narrated =
| opentheme = ''Shirmad Bhagwat'' – song
| endtheme = ''Shrimad Bhagwat'' – music
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 52
| budget =
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[Nikhil Dwivedi]]
}}
| editor = Paresh Shah
| camera = [[multi-camera]]
| runtime = 43 minutes
| company = Saffron Productions
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2019|6|2}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2020|5|24}}
}}
'''''Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran''''' is an Indian mythological television series produced by Nikhil Dwivedi. Series aired on [[Colors TV]] from 2 June 2019 to 24 May 2020.

==Plot==
[[Krishna]] answers [[Radha]]'s questions and tells tales from Srimad Bhagavatam in no particular order.

==Cast==
* [[Shiny Doshi]] as [[Radha]]
* [[Rajneesh Duggal]] as [[Krishna]]
* Shalini Vishnudev as [[Yashoda]]
* Sushant Marya as [[Balaram]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/karn-sangini-actor-sushant-marya-roped-colors-shrimad-bhagavad-190311 | title=Karn Sangini actor Sushant Marya roped in for Colors' Shrimad Bhagavad }}</ref>
* [[Ishita Ganguly]] as [[Parvati]]
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as [[Shiva]]
* [[Vidisha Srivastav]] as [[Sita]]
* [[Aishwarya Sharma]] as [[Sita]]
* [[Waseem Mushtaq]] as [[Rama]]
* [[Alihassan Turabi]] as [[Ravana]]
* [[Aashish Kaul]] as [[Prahlada]]
* [[Hrishikesh Pandey]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.patrika.com/jabalpur-news/porus-fame-hrishikesh-pandey-is-ready-with-new-tv-show-shrimad-bhagwat-4769076/|title=Hrishikesh will be seen in the role of Emperor Daksha|author=Abhishek Dixit|work=[[Rajasthan Patrika]]|date=29 June 2019|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref> as [[Daksha]]
* Rahul Ranaa as [[Ahiravan]]
* Harsh Vashisht as [[Parikshit]]
* Riyanka Chanda as [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttarāa]]
* [[Kajal Jain]] as [[Shurpanakha]]
* [[Kunal Bakshi]] as [[Ravana]]
* [[Ketki Kadam|Ketaki Kadam]] as [[Gayatri]]
* [[Ketan Karande]] as [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]]/[[Sugriva]]
*Ayaan Zubair Rahamani as Child [[Krishna]]
* Dinesh Mehta as [[Shantanu]]
* [[Monica Sharma]] as Devi [[Ganga in Hinduism|Ganga]]
* [[Meet Mukhi]] as Young [[Prahlada]]
* Vandana Lalwani as [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]]
* [[Ayaz Khan]] as Devraj [[Indra]]
* [[Amit Varma (actor)|Amit Varma]] as [[Viprachitti]]
* Vijay Badlani as Devrishi [[Narada]]
* [[Amit Pachori]] as Bhagwan [[Vishnu]]
* Smriti Khanna as Iravati
* [[Garima Jain]] as [[Shachi]]
* [[Nazea Hasan Sayed]] as [[Tulsi in Hinduism|Tulsi]]
* Iti Kaurav as Maya
* [[Shailesh Gulabani]] as [[Satyavrata]]
* Nidhi Seth as [[Vedavati]]
* [[Danish Akhtar Saifi]] as [[Hanuman]]
* Priyom Gujjar as [[Lakshman]]
* [[Meer Ali]] as Young [[Bhishma]]
* Viraj Kapoor as Young [[Krishna]]
* Aryavart Mishra as Young [[Ganesh]]
* Arun Mandola as Vibhishan
* Chandan Madan as Surya

==Episodes==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Episode No.
!Telecast Date
!Title
|-
|1.
|2 Jun 2019
|[[Parvati]] created [[Ganesha]], his beheading by his father & why his father had to behead him.
|-
|-
|-
|2.
|9 Jun 2019
|Ganesha received elephant head & the cut-off head asks justice.
|-
|-
|3.
|16 Jun 2019
|Was Lord [[Rama]]'s action justified?
|-
|-
|4.
|23 Jun 2019
| A story of true love and sorrow!
|-
|5.
|30 Jun 2019
|[[Shiva|Shiva's]] journey of sacrifices!
|-
|6.
|7 Jul 2019
|The tragic story of [[Vyasa|Ved Vyasa]]
|-
|7.
|14 Jul 2019
|The tale of [[Kali (demon)|Maharaj Kaliyug]]
|-
|8.
|21 Jul 2019
|Kaliyug conspires against [[Parikshit]]
|-
|9.
|28 Jul 2019
|The tale of [[Ravana|Raavan]] and [[Dasharatha]]
|-
|10.
|4 Aug 2019
|King Parikshit cursed to be killed by snake [[Takshaka]] who has his own motive for killing him.
|-
|11.
|11 Aug 2019
|Parikshit listens to [[Bhagavata Purana|Srimad Bhagavat]] from [[Shuka]]deva & dies in peace. His son [[Janamejaya]] starts snake sacrifice.
|-
|12.
|18 Aug 2019
|Hayaasura (horse-faced demon) steals Vedas (source of all knowledge), God decides end of world, chooses [[Vaivasvata Manu|Satyavrata]] to be 1st man in new age & takes matsya avatar ( the giant fish incarnation).
|-
|13.
|25 Aug 2019
|Great flood, the giant fish brings Satyavrata, his wife & [[Saptarishi]]s(7 celestial sages )to safety, God takes Hayagriva avatar(the horse-man incarnation) to kill The Demon.
|-
|14.
|1 Sep 2019
|God kills Bhrigu's wife whose Sage [[Bhrigu]] curses him then repents & whose son, [[Shukra]], is punished for his impudence but decides revenge.
|-
|15.
|8 Sep 2019
|Shukra's revenge & [[Indra]], leader of demigods, cursed.
|-
|16.
|15 Sep 2019
|God defeats serpent [[Kaliya]] & dispute between Action & Destiny.
|-
|17.
|22 Sep 2019
|Witch [[Putana]] is blessed even though she tries to kill God, Putana's previous life where she accepts God as his son then wants to kill him when God take Vamana avatar(the fifth incarnation) assumes gigantic form & takes over Earth, Heaven & her father [[Mahabali|Bali]].
|-
|18.
|29 Sep 2019
|Justice council is set up where Ganesha punishes God to go with Bali, God's wife gets her husband back.
|-
|19.
|6 Oct 2019
|Demon [[Hiranyakashipu|Hiranyakashyapa]] creates havoc, tries to kill his son, [[Prahlada|Prahlad]], who is God's devotee but is killed by God's fourth incarnation of [[Narasimha]](lion-man).
|-
|20.
|13 Oct 2019
|Indra attacks Hiranyakashyap's kingdom while he's away, [[Narada]] makes Prahalad devotee, Prahlad's previous life, his desire to avenge his father.
|-
|21.
|20 Oct 2019
|[[Ganesha]] & [[Tulsi in Hinduism|Tulsi]] curse each other, [[Parvati]] bring a way for God's [[Prasāda|prasada]] to reach people.
|-
|22.
|27 Oct 2019
|[[Markandeya]] conquers death.
|-
|23.
|3 Nov 2019
|Parvati proves one can change one's original skin tone & accepts Dhanua's lion, becoming known as [[Dawon]] (goddess whose mount is lion).
|-
|24.
|10 Nov 2019
|Narad becomes arrogant & thinks himself as mighty as the Trinity, curses [[Vishnu]] & [[Lakshmi|Laxmi]].
|-
|25.
|17 Nov 2019
|Laxmi curses [[Narada|Narad]] who is cursed by [[Brahma]] in his next life. In the life after this, Narad becomes good person.
|-
|26.
|24 Nov 2019
|[[Daksha]], an arrogant king, curses Narad.
|-
|27.
|1 Dec 2019
|Daksha wants devotion to God to stop, is taught a lesson by [[Marichi]] (elder brother), The Moon's wives try to kill his favourite wife, Daksha curses Lord [[Chandra]] (Moon).
|-
|28.
|8 Dec 2019
|Daksha insults [[Shiva]] upon which [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] sets fire to herself. Angry Shiva calls upon [[Virabhadra|Veerbhadra]] & [[Bhadrakali]].
|-
|29.
|15 Dec 2019
|Why [[Vishnu]] fails to protect [[Daksha yajna|Dakha's sacrifice]] hall, Veerbhadra plucks off Daksha's head to be replaced with goat's head.
|-
|30.
|22 Dec 2019
|Goddess [[Gayatri]]
|-
|31.
|29 Dec 2019
|Sage Richik learns his mother's wish
|-
|32.
|5 Jan 2020
|The birth of the devious Ravan
|-
|33.
|12 Jan 2020
|Shurpanakha, the downfall of Ravan
|-
|34.
|19 Jan 2020
|The tale of Ravan's treachery!
|-
|35.
|26 Jan 2020
|Ravan's encounter with Kailash!
|-
|36.
|2 Feb 2020
|Shabari's life of devotion
|-
|37.
|9 Feb 2020
|Ravan to Ram's aid
|-
|38.
|16 Feb 2020
|Kumbhakarna's invincible legacy
|-
|39.
|23 Feb 2020
|Ravan plans to avenge Indrajit!
|-
|40.
|1 Mar 2020
|Ravan feels insulted by Vedavati!
|-
|41.
|8 mar 2020
|Lakshman learns from Ravan!
|-
|42.
|15 mar 2020
|Ram vows to destroy Kashiraj!
|-
|43.
|22 mar 2020
|Kaikeyi demands Ram's exile!
|-
|44.
|29 mar 2020
|Sita's divine sacrifice
|-
|45.
|5 April 2020
|Battle of the Gods!
|-
|46.
|12 April 2020
|Ganga and her seven sons
|-
|47.
|19 April 2020
|Devavrat's ultimate sacrifice!
|-
|48.
|26 April 2020
|The curse on Kashyapa!
|-
|49.
|3 May 2020
|A tale of Devaki's woes
|-
|50.
|10 May 2020
|Story of the warrior prince Balaram!
|-
|51.
|17 May2020
|Dhritarashtra questions Kanha
|-
|52.
|24 May 2020
|The end of the Yadav clan
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.voot.com/shows/shrimad-bhagwat-mahapuran/100812 Official website] on [[Voot]]
* {{IMDb title|tt10426770}}

{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:Indian television series about Hindu deities]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]

Ministry of Revenue and Disaster Management (Odisha)

2026-01-21T04:18:46Z

Subhamaykarjee: Done

{{Short description|Odisha government ministry responsible for Revenue}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Revenue & Disaster Management [[Government of Odisha]]
| nativename = '''ରାଜସ୍ୱ ଓ ବିପର୍ଯ୍ୟୟ ପରିଚାଳନା ବିଭାଗ'''
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| type =
| seal = [[File:Seal of Odisha.png|frameless|upright]]
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|1936}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1937/apr/19/provincial-governments-ministers|title=PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS (MINISTERS).|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|date=19 April 1937 }}</ref>
| preceding1 = Department of Revenue
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| jurisdiction = [[Chief Minister of Odisha]]
| headquarters = Bhubaneswar
| coordinates =
| motto =
| employees =
| budget = State budget of Government of Odisha
| minister1_name = '''[[Suresh Pujari]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Government of Odisha|Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo =
| chief1_name =
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name = '''Deoranjan Kumar Singh'''
| chief2_position = Additional Chief Secretary
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{url|https://revenue.odisha.gov.in/}}
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| agency_type =
}}

The '''Ministry of Revenue and Disaster Management''' is a ministry of the [[Government of Odisha]]. It is responsible for preparing annual plans for the development of [[Odisha]] state. It also oversees the transfer of immovable properties, administration of the registration offices and overseeing the agencies responsible for providing relief to the people affected by various natural and man-made calamities .<ref name="p390">{{cite web | title=About Department | website=Revenue and Disaster Management Department | url=https://revenue.odisha.gov.in/about-us/about-department | access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet level]] by [[Suresh Pujari]]. The administration is headed by Principal Secretary or Additional Chief Secretary.<ref name="p390"/><ref name="t798">{{cite book | last=Ray-Bennett | first=N.S. | title=Avoidable Deaths: A Systems Failure Approach to Disaster Risk Management | publisher=Springer International Publishing | series=SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science | year=2017 | isbn=978-3-319-66951-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tlU0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 | access-date=2025-01-01 | page=13}}</ref>

==References ==
{{reflist}}

{{State agencies of Odisha}}

[[Category:Government of Odisha]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Odisha]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Amar Bhitor Bahire Ontore Ontore

2026-01-20T06:43:00Z

Subhamaykarjee: new - done

{{short description|Bengali poem, song}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Unreliable sources|date=January 2026}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Fan POV|date=January 2026}} }}
{{Infobox poem
| name = Amar Bhitor Bahire Ontore Ontore
| author = [[Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah]]
| caption = Shahidullah wrote the poem as a suicide note to his wife, [[Taslima Nasrin]].
| language = [[Bangla language|Bangla]]
| lines = 28
| first = 1986
| published =
| subject = Love, Severance, Sorrow, Desire
| module =
}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Amar Bhitor Bahire Ontore Ontore/Bhalo Achi Bhalo Theko
| cover = Rudra Muhammad Shahidullah.JPG
| caption = Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah
| type = song
| artist = [[Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah]]
| lyricist = Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah
| composer = Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah
| released = 1996, 2006, ?, 1992
| language = [[Bangla language|Bangla]]
| misc = '''Performer(s)''' {{plainlist|* [[Andrew Kishore]] & [[Kanak Chapa]]
* [[Kabir Suman]] & [[Sabina Yasmin]]
* [[Symphony (band)|Symphony]]
* [[TeerThak]]}}
'''Album(s)'''
{{plainlist|*Tomakey Chai
* Tero
* Anubhabe
* Duari}}
'''Label(s)'''
{{plainlist|*Anupam
* Cozmic Harmony
* Sargam Records
* Sangeet}}
{{External music video|{{YouTube|puBWoi1VNzY|ভাল আছি ভাল থেকো - Andrew Kishore & Kanak Chapa}}|type=song}}
{{External music video|{{YouTube|POc2GA-HwEk|Cozmik Harmony II Taero II Kabir Suman II Sabina Yasmin}}|type=song}}
{{External music video|{{YouTube|jxueVCbnD9o?t|অনুভবে - Symphony}}|type=song}}
{{External music video|{{YouTube|LlmWNakDHI8|ভাল আছি ভাল থেকো - Teerthak}}|type=song}}
{{External music video|{{YouTube|_MtlE_kpRZY|Amar Bhitoro Bahire - Andrew Kishore - Anupam}}|type=song}}
}}

'''Āmāra bhitara bāhirē antarē antarē''' ({{langx|bn|আমার ভিতর বাহিরে অন্তরে অন্তরে}}), also known as ''ভালো আছি ভালো থেকো'' (Bhālō āchi bhālō thēkō) is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] romantic poem written by [[Bangladeshi]] poet [[Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah]]. It was later adopted as a song, which gained notable popularity in [[Bangladesh]] and the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah was the former spouse of writer [[Taslima Nasrin]], who were separated in 1986. This song was regarded by Shahidullah as a suicide note to Nasrin.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

The song become popular in Bangladesh after it was used in a Bengali drama serial aired in [[Bangladesh Television]] in 1992. It was later used in the Bangladeshi movie "Tomakey Chai<nowiki>''</nowiki> by singers [[Andrew Kishore]] & [[Kanak Chapa]] in 1996.

In 1992, the [[Jahangirnagar University]] based band, [[TeerThak]] released their first album, ''Duari''. The song is the first track of this album.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valo Achi Valo Theko - Teerthak |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LlmWNakDHI8 |publisher=Minhaj Bhuiyan
|language=bn |via=YouTube}}</ref>

Shahidullah was posthumously awarded with the best lyricist of 1998 by the [[Bangladesh Cine-Journalist Association|Bangladesh Film Journalists Association]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eminent poet Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah’s 64th birth anniversary observed |url=https://www.theindependentbd.com/post/254787 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Eminent poet Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah’s 64th birth anniversary observed {{!}} theindependentbd.com}}</ref>

The song was popularized in West Bengal by singer [[Kabir Suman]], by releasing a duet album with [[Sabina Yasmin]], titled, Tero (2006). The song is featured in this album.<ref>[[Kabir Suman #Collaborative albums]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=January 2026}}

==See also==
*''[[Manusher Manchitra]]'', Bengali book written by Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bengali poetry]]
[[Category:Songs in Bengali]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi songs]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi poems]]
[[Category:Kabir Suman songs]]
[[Category:Andrew Kishore songs]]
[[Category:Kanak Chapa songs]]

Devadas Kapikad

2025-12-10T18:00:17Z

Subhamaykarjee: added new details

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{More footnotes|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Devadas Kapikad
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mangalore, Karnataka]], India
| other_names = Telikeda Bolli
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actor | director | writer | singer | lyricist}}
| years_active =
| spouse = Sharmila
| children = [[Arjun Kapikad]]
| honours = Honorary Doctorate by the University of Mangalore (2022)
| website =
}}
'''Devadas Kapikad''' is a [[Tulu cinema|Tulu]] film and theatre actor, director, writer, producer, lyricist and singer. He has also acted in some [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada films]]. He owns a drama troupe called Cha-parka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dubai: Artistes arrive as countdown begins for Kapikad's twin Tulu comedy dramas |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=503267 |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''All films are in Tulu, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2009
|''[[Venkata in Sankata]]''
| Rajaram Laddoo
| rowspan="2" |[[Kannada]] films
|-
|rowspan="2"|2012
|''[[Toofan (2012 film)|Toofan]]''
|
|-
|''[[Telikeda Bolli]]''
|Kariye
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''[[Rang (2014 film)|Rang]]''
|Principal
|
|-
|''[[Chaali Polilu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''Soombe''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chandi Kori]]''
|Devdas
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Barsa (film)|Barsa]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dabak Daba Aisa]]''
|Devu
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Are Marler]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Appe Teacher]]''
|
|
|-
|''Yera Ullerge''
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Jabardasth Shankara]]''
|
|
|-
|2020
|''Navelru…Half Boiled''
|
|Kannada Film
|-
|2021
|''Soda Sarbath''
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Magane Mahisha]]''
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Abatara]]''
|
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Jai (2025 film)|Jai]]''
|
|Kannada & Tulu bilingual
|-
|}

=== As dubbing artist ===
*[[Kantara (film)|''Kantara'']] (2022) for Achyuth Kumar (Tulu dubbed version)

==Awards==
*[[RED FM Tulu Film Awards]]- Best Dialogue for [[Telikeda Bolli]]
*[[Tulu Cinemotsava 2015]] award- Best actor in a supporting role for [[Telikeda Bolli]]
*[[Tulu Cinemotsava 2015]] award- Best Dialogue for [[Telikeda Bolli]]
*Honorary Doctorate from Mangalore University - 2022 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/centre-providing-free-shelter-food-to-children-with-cancer-caregivers-opened-in-manipal-1105931.html | title=Centre providing free shelter, food to children with cancer, caregivers opened in Manipal | date=2 May 2022 }}</ref>

==List of Tulu Movies Links==
*[[List of tulu films of 2015]]
*[[List of Tulu films of 2014]]
*[[List of Released Tulu films]]
*[[Tulu cinema]]
*[[:Category:Actors in Tulu cinema| Tulu Movie Actors]]
*[[:Category:Actresses in Tulu cinema| Tulu Movie Actresses]]
*[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Regional film]]
*[[RED FM Tulu Film Awards]]
*[[Tulu Cinemotsava 2015]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150322165047/http://www.megamedianews.in/index.php/tag/devadas-kapikad/ Devadas Kapikad | Mega Media News]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104950/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=26721 Mangalorean.com - Mangalore News Articles, Classifieds to Around the World]

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6237251}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapikad, Devadas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tulu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tulu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Mangaloreans]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2010]]

Geeta Dharmarajan

2025-12-08T06:00:42Z

Subhamaykarjee: added new stub

{{Short description|Indian writer, teacher, and editor}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Geeta Dharmarajan
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1948|09|19}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| height =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| yearsactive =
| birth_name = Geeta Krishnaswamy
| othername = K. Geeta
| website = www.katha.org
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]: 2012 
Millinnium Alliance Innovator. Instituted by USAID, Government of India and FICCI, 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usaid.gov/news-information/press-releases/us-and-india-announce-innovation-science-and-technology-awards|title=U.S. and India Announce Innovation, Science, and Technology Awards|work=[[USAID]]|access-date=15 August 2015|archive-date=1 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501150643/http://www.usaid.gov/news-information/press-releases/us-and-india-announce-innovation-science-and-technology-awards|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Stockholm Challenge:<ref>[http://www.stockholmchallenge.org/project/data/kathas-it Stockholm Challenge Stockholm Challenge] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303173227/http://www.stockholmchallenge.org/project/data/kathas-it |date=3 March 2014 }}</ref> 2001
}}

'''Geeta Dharmarajan''' (born 19 September 1948) is a writer, editor, educator and the executive director of Katha, a [[nonprofit organisation]] that she founded in 1988. Her work focuses on education, especially of children from poor families.

Katha<ref>{{cite web|title=Katha, Official website|url=http://www.katha.org|publisher=Katha|access-date=29 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Aditya|title=A Katha of success|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/01/04/stories/2007010401080700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105130229/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/01/04/stories/2007010401080700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012|access-date=29 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 January 2007}}</ref> is a registered [[Non-profit organizations|non-profit]] and [[Non-governmental organizations|non-governmental organisation]] based in [[Delhi]] in 1989. Katha works in teacher training, children's education and literature. Katha works in underprivileged areas across India. A teaching/learning tool that she devised, "story pedagogy", has been in use in Katha's learning centres since 2001.

Dharmarajan's professional editorial experience that began with ''Target'', a children's magazine, and continued with ''The Pennsylvania Gazette'', the award-winning alumni magazine of the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. Geeta's published works include more than 30 [[children's books]] and over 450 individual pieces in magazines and newspapers in India and abroad. The Government of India awarded her the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] in 2012.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Personal life==

Geeta Dharmarajan was born in [[Chennai]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in 1948. She was introduced early to the diversity of India through the work of her father, N. Krishnaswamy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ciosa.org.in/news/dr-ks-sanjivi-awards-2011-presented-0|title=Dr KS Sanjivi Awards 2011 Presented|work=ciosa.org.in|access-date=15 August 2015|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203630/http://www.ciosa.org.in/news/dr-ks-sanjivi-awards-2011-presented-0|url-status=dead}}</ref> a doctor and allergist. Her mother was Kalyani Krishnaswamy,<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWrG5RhaYYA|title=11 VIRUTAM composition of Smt. Kalyani Krishnaswamy|date=19 March 2012|work=YouTube|access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref> a poet and composer of classical Carnatic padams.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://radioweb.in/content/naad-anunaad|title=Naad Anunaad - RadioWeb Carnatic|work=radioweb.in|access-date=15 August 2015|archive-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204190707/http://radioweb.in/content/naad-anunaad|url-status=dead}}</ref> She started learning classical [[Bharata Natyam|Bharatanatyam]] and [[Carnatic music]] when she was seven years old. She was educated in Holy Angels' High School where she represented the school in dance and netball. She was elected Head Girl of the school and led the south Indian contingent to the Bharat Girl Guides Jamboree in her final year. She graduated from Stella Maris College in English Literature, standing fourth.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

== Katha Books ==
Geeta is the editor in chief of Katha's list which includes the Katha Prize Stories.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kathaprizestories.blogspot.in/|title=Katha Prize Stories|author=Katha|work=kathaprizestories.blogspot.in|access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref> She has edited stories from more than 300 of India's best literary talents, writing in 21 Indian languages. Katha Books are a showcase of contemporary Indian fiction for adults and children.<ref name="katha1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.katha.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Katha-childrens-books-catalogue-1-feb-2013.pdf |title=Katha Books For Children |access-date=20 April 2014 |archive-date=20 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120134845/http://www.katha.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Katha-childrens-books-catalogue-1-feb-2013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Katha introduced an array of writings from India's many oral and written traditions to children, ages 0 – 17. Classy productions, child friendly layouts and illustrations go in tandem with excellent writing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_1?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&field-keywords=Geeta%20Dharmarajan|title=Amazon.com: Geeta Dharmarajan: Books|work=amazon.com|access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="katha1" /> Her major activities include the institution of the Katha Awards for Literary Excellence,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20010101-publishing-legend-katha-celebrates-its-10th-year-776090-2000-12-31 |access-date=20 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419122323/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/publishing-legend-katha-celebrates-its-10th-year/1/233517.html |archive-date=19 April 2014 |title=Publishing legend Katha celebrates its 10th year : YOUR WEEK - India Today |date=January 2001 }}</ref> and curating the Katha Festivals and utsavs that bring literature to the public. These create meeting places for writers, translators, scholars, critics, storytellers and contemporary artists and community activists.<ref>{{cite news|last=Barooah Pisharoty|first=Sangeeta|title=A Beautiful Story|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/beautiful-story/article5124256.ece|access-date=29 January 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 September 2013}}</ref> Geeta led the writers workshop initiative for the central Board of Secondary Education,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbseacademic.in/web_material/Circulars/2013/45_katha.pdf |access-date=20 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210192608/http://www.cbseacademic.in/web_material/Circulars/2013/45_katha.pdf |archive-date=10 December 2013 }}</ref> with partnerships established in 500 schools in India <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/education/school/budding-writers/article5060794.ece|title=Budding writers|author=Hansika Chopra|work=The Hindu|date=26 August 2013 |access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref>

== Katha Schools ==
The Katha Lab School started in 1990 with five children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://voice.unimelb.edu.au/volume-8/number-12/teaching-asian-century|title=Teaching in the Asian century|work=unimelb.edu.au|access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref> Today it is a centre of creativity for the slum cluster it is situated in, producing professionals every year who become entrepreneurs who support their families, or go on to higher studies. More than 80% of Katha's children go to college. It was recently visited by The [[Prince of Wales]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130526202104/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/newdelhi/South-civic-body-to-boost-reading-habit-among-students/Article1-1060193.aspx British Asian Trust President, HRH The Prince of Wales, visits ...]
</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/nation-world/prince-charles-camilla-parker-during-nine-day-visit-to-india/prince-charles-at-the-katha-lab-school-in-new-delhi/slideshow/25595547.cms|title=Prince Charles at the Katha Lab school in New Delhi - Prince Charles & Camilla Parker during nine-day visit to India - The Economic Times|work=The Economic Times|access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dharmarajan, Geeta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian women editors]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian women philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Women writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Writers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Educators from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Women educators from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

BOSS: Baap of Special Services

2025-10-30T04:14:09Z

Subhamaykarjee: data - done

{{short description|2019 Hindi language web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = BOSS
| image = Boss – Baap of Special Services.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Action fiction|Action]]
| creator = Filmy Paltan
| based_on =
| developer = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| writer = Ghalib Asad Bhopali
| director = Ankush Bhatt
| creative_director = Ashish Kapoor Ankush Bhatt Baljit Singh Chaddha
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Karan Singh Grover]]
*[[Sagarika Ghatge]]
}}
| theme_music_composer = [[Palash Muchhal]]
| open_theme = Boss - Title Track
| end_theme = O Ri Chiraiya
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 10
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Aakaash Berry Mayur Shah
| producer = Ankush Bhatt Ashish Kapoor Ankur Ghai ([[ALTBalaji]])
| cinematography =
| editor = Vikas Sharma Sunil Bhattarai Peter Gundra Preshma Bagahar
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 21–35 minutes
| company = Filmy Paltan
| image_alt =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|08|2|df=y}}
| last_aired =
}}
'''''BOSS: Baap of Special Services'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/karan-singh-grover-to-play-lead-in-alt-balajis-boss-baap-of-special-services-actor-set-to-make-his-digital-debut-934641|title=Woah! Karan Singh Grover to play LEAD in ALT Balaji's Boss – Baap of Special Services?|date=5 March 2019|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327235046/https://www.abplive.in/television/karan-singh-grover-to-play-lead-in-alt-balajis-boss-baap-of-special-services-actor-set-to-make-his-digital-debut-934641|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a 2019 [[Hindi]] [[Action fiction|action]], drama, mystery, romance, and thriller [[web series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/karan-singh-grover-sagarika-ghatke-boss-alt-balaji-109422/|title=Karan Singh Grover and Sagarika Ghatge to share the digital screen in ALT Balaji's 'Boss'|date=11 March 2019|access-date=11 March 2019|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328005051/https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/karan-singh-grover-sagarika-ghatke-boss-alt-balaji-109422/|url-status=live}}</ref> The series marks the Web debut of actor [[Karan Singh Grover]] and [[Sagarika Ghatge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/karan-singh-grover-sagarika-ghatge-altbalaji-web-show-boss-5620761/|title=Karan Singh Grover and Sagarika Ghatge to star in ALTBalaji's Boss|date=11 March 2019|access-date=11 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327233515/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/karan-singh-grover-sagarika-ghatge-altbalaji-web-show-boss-5620761/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/boss-teaser-out-karan-singh-grover-and-sagarika-ghatge-win-hearts-with-their-amazing-chemistry-1475296-2019-03-11|title=Boss teaser out: Karan Singh Grover and Sagarika Ghatge win hearts with their amazing chemistry|date=11 March 2019 |access-date=11 March 2019|archive-date=11 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311184057/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/boss-teaser-out-karan-singh-grover-and-sagarika-ghatge-win-hearts-with-their-amazing-chemistry-1475296-2019-03-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The series was created by Filmy Paltan and developed by [[Ekta Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/videos/first-look-of-alt-balajis-karan-singh-grover-starrer-web-series-boss-is-out-937429|title=First look of Alt Balaji's Karan Singh Grover starrer web series 'Boss' is out|date=9 March 2019|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327235044/https://www.abplive.in/videos/first-look-of-alt-balajis-karan-singh-grover-starrer-web-series-boss-is-out-937429|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is written by Ghalib Asad Bhopali and was directed by Ankush Bhatt.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/karan-singh-grover-make-his-digital-debut-here-are-details-442301|title=Karan Singh Grover to make his digital debut? Here are the details|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328175605/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/karan-singh-grover-make-his-digital-debut-here-are-details-442301|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was produced by Filmy Paltan and [[ALTBalaji]], which is led by Ankush Bhatt, Ashish Kapoor and Ankur Ghai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/karan-singh-grover-talks-about-his-digital-debut-boss-says-it-was-meant-to-be/20550196|title=Karan Singh Grover talks about his digital debut Boss, says it was meant to be|date=12 March 2019|access-date=12 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327234748/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/karan-singh-grover-talks-about-his-digital-debut-boss-says-it-was-meant-to-be/20550196|url-status=live}}</ref> The series also stars [[Ayaz Khan]], [[Dalljiet Kaur]], [[Gaurav Gera]], [[Kanika Maheshwari]], [[Sonali Raut]], [[Karol Zine]], Anveshi Jain,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anveshijain.com/|title=Anveshi Jain Plays many role in different series like Gandi Baat Season 2, Videos Available|work=Anveshi Jain|accessdate=15 November 2019|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115153206/https://www.anveshijain.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Tarun Mahilani in key roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/altbalaji-s-boss-baap-of-special-services-feature-gaurav-gera-190307|title=ALTBalaji's Boss: Baap of Special Services to feature Gaurav Gera|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328035811/http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/altbalaji-s-boss-baap-of-special-services-feature-gaurav-gera-190307|url-status=live}}</ref> It was made available for streaming on ALTBalaji and its associated platform on 2 August 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/television-news/not-just-jennifer-winget-in-nach-baliye-9-ex-husband-karan-singh-grover-is-too-making-a-comeback-will-they-both-work-together-151879.html|title=Not just Jennifer Winget in Nach Baliye 9, ex-husband Karan Singh Grover is too making a comeback! Will they both work together?|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328005040/http://www.catchnews.com/television-news/not-just-jennifer-winget-in-nach-baliye-9-ex-husband-karan-singh-grover-is-too-making-a-comeback-will-they-both-work-together-151879.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Premise ==
The series is based in Shimla's where an con-man inspector/detective Sudhir Kohli aka Keshav Khatri (played by Karan Singh Grover) who changes his identity to joins Shimla's Task Force to lead the team with ACP Sakshi Ranjan (played by Sagarika Ghatge) in solving criminal cases which make him the Boss - BAAP of Special Services because of his peculiar style.

== Synopsis ==
In Shimla, the crime rate suddenly rises beyond unexpected and the local doesn't co-operate with the Police. The Police Chief of Shimla appoints a special task force a team of five officers to control the crimes in the city. A specialist Officer was joined in the team from Delhi. A con-man changes his identity and join the special task force to find out his kidnapped daughter and the identity of balloon man.

== Cast ==
{{div col}}

===Main===
*[[Karan Singh Grover]] as Sudhir Kohli/Keshav Khatri
*[[Sagarika Ghatge]] as ACP Sakshi Ranjan

===Recurring===
*Asma Siddhique as Pooja
* Anveshi Jain as Megha
*[[Ayaz Khan]] as Inspector Asif Malik
*[[Gaurav Gera]] as Jignesh, Keshav's friend
*Veer Aryan as Inspector Sudhir Kohli
*Tarun Mahilani as Inspector Janardhan 'Jonny' Bisht
*Kevina Tak as Pari, Keshav's daughter
*[[Jignesh Joshi]] as Inspector Pandey
*Opal Mehta as Shreya (chief's daughter)
*Ashok Kumar Mehta as Mahitosh Negi
*Ashmita as Suhasini Iyer, Head of Police Cyber Cell
*[[Mahesh Shetty]] as Rawat, Police Chief
*[[Dalljiet Kaur]] as Devki, Chief's Wife
*Pankaj Kalra as Gajendra Thakur
*Niyati Joshi as Lovely
*Gopi Singh as Jogi / Bhurelal
*Sudhir Rathi as Chaudhry
*[[Kanika Maheshwari]] as Safia
*Mazher Sayyad as Zakir
*Sunit Razdan as Lohiya
*Arti Gupra as Pratyusha
*Rishabh Jolly as Qureshi
*[[Karol Zine]] as Komal
*Rohit Gujjar as Aman Verma
*Vijay Kumar as Harishankar
*Amandeep Sohi as Devyani
*[[Anisa Butt]] as Tanya
*Atul Mathur as Safdar
*Rashika Pradhan as Avantika
*Naina Bahl as Ankita
*Darpan Srivastava as Veedhnath
*Nimesh Soni as Lallan
*Ruchit Tahiliani as Kitty
*Ankita Sahu as Shamita
*Khatija Iqbal as Tina
*Micckie Dudaney as Arjun
*Vinod Sharma as Mr.Mithani
*[[Mishal Raheja]] as Vicky Malhotra
*Ashmita Kaur Bakshi as Suhasini
*Simran Mishrikoti
{{div col end}}

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#000000 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.altbalaji.com/show/289 | title=Watch the Best of Web Series, Originals & Movies Online in HD only on ALTBalaji | access-date=2 August 2019 | archive-date=2 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802095619/https://www.altbalaji.com/show/289 | url-status=live }}</ref>|country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Behrupiya
|DirectedBy = Ankush Bhatt
|WrittenBy = Ghalib Asad Bhopali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|08|02|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The crime is rising increasingly in Shimla. The Chief of Police Force forms a special task force of five members to fight against crime. Inspector Sakshi Ranjan is set to lead this special force along with Inspector Sudhir Kohli, who is known for solve crime cases using his peculiar ways.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Blackmail
|DirectedBy = Ankush Bhatt
|WrittenBy = Ghalib Asad Bhopali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|08|02|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Kohli and Sakshi begin their investigation on a murder case in the beautiful hill station of Shimla. They unearth the complicated connection between all the victim a blackmailer and a painting costing around lakhs. The painter's husband came out to be the culprit.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Jaal
|DirectedBy = Ankush Bhatt
|WrittenBy = Ghalib Asad Bhopali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|08|02|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = What looks like the death of an innocent new married man Aman Varma, turns out to be the member of sleazy desi porn network who search woman and then get married and after making clip leaves them. Kohli is onto the killer by employing his unusual means.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Badlaa
|DirectedBy = Ankush Bhatt
|WrittenBy = Ghalib Asad Bhopali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|08|02|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = When a five-year-old body of a dead woman. The inadequacies of Shimla police department's come to light. Inspector Pandey did not investigate the case properly and shut the case in context of missing. As she ran away with her lover. While investigating the case, Kohli gets himself imprisoned to find out more about Ramakant Jha.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Mumbai Ka Thug
|DirectedBy = Ankush Bhatt
|WrittenBy = Ghalib Asad Bhopali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|08|02|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Kohli Recalls the series of events that changed his
life a year ago. How he used to cheat people with his friends. Now, in Shimla, he finds a criminal connection to all that happened to him a year ago. He also learns the identity of the cop who inspected the
car when his daughter went missing she was Sakshi. Lovely tells her about the incident what actually happened that night.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Ittefaq
|DirectedBy = Ankush Bhatt
|WrittenBy = Ghalib Asad Bhopali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|08|02|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = To solve the latest crime in the town Sakshi must approach the case with absolute objectivity. This time she is dealing with an old acquaintance and her possible love interest who was the suspect of the murder case previously and was acquainted from the case and was not proved guilty.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Bandhe Haath
|DirectedBy = Ankush Bhatt
|WrittenBy = Ghalib Asad Bhopali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|08|02|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Kohli and Sakshi get kidnapped by a dangerous gang dealing in drugs as they move forward in the forest to investigate the case. They are notorious for murdering their victims. The entire police department fears this worst. But Sakshi and Kohli team up to fight this new crime.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Woh Kaun Thi
|DirectedBy = Ankush Bhatt
|WrittenBy = Ghalib Asad Bhopali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|08|02|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Sakshi wakes up in an unknown bedroom beside a dead man. She has vague memories of the series of events that brought her here. Kohli and Sakshi
decide to keep this incident to themselves till they investigate. But it was not possible as Pandey arrived at the residence against a complaint of loud noise by the neighbours. Could Sakshi have murdered the man?
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = The Balloon Man
|DirectedBy = Ankush Bhatt
|WrittenBy = Ghalib Asad Bhopali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|08|02|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Sakshi learns that Sudhir Kohli is not a cop but an identity thief and a possible murderer. She proceeds to arrest him, but Keshav has a bigger motive behind his actions. But everyone wonders if real Sudhir Kohli
is dead or alive? Meanwhile Kehsav has to release Sudhir Kohli due to the pressure of his landlord. And Sudhir Kohli sacrifices his life for Keshav so that he could save his daughter from the Balloon Man.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Season Finale The Balloon Man Finale
|DirectedBy = Ankush Bhatt
|WrittenBy = Ghalib Asad Bhopali
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|08|02|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Lovely help Sakshi to find out more about Balloon Man by informing about her social media profile.
Meanwhile Keshav investigate about Balloon Man at a candy shop with a clue he picked from the crime spot. Sakshi and Keshav solve the mystery of the Balloon Man. Everyone is shocked to learn the reason behind the multiple murders that he committed. They even manage to trace Pari: Though Keshav is thankful to Sakshi for all the help, she arrests him, nevertheless.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = BOSS: Baap of Special Services<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abplive.in/television/altbalajis-boss-baap-of-special-services-is-truly-the-baap-of-action-thrillers-1046245 |title=BOSS: Baap Of Special Services Is Truly The Baap Of Action Thrillers |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804194207/https://www.abplive.in/television/altbalajis-boss-baap-of-special-services-is-truly-the-baap-of-action-thrillers-1046245 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Palash Muchhal]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/karan-singh-grover-sagarika-ghatge-boss-5873373/ |title=Karan Singh Grover and Sagarika Ghatge: We had a lot of fun shooting for BOSS |date=2 August 2019 |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804073820/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/karan-singh-grover-sagarika-ghatge-boss-5873373/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2019|08|02|df=yes}}
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio = [[Palash Muchhal|Palash Studio]]
| genre = Web series [[soundtrack]]
| length = 4:23
| label = [[ALT Entertainment]]
| producer = Ekta Kapoor, Shobha Kapoor
| misc = {{External media | audio1 = {{YouTube|faDNzd30ZFY|BOSS}}}}
}}
'''Track list'''
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 4:23
| title1 = BOSS
| note1 = Title Track
| extra1 = [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]], [[Palash Muchhal]]
| length1 = 2:45
| title2 = O Ri Chiraiya
| note2 = Sad Duet
| extra2 = Gauri Mishra, Yasser Desai
| length2 = 1:38
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The web series was announced in the first week of March 2019 to be directed by Ankush Bhatt, starring [[Karan Singh Grover]] and [[Sagarika Ghatge]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/alt-balaji-presents-boss-starring-karan-singh-grover-and-sagarika-ghatge-511491 |title=ALT Balaji Presents Boss, Starring Karan Singh Grover And Sagarika Ghatge |date=12 March 2019 |access-date=2 August 2019 |archive-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802064217/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/alt-balaji-presents-boss-starring-karan-singh-grover-and-sagarika-ghatge-511491 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The web series marks the fourth collaboration between [[Ekta Kapoor]] and [[Karan Singh Grover]] after ''[[Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi]]'' (2004) ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' (2005) and ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/digital/altbalaji-releases-the-trailer-of-their-upcoming-show-boss-with-karan-singh-grover-and-sagarika-ghatge-37657 |title=AltBalaji Releases The Trailer Of Their Upcoming Show 'Boss' |date=15 July 2019 |access-date=3 August 2019 |archive-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802063955/https://www.mumbailive.com/en/digital/altbalaji-releases-the-trailer-of-their-upcoming-show-boss-with-karan-singh-grover-and-sagarika-ghatge-37657 |url-status=live }}</ref> It also marks the third collaboration between Ankush Bhatt and Grover after ''[[3 Dev]]'' and ''[[Firrkie (film)|Firrkie]]'', which both not released<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/karan-singh-grover-sagarika-ghatge-starrer-boss-trailer-launched-1502777412.html |title=Karan Singh Grover, Sagarika Ghatge starrer Boss' trailer launched |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=13 July 2019 |access-date=3 August 2019 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715035141/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/karan-singh-grover-sagarika-ghatge-starrer-boss-trailer-launched-1502777412.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It also marks the second collaboration between Grover and [[Ayaz Khan]] after ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.glamsham.com/en/karan-singh-grover-sets-friendship-goals-with-ayaz-khan |title=Karan Singh Grover sets friendship goals with Ayaz Khan |date=August 2019 |access-date=3 August 2019 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803163138/https://www.glamsham.com/en/karan-singh-grover-sets-friendship-goals-with-ayaz-khan |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced in Shimla with the lead actors Grover and Ghatge, and they had been spotted shooting on Monday 18 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/karan-singh-grover-sagarika-ghatge-spotted-shooting-shimla-altbalaji-show-boss-1502739537.html|title=Karan Singh Grover, Sagarika Ghatge spotted shooting in Shimla for AltBalaji show Boss|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120143323/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/karan-singh-grover-sagarika-ghatge-spotted-shooting-shimla-altbalaji-show-boss-1502739537.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Director Ankush Bhatt announced the wrap up of the first schedule of "BOSS: Baap of Special Services" in [[Shimla]] using his [[Instagram]] post on 23 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.mid-day.com/articles/sagarika-ghatge-karan-singh-grover-wrap-up-the-shimla-schedule-for-boss/20611166 |title=Sagarika Ghatge-Karan Singh Grover wrap up the Shimla schedule for BOSS |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120143229/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/sagarika-ghatge-karan-singh-grover-wrap-up-the-shimla-schedule-for-boss-20611166 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
=== Release ===
BOSS: Baap of Special Services was scheduled for streaming on [[ALTBalaji]] app from 2 August 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/-boss-trailer-out-karan-singh-grover-and-sagarika-ghatge-starrer-thriller-premieres-on-august-2-1567638-2019-07-12|title=Boss trailer out: Karan Singh Grover and Sagarika Ghatge starrer thriller premieres on August 2|access-date=12 July 2019|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712140927/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/-boss-trailer-out-karan-singh-grover-and-sagarika-ghatge-starrer-thriller-premieres-on-august-2-1567638-2019-07-12|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Deeksha Vipat of ''India Forums'' gave the series a rating of 4 stars saying that, "Boss: Baap of Special Services is perfect for your weekend binge-watch session. If you’re a member of Karan Singh Grover fan club, DO NOT MISS this one. If it was a movie, it would have received whistles and claps for the sheer cinematic joy and entertaining shots".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/boss-baap-of-special-services-review-karan-singh-grovers-charm-is-irresistible-in-this-masala-potboi_153289 |title=Karan Singh Grover's charm is irresistible in this masala potboiler series |access-date=5 August 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805050238/https://www.indiaforums.com/article/boss-baap-of-special-services-review-karan-singh-grovers-charm-is-irresistible-in-this-masala-potboi_153289 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Arushi Jain of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated that "Boss – Baap of Special Services streaming on AltBalaji is a full-on masala entertainer. Karan Singh Grover's comic timing and suspense behind him turning into a conman make it an easy binge.“<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/boss-review-karan-singh-grover-and-sagarika-ghatge-altbalaji-5884353/lite/ |title=BOSS review: Karan Singh Grover and Sagarika Ghatge's show makes no sense, but still it isn't bad |date=7 August 2019 |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807062516/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/boss-review-karan-singh-grover-and-sagarika-ghatge-altbalaji-5884353/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Neeki Singh of ''[[Spotboye.com]]'' stated that "BOSS: Baap of Special Services Review: Karan Singh Grover-Sagarika Ghatge's Web Series Is Gripping And Worth The Binge!"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.spotboye.com/just-binge/binge-reviews/boss-baap-of-special-services-review-karan-singh-grover-sagarika-ghatge-s-web-series-is-gripping-and-worth-the-binge/5d4ac222a0c20052b1b85336 |title=BOSS: Baap of Special Services Review: Karan Singh Grover-Sagarika Ghatge's Web Series Is Gripping And Worth The Binge! |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808005031/https://www.spotboye.com/just-binge/binge-reviews/boss-baap-of-special-services-review-karan-singh-grover-sagarika-ghatge-s-web-series-is-gripping-and-worth-the-binge/5d4ac222a0c20052b1b85336 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ruchita Mishra of ''Peeping Moon'' stated that "Karan Singh Grover and Sagarika Ghatge’s crackling chemistry makes the action-packed thriller a must-watch!"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.peepingmoon.com/webcast-news/news/33655/Boss-Review-Karan-Singh-Grover-and-Sagarika-Ghatges-crackling-chemistry-makes-the-action-packed-thriller-a-must-watch.html |title=Boss Review: Karan Singh Grover and Sagarika Ghatge's crackling chemistry makes the action-packed thriller a must-watch! |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808104745/https://m.peepingmoon.com/webcast-news/news/33655/Boss-Review-Karan-Singh-Grover-and-Sagarika-Ghatges-crackling-chemistry-makes-the-action-packed-thriller-a-must-watch.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ruchi Kaushal of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated that "BOSS Baap of Special Services review: Karan Singh Grover’s web show has its merits but the sex will make you cringe"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/boss-baap-of-special-services-review-karan-singh-grover-s-web-show-has-its-merits-but-the-sex-will-make-you-cringe/story-L04y38WD71Vei7zGVydqsM.html |title=BOSS Baap of Special Services review: Karan Singh Grover's web show has its merits but the sex will make you cringe |access-date=12 August 2019 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120143227/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/boss-baap-of-special-services-review-karan-singh-grover-s-web-show-has-its-merits-but-the-sex-will-make-you-cringe/story-L04y38WD71Vei7zGVydqsM.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[:Category:ALTBalaji original programming|ALTBalaji original programming]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|10042110}}
* [https://www.altbalaji.com/show/289 Boss: Baap of Special Services] on [[ALT Balaji]]

{{ALT Balaji Shows}}

[[Category:2019 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:ALTBalaji original programming]]

M3 – Midsummer Midnight Mumbai

2025-10-12T08:42:13Z

Subhamaykarjee: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of Hindi films of 2014#April – June]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2019 Indian general election

2025-10-03T11:45:46Z

Subhamaykarjee:

{{short description|Political campaign}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{| class="infobox vcard" style="width: 32em; text-align: left; font-size:90%"
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" |
|-
! Campaign
| [[2019 Indian general election]]
|-
! PM Candidate
| [[Narendra Modi]] [[Prime Minister of India]]
|-
! Affiliation
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
! Status
| Prime Ministerial candidate
|-
! Key people
| Narendra Modi (Prime Ministerial Candidate) [[Amit Shah]] (Party President)
|-
! class="note" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Website
|-
| class="url" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [http://www.bjp.org// www.bjp.org]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | [[File:Parrikar, Goa's former CM, looms large over a BJP campaign placard 01 (Parra).jpg|300px|centre]]
|}
{{Narendra Modi series}}
The '''Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)''' is one of the two major [[political parties in India]] and has been the ruling party since the [[16th Lok Sabha]]. It was seeking re-election in the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 parliamentary election]] as the leading party of the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]], with [[Narendra Modi]] as its Prime Ministerial candidate and party president [[Amit Shah]] as the campaign chief.

==Background==
The campaign follows the [[Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2014 Indian general election|successful campaign in 2014]], where the BJP won a majority of the seats in the [[Lok Sabha]].

On 26 December 2018, Party President [[Amit Shah]] announced the leadership teams for the BJP's campaign in seventeen states.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-26|title=Amit Shah Announces Team To Steer BJP's 2019 Election Campaign In 17 States|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/amit-shah-announces-team-to-steer-bjps-2019-election-campaign-in-17-states_in_5c239321e4b08aaf7a8cff24|access-date=2020-09-13|website=HuffPost India}}</ref>

The BJP released its manifesto, titled ''Sankalp Patra'' on 8 April.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi, Amit Shah Launch BJP Manifesto Sankalp Patra |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/prime-minister-narendra-modi-amit-shah-to-launch-bjp-manifesto-sankalp-patra-today-2019503 |access-date=8 April 2019 |work=NDTV.com |date=8 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BJP Manifesto 2019 |url=https://www.bjp.org/en/Manifesto-2019 |access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref>

== Results ==
{| class="wikitable"
!State
!Total Seats
!Seats Won
!Seat Change
|-
|Andaman & Nicobar Islands (UT)
|1
|0
|{{Decrease}} 1
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|25
|0
|{{Decrease}} 2
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh
|2
|2
|{{Increase}} 1
|-
|Assam
|14
|9
|{{Increase}} 2
|-
|Bihar
|40
|17
|{{Decrease}} 5
|-
|Chandigarh (UT)
|1
|1
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|11
|9
|{{Decrease}} 1
|-
|Dadra & Nagar Haveli (UT)
|1
|0
|{{Decrease}} 1
|-
|Daman & Diu (UT)
|1
|1
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Goa
|2
|1
|{{Decrease}} 1
|-
|Gujarat
|26
|26
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Haryana
|10
|10
|{{Increase}} 3
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|4
|4
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|6
|3
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Jharkhand
|14
|11
|{{Decrease}} 1
|-
|Karnataka
|28
|25
|{{Increase}} 8
|-
|Kerala
|20
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Lakshadweep (UT)
|1
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|29
|28
|{{Increase}} 1
|-
|Maharashtra
|48
|23
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Manipur
|2
|1
|{{Increase}} 1
|-
|Meghalaya
|2
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Mizoram
|1
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Nagaland
|1
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|NCT of Delhi
|7
|7
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Odisha
|21
|8
|{{Increase}} 8
|-
|Puducherry (UT)
|1
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Punjab
|13
|2
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Rajasthan
|25
|24
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Sikkim
|1
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|39
|0
|{{Decrease}} 1
|-
|Telangana
|17
|4
|{{Increase}} 3
|-
|Tripura
|2
|2
|{{Increase}} 2
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|80
|62
|{{Decrease}} 9
|-
|Uttarakhand
|5
|5
|{{Steady}}
|-
|West Bengal
|42
|18
|{{Increase}} 16
|-
!Total
!543
!303
!{{Increase}} 21
|}

==Main Bhi Chowkidar==
{{Main|Main Bhi Chowkidar}}
Modi responded to Rahul Gandhi's [[Chowkidar Chor Hai]] jibe by launching a campaign with the slogan ''"Main bhi chowkidar"'' ({{langx|hi|मैं भी चोकीदार।}}, {{Translation|"I too am a watchman"}}) for his supporters, inferring that everyone is a fighter against corruption and social evils.<ref name="telegraphindia16March">{{cite news |title=Narendra Modi urges supporters to take 'main bhi chowkidar' pledge |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/narendra-modi-urges-supporters-to-take-main-bhi-chowkidar-pledge/cid/1686940 |access-date=18 March 2019 |work=The Telegraph|location=India |date=16 March 2019}}</ref> Modi even changed the name of his official Twitter handle titled 'Narendra Modi' to 'Chowkidar Narendra Modi'.<ref name="Economic Times 17 March">{{cite news |title='Chowkidar Narendra Modi': PM changes Twitter handle name to counter Rahul Gandhi's chor jibe |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chowkidar-narendra-modi-pm-changes-twitter-handle-name-to-counter-rahul-gandhis-chor-jibe/articleshow/68448053.cms |access-date=18 March 2019 |work=The Economic Times |date=17 March 2019}}</ref>

In a coordinated campaign, ministers, party president Amit Shah and other BJP leaders such as Piyush Goyal changed their Twitter profile names by adding a prefix "''Chowkidar''".<ref name="BBC_19March">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/social-47623166 |title=मोदी 'चौकीदार' तो 'चौकीदार का मालिक' कौन |date=2019-03-19 |access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref> Many supporters of BJP also changed their names accordingly.<ref name=HuffPost_Profile>{{Cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/in-a-new-gimmick-pm-changes-twitter-profile-name-to-chowkidar-narendra-modi_in_5c8e0464e4b0db7da9f454a7 |title=In A New Gimmick, PM Changes Twitter Profile Name To 'Chowkidar Narendra Modi' |date=2019-03-17 |access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref> Modi addressed a large group of watchmen on audio link as part of the campaign.<ref name="bbc_audiolink">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47114401 |title=Mayawati delivers election shock |date=2019-03-20 |access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref>

==Leadership==
BJP's [[List of presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party|president]] during the election campaign was [[Amit Shah]].

==Alliance==
BJP had formed an alliance with other parties to form [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]].

==Issues==
=== Ram temple ===
{{main|Ayodhya dispute|Ram Janmabhoomi}}

The BJP supports the building of a [[Ram Lalla Temple|Ram temple]] on the [[Ayodhya dispute|disputed land]] in [[Ayodhya]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It was seen that the party campaigned heavily on the issue during the election. It was viewed that prime minister Narendra Modi and the Uttar Pradesh chief minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] were pushing for the construction of the Ram temple to garner the majority Hindu vote.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/the-bjp-has-fallen-back-on-the-ram-temple-in-its-bid-for-electoral-victory/cid/1683306|title=The BJP has fallen back on the Ram temple in its bid for electoral victory|website=The Telegraph|location=India|access-date=2019-03-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2019/02/02/bjp-rss-plays-temple-card-to-swing-general-elections-its-way/|title=BJP-RSS plays temple card to swing general elections its way|website=The Shillong Times|date=2 February 2019|access-date=2019-03-22|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203085137/http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2019/02/02/bjp-rss-plays-temple-card-to-swing-general-elections-its-way/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/no-ram-temple-means-no-vote-for-bjp-warn-sadhus-1433500-2019-01-18|title=No Ram temple means no vote for BJP, warn sadhus|date=18 January 2019|first=Nelanshu|last=Shukla|website=India Today|access-date=2019-03-22}}</ref>

==Manifesto==
BJP constituted the manifesto committee on 6 January 2019, to be headed by [[Rajnath Singh]]. 15 sub-committees were planned to be formed under the main committee to form the manifesto. Other key members of the committee were [[Arun Jaitley]], [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]], [[Nirmala Sitharaman]], [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]], [[Piyush Goyal]], [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]], [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]], [[Sushil Modi]], [[Keshav Prasad Maurya]] and [[Meenakshi Lekhi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-manifesto-panel-decides-to-form-15-sub-committees-1430064-2019-01-13 | title=BJP manifesto panel decides to form 15 sub-committees for 2019 polls | publisher=India Today | date=13 January 2019 | access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref> The inputs for manifesto were taken by crowd sourcing wherein around 7,500 suggestion boxes were placed in 4,000 assembly constituencies and ferried in 300 buses or raths.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-crowdsources-its-manifesto-turns-it-into-referendum-on-prime-minister/articleshow/67824549.cms | title=BJP crowdsources its manifesto, turns it into referendum on Prime Minister | work=The Times of India | date=4 February 2019 | access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>

===Jammu and Kashmir===
The BJP in April announced if it were to be reelected, then it would be ending Jammu and Kashmir's special constitutional status, which prevents non-residents from buying property in Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news|title=BJP releases manifesto for upcoming elections.|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/india-bjp-releases-manifesto-upcoming-elections-190408072851526.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ahead of Indian Election Modi's party vows to strip Kashmir of Special rights.|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/ahead-of-indian-election--modi-s-party-vows-to-strip-kashmir-of-special-rights-11422296|website=Channelnews.Asia|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805090209/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/ahead-of-indian-election--modi-s-party-vows-to-strip-kashmir-of-special-rights-11422296|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PM makes Kashmir as election issue.|url=https://www.trtworld.com/asia/indian-pm-makes-election-vow-to-remove-disputed-kashmir-s-special-rights-25642|website=TNN World}}</ref>

==Parliamentary candidates==
{{further| List of National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2019 Indian general election}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/realtime/BJP_Election_2019_english.pdf |title=BJP's Manifesto for 2019 General Elections |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2021-09-28}}

{{2019 Indian general election}}

[[Category:2019 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party campaigns|2019]]
[[Category:Indian general election campaigns]]

Souvic Biswal

2025-09-29T23:16:49Z

Subhamaykarjee: added a info - done

2015 Sunrisers Hyderabad season

2025-09-25T16:10:23Z

Subhamaykarjee: new - done

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Sunrisers Hyderabad
| image =
| alt =
| season = [[2015 Indian Premier League|2015]]
| coach = [[Tom Moody]]
| captain = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
| ground = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] (Capacity: 55,000) [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium|ACA-VDCA Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]] (Capacity: 38,000)
| comp1 = [[2015 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = Group Stage (6th)
| prevseason = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad in 2014|2014]]
| nextseason = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad in 2016|2016]]
|most runs = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (562)
|most wickets = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] (18)
| most catches = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (8)
| most dismissals = [[Naman Ojha]] (7)
}}

[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (SRH) are a franchise cricket team based in [[Hyderabad]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams that are competing in the [[2015 Indian Premier League]]. This was their third outing in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]. The team was being captained by [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Warner appointed Sunrisers captain |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/content/story/853929.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=26 October 2017}}</ref> and coached by [[Tom Moody]]<ref>{{cite web|title=IPL 2015 know your coaching staff |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/slideshow/cricket-ipl-2015-know-your-ipl-coaching-staff|publisher=sportskeeda.com|accessdate=26 October 2017}}</ref> with [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] as their bowling coach<ref name="coachmurali" /> and [[VVS Laxman]] as the mentor for this team.

The Sunrisers started their campaign against [[Chennai Super Kings]] on April 11, 2015, at Chennai on a losing note and failed to qualify for Play-Offs finishing 6th at the end of the tournament. David Warner won the Orange Cap by scoring 562 runs in this IPL.<ref name="warnerorangecap">{{cite web|title=Orange Cap in IPL 2015 T20 Tournament: David Warner of Sunrisers Hyderabad tops list of highest run-getter in IPL 8|url=http://www.india.com/indian-premier-league-2015/orange-cap-in-ipl-2015-list-of-highest-run-scorer-of-ipl-8-347838/|publisher=india.com|accessdate=26 October 2017}}</ref>
[[Image:DAVID WARNER (11704782453).jpg|thumb|right|[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] appointed as captain for SRH in IPL 2015]]

==Background==
They appointed [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] as their bowling coach for 2015 season<ref name="coachmurali">{{cite web|title=SRH appoints Muralitharan as bowling coach for IPL 2015 |url=http://www.sportsmirchi.com/srh-appoints-muralitharan-as-bowling-coach-for-ipl-2015/|publisher=sportsmirchi.com|accessdate=26 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="muralicoach" />

[[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium|ACA-VDCA Stadium]] which is located in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] is selected as the Secondary Home Ground for the Sunrisers Hyderabad. It has a seating capacity of 38,000. Sunrisers Hyderabad played their first 3 home games at this ground.<ref>{{cite web|title=Team profile - Sunrisers Hyderabad |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/team-profile-sunrisers-hyderabad-bank-on-foreign-power-16754.html|publisher=indiatvnews.com|accessdate=29 May 2018}}</ref>

==Administration and support staff==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 450
| image_style = border:none;

| image1 = Tom Moody Sunrisers.jpg
| width1 = 150 | height1 = 150
| alt1 = Tom Moody
| caption1 = Tom Moody

| image2 = VVSLaxman.jpg
| width2 = 150 | height2 = 150
| alt2 = VVS Laxman
| caption2 = VVS Laxman

| image3 = Photograph of Muttiah Muralitharan.jpg
| width3 = 150 | height3 = 150
| alt3 = Muttiah Muralitharan
| caption3 = Muralitharan
}}
* Owner – [[Kalanithi Maran]] ([[Sun Network]])
* Head coach – [[Tom Moody]]
* Assistant coach – [[Simon Helmot]]
* Bowling coach – [[Muttiah Muralitharan]]
* Mentor – [[VVS Laxman]] & [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth|Kris Srikkanth]]
<div style="font-size:75%"> Source :<ref>{{cite web|title=IPL 2015 know your coaching staff |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/slideshow/cricket-ipl-2015-know-your-ipl-coaching-staff|publisher=sportskeeda.com|accessdate=26 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunrisers reliant on imported muscle |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/content/story/858351.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=30 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="muralicoach">{{cite web|title=Muralitharan named Sunrisers bowling coach |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/822315.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=26 October 2017}}</ref> </div>

==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Kit Manufacturers
!Shirt Sponsor (Chest)
!Shirt Sponsor (Back)
!Chest Branding
|-
|[[TYKA Sports|TYKA]]
|[[Red FM 93.5]]
|[[Idea]]
|[[Justdial.com|Justdial]]
|}
 Source :<ref>{{cite web|title=Sunrisers Hyderabad and their ‘rise to the top’ jerseys|url=https://www.sportswallah.com/cricket/lifestyle/sunrisers-hyderabad-and-their-rise-to-the-top-jerseys | publisher=sportswallah.com | date=11 April 2017|accessdate=1 April 2017}}</ref> 


== Players auction ==
{{main|List of 2015 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}

The players auction for the 2015 Indian Premier League held on 16 February 2015. All eight franchises had participated in the auction. SRH has retained 13 players and released 11 players from the previous season. As a result of this retention the team had an auction purse of Rs 208.5 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Players transfers before IPL 2015 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/796315.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=25 October 2017}}</ref> Added 10 players to the team.<ref>{{cite web|title=IPL 2015 Auction |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/content/story/832783.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=25 October 2017}}</ref> Later, there has been a replacement in the team with [[Bipul Sharma]] filling in for [[Laxmi Ratan Shukla]].<ref name=shuklareplacement>{{cite web|title=IPL 2015: Laxmi Ratan Shukla to be replaced by Bipul Sharma in Sunrisers Hyderabad squad |url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/news/ipl-2015-laxmi-ratan-shukla-to-be-replaced-by-bipul-sharma-in-sunrisers-hyderabad-squad-276736|publisher=cricketcountry.com|accessdate=26 October 2017}}</ref>

'''Retained Players''': [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], [[Shikhar Dhawan]], [[Ashish Reddy]], [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]], [[Chama Milind]], [[Dale Steyn]], [[Ishant Sharma]], [[Karn Sharma]], [[K. L. Rahul]], [[Moises Henriques]], [[Naman Ojha]], [[Parvez Rasool]], [[Ricky Bhui]]

'''Released Players''': [[Aaron Finch]], [[Amit Mishra]], [[Amit Paunikar]], [[Brendan Taylor]], [[Darren Sammy]], [[Irfan Pathan]], [[Jason Holder]], [[Manprit Juneja]], [[Prasanth Parameswaran]], [[Anirudha Srikkanth]], [[Yalaka Venugopal Rao|Venugopal Rao]]

'''Added Players''': [[Trent Boult]], [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]], [[Eoin Morgan]], [[Ravi Bopara]], [[Kane Williamson]], <s>[[Laxmi Ratan Shukla]]</s>, [[Padmanabhan Prasanth]], [[Hanuma Vihari]], [[Siddarth Kaul]], <s>[[Kevin Pietersen]]</s>

'''Replacement Players''': [[Bipul Sharma]]<ref name=shuklareplacement />

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sunrisers Hyderabad Squad |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/content/squad/833007.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=25 October 2017}}</ref>
* '''Signed Year''' denotes year from which player is associated with the Sunrisers Hyderabad

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!Name
!Nationality
!Birth date
!Batting style
!Bowling style
!Year signed
!Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
| [[Ricky Bhui]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1996|11|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
| '''[[Shikhar Dhawan]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1985|12|5|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2013 ||
|-
| '''[[Eoin Morgan]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1986|09|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || Overseas. Unavailable due to national commitments.
|-
| '''[[Kevin Pietersen]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1980|06|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || Overseas. Withdrew due to other reasons.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/content/story/875257.html |title=IPL news May 13, 2015 Injured Pietersen abandons Sunrisers return |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=13 May 2015 |accessdate=27 March 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Hanuma Vihari]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1993|10|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 ||
|-
| '''[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1986|10|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]], Overseas.
|-
| '''[[Kane Williamson]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1990|08|08|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || Overseas.
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
| '''[[Ravi Bopara]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1985|05|04|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || Overseas. Unavailable due to national commitments.
|-
| '''[[Moisés Henriques]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1987|2|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || Overseas.
|-
| '''[[Parvez Rasool]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1989|02|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
| [[Ashish Reddy]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1991|02|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
| [[Bipul Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1983|9|28|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || Replacement to LR Shukla.<ref name=shuklareplacement />
|-
| '''[[Laxmi Ratan Shukla]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1981|05|06|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || Withdrew due to Injury.<ref name=shuklareplacement />
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
| '''[[Naman Ojha]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1983|7|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
| '''[[K. L. Rahul]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1992|04|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Wicket keeper]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
| '''[[Trent Boult]]''' || {{cr|NZL}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1989|07|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || Overseas.
|-
| [[Siddarth Kaul]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1990|5|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 ||
|-
| '''[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1990|2|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
| '''[[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1986|10|02|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 ||
|-
| [[Chama Milind]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1994|09|04|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
| [[Padmanabhan Prasanth]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1985|05|22|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2015 ||
|-
| '''[[Ishant Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1988|09|02|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2013 ||
|-
| '''[[Karn Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1987|10|23|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2013 ||
|-
| '''[[Dale Steyn]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2015|04|08|1983|06|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2013 || Overseas.
|}

== Season overview ==
=== Standings ===
{{:2015 Indian Premier League|team=SRH}}

=== Results by match ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b
|header=Round
|label1= Ground
| res1= [[M A Chidambaram Stadium|A]]/ [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|A]]/ [[ACA-VDCA Stadium|H]]/ H/ H/ [[Wankhede Stadium|A]]/ [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|A]]/ [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|H]]/ [[Eden Gardens|A]]/ [[Brabourne Stadium|A]]/ [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium|A]]/ H/ H/ H
|label2= Result
| res2= L/ W/ L/ L/ W/ L/ W/ W/ L/ W/ W/ W/ L/ L

| color_W = green2|text_W=Win
| color_D = yellow2| text_D=Draw
| color_L = red2|text_L=Loss
| text_H = Home|text_A = Away
| source = [[#Fixtures|Fixtures]]
}}

==Fixtures==
===League stage===
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}

{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match4}} 11 April | time = 16:00 | daynight = yes | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Chennai Super Kings]] | team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 209/4 (20 overs)
| score2 = 164/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Brendon McCullum]] 100[[not out|*]] (56)
| wickets1 = [[Trent Boult]] 1/34 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 53 (42)
| wickets2 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| venue = [[M A Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat
| motm = [[Brendon McCullum]] (CSK)
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829711.html Scorecard]
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 45 runs
| notes = [[Kane Williamson]] and [[Trent Boult]] made their IPL debuts
| bg = L
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match8}} 13 April | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] | team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 166 (19.5 overs)
| score2 = 172/2 (17.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[AB de Villiers]] 46 (28)
| wickets1 = [[Trent Boult]] 3/36 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 57 (27)
| wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 2/28 (4 overs)
| venue = [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field
| motm = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (SRH)
| umpires = [[Rajesh Deshpande]] (Ind) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829719.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 8 wickets
| bg = W
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match11}} 16 April | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| score1 = 127/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 131/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Eoin Morgan]] 27 (30)
| wickets1 = [[Dhawal Kulkarni]] 2/9 (3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 62 (56)
| wickets2 = [[Ravi Bopara]] 2/18 (4 overs)
| venue = [[ACA-VDCA Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field
| motm = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (RR)
| umpires = [[Pashchim Pathak]] (Ind) and [[S. Ravi (umpire)|S Ravi]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829727.html Scorecard]
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 6 wickets
| bg = L
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match13}} 18 April | time = 16:00 | daynight = yes | team1 = [[Delhi Daredevils]] | team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]{{sp}}(H)
| score1 = 167/4 (20 overs)
| score2 = 163/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 60 (40)
| wickets1 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 1/21 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ravi Bopara]] 41 (30)
| wickets2 = [[JP Duminy]] 4/17 (3 overs)
| venue = [[ACA-VDCA Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| toss = Delhi Daredevils won the toss and elected to bat
| motm = [[JP Duminy]] (DD)
| umpires = [[Pashchim Pathak]] (Ind) and [[S. Ravi (umpire)|S Ravi]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829731.html Scorecard]
| result = Delhi Daredevils won by 4 runs
| bg = L
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match19}} 22 April | time = 16:00 | daynight = yes | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 176/4 (20 overs)
| score2 = 101/4 (12 overs)
| runs1 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 91 (55)
| wickets1 = [[Morne Morkel]] 2/31 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Robin Uthappa]] 34 (21)
| wickets2 = [[Ravi Bopara]] 1/7 (1 over)
| venue = [[ACA-VDCA Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field
| motm = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (SRH)
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829743.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 16 runs ([[D/L method]])
| rain = Due to rain, Kolkata's target was adjusted to 118 runs from 12 overs via [[Duckworth-Lewis method]]
| notes = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] made the highest score by a Hyderabad batsman.<ref name="many.records">{{cite news|title=SRH rewrote many entries in the record book |url=http://www.iplt20.com/news/2015/more-news/6223/quick-stats-m19-srh-vs-kkr|work=IPL News|author=IPL|date=2015-04-22|accessdate=2015-04-22}}</ref> [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] and [[Shikhar Dhawan]]'s 130 run partnership was the highest partnership for any wicket by Hyderabad.<ref name="many.records"/>
| bg = W
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match23}} 25 April | time = 16:00 | daynight = yes | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Mumbai Indians]] | team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 157/8 (20 overs)
| score2 = 137/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Lendl Simmons]] 51 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 3/26 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 42 (29)
| wickets2 = [[Lasith Malinga]] 4/23 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to bat
| motm = [[Lasith Malinga]] (MI)
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829751.html Scorecard]
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 20 runs
| bg = L
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match27}} 27 April | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes | team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Kings XI Punjab]]{{sp}}(H)
| score1 = 150/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 130/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 58 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Axar Patel]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 42 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Trent Boult]] 3/19 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| toss = Kings XI Punjab won the toss and elected to field
| motm = [[Trent Boult]] (SRH)
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829759.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 20 runs
| bg = W
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match34}} 2 May | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 192/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 170/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 61 (28)
| wickets1 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 33 (22)
| wickets2 = [[Moises Henriques]] 2/20 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field
| motm = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (SRH)
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829773.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 22 runs
| bg = W
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match38}} 4 May | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Kolkata Knight Riders]] | team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 167/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 132/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Manish Pandey]] 33 (26)
| wickets1 = [[Karn Sharma]] 2/29 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Moises Henriques]] 41 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Brad Hogg]] 2/17 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field
| motm = [[Umesh Yadav]] (KKR)
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829781.html Scorecard]
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 35 runs
| bg = L
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match41}} 7 May | time = 16:00 | daynight = yes | team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]{{sp}}(H)
| score1 = 201/4 (20 overs)
| score2 = 194/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Eoin Morgan]] 63 (28)
| wickets1 = [[Shane Watson]] 2/36 (3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] 68 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 3/44 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field
| motm = [[Eoin Morgan]] (SRH)
| umpires = [[Johanes Cloete]] (SA) and [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829787.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 7 runs
| bg = W
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match45}} 9 May | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes | team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Delhi Daredevils]]{{sp}}(H)
| score1 = 163/4 (20 overs)
| score2 = 157/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Moises Henriques]] 74[[not out|*]] (46)
| wickets1 = [[Nathan Coulter-Nile]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kedar Jadhav]] 63 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Karn Sharma]] 2/12 (3 overs)
| venue = [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium|Chhattisgarh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Raipur]]
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat
| motm = [[Moises Henriques]] (SRH)
| umpires = [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind) and [[S. Ravi (umpire)|S Ravi]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829793.html Scorecard]
| notes = [[Jayant Yadav]] made his IPL debut
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 6 runs
| bg = W
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match48}} 11 May | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Kings XI Punjab]]
| score1 = 185/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 180/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 81 (52)
| wickets1 = [[Beuran Hendricks]] 2/40 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] 89[[Not out|*]] (44)
| wickets2 = [[Moises Henriques]] 3/16 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat
| motm = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (SRH)
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829799.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won 5 runs
| bg = W
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match52}} 15 May | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 135/3 (11 overs)
| score2 = 83/4 (5.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Moises Henriques]] 57 (22)
| wickets1 = [[David Wiese]] 2/20 (2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 44[[Not out|*]] (19)
| wickets2 = [[Moises Henriques]] 2/3 (1 over)
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat
| motm = [[Virat Kohli]] (RCB)
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL)
| rain = Match reduced to 11 overs per side due to rain
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829807.html Scorecard]
| notes = Due to rain, Bangalore's target was adjusted to 81 runs from 6 overs via [[Duckworth-Lewis method]]
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 6 wickets ([[D/L method]])
| bg = L
| stack = yes
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match56}} 17 May | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes | team1 = (H){{sp}}[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 113 (20 overs)
| score2 = 114/1 (13.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[K. L. Rahul]] 25 (24)
| wickets1 = [[Mitchell McClenaghan]] 3/16 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Parthiv Patel]] 51[[Not out|*]] (37)
| wickets2 = [[Karn Sharma]] 1/38 (2.5 overs)
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat
| motm = [[Mitchell McClenaghan]] (MI)
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Krishnaraj Srinath]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/match/829815.html Scorecard]
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 9 wickets
| bg = L
| stack = yes
}}


== Statistics ==

{{gallery

| width = 150
| align = center
| File:David Warner batting.jpg
| alt1 = A man wearing yellow Australian jersey playing a shot.
| [[David Warner (cricketer) | David Warner]] became highest run-getter for SRH winning [[List of Indian Premier League awards #Orange Cap | Orange Cap]] in IPL 2015.

| File:SHIKHAR DHAWAN (16005494418).jpg
| alt2 = A man wearing a dark-blue shirt and standing near camera.
| [[Shikhar Dhawan]] became second highest run-getter for SRH in IPL 2015.

| File:Bhuvneshwar Kumar.jpg
| alt3 = A man wearing blue indian jersey and in bowling action.
| [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] became highest wicket-taker for SRH in IPL 2015.

| File:Moises_Henriques_with_the_Sydney_Sixers.jpg
| alt4 = A man in a blue Indian jersey.
| [[Moises Henriques]] became second highest wicket-taker for SRH in IPL 2015.

}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name
!Mat
!Runs
!HS
!Ave
!SR
!Wkts
!BBI
!Ave
!Eco
!Ct
!St
|-
|'''[[Shikhar Dhawan]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|14 || style="text-align:center;"|353 || style="text-align:center;"|54 || style="text-align:center;"| 27.15 || style="text-align:center;"| 123.42 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 6 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|14 || style="text-align:center;"|562 || style="text-align:center;"|91 || style="text-align:center;"| 43.23 || style="text-align:center;"| 156.54 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 8 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Moisés Henriques]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|9 || style="text-align:center;"|287 || style="text-align:center;"|74* || style="text-align:center;"| 41.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 136.01 || style="text-align:center;"| 11 || style="text-align:center;"| 3/16 || style="text-align:center;"| 14.36 || style="text-align:center;"| 6.32 || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Eoin Morgan]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|9 || style="text-align:center;"|187 || style="text-align:center;"|63 || style="text-align:center;"| 23.37 || style="text-align:center;"| 123.84 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 5 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Ravi Bopara]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|9 || style="text-align:center;"|145 || style="text-align:center;"|41 || style="text-align:center;"| 29.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 120.83 || style="text-align:center;"| 6 || style="text-align:center;"| 2/18 || style="text-align:center;"| 26.66 || style="text-align:center;"| 8.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[K. L. Rahul]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|9 || style="text-align:center;"|142 || style="text-align:center;"|44* || style="text-align:center;"| 28.40 || style="text-align:center;"| 126.00 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Naman Ojha]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|14 || style="text-align:center;"|137 || style="text-align:center;"|28 || style="text-align:center;"| 13.70 || style="text-align:center;"| 113.22 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 6 || style="text-align:center;"| 1
|-
|'''[[Karn Sharma]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|14 || style="text-align:center;"|104 || style="text-align:center;"|32 || style="text-align:center;"| 17.33 || style="text-align:center;"| 122.35 || style="text-align:center;"| 10 || style="text-align:center;"| 2/12 || style="text-align:center;"| 33.20 || style="text-align:center;"| 8.33 || style="text-align:center;"| 4 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|[[Ashish Reddy]] || style="text-align:center;"|6 || style="text-align:center;"|73 || style="text-align:center;"|22* || style="text-align:center;"| 24.33 || style="text-align:center;"| 158.69 || style="text-align:center;"| 3 || style="text-align:center;"| 1/11 || style="text-align:center;"| 16.66 || style="text-align:center;"| 8.33 || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|[[Hanuma Vihari]] || style="text-align:center;"|5 || style="text-align:center;"|39 || style="text-align:center;"|16 || style="text-align:center;"| 9.75 || style="text-align:center;"| 111.42 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Kane Williamson]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|2 || style="text-align:center;"|31 || style="text-align:center;"|26* || style="text-align:center;"| 31.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 114.81 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Dale Steyn]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|6 || style="text-align:center;"|20 || style="text-align:center;"|19* || style="text-align:center;"| 20.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 153.84 || style="text-align:center;"| 3 || style="text-align:center;"| 2/38 || style="text-align:center;"| 56.66 || style="text-align:center;"| 8.94 || style="text-align:center;"| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|14 || style="text-align:center;"|17 || style="text-align:center;"|11* || style="text-align:center;"| 17.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 170.00 || style="text-align:center;"|18 || style="text-align:center;"| 3/26 || style="text-align:center;"| 22.61 || style="text-align:center;"| 7.87 || style="text-align:center;"| 5 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|12 || style="text-align:center;"|17 || style="text-align:center;"|12 || style="text-align:center;"| 5.66 || style="text-align:center;"| 68.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 7 || style="text-align:center;"| 2/35 || style="text-align:center;"| 47.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 9.13 || style="text-align:center;"| 3 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Parvez Rasool]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|2 || style="text-align:center;"|2 || style="text-align:center;"|2* || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 100.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 1/20 || style="text-align:center;"| 31.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 6.20 || style="text-align:center;"| 0 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|[[Bipul Sharma]] || style="text-align:center;"|4 || style="text-align:center;"|1 || style="text-align:center;"|1 || style="text-align:center;"| 1.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 50.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 3 || style="text-align:center;"| 2/13 || style="text-align:center;"| 16.66 || style="text-align:center;"| 7.14 || style="text-align:center;"| 0 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Trent Boult]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|7 || style="text-align:center;"|- || style="text-align:center;"|- || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 9 || style="text-align:center;"| 3/19 || style="text-align:center;"| 26.22 || style="text-align:center;"| 8.42 || style="text-align:center;"| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Ishant Sharma]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|4 || style="text-align:center;"|- || style="text-align:center;"|- || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 1/25 || style="text-align:center;"| 159.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 11.35 || style="text-align:center;"| 0 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|}

<div style="font-size:75%">[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=9657;team=5143;type=tournament Full Table on ESPNcricinfo]</div>

==Awards and achievements==
===Awards===
[[File:Eoin Morgan 2013.jpg|thumb|right|Eoin Morgan won Man of the Match award for Sunrisers Hyderabad against Rajasthan Royals]]
; Man of the Match
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! No.
! Date
! Player
! Opponent
! Venue
! Result
! Contribution
|-
| 1 || {{dts|1=2015|2=4|3=13|format=dmy}} || [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Won by 8 wickets || 57 (27)
|-
| 2 || {{dts|1=2015|2=4|3=22|format=dmy}} || [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium|Visakhapatnam]] || Won by 16 runs ([[D/L method|D/L]]) || 91 (55)
|-
| 3 || {{dts|1=2015|2=4|3=27|format=dmy}} || [[Trent Boult]] || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Won by 20 runs || 3/19 (4 overs)
|-
| 4 || {{dts|1=2015|2=5|3=2|format=dmy}} || [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Won by 22 runs || 61 (28)
|-
| 5 || {{dts|1=2015|2=5|3=7|format=dmy}} || [[Eoin Morgan]] || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || | [[Brabourne Stadium|Mumbai]] || Won by 7 runs || 63 (28)
|-
| 6 || {{dts|1=2015|2=5|3=9|format=dmy}} || [[Moises Henriques]] || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium|Raipur]] || Won by 6 runs || 74[[Not out|*]] (46)
|-
| 7 || {{dts|1=2015|2=5|3=11|format=dmy}} || [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Won by 5 runs || 81 (52)
|}
; Season Awards
* Winner of Orange Cap: [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iplt20.com/stats/2015/most-runs |title=IPL-2015 Most Runs|date=8 May 2015 |publisher= iplt20.com |accessdate= 26 Oct 2017 }}</ref><ref name="warnerorangecap" />

===Achievements===
* [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] becomes the First Player to score 50+ as a captain.[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2020-david-warner-creates-history-becomes-first-player-to-register-50-fifty-plus-scores-in-indian-premier-league/story-kb4ISaBKhED7ULKSHLlsSM.html]
* Yes Bank Maximum Super Sixes Competition : [[Moises Henriques]]
* Hat-trick of Winning [https://betraja.in/sri-lanka-vs-india-match-was-rescheduled/ streak]
* Best Catches of the season: [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
* Most Fours scored : [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2015/most-fours |title=IPL-2015 Most Fours|date=8 May 2015 |publisher= iplt20.com |accessdate= 29 May 2018 }}</ref>
* Best Bowling Average : [[Moises Henriques]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2015/best-bowling-average |title=IPL-2015 Best Bowling Average|date=8 May 2015 |publisher= iplt20.com |accessdate= 29 May 2018 }}</ref>


==Reaction==
Ahead of the [[2015 Indian Premier League|2015 season]], the IPL saw increase in its brand value by 9% to {{USD}}3.54 billion while the Sunrisers' brand value was increased by 40% to {{USD}}35 million, according to [[American Appraisal]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Malvania|first=Urvi|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ipl-fever-kkr-beats-csk-in-brand-value-race-115041401009_1.html|title=IPL fever: KKR beats CSK in brand value race|access-date=4 April 2019|work=Business Standard|date=15 April 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Sunrisers Hyderabad records]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sunrisershyderabad.in Sunrisers Hyderabad official website]

{{Sunrisers Hyderabad}}

[[Category:Sunrisers Hyderabad seasons]]
[[Category:Cricket in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2015 Indian Premier League]]

Samarjit Singh

2025-09-14T18:26:40Z

Subhamaykarjee: added a biography - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Samarjit Singh''' (born 7 March 1967) is an Indian politician from [[Rajasthan]]. He is a three time member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bhinmal Assembly constituency]] in [[Jalore district]]. He won the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]] Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhinmal Assembly Election Results 2023: Bhinmal Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan/bhinmal-assembly-result-20143 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhinmal Election Results 2023 {{!}} Rajasthan Election Results {{!}} Elections 2023 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023/bhinmal |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhinmal Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Bhinmal Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/bhinmal-constituency/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh is from [[Daspan]], Bhinmal tehsil, Jalore district, Rajasthan. He is the son of Surajpal Singh. He completed his MPhil in 1991 and his doctorate in 1993. Earlier in 1989, he also did his MA at [[Jai Narain Vyas University]], Jodhpur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samarjit Singh(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BHINMAL(JALORE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Rajasthan2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=450 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh won from Bhinmal Assembly constituency representing the Indian National Congress in the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election. He polled 97,157 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Poora Ram Choudhary]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 1,027 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhinmal Constituency Election Results 2023: Bhinmal Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/bhinmal |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-12-03 |title=Bhinmal Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate Samarjit Singh Wins From Bhinmal |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/bhinmal-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-news-1647157 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> In the [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], he lost to Poora Ram Choudhary of the BJP by a margin of 9,646 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bhinmal Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Samarjit Singh Of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bhinmal-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687430.html |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Earlier in the [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]] elections also, he lost on INC ticket to Choudhary of BJP by a margin of 21,199 votes.<ref name=":0" />

He first became an MLA winning the [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] and retained the seat for Congress in the [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003 Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhinmal Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/bhinmal-rajasthan-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He declared assets of Rs.7.9 crore in the 2023 affidavit to the [[Election Commission of India]], where he also stated that he had no criminal cases registered against him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samarjit Singh, INC Candidate from Bhinmal Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/rajasthan/samarjit-singh-s20aed2008a143e2023c002/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Samarjit}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Jalore district]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1998–2003]]

Reeta Devi (social worker)

2025-09-07T17:59:08Z

Subhamaykarjee: created a bio!

{{short description|Founder of the Indian NGO, Ila Trust}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Reeta Devi
| image = The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Padma Shri Award to Smt. Reeta Devi, at an Investiture Ceremony-II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 04, 2012.jpg
| imagesize = 220px
| caption = The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Padma Shri Award to Smt. Reeta Devi
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|11 October 1942}}
| birth_place = [[Assam]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Social worker
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Manvendra Kishore Dev Burman
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = Dhirendra Roy Chaudhary Kamala
| website = {{URL||Official web site}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Reeta Singh''' is an Indian social worker and the founder of the Delhi-based non governmental organization, '''Ila Trust'''.<ref name="NGO listing">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXxwB9R3BwUC&q=Reeta+Devi+Ila+trust&pg=PA619 | title=Principles of Perinatal and Pediatric HIV/AIDS | publisher=JP Medical Ltd | author=Lala Mamatha M, Merchant Rashid H | year=2011 | pages=617 of 671 pages | isbn=9789350251973}}</ref> She was honored by the [[Government of India]], in 2012, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Shri | publisher=Padma Shri | date=2014 | access-date=11 November 2014 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Biography==
{{quote box|align = left|width=21em|''When you see a 13-year-old who has to abort a four-month foetus by her own father, then you realize your whole life has been wasted. You realize how useless you are. Between the law, the press, and the army of do-gooders, the child's put away in the cupboard,'' says Reeta Devi.<ref name="TOI" />}}
Reeta Devi, née Reeta Roy, was born on 11 October 1942,<ref name="My fair ladies: the costume designer and the altruist">{{cite journal | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/comment/columns/my-fair-ladies-the-costume-designer-and-the-altruist/article1-617011.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215091154/http://www.hindustantimes.com/comment/columns/my-fair-ladies-the-costume-designer-and-the-altruist/article1-617011.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 December 2014 | title=My fair ladies: the costume designer and the altruist | author=Kushwant Singh | journal=The Hindustan Times |date=October 2010 }}</ref> in a rich [[zamindari]] family in Assam to Dhirendra Roy Chaudhary, a tea broker and Kamala, a doctoral degree holder and reported to be the first woman lecturer of Botany at the [[Cotton College, Guwahati]], Assam.<ref name="TOI">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/stoi/She-could-have-danced-all-night/articleshow/33153644.cms | title=TOI | publisher=TOI | date=28 January 2001 | access-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> After her graduation, she joined [[British Airways]] as an air hostess, against the will of her father, but later, moved to [[Air India]], when she felt the British airline did not offer her opportunity to fly to farther regions.<ref name="TOI" /> She got married in November 1964, to Manvendra Kishore Dev Burman (Bhim), who came from the royal family of Tripura and was the nephew of [[Gayatri Devi]], the third Maharani of Jaipur.<ref name="TOI" />

Devi, an avid horse racing fan and a regular at the Friday races at the Kolkata Race Course, who gave a part of her winnings to the [[Missionaries of Charity]] of [[Mother Teresa]], led a busy social life.<ref name="TOI" /> She is reported to have been the subject of portraits of renowned photographers such as [[David Bailey]] and [[Anthony Snowdon]] and has made a cameo appearance, as herself, in the 1971 [[Satyajit Ray]] movie, [[Seemabaddha]].<ref name="TOI" />

Manvendra Kishore Dev Burman, Devi's husband, whose favorite past time was twice daily feeding the stray dogs of [[Khan Market]] area of Delhi, has since died, leaving her no children.<ref name="TOI" /><ref name="My fair ladies: the costume designer and the altruist" /> She lives in Delhi, in the neighbourhood<ref name="New York Times">{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/15/world/new-delhi-journal-an-octogenarian-mixes-politics-sex-and-scotch.html | title=New York Times | date=15 September 1999 | access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> where the renowned writer, [[Kushwant Singh]] lived, attending to her duties as the head of Ila Trust.<ref name="My fair ladies: the costume designer and the altruist" />

==Ila Trust and social career==
Reeta Devi has been associated with [[Mother Teresa]] from the age of sixteen and the ''Blessed Nun of Kolkata'' is reported to have inspired Devi in her social career. Devi visited the refugee camps in the aftermath of the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], living in the camps to take care of the victims.<ref name="TOI" /> She used to be a frequent visitor to [[Kalighat Home for the Dying|Nirmal Hriday]], a hospice set up by Mother Teresa for the sick, destitute and the dying where she cleaned the floors and attended to the inmates.<ref name="TOI" />

In order to streamline her social activities, Reeta Devi founded '''Ila Trust''', a non governmental organization named after her mother in Law, Ila Devi,<ref name="Medicos India">{{cite web | url=http://www.medicosindia.com/taking-healtcare-to-the-needy/ | title=Medicos India | publisher=Medicos India | date=22 May 2014 | access-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> on 26 October 1994. The next year, she launched the first ambulance service with doctors and paramedical staff in [[Guwahati]] and in 1996, she assisted in the establishment of a hospice for the [[Missionaries of Charity]]. One year later, in 1997, she set up another hospice for AIDS victims at a tribal village in Assam.

Reeta Devi moved her activity to Delhi and the first mobile clinic for the capital city was started in 2003.<ref name="Medicos India" /> The same year, the trust built a hospice for HIV and Tuberculosis patients at Betkuchi, Guwahati. It is reported that Devi sold her vehicle to raise the money for the construction.<ref name="TOI" /> The centre, a twenty bedded unit, was donated to ''Snehalaya'',<ref name="Snehalaya">{{cite web | url=http://www.snehalaya.org/ | title=Snehalaya | publisher=Snehalaya | date=2014 | access-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> a charity organization run by Fatima sisters of the catholic community and is now called ''Ila Snehalaya''.<ref name="Church News Site">{{cite web | url=http://www.churchnewssite.com/portal/?p=59179 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828050722/http://www.churchnewssite.com/portal/?p=59179 | url-status=usurped | archive-date=28 August 2013 | title=Church News Site | publisher=Church News Site | date=2014 | access-date=5 December 2014}}</ref>

The second Delhi based unit was started in 2007 with the assistance of [[Elton John Aids Foundation]],<ref name="My fair ladies: the costume designer and the altruist" /> followed by the third unit in 2012. The mobile clinic network of Ila Trust is staffed by 12 doctors, 4 pharmacists, 6 screeners, 3 drivers and 2 administration personnel.<ref name="Medicos India" /> Reeta Devi was successful in inducting a few highly trained medical doctors to work with the network.<ref name="Khushwant Singh">{{cite news | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/103405/content/217834/F | title=Healers and Dealers | work=Column | date=9 October 2010 | agency=Deccan Herald | access-date=5 December 2014 | author=Khushwant Singh}}</ref> The mobile units provide medical service to the poor at various locations in Delhi six days a week and Diagnoses, tests, treatments and medicines are provided free of cost.<ref name="Medicos India" /> The units are equipped with Electronic Medical Record (EMR) System, developed by the Trust.<ref name="Medicos India" />

The Trust operates from its office at Sujan Singh Park, New Delhi<ref name="Location">{{cite web | url=http://www.startlocal.in/health_and_medical/ngo_non_government_organisation_/delhi/Ila_Trust_3322029.html | title=Location of Ila Trust | publisher=Star Local | date=2014 | access-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> and raises the required funds through donations<ref name="My fair ladies: the costume designer and the altruist" /> and charity events.<ref name="India Info Online">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/print/news/deepa-mehta-and-salman-rushdie-attend-charity-screening-of-midnights-children-5592238498_1.html | title=India Info Online | publisher=India Info Online | date=23 January 2013 | access-date=5 December 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Missionaries of Charity]]
* [[Mother Teresa]]
* [[Kalighat Home for the Dying|Nirmal Hriday]]
* [[Elton John Aids Foundation]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/comment/columns/my-fair-ladies-the-costume-designer-and-the-altruist/article1-617011.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215091154/http://www.hindustantimes.com/comment/columns/my-fair-ladies-the-costume-designer-and-the-altruist/article1-617011.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 December 2014 | title=My fair ladies: the costume designer and the altruist | author=Kushwant Singh | journal=The Hindustan Times |date=October 2010 }}
* {{cite news | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/103405/content/217834/F | title=Healers and Dealers | work=Column | date=9 October 2010 | agency=Deccan Herald | access-date=5 December 2014 | author=Khushwant Singh}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Reeta}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Social workers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Social workers from Assam]]

Musheerabad Mosque

2025-09-04T23:20:10Z

Subhamaykarjee: further expand citations for accuracy and updated info

{{short description|Mosque in Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Musheerabad Mosque
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Musheerabad Masjid.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = The mosque {{circa|1940s}}, photographed by [[Ghulam Yazdani]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| organisational_status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| map_type = India Hyderabad
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Hyderabad]]
| coordinates = {{coord|17.41827|78.49783|region:IN-TE_type:landmark|format=dms|display=it}}
| location = [[Musheerabad]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad District]], [[Telangana]]
| country = [[India]]
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Qutb Shahi architecture|Qutb Shahi]]
| groundbreaking = 1545 [[Common Era|CE]]
| year_completed = 1560 CE
| founded_by = [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali|Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah]]

| minaret_quantity = Two
}}
The '''Musheerabad Mosque''', also known as the '''''Masjid e Kalan''''', and as the '''''Musheerabad Badi Masjid''''', and as the '''''Jama Masjid Musheerabad''''', is a [[mosque]] located in the [[Musheerabad]] locality of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], in the [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad district]] of the state of [[Telangana]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/030618/hyderabad-the-grandeur-of-qutb-mosque.html |title=Hyderabad: The grandeur of Qutb mosque |last=Iyer |first=Lalita |date=2018-06-03 |work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-07-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://templesinindiainfo.com/jamia-masjid-musheerabad-musheerabad-mosque-hyderabad/ |title=Jamia Masjid Musheerabad, Musheerabad Mosque Hyderabad – Temples In India Information |website=templesinindiainfo.com |language=en-US |access-date=2018-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-musheerabad-badi-masjid-narrates-a-lesser-known-chapter-in-hyderabads-history/article19523546.ece |title=There lies a forgotten story |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=2017-08-19 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2018-07-20 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The original portion was constructed in 1560 [[Common Era|CE]] by [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali|Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah]],<ref>{{cite book |title=District Census Handbook, Series 2, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8uDhRMb3fUC |page=13|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |year=1987 |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref> the fourth Sultan of the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] and is identical to the [[Hayat Bakshi Mosque]] located in [[Hayathnagar]] area of [[Hyderabad]].

== Overview ==
After the fall of Golconda, the mosque went into disuse and remained abandoned till the area became a ''jagir'' of [[Arastu Jah|Nawab Arastu Jah]], the [[Prime Minister of Hyderabad|Prime Minister]] during the reign of [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Nizam Ali Khan]]. It was also repaired in 1951. Today, the old structure is in a dilapidated state.

A new four-storied portion has been constructed to accommodate the ''namazis''. There used to be a large courtyard where the new portion stands today.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgo97XF0XuYC|title=Landmarks of the Deccan: A Comprehensive Guide to the Archaeological Remains of the City and Suburbs of Hyderabad|last=Bilgrami|first=Syed Ali Asgar|date=1992|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120605435|language=en}}</ref>

The mosque was completed in the [[Qutb Shahi architecture|Qutb Shahi]] style and has five lofty arches and two [[minaret]]s at the corners.

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Islam|Hyderabad}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in Telangana]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mosques in India}}
{{Qutb Shahi monuments}}
{{Hyderabad topics}}

[[Category:1545 establishments in India]]
[[Category:16th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Grand mosques|Musheerabad]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1560s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Qutb Shahi architecture]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1560]]

{{india-mosque-stub}}

Ganga Mahal Ghat

2025-08-25T15:42:33Z

Subhamaykarjee:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Ganga Mahal Ghat
| native_name = गंगा महल घाट
| native_language = hi
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| image = File:Ganga Mahal Ghat.JPG
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| caption = Ganga Mahal Ghat front view
| locmapin = India Uttar Pradesh Varanasi
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| coordinates = {{coord|25.289675|83.006362 |display = inline, title}}
| coord_ref =
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| location = [[Varanasi]]
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| elevation = 72.35 meters
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| founder = [[Narayan dynasty]]
| built = 1830
| built_for = To house palace for [[Benares State]]
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| architecture = [[Architecture of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh style]]
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| governing_body = [[Varanasi Nagar Nigam]]
| owner = ''Maharani Trust'' of [[Benares State]]
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'''Ganga Mahal Ghat''' ([[Hindi]]: गंगा महल घाट) is one of the main [[ghat]]s on the [[Ganges River]] in [[Varanasi]], India. Constructed in 1830 by the [[Narayan dynasty]], the ghat is north of [[Assi Ghat]] and was originally constructed as an extension to Assi Ghat.<ref name="Ganga Mahal Ghat">{{cite news|title=Ganga Mahal Ghat|publisher=Varanasi.nic.in|access-date=11 September 2015|url=http://varanasi.nic.in/ghat/ghat1-20.html}}</ref><ref name="Ghats of Varanasi">{{cite news|title=Ghats of Varanasi|publisher=Varanasi.org|access-date=11 September 2015|url=http://www.varanasi.org.in/ghats-of-varanasi|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118202804/https://www.varanasi.org.in/ghats-of-varanasi|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="About Ghats">{{cite news|title=About Ghats|publisher=kashiyana.com|access-date=11 September 2015|url=http://www.kashiyana.com/pages/rghat.aspx?id1=20150117050541&id=0|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160809170920/http://www.kashiyana.com/pages/rghat.aspx?id1=20150117050541&id=0|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="The Varanasi Heritage Dossier">{{cite news|title=The Varanasi Heritage Dossier|publisher=Wikiversity|access-date=11 September 2015|url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_Varanasi_Heritage_Dossier/Ganga_Mahala_and_Rivan_Ghat}}</ref>

==History==
The [[Narayan dynasty]], in 1830, constructed a palace by the [[Ganges|Ganga]] in Varanasi. The palace was called "Ganga Mahal" (Mahal means palace in Hindi). Since the palace was located on the ghat, the ghat came to be known as "Ganga Mahal Ghat". Stone steps between [[Assi Ghat]] and Ganga Mahal Ghat separate the two ghats. This palace houses the design studio of Hemang Agrawal<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/OqKKcliauy3m1ljDW7dmGN/Kashi-in-the-closet.html|title = Kashi in the closet|date = July 2016}}</ref> whereas the upper floors are used by the "Indo-Swedish Study Centre" organised by [[Karlstad University]].<ref name="Ganga Mahal Ghat"/><ref name="Ghats of Varanasi"/><ref name="About Ghats"/><ref name="The Varanasi Heritage Dossier"/>

==Location==
Ganga Mahal Ghat is situated on the bank of the Ganges. It is 6 kilometers south-east of [[Varanasi Junction railway station]] and 100 meters north of Assi Ghat.<ref name="Location">{{cite news|title=Location|publisher=Google Maps|access-date=11 September 2015|url=https://www.google.co.uk/maps}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ghats in Varanasi]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}
{{Varanasi}}
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = '''Ganga Mahal Ghat'''
|North = [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]]
|Northeast = [[Ganges]]
|East = [[Ganges]]
|Southeast = [[Ganges]]
|South = [[Assi Ghat]]
|Southwest = [[Banaras Hindu University]]
|West = [[Durga Mandir, Varanasi|Durga Mandir]]
|Northwest = [[Bhelupur, Varanasi|Bhelupur]]
}}

{{Portal bar|India|Hinduism|Religion}}

[[Category:Ghats of India]]
[[Category:Ghats in Varanasi]]